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<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
    version="5.0">
    <title>Module 2: Biographic Information</title>
    <para>The Biographic Information Module provides you with linguistic and cultural skills needed
        for a simple conversation typical of a first-meeting situation in China. These skills
        include those needed at the beginning of a conversation (greetings, introductions, and forms
        of address), in the middle of a conversation (understanding and answering questions about
        your­self and your immediate family), and at the end of a conversation
        (leave-taking).</para>
    <para> Before starting this module, you must take and pass the ORN Criterion Test. The resource
        modules Pronunciation and Romanization and Numbers (tapes 1-4) are also prerequisites to the
        BIO Module.</para>
    <para> The Criterion Test will focus largely on this module, but material from Module 1 and
        associated resource modules may also be included.</para>
    <section>
        <title>Objectives</title>
        <para>Upon successful completion of the module, the student should be able to:</para>
        <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
                <para> Pronounce correctly any word from the Target Lists of ORN or BIO, properly
                    distinguishing sounds and tones, using the proper stress and neutral tones, and
                    making the necessary tone changes.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para> Pronounce correctly any sentence from the BIO Target Lists, with proper
                    pauses and intonation, that is, without obscuring the tones with English
                    intonation.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para> Use polite formulas in asking and answering questions about identity (name),
                    health, age, and other basic information.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Reply to questions with the Chinese equivalents of "yes" and "no"</para>
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
                <para> Ask and answer questions about families, including who the members are, how
                    old they are, and where they are.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para> Ask and answer questions about a stay in China, including the date of
                    arrival, location-purpose-duration of stay, previous visits, traveling
                    companions, and date of departure.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para> Ask and answer questions about work or study, identification of occupation,
                    the location, and the duration.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para> Give the English equivalent for any Chinese sentence in the BIO Target
                    Lists.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Be able to say any Chinese sentence in the BIO Target Lists when cued with its
                    English equivalent.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Take part in a short Chinese conversation, using expressions included in the
                    BIO Target List sentences.</para>
            </listitem>
        </orderedlist>


    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Tapes for BIO and associated modules</title>
        <para><emphasis role="bold">Biographic information (BIO)</emphasis></para>
        <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="7">
                <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
                <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
                <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
                <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
                <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5"/>
                <colspec colnum="6" colname="col6"/>
                <colspec colnum="7" colname="col7"/>
                <tbody>
                    <row>
                        <entry>Unit 1:</entry>
                        <entry>1</entry>
                        <entry>C-l</entry>
                        <entry>1 p-l</entry>
                        <entry>1&amp;2 D-l</entry>
                        <entry>1 C-2</entry>
                        <entry>1 P-2</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>Unit 2:</entry>
                        <entry>2</entry>
                        <entry>C-l</entry>
                        <entry>2 P-l</entry>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>2 C-2</entry>
                        <entry>2 P-2</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>Unit 3:</entry>
                        <entry>3</entry>
                        <entry>C-l</entry>
                        <entry>3 P-l</entry>
                        <entry>3&amp;4 D-l</entry>
                        <entry>3 C-2</entry>
                        <entry>3 P-2</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>Unit 4:</entry>
                        <entry>4</entry>
                        <entry>C-l</entry>
                        <entry>4 P-l</entry>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>4 C-2</entry>
                        <entry>4 P-2</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>Unit 5:</entry>
                        <entry>5</entry>
                        <entry>C-l</entry>
                        <entry>5 P-l</entry>
                        <entry>5&amp;6 D-l</entry>
                        <entry>5 C-2</entry>
                        <entry>5 P-2</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>Unit 6:</entry>
                        <entry>6</entry>
                        <entry>C-l</entry>
                        <entry>6 P-l</entry>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>6 C-2</entry>
                        <entry>6 P-2</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>Unit 7:</entry>
                        <entry>7</entry>
                        <entry>C-l</entry>
                        <entry>7 P-l</entry>
                        <entry>7&amp;8 D-l</entry>
                        <entry>7C-2</entry>
                        <entry>7 P-2</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>Unit 8:</entry>
                        <entry>8</entry>
                        <entry>C-l</entry>
                        <entry>8 P-l</entry>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>8 C-2</entry>
                        <entry>8 P-2</entry>
                    </row>
                </tbody>
            </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>Units 1-4 R-1 </para>
        <para>Units 5-8 R-1</para>
        <para><emphasis role="bold">Classroom Expressions (CE)</emphasis></para>
        <para>CE 2</para>
        <para><emphasis role="bold">Time and Dates (T&amp;D)</emphasis></para>
        <para>T&amp;D 1 T&amp;D 2</para>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 1 Target List</title>
        <para>
            <informaltable colsep="0" rowsep="0" frame="none">
                <tgroup cols="4">
                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                    <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                    <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                    <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                    <tbody>
                        <row>
                            <entry>1.</entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīnwèn, nǐ zhù zai
                                    nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                >亲问，你住在那儿？</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>May I ask, where are you staying?</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai Běijīng
                                    Fāndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                >我住在北京饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>I'm staying at the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >Běijīng</foreignphrase> Hotel.</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>2.</entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai něige
                                    fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                >你住在哪个饭店？</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>Which hotel are you staying at?</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai nèige
                                    fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                >我住在那个饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>I'm staying at that hotel.</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>3.</entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai zhèige
                                    fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                >你住在这个饭店吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>Are you staying at this hotel?</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, wǒ bú zhù zai
                                    zhèige fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                >不，我不住在这个饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>No, I'm not staying at this hotel.</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>4.</entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai Mínzú
                                    Fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                >你住在民族饭店？</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>Are you staying at the Nationalities Hotel?</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, wǒ bú zhù zai Mínzú
                                    Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                >不，我不住在民族饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>No, I'm not staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>5.</entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwèi shi Gāo
                                    Tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                >哪位是高同志？</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>Which one is Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >Gāo</foreignphrase></entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiwèi shi Gāo
                                    Tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那位是高同志</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>That one is Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >Gāo</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>6.</entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǎo. Nuòwǎkè nǚshì! Nǐn
                                    hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早。
                                诺瓦克女士！您好</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>Good morning. Miss Nowak! How are you?</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hěn
                                    hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我很好</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>I'm very well.</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>7.</entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi Měiguó nǎrde
                                    rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                >请问，你是美国哪儿个人</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>Where are you from in America?</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi Jiāzhōu
                                    Jiǔjīnshān rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                >我是加州旧金山人</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>I'm from San Francisco, California.</entry>
                        </row>
                    </tbody>
                </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
        </para>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 2 Target List</title>

        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
            <tgroup cols="4">
                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <tbody>
                    <row>
                        <entry>1.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou jiā zài náli?
                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友家在哪里？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Where is your friend's house?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jiā zài Dàlǐ
                                Jiē.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他家在大理街。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>His house is on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> street.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>2.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyoude dìzhǐ shi
                                ...?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >你朋友的地址是。。。？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>What is your friend's address?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde dìzhǐ shi Dàlǐ Jiē
                                Sìshièr hào.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >他的地址是大理街四十二号。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>His address is No. 42 <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> Street.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>3.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi Wèi Shàoxiào
                                ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是韦少校把？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>You are Major Weiss, aren't you?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Yes.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>4.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shi Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn
                                ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那是国宾大饭店吧？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>That is Ambassador Hotel, isn't it?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìde, nà shi Guóbīn
                                Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >是的，那是国宾大饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Yes, that's the Ambassador Hotel.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai nàli
                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你住在那里吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Are you staying there?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, wǒ zhù zai
                                zhèli.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不，我住在这里</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>No, I'm staying here.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>5.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou zài Táiběi
                                gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友在台北工作吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Does your friend work in Taipei? </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài Táiběi gōngzuò;
                                tā zài Táizhōng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >他不在台北工作；他在台中工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>He doesn't work in Taipei; he works in Taichung.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>6.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli
                                gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Wǔguānchù
                                gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我在武官处工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I work at the defense attache's office.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài yínháng
                                gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我在银行工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I work at a bank.</entry>
                    </row>
                </tbody>
            </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 3 Target List</title>
        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
            <tgroup cols="4">
                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <tbody>
                    <row>
                        <entry>1.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu háizi
                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们有孩子</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Do you have children?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu, wǒmen
                                yǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有，我们有。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Yes, we have.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>2.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú Xiānsheng méiyou Měiguó
                                péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">刘先生没有美国朋友。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú</foreignphrase>
                            doesn't have any American friends.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>3.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge nánháizi,
                                jǐge nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >你们有几个男孩子，几个女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>How many boys and how many girls do you have?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wómen yǒu liǎnge nánhaizi,
                                yíge nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >我们有两个男孩子，一个女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>We have two boys and one girl.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>4.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú Xiānsheng, Hú tàitai yǒu
                                jǐge háizi? </foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >胡先生，胡太太有几个孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>How many children do Mr. and Mrs. <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú</foreignphrase> have?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen yǒu liǎngge
                                háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他们有两个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>They have two children.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shi nánháizi, shi
                                nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是男孩子，是女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Are they boys or girls?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu shi
                                nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">都是女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Both of them are girls.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>5.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen háizi dōu zài zhèli
                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们孩子都在这里吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Are all your children here?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù.　Liǎngge zài zhèli, yíge
                                hái zài Měiguó.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >不，两个在这里，一个还在美国。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>No. Two are here, and one is still in America.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>6.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
                                rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你家里有什么人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>What people are in your family?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu wǒ tàitai gēn sānge
                                háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有我太太跟三个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>There's my wife and two children.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>7.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
                                rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你家里有什么人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>What people are in your family?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù yǒu wǒ fùqin,
                                mǔqin.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">就有我父亲，母亲。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Just my father and mother.</entry>
                    </row>
                </tbody>
            </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 4 Target List</title>

        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
            <tgroup cols="4">
                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <tbody>
                    <row>
                        <entry>1.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā míngtiān lái
                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他明天来吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Is he coming tomorrow?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjīng lái
                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他已经来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>He has already come.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>2.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou lái le
                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Has your friend come?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi(you)
                                lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她还没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>She hasn't come yet.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>3.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi shénme shíhou
                                dàode?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是什么时候到的？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>When did he arrive?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi zuótiān
                                dàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是昨天到的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>He arrived yesterday.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>4.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi yíge rén láide
                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是一个人来的吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry> Did you come alone?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, wǒ bú shi yíge rén
                                láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >不是，我不是一个人来的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>No, I didn't come alone.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>5.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ něitiān
                                zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你哪天走？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>What day are you leaving?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntian
                                zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我今天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I'm leaving today.</entry>
                    </row>
                </tbody>
            </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 5 Target List</title>

        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
            <tgroup cols="4">
                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <tbody>
                    <row>
                        <entry>1.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi zài nǎr
                                shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是在哪儿生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Where were you born?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi zài Dézhōu
                                shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是在得州生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I was born in Texas.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>2.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen xīngqījǐ
                                zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们星期几走？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>What day of the week are you leaving?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen Xīngqītiān
                                zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我们星期天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>We are leaving on Sunday.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>3.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní shi něinián
                                shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是哪年生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>What year were you born?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi Yī jiǔ sān jiǔ nián
                                shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是一九三九年生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I was born in 1939.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>4.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi jǐyüè jíhào
                                shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是几月几号生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>What is your month and day of birth?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wó shi Qíyüe sìhào
                                shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是七月四号生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I was born on July 4.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>5.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duō dà
                                le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你多大了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>How old are you?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ sān shi wǔ
                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我三十五了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I'm 35.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>6.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nímem nánháizi dōu jǐsuì
                                le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们男孩子都几岁了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>How old are your boys?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge jiǔsuì le, yíge liùsuì
                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >一个九岁了，一个六岁了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>One is nine and one is six.</entry>
                    </row>
                </tbody>
            </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 6 Target List</title>

        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
            <tgroup cols="4">
                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <tbody>
                    <row>
                        <entry>1.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù duó
                                jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>How long are you staying?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù
                                yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我住一年。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I'm staying one year.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>2.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài Xiānggǎng zhù
                                duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你太太在香港住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>How long is your wife staying in Hong Kong?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng tā zhù
                                liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我想她住两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I think she is staying two days.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>3.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng zài Táiwān zhù duó
                                jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你想在台湾住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>How long are you thinking of staying in Taiwan?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng zhù liùge
                                yüè.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我想住六个月。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I'm thinking of staying six months.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>4.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ láile duó jiǔ
                                le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你来了多久了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>How long have you been here?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ láile liǎngge xīnqī
                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我来了两个星期。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I have been here two weeks.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>5.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài Xiānggǎng
                                zhùle dó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >你太太在香港住了多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>How long did your wife stay in Hong Kong?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhùle
                                liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她住了两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>She stayed two days.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>6.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Tàitai méi
                                lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">李太太没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ</foreignphrase>
                            didn't come.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>7.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián méi láiguo. Wǒ
                                tàitai láiguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >我从前没来过。我太太来过。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I have never been here before. My wife has been here.</entry>
                    </row>
                </tbody>
            </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 7 Target List</title>

        <informaltable colsep="0" rowsep="0" frame="none">
            <tgroup cols="5">
                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                <tbody>
                    <row>
                        <entry>1.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín zài náli
                                gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">您在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Měiguó Guówùyàn
                                gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我在美国国务院工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I work with the State Department.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>2.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní zai náli
                                gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">您在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi
                                xüsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是学生。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I'm student.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>3.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ lái zuò
                                shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">您来做什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>What did you come here to do?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lái niàn
                                shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我来念书。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I came here to study.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>4.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ niàn
                                shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你念什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>What are you studying?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xüé
                                Zhōngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我学中文。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I'm studying Chinese.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>5.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài dàxüé niànguo lìshǐ
                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你在大学念过历史吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Did you study history in college?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Niànguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学念。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Yes.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>6.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen huì shuō Zhōngwén ma?
                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们会说中文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Can you speak Chinese?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ tàitai bú huǐ shuō, wǒ
                                huì shuō yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >我太太不会说，我会说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>My wife can't speak it; I can speak it a little.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>7.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde Zhōngguo huà hěn
                                hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你的中国话很好。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Your Chinese is very good.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Náli, náli. Wǒ jiù huì shuō
                                yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >哪里，哪里。我就说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Not at all. I can speak only a little.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>8.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi zài náli xüéde
                                Zhōngzén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是在哪里学的中文？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Where did you study Chinese?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wó shi zài Huáshèngdùn
                                xüéde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是在华盛顿学的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I studied it in Washington.</entry>
                    </row>
                </tbody>
            </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 8 Target List</title>

        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
            <tgroup cols="5">
                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                <tbody>
                    <row>
                        <entry>1.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jīntiān hái yǒu kè
                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你今天还有课吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Do you have any more classes today?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou kè
                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">没有课了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I don't have any more classes.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>2.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián niàn Yīngwén
                                niànle duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >你从前念英文念了多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>How long did you study English?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn Yīngwén niànle
                                liùniàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我念英文念了六年。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I studied English for six years.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>3.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ niàn Fàwén niànle duó
                                jiǔ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你念法文念了多久了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>How long have you been studying French?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niànle yìnián
                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我念了一年了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I've been studying it for one year.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>4.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǜnián wǒ hái bú huì xiě
                                Zhōnggui zì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >去年我还不会写中国字。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Last year, I couldn't write Chinese characters.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài wǒ huì xiě yìdiǎn
                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">现在我会写一点了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Now, I can write a little.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>5.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ fùqin shi jǖnrén
                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你父亲是军人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Is your father a military man?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā shi hǎijǖn
                                jǖnguān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，他是海军陆军。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Yes, he's a naval officer.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>6.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān bù lái
                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我今天不来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I'm not coming today.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bìng
                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我病了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I'm sick.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>7.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo le
                                méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">今天好了没有？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Are you better today?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo
                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">今天好了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Today, I'm better.</entry>
                    </row>
                </tbody>
            </tgroup>
        </informaltable>

    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 1</title>
        <section>
            <title>Introduction</title>
            <section>
                <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
                <para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Where people are staying (hotels),</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Short answers.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>The question word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >něige</foreignphrase>, "which."</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                </para>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Material you will need</title>
                <para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference
                                Notes.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>The drill tape (1D-1).</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                </para>
            </section>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para>(in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>)</para>
                <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                    <tgroup cols="5">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ zhù zai
                                        nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >亲吻，你朱在哪儿？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>May I ask, where are you staying?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai Běijīng
                                        Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >握住在北京饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm staying at the Beijing Hotel.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai Mínzú
                                        Fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你住在民族饭店吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Are you staying at the Nationalities Hotel?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, wǒ zhù zai
                                        Mínzú Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >是，我住在民族饭店吗。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Yes, I'm staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai něige
                                        fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你住在呢个饭店？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Which hotel are you staying at?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai Běijīng
                                        Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我住在北京饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm staying ate the Beijing Hotel.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwèi shì Zhāng
                                        tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >哪位是张同志？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Which one is comrade <foreignphrase
                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Zhāng
                                        tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他是张同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>She is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Zhāng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige rén shì Méi
                                        tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >哪个人是Méi同志？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Which person is comrade <foreignphrase
                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige rén shì Méi
                                        tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >那个人是Méi同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>That person is comrade <foreignphrase
                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwei shì Gāo
                                        tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >哪位是局同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Which one is comrade <foreignphrase
                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiwèi shì Gāo
                                        tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >那位是局同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>That one is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Gāo</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>7.<footnote>
                                            <para>This exchange occurs on the C-l tape only.</para>
                                        </footnote></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai zheìge
                                        fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你住在这个饭店吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Are you staying at this hotel?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, wǒ bú zhù zai
                                        zheìge fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >不，我不住在这个饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>No, I"m staying at this hotel.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>8.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng tóngzhì! nín
                                        zǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >蒋同志！您早。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Jiāng</foreignphrase>! Good morning.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǎo. Nuòwǎkè Nǔshì!
                                        nín hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早。Nuòwǎkè
                                        女士！您好。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Good morning, Miss Novak! How are you?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hěn
                                        hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我很好</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm very well.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>9.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ shì
                                        Měiguo nǎrde rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >请问，你是美国哪儿人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>May I ask, where are you from in America?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Jiāzhōu
                                        Jiùjīnshān rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我是加州旧金山人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm from San Francisco, California.</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <informaltable>
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >fàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>hotel</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >-ge</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">个</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>general counter</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >hěn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">很</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>very</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Jiùjīnshān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >旧金山</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>San Francisco</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mínzú
                                        Fàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >民族饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Nationalities Hotel</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >něi-</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >哪-？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>which</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >něige?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪个</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>which?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >nèige</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>that</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >něiwei</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪位</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>which one (person)</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >nèiwèi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那位</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>that one (person)</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >nǔshì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">女士</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>polite title for a married or unmarried woman) Ms. ;
                                    Lady</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>yes, that's so.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >-wèi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">位</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>polite counter for people</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >zǎo</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>good morning</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zhèi-</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这-</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>this</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zheìge</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这个</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>this</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zhèiwèi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这位</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>this one (person)</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >zhù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">朱</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to stay, to live</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 1</title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>1.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ zhù
                                            zai nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >亲吻，你朱在哪儿？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>May I ask, where are you staying?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai
                                            Běijīng Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >握住在北京饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm staying at the <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
                                        Hotel.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase>,
                        "to live," or "to reside," may be used to mean "to stay at" (temporary
                        residence) or "to live in" (permanent residence). </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhù zài nǎr</foreignphrase>
                        literally means "live at where." The verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>, "to be in/at/on," is
                        used here as a preposition "at." It loses its tone in this position in a
                        sentence. (The use of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zài</foreignphrase> as a preposition is treated more fully in Unit 2.) </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fàndiàn</foreignphrase> has two
                        meanings "restaurant" and "Hotel" (a relatively large hotel with modern facilities).<footnote>
                            <para>Another word for "restaurant" is <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fànguǎnzi</foreignphrase>. The
                                general word for "hotel" is <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǚguǎn</foreignphrase>.</para>
                        </footnote> Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >fànguǎnzi</foreignphrase> means "rice shop."</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 2</title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>2.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai
                                            Mínzú Fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你住在民族饭店吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Are you staying at the Nationalities Hotel?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, wǒ zhù zai
                                            Mínzú Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >是，我住在民族饭店吗。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Yes, I'm staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì</foreignphrase>: The usual
                        way to give a short affirmative answer is to repeat the verb used in the
                        question. Some verbs, however, may not be repeated as short answers.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhù</foreignphrase> is one
                        such verb. Others not to be used are <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xìng</foreignphrase>, "to be surnamed," and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiào</foreignphrase>, "to be
                        given-named." Many speakers do not repeat the verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> as a short answer. To
                        give a short "yes" answer to questions containing these verbs, you use
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 3-7</title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>3.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai
                                            něige fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你住在呢个饭店？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Which hotel are you staying at?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai
                                            Běijīng Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我住在北京饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm staying ate the Beijing Hotel.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>4.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwèi shì
                                            Zhāng tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >哪位是张同志？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Which one is comrade <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Zhāng</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Zhāng
                                            tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是张同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>She is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhāng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>5.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige rén shì
                                            Méi tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >哪个人是Méi同志？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Which person is comrade <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige rén shì
                                            Méi tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >那个人是Méi同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>That person is comrade <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>6.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwei shì Gāo
                                            tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >哪位是局同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Which one is comrade <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiwèi shì Gāo
                                            tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >那位是局同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>That one is comrade <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>7.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai
                                            zheìge fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你住在这个饭店吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Are you staying at this hotel?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, wǒ bú zhù
                                            zai zheìge fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >不，我不住在这个饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>No, I"m staying at this hotel.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige</foreignphrase> is the
                        question word "which." In the compound <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něiguó</foreignphrase>, you found the bound
                        word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi-</foreignphrase>, which
                        was attached to the noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >guó</foreignphrase>. In the phrase <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něiguó rén</foreignphrase>, "which person,"
                        the bound word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >něi-</foreignphrase> is attached to the general counter <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase>. (You will learn more
                        about counters in Unit 3_ For now, you nay think of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase> as an ending which turns
                        the bound word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >něi-</foreignphrase> into the full word <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něige</foreignphrase>.) </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige
                        rén/něiwèi</foreignphrase>: To be polite when referring to an adult, you say
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něiwèi</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèiwèi</foreignphrase>, using
                        the polite counter for people <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-wèi</foreignphrase> rather than the general counter <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase>, though <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase> is used in many informal
                        situations. </para>
                    <para>Notice that the noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >rén</foreignphrase> is not used directly after <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-wèi</foreignphrase>: </para>

                    <informaltable frame="all">
                        <tgroup cols="3">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Nèiwèi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó
                                            rén</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì
                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Něiwèi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù zài Mínzú
                                            Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>

                    <para>Compare the specifying words "which?" "that," and "this" with the location
                        words you learned in Unit U of ORN: </para>

                    <informaltable frame="all">
                        <tgroup cols="4">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="newCol3" colnum="2" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <thead>
                                <row>
                                    <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol3" align="center">Specifying
                                        words</entry>
                                    <entry namest="c3" nameend="c4" align="center">Location
                                        words</entry>
                                </row>
                            </thead>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něige?
                                            (nǎge?)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>which</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >nǎr</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>where</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige
                                            (nàge)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>that</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nàr
                                            (nèr)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>there</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige
                                            (zhège)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>this</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèr
                                            (zhàr)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>here</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>

                    <para>Both question words are in the Low tone, while the other four words are in
                        the Falling tone. </para>
                    <para>Many people pronounce the words for "which?" "that," and "this" with the
                        usual vowels for "where?" "there," and "here": <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎge</foreignphrase>? <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nàge</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhège</foreignphrase>. </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù</foreignphrase>: A short
                        negative answer is usually formed by <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> plus a repetition of the
                        verb used in the question. When a verb, like <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>), cannot be repeated,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> is used as
                        a short answer and is followed by a complete answer. Notice that when used
                        by itself <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> is in
                        the Falling ton, but when followed by a Falling-tone syllable <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> is in the Rising tone. </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, tā xiānzài bú zài
                            zhèr.</foreignphrase> No, he's not here now.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 8</title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>8.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng tóngzhì!
                                            nín zǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >蒋同志！您早。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Comrade Jiang! Good morning.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǎo. Nuòwǎkè
                                            Nǔshì! nín hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早。Nuòwǎkè
                                            女士！您好。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Good morning, Miss Novak! How are you?</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>Name as greeting: A greeting may consist simply of a person's name:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng tóngzhì</foreignphrase>!
                        "Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>!"
                        The name may also be used with a greeting phrase: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng tóngzhì! Nín zǎo.
                        </foreignphrase>"Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>! Good morning." --or, in reverse order,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín zǎo. Wáng
                            tóngzhì!</foreignphrase> "Good morning. Comrade <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>!" The name is pronounced
                        as an independent exclamation acknowledging that person's presence and
                        status. It is not de-emphasized like "Comrade <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>," in the English
                        sentence 11 Good morning, Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>." </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín zǎo</foreignphrase> means
                        "good morning" --literally, "you are early." You may also say either
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ zǎo</foreignphrase> or
                        simply <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎo</foreignphrase>. </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǚshì</foreignphrase>, "Ms.," is
                        a formal, respectful title for a married or unmarried woman. It is used
                        after a woman's own surname, not her husband's. Traditionally, this title
                        was used for older, educated, and accomplished women. </para>
                    <para>In the PRC, where people use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >tóngzhì</foreignphrase>, "Comrade," in general only foreign women are
                        referred to and addressed as (so-and-so) <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚshì</foreignphrase>. On Taiwan, however,
                        any woman may be called (so-and-so) <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚshì</foreignphrase> in a formal context,
                        such as a speech or an invitation. </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín hǎo</foreignphrase>: This
                        greeting may be said either with or without a question marker, just as in
                        English we say "How are you?" as a question or "How are you?" as a simple
                        greeting. </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎo ma?</foreignphrase> How
                        are you? </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎo.</foreignphrase> How are
                        you. </para>
                    <para>Also Just as in English, you may respond to the greeting by repeating it
                        rather than giving an answer. </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ tóngzhì! Nín
                            hǎo.</foreignphrase> Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Lǐ</foreignphrase>! How are you. </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín hǎo. Gāo
                            tóngzhì!</foreignphrase> How are you. Comrade <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo</foreignphrase>! </para>
                    <para>Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn</foreignphrase>
                        means "very." The word often accompanies adjectival verbs (like
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase>, "to be
                        good"), adding little to their meaning. (See also Module 3, Unit 3.) </para>
                    <para>How to identify yourself: You have now learned several ways to introduce
                        yourself. One simple, direct way is to extend your hand and state your name
                        in Chinese –- for instance, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                            Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>. Here are some other ways:</para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="all">
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Mǎ
                                                Mínglǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>I'm <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                                Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
                                                Mǎ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>My surname is <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng Mǎ,
                                                jiào Mǎ Mínglǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>My surname is <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ</foreignphrase>; I'm
                                                called <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                                  Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde
                                                Zhōngguó míngzi jiào Mǎ
                                            Mínglǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>My Chinese name is <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                            Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 9</title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>9.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ shì
                                            Měiguo nǎrde rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >请问，你是美国哪儿人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>May I ask, where are you from in America?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Jiāzhōu
                                            Jiùjīnshān rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我是加州旧金山人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm from San Francisco, California.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>Order of place names: Notice that <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāzhōu Jiùjīnshān</foreignphrase> is
                        literally "California, San Francisco." In Chinese, the larger unit cones
                        before the smaller. Similarly, in the question <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì Měiguó nǎrde rén?</foreignphrase> the
                        name of the country comes before the question word <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎr</foreignphrase>, which is asking for a
                        more detailed location. The larger unit is usually repeated in the answer: </para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="all">
                            <tgroup cols="5">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
                                                shì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Shāndōng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >nǎr</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                                                shì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Shāndōng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Qīngdǎo</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para>Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Jiùjīnshān</foreignphrase> means "Old Gold Mountain." The Chinese gave
                        this name to San Francisco during the Gold Rush days.</para>
                </section>
            </section>

        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Drills</title>
            <section>
                <title>Response drill</title>
                <table frame="all">
                    <title>Response according to the clue</title>
                    <tgroup cols="4">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="0.4*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <thead>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>Question</entry>
                                <entry>Clue</entry>
                                <entry>Answer</entry>
                            </row>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/他住在哪儿？
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai
                                            nǎr?</foreignphrase></para><para> Where is he/she
                                        staying?</para></entry>
                                <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">北京饭店
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng Fàndiàn
                                        </foreignphrase></para><para>the <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
                                        Hotel</para></entry>
                                <entry xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在北京饭店。
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai
                                            Běijìng Fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He/she is staying at the <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
                                        Hotel.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你爱人住在哪儿？
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren zhù zai
                                            nǎr? </foreignphrase></para><para>Where is your spouse
                                        staying?</para></entry>
                                <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">民族饭店
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mínzú Fàndiàn
                                        </foreignphrase></para><para>the Nationalities
                                    Hotel</para></entry>
                                <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在民族饭店。
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai Mínzú
                                            Fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para><para>He/she is staying
                                        at the Nationalities Hotel.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">李同志住在哪儿？
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Tóngzhì zhù
                                            zai nǎr? </foreignphrase></para><para>Where is comrade
                                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Lǐ</foreignphrase> staying?</para></entry>
                                <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这个饭店
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige fàndiàn
                                        </foreignphrase></para><para>this hotel</para></entry>
                                <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在这个饭店。
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai
                                            zhèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para><para>He/she is
                                        staying at this hotel.</para></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">方同志住在哪儿？
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Tóngzhì zhù
                                            zai nǎr? </foreignphrase></para><para>Where is comrade
                                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Fāng</foreignphrase> staying?</para></entry>
                                <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个饭店
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige fàndiàn
                                        </foreignphrase></para><para>that hotel</para></entry>
                                <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在那个饭店。
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai nèige
                                            fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para><para>He/she is staying
                                        at that hotel.</para></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">陈同志住在哪儿？
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén Tóngzhì zhù
                                            zai nǎr? </foreignphrase></para><para>Where is comrade
                                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Chén</foreignphrase> staying?</para></entry>
                                <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">北京饭店
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng Fàndiàn
                                        </foreignphrase></para><para>the <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
                                        Hotel</para></entry>
                                <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在北京饭店。
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ta zhù zai
                                            Běijīng Fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para><para>He/she is
                                        staying at the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Běijīng</foreignphrase> Hotel.</para></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">林同志住在哪儿？
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lín Tóngzhì zhù
                                            zai nǎr? </foreignphrase></para><para>Where is comrade
                                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Lín</foreignphrase> staying? </para></entry>
                                <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">民族饭店
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mínzú Fàndiàn
                                        </foreignphrase></para><para>the Nationalities
                                    Hotel</para></entry>
                                <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在民族饭店。
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai Mínzú
                                            Fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para><para>He/she is staying
                                        at the Nationalities Hotel.</para></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">黄同志住在哪儿？
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáng Tóngzhì
                                            zhù zai nǎr? </foreignphrase></para><para>Where is
                                        comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Huáng</foreignphrase> staying?</para></entry>
                                <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这个饭店
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige fàndiàn
                                        </foreignphrase></para><para>this hotel</para></entry>
                                <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在这个饭店。
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai
                                            zhèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para><para>He/she is
                                        staying at this hotel.</para></entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </table>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Response drill</title>


                <table frame="all">
                    <title>Give affirmative response to all questions.</title>
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <thead>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>Question</entry>
                                <entry>Answer</entry>
                            </row>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">局女士住在民族饭店吗？
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo Nǚshì zhù
                                            zai Mínzú fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Gāo</foreignphrase> staying at the Nationalities
                                        Hotel?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，她住在民族饭店。
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
                                            Mínzú Fàndiàn, </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>&gt;Yes, she is staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">张女士住在北京饭店吗？
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng Nǚshì zhù
                                            zai Běijìng Fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhāng</foreignphrase> staying at the <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Beǐjīng</foreignphrase>
                                        Hotel?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，她住在北京饭店。
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
                                            Běijīng Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Yes, she is staying at the <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Beǐjīng</foreignphrase>
                                        Hotel.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">江女士住在这个饭店吗？
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng Nǚshì zhù
                                            zai zhèige fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Jiāng</foreignphrase> staying at this
                                    hotel?</para></entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，她住在这个饭店。
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
                                            zhèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Yes, she is staying at this hotel.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">黄女士住在那个饭店吗？
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huāng Nǚshì zhù
                                            zai nèige fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Huāng</foreignphrase> staying at that hotel?</para>
                                </entry>

                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，她住在那个饭店。
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
                                            nèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>&gt;Yes, she is staying at that hotel.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">王女士住在北京饭店吗？
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng Nǚshì zhù
                                            zai Běijīng Fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>&gt;Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase> staying at the <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Beǐjīng</foreignphrase>
                                        Hotel?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，她住在北京饭店。
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
                                            Beǐjīng fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Yes, she is staying at the <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Beǐjīng</foreignphrase>
                                        Hotel.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">林女士住在民族饭店吗？
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lín Nǚshì zhù
                                            zai Mínzú Fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Lín</foreignphrase> staying at the Nationalities
                                        Hotel?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，她住在民族饭店。
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
                                            Mínzú Fàndiàn, </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Yes, she is staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">毛女士住在这个饭店吗？
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máo Nǚshì zhù
                                            zai zhèige fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Máo</foreignphrase> staying at this hotel?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，她住在这个饭店。
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
                                            zhèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Yes, she is staying at this hotel.</para>
                                </entry>

                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </table>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Response drill</title>
                <table frame="all">
                    <title>Give affirmative response to all questions.</title>
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <thead>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>Question</entry>
                                <entry>Answer</entry>
                            </row>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">蒋先生住在这个饭店吗？
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng Xiānsheng
                                            zhù zai zhège fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Jiāng</foreignphrase> staying at this hotel?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他不住在这个饭店。
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
                                            zhù zai zhège fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>No, he is not staying at this hotel.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">马先生住在那个饭店吗？
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Xiānsheng zhù
                                            zai nàge fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase> staying at that hotel?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他不住在那个饭店。
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
                                            zhù zai nàge fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>No, he is not staying at that hotel.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">李先生住在国宾大饭店吗？
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Xiānsheng zhù
                                            zai Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Lǐ</foreignphrase> staying at the Ambassador
                                        Hotel?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他不住在国宾大饭店。
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
                                            zhù zai Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>No, he is not staying at the Ambassador Hotel.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">赵先生住在員山大饭店吗？
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào Xiānsheng
                                            zhù zai Yuánshān Dàfàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhào</foreignphrase> staying at the <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yuánshān</foreignphrase>
                                        hotel?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他不住在員山大饭店。
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
                                            zhù zai Yuánshān Dàfàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>No, he is not staying at the <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yuánshān</foreignphrase>
                                        hotel.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">刘先生住在員山大饭店吗？
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú Xiānsheng
                                            zhù zai Yuánshān Dàfàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Liú</foreignphrase> staying at the Yuánshān
                                        hotel?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他不住在員山大饭店。
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
                                            zhù zai Yánshān Dàfàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>No, he is not staying at the <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yuánshān</foreignphrase>
                                        hotel.</para></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">唐先生住在那个饭店吗？
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táng Xiānsheng
                                            zhù zai nàge fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Táng</foreignphrase> staying at that hotel?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他不住在那个饭店。
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
                                            zhù zai nàge fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>No, he is not staying at that hotel.</para></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">宋先生住在这个饭店吗？
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sòng Xiānsheng
                                            zhù zai zhège fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Sòng</foreignphrase> staying at this hotel.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他不住在这个饭店。
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
                                            zhù zai zhège fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>No, he is not staying at this hotel.</para></entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </table>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Response drill</title>
                <para/>
                <table frame="all">
                    <title>Give affirmative response to all questions.</title>
                    <tgroup cols="4">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <thead>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>Question</entry>
                                <entry>Clue</entry>
                                <entry>Answer</entry>
                            </row>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >唐同志在这个饭店吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táng Tóngzhì zhù
                                            zai zhèige fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is comrade Táng staying at this hotel?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >这个饭店</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige fàndiàn
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>this hotel</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >是，他/她住在这个饭店。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
                                            zhèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Yes, he/she is staying at this hotel.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >马同志住在那个饭店吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Tóngzhì zhù
                                            zai nèige fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is comrade Mǎ staying at that hotel?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >这个饭店</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige fàndiàn
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>this hotel</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他/她不住在那个饭店。
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
                                            zhù zai nèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>No, he/she is not staying at that hotel.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">李同志住在北京饭店吗？
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Tóngzhì zhù
                                            zai Běijīng fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is comrade Lǐ staying at the Běijīng Hotel?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">北京饭店
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng Fàndiàn
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Běijīng Hotel</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，他/她住在北京饭店。
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
                                            Běijīng Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Yes, he/she is staying at the Běijīng Hotel.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">赵同志住在民族饭店吗？
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào Tóngzhì zhù
                                            zai Mínzǔ fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is comrade Zhào staying at the Nationalities Hotel?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">北京饭店
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng Fàndiàn
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Běijīng Hotel</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他/她不住在民族饭店。
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
                                            zhù zai Mínzú Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>No, he/she is not staying at the Nationalities
                                        Hotel.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">刘同志住在这个饭店吗？
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú Tóngzhì zhù
                                            zai zhèige fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is comrade Liú staying at this hotel?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个饭店
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige fàndiàn
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>that hotel</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他/她不住在这个饭店。
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
                                            zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>No, he/she is not staying at this hotel.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">蒋同志住在那个饭店?
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng Tóngzhì
                                            zhù zai nèige fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is Jiāng Tóngzhì staying at that hotel?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个饭店
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige
                                            fàndiàn</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>that hotel</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，他/她住在那个饭店。
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
                                            nèige fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Yes, he/she is staying at that hotel.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">张同志住在北京饭店吗？
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng Tóngzhì
                                            zhù zai Běijīng Fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is Zhāng Tóngzhì staying at the Běijīng Hotel?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">民族饭店
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mínzǔ Fàndiàn
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Nationalities Hotel</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >不是，他/她不住在北京饭店。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Bú shi, tā bú
                                            zhù zai Běijīng Fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>No, he/she is not staying at the Běijīng Hotel.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </table>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title/>
                <para/>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title/>
                <para/>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title/>
                <para/>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title/>
                <para/>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title/>
                <para/>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title/>
                <para/>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title/>
                <para/>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title/>
                <para/>

            </section>
        </section>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 2</title>
        <section>
            <title>Introduction</title>
            <section>
                <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para> Where people are staying (houses).</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para> Where people are working.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para> Addresses.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The marker de </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para> The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >ba</foreignphrase>,</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para> The prepositional verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >zài</foreignphrase></para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Material you will need</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para> The C-l and P-l tapes9 the Reference List and Reference Notes.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para> The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para> The 2D-1 tape.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <informaltable>
                    <tgroup cols="5">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
                                        náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你住在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài Guóbīn
                                        Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我住在国宾大饭店：</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm staying at the Ambassador Hotel.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
                                        náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你住在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài
                                        zhèli.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我住在这理。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm staying here.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                        ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他呢？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How about him?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù　zài
                                        nàli.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他住在那理。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>He is staying there.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
                                        náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你住在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài péngyou
                                        jiā.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我住在朋友家。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm staying at a friend's home.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou jiā zài
                                        náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你朋友家在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Where is your friend's house?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jiā zài Dàlǐ
                                        Jiē.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他家在大力街。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>His house is on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> Street.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyoude dìzhǐ
                                        shì ...?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你朋友的地质是。。。？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>What is your friend's address?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā　de dìzhǐ shì jiē
                                        Sìshièrhào.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他的地质是大力街四十二号。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>His address is № 42 <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> Street.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.<footnote>
                                        <para>This exchange occurs on the C-1 tape only</para>
                                    </footnote></entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì Wèi Shàoxiào
                                        ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你是Wèi少校吧？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>You are Major Weiss, aren't you?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >是的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Yes.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.<footnote>
                                        <para>This exchange occurs on the P-1 tape only</para>
                                    </footnote></entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shì Guóbīn
                                        Dàfàndiàn ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >那是国宾大饭店吧？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>That is Ambassador Hotel, isn't it?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >是的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Yes.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>8.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou xiànzài
                                        zài náli gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你朋友现在在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Where does your friend work now?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Táinán
                                        gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他在台南工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>He works in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Táinán</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>9.<footnote>
                                        <para>This exchange occurs on the C-1 tape only</para>
                                    </footnote></entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli
                                        gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Wǔguānchù
                                        gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我在武官处工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I work at the Defense Attache's Office.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>10.<footnote>
                                        <para>This exchange occurs on the P-1 tape only</para>
                                    </footnote></entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli
                                        gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài yínháng
                                        gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我在银行工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I work at a bank.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>11.<footnote>
                                        <para>This exchange occurs on the C-1 tape only</para>
                                    </footnote></entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou zài
                                        Táiběi gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你朋友在台北工作吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Does your friend work in Taipei?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài Táiběi
                                        gōngzuò. Tā zài Táizhōng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他不在台北工作。他在台中工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>He doesn't work in Taipei; he works in Taichung.</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>


            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <informaltable>
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >ba</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吧</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>question marker expressing supposition of what answer will
                                    be</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >dàfàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >大饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>hotel</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >-de</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">的</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>possessive marker</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >dìzhǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">地址</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>address</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >gōngzuò</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">工作</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to work</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guóbīn
                                        Dàfàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >国宾大饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Ambassador Hotel</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >-hào</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">—号</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>number (in address)</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >jiā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">家</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>home, house</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >jiē</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">街</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>street</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >lù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">路</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>road</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >nà-</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那—</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>that</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >nàge</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>that (one)</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >náli</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪里</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>where</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >nàli</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那里</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>there</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >péngyou</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">朋友</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>friend</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >shàoxiào</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">少校</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>major( military title)</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Shìde</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是的</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Yes, that's so.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Wǔguānchù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >武官处</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>defense attache office</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >yínháng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">银行</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>bank</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >zài</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">在</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to be in/at/on (prepositional verb)</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zhè-</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>this</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zhège</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这个</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>this (one)</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zhèli</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这里</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>here</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dìyī
                                        Dàfàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >第一大饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>First Hotel</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó Guójì
                                        Jiāoliú Zǒngshǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >美国国际</foreignphrase><foreignphrase
                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāoliú
                                    Zǒngshǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>U.S. International Communications Agency</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó
                                        Yínháng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >美国银行</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Bank of America</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táiwān
                                        Yínháng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >台湾银行</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Bank of Taiwan</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Yóuzhèngjǘ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >邮政局</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>post office</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №1-2</title>
                    <informaltable frame="all">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>1.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
                                            náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你住在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài
                                            Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我住在国宾大饭店：</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm staying at the Ambassador Hotel.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>2.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
                                            náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你住在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài
                                            zhèli.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我住在这理。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm staying here.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                            ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他呢？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How about him?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù　zài
                                            nàli.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他住在那理。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>He is staying there.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guóbǐn</foreignphrase>
                        actually refers to any official state guest, not just an ambassador. (The
                        word for "ambassador" is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >dàshǐ</foreignphrase>) The translation "Ambassador Hotel" has been used
                        for years by that hotel and, although inaccurate, has been retained in this
                        text.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàfàndiàn</foreignphrase> means
                        "great hotel" or "grand hotel." It is commonly used in the names of Taiwan
                        and Hong Kong hotels.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Náli</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nàli</foreignphrase>, and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèli</foreignphrase> are
                        common variants of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >nǎr</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >nàr</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhèr</foreignphrase> in non-Peking dialects of Standard Chinese. The
                        forms with <emphasis role="bold">r</emphasis> are Peking dialect
                        forms.</para>
                    <para> Compare:<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="3">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <thead>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Peking</entry>
                                        <entry>Other</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </thead>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >nǎr</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >náli</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>where</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >nàr</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >nàli</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>there</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >zhèr</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >zhèli</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>here</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>Notice the difference in tone "between <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎr</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náli</foreignphrase>. This is because
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">li</foreignphrase> has a
                        basic Low tone, and the first of two adjoining Low-tone syllables changes to
                        a Rising tone: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎ</foreignphrase>
                        + -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐ</foreignphrase> =
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náli</foreignphrase>.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №3-4</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>3.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
                                            náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你住在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài
                                            péngyou jiā.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我住在朋友家。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm staying at a friend's home.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>4.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou jiā
                                            zài náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你朋友家在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Where is your friend's house?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jiā zài Dàlǐ
                                            Jiē.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他家在大力街。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>His house is on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> Street.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>The possessive relationships in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >péngyou jiā</foreignphrase>, "friend's house," <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ péngyou jiā</foreignphrase>, "your
                        friend’s house," and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā
                            jiā</foreignphrase>, "his house," are unmarked, while the English must
                        include -'s or the possessive form of the pronoun ("your," "his".) In
                        Chinese, possessive relationships may be expressed by simply putting the
                        possessor in front of the possessed when the relationship between the two is
                        particularly close, like the relationship between a person and his home,
                        family, or friends.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №5</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>5.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyoude
                                            dìzhǐ shì ...?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你朋友的地质是。。。？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What is your friend's address?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā　de dìzhǐ shì
                                            jiē Sìshièrhào.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他的地质是大力街四十二号。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>His address is № 42 <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàlǐ</foreignphrase>
                                        street.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Péngyoude dìzhǐ:</foreignphrase>
                        "The marker -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> in
                        this phrase is Just like the English possessive ending -'s. With the
                        exception of close relationships, this is the usual way to form the
                        possessive in Chinese.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="3">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ
                                                péngyǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>-de</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >dìzhǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>your friend</entry>
                                        <entry>'s</entry>
                                        <entry>address</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>Unlike the English -'s ending, -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is also added to pronouns.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >wǒde</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>my</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >nǐde</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>your</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >tāde</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>his/her</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>You are learning possessive phrases in which the marker
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is used
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tāde dìzhǐ</foreignphrase>)
                        and some possessive phrases which do not contain -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ péngyou jiā</foreignphrase>). There are
                        certain reasons for the inclusion or omission of -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>. If a close relationship
                        exists between the possessor and the possessed, the marker -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> might not be used. If a
                        phrase is long and complex, as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ
                            Xiānsheng péngyoude tàitai</foreignphrase> , the marker -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is used to separate the
                        possessor from the possessed.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="4">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="2.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="2.0*"/>
                                <thead>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2" align="center">short or
                                            simple</entry>
                                        <entry namest="c3" nameend="c4" align="center">long or
                                            complex</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </thead>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >jiā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
                                                Měilíng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de
                                                lǎojiā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >péngyou</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ
                                                péngyou</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de
                                                dìzhǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ
                                                Xiānsheng péngyou</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de
                                                tàitai</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>But these are not hard and fast rules. The use or omission of
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is not
                        determined solely by the number of syllables in a phrase or by the closeness
                        between the possessor and the possessed, although both of these
                        considerations do play a Mg part in the decision.</para>
                    <para>While some common nouns are usually used without -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> "before them, most nouns
                        are more likely to be preceded by -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >de</foreignphrase>, and many even require it. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dìzhǐ</foreignphrase>, "address," is the only
                        noun you have learned which <emphasis role="bold">REQUIRES</emphasis> the
                        possessive marker -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >de</foreignphrase> added to the possessor. But other nouns such as
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiā</foreignphrase> are not
                        always preceded by -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >de</foreignphrase>. This is also the case with nouns indicating
                        personal relationships, like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >fùmǔ</foreignphrase>, "father," and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tàitai</foreignphrase> "wife." <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Péngyou</foreignphrase>,
                            "friend,"<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xuésheng</foreignphrase>," student and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎoshī</foreignphrase> "student are commonly
                        used without -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>,
                        but may also be used with the marker.</para>
                    <para>You might expect the question <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
                            péngyoude dìzhǐ...?</foreignphrase> to "be completed with a word such as
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme?</foreignphrase>, what.
                        However, the incomplete form given in this exchange, with the voice trailing
                        off, inviting completion, is also commonly used.</para>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Addresses</emphasis>: The order in which addresses
                        are given in Chinese is the reverse of that used in English. In Chinese, the
                        order is from the general to the specific: country, province or state, city,
                        street name, street number.</para>
                    <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hào</foreignphrase>: A street
                        number is always given with the bound word -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hào</foreignphrase>, "number," after it. <footnote>
                            <para>The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >dì</foreignphrase>- is sometimes translated "number," as in
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìyī</foreignphrase>,
                                "number one" (See resource module on Numbers, tape 4.)</para>
                        </footnote></para>

                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №6-7</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>6.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì Wèi
                                            Shàoxiào ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你是Wèi少校吧？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>You are Major Weiss, aren't you?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >是的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Yes.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>7.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shì Guóbīn
                                            Dàfàndiàn ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >那是国宾大饭店吧？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>That is Ambassador Hotel, isn't it?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >是的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Yes.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ba</foreignphrase> is a marker
                        for a question which expresses the speaker's supposition as to what the
                        answer will be. It is the type of question which asks for a confirmation
                        from the listener.</para>
                    <para>There are three ways to translate the two questions in exchanges 6 and 7
                        into English:<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.5*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi Wèi Shàoxiào
                                                ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><para>Aren't you Major Weiss?</para><para>You are
                                                Major Weiss, aren't you?</para><para>You must be
                                                Major Weiss.</para></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi Guóbǐn Dàfàndiàn
                                                ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>Isn't that the Ambassador Hotel?</para>
                                            <para>That is the Ambassador Hotel, isn't it?</para>
                                            <para>That must be the Ambassador Hotel.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Each translation reflects a different degree of certainty on the part of
                        the speaker. (While the differences in certainty are expressed in English by
                        variation in wording, they can be expressed in Chinese by intonation.) You
                        will probably find that the "isn’t it", "aren't you" translation fits most
                        situations.</para>
                    <para>The short answer <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shìde</foreignphrase> is an expanded form of the short answer
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>, with the
                        same meaning: "Yes, that's so." <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Shìde</foreignphrase> is also the word used for the "yes" in the
                        military "Yes, sir."</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Nà</foreignphrase>(<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >nèi</foreignphrase>): In the subject position, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nà</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèi</foreignphrase>), "that," and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhè</foreignphrase>
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi</foreignphrase>),
                        "this," may be used either as free words or as bound words, with
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ge</foreignphrase> following. </para>
                    <para>Compare:<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="3">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Nà</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì Guóbǐn
                                                Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>is the Ambassador Hotel.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Nà</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >-ge</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì Guóbǐn
                                                Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That</entry>
                                        <entry>one</entry>
                                        <entry>is the Ambassador Hotel.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>However, the question form <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎ</foreignphrase>- (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi</foreignphrase>-) is a bound word.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǎge
                                                (fàndiàn) shì Guóbǐn
                                            Dàfàndiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Which one is the Ambassador Hotel?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №8-11</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>8.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou
                                            xiànzài zài náli gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你朋友现在在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Where does your friend work now?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Táinán
                                            gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他在台南工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>He works in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Táinán</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>9.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli
                                            gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài
                                            Wǔguānchù gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我在武官处工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I work at the Defense Attache's Office.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>10.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli
                                            gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài yínháng
                                            gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我在银行工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I work at a bank.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>11.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou zài
                                            Táiběi gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你朋友在台北工作吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Does your friend work in Taipei?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài
                                            Táiběi gōngzuò. Tā zài Táizhōng
                                        gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他不在台北工作。他在台中工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>He doesn't work in Taipei; he works in Taichung.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǔguānchù</foreignphrase>,
                        "defense attache’s office," literally means "military attache's
                        office."</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài gōngzuò</foreignphrase>:
                        Compare these two sentences:</para>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="4">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="left"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >zài</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Táinán.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>He </entry>
                                    <entry>is in</entry>
                                    <entry>Tainan.</entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >zài</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Táinán</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>He </entry>
                                    <entry>in </entry>
                                    <entry>Tainan</entry>
                                    <entry>works.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>The sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Táinán
                            gōngzuò</foreignphrase> seems to have two verbs: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>, "to be in/at/on," and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò</foreignphrase>," to
                        work." But there is only one verb in the translation: "He works in Tainan."
                        The translation reflects the fact that <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> loses its full verb
                        status in this sentence and plays a role like that of the English
                        preposition "in" The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zài</foreignphrase> phrase in Chinese, like the "in" phrase in English,
                        gives more information about the main verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò</foreignphrase>; that is, it tells
                        where the action takes place. "He works," and the work takes place "in
                        Tainan." In sentences like this, the word <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> is a prepositional verb.
                        Most relationships expressed by prepositions in English are expressed by
                        prepositional verbs in Chinese.</para>
                    <para>You have also seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zài</foreignphrase> used as a prepositional verb in the sentence
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ zhù zài
                            náli?</foreignphrase> "Where do you live?" --literally, "You live at
                        where?" Notice that in this sentence the prepositional verb phrase
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài náli</foreignphrase> comes
                        after the main verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhù</foreignphrase>. In the sentence <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli gōngzuò?</foreignphrase> the
                        prepositional verb phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
                            náli</foreignphrase> conies before the main verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò</foreignphrase>. Many things, such as
                        stress, contrast, and other objects in the sentence, can influence the order
                        of the prepositional verb phrase and the main verb.</para>
                    <para>In some cases, either order may be used, as in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli zhù?</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
                            náli?</foreignphrase>. In other cases, the word order is fixed, as in
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli gōngzuò?
                        </foreignphrase>For text examples, it will be pointed out whether or not the
                        word order may be changed, and the reasons will be given.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài Táiběi
                            gōngzuò</foreignphrase>, "He doesn't work in Taipei": In this sentence,
                        the negative adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bù</foreignphrase> comes before the prepositional verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> (which starts the
                        complete predicate <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài Táiběi
                            gōngzuò</foreignphrase>, not before the main verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò</foreignphrase>. This makes sense,
                        for you are not saying "He does NOT WORK," but you are saying "He does NOT
                        work IN TAIPEI."<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="4">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >bù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
                                                Táiběi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >bù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
                                                Táiběi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
            </section>

        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Drills</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 3</title>
        <section>
            <title>Introduction</title>
            <section>
                <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Members of a family.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The plural ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >men</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The question word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >jǐ</foreignphrase>- "how many."</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >dōu</foreignphrase> "all."</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Several ways to express "and."</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Material you will need</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The 3D-1 tape.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>
            <para/>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <informaltable>
                    <tgroup cols="5">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>


                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu háizi
                                        ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你们有孩子吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Do you have children?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu, wǒmen
                                        yǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >有，我们有。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Yes, we have.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú xiānsheng yǒu
                                        Měiguó péngyou ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >刘先生有美国朋友吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Does Mr <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Liú</foreignphrase> have any American friends?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā meíyǒu Měiguó
                                        péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他没有美国朋友。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>He doesn't have any American friends.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǒu Yīngguó
                                        péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他有英国朋友。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>He has English friends. (or an English friend)</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge
                                        háizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你们有几个孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How many children do you have?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu sānge
                                        háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我们有三个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>We have three children.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge
                                        nánháizi, jǐge nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你们有几个男孩子，几个女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How many boys and how many girls do you have?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu liǎngge
                                        nánháizi, yīge nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我们有两个男孩子，一个女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>We have two boys and one girl.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì nánháizi, shì
                                        nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >是男孩子，是女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Are they boys or girls?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen dōu shì
                                        nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他们都是女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>All of them are girls.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú xiānsheng,
                                        tàitai ne? tāmen yǒu jǐge háizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >胡先生，太太呢？他们有几个孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How about Mr. and Mrs. <foreignphrase
                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú</foreignphrase>? How many
                                    children do they have?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen yǒu liǎngge
                                        háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他们有两个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>They have two children.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì nánháizi, shì
                                        nǚháizi? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >是男孩子，是女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Are they boys or girls?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu shì
                                        nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >都是女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Both of them are girls.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen háizi dōu zài
                                        zhèli ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你们孩子都在这里吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Are all your children here?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, liǎngge zài
                                        zhèli, yíge hái zài Měiguó.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >不，两个在这里，一个还在美国。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>No. Two are here, and one is still in America.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>8.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
                                        rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你家里有什么人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>What people are (there) in your family?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu wǒ tàitai gēn
                                        sānge háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >有我太太跟三个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>There's my wife and three children.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>9.</entry>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
                                        rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你家里有什么人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>What people are (there) in your family?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù (yǒu) wǒ fùqin,
                                        mǔqin.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >就（有）我父亲，母亲。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Just my father and mother.</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <para/>
                <informaltable>
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >zhǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">只</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>only</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >dìdi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">弟弟</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>younger brother</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >gēge</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哥哥</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>older brother</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jiějie</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">姐姐</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>older sister</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >mèimei</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">妹妹</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>younger sister</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >xiōngdì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">兄弟</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>brothers</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jiěmèi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">姐妹</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>sisters</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiōngdì
                                        jiěmèi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >兄弟姐妹</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>brothers and sisters</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >fùmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">父母</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>parents</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">祖父</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>paternal grandfather</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">祖母</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>paternal grandmother</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >wàizǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >外祖父</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>maternal grandfather</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >wàizǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >外祖母</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>maternal grandmother</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >bàba</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">爸爸</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>papa, dad, father</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >māma</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吗吗</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>momma, mom, mother</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >bàba</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">爸爸</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>papa, dad, father</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >dìdi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">弟弟</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>younger brother</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >dōu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">都</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>all, both</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >fùmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">父母</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>parents</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >fùqin</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">父亲</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>father</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >gēge</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哥哥</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>older brother</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >gēn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">跟</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>and, with, and (in addition to)</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >hái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">还</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>still, yet</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >háizi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">孩子</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>children, child</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >jǐ-</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">几－</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>how many</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jiāli</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">家里</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>family</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jiějie</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">姐姐</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>older sister </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jiěmèi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">姐妹</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>sisters</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jǐge</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">几个</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>how many</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >jiù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">就</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>only, just</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >liǎng-</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">两</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>two</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >māma</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">妈妈</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>momma, mom, mother</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >méi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">没</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>not, not to have</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >mèimei</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">妹妹</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>younger sister</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >mèiyou</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">没有</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>not to have, there is not</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >-men</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">们</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>plural suffix</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >mǔqin</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">母亲</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>mother</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >nán-</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">男－</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>male</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >nánháizi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >男孩子</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>boy</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>

                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >nǐmen</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>you (plural)</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >nǚ-</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">奴－</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>female</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >nǚháizi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >奴孩子</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>girl</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >tāmen</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他们</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>they, them</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >wàizǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >外祖父</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>maternal grandfather</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >wàizǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >外祖母</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>maternal grandmother</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >wǒmen</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我们</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>we, us</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >xiōngdì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">兄弟</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>brothers</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiōngdì
                                        jiěmèi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >兄弟姐妹</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>brothers and sisters</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >yǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to have, there is</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >zhǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">只</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>only</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">祖父</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>paternal grandfather</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">祖母</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>paternal grandmother</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíng
                                        le</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">赢了</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I('ve) won</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <para/>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №1</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>1.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu háizi
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你们有孩子吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Do you have children?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu, wǒmen
                                            yǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >有，我们有。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Yes, we have.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>The plural pronouns are formed by adding -men to the singular
                        pronouns</para>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="4">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <thead>
                                <row>
                                    <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2"><emphasis role="bold"
                                            >singular</emphasis></entry>
                                    <entry namest="c3" nameend="c4"><emphasis role="bold"
                                            >plural</emphasis></entry>
                                </row>
                            </thead>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >wǒmen</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>we</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>you</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >nǐmen</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>you</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>he/she</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >tāmen</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>they</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>(You have already seen these pronoun forms used as possessives: "my,"
                        "our," etc. Later you will find that they are also used as objects: "me,"
                        "us," etc.)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Háizi</foreignphrase>: Chinese
                        nouns have the same form for singular and plural.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Háizi</foreignphrase> may be
                        either "child" or "children."<footnote>
                            <para>A few nouns referring to people may be made explicitly plural by
                                adding -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >men</foreignphrase> . <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >Háizimen</foreignphrase> can only be ''children"</para>
                        </footnote>Usually the context will make clear whether a noun should be
                        translated as singular or as plural, but not always. Chinese does not
                        require that the matter be pinned down to the same extent that English
                        does.</para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu háizi</foreignphrase> is
                        a perfectly good sentence, even though the only accurate translation is the
                        clumsy "We have one or more children." We would prefer to have enough
                        information to translate it either as "We have a child" or as "We have
                        children." </para>
                    <para>At times this ambiguity is an advantage. When you ask <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu háizi ma?</foreignphrase> you do
                        not, after all, know whether you are referring to one child or to more than
                        one child. To cover both bets in the same way in English, we have to say "Do
                        you have any children?"</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №2</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>2.</entry>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú xiānsheng
                                            yǒu Měiguó péngyou ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >刘先生有美国朋友吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Does Mr <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Liú</foreignphrase> have any American friends?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā meíyǒu
                                            Měiguó péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他没有美国朋友。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>He doesn't have any American friends.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǒu Yīngguó
                                            péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他有英国朋友。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>He has English friends. (or an English friend)</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou</foreignphrase>: All the
                        verbs discussed so far form the negative with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>, with the single exception
                        of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase>, "to have,"
                        which has the irregular negative form <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou</foreignphrase>.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №3-4</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>3.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge
                                            háizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你们有几个孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How many children do you have?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu sānge
                                            háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我们有三个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>We have three children.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>4.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge
                                            nánháizi, jǐge nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你们有几个男孩子，几个女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How many boys and how many girls do you have?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu
                                            liǎngge nánháizi, yīge nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我们有两个男孩子，一个女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>We have two boys and one girl.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>In Peking speech,<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
                            jǐ-</foreignphrase>, "how many," is usually used only when the number
                        expected in an answer is about 10 or less. In many other parts of China,
                        speakers use jl- no matter how large a number is expected in the
                        answer.</para>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Counters</emphasis>: In Chinese, a noun cannot be
                        counted or specified (i.e., used with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi-</foreignphrase> "which," <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèi-</foreignphrase>, "that," <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi-</foreignphrase>, "this") without the
                        addition of a bound word, a counter, to indicate the sort of thing being
                        specified or counted. English has a few such counters, as "head" in "how
                        many head of cattle" and "loaves" in " seven loaves of bread."</para>
                    <para>The counter used in a particular instance depends on the noun "being
                        specified or counted. Many nouns have special counters. You have already
                        learned the polite counter for persons, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-wèi</foreignphrase>. Other special counters
                        refer in some way to the kind of thing the noun represents. The word for
                        "hotel," for instance, has a special counter <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-jiā</foreignphrase>, "house," used for
                        counting or specifying business establishments.</para>
                    <para>The general counter <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-ge</foreignphrase> is used with nouns that do not have special
                        counters. For example, there is no special counter for the word
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pùbù</foreignphrase>,
                        "waterfall," so you would say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge
                            pùbù</foreignphrase>, "one waterfall." You have already found the
                        general counter <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-ge</foreignphrase> in specifying expressions such as <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něige háizi</foreignphrase>, "which child,"
                        and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige
                        fàndiàn</foreignphrase>,"this hotel."</para>
                    <para>You may find that, in colloquial speech, nouns that have special counters
                        are sometimes used with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-ge</foreignphrase> anyway, but this tendency is looked down upon by
                        many speakers.</para>
                    <para>Here are the numbers 1 through 10 with the counter <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase>:</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge liǎngge sānge sìge wǔge
                            liùge qíge báge jiǔge shíge</foreignphrase></para>
                    <para>The number 2 has a special form before a counter: l<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">iǎng-</foreignphrase>. Notice that the words
                        for 1, 2, and 8 have Rising tones before <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase>, because <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase> is basically a
                        Falling-tone syllable. (See also Unit 5, notes on No. 9 and No. 10.)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nán- nǚ-</foreignphrase>: The
                        "bound words <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nán-</foreignphrase>
                        "male," and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚ-</foreignphrase>,
                        "female," are often used in compounds; for example, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánpéngyou</foreignphrase>, "boyfriend," and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚtóngzhì</foreignphrase>
                        "(woman) Comrade."</para>
                    <para>"<emphasis role="bold">And</emphasis>": In Chinese, a word for "and" is
                        not needed between parallel phrases like <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎngge nánháizi, yíge
                            nǚháizi</foreignphrase> "two boys, (and) one girl."</para>
                    <para>A pause is usual between the two phrases, but even the pause is sometimes
                        omitted.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №5-7</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>5.</entry>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì nánháizi,
                                            shì nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >是男孩子，是女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Are they boys or girls?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen dōu shì
                                            nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他们都是女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>All of them are girls.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>6.</entry>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú xiānsheng,
                                            tàitai ne? tāmen yǒu jǐge háizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >胡先生，太太呢？他们有几个孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How about Mr. and Mrs. <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú</foreignphrase>? How many
                                        children do they have?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen yǒu
                                            liǎngge háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他们有两个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>They have two children.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì nánháizi,
                                            shì nǚháizi? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >是男孩子，是女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Are they boys or girls?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu shì
                                            nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >都是女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Both of them are girls.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>7.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen háizi dōu
                                            zài zhèli ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你们孩子都在这里吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Are all your children here?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, liǎngge zài
                                            zhèli, yíge hái zài Měiguó.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >不，两个在这里，一个还在美国。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>No. Two are here, and one is still in America.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><emphasis role="bold">Shi
                                nánháizi, shi nǚháizi?</emphasis></foreignphrase> In Chinese, an
                        "or" question (i.e., a question asking which of two alternatives is true)
                        may be asked simply by stating the two alternatives with a pause between. In
                        this kind of question, the verb must appear in each alternative. (You will
                        learn other ways of making "or" questions in later modules.)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu</foreignphrase> may usually
                        be translated in a sentence as "all (of)," or, if it refers to only two
                        things, as both (of)." Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >dōu</foreignphrase> means "in all cases," "uniformly," "entirely,"
                        "completely." Since it is an adverb), it must be placed after the subject of
                        a sentence and before the verb (like the adverb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase>, "also".)</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №8-9</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>8.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu
                                            shénme rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你家里有什么人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What people are (there) in your family?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu wǒ tàitai
                                            gēn sānge háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >有我太太跟三个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>There's my wife and three children.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>9.</entry>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu
                                            shénme rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你家里有什么人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What people are (there) in your family?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù yǒu wǒ
                                            fùqin, mǔqin.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >就有我父亲，母亲。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Just my father and mother.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>Literally, the phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ
                            jiāli</foreignphrase> means "in your home" (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiā</foreignphrase>, "home"; <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-li</foreignphrase>, "in"）. In this sentence
                        it is extended to mean "the people in your home, " that is, "your
                        family."</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli - yǒu - shénme
                            rén?</foreignphrase> Phrase by phrase, this question is: "In your family
                        - there are - what people?,’ The word "family" can be taken to mean either
                        all your relatives or only those living in your household.</para>
                    <para>By itself, the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yǒu</foreignphrase> means "to "be," "to exist." You have now seen it
                        translated two ways: </para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>as "have," with a personal subject: <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu sānge háizi</foreignphrase>
                                . "We have three children." </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>as "there is/are," in the so-called impersonal construction:
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
                                    rén?</foreignphrase> "What people are (there) in your
                                family?"</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                    <para>In exchange 8, the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yǒu</foreignphrase> in the answer is translated as "there's." Some
                        English speakers may find this translation too colloquial. The answer can
                        also be translated Just by listing the family members, with no verb in the
                        English, as was done in exchange 9« Chinese almost always keeps the verb in
                        the answer to a question, while English tends to leave it out.</para>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">How to say "and":</emphasis> Chinese has several
                        words for "and." <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Gēn</foreignphrase> is the word for "and" when joining nouns or noun
                        phrases. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yě</foreignphrase> is the
                        word for "and" when Joining verbs, verb phrases, or whole sentences:</para>
                    <example>
                        <title>Example:</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng Lǐ, yě bú xìng
                                Lǔ. Wǒ xìng Lǚ.</foreignphrase></para>
                        <para>I'm not surnamed <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Lǐ</foreignphrase> and I'm not surnamed <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǔ</foreignphrase>. I'm surnamed
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǚ</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    </example>
                    <para>Chinese tends to use a word for "and" when the noun phrases being Joined
                        are not parallel and not to use one when the phrases are parallel:<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="5">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="3.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5" align="center"><emphasis
                                                role="bold">Not parallel</emphasis></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Yǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒ
                                                  tàitai</foreignphrase></para>
                                            <para>Possessor noun</para>
                                        </entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >gēn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānge
                                                  háizi.</foreignphrase></para>
                                            <para>number noun</para>
                                        </entry>
                                        <entry>There's my wife and 3 children.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5" align="center"><emphasis
                                                role="bold">Parallel</emphasis></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Yǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎngge
                                                  nánháizi</foreignphrase></para>
                                            <para>number noun</para>
                                        </entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >,</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge
                                                  nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></para>
                                            <para>number noun</para>
                                        </entry>
                                        <entry>There are 2 boys and one girl.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>While "and" is often omitted in Chinese, it may be added for emphasis
                        between nouns and between noun phrases just as in English.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù</foreignphrase>, "only,"
                        "Just," is an advert (like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yě</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >dōu</foreignphrase>. The use of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> to mean "only" is
                        probably mostly confined to the Peking dialect.<footnote>
                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù</foreignphrase> has
                                several other meanings, which will be presented to you as you
                                continue through this course.</para>
                        </footnote> Speakers from other parts of the country will not necessarily
                        use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> to mean
                        "only" or understand it as such. A more widely used and understood word for
                        "only" is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ</foreignphrase>.
                        Thus the answer in exchange 9 could also be: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhǐ yǒu wǒ fùqin,
                        mǔqin.</foreignphrase></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on additional vocabulary</title>
                    <para>Chinese is much more precise than English in its terms for family members.
                        There is not Just one word for "brother," or "sister" but words for "older
                        brother," "younger brother," "older sister," and "younger sister."<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="5">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><emphasis role="bold">older</emphasis></entry>
                                        <entry><emphasis role="bold">younger</emphasis></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>brother</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >gēge</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >dìdi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>brothers</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >xiōngdì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>sister</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >jiějie</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >mèimei</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>sisters</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >jiěmèi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>When referring to both older and younger sisters, the term <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiěmèi</foreignphrase> is used. When
                        referring to both older and younger brothers, the term <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiōngdì</foreignphrase> is used. When
                        referring to sisters and brothers, the phrase <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiōngdì jiěmèi</foreignphrase> is
                        used.</para>
                    <para>Chinese also distinguishes between grandparents on the father's side of
                        the family and grandparents on the mother's side:<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="3">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><emphasis role="bold">father's
                                            side</emphasis></entry>
                                        <entry><emphasis role="bold">mother's
                                            side</emphasis></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><emphasis role="bold">grandfather</emphasis></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >zǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >wàizǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><emphasis role="bold">grandmother</emphasis></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >zǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >wàizǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>The syllable <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >wài-</foreignphrase> in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >wàizǔfù</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >wàizǔmǔ</foreignphrase> literally means "outer" or "outside."</para>
                </section>
            </section>

        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Drills</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 4</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>Introduction</title>
            <para/>
            <section>
                <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Arrival and departure times,</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >le</foreignphrase></para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì … de</foreignphrase>
                            construction.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Material you will need</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The C-l and P-l tapes» the Reference List and Reference Notes.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes» the Workbook.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The UD-1 tape.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para>in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase></para>
                <informaltable>
                    <tgroup cols="5">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren lái
                                        ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你爱人来吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Is your wife coming?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                        lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >她来。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>She is coming.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren lái le
                                        ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你爱人来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Has your wife come?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái le, tā lái
                                        le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >来了，她来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Yes, she has come.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren yě lái le
                                        ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你爱人也来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Has your wife come too?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
                                        lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >她还没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>She hasn't come yet.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shénme shíhou
                                        lái?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >她什么时候来？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>When is she coming?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā míngtiān
                                        lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >她明天来。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>She is coming tomorrow.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou shénme
                                        shíhou dào?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你朋友什么时候到？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>When is your friend arriving?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjīng dào
                                        le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他已经到了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>He has already arrived.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì shénme
                                        shíhou dàode?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >她是什么时候到的？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>When did she arrive?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì zuótiān
                                        dàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >她是昨天到的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>She arrived Yesterday.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì yíge rén
                                        láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你是一个人来的吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Did you come alone?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì, wǒ bú shì
                                        yíge rén láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >不是，我不是一个人来的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>No, I didn't come alone.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>8.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shénme shíhou
                                        zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你什么时候走？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>When are you leaving?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān
                                        zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我今天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm leaving today.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>9.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ něitiān
                                        zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你哪天走？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>What day are you leaving?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān
                                        zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我今天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm leaving today.</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <informaltable>
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >hòutiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">后天</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>the day after tomorrow</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >qiántiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">前天</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>the day before yesterday</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >tiāntiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">天天</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>every day</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >érzi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">二字</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>son</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >nǚér</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">女儿</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>daughter</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >dào</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">到</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to arrive</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >érzi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">二字</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>son</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòutiān
                                        (hòutian)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">后天</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>the day after tomorrow</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīntiān
                                        (jīntian)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">今天</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>today</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">来</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to come</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >le</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">了</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>combined le: new-situation and completion marker</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míngtiān
                                        (mīngtian)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">明天</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>tomorrow</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >něitiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪天</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>what day</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >nǚér</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">女儿</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>daughter</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiántiān
                                        (qiántian)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">前天</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>the day before Yesterday</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme
                                        shíhou</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >什么时候</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>when</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì
                                        de</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">十的</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>focus construction</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >-tiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">天</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>day</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >tiāntiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">天天</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>every day</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge
                                        rén</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >一个人</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>singly, alone</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐjīng
                                        (yǐjing)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">已经</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>already</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >zǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">走</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to leave</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zuótiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">昨天</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Yesterday</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jiéhūn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">结婚</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to get married, to be married</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi
                                        jiéhūn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >没结婚</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>not to be married</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >kěshi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">可是</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>but</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >xiǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">想</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to think, to think that</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №1</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>1.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren lái
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你爱人来吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Is your wife coming?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                            lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她来。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>She is coming.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>These sentences refer to future time, but <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> is not a future-tense
                        form. Strictly speaking, Chinese verbs do not have tenses. The same form of
                        the verb can be used in present, past, and future contexts.</para>
                    <para>We translated the sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                            zài Táinán gōngzuò.</foreignphrase> as "He works in Tainan" assuming a
                        present context. But in a past context we could translate It as "He
                            <emphasis role="bold">worked</emphasis> in Tainan; and in a future
                        context we could translate it as "He <emphasis role="bold">will
                            work</emphasis> in Tainan." The verb form <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò</foreignphrase> does not tell you
                        what time is being talked about. You have to look elsewhere for that
                        information, perhaps to a time expression like "last year" or "now" or
                        "tomorrow," or to the conversational setting.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №2</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>2.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren lái le
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你爱人来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Has your wife come?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái le, tā lái
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >来了，她来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Yes, she has come.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Aspect</emphasis>: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Le</foreignphrase> is an aspect marker.
                        Through the use of and other one-syllable markers (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de, zhe, ne, guo</foreignphrase>), the
                        Chinese language indicates whether the occurrence being talked about is
                        completed, ongoing, about to occur, or experienced for the first time.
                        Aspect markers may also be used to indicate whether the whole situation in
                        the sentence is a new, changed situation.</para>
                    <para>"<emphasis role="bold">Completion</emphasis>" and "new situation" are not
                            <emphasis role="bold">tenses</emphasis> but <emphasis role="bold"
                            >aspects</emphasis>. Aspect is a way of talking about events or
                        activities in relation to time. While tenses categorize action in terms of
                        features such as completeness and change. Aspect markers are very different
                        from tense markers because the same aspect may be used in past, present, and
                        future contexts. We may speak of an action that will be completed as of a
                        future time, for example, or of a situation that was new as of a past time.
                        English communicates these ideas to a certain extent through the use of many
                        different tenses for the verb (future perfect, simple past, etc,). Chinese
                        does this through the use of aspect markers and time words. The verbs
                        themselves do not change form.</para>
                    <para>Le is used in exchange 2 to indicate two aspects-completion and new
                        situation, (it is, however, often used to indicate only one aspect.)</para>
                    <para>Here, it indicates that the person has come, meaning that the action is
                        completed, and that the person is now here, a changed situation. When the
                        marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> refers
                        to both these aspects, we call it "combined <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>." Combined le can be
                        thought of as a telescoping of the completion le followed by a new-situation
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le le</foreignphrase> becomes
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>. In the
                        next two units, you will see the marker <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> used to Indicate each of
                        these aspects separately.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №3</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>3.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren yě lái
                                            le ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你爱人也来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Has your wife come too?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
                                            lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她还没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>She hasn't come yet.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>Negative of combined <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >le</foreignphrase>: Compare these affirmative and negative
                            forms:<informaltable frame="all">
                            <tgroup cols="6">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.5*" align="left"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="2.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><emphasis role="bold">affirmative</emphasis></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>is coming.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><emphasis role="bold">negative</emphasis></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >bù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>isn't coming.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable><informaltable frame="all">
                            <tgroup cols="6">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.5*" align="left"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="2.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><emphasis role="bold">affirmative</emphasis></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >le</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>has come (now).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><emphasis role="bold">negative</emphasis></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >hái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >méi(you)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>hasn't come (yet).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Notice that the marker le does not appear in the negative answer in the
                        exchange.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái</foreignphrase>: The
                        negative of a sentence containing combined le_ will include the adverb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase>, "yet," as
                        well as the negative <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >méi(you)</foreignphrase>. In English, the "yet" is frequently left
                        out.</para>
                    <para>Like other adverbs such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yě</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >hái</foreignphrase> always precedes the verb, although not always
                        directly. Elements such as the negatives and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> may come between an
                        adverb and a verb,</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou</foreignphrase>, "not
                        have" is used to negate the aspect of completion; that is, to say that a
                        certain event did not take place. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Méiyou</foreignphrase> may be shortened to <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase>. Here are three possible
                        negative answers to the question.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le ma?</foreignphrase>
                        "Has he come?"<informaltable frame="all">
                            <tgroup cols="5">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >hái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >méiyou</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He hasn't come yet.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >hái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >méi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He hasn't come yet.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >hái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >méiyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Not yet.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №4-5</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>4.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shénme
                                            shíhou lái?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >她什么时候来？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>When is she coming?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā míngtiān
                                            lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她明天来。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>She is coming tomorrow.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>5.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou
                                            shénme shíhou dào?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你朋友什么时候到？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>When is your friend arriving?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjīng dào
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他已经到了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>He has already arrived.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>Position of time words: Time phrases occupy the same position in a
                        sentence as adverbs such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yě</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >hái</foreignphrase> between the subject and the verb.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №6-7</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>6.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì shénme
                                            shíhou dàode?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >她是什么时候到的？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>When did she arrive?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì zuótiān
                                            dàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >她是昨天到的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>She arrived Yesterday.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>7.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì yíge rén
                                            láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你是一个人来的吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Did you come alone?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì, wǒ bú
                                            shì yíge rén láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >不是，我不是一个人来的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>No, I didn't come alone.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase>: <footnote>
                            <para>On occasion, a speaker may omit the <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> (which is why it
                                is written in parentheses in these notes).</para>
                        </footnote> This is another way to indicate the aspect of completion. The
                        aspect marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>
                        and the pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >(shì...de)</foreignphrase> perform different functions and convey
                        different meanings. This is how they are different:</para>
                    <para>The aspect marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >le</foreignphrase> or its negative <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi (you)</foreignphrase> is used when the
                        center of interest is whether or not an action took place. For example, if
                        you do not know whether Mr. Sun came or not, you would ask:<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā léile
                                                méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Did he come?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>and you would be answered either<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                láile.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He came.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>or<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā méi
                                                lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He didn't come.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>In this question and answer, you use <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> or its negative
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi(you)</foreignphrase>
                        because the focus is on whether the action took place or not.</para>
                    <para>The purpose of the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >(shì)...de</foreignphrase> construction, on the other hand, is to focus
                        on additional information about a completed action; that is, the
                        construction is used when the center of interest is NOT whether or not a
                        certain action took place. </para>
                    <para>For example, once it has been established that Mr. Sun did in fact come,
                        the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase>
                        construction will probably be used for any additional questions and answers
                        about his coming. For example:<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
                                                shénme shíhou láide?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>When did he come?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
                                                zuótiān láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He came yesterday.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi yíge
                                                rén láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Did he come alone?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi yíge
                                                rén láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He came alone.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>These questions and answers use the <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase> construction
                        because you already know that Mr. Sun came and now you are asking for
                        additional information about his visit. Many types of additional information
                        can be focus points for which the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >(shì)...de</foreignphrase> construction is used. </para>
                    <para>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi shénme shíhou
                            láide?</foreignphrase> the additional information is the time when
                        something happens. </para>
                    <para>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi yíge rén láide
                            ma?</foreignphrase> the information asked for is the manner in which
                        something takes place. </para>
                    <para>Other possible focus points are place, cause of action, goal of action,
                        and performer of action.</para>
                    <para>Now let's take a look at how <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shì</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >de</foreignphrase> function separately in this construction. The verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>, coming
                        before the phrase which is the center of interest, serves as a signal that
                        what follows is emphasised. The verb "to "be" is often used in a similar way
                        in English to mark the center of interest:<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
                                                zuótiān láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Was it yesterday that he came?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Another way of showing the center of interest in English is by word
                        stress. Here is a comparison between focusing in Chinese with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase> and focusing in
                        English with stress:<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
                                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Has he come?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Yes, he has.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
                                                zuótiān láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Did he come YESTERDAY?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā shi
                                                zuótiān láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Yes, YESTERDAY.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>
                        coming after the verb indicates completion. When the marker <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is not used in the
                        sentence, that sentence no longer describes a completed event. The marker
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> by itself
                        emphasizes something about the action.</para>
                    <para> Compare these sentences:<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
                                                jīntiān lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>She is coming (later) today.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
                                                jīntiān láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>She came (earlier) today.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>For the time being, you will not use <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> without <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para>The negative form of the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >(shì)...de</foreignphrase> construction is <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú shi...de</foreignphrase> . Compare this
                        with the negatives you have already learned:<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="8">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.5*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c7" colnum="7" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c8" colnum="8" colwidth="7.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >zuótiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >-de</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>It was YESTERDAY that he came.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >bú</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >zuótiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >-de</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>It wasn't YESTERDAY that he came.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable><informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="8">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.5*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c7" colnum="7" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c8" colnum="8" colwidth="7.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He has come.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >hái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >méi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>He hasn't come.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable><informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="8">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.5*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c7" colnum="7" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c8" colnum="8" colwidth="7.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >míngtiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>He is coming tomorrow.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >míngtiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >bù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>He isn't coming tomorrow.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Notice that in a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >(shì)...de</foreignphrase> construction the negative <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú</foreignphrase> precedes the verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> rather
                        than the main verb. Short answers are also formed with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> rather than with the main verb:<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi yíge
                                                rén láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Did you come alone?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, wǒ shì
                                                yíge rén láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Yes, I came alone.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Búshì, wǒ
                                                bú shi yíge rén láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>No, I didn't come alone.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase>
                        construction is not used in every completed-action sentence containing a
                        time, place, or manner phrase. If the center of interest is still whether or
                        not the action took place, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >le</foreignphrase> is used. If, for example, you knew that someone was
                        expected to come yesterday and you wanted to find out only whether he
                        actually did come, the conversation might go as follows:<informaltable
                            frame="none">
                            <tgroup cols="3">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
                                                méi lái ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Didn't he COME yesterday?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
                                                lái le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He DID COME yesterday.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge
                            rén</foreignphrase> means "one person." When the expression is used to
                        describe how someone does something, translate it as "alone"</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №8-9</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>8.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shénme
                                            shíhou zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你什么时候走？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>When are you leaving?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān
                                            zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我今天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm leaving today.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>9.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ něitiān
                                            zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你哪天走？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What day are you leaving?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān
                                            zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我今天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm leaving today.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>The word for "day" is the bound word <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tiān</foreignphrase>. To ask "what day"
                        (literally "which day"), the bound word <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi-</foreignphrase> "which," is combined
                        with the bound word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-tiān</foreignphrase>, "day": <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >něitiān</foreignphrase> (like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >něiguó</foreignphrase>, "which country").<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >něitiān?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>what day?/which day?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >qiántiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>day before yesterday</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >zuótiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>yesterday</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >jīntiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>today</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >míngtiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>tomorrow</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >hòutiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>day after tomorrow</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Some speakers say the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-tiān</foreignphrase> in these words in the Neutral tone:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >qiántian</foreignphrase>,<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zuótian</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jīntian</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >míngtian</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >hòutian</foreignphrase>.</para>
                </section>
            </section>

        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Drills</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Criterion test</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Appendices</title>
            <para/>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
        </section>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 5</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>Introduction</title>
            <para/>
            <section>
                <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Date and Place of birth.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Days of the week.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Ages.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >le</foreignphrase> for new situations.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Material you will need</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The C-1 and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The 5D-1 tape.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>
            <para/>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>
                <informaltable>
                    <tgroup cols="5">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Andesen Fūren, nǐ
                                        shì zài nǎr shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >安德森夫人，你是在哪儿生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Mrs. Andersen, where were you born?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì zài Dézhōu
                                        shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我是在得州生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I was born in Texas.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen shì Xīngqīsì
                                        dàode ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你们是星期四到的吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Did you arrive on Thursday?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì, wǒmen shì
                                        Xīngqīwǔ dàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >不是，我们是星期五到的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>No, we arrived on Friday.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen xīngqījǐ
                                        zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你们星期几走？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>What day of the week are you leaving?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen Xīngqītiān
                                        zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我们星期天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>We are leaving on Sunday.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì něinián
                                        shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你是哪年生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>What year are you born?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Yī jiǔ sān
                                        jiǔ nián shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我是一九三九年生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I was born in 1939.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì jǐyüè
                                        shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你是几月生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>What month were you born?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Qíyüè
                                        shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我是七月生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I was born in July.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì jǐhào
                                        shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你是几号生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>What day of the month were you born?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Sìhào
                                        shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我是四号生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I was born on the fourth.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duó dà
                                        le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你多大了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How old are you?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ èr shi sì
                                        le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我二十四了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm 24.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>8.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duó dà
                                        le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你多大了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How old are you?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ sān shi wǔ
                                        le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我三十五了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm 35.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>9.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen nǚháizi jǐsuì
                                        le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你们女孩子几岁了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How old is your girl?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā básuì
                                        le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >她八岁了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>She's eight years old.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>10.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen nánháizi dōu
                                        jǐsuì le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你们男孩子都几岁了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How old are your boys?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge jiǔsuì le,
                                        yíge liùsuì le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >一个九岁了，　一个六岁了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>One is nine, and one is six.</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <para/>
                <informaltable>
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duó
                                        dà</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">多大</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>how old</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòunián
                                        (hòunian)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">后年</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>the year after next</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jǐhào</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">几号</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>what day of the month?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīnnián
                                        (jīnnian)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">今年</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>this year</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jǐsuì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">几岁</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>how old</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jǐyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">几月</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>what month</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míngnián
                                        (míngnian)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">明年</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>next year</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >něinián</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >哪年？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>which year</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niánnián
                                        (niánnian)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">年年</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>every year</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiánnián
                                        (qiánnian)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">前年</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>the year before last</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǜnián
                                        (qǜnian)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">去年</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>last year</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shàngge
                                        yüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >上个月</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>last month</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >shēng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">生</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to be born</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >-suì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">岁</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>year (of age)</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàge
                                        yüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >下个月</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>next month</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Xīngqīèr</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >星期二</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Tuesday</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >xīngqījǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >星期几</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>what day of the week</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Xīngqīliù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >星期六</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Saturday</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Xīngqīsān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >星期三</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Wednesday</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Xīngqīsì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >星期四</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Thursday</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Xīngqītiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >星期日，星期天</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Sunday</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Xīngqīwǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >星期五</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Friday</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Xīngqīyī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >星期一</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Monday</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zheìge
                                        yüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >这个月</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>this month</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <para/>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №1</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>1.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Andesen Fūren,
                                            nǐ shì zài nǎr shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >安德森夫人，你是在哪儿生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Mrs. Andersen, where were you born?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì zài
                                            Dézhōu shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我是在得州生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I was born in Texas.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì...de</foreignphrase>
                        construction is used to focus on place expressions as well as on time and
                        manner expressions.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="6">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
                                                Měiguó</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shēng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >-de.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>I was born in America. WHERE</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >zuótiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >dào</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >-de.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>I arrived yesterday. WHEN</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge
                                                rén</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >-de.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>I came alone. HOW</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №2-3</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>2.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen shì
                                            Xīngqīsì dàode ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你们是星期四到的吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Did you arrive on Thursday?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì, wǒmen
                                            shì Xīngqīwǔ dàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >不是，我们是星期五到的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>No, we arrived on Friday.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>3.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen xīngqījǐ
                                            zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你们星期几走？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What day of the week are you leaving?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
                                            Xīngqītiān zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我们星期天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>We are leaving on Sunday.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Days of the week:</emphasis></para>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="2">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >xīngqījǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What day of the week?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >xīngqīyī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Monday</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >xīngqīèr</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Tuesday</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >xīngqīsàn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Wednesday</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >xīngqīsì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Thursday</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >xingqīwǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Friday</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >xīngqīliù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Saturday</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >xīngqītiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Sunday</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>Until now, you have always seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jǐ</foreignphrase>, "how many," at the beginning of a word
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǐge háizi, jǐwèi xiānsheng,
                            jǐhào</foreignphrase>). In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xīngqījǐ</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-jǐ</foreignphrase> is at the end of the word. In both places, occupies
                        the position of a number and acts like a number: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīngqījǐ</foreignphrase>, "What number day of
                        the week?"</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №4</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>4.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì něinián
                                            shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你是哪年生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What year are you born?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Yī jiǔ
                                            sān jiǔ nián shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我是一九三九年生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I was born in 1939.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>The word for "year," -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >nián</foreignphrase> is a bound word (like the word for "day,"
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tiān</foreignphrase>). The
                        question word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >něinián</foreignphrase>, "which year," is formed with the bound word
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi</foreignphrase>
                        "which."</para>
                    <para>The year is given as a sequence of digits, so that 1972, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yījiǔqīèrnián</foreignphrase> would literally
                        be "one-nine-seven-two year." In a sequence of digits, the word
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">èr-</foreignphrase> (not
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎng-</foreignphrase> is used
                        for 2, and the words for 1, T, and 8 keep their basic high tones. (See notes
                        on No. 10 for cases in which these tones change.)</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №5</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>5.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì jǐyüè
                                            shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你是几月生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What month were you born?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Qíyüè
                                            shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我是七月生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I was born in July.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Months:</emphasis></para>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="4">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >jǐyüè?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What month?</entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >yíyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>January</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >qíyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>July</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >èryüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>February</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >báyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>August</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >sānyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>March</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >jiǔyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>September</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >sìyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>April</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >shíyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>October</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >wǔyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>May</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >shǐyīyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>November</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >liùyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>June</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >shíèryüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>December</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>Since the names of the months are formed with numbers, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǐ-</foreignphrase> "how many," is the
                        appropriate question word to use for "what month." <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jǐ-</foreignphrase> is used in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> to ask for a number
                        expected to be around 10 or 11. </para>
                    <para>Notice the tones on the words for 1, 7 and 8, which most Peking speakers
                        pronounce as Rising before Falling-tone words such as <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yüè</foreignphrase>. The syllable
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-yī-</foreignphrase> in the
                        word for "November," however, is usually pronounced with the High tone:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíyīyüè</foreignphrase> (See
                        the notes on No, 10 for a summary of tone changes.)</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №6</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>6.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì jǐhào
                                            shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你是几号生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What day of the month were you born?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Sìhào
                                            shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我是四号生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I was born on the fourth.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>Days of the month are expressed by the number of the day followed by the
                        bound word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-haò</foreignphrase>.
                        You will remember that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-hào</foreignphrase> is also used in giving addresses. </para>
                    <para>In asking about days of the month, "how many," is used, even though the
                        question may be answered by a number as high as 31. The month and day of the
                        month may be given together. For example:</para>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="2">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi jǐyüè
                                            jǐhào shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What is your month and day of birth?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi bāyüè
                                            jiǔhào shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I was born on August 9.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №7-8</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>7.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duó dà
                                            le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你多大了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How old are you?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ èr shi sì
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我二十四了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm 24.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>8.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duó dà
                                            le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你多大了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How old are you?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ sān shi wǔ
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我三十五了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm 35.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duō dà le?</foreignphrase>
                        "How old are you?" literally means "How big (in years of age) are you?" This
                        is a common way to ask a person's age. The question is appropriate for
                        asking the age of a child or a young adult, but the expression is not
                        considered polite enough for asking an older adult his age. (More formal
                        ways to ask a person's age will be introduced on the C-2, P-2, and drill
                        tapes.)</para>
                    <para> The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >le</foreignphrase>_which ends these sentences calls attention to the fact
                        that something is true now that was not true before. <note>
                            <para>Ages may also be asked and given without using the new-situation
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >le</foreignphrase>.</para>
                        </note>Le has only this new-situation meaning in these sentences. It has no
                        meaning of completion, since in fact, there is no completed event. </para>
                    <para>One way to reflect the new-situation <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> in the English translation
                        is to add the word "now": I'm 35 now." Essentially, however, "new situation"
                        (sometimes called change of state") is a Chinese grammatical category with
                        no simple English equivalent. </para>
                    <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>
                        for new situations is always found at the end of a sentence and is sometimes
                        called "sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >le</foreignphrase>."</para>
                    <para>Notice that neither answer contains a verb. The verb that has been left
                        out is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase> "to
                        have." The verb may not be left out in the negative: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méiyou sānshiwǔ.</foreignphrase> "I’m not
                        35."</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №9</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>9.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen nǚháizi
                                            jǐsuì le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你们女孩子几岁了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How old is your girl?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā básuì
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她八岁了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>She's eight years old.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-suì</foreignphrase>: In the
                        traditional Chinese system of giving ages, a person is one -sui old at birth
                        and becomes another <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-suì</foreignphrase> old on the New Year's following his birth. A baby
                        born the day before New Year's would thus be two <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-suì</foreignphrase> old on the day after his
                        birth. Most Chinese, however, have now switched to the Western style of
                        computing age and use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-suì</foreignphrase> just as we use years old. </para>
                    <para>The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-suì</foreignphrase>
                        like the word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >-hào</foreignphrase>, is a bound word shoving what kind of thing a number
                        is counting. </para>
                    <para>In a date or address you are listing a number and use <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">èr</foreignphrase> for 2, while in giving an
                        age you are counting an amount of something and use <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎng</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎngsuì</foreignphrase>, "two years
                        old."</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №10</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>10.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen nánháizi
                                            dōu jǐsuì le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你们男孩子都几岁了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How old are your boys?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge jiǔsuì le,
                                            yíge liùsuì le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >一个九岁了，　一个六岁了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>One is nine, and one is six.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase> is
                        used when "both" or "all" would probably not be used in English, namely,
                        when expecting different information about each of the things (or persons)
                        being discussed. "All" tends to be collective, asking or telling about
                        something the members of a group have in common. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu</foreignphrase> can be distributive,
                        asking or telling something about the members of a group as
                        individuals.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yí, qí, bá</foreignphrase>: In
                        the spoken language of Peking, the basic High tones of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qī</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bā</foreignphrase> usually change to Rising
                        tones before Falling-tone words (such as <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-hào</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yüè</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-suì</foreignphrase>). This change is most
                        common when the complete number given has only one digit. When there are two
                        or more digits, the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >qī</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bā</foreignphrase> of numbers ending in 7 and 8 are more likely to have
                        Rising tones than the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yī</foreignphrase> of numbers ending in 1 (which is usually in the High
                        tone). </para>
                    <para>Compare:<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shíqíhào</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>the 17th</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shíyīyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>November</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>In all cases, the High tone is more likely to be kept in rapid speech. You
                        may also encounter speakers who never make changes in the tones of
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qī</foreignphrase> and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bā</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para>Remember that, in the digit-by-digit form of giving the year, the numbers
                        1, 7, and 8 keep their basic High tones: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yījiǔbāliùnián</foreignphrase> 1986.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on additional required vocabulary</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="6">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>Days</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >qiántiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><emphasis
                                                role="bold"
                                        >zuótiān</emphasis></foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >jīntiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >mīngtiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >hòutiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>Years</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >qiánnián</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><emphasis
                                                role="bold"
                                        >qǜnián</emphasis></foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >jīnnián</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >míngnián</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >hòunián</foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>In the Chinese system of expressing relative time in terms of days and
                        years, only one pair of terms is not parallel: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuótiān</foreignphrase> "yesterday," and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǜnián</foreignphrase> "last
                        year."</para>
                </section>
            </section>

        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Drills</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Criterion test</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Appendices</title>
            <para/>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
        </section>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 6</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>Introduction</title>
            <para/>
            <section>
                <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Duration phrases</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >le</foreignphrase> for completion. </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The "double <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >le</foreignphrase>" construction. </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >-guo</foreignphrase>. </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Action verbs.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>State verbs.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Material you will need</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes. </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The 6D-1 tape.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>
            <para/>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>
                <informaltable>
                    <tgroup cols="5">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù duó
                                        jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How long are you staying?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù
                                        yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我住一年。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm staying one year.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zhù duó
                                        jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你太太住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How long is your wife staying?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ta zhù
                                        liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >她住两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>She is staying two days.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài
                                        Xiānggǎng zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你太太在香港住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How long is your wife staying in Hong Kong?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng tā zhù
                                        liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我想她住两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I think she is staying two days.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng zhù duò
                                        jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你想住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How long are you thinking of staying?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng zhù
                                        yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我想住一年。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm thinking of staying one year.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng zài Táiwān
                                        zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你想在台湾住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How long are you thinking of staying in Taiwan?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng zhù báge
                                        yüè.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我想住八个月。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm thinking of staying eight months.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou xiǎng
                                        zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你朋友想住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How long is your friend thinking of staying?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiǎng zhù
                                        liǎngge xīngqī.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他想住两个星期。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>He is thinking of staying two weeks.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ láile duó jiǔ
                                        le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你来了多久了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How long have you been there?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ láile sāntiān
                                        le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我来了三天了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I have been here three days.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>8.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài
                                        Xiānggǎng zhùle duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你太太在香港住了多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How long did your wife stay in Hong Kong?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhùle
                                        liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >她住了两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>She stayed two days.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>9.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
                                        ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Did he come?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái le, tā lái
                                        le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >来了，他来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Yes, he came.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>10.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
                                        ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Did he come?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi lái, tā méi
                                        lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >没来，　他没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>No, he didn't come.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>11.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián láiguo
                                        ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你从前来过吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Have you ever been here before?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ cóngqián méi
                                        láiguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我从前没来过。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I have never been here before.</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <para/>
                <informaltable>
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >qù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">去</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to go</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niǔ
                                        Yüē</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">纽约</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>New York</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >cóngqián</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">从前</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>before</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duó
                                        jiǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">多久</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>how long</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >-guo</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">—过</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>experiential marker</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >xiǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">想</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to think that, to want to, would you like to</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Xiānggǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">香港</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Hong Kong</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >xīngqī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">星期</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>week</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù
                                    </foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">住</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to live somewhere</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <para/>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №1</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>1.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù duó
                                            jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How long are you staying?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù
                                            yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我住一年。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm staying one year.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>Expressions like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duó
                            jiǔ</foreignphrase>, "how long," and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìnián</foreignphrase> "one year," called
                        duration phrases, come after the verb. <note>
                            <para>"One day" is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >yìtiān</foreignphrase>. The tone on <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase> changes to Falling
                                before a High-tone.</para>
                        </note>Notice the contrast with time-when phrases, like <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme shíhou,</foreignphrase> "when," and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīnnián</foreignphrase> "this
                        year," which come before the verb.</para>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>If a duration phrase is used with the verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase>, this phrase preempts the
                        position after the verb; and any place phrase, like <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài Běijīng</foreignphrase>, must come before
                        the verb.</para>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yìnián</foreignphrase>: In
                        telling how many years (giving an amount) no counter is used. The tone on
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase>, "one,"
                        changes to Falling before a Rising tone.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №2</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>2.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zhù
                                            duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你太太住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How long is your wife staying?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ta zhù
                                            liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她住两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>She is staying two days.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liǎngtiān</foreignphrase>:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tiān</foreignphrase>, "day,"
                        like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-nián</foreignphrase>,
                        "year," is used without a counter. When telling how many of something, the
                        number 2 takes the form <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >liǎng</foreignphrase>. (See Unit 3, notes on Nos. 3-4.)</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №3-4</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>3.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài
                                            Xiānggǎng zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你太太在香港住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How long is your wife staying in Hong Kong?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng tā zhù
                                            liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我想她住两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I think she is staying two days.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>4.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng zhù
                                            duò jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你想住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How long are you thinking of staying?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng zhù
                                            yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我想住一年。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm thinking of staying one year.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase>,
                        "to think that," "to want to," "would like to," may be used as a main verb
                        or as an auxiliary verb. As a main verb it means "to think that." It is used
                        this way in the answer of exchange 3 and in the following examples. <informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>I think he is coming tomorrow. </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>I think he is not going. </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>When <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase> is
                        used as a main verb meaning "to think that," it is not made negative. This
                        may be a special problem for English speakers who are used to saying "I
                        don't think he is going." </para>
                    <para>In Chinese, it is: "I think he is <emphasis role="bold">not
                            going</emphasis>" <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng tā
                            bú qù.</foreignphrase></para>
                    <para>When <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase> is
                        used as an auxiliary verb, it means, "to want to," "would like to." It is
                        used this way in exchange 4, which could also be translated as, "How long
                        would you like to stay?" </para>
                    <para>Here are other examples: <informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng
                                                zǒu ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Would you like to leave? OR Do you want to
                                            go?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù xiǎng
                                                zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>I don't want to leave. </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng
                                                zài Táiběi gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>Do you want to work in Taipei?</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №5-6</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>5.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng zài
                                            Táiwān zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你想在台湾住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How long are you thinking of staying in Taiwan?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng zhù
                                            báge yüè.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我想住八个月。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm thinking of staying eight months.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>6.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou
                                            xiǎng zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你朋友想住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How long is your friend thinking of staying?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiǎng zhù
                                            liǎngge xīngqī.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他想住两个星期。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>He is thinking of staying two weeks.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>You already know that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yìnián</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yìtiān</foreignphrase> are used without counters. The words for "month"
                        and "week," however, are used with counters.</para>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Compare</emphasis>:<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >sāntiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>3 days</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >sānnián</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>3 years</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānge
                                                xīngqī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>3 weeks</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānge
                                                yüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>3 months</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №7</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>7.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ láile duó
                                            jiǔ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你来了多久了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How long have you been there?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ láile
                                            sāntiān le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我来了三天了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I have been here three days.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le...le</foreignphrase>, "up
                        until now," "so far": The use of completed-action le after the verb and of
                        new-situation <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>
                        after the duration phrase tells you how long the activity has been going on
                        and that it is still going on. The answer could also have been translated "I
                        have been here three days so far." This pattern is sometimes called "double
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>." </para>
                    <para>Notice that when <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >le</foreignphrase> is in the middle of a sentence (in this case,
                        because it is followed by a duration phrase), we write it attached to the
                        verb before it: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">láile duó jiǔ
                            le.</foreignphrase></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №8</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>8.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài
                                            Xiānggǎng zhùle duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你太太在香港住了多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How long did your wife stay in Hong Kong?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhùle
                                            liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她住了两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>She stayed two days.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Completion <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >le</foreignphrase>:</emphasis> Here you see the marker le used to
                        indicate one aspect, completion. Compare a sentence with one le to a
                        sentence with two <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >le</foreignphrase>'s: <informaltable frame="none">
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài nàr
                                                zhùle sāntiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>I stayed there three days.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài nàr
                                                zhùle sāntiān le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>I have been here (stayed here) for three days now (so
                                            far). </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Completion <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> is
                        used with verbs that describe actions or processes, not with verbs that
                        describe a state or condition, or a continuing situation. The following
                        sentences, describing states or ongoing situations, have past-tense verbs in
                        English but no <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>
                        in Chinese. <informaltable frame="none">
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige
                                                shíhou tāmen zhǐ yǒu liǎnge
                                            háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>At that time they had only two children. </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qǜnián
                                                bú zài Shànghǎi, zài
                                            Běijīng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry> He wasn't in <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>
                                            last year; he was in <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>.
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Verb types in Chinese:</emphasis> In studying some
                        languages, it is important to learn whether a noun is masculine, feminine,
                        or neuter. In Chinese, it is important to learn whether a verb is an action,
                        state, or process verb. These three verb categories are meaning (semantic)
                        groups. A verb is a member of one group or another depending on the meaning
                        of the verb. For instance, "running" and "dancing" are actions; "being good"
                        and "being beautiful" are states; and "getting sick" and "melting" are
                        processes. In Chinese, grammatical rules are applied differently to each
                        semantic verb category. For the most part, you have learned only action and
                        state verbs in this course; so these comments will be confined to those two
                        verb categories. (See Unit 8 of this module for process verbs,)</para>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Action verbs:</emphasis> These are verbs which
                        describe physical and mental activities. The easiest to classify are verbs
                        of movement such as "walking," "running," and "riding", however, action
                        verbs also include verbs with not too much motion, such as "working" and
                        "writing," and verbs with no apparent motion, such as "studying." One test
                        for determining if a verb is an action is asking "What did he do?" "He
                        arrived," "He spoke," and ’"He listened" are answers which contain action
                        verbs. "He knew" "He wanted" and "He is here" are answers which contain
                        state verbs, not action verbs. Some of the action verbs you have learned
                        are: <informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >dào</foreignphrase> (to arrive)</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase> (to come)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >gōngzuò</foreignphrase> (to work)</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >zhù</foreignphrase> (to live, to stay)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">State verbs:</emphasis> These verbs describe
                        qualities, conditions, and states. All adjectival verbs, such as
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase> "to be
                        good," and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǔ</foreignphrase>,
                        "to be long (in time)," are state verbs. Emotions, such as "being happy" and
                        "being sad," are expressed with state verbs. "Knowing," "liking," "wanting,"
                        and "understanding," which may be called mental states, are also expressed
                        with state verbs. Also, all auxiliary verbs, such as <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase>, "to want to," "would
                        like to," are state verbs. Here are some of the state verbs: <informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >dà</foreignphrase> to be large</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shì</foreignphrase> to be</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >duì</foreignphrase> to be correct</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >jiào</foreignphrase> to be called</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >xìng</foreignphrase> to be surnamed</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >zài</foreignphrase> to be at</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >xiǎng</foreignphrase> to want to</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >zhīdào</foreignphrase> to know</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Aspect and verb types:</emphasis> Not every aspect
                        marker in Chinese may be used with all typs8 of verbs. Completion
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> does not
                        occur with state verbs. It does occur with action verbs.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="3">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="2" valign="middle" align="center"
                                            >ACTION</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjīng
                                                dào le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He has already arrived.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                gōngzuòle yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He worked one year.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
                                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Did he come?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3"/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="2" valign="middle" align="center"
                                            >STATE</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qǜnián
                                                bú zài zhèr.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He wasn't here last year.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
                                                xiǎng qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Yesterday he wanted to go.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
                                                bú zhīdào.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He didn't know yesterday.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №9-10</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>9.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Did he come?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái le, tā lái
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >来了，他来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Yes, he came.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>10.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Did he come?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi lái, tā méi
                                            lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >没来，　他没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>No, he didn't come.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para/>
                    <para>Compare the two possible interpretations of the question <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le ma?</foreignphrase> and the answers
                        they receive:<informaltable frame="none">
                            <tgroup cols="6">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                                <thead>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c6" align="center">Completion
                                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >le</foreignphrase>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </thead>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >le</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Did she come?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>She came.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >méi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>She didn't come.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable><informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="7">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c6" colnum="7" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                                <thead>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c6" align="center">Combined
                                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >le</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                </thead>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >le</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Has he come?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>She has come. OR She's here.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >hái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >méi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>She hasn't come yet.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>The first question, with completion <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>, asks only if the action
                        took place. The second question, with combined <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> asks both whether the
                        action has been completed and whether the resulting new situation still
                        exists.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №11</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>11.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián
                                            láiguo ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你从前来过吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Have you ever been here before?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ cóngqián méi
                                            láiguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我从前没来过。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I have never been here before.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>The aspect marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-guo</foreignphrase> means literally "to pass over," "to cross over.
                        The implication is that an event took place and then ceased at some time in
                        the past.</para>
                    <para>It may help you to conceptualize <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-guo</foreignphrase> in terms of a bridge. The whole bridge is the
                        event. The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-guo</foreignphrase> stresses the fact that not only have you crossed
                        over the bridge but at present you are no longer standing on it. </para>
                    <para>The meaning of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-guo</foreignphrase> changes slightly depending on what type of verb it
                        is used with: action or process, (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-guo</foreignphrase> may not be used with state verbs.) With an action
                        verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> means
                        that the action took place and then ceased at some time before the present.
                        With a process verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-guo</foreignphrase> means that the process took place and that the
                        state which resulted from the process ended at some time before the present. </para>
                    <para>Remember that aspect markers like <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> are used only when the
                        speaker feels it necessary to stress some feature or aspect of an event. Le
                        is used to stress finishing, or completion, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> is used to stress that a
                        situation occurred in the past and was "over or "undone," before the time of
                        speaking (that is, the absence of that situation followed the situation). </para>
                    <para>Let's contrast <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-guo</foreignphrase> with completion <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>: both <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> express completion, but
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> stresses
                        that an action is no longer being performed, or that a state resulting from
                        a process no longer exists. </para>
                    <para>For example, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái
                            le.</foreignphrase> means "He came," or "He has come," not indicating
                        whether or not he is still there. </para>
                    <para>But <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā láiguo</foreignphrase>
                        means "He came" with the specification that he is not there anymore –that
                        is, he came and left.</para>
                    <para>One of the uses of the aspect marker <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase>,is in sentences which
                        express experience or having experienced something at least once in the
                        past, that is, "to have had the experience of doing something." This is how
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> is used
                        in exchange 11. In a question, the marker <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> can he reflected by the
                        English word "ever," and in a negative statement by "never."<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="7">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c7" colnum="7" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >cóngqiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >-guo</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Have you <emphasis role="bold">ever</emphasis> been
                                            (come) here before?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >cóngqián</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >méi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >-guo</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>I have <emphasis role="bold">never</emphasis> been
                                            (come) here before.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >cóngqián</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >-guo</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>I have been (come) here before</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>The negative of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái
                            le.</foreignphrase> does not include a <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>, but the negative of
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā láiguo.</foreignphrase>
                        does have a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> .
                        The negative adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >méi</foreignphrase> is used to negate both completion <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
                            frame="none" pgwide="0">
                            <tgroup cols="4">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >méi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable><informaltable frame="none" pgwide="0">
                            <tgroup cols="4">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >-guo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Ta</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >méi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >-guo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
            </section>

        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Drills</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Criterion test</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Appendices</title>
            <para/>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
        </section>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 7</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>Introduction</title>
            <para/>
            <section>
                <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Topics Covered In This Unit</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Where someone works.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Where and what someone has studied.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>What languages someone can speak.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Auxiliary verbs.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>General objects.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Material you will need</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes,</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The TD-1 tape.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>
            <para/>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>
                <informaltable>
                    <tgroup cols="5">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn zài náli
                                        gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >您在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Měiguó
                                        Guówùyàn gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我在美国国务院工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I work with the State Department.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn zài náli
                                        gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >您在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì
                                        xüésheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我是学生。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm a student.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn lái zuò
                                        shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >您来做什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>What did you come here to do?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lái niàn
                                        shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我来念书。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I came here to study.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Òu, wǒ yě shì
                                        xüésheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >哦，我也是学生。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Oh, I'm a student too.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ niàn
                                        shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >请问，你念什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>May I ask, what are you studying?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn
                                        lìshǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我念历史。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm studying history.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kē xiānsheng, nǐ
                                        niàn shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >可先生，你念什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>What are you studying, Mr. Cook?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài zhèli xüé
                                        zhōngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我在这里学中文。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm studying Chinese here.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ xüéguo
                                        Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >请问，你学过英文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>May I ask, have you ever studied English?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Xüéguo</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >学过。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Yes.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ huì
                                        shuō Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >请问，你会说英文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>May I ask, can you speak English?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ huì shuō
                                        yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我会说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I can speak a little.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>8.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai yě huì
                                        shuō Zhōngguó huà ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你太太也会说中国话吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Can your wife speak Chinese too?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú huì, tā bú huì
                                        shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >不会，她不会说。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>No, she can't.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>9.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde Zhōngguó huà
                                        hěn hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你的中国话很好。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Your Chinese is very good.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Náli, náli. wǒ jiù
                                        shuō yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >哪里，哪里。我就说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Not at all, not at all. I can speak only a little.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>10.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì zài náli
                                        xüéde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你是在哪里学的？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Where did you study it?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì zài
                                        Huáshèngdùn xüéde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我是在华盛顿学的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I studied it in Washington.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>11.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì zài dàxüé
                                        xüéde Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你是在大学学的英文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Did you study English at college?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìde, wǒ shì zài
                                        Táiwān Dàxüé xüéde Yīngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >是的，我是在台湾大学学的英文。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Yes, I studied English at Taiwan University.</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <para/>
                <informaltable>
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jīngxüé</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">经学</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>classics</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Rìwén</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">日文</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Japanese language</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >wénxüé</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">文学</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>literature</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zhènzhixüé</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >政治学</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>political science</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >nán</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">难</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to be difficult</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >róngyi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">容易</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to be easy</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xüéxí
                                        (xüéxi)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学习</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to study, to learn</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >daxüé</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大学</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>university</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >huà</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">话</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>language, words</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >huàshèngdùn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >华盛顿</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Washington</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >huì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">会</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to know how to, to can</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jīngjixüé</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >经济学</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>economics</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >lìshǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">历史</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>history</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó
                                        Guówùyüàn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >美国国务院</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>U.S. Department of State</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >nán</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">难</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to be difficult</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn
                                        (shū)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">念书</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to study</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Rìwén</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">日文</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Japanese language</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuō
                                        (huà)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">说话</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to speak, to talk</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >xüé</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to study</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xüéshēng
                                        (xüésheng)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学生</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>student</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xüéxí
                                        (xüéxi)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学习</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to study, to learn (PRC)</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >yìdiǎn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一点</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>a little</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Yīngwén</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">英文</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>English</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zhènzhixüé</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >政治学</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>political science</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Zhōngwén</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">中文</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Chinese</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >zuò</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">做</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to do</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme
                                        dìfang</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >什么地方</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>where, what place</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <para/>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №1-2</title>
                    <informaltable frame="all">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>1.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn zài náli
                                            gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >您在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Měiguó
                                            Guówùyüàn gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我在美国国务院工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I work with the State Department.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>2.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn zài náli
                                            gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >您在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì
                                            xüésheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我是学生。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm a student.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài Měiguó Guówùyüàn
                            gōngzuò</foreignphrase> means either "work at the State Department"
                        (i.e., at main State in Washington, D,C.) or "work in the organisation of
                        the State Department" (no matter where assigned). Here the expression is
                        translated loosely as "work with the State Department," meaning "in the
                        organization.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №3-4</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>3.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn lái zuò
                                            shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >您来做什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What did you come here to do?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lái niàn
                                            shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我来念书。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I came here to study.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>4.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Òu, wǒ yě shì
                                            xüésheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >哦，我也是学生。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Oh, I'm a student too.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ
                                            niàn shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >请问，你念什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>May I ask, what are you studying?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn
                                            lìshǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我念历史。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm studying history.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Purpose:</emphasis> When <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase>, "to come," is followed
                        by another verb, the second verb expresses the purpose of the subject's
                        coming. The "purpose of coming" may be emphasized by the <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì...de</foreignphrase> construction, with
                        the marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>
                        before the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >lái</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none">
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì lái
                                                nián shūde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>I came to study.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para> </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niàn shū</foreignphrase>:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niàn</foreignphrase> by itself
                        means "to read aloud." When followed by an object, the expression means "to
                        study." <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shū</foreignphrase> is
                        "book(s)," but <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn
                            shū</foreignphrase> simply means "to study." <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shū</foreignphrase> is used as a general
                        object, standing for whatever is being studied.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niàn lìshǐ</foreignphrase>: When
                        you are talking about studying a particular subject, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn</foreignphrase> is followed by the name
                        of that subject rather than by the general object <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shū</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para>To have the meaning "to study," <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >niàn</foreignphrase> must be followed by either the general object
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shū</foreignphrase> or a
                        specific object such as the name of a subject.</para>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Verb types:</emphasis>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuò</foreignphrase>, "to do," and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn (shū)</foreignphrase>,
                        "to study," are action verbs. Both are made negative with bu when referring
                        to actions not yet finished Both may take completion <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>_or its negative
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase>.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú niàn
                                                shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He doesn't study.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā méi niàn
                                                shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He didn't study.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjǐng
                                                niàn shù le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He has already studied.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №5-6</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>5.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kē xiānsheng,
                                            nǐ niàn shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >可先生，你念什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What are you studying, Mr. Cook?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài zhèli
                                            xüé zhōngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我在这里学中文。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm studying Chinese here.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>6.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ
                                            xüéguo Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >请问，你学过英文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>May I ask, have you ever studied English?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Xüéguo</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >学过。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Yes.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xüé</foreignphrase>, "to study"
                        （an action verb): You will recognize <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xüé</foreignphrase> from the word for
                        "student," <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xüésheng</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Xüé</foreignphrase> may refer to acquiring either knowledge or a skill.
                        For example, you can <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xüé</foreignphrase> history, economics, a language, piano， and tennis.
                        On the other hand, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >niàn</foreignphrase> is used for "study" in the sense of taking a
                        course or courses in a field of knowledge. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niàn</foreignphrase> is not used for a
                        skill.</para>
                    <para>In some contexts, the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xüé</foreignphrase> means "to learn." The following sentence may be
                        interpreted two ways, depending on the situation.<informaltable frame="none">
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="2" valign="middle"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Měiguó yǐjīng
                                                xüéguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>I learned it in America.(e.g., how to use
                                            chopsticks)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry align="center">OR</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>I studied it in America.</para>
                                            <para>(e.g., the Chinese language)</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngwén</foreignphrase> is used
                        for either the Chinese spoken language or the written language， including
                        literature. In general, use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xüé</foreignphrase> for "learning" to speak Chinese and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn</foreignphrase> for "studying’ Chinese
                        literature.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №7-8</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>7.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ huì
                                            shuō Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >请问，你会说英文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>May I ask, can you speak English?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ huì shuō
                                            yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我会说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I can speak a little.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>8.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai yě
                                            huì shuō Zhōngguó huà ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你太太也会说中国话吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Can tour wife speak Chinese too?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú huì, tā bú
                                            huì shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >不会，她不会说。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>No, she can't.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huì</foreignphrase>, "to know
                        how to," "can," is an auxiliary verb. It is used before the main verb to
                        express an attitude toward the action or to express the potential of action.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎng</foreignphrase>, "to
                        want to," "would like to," is also an auxiliary verb. "Should," "must," and
                        "may" are other examples of auxiliary verbs. All auxiliary verbs in Chinese
                        are state verbs, which means that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bù</foreignphrase> is always used to make them negative. Auxiliary
                        verbs never take the aspect marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >le</foreignphrase> for completed action, regardless of whether you are
                        talking about past, present, or future.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qǜnián
                                                bú huì shuō Yīngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He couldn’t speak English last year.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>When the marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >le</foreignphrase> is used, it is the aspect marker for new situations.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qǜnián
                                                bú huì shuō Yīngwén, xiànzài huì
                                            le,</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para> Last year he couldn’t speak English, but now he
                                                can.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ huì shuō
                            yìdiǎn</foreignphrase>, "工 can speak a little": The word <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìdiǎn</foreignphrase>, literally "a dot,"
                        functions as a noun. It is used in a sentence to mean "a little bit" where a
                        noun object, such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Yīngwén</foreignphrase>, "English," might be used.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yìdiǎn</foreignphrase> may not
                        be used directly after an auxiliary verb, which must be followed by another
                        verb.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuō</foreignphrase>, "to
                        speak," "to talk," is another example of a verb which must always have an
                        object. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuō</foreignphrase> must
                        be followed by either:</para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>the general object <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >huà</foreignphrase>, "words," in which case the meaning of
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuō
                                    huà</foreignphrase> is simply "to speak," "to talk," as
                                    in:<informaltable frame="none">
                                    <tgroup cols="2">
                                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                        <tbody>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                  hái méi shuō huà.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                <entry>He hasn't yet spoken.</entry>
                                            </row>
                                        </tbody>
                                    </tgroup>
                                </informaltable></para>
                            <para>OR</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>a specific object such as the name of a language.</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú huì</foreignphrase>: The
                        short yes/no answer to a question containing the auxiliary verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> is formed
                        with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> rather
                        than with the main verb.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó huà</foreignphrase>:
                        This expression refers only to the spoken language, in contrast to
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngwén</foreignphrase>,
                        which refers to both the spoken and written language.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №9</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>9.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde Zhōngguó
                                            huà hěn hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你的中国话很好。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Your Chinese is very good.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Náli, náli. wǒ
                                            jiù shuō yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >哪里，哪里。我就说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Not at all, not at all. I can speak only a
                                        little.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náli</foreignphrase>
                        means "where." As a reply to a compliment, we have translated <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náli</foreignphrase> as "not at all." In
                        China, it has traditionally been considered proper and a matter of course to
                        deny any compliment received, no matter how much truth there is to it. Many
                        people still regard <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xièxie</foreignphrase> "thank you," as an immodest reply to a
                        compliment, since that would amount to agreeing that the compliment was
                        completely correct.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù</foreignphrase>, "only": As
                        was noted in Unit 3, notes on Nos. 8-9, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> meaning "only" is not as
                        widely understood as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhǐ</foreignphrase>. The last sentence in exchange 9 could Just as well
                        be <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhǐ huì shuō
                            yìdiǎn</foreignphrase>.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №10-11</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>11.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì zài
                                            dàxüé xüéde Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你是在大学学的英文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Did you study English at college?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìde, wǒ shì
                                            zài Táiwān Dàxüé xüéde Yīngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >是的，我是在台湾大学学的英文。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Yes, I studied English at Taiwan University.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>In the Peking dialect of Standard Chinese, which is the model for
                        grammatical patterns presented in this course, the <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de</foreignphrase> of a <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì...de</foreignphrase> construction comes
                        between the verb and its object. The object, therefore, is outside the
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì...de</foreignphrase>
                        construction. Compare "I studied here" with "I studied English here":</para>
                    <para>However, you may hear some Standard Chinese speakers who place the object
                        inside the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shì...de</foreignphrase> construction.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="6">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
                                                zhèr</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >xüé</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >-de.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
                                                zhèr</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >xüé</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >-de</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Yīngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
            </section>

        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Drills</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Criterion test</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Appendices</title>
            <para/>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
        </section>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 8</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>Introduction</title>
            <para/>
            <section>
                <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>More on duration phrases.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >le</foreignphrase> for new situations in negative sentences.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Military titles and 'branches of service,</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >ne</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Process verbs.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Material you will need</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The 8D-1 tape.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>
            <para/>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>
                <informaltable>
                    <tgroup cols="5">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jīntiān hái yǒu
                                        kè ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你今天还有课吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Do you have any more classes today?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiyou kè
                                        le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >没有课了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I don't have any more classes.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián niàn
                                        Yīngwén niànle duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你从前念英文念了多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How long did you study English?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn Yīngwén
                                        niànle liǔnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我念英文念了六年。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I studied English for six years.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiànzài niàn
                                        shénme ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你现在念什么呢？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>What are you studying now?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn Fàwén
                                        ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我念法文</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm studying French.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ niàn Fàwén
                                        niànle duó jiǔ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你念法文念了多久了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How long have you studying French?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niànle yìnián
                                        le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我念了一年了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I've have been studying it for one year.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ huì xiě Zhōngguo
                                        zì ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你会写中国字吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Can you write Chinese characters?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huì
                                        yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >会一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I can a little.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǜnián wǒ hái bú
                                        huì xiě.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >去年我还不会写。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Last year, I couldn't write them.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài wǒ huì xiě
                                        yìdiǎn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >现在我会写一点了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Now, I can write a little.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ fùqin shi jǖnrén
                                        ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你父亲是军人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Is your father a military man?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā shi hǎijǖn
                                        jǖnguān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >是，他是海军陆军。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Yes, he is a naval officer.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>8.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān bù lái
                                        le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我今天不来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm not coming today.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bìng
                                        le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我病了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm sick.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>9.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo le
                                        méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >今天好了没有？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Are you better today? (Are you recovered?)</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo
                                        le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >今天好了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Today I'm better.</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <para/>
                <informaltable>
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >kōngjǖn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">空军</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Air Force</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >lùjǖn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">陆军</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>army</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >shìbīng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">事兵</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>enlisted man</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò
                                        shì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">做事</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to work</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Déwén</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">德文</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>German language</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >bìng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">病</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to become ill</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Déwén</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">德文</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>German language</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Fàwén</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">法文</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>French language</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >hǎijǖn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">海军</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>navy</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jǖnguān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">陆军</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>military officer</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jǖnrén</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">军人</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>military person</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >kè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">课</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>class</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >xiě</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">写</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to write</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >zì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">字</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>character</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <para/>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №1</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>1.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jīntiān hái
                                            yǒu kè ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你今天还有课吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Do you have any more classes today?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiyou kè
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >没有课了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I don't have any more classes.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái</foreignphrase>,
                        "additionally," "also": You have already learned the word <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase> used as an adverb meaning
                        "still." In this exchange you learn a second way to use <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase>.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái
                                                xiǎng zǒu ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Do you still want to leave?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái yào
                                                xüé shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>What else do you want to study?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou...le</foreignphrase>: You
                        will remember that in the negative of a completed action, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou</foreignphrase> replaces the
                        completion marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >le</foreignphrase> is never used together with it.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="5">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He came.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >méi(you)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>He did not come.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>In the sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou kè
                            le</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >le</foreignphrase> is a new-situation marker, and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou</foreignphrase> is simply the negative
                        of the full verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yǒu</foreignphrase>. (Remember that the verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase> is always made negative
                        with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase>, never
                        with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>.)<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="5">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c6" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
                                                kè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Now he has class. [Due to a change in the schedule,
                                            he now has class at this time.]</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >méi-</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
                                                kè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He doesn't have any more classes.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Bù...le/méiyou...le</foreignphrase>: When the marker <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> for new situations is used
                        with a negative verb, there are two possible meanings: </para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>one is that something that was supposed to happen is now not going
                                to happen.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para> the other is that something that was happening is not happening
                                anymore. </para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                    <para>Thus the following sentence is ambiguous:<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bù lái
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>He is not coining now. [Either he was expected to
                                                come but changed his mind, or he used to come at
                                                this time but now has stopped.]</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>In the context of a conversation, the meaning of the sentence would become
                        clear. </para>
                    <para>Here are more-examples with the "anymore" meaning:<informaltable
                            frame="none">
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú niàn
                                                shū le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He is not going to study anymore.[He will no longer
                                            attend college.]</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú shi
                                                wǒde péngyou le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He is not my friend anymore.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>There is no more.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №2</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>2.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián
                                            niàn Yīngwén niànle duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你从前念英文念了多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How long did you study English?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn Yīngwén
                                            niànle liǔnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我念英文念了六年。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I studied English for six years.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>More on duration: In Unit 6 of this module, you learned to express
                        duration in a sentence with no object (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Xiāngǎng zhùle liùge yüè
                            le.</foreignphrase> ). In this unit, you learn one way to express the
                        duration of an activity which involves using both a verb and an object (e.g.
                        , "studying economics"). In such cases, the verb appears twice in the
                        sentence: first when the object is stated, and again when the duration is stated.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā niàn
                                                jīngjixüé, niánle yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He studied economics for one year.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xüé
                                                Zhōngguo huà, xüéle sānge yüè
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>He has been studying Chinese for three
                                                months.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Notice that aspect markers do not occur after the first verb in each
                        sentence, but only after the second verb and at the end of the second
                        sentence.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №3</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>3.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiànzài niàn
                                            shénme ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你现在念什么呢？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What are you studying now?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn Fàwén
                                            ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我念法文</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm studying French.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ne</foreignphrase> is an aspect
                        marker used to emphasize the fact that something is in progress. With action
                        verbs, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>
                        indicates that the action is going on.</para>
                    <para>With state verbs, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >ne</foreignphrase> shows that the state exists. With some process
                        verbs, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>
                        indicates that the process is going on. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ne</foreignphrase> may not be used with
                        certain process verbs. (See also notes on No. 8, about verbs.)</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №4-5</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>4.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ niàn Fàwén
                                            niànle duó jiǔ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你念法文念了多久了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How long have you studying French?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niànle
                                            yìnián le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我念了一年了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I've have been studying it for one year.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>5.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ huì xiě
                                            Zhōngguo zì ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你会写中国字吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Can you write Chinese characters?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huì
                                            yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >会一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I can a little.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiě Zhōngguo zì</foreignphrase>:
                        The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě</foreignphrase>, "to
                        write" can occur with specific objects, such as <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguo zì</foreignphrase>, as well as with
                        the general object <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zì</foreignphrase>. The combination <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě zì</foreignphrase>can mean either "to
                        write characters" or simply "to write."</para>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="2">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiǎng xüé
                                            Zhōngguo zì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>He wants to learn to write Chinese characters.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo dìdi sìsuì
                                            le, yǐjīng huì xiě zì le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Little younger brother is four years old and already can
                                        write.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>In the reply <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì
                            yìdiǎn</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >huì</foreignphrase> is used as a main verb --not as an auxiliary verb,
                        as in the question. </para>
                    <para>As a main verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >huì</foreignphrase> means "to have the skill of," "to have the
                        knowledge of," "to know."<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ huì
                                                Yīngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>I know English.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №6</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>6.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǜnián wǒ hái
                                            bú huì xiě.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >去年我还不会写。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Last year, I couldn't write them.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài wǒ huì
                                            xiě yìdiǎn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >现在我会写一点了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Now, I can write a little.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qùnián wǒ hái bú huì
                            xiě.</foreignphrase>: Notice that here it is the auxiliary verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase>, not the
                        verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě</foreignphrase>, that is
                        made negative. Auxiliary verbs such as <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase> are STATE verbs and so
                        are made negative with the prefix <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bù</foreignphrase>, regardless of whether the context is past, present,
                        or future.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài wǒ huì xiě yìdiǎn
                            le.</foreignphrase>: The marker used is <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> for new situations. It is
                        always placed at the end of a sentence.</para>
                    <para>The time word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xiànzài</foreignphrase> comes at the beginning of the sentence here.
                        Most time words of more than one syllable may come either <emphasis
                            role="bold">before</emphasis> or <emphasis role="bold">after</emphasis>
                        the <emphasis role="bold">subject</emphasis>, but in either case <emphasis
                            role="bold"><emphasis role="underline">before the
                            verb</emphasis></emphasis>.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №7-8</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>7.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ fùqin shi
                                            jǖnrén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你父亲是军人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Is your father a military man?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā shi
                                            hǎijǖn jǖnguān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >是，他是海军陆军。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Yes, he is a naval officer.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>8.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān bù
                                            lái le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我今天不来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm not coming today.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bìng
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我病了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm sick.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìng</foreignphrase>,
                        "to get sick," "to become ill," is a process verb; that is the activity
                        described includes some changes in the situation. Process verbs tell of an
                        action which has caused a change from one state to another, as from whole to
                        broken ("to break") and from frozen to melted ("to melt"). <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bìng</foreignphrase> is typical of process
                        verbs: not only is an action described (coming down with an illness) but
                        also a resulting state (being ill). Because of this typical combination,
                        process verbs are sometimes thought of as combining the semantic
                        characteristics of action and state verbs.</para>
                    <para>One of the main purposes of talking about verbs in terms of action, state,
                        and process is to draw attention to the fact that the Chinese way of
                        expressing something may not correspond to the English. </para>
                    <para>For instance,</para>
                    <para>"I am sick" in Chinese is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                            bìng le. </foreignphrase>("I have gotten sick"). For "I am not sick,"
                        you say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méi
                            bìng.</foreignphrase> ("I didn't get sick").</para>
                    <para>Process verbs are always made negative with m|i9 regardless of whether you
                        are referring to past, present, or future.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bìng le
                                                méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Are you sick?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou. Wǒ
                                                méi bing.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>No. I'm not sick.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>(State verbs are always made negative with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>.)</para>
                    <para>Another reason for putting verbs into categories according to the type of
                        meaning is to discover how verbs behave in sentences. Knowing whether a verb
                        is in the action, state, or process category, you will know what aspect
                        markers and negatives may be used with that verb. In the following charts, a
                        check mark means that this combination of verb and aspect occurs in the language.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="5">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.5*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="1" namest="c1" nameend="c2"/>
                                        <entry namest="c3" nameend="c5" align="center">Aspect
                                            Markers</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Completion <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >le</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Combined <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >le</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>New-situation</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">Verbs</entry>
                                        <entry>Action</entry>
                                        <entry align="center">X</entry>
                                        <entry>X</entry>
                                        <entry>X</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>State</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>X</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Process</entry>
                                        <entry>X</entry>
                                        <entry>X</entry>
                                        <entry>X</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Examples:</emphasis><footnote>
                            <para>Most of the time you can figure out from a verb's meaning the
                                semantic category in which that verb belongs. However, process verbs
                                may not be so predictable.</para>
                        </footnote><informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="3">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="2" align="center" valign="middle"
                                            >Action</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
                                                gōngzuò le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He worked yesterday. (completion Le)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjīng
                                                lái le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He has already come. (combined le)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gēge
                                                xiànzài niàn dàxüé le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Older brother goes to college now. (new-situation le)<footnote>
                                                <para>In affirmative sentences containing action
                                                  verbs, the marker le for new situations is used to
                                                  describe a change in a general habit.</para>
                                            </footnote></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry align="center" valign="middle">State</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiànzài
                                                huì xiě zì le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He can write now. (new-situation le)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="2" align="center" valign="middle"
                                            >Process</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
                                                bìng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He got sick yesterday. (completion le)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiànzài
                                                bìng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He is sick.(combined le)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bìngle
                                                yíge yüé le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He has been sick for one month now. (new-situation le
                                            and completion le)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="5">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="3.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2" morerows="1"/>
                                        <entry namest="c3" nameend="c5" align="center">Verbs</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry align="center">Action</entry>
                                        <entry align="center">State</entry>
                                        <entry align="center">Process</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">Negation</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >bù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>X</entry>
                                        <entry>X</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>—negation of completion <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >le</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>X</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>X</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>—negation of combined <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >le</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>X</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>X</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Examples: </emphasis><informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="3">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="2" valign="middle" align="center"
                                            >Action</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú niàn
                                                shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He doesn’t (isn't going to) study</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā méi niàn
                                                shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He didn't study.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
                                                niàn shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He hasn’t studied yet,</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry align="center">State</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qǜnián
                                                bù xiǎng niàn shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Last year, she didn't want to study.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry align="center" morerows="1" valign="middle"
                                            >Process</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jīntiān
                                                méi bìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He is not sick today.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
                                                hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He hasn't yet recovered.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Notice that only action verbs use the whole range of negatives to mark the
                        negative of future or present action, completed action, or new situations.
                        State verbs use the negative prefix <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> even when referring to
                        past states. Process verbs use the negative prefix <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> even when referring to
                        something in the present.</para>
                    <para>If you find a verb occurring with a negative or an aspect marker you had
                        not expected, you might discuss with your teacher how the verb behaves in
                        terms of these charts. You might discover that what you thought was a state
                        verb is actually a process verb, or vice versa.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №9</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>9.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo le
                                            méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >今天好了没有？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Are you better today? (Are you recovered?)</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >今天好了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Today I'm better.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo le.</foreignphrase>:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo</foreignphrase> is one of
                        many state verbs which can become process verbs. When such a verb becomes a
                        process verb, it takes on a different meaning. While the state verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase> means "to
                        be good" or "to be well," the process verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase> means "to get better,"
                        "to recover." Compare these sentences:<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He's in good health.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
                                                bìng le. Tā jīntiān yǐjīng hǎo
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Yesterday he became sick. Today he is already
                                            recovered.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>The difference between the state verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase> and the process verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase> is even
                        more evident in negative sentences. State verbs, as you remember, are made
                        negative only with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bù</foreignphrase>. Process verbs are made negative only with
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái méi</foreignphrase>.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bù
                                                hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>He's not good. [He’s not a good person.]</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
                                                hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>He hasn't yet recovered. [He is still
                                                sick.]</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>It can be difficult to remember that <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìng</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase>, sometimes translated as
                            "<emphasis role="bold">to be sick</emphasis>" and "<emphasis role="bold"
                            >to be better</emphasis>," are actually process verbs in Chinese, not
                        state verbs.</para>
                    <para> The English sentence "I am better (recovered)" translates as
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hǎo le.</foreignphrase> ("I
                        have become veil") and would be incorrect without the <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para>J<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">īntiān hǎo le
                            méiyou?</foreignphrase> Questions may be formed from statements
                        containing completion <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >le</foreignphrase> or combined <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> by adding <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou</foreignphrase> at the end of the
                        statements.</para>
                    <para> You will learn more about forming questions in the first unit of the next module.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā láile
                                                méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Did he come?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎole
                                                méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para> Are you recovered (from your illness)?</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
            </section>

        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Drills</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Criterion test</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Appendices</title>
            <para/>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
        </section>
    </section>
</chapter>
