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<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
version="5.0">
<title>Module 2: Biographic Information</title>
<para>The Biographic Information Module provides you with linguistic and cultural skills needed
for a simple conversation typical of a first-meeting situation in China. These skills
include those needed at the beginning of a conversation (greetings, introductions, and forms
of address), in the middle of a conversation (understanding and answering questions about
yourself and your immediate family), and at the end of a conversation
(leave-taking).</para>
<para> Before starting this module, you must take and pass the ORN Criterion Test. The resource
modules Pronunciation and Romanization and Numbers (tapes 1-4) are also prerequisites to the
BIO Module.</para>
<para> The Criterion Test will focus largely on this module, but material from Module 1 and
associated resource modules may also be included.</para>
<section>
<title>Objectives</title>
<para>Upon successful completion of the module, the student should be able to:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para> Pronounce correctly any word from the Target Lists of ORN or BIO, properly
distinguishing sounds and tones, using the proper stress and neutral tones, and
making the necessary tone changes.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> Pronounce correctly any sentence from the BIO Target Lists, with proper
pauses and intonation, that is, without obscuring the tones with English
intonation.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> Use polite formulas in asking and answering questions about identity (name),
health, age, and other basic information.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Reply to questions with the Chinese equivalents of "yes" and "no"</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> Ask and answer questions about families, including who the members are, how
old they are, and where they are.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> Ask and answer questions about a stay in China, including the date of
arrival, location-purpose-duration of stay, previous visits, traveling
companions, and date of departure.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> Ask and answer questions about work or study, identification of occupation,
the location, and the duration.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> Give the English equivalent for any Chinese sentence in the BIO Target
Lists.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Be able to say any Chinese sentence in the BIO Target Lists when cued with its
English equivalent.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Take part in a short Chinese conversation, using expressions included in the
BIO Target List sentences.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Tapes for BIO and associated modules</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Biographic information (BIO)</emphasis></para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="7">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5"/>
<colspec colnum="6" colname="col6"/>
<colspec colnum="7" colname="col7"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>Unit 1:</entry>
<entry>1</entry>
<entry>C-l</entry>
<entry>1 p-l</entry>
<entry>1&2 D-l</entry>
<entry>1 C-2</entry>
<entry>1 P-2</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Unit 2:</entry>
<entry>2</entry>
<entry>C-l</entry>
<entry>2 P-l</entry>
<entry/>
<entry>2 C-2</entry>
<entry>2 P-2</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Unit 3:</entry>
<entry>3</entry>
<entry>C-l</entry>
<entry>3 P-l</entry>
<entry>3&4 D-l</entry>
<entry>3 C-2</entry>
<entry>3 P-2</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Unit 4:</entry>
<entry>4</entry>
<entry>C-l</entry>
<entry>4 P-l</entry>
<entry/>
<entry>4 C-2</entry>
<entry>4 P-2</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Unit 5:</entry>
<entry>5</entry>
<entry>C-l</entry>
<entry>5 P-l</entry>
<entry>5&6 D-l</entry>
<entry>5 C-2</entry>
<entry>5 P-2</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Unit 6:</entry>
<entry>6</entry>
<entry>C-l</entry>
<entry>6 P-l</entry>
<entry/>
<entry>6 C-2</entry>
<entry>6 P-2</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Unit 7:</entry>
<entry>7</entry>
<entry>C-l</entry>
<entry>7 P-l</entry>
<entry>7&8 D-l</entry>
<entry>7C-2</entry>
<entry>7 P-2</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Unit 8:</entry>
<entry>8</entry>
<entry>C-l</entry>
<entry>8 P-l</entry>
<entry/>
<entry>8 C-2</entry>
<entry>8 P-2</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>Units 1-4 R-1 </para>
<para>Units 5-8 R-1</para>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Classroom Expressions (CE)</emphasis></para>
<para>CE 2</para>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Time and Dates (T&D)</emphasis></para>
<para>T&D 1 T&D 2</para>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Unit 1 Target List</title>
<para>
<informaltable colsep="0" rowsep="0" frame="none">
<tgroup cols="4">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>1.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīnwèn, nǐ zhù zai
nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>亲问，你住在那儿？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>May I ask, where are you staying?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai Běijīng
Fāndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我住在北京饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm staying at the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Běijīng</foreignphrase> Hotel.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>2.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai něige
fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你住在哪个饭店？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Which hotel are you staying at?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai nèige
fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我住在那个饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm staying at that hotel.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>3.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai zhèige
fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你住在这个饭店吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Are you staying at this hotel?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, wǒ bú zhù zai
zhèige fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>不，我不住在这个饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>No, I'm not staying at this hotel.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>4.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai Mínzú
Fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你住在民族饭店？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Are you staying at the Nationalities Hotel?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, wǒ bú zhù zai Mínzú
Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>不，我不住在民族饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>No, I'm not staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>5.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwèi shi Gāo
Tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>哪位是高同志？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Which one is Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Gāo</foreignphrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiwèi shi Gāo
Tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那位是高同志</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>That one is Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Gāo</foreignphrase>.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>6.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǎo. Nuòwǎkè nǚshì! Nǐn
hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早。
诺瓦克女士！您好</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Good morning. Miss Nowak! How are you?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hěn
hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我很好</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm very well.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>7.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi Měiguó nǎrde
rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>请问，你是美国哪儿个人</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Where are you from in America?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi Jiāzhōu
Jiǔjīnshān rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我是加州旧金山人</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm from San Francisco, California.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</para>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Unit 2 Target List</title>
<informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
<tgroup cols="4">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>1.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou jiā zài náli?
</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友家在哪里？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Where is your friend's house?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jiā zài Dàlǐ
Jiē.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他家在大理街。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>His house is on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> street.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>2.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyoude dìzhǐ shi
...?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你朋友的地址是。。。？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What is your friend's address?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde dìzhǐ shi Dàlǐ Jiē
Sìshièr hào.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>他的地址是大理街四十二号。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>His address is No. 42 <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> Street.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>3.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi Wèi Shàoxiào
ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是韦少校把？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>You are Major Weiss, aren't you?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是的。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Yes.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>4.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shi Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn
ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那是国宾大饭店吧？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>That is Ambassador Hotel, isn't it?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìde, nà shi Guóbīn
Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>是的，那是国宾大饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Yes, that's the Ambassador Hotel.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai nàli
ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你住在那里吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Are you staying there?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, wǒ zhù zai
zhèli.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不，我住在这里</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>No, I'm staying here.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>5.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou zài Táiběi
gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友在台北工作吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Does your friend work in Taipei? </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài Táiběi gōngzuò;
tā zài Táizhōng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>他不在台北工作；他在台中工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He doesn't work in Taipei; he works in Taichung.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>6.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli
gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Where do you work?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Wǔguānchù
gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我在武官处工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I work at the defense attache's office.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài yínháng
gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我在银行工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I work at a bank.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Unit 3 Target List</title>
<informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
<tgroup cols="4">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>1.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu háizi
ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们有孩子</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Do you have children?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu, wǒmen
yǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有，我们有。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Yes, we have.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>2.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú Xiānsheng méiyou Měiguó
péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">刘先生没有美国朋友。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú</foreignphrase>
doesn't have any American friends.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>3.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge nánháizi,
jǐge nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你们有几个男孩子，几个女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How many boys and how many girls do you have?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wómen yǒu liǎnge nánhaizi,
yíge nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我们有两个男孩子，一个女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>We have two boys and one girl.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>4.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú Xiānsheng, Hú tàitai yǒu
jǐge háizi? </foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>胡先生，胡太太有几个孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How many children do Mr. and Mrs. <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú</foreignphrase> have?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen yǒu liǎngge
háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他们有两个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>They have two children.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shi nánháizi, shi
nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是男孩子，是女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Are they boys or girls?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu shi
nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">都是女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Both of them are girls.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>5.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen háizi dōu zài zhèli
ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们孩子都在这里吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Are all your children here?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù. Liǎngge zài zhèli, yíge
hái zài Měiguó.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>不，两个在这里，一个还在美国。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>No. Two are here, and one is still in America.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>6.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你家里有什么人？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What people are in your family?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu wǒ tàitai gēn sānge
háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有我太太跟三个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>There's my wife and two children.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>7.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你家里有什么人？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What people are in your family?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù yǒu wǒ fùqin,
mǔqin.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">就有我父亲，母亲。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Just my father and mother.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Unit 4 Target List</title>
<informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
<tgroup cols="4">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>1.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā míngtiān lái
ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他明天来吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Is he coming tomorrow?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjīng lái
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他已经来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He has already come.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>2.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou lái le
ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Has your friend come?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi(you)
lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她还没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>She hasn't come yet.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>3.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi shénme shíhou
dàode?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是什么时候到的？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>When did he arrive?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi zuótiān
dàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是昨天到的。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He arrived yesterday.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>4.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi yíge rén láide
ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是一个人来的吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry> Did you come alone?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, wǒ bú shi yíge rén
láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>不是，我不是一个人来的。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>No, I didn't come alone.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>5.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ něitiān
zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你哪天走？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What day are you leaving?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntian
zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我今天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm leaving today.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Unit 5 Target List</title>
<informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
<tgroup cols="4">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>1.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi zài nǎr
shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是在哪儿生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Where were you born?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi zài Dézhōu
shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是在得州生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I was born in Texas.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>2.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen xīngqījǐ
zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们星期几走？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What day of the week are you leaving?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen Xīngqītiān
zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我们星期天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>We are leaving on Sunday.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>3.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní shi něinián
shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是哪年生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What year were you born?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi Yī jiǔ sān jiǔ nián
shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是一九三九年生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I was born in 1939.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>4.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi jǐyüè jíhào
shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是几月几号生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What is your month and day of birth?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wó shi Qíyüe sìhào
shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是七月四号生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I was born on July 4.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>5.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duō dà
le?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你多大了？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How old are you?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ sān shi wǔ
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我三十五了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm 35.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>6.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nímem nánháizi dōu jǐsuì
le?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们男孩子都几岁了？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How old are your boys?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge jiǔsuì le, yíge liùsuì
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>一个九岁了，一个六岁了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>One is nine and one is six.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Unit 6 Target List</title>
<informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
<tgroup cols="4">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>1.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù duó
jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How long are you staying?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù
yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我住一年。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm staying one year.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>2.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài Xiānggǎng zhù
duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你太太在香港住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How long is your wife staying in Hong Kong?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng tā zhù
liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我想她住两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I think she is staying two days.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>3.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng zài Táiwān zhù duó
jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你想在台湾住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How long are you thinking of staying in Taiwan?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng zhù liùge
yüè.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我想住六个月。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm thinking of staying six months.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>4.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ láile duó jiǔ
le?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你来了多久了？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How long have you been here?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ láile liǎngge xīnqī
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我来了两个星期。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I have been here two weeks.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>5.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài Xiānggǎng
zhùle dó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你太太在香港住了多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How long did your wife stay in Hong Kong?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhùle
liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她住了两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>She stayed two days.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>6.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Tàitai méi
lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">李太太没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ</foreignphrase>
didn't come.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>7.</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián méi láiguo. Wǒ
tàitai láiguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我从前没来过。我太太来过。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I have never been here before. My wife has been here.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Unit 7 Target List</title>
<informaltable colsep="0" rowsep="0" frame="none">
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>1.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín zài náli
gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">您在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Where do you work?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Měiguó Guówùyàn
gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我在美国国务院工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I work with the State Department.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>2.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní zai náli
gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">您在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Where do you work?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi
xüsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是学生。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm student.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>3.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ lái zuò
shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">您来做什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What did you come here to do?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lái niàn
shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我来念书。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I came here to study.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>4.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ niàn
shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你念什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What are you studying?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xüé
Zhōngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我学中文。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm studying Chinese.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>5.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài dàxüé niànguo lìshǐ
ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你在大学念过历史吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Did you study history in college?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Niànguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学念。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Yes.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>6.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen huì shuō Zhōngwén ma?
</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们会说中文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Can you speak Chinese?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ tàitai bú huǐ shuō, wǒ
huì shuō yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我太太不会说，我会说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>My wife can't speak it; I can speak it a little.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>7.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde Zhōngguo huà hěn
hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你的中国话很好。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Your Chinese is very good.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Náli, náli. Wǒ jiù huì shuō
yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>哪里，哪里。我就说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Not at all. I can speak only a little.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>8.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi zài náli xüéde
Zhōngzén?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是在哪里学的中文？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Where did you study Chinese?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wó shi zài Huáshèngdùn
xüéde.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是在华盛顿学的。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I studied it in Washington.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Unit 8 Target List</title>
<informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>1.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jīntiān hái yǒu kè
ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你今天还有课吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Do you have any more classes today?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou kè
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">没有课了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I don't have any more classes.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>2.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián niàn Yīngwén
niànle duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你从前念英文念了多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How long did you study English?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn Yīngwén niànle
liùniàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我念英文念了六年。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I studied English for six years.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>3.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ niàn Fàwén niànle duó
jiǔ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你念法文念了多久了？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How long have you been studying French?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niànle yìnián
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我念了一年了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I've been studying it for one year.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>4.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǜnián wǒ hái bú huì xiě
Zhōnggui zì.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>去年我还不会写中国字。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Last year, I couldn't write Chinese characters.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài wǒ huì xiě yìdiǎn
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">现在我会写一点了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Now, I can write a little.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>5.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ fùqin shi jǖnrén
ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你父亲是军人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Is your father a military man?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā shi hǎijǖn
jǖnguān.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，他是海军陆军。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Yes, he's a naval officer.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>6.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān bù lái
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我今天不来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm not coming today.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bìng
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我病了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm sick.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>7.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo le
méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">今天好了没有？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Are you better today?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">今天好了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Today, I'm better.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Unit 1</title>
<section>
<title>Introduction</title>
<section>
<title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
<para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Where people are staying (hotels),</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Short answers.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The question word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>něige</foreignphrase>, "which."</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Material you will need</title>
<para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference
Notes.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The drill tape (1D-1).</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</para>
</section>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>References</title>
<section>
<title>Reference List</title>
<para>(in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>)</para>
<informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>1.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ zhù zai
nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>亲吻，你朱在哪儿？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>May I ask, where are you staying?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai Běijīng
Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>握住在北京饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm staying at the Beijing Hotel.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>2.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai Mínzú
Fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你住在民族饭店吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Are you staying at the Nationalities Hotel?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, wǒ zhù zai
Mínzú Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>是，我住在民族饭店吗。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Yes, I'm staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>3.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai něige
fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你住在呢个饭店？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Which hotel are you staying at?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai Běijīng
Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我住在北京饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm staying ate the Beijing Hotel.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>4.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwèi shì Zhāng
tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>哪位是张同志？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Which one is comrade <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng</foreignphrase>?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Zhāng
tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>他是张同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>She is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Zhāng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>5.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige rén shì Méi
tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>哪个人是Méi同志？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Which person is comrade <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi</foreignphrase>?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige rén shì Méi
tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>那个人是Méi同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>That person is comrade <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi</foreignphrase>.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>6.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwei shì Gāo
tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>哪位是局同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Which one is comrade <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo</foreignphrase>?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiwèi shì Gāo
tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>那位是局同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>That one is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Gāo</foreignphrase>.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<para>7.<footnote>
<para>This exchange occurs on the C-l tape only.</para>
</footnote></para>
</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai zheìge
fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你住在这个饭店吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Are you staying at this hotel?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, wǒ bú zhù zai
zheìge fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>不，我不住在这个饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>No, I"m staying at this hotel.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>8.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng tóngzhì! nín
zǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>蒋同志！您早。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Jiāng</foreignphrase>! Good morning.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǎo. Nuòwǎkè Nǔshì!
nín hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早。Nuòwǎkè
女士！您好。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Good morning, Miss Novak! How are you?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hěn
hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我很好</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm very well.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>9.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ shì
Měiguo nǎrde rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>请问，你是美国哪儿人？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>May I ask, where are you from in America?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Jiāzhōu
Jiùjīnshān rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我是加州旧金山人。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm from San Francisco, California.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Vocabulary</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>fàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>hotel</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-ge</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">个</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>general counter</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>hěn</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">很</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>very</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Jiùjīnshān</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>旧金山</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>San Francisco</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mínzú
Fàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>民族饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Nationalities Hotel</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>něi-</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>哪-？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>which</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>něige?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪个</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>which?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>nèige</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>that</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>něiwei</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪位</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>which one (person)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>nèiwèi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那位</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>that one (person)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>nǔshì</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">女士</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>polite title for a married or unmarried woman) Ms. ;
Lady</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>shì</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>yes, that's so.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-wèi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">位</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>polite counter for people</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zǎo</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>good morning</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zhèi-</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这-</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>this</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zheìge</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这个</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>this</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zhèiwèi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这位</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>this one (person)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zhù</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">朱</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>to stay, to live</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Reference Notes</title>
<section>
<title>Notes on № 1</title>
<informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>1.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ zhù
zai nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>亲吻，你朱在哪儿？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>May I ask, where are you staying?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai
Běijīng Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>握住在北京饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm staying at the <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
Hotel.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase>,
"to live," or "to reside," may be used to mean "to stay at" (temporary
residence) or "to live in" (permanent residence). </para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhù zài nǎr</foreignphrase>
literally means "live at where." The verb <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>, "to be in/at/on," is
used here as a preposition "at." It loses its tone in this position in a
sentence. (The use of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zài</foreignphrase> as a preposition is treated more fully in Unit 2.) </para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fàndiàn</foreignphrase> has two
meanings "restaurant" and "Hotel" (a relatively large hotel with modern facilities).<footnote>
<para>Another word for "restaurant" is <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fànguǎnzi</foreignphrase>. The
general word for "hotel" is <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǚguǎn</foreignphrase>.</para>
</footnote> Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>fànguǎnzi</foreignphrase> means "rice shop."</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on № 2</title>
<informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>2.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai
Mínzú Fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你住在民族饭店吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Are you staying at the Nationalities Hotel?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, wǒ zhù zai
Mínzú Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>是，我住在民族饭店吗。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Yes, I'm staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì</foreignphrase>: The usual
way to give a short affirmative answer is to repeat the verb used in the
question. Some verbs, however, may not be repeated as short answers.
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhù</foreignphrase> is one
such verb. Others not to be used are <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xìng</foreignphrase>, "to be surnamed," and
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiào</foreignphrase>, "to be
given-named." Many speakers do not repeat the verb <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> as a short answer. To
give a short "yes" answer to questions containing these verbs, you use
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>.</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on № 3-7</title>
<informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>3.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai
něige fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你住在呢个饭店？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Which hotel are you staying at?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai
Běijīng Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我住在北京饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm staying ate the Beijing Hotel.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>4.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwèi shì
Zhāng tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>哪位是张同志？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Which one is comrade <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Zhāng</foreignphrase>?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Zhāng
tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>他是张同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>She is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Zhāng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>5.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige rén shì
Méi tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>哪个人是Méi同志？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Which person is comrade <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi</foreignphrase>?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige rén shì
Méi tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>那个人是Méi同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>That person is comrade <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi</foreignphrase>.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>6.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwei shì Gāo
tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>哪位是局同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Which one is comrade <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo</foreignphrase>?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiwèi shì Gāo
tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>那位是局同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>That one is comrade <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo</foreignphrase>.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>7.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai
zheìge fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你住在这个饭店吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Are you staying at this hotel?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, wǒ bú zhù
zai zheìge fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>不，我不住在这个饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>No, I"m staying at this hotel.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige</foreignphrase> is the
question word "which." In the compound <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něiguó</foreignphrase>, you found the bound
word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi-</foreignphrase>, which
was attached to the noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>guó</foreignphrase>. In the phrase <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něiguó rén</foreignphrase>, "which person,"
the bound word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>něi-</foreignphrase> is attached to the general counter <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase>. (You will learn more
about counters in Unit 3_ For now, you nay think of <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase> as an ending which turns
the bound word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>něi-</foreignphrase> into the full word <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něige</foreignphrase>.) </para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige
rén/něiwèi</foreignphrase>: To be polite when referring to an adult, you say
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něiwèi</foreignphrase> or
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèiwèi</foreignphrase>, using
the polite counter for people <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-wèi</foreignphrase> rather than the general counter <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase>, though <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase> is used in many informal
situations. </para>
<para>Notice that the noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>rén</foreignphrase> is not used directly after <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-wèi</foreignphrase>: </para>
<informaltable frame="all">
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Nèiwèi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó
rén</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì
shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Něiwèi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù zài Mínzú
Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>Compare the specifying words "which?" "that," and "this" with the location
words you learned in Unit U of ORN: </para>
<informaltable frame="all">
<tgroup cols="4">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="newCol3" colnum="2" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol3" align="center">Specifying
words</entry>
<entry namest="c3" nameend="c4" align="center">Location
words</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něige?
(nǎge?)</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>which</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>nǎr</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>where</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige
(nàge)</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>that</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nàr
(nèr)</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>there</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige
(zhège)</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>this</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèr
(zhàr)</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>here</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>Both question words are in the Low tone, while the other four words are in
the Falling tone. </para>
<para>Many people pronounce the words for "which?" "that," and "this" with the
usual vowels for "where?" "there," and "here": <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎge</foreignphrase>? <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nàge</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhège</foreignphrase>. </para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù</foreignphrase>: A short
negative answer is usually formed by <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> plus a repetition of the
verb used in the question. When a verb, like <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>), cannot be repeated,
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> is used as
a short answer and is followed by a complete answer. Notice that when used
by itself <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> is in
the Falling ton, but when followed by a Falling-tone syllable <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> is in the Rising tone. </para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, tā xiānzài bú zài
zhèr.</foreignphrase> No, he's not here now.</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on № 8</title>
<informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>8.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng tóngzhì!
nín zǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>蒋同志！您早。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Comrade Jiang! Good morning.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǎo. Nuòwǎkè
Nǔshì! nín hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早。Nuòwǎkè
女士！您好。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Good morning, Miss Novak! How are you?</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>Name as greeting: A greeting may consist simply of a person's name:
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng tóngzhì</foreignphrase>!
"Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>!"
The name may also be used with a greeting phrase: <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng tóngzhì! Nín zǎo.
</foreignphrase>"Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Wáng</foreignphrase>! Good morning." --or, in reverse order,
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín zǎo. Wáng
tóngzhì!</foreignphrase> "Good morning. Comrade <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>!" The name is pronounced
as an independent exclamation acknowledging that person's presence and
status. It is not de-emphasized like "Comrade <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>," in the English
sentence 11 Good morning, Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Wáng</foreignphrase>." </para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín zǎo</foreignphrase> means
"good morning" --literally, "you are early." You may also say either
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ zǎo</foreignphrase> or
simply <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎo</foreignphrase>. </para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǚshì</foreignphrase>, "Ms.," is
a formal, respectful title for a married or unmarried woman. It is used
after a woman's own surname, not her husband's. Traditionally, this title
was used for older, educated, and accomplished women. </para>
<para>In the PRC, where people use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>tóngzhì</foreignphrase>, "Comrade," in general only foreign women are
referred to and addressed as (so-and-so) <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚshì</foreignphrase>. On Taiwan, however,
any woman may be called (so-and-so) <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚshì</foreignphrase> in a formal context,
such as a speech or an invitation. </para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín hǎo</foreignphrase>: This
greeting may be said either with or without a question marker, just as in
English we say "How are you?" as a question or "How are you?" as a simple
greeting. </para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎo ma?</foreignphrase> How
are you? </para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎo.</foreignphrase> How are
you. </para>
<para>Also Just as in English, you may respond to the greeting by repeating it
rather than giving an answer. </para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ tóngzhì! Nín
hǎo.</foreignphrase> Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Lǐ</foreignphrase>! How are you. </para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín hǎo. Gāo
tóngzhì!</foreignphrase> How are you. Comrade <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo</foreignphrase>! </para>
<para>Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn</foreignphrase>
means "very." The word often accompanies adjectival verbs (like
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase>, "to be
good"), adding little to their meaning. (See also Module 3, Unit 3.) </para>
<para>How to identify yourself: You have now learned several ways to introduce
yourself. One simple, direct way is to extend your hand and state your name
in Chinese –- for instance, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>. Here are some other ways:</para>
<para>
<informaltable frame="all">
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Mǎ
Mínglǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
Mǎ.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>My surname is <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng Mǎ,
jiào Mǎ Mínglǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>
<para>My surname is <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ</foreignphrase>; I'm
called <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde
Zhōngguó míngzi jiào Mǎ
Mínglǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>My Chinese name is <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on № 9</title>
<informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>9.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ shì
Měiguo nǎrde rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>请问，你是美国哪儿人？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>May I ask, where are you from in America?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Jiāzhōu
Jiùjīnshān rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我是加州旧金山人。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm from San Francisco, California.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>Order of place names: Notice that <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāzhōu Jiùjīnshān</foreignphrase> is
literally "California, San Francisco." In Chinese, the larger unit cones
before the smaller. Similarly, in the question <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì Měiguó nǎrde rén?</foreignphrase> the
name of the country comes before the question word <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎr</foreignphrase>, which is asking for a
more detailed location. The larger unit is usually repeated in the answer: </para>
<para>
<informaltable frame="all">
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
shì</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Shāndōng</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>nǎr</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de
</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
shì</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Shāndōng</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Qīngdǎo</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</para>
<para>Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Jiùjīnshān</foreignphrase> means "Old Gold Mountain." The Chinese gave
this name to San Francisco during the Gold Rush days.</para>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Drills</title>
<section>
<title>Response drill</title>
<table frame="all">
<title>Response according to the clue</title>
<tgroup cols="4">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="0.4*"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>Question</entry>
<entry>Clue</entry>
<entry>Answer</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>1.</entry>
<entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/他住在哪儿？
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai
nǎr?</foreignphrase></para><para> Where is he/she
staying?</para></entry>
<entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">北京饭店
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng Fàndiàn
</foreignphrase></para><para>the <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
Hotel</para></entry>
<entry xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在北京饭店。
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai
Běijìng Fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
<para>He/she is staying at the <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
Hotel.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>2.</entry>
<entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你爱人住在哪儿？
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren zhù zai
nǎr? </foreignphrase></para><para>Where is your spouse
staying?</para></entry>
<entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">民族饭店
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mínzú Fàndiàn
</foreignphrase></para><para>the Nationalities
Hotel</para></entry>
<entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在民族饭店。
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai Mínzú
Fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para><para>He/she is staying
at the Nationalities Hotel.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>3.</entry>
<entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">李同志住在哪儿？
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Tóngzhì zhù
zai nǎr? </foreignphrase></para><para>Where is comrade
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Lǐ</foreignphrase> staying?</para></entry>
<entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这个饭店
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige fàndiàn
</foreignphrase></para><para>this hotel</para></entry>
<entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在这个饭店。
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai
zhèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para><para>He/she is
staying at this hotel.</para></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>4.</entry>
<entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">方同志住在哪儿？
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Tóngzhì zhù
zai nǎr? </foreignphrase></para><para>Where is comrade
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Fāng</foreignphrase> staying?</para></entry>
<entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个饭店
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige fàndiàn
</foreignphrase></para><para>that hotel</para></entry>
<entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在那个饭店。
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai nèige
fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para><para>He/she is staying
at that hotel.</para></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>5.</entry>
<entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">陈同志住在哪儿？
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén Tóngzhì zhù
zai nǎr? </foreignphrase></para><para>Where is comrade
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Chén</foreignphrase> staying?</para></entry>
<entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">北京饭店
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng Fàndiàn
</foreignphrase></para><para>the <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
Hotel</para></entry>
<entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在北京饭店。
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ta zhù zai
Běijīng Fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para><para>He/she is
staying at the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Běijīng</foreignphrase> Hotel.</para></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>6.</entry>
<entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">林同志住在哪儿？
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lín Tóngzhì zhù
zai nǎr? </foreignphrase></para><para>Where is comrade
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Lín</foreignphrase> staying? </para></entry>
<entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">民族饭店
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mínzú Fàndiàn
</foreignphrase></para><para>the Nationalities
Hotel</para></entry>
<entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在民族饭店。
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai Mínzú
Fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para><para>He/she is staying
at the Nationalities Hotel.</para></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>7.</entry>
<entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">黄同志住在哪儿？
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáng Tóngzhì
zhù zai nǎr? </foreignphrase></para><para>Where is
comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Huáng</foreignphrase> staying?</para></entry>
<entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这个饭店
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige fàndiàn
</foreignphrase></para><para>this hotel</para></entry>
<entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在这个饭店。
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai
zhèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para><para>He/she is
staying at this hotel.</para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Response drill</title>
<table frame="all">
<title>Give affirmative response to all questions.</title>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>Question</entry>
<entry>Answer</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>1.</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">局女士住在民族饭店吗？
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo Nǚshì zhù
zai Mínzú fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></para>
<para>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Gāo</foreignphrase> staying at the Nationalities
Hotel?</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，她住在民族饭店。
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
Mínzú Fàndiàn, </foreignphrase></para>
<para>>Yes, she is staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>2.</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">张女士住在北京饭店吗？
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng Nǚshì zhù
zai Běijìng Fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
<para>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Zhāng</foreignphrase> staying at the <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Beǐjīng</foreignphrase>
Hotel?</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，她住在北京饭店。
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
Běijīng Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
<para>Yes, she is staying at the <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Beǐjīng</foreignphrase>
Hotel.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>3.</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">江女士住在这个饭店吗？
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng Nǚshì zhù
zai zhèige fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
<para>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Jiāng</foreignphrase> staying at this
hotel?</para></entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，她住在这个饭店。
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
zhèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
<para>Yes, she is staying at this hotel.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>4.</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">黄女士住在那个饭店吗？
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huāng Nǚshì zhù
zai nèige fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
<para>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Huāng</foreignphrase> staying at that hotel?</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，她住在那个饭店。
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
nèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
<para>>Yes, she is staying at that hotel.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>5.</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">王女士住在北京饭店吗？
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng Nǚshì zhù
zai Běijīng Fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
<para>>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Wáng</foreignphrase> staying at the <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Beǐjīng</foreignphrase>
Hotel?</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，她住在北京饭店。
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
Beǐjīng fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
<para>Yes, she is staying at the <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Beǐjīng</foreignphrase>
Hotel.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>6.</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">林女士住在民族饭店吗？
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lín Nǚshì zhù
zai Mínzú Fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
<para>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Lín</foreignphrase> staying at the Nationalities
Hotel?</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，她住在民族饭店。
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
Mínzú Fàndiàn, </foreignphrase></para>
<para>Yes, she is staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>7.</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">毛女士住在这个饭店吗？
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máo Nǚshì zhù
zai zhèige fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
<para>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Máo</foreignphrase> staying at this hotel?</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，她住在这个饭店。
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
zhèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
<para>Yes, she is staying at this hotel.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Response drill</title>
<table frame="all">
<title>Give affirmative response to all questions.</title>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>Question</entry>
<entry>Answer</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>1.</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">蒋先生住在这个饭店吗？
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng Xiānsheng
zhù zai zhège fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
<para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Jiāng</foreignphrase> staying at this hotel?</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他不住在这个饭店。
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
zhù zai zhège fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
<para>No, he is not staying at this hotel.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>2.</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">马先生住在那个饭店吗？
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Xiānsheng zhù
zai nàge fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
<para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Mǎ</foreignphrase> staying at that hotel?</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他不住在那个饭店。
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
zhù zai nàge fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
<para>No, he is not staying at that hotel.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>3.</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">李先生住在国宾大饭店吗？
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Xiānsheng zhù
zai Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
<para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Lǐ</foreignphrase> staying at the Ambassador
Hotel?</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他不住在国宾大饭店。
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
zhù zai Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
<para>No, he is not staying at the Ambassador Hotel.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>4.</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">赵先生住在員山大饭店吗？
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào Xiānsheng
zhù zai Yuánshān Dàfàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
<para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Zhào</foreignphrase> staying at the <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yuánshān</foreignphrase>
hotel?</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他不住在員山大饭店。
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
zhù zai Yuánshān Dàfàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
<para>No, he is not staying at the <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yuánshān</foreignphrase>
hotel.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>5.</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">刘先生住在員山大饭店吗？
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú Xiānsheng
zhù zai Yuánshān Dàfàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
<para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Liú</foreignphrase> staying at the Yuánshān
hotel?</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他不住在員山大饭店。
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
zhù zai Yánshān Dàfàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
<para>No, he is not staying at the <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yuánshān</foreignphrase>
hotel.</para></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>6.</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">唐先生住在那个饭店吗？
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táng Xiānsheng
zhù zai nàge fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
<para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Táng</foreignphrase> staying at that hotel?</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他不住在那个饭店。
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
zhù zai nàge fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
<para>No, he is not staying at that hotel.</para></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>7.</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">宋先生住在这个饭店吗？
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sòng Xiānsheng
zhù zai zhège fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
<para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Sòng</foreignphrase> staying at this hotel.</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他不住在这个饭店。
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
zhù zai zhège fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
<para>No, he is not staying at this hotel.</para></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Response drill</title>
<para/>
<table frame="all">
<title>Give affirmative response to all questions.</title>
<tgroup cols="4">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>Question</entry>
<entry>Clue</entry>
<entry>Answer</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>1.</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>唐同志在这个饭店吗？</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táng Tóngzhì zhù
zai zhèige fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
<para>Is comrade Táng staying at this hotel?</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>这个饭店</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige fàndiàn
</foreignphrase></para>
<para>this hotel</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>是，他/她住在这个饭店。</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
zhèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
<para>Yes, he/she is staying at this hotel.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>2.</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>马同志住在那个饭店吗？</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Tóngzhì zhù
zai nèige fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></para>
<para>Is comrade Mǎ staying at that hotel?</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>这个饭店</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige fàndiàn
</foreignphrase></para>
<para>this hotel</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他/她不住在那个饭店。
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
zhù zai nèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
<para>No, he/she is not staying at that hotel.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>3.</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">李同志住在北京饭店吗？
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Tóngzhì zhù
zai Běijīng fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
<para>Is comrade Lǐ staying at the Běijīng Hotel?</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">北京饭店
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng Fàndiàn
</foreignphrase></para>
<para>Běijīng Hotel</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，他/她住在北京饭店。
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
Běijīng Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
<para>Yes, he/she is staying at the Běijīng Hotel.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>4.</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">赵同志住在民族饭店吗？
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào Tóngzhì zhù
zai Mínzǔ fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
<para>Is comrade Zhào staying at the Nationalities Hotel?</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">北京饭店
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng Fàndiàn
</foreignphrase></para>
<para>Běijīng Hotel</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他/她不住在民族饭店。
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
zhù zai Mínzú Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
<para>No, he/she is not staying at the Nationalities
Hotel.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>5.</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">刘同志住在这个饭店吗？
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú Tóngzhì zhù
zai zhèige fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
<para>Is comrade Liú staying at this hotel?</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个饭店
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige fàndiàn
</foreignphrase></para>
<para>that hotel</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他/她不住在这个饭店。
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
<para>No, he/she is not staying at this hotel.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>6.</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">蒋同志住在那个饭店?
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng Tóngzhì
zhù zai nèige fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></para>
<para>Is Jiāng Tóngzhì staying at that hotel?</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个饭店
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige
fàndiàn</foreignphrase></para>
<para>that hotel</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，他/她住在那个饭店。
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
nèige fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
<para>Yes, he/she is staying at that hotel.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>7.</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">张同志住在北京饭店吗？
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng Tóngzhì
zhù zai Běijīng Fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></para>
<para>Is Zhāng Tóngzhì staying at the Běijīng Hotel?</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">民族饭店
</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mínzǔ Fàndiàn
</foreignphrase></para>
<para>Nationalities Hotel</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>不是，他/她不住在北京饭店。</foreignphrase></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Bú shi, tā bú
zhù zai Běijīng Fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
<para>No, he/she is not staying at the Běijīng Hotel.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
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<title/>
<para/>
</section>
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<section>
<title/>
<para/>
</section>
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<section>
<title/>
<para/>
</section>
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<section>
<title/>
<para/>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title/>
<para/>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title/>
<para/>
</section>
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<section>
<title/>
<para/>
</section>
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<section>
<title/>
<para/>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Unit 2</title>
<section>
<title>Introduction</title>
<section>
<title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para> Where people are staying (houses).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> Where people are working.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> Addresses.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The marker de </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>ba</foreignphrase>,</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> The prepositional verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zài</foreignphrase></para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
<section>
<title>Material you will need</title>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para> The C-l and P-l tapes9 the Reference List and Reference Notes.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> The 2D-1 tape.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>References</title>
<section>
<title>Reference List</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>1.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你住在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài Guóbīn
Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我住在国宾大饭店：</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm staying at the Ambassador Hotel.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>2.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你住在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài
zhèli.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我住在这理。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm staying here.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>他呢？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How about him?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zài
nàli.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>他住在那理。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He is staying there.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>3.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你住在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài péngyou
jiā.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我住在朋友家。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm staying at a friend's home.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>4.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou jiā zài
náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你朋友家在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Where is your friend's house?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jiā zài Dàlǐ
Jiē.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>他家在大力街。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>His house is on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> Street.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>5.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyoude dìzhǐ
shì ...?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你朋友的地质是。。。？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What is your friend's address?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā de dìzhǐ shì jiē
Sìshièrhào.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>他的地质是大力街四十二号。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>His address is № 42 <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> Street.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>6.<footnote>
<para>This exchange occurs on the C-1 tape only</para>
</footnote></entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì Wèi Shàoxiào
ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你是Wèi少校吧？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>You are Major Weiss, aren't you?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>是的。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Yes.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>7.<footnote>
<para>This exchange occurs on the P-1 tape only</para>
</footnote></entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shì Guóbīn
Dàfàndiàn ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>那是国宾大饭店吧？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>That is Ambassador Hotel, isn't it?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>是的。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Yes.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>8.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou xiànzài
zài náli gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你朋友现在在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Where does your friend work now?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Táinán
gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>他在台南工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He works in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Táinán</foreignphrase>.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>9.<footnote>
<para>This exchange occurs on the C-1 tape only</para>
</footnote></entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli
gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Where do you work?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Wǔguānchù
gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我在武官处工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I work at the Defense Attache's Office.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>10.<footnote>
<para>This exchange occurs on the P-1 tape only</para>
</footnote></entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli
gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Where do you work?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài yínháng
gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我在银行工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I work at a bank.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>11.<footnote>
<para>This exchange occurs on the C-1 tape only</para>
</footnote></entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou zài
Táiběi gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你朋友在台北工作吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Does your friend work in Taipei?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài Táiběi
gōngzuò. Tā zài Táizhōng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>他不在台北工作。他在台中工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He doesn't work in Taipei; he works in Taichung.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Vocabulary</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>ba</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吧</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>question marker expressing supposition of what answer will
be</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>dàfàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>大饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>hotel</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-de</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">的</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>possessive marker</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>dìzhǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">地址</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>address</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>gōngzuò</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">工作</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>to work</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guóbīn
Dàfàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>国宾大饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Ambassador Hotel</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-hào</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">—号</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>number (in address)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>jiā</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">家</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>home, house</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>jiē</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">街</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>street</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lù</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">路</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>road</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>nà-</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那—</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>that</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>nàge</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>that (one)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>náli</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪里</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>where</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>nàli</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那里</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>there</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>péngyou</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">朋友</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>friend</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>shàoxiào</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">少校</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>major( military title)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Shìde</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是的</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Yes, that's so.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Wǔguānchù</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>武官处</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>defense attache office</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>yínháng</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">银行</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>bank</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zài</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">在</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>to be in/at/on (prepositional verb)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zhè-</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>this</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zhège</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这个</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>this (one)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zhèli</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这里</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>here</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dìyī
Dàfàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>第一大饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>First Hotel</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó Guójì
Jiāoliú Zǒngshǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>美国国际</foreignphrase><foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāoliú
Zǒngshǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>U.S. International Communications Agency</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó
Yínháng</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>美国银行</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Bank of America</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táiwān
Yínháng</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>台湾银行</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Bank of Taiwan</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Yóuzhèngjǘ</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>邮政局</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>post office</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Reference Notes</title>
<section>
<title>Notes on №1-2</title>
<informaltable frame="all">
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>1.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你住在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài
Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我住在国宾大饭店：</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm staying at the Ambassador Hotel.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>2.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你住在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài
zhèli.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我住在这理。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm staying here.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>他呢？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How about him?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zài
nàli.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>他住在那理。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He is staying there.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guóbǐn</foreignphrase>
actually refers to any official state guest, not just an ambassador. (The
word for "ambassador" is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>dàshǐ</foreignphrase>) The translation "Ambassador Hotel" has been used
for years by that hotel and, although inaccurate, has been retained in this
text.</para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàfàndiàn</foreignphrase> means
"great hotel" or "grand hotel." It is commonly used in the names of Taiwan
and Hong Kong hotels.</para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Náli</foreignphrase>,
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nàli</foreignphrase>, and
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèli</foreignphrase> are
common variants of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>nǎr</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>nàr</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zhèr</foreignphrase> in non-Peking dialects of Standard Chinese. The
forms with <emphasis role="bold">r</emphasis> are Peking dialect
forms.</para>
<para> Compare:<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Peking</entry>
<entry>Other</entry>
<entry/>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>nǎr</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>náli</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>where</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>nàr</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>nàli</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>there</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zhèr</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zhèli</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>here</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>Notice the difference in tone "between <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎr</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náli</foreignphrase>. This is because
-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">li</foreignphrase> has a
basic Low tone, and the first of two adjoining Low-tone syllables changes to
a Rising tone: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎ</foreignphrase>
+ -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐ</foreignphrase> =
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náli</foreignphrase>.</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №3-4</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>3.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你住在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài
péngyou jiā.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我住在朋友家。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm staying at a friend's home.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>4.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou jiā
zài náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你朋友家在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Where is your friend's house?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jiā zài Dàlǐ
Jiē.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>他家在大力街。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>His house is on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> Street.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>The possessive relationships in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>péngyou jiā</foreignphrase>, "friend's house," <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ péngyou jiā</foreignphrase>, "your
friend’s house," and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā
jiā</foreignphrase>, "his house," are unmarked, while the English must
include -'s or the possessive form of the pronoun ("your," "his".) In
Chinese, possessive relationships may be expressed by simply putting the
possessor in front of the possessed when the relationship between the two is
particularly close, like the relationship between a person and his home,
family, or friends.</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №5</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>5.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyoude
dìzhǐ shì ...?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你朋友的地质是。。。？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What is your friend's address?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā de dìzhǐ shì
jiē Sìshièrhào.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>他的地质是大力街四十二号。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>His address is № 42 <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàlǐ</foreignphrase>
street.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Péngyoude dìzhǐ:</foreignphrase>
"The marker -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> in
this phrase is Just like the English possessive ending -'s. With the
exception of close relationships, this is the usual way to form the
possessive in Chinese.<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ
péngyǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>-de</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>dìzhǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>your friend</entry>
<entry>'s</entry>
<entry>address</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>Unlike the English -'s ending, -<foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is also added to pronouns.<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>wǒde</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>my</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>nǐde</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>your</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>tāde</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>his/her</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>You are learning possessive phrases in which the marker
-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is used
(<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tāde dìzhǐ</foreignphrase>)
and some possessive phrases which do not contain -<foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ péngyou jiā</foreignphrase>). There are
certain reasons for the inclusion or omission of -<foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>. If a close relationship
exists between the possessor and the possessed, the marker -<foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> might not be used. If a
phrase is long and complex, as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ
Xiānsheng péngyoude tàitai</foreignphrase> , the marker -<foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is used to separate the
possessor from the possessed.<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="4">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="2.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="2.0*"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry namest="c1" nameend="c2" align="center">short or
simple</entry>
<entry namest="c3" nameend="c4" align="center">long or
complex</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>jiā</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
Měilíng</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de
lǎojiā</foreignphrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>péngyou</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ
péngyou</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de
dìzhǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ
Xiānsheng péngyou</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de
tàitai</foreignphrase></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para>But these are not hard and fast rules. The use or omission of
-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is not
determined solely by the number of syllables in a phrase or by the closeness
between the possessor and the possessed, although both of these
considerations do play a Mg part in the decision.</para>
<para>While some common nouns are usually used without -<foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> "before them, most nouns
are more likely to be preceded by -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>de</foreignphrase>, and many even require it. <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dìzhǐ</foreignphrase>, "address," is the only
noun you have learned which <emphasis role="bold">REQUIRES</emphasis> the
possessive marker -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>de</foreignphrase> added to the possessor. But other nouns such as
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiā</foreignphrase> are not
always preceded by -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>de</foreignphrase>. This is also the case with nouns indicating
personal relationships, like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>fùmǔ</foreignphrase>, "father," and <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tàitai</foreignphrase> "wife." <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Péngyou</foreignphrase>,
"friend,"<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>xuésheng</foreignphrase>," student and <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎoshī</foreignphrase> "student are commonly
used without -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>,
but may also be used with the marker.</para>
<para>You might expect the question <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
péngyoude dìzhǐ...?</foreignphrase> to "be completed with a word such as
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme?</foreignphrase>, what.
However, the incomplete form given in this exchange, with the voice trailing
off, inviting completion, is also commonly used.</para>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Addresses</emphasis>: The order in which addresses
are given in Chinese is the reverse of that used in English. In Chinese, the
order is from the general to the specific: country, province or state, city,
street name, street number.</para>
<para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hào</foreignphrase>: A street
number is always given with the bound word -<foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hào</foreignphrase>, "number," after it. <footnote>
<para>The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>dì</foreignphrase>- is sometimes translated "number," as in
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìyī</foreignphrase>,
"number one" (See resource module on Numbers, tape 4.)</para>
</footnote></para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №6-7</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>6.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì Wèi
Shàoxiào ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你是Wèi少校吧？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>You are Major Weiss, aren't you?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>是的。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Yes.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>7.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shì Guóbīn
Dàfàndiàn ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>那是国宾大饭店吧？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>That is Ambassador Hotel, isn't it?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>是的。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Yes.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ba</foreignphrase> is a marker
for a question which expresses the speaker's supposition as to what the
answer will be. It is the type of question which asks for a confirmation
from the listener.</para>
<para>There are three ways to translate the two questions in exchanges 6 and 7
into English:<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.5*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi Wèi Shàoxiào
ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><para>Aren't you Major Weiss?</para><para>You are
Major Weiss, aren't you?</para><para>You must be
Major Weiss.</para></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi Guóbǐn Dàfàndiàn
ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>
<para>Isn't that the Ambassador Hotel?</para>
<para>That is the Ambassador Hotel, isn't it?</para>
<para>That must be the Ambassador Hotel.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para>Each translation reflects a different degree of certainty on the part of
the speaker. (While the differences in certainty are expressed in English by
variation in wording, they can be expressed in Chinese by intonation.) You
will probably find that the "isn’t it", "aren't you" translation fits most
situations.</para>
<para>The short answer <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>shìde</foreignphrase> is an expanded form of the short answer
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>, with the
same meaning: "Yes, that's so." <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Shìde</foreignphrase> is also the word used for the "yes" in the
military "Yes, sir."</para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Nà</foreignphrase>(<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>nèi</foreignphrase>): In the subject position, <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nà</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèi</foreignphrase>), "that," and
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhè</foreignphrase>
(<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi</foreignphrase>),
"this," may be used either as free words or as bound words, with
-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ge</foreignphrase> following. </para>
<para>Compare:<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Nà</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì Guóbǐn
Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>That</entry>
<entry/>
<entry>is the Ambassador Hotel.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Nà</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-ge</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì Guóbǐn
Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>That</entry>
<entry>one</entry>
<entry>is the Ambassador Hotel.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>However, the question form <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎ</foreignphrase>- (<foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi</foreignphrase>-) is a bound word.<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǎge
(fàndiàn) shì Guóbǐn
Dàfàndiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Which one is the Ambassador Hotel?</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №8-11</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>8.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou
xiànzài zài náli gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你朋友现在在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Where does your friend work now?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Táinán
gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>他在台南工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He works in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Táinán</foreignphrase>.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>9.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli
gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Where do you work?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài
Wǔguānchù gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我在武官处工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I work at the Defense Attache's Office.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>10.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli
gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Where do you work?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài yínháng
gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我在银行工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I work at a bank.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>11.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou zài
Táiběi gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你朋友在台北工作吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Does your friend work in Taipei?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài
Táiběi gōngzuò. Tā zài Táizhōng
gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>他不在台北工作。他在台中工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He doesn't work in Taipei; he works in Taichung.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǔguānchù</foreignphrase>,
"defense attache’s office," literally means "military attache's
office."</para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài gōngzuò</foreignphrase>:
Compare these two sentences:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="4">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="left"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zài</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Táinán.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>He </entry>
<entry>is in</entry>
<entry>Tainan.</entry>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zài</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Táinán</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>He </entry>
<entry>in </entry>
<entry>Tainan</entry>
<entry>works.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>The sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Táinán
gōngzuò</foreignphrase> seems to have two verbs: <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>, "to be in/at/on," and
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò</foreignphrase>," to
work." But there is only one verb in the translation: "He works in Tainan."
The translation reflects the fact that <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> loses its full verb
status in this sentence and plays a role like that of the English
preposition "in" The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zài</foreignphrase> phrase in Chinese, like the "in" phrase in English,
gives more information about the main verb <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò</foreignphrase>; that is, it tells
where the action takes place. "He works," and the work takes place "in
Tainan." In sentences like this, the word <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> is a prepositional verb.
Most relationships expressed by prepositions in English are expressed by
prepositional verbs in Chinese.</para>
<para>You have also seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zài</foreignphrase> used as a prepositional verb in the sentence
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ zhù zài
náli?</foreignphrase> "Where do you live?" --literally, "You live at
where?" Notice that in this sentence the prepositional verb phrase
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài náli</foreignphrase> comes
after the main verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zhù</foreignphrase>. In the sentence <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli gōngzuò?</foreignphrase> the
prepositional verb phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
náli</foreignphrase> conies before the main verb <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò</foreignphrase>. Many things, such as
stress, contrast, and other objects in the sentence, can influence the order
of the prepositional verb phrase and the main verb.</para>
<para>In some cases, either order may be used, as in <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli zhù?</foreignphrase> or
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
náli?</foreignphrase>. In other cases, the word order is fixed, as in
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli gōngzuò?
</foreignphrase>For text examples, it will be pointed out whether or not the
word order may be changed, and the reasons will be given.</para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài Táiběi
gōngzuò</foreignphrase>, "He doesn't work in Taipei": In this sentence,
the negative adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>bù</foreignphrase> comes before the prepositional verb <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> (which starts the
complete predicate <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài Táiběi
gōngzuò</foreignphrase>, not before the main verb <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò</foreignphrase>. This makes sense,
for you are not saying "He does NOT WORK," but you are saying "He does NOT
work IN TAIPEI."<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="4">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>bù</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
Táiběi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>bù</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
Táiběi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Drills</title>
<para/>
</section>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Unit 3</title>
<section>
<title>Introduction</title>
<section>
<title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Members of a family.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The plural ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>men</foreignphrase>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The question word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>jǐ</foreignphrase>- "how many."</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>dōu</foreignphrase> "all."</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Several ways to express "and."</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
<section>
<title>Material you will need</title>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The 3D-1 tape.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>References</title>
<para/>
<section>
<title>Reference List</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>1.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu háizi
ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你们有孩子吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Do you have children?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu, wǒmen
yǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>有，我们有。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Yes, we have.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>2.</entry>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú xiānsheng yǒu
Měiguó péngyou ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>刘先生有美国朋友吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Does Mr <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Liú</foreignphrase> have any American friends?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā meíyǒu Měiguó
péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>他没有美国朋友。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He doesn't have any American friends.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǒu Yīngguó
péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>他有英国朋友。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He has English friends. (or an English friend)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>3.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge
háizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你们有几个孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How many children do you have?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu sānge
háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我们有三个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>We have three children.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>4.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge
nánháizi, jǐge nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你们有几个男孩子，几个女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How many boys and how many girls do you have?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu liǎngge
nánháizi, yīge nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我们有两个男孩子，一个女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>We have two boys and one girl.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>5.</entry>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì nánháizi, shì
nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>是男孩子，是女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Are they boys or girls?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen dōu shì
nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>他们都是女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>All of them are girls.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>6.</entry>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú xiānsheng,
tàitai ne? tāmen yǒu jǐge háizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>胡先生，太太呢？他们有几个孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How about Mr. and Mrs. <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú</foreignphrase>? How many
children do they have?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen yǒu liǎngge
háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>他们有两个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>They have two children.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì nánháizi, shì
nǚháizi? </foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>是男孩子，是女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Are they boys or girls?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu shì
nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>都是女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Both of them are girls.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>7.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen háizi dōu zài
zhèli ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你们孩子都在这里吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Are all your children here?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, liǎngge zài
zhèli, yíge hái zài Měiguó.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>不，两个在这里，一个还在美国。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>No. Two are here, and one is still in America.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>8.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你家里有什么人？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What people are (there) in your family?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu wǒ tàitai gēn
sānge háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>有我太太跟三个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>There's my wife and three children.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>9.</entry>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你家里有什么人？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What people are (there) in your family?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù (yǒu) wǒ fùqin,
mǔqin.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>就（有）我父亲，母亲。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Just my father and mother.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Vocabulary</title>
<para/>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zhǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">只</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>only</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>dìdi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">弟弟</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>younger brother</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>gēge</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哥哥</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>older brother</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>jiějie</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">姐姐</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>older sister</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>mèimei</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">妹妹</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>younger sister</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>xiōngdì</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">兄弟</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>brothers</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>jiěmèi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">姐妹</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>sisters</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiōngdì
jiěmèi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>兄弟姐妹</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>brothers and sisters</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>fùmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">父母</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>parents</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">祖父</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>paternal grandfather</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">祖母</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>paternal grandmother</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>wàizǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>外祖父</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>maternal grandfather</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>wàizǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>外祖母</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>maternal grandmother</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>bàba</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">爸爸</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>papa, dad, father</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>māma</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吗吗</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>momma, mom, mother</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>bàba</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">爸爸</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>papa, dad, father</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>dìdi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">弟弟</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>younger brother</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>dōu</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">都</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>all, both</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>fùmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">父母</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>parents</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>fùqin</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">父亲</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>father</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>gēge</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哥哥</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>older brother</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>gēn</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">跟</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>and, with, and (in addition to)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>hái</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">还</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>still, yet</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>háizi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">孩子</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>children, child</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>jǐ-</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">几－</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>how many</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>jiāli</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">家里</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>family</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>jiějie</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">姐姐</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>older sister </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>jiěmèi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">姐妹</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>sisters</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>jǐge</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">几个</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>how many</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>jiù</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">就</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>only, just</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>liǎng-</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">两</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>two</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>māma</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">妈妈</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>momma, mom, mother</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>méi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">没</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>not, not to have</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>mèimei</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">妹妹</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>younger sister</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>mèiyou</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">没有</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>not to have, there is not</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-men</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">们</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>plural suffix</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>mǔqin</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">母亲</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>mother</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>nán-</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">男－</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>male</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>nánháizi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>男孩子</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>boy</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>nǐmen</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>you (plural)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>nǚ-</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">奴－</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>female</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>nǚháizi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>奴孩子</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>girl</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>tāmen</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他们</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>they, them</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>wàizǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>外祖父</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>maternal grandfather</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>wàizǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>外祖母</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>maternal grandmother</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>wǒmen</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我们</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>we, us</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>xiōngdì</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">兄弟</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>brothers</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiōngdì
jiěmèi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>兄弟姐妹</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>brothers and sisters</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>yǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>to have, there is</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zhǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">只</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>only</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">祖父</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>paternal grandfather</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">祖母</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>paternal grandmother</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíng
le</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">赢了</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I('ve) won</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Reference Notes</title>
<para/>
<section>
<title>Notes on №1</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>1.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu háizi
ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你们有孩子吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Do you have children?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu, wǒmen
yǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>有，我们有。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Yes, we have.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>The plural pronouns are formed by adding -men to the singular
pronouns</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="4">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry namest="c1" nameend="c2"><emphasis role="bold"
>singular</emphasis></entry>
<entry namest="c3" nameend="c4"><emphasis role="bold"
>plural</emphasis></entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>wǒmen</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>we</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>you</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>nǐmen</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>you</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>tā</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>he/she</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>tāmen</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>they</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>(You have already seen these pronoun forms used as possessives: "my,"
"our," etc. Later you will find that they are also used as objects: "me,"
"us," etc.)</para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Háizi</foreignphrase>: Chinese
nouns have the same form for singular and plural.</para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Háizi</foreignphrase> may be
either "child" or "children."<footnote>
<para>A few nouns referring to people may be made explicitly plural by
adding -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>men</foreignphrase> . <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Háizimen</foreignphrase> can only be ''children"</para>
</footnote>Usually the context will make clear whether a noun should be
translated as singular or as plural, but not always. Chinese does not
require that the matter be pinned down to the same extent that English
does.</para>
<para>
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu háizi</foreignphrase> is
a perfectly good sentence, even though the only accurate translation is the
clumsy "We have one or more children." We would prefer to have enough
information to translate it either as "We have a child" or as "We have
children." </para>
<para>At times this ambiguity is an advantage. When you ask <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu háizi ma?</foreignphrase> you do
not, after all, know whether you are referring to one child or to more than
one child. To cover both bets in the same way in English, we have to say "Do
you have any children?"</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №2</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>2.</entry>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú xiānsheng
yǒu Měiguó péngyou ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>刘先生有美国朋友吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Does Mr <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Liú</foreignphrase> have any American friends?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā meíyǒu
Měiguó péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>他没有美国朋友。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He doesn't have any American friends.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǒu Yīngguó
péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>他有英国朋友。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He has English friends. (or an English friend)</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou</foreignphrase>: All the
verbs discussed so far form the negative with <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>, with the single exception
of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase>, "to have,"
which has the irregular negative form <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou</foreignphrase>.</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №3-4</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>3.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge
háizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你们有几个孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How many children do you have?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu sānge
háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我们有三个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>We have three children.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>4.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge
nánháizi, jǐge nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你们有几个男孩子，几个女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How many boys and how many girls do you have?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu
liǎngge nánháizi, yīge nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我们有两个男孩子，一个女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>We have two boys and one girl.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>In Peking speech,<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
jǐ-</foreignphrase>, "how many," is usually used only when the number
expected in an answer is about 10 or less. In many other parts of China,
speakers use jl- no matter how large a number is expected in the
answer.</para>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Counters</emphasis>: In Chinese, a noun cannot be
counted or specified (i.e., used with <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi-</foreignphrase> "which," <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèi-</foreignphrase>, "that," <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi-</foreignphrase>, "this") without the
addition of a bound word, a counter, to indicate the sort of thing being
specified or counted. English has a few such counters, as "head" in "how
many head of cattle" and "loaves" in " seven loaves of bread."</para>
<para>The counter used in a particular instance depends on the noun "being
specified or counted. Many nouns have special counters. You have already
learned the polite counter for persons, <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-wèi</foreignphrase>. Other special counters
refer in some way to the kind of thing the noun represents. The word for
"hotel," for instance, has a special counter <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-jiā</foreignphrase>, "house," used for
counting or specifying business establishments.</para>
<para>The general counter <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-ge</foreignphrase> is used with nouns that do not have special
counters. For example, there is no special counter for the word
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pùbù</foreignphrase>,
"waterfall," so you would say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge
pùbù</foreignphrase>, "one waterfall." You have already found the
general counter <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-ge</foreignphrase> in specifying expressions such as <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něige háizi</foreignphrase>, "which child,"
and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige
fàndiàn</foreignphrase>,"this hotel."</para>
<para>You may find that, in colloquial speech, nouns that have special counters
are sometimes used with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-ge</foreignphrase> anyway, but this tendency is looked down upon by
many speakers.</para>
<para>Here are the numbers 1 through 10 with the counter <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase>:</para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge liǎngge sānge sìge wǔge
liùge qíge báge jiǔge shíge</foreignphrase></para>
<para>The number 2 has a special form before a counter: l<foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">iǎng-</foreignphrase>. Notice that the words
for 1, 2, and 8 have Rising tones before <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase>, because <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase> is basically a
Falling-tone syllable. (See also Unit 5, notes on No. 9 and No. 10.)</para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nán- nǚ-</foreignphrase>: The
"bound words <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nán-</foreignphrase>
"male," and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚ-</foreignphrase>,
"female," are often used in compounds; for example, <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánpéngyou</foreignphrase>, "boyfriend," and
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚtóngzhì</foreignphrase>
"(woman) Comrade."</para>
<para>"<emphasis role="bold">And</emphasis>": In Chinese, a word for "and" is
not needed between parallel phrases like <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎngge nánháizi, yíge
nǚháizi</foreignphrase> "two boys, (and) one girl."</para>
<para>A pause is usual between the two phrases, but even the pause is sometimes
omitted.</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №5-7</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>5.</entry>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì nánháizi,
shì nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>是男孩子，是女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Are they boys or girls?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen dōu shì
nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>他们都是女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>All of them are girls.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>6.</entry>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú xiānsheng,
tàitai ne? tāmen yǒu jǐge háizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>胡先生，太太呢？他们有几个孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How about Mr. and Mrs. <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú</foreignphrase>? How many
children do they have?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen yǒu
liǎngge háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>他们有两个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>They have two children.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì nánháizi,
shì nǚháizi? </foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>是男孩子，是女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Are they boys or girls?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu shì
nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>都是女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Both of them are girls.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>7.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen háizi dōu
zài zhèli ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你们孩子都在这里吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Are all your children here?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, liǎngge zài
zhèli, yíge hái zài Měiguó.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>不，两个在这里，一个还在美国。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>No. Two are here, and one is still in America.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><emphasis role="bold">Shi
nánháizi, shi nǚháizi?</emphasis></foreignphrase> In Chinese, an
"or" question (i.e., a question asking which of two alternatives is true)
may be asked simply by stating the two alternatives with a pause between. In
this kind of question, the verb must appear in each alternative. (You will
learn other ways of making "or" questions in later modules.)</para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu</foreignphrase> may usually
be translated in a sentence as "all (of)," or, if it refers to only two
things, as both (of)." Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>dōu</foreignphrase> means "in all cases," "uniformly," "entirely,"
"completely." Since it is an adverb), it must be placed after the subject of
a sentence and before the verb (like the adverb <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase>, "also".)</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №8-9</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>8.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu
shénme rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你家里有什么人？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What people are (there) in your family?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu wǒ tàitai
gēn sānge háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>有我太太跟三个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>There's my wife and three children.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>9.</entry>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu
shénme rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你家里有什么人？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What people are (there) in your family?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù yǒu wǒ
fùqin, mǔqin.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>就有我父亲，母亲。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Just my father and mother.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>Literally, the phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ
jiāli</foreignphrase> means "in your home" (<foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiā</foreignphrase>, "home"; <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-li</foreignphrase>, "in"）. In this sentence
it is extended to mean "the people in your home, " that is, "your
family."</para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli - yǒu - shénme
rén?</foreignphrase> Phrase by phrase, this question is: "In your family
- there are - what people?,’ The word "family" can be taken to mean either
all your relatives or only those living in your household.</para>
<para>By itself, the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>yǒu</foreignphrase> means "to "be," "to exist." You have now seen it
translated two ways: </para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>as "have," with a personal subject: <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu sānge háizi</foreignphrase>
. "We have three children." </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>as "there is/are," in the so-called impersonal construction:
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
rén?</foreignphrase> "What people are (there) in your
family?"</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>In exchange 8, the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>yǒu</foreignphrase> in the answer is translated as "there's." Some
English speakers may find this translation too colloquial. The answer can
also be translated Just by listing the family members, with no verb in the
English, as was done in exchange 9« Chinese almost always keeps the verb in
the answer to a question, while English tends to leave it out.</para>
<para><emphasis role="bold">How to say "and":</emphasis> Chinese has several
words for "and." <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Gēn</foreignphrase> is the word for "and" when joining nouns or noun
phrases. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yě</foreignphrase> is the
word for "and" when Joining verbs, verb phrases, or whole sentences:</para>
<example>
<title>Example:</title>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng Lǐ, yě bú xìng
Lǔ. Wǒ xìng Lǚ.</foreignphrase></para>
<para>I'm not surnamed <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Lǐ</foreignphrase> and I'm not surnamed <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǔ</foreignphrase>. I'm surnamed
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǚ</foreignphrase>.</para>
</example>
<para>Chinese tends to use a word for "and" when the noun phrases being Joined
are not parallel and not to use one when the phrases are parallel:<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="3.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry namest="c1" nameend="c5" align="center"><emphasis
role="bold">Not parallel</emphasis></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Yǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒ
tàitai</foreignphrase></para>
<para>Possessor noun</para>
</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>gēn</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānge
háizi.</foreignphrase></para>
<para>number noun</para>
</entry>
<entry>There's my wife and 3 children.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry namest="c1" nameend="c5" align="center"><emphasis
role="bold">Parallel</emphasis></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Yǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎngge
nánháizi</foreignphrase></para>
<para>number noun</para>
</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>,</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge
nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></para>
<para>number noun</para>
</entry>
<entry>There are 2 boys and one girl.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para>While "and" is often omitted in Chinese, it may be added for emphasis
between nouns and between noun phrases just as in English.</para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù</foreignphrase>, "only,"
"Just," is an advert (like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>yě</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>dōu</foreignphrase>. The use of <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> to mean "only" is
probably mostly confined to the Peking dialect.<footnote>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù</foreignphrase> has
several other meanings, which will be presented to you as you
continue through this course.</para>
</footnote> Speakers from other parts of the country will not necessarily
use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> to mean
"only" or understand it as such. A more widely used and understood word for
"only" is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ</foreignphrase>.
Thus the answer in exchange 9 could also be: <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhǐ yǒu wǒ fùqin,
mǔqin.</foreignphrase></para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on additional vocabulary</title>
<para>Chinese is much more precise than English in its terms for family members.
There is not Just one word for "brother," or "sister" but words for "older
brother," "younger brother," "older sister," and "younger sister."<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><emphasis role="bold">older</emphasis></entry>
<entry><emphasis role="bold">younger</emphasis></entry>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>brother</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>gēge</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>dìdi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>brothers</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>xiōngdì</foreignphrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>sister</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>jiějie</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>mèimei</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>sisters</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>jiěmèi</foreignphrase></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para>When referring to both older and younger sisters, the term <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiěmèi</foreignphrase> is used. When
referring to both older and younger brothers, the term <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiōngdì</foreignphrase> is used. When
referring to sisters and brothers, the phrase <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiōngdì jiěmèi</foreignphrase> is
used.</para>
<para>Chinese also distinguishes between grandparents on the father's side of
the family and grandparents on the mother's side:<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><emphasis role="bold">father's
side</emphasis></entry>
<entry><emphasis role="bold">mother's
side</emphasis></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><emphasis role="bold">grandfather</emphasis></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>wàizǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><emphasis role="bold">grandmother</emphasis></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>wàizǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para>The syllable <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>wài-</foreignphrase> in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>wàizǔfù</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>wàizǔmǔ</foreignphrase> literally means "outer" or "outside."</para>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Drills</title>
<para/>
</section>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Unit 4</title>
<para/>
<section>
<title>Introduction</title>
<para/>
<section>
<title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Arrival and departure times,</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le</foreignphrase></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì … de</foreignphrase>
construction.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
<section>
<title>Material you will need</title>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>The C-l and P-l tapes» the Reference List and Reference Notes.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes» the Workbook.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The UD-1 tape.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>References</title>
<section>
<title>Reference List</title>
<para>in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase></para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>1.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren lái
ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你爱人来吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Is your wife coming?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>她来。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>She is coming.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>2.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren lái le
ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你爱人来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Has your wife come?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái le, tā lái
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>来了，她来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Yes, she has come.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>3.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren yě lái le
ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你爱人也来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Has your wife come too?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>她还没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>She hasn't come yet.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>4.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shénme shíhou
lái?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>她什么时候来？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>When is she coming?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā míngtiān
lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>她明天来。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>She is coming tomorrow.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>5.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou shénme
shíhou dào?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你朋友什么时候到？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>When is your friend arriving?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjīng dào
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>他已经到了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He has already arrived.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>6.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì shénme
shíhou dàode?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>她是什么时候到的？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>When did she arrive?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì zuótiān
dàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>她是昨天到的。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>She arrived Yesterday.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>7.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì yíge rén
láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你是一个人来的吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Did you come alone?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì, wǒ bú shì
yíge rén láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>不是，我不是一个人来的。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>No, I didn't come alone.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>8.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shénme shíhou
zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你什么时候走？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>When are you leaving?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān
zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我今天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm leaving today.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>9.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ něitiān
zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你哪天走？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What day are you leaving?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān
zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我今天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm leaving today.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Vocabulary</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>hòutiān</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">后天</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>the day after tomorrow</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>qiántiān</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">前天</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>the day before yesterday</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>tiāntiān</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">天天</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>every day</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>érzi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">二字</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>son</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>nǚér</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">女儿</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>daughter</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>dào</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">到</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>to arrive</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>érzi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">二字</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>son</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòutiān
(hòutian)</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">后天</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>the day after tomorrow</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīntiān
(jīntian)</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">今天</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>today</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lái</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">来</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>to come</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">了</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>combined le: new-situation and completion marker</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míngtiān
(mīngtian)</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">明天</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>tomorrow</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>něitiān</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪天</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>what day</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>nǚér</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">女儿</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>daughter</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiántiān
(qiántian)</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">前天</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>the day before Yesterday</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme
shíhou</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>什么时候</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>when</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì
de</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">十的</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>focus construction</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-tiān</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">天</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>day</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>tiāntiān</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">天天</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>every day</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge
rén</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>一个人</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>singly, alone</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐjīng
(yǐjing)</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">已经</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>already</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">走</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>to leave</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zuótiān</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">昨天</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Yesterday</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>jiéhūn</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">结婚</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>to get married, to be married</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi
jiéhūn</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>没结婚</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>not to be married</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>kěshi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">可是</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>but</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>xiǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">想</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>to think, to think that</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Reference Notes</title>
<section>
<title>Notes on №1</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>1.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren lái
ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你爱人来吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Is your wife coming?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>她来。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>She is coming.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>These sentences refer to future time, but <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> is not a future-tense
form. Strictly speaking, Chinese verbs do not have tenses. The same form of
the verb can be used in present, past, and future contexts.</para>
<para>We translated the sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
zài Táinán gōngzuò.</foreignphrase> as "He works in Tainan" assuming a
present context. But in a past context we could translate It as "He
<emphasis role="bold">worked</emphasis> in Tainan; and in a future
context we could translate it as "He <emphasis role="bold">will
work</emphasis> in Tainan." The verb form <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò</foreignphrase> does not tell you
what time is being talked about. You have to look elsewhere for that
information, perhaps to a time expression like "last year" or "now" or
"tomorrow," or to the conversational setting.</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №2</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>2.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren lái le
ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你爱人来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Has your wife come?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái le, tā lái
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>来了，她来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Yes, she has come.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Aspect</emphasis>: <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Le</foreignphrase> is an aspect marker.
Through the use of and other one-syllable markers (<foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de, zhe, ne, guo</foreignphrase>), the
Chinese language indicates whether the occurrence being talked about is
completed, ongoing, about to occur, or experienced for the first time.
Aspect markers may also be used to indicate whether the whole situation in
the sentence is a new, changed situation.</para>
<para>"<emphasis role="bold">Completion</emphasis>" and "new situation" are not
<emphasis role="bold">tenses</emphasis> but <emphasis role="bold"
>aspects</emphasis>. Aspect is a way of talking about events or
activities in relation to time. While tenses categorize action in terms of
features such as completeness and change. Aspect markers are very different
from tense markers because the same aspect may be used in past, present, and
future contexts. We may speak of an action that will be completed as of a
future time, for example, or of a situation that was new as of a past time.
English communicates these ideas to a certain extent through the use of many
different tenses for the verb (future perfect, simple past, etc,). Chinese
does this through the use of aspect markers and time words. The verbs
themselves do not change form.</para>
<para>Le is used in exchange 2 to indicate two aspects-completion and new
situation, (it is, however, often used to indicate only one aspect.)</para>
<para>Here, it indicates that the person has come, meaning that the action is
completed, and that the person is now here, a changed situation. When the
marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> refers
to both these aspects, we call it "combined <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>." Combined le can be
thought of as a telescoping of the completion le followed by a new-situation
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>:
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le le</foreignphrase> becomes
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>. In the
next two units, you will see the marker <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> used to Indicate each of
these aspects separately.</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №3</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>3.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren yě lái
le ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你爱人也来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Has your wife come too?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>她还没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>She hasn't come yet.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>Negative of combined <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le</foreignphrase>: Compare these affirmative and negative
forms:<informaltable frame="all">
<tgroup cols="6">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.5*" align="left"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="2.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><emphasis role="bold">affirmative</emphasis></entry>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lái</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry>is coming.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><emphasis role="bold">negative</emphasis></entry>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>bù</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lái</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry>isn't coming.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable><informaltable frame="all">
<tgroup cols="6">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.5*" align="left"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="2.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><emphasis role="bold">affirmative</emphasis></entry>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lái</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>has come (now).</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><emphasis role="bold">negative</emphasis></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>hái</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>méi(you)</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lái</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry>hasn't come (yet).</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para>Notice that the marker le does not appear in the negative answer in the
exchange.</para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái</foreignphrase>: The
negative of a sentence containing combined le_ will include the adverb
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase>, "yet," as
well as the negative <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>méi(you)</foreignphrase>. In English, the "yet" is frequently left
out.</para>
<para>Like other adverbs such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>yě</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>hái</foreignphrase> always precedes the verb, although not always
directly. Elements such as the negatives and <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> may come between an
adverb and a verb,</para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou</foreignphrase>, "not
have" is used to negate the aspect of completion; that is, to say that a
certain event did not take place. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Méiyou</foreignphrase> may be shortened to <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase>. Here are three possible
negative answers to the question.</para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le ma?</foreignphrase>
"Has he come?"<informaltable frame="all">
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>hái</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>méiyou</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He hasn't come yet.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>hái</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>méi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He hasn't come yet.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>hái</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>méiyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry>Not yet.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №4-5</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>4.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shénme
shíhou lái?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>她什么时候来？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>When is she coming?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā míngtiān
lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>她明天来。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>She is coming tomorrow.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>5.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou
shénme shíhou dào?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你朋友什么时候到？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>When is your friend arriving?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjīng dào
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>他已经到了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He has already arrived.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>Position of time words: Time phrases occupy the same position in a
sentence as adverbs such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>yě</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>hái</foreignphrase> between the subject and the verb.</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №6-7</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>6.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì shénme
shíhou dàode?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>她是什么时候到的？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>When did she arrive?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì zuótiān
dàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>她是昨天到的。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>She arrived Yesterday.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>7.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì yíge rén
láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你是一个人来的吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Did you come alone?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì, wǒ bú
shì yíge rén láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>不是，我不是一个人来的。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>No, I didn't come alone.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase>: <footnote>
<para>On occasion, a speaker may omit the <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> (which is why it
is written in parentheses in these notes).</para>
</footnote> This is another way to indicate the aspect of completion. The
aspect marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>
and the pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>(shì...de)</foreignphrase> perform different functions and convey
different meanings. This is how they are different:</para>
<para>The aspect marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le</foreignphrase> or its negative <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi (you)</foreignphrase> is used when the
center of interest is whether or not an action took place. For example, if
you do not know whether Mr. Sun came or not, you would ask:<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā léile
méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Did he come?</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para>and you would be answered either<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
láile.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He came.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para>or<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā méi
lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He didn't come.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para>In this question and answer, you use <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> or its negative
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi(you)</foreignphrase>
because the focus is on whether the action took place or not.</para>
<para>The purpose of the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>(shì)...de</foreignphrase> construction, on the other hand, is to focus
on additional information about a completed action; that is, the
construction is used when the center of interest is NOT whether or not a
certain action took place. </para>
<para>For example, once it has been established that Mr. Sun did in fact come,
the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase>
construction will probably be used for any additional questions and answers
about his coming. For example:<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
shénme shíhou láide?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>When did he come?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
zuótiān láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He came yesterday.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi yíge
rén láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Did he come alone?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi yíge
rén láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He came alone.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para>These questions and answers use the <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase> construction
because you already know that Mr. Sun came and now you are asking for
additional information about his visit. Many types of additional information
can be focus points for which the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>(shì)...de</foreignphrase> construction is used. </para>
<para>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi shénme shíhou
láide?</foreignphrase> the additional information is the time when
something happens. </para>
<para>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi yíge rén láide
ma?</foreignphrase> the information asked for is the manner in which
something takes place. </para>
<para>Other possible focus points are place, cause of action, goal of action,
and performer of action.</para>
<para>Now let's take a look at how <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>shì</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>de</foreignphrase> function separately in this construction. The verb
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>, coming
before the phrase which is the center of interest, serves as a signal that
what follows is emphasised. The verb "to "be" is often used in a similar way
in English to mark the center of interest:<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
zuótiān láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Was it yesterday that he came?</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para>Another way of showing the center of interest in English is by word
stress. Here is a comparison between focusing in Chinese with <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase> and focusing in
English with stress:<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Has he come?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Yes, he has.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
zuótiān láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Did he come YESTERDAY?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā shi
zuótiān láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Yes, YESTERDAY.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>
coming after the verb indicates completion. When the marker <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is not used in the
sentence, that sentence no longer describes a completed event. The marker
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> by itself
emphasizes something about the action.</para>
<para> Compare these sentences:<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
jīntiān lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>She is coming (later) today.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
jīntiān láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>She came (earlier) today.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para>For the time being, you will not use <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> without <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>.</para>
<para>The negative form of the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>(shì)...de</foreignphrase> construction is <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú shi...de</foreignphrase> . Compare this
with the negatives you have already learned:<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="8">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.5*"/>
<colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c7" colnum="7" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c8" colnum="8" colwidth="7.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>shi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zuótiān</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lái</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-de</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>It was YESTERDAY that he came.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>bú</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zuótiān</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lái</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-de</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>It wasn't YESTERDAY that he came.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable><informaltable>
<tgroup cols="8">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.5*"/>
<colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c7" colnum="7" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c8" colnum="8" colwidth="7.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lái</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He has come.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>hái</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>méi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry>He hasn't come.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable><informaltable>
<tgroup cols="8">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.5*"/>
<colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c7" colnum="7" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c8" colnum="8" colwidth="7.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>míngtiān</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry>He is coming tomorrow.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>míngtiān</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>bù</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry>He isn't coming tomorrow.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para>Notice that in a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>(shì)...de</foreignphrase> construction the negative <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú</foreignphrase> precedes the verb
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> rather
than the main verb. Short answers are also formed with <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> rather than with the main verb:<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi yíge
rén láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Did you come alone?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, wǒ shì
yíge rén láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Yes, I came alone.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Búshì, wǒ
bú shi yíge rén láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>No, I didn't come alone.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para>The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase>
construction is not used in every completed-action sentence containing a
time, place, or manner phrase. If the center of interest is still whether or
not the action took place, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le</foreignphrase> is used. If, for example, you knew that someone was
expected to come yesterday and you wanted to find out only whether he
actually did come, the conversation might go as follows:<informaltable
frame="none">
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
méi lái ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Didn't he COME yesterday?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
lái le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He DID COME yesterday.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para>Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge
rén</foreignphrase> means "one person." When the expression is used to
describe how someone does something, translate it as "alone"</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №8-9</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>8.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shénme
shíhou zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你什么时候走？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>When are you leaving?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān
zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我今天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm leaving today.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>9.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ něitiān
zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你哪天走？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What day are you leaving?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān
zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我今天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm leaving today.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>The word for "day" is the bound word <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tiān</foreignphrase>. To ask "what day"
(literally "which day"), the bound word <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi-</foreignphrase> "which," is combined
with the bound word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-tiān</foreignphrase>, "day": <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>něitiān</foreignphrase> (like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>něiguó</foreignphrase>, "which country").<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>něitiān?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>what day?/which day?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>qiántiān</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>day before yesterday</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zuótiān</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>yesterday</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>jīntiān</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>today</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>míngtiān</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>tomorrow</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>hòutiān</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>day after tomorrow</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para>Some speakers say the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-tiān</foreignphrase> in these words in the Neutral tone:
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>qiántian</foreignphrase>,<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zuótian</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>jīntian</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>míngtian</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>hòutian</foreignphrase>.</para>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Drills</title>
<para/>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Criterion test</title>
<para/>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Appendices</title>
<para/>
<section>
<title>Appendix </title>
<para/>
</section>
<section>
<title>Appendix </title>
<para/>
</section>
<section>
<title>Appendix </title>
<para/>
</section>
<section>
<title>Appendix </title>
<para/>
</section>
<section>
<title>Appendix </title>
<para/>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Unit 5</title>
<para/>
<section>
<title>Introduction</title>
<para/>
<section>
<title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Date and Place of birth.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Days of the week.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ages.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le</foreignphrase> for new situations.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
<section>
<title>Material you will need</title>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>The C-1 and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The 5D-1 tape.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>References</title>
<para/>
<section>
<title>Reference List</title>
<para/>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>1.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Andesen Fūren, nǐ
shì zài nǎr shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>安德森夫人，你是在哪儿生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Mrs. Andersen, where were you born?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì zài Dézhōu
shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我是在得州生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I was born in Texas.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>2.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen shì Xīngqīsì
dàode ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你们是星期四到的吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Did you arrive on Thursday?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì, wǒmen shì
Xīngqīwǔ dàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>不是，我们是星期五到的。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>No, we arrived on Friday.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>3.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen xīngqījǐ
zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你们星期几走？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What day of the week are you leaving?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen Xīngqītiān
zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我们星期天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>We are leaving on Sunday.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>4.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì něinián
shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你是哪年生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What year are you born?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Yī jiǔ sān
jiǔ nián shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我是一九三九年生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I was born in 1939.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>5.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì jǐyüè
shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你是几月生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What month were you born?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Qíyüè
shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我是七月生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I was born in July.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>6.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì jǐhào
shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你是几号生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What day of the month were you born?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Sìhào
shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我是四号生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I was born on the fourth.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>7.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duó dà
le?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你多大了？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How old are you?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ èr shi sì
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我二十四了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm 24.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>8.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duó dà
le?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你多大了？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How old are you?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ sān shi wǔ
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我三十五了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm 35.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>9.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen nǚháizi jǐsuì
le?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你们女孩子几岁了？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How old is your girl?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā básuì
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>她八岁了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>She's eight years old.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>10.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen nánháizi dōu
jǐsuì le?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你们男孩子都几岁了？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How old are your boys?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge jiǔsuì le,
yíge liùsuì le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>一个九岁了， 一个六岁了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>One is nine, and one is six.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Vocabulary</title>
<para/>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duó
dà</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">多大</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>how old</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòunián
(hòunian)</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">后年</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>the year after next</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>jǐhào</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">几号</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>what day of the month?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīnnián
(jīnnian)</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">今年</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>this year</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>jǐsuì</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">几岁</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>how old</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>jǐyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">几月</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>what month</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míngnián
(míngnian)</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">明年</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>next year</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>něinián</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>哪年？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>which year</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niánnián
(niánnian)</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">年年</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>every year</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiánnián
(qiánnian)</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">前年</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>the year before last</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǜnián
(qǜnian)</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">去年</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>last year</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shàngge
yüè</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>上个月</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>last month</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>shēng</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">生</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>to be born</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-suì</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">岁</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>year (of age)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàge
yüè</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>下个月</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>next month</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Xīngqīèr</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>星期二</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Tuesday</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>xīngqījǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>星期几</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>what day of the week</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Xīngqīliù</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>星期六</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Saturday</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Xīngqīsān</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>星期三</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Wednesday</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Xīngqīsì</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>星期四</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Thursday</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Xīngqītiān</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>星期日，星期天</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Sunday</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Xīngqīwǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>星期五</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Friday</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Xīngqīyī</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>星期一</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Monday</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zheìge
yüè</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>这个月</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>this month</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Reference Notes</title>
<para/>
<section>
<title>Notes on №1</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>1.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Andesen Fūren,
nǐ shì zài nǎr shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>安德森夫人，你是在哪儿生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Mrs. Andersen, where were you born?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì zài
Dézhōu shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我是在得州生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I was born in Texas.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì...de</foreignphrase>
construction is used to focus on place expressions as well as on time and
manner expressions.<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="6">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="4.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>shi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
Měiguó</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>shēng</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-de.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I was born in America. WHERE</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>shi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zuótiān</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>dào</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-de.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I arrived yesterday. WHEN</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>shi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge
rén</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lái</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-de.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I came alone. HOW</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №2-3</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>2.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen shì
Xīngqīsì dàode ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你们是星期四到的吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Did you arrive on Thursday?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì, wǒmen
shì Xīngqīwǔ dàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>不是，我们是星期五到的。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>No, we arrived on Friday.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>3.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen xīngqījǐ
zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你们星期几走？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What day of the week are you leaving?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
Xīngqītiān zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我们星期天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>We are leaving on Sunday.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Days of the week:</emphasis></para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>xīngqījǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What day of the week?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>xīngqīyī</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Monday</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>xīngqīèr</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Tuesday</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>xīngqīsàn</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Wednesday</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>xīngqīsì</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Thursday</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>xingqīwǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Friday</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>xīngqīliù</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Saturday</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>xīngqītiān</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Sunday</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>Until now, you have always seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>jǐ</foreignphrase>, "how many," at the beginning of a word
(<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǐge háizi, jǐwèi xiānsheng,
jǐhào</foreignphrase>). In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>xīngqījǐ</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-jǐ</foreignphrase> is at the end of the word. In both places, occupies
the position of a number and acts like a number: <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīngqījǐ</foreignphrase>, "What number day of
the week?"</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №4</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>4.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì něinián
shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你是哪年生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What year are you born?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Yī jiǔ
sān jiǔ nián shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我是一九三九年生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I was born in 1939.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>The word for "year," -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>nián</foreignphrase> is a bound word (like the word for "day,"
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tiān</foreignphrase>). The
question word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>něinián</foreignphrase>, "which year," is formed with the bound word
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi</foreignphrase>
"which."</para>
<para>The year is given as a sequence of digits, so that 1972, <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yījiǔqīèrnián</foreignphrase> would literally
be "one-nine-seven-two year." In a sequence of digits, the word
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">èr-</foreignphrase> (not
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎng-</foreignphrase> is used
for 2, and the words for 1, T, and 8 keep their basic high tones. (See notes
on No. 10 for cases in which these tones change.)</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №5</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>5.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì jǐyüè
shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你是几月生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What month were you born?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Qíyüè
shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我是七月生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I was born in July.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Months:</emphasis></para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="4">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>jǐyüè?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What month?</entry>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>yíyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>January</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>qíyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>July</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>èryüè</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>February</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>báyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>August</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>sānyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>March</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>jiǔyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>September</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>sìyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>April</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>shíyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>October</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>wǔyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>May</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>shǐyīyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>November</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>liùyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>June</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>shíèryüè</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>December</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>Since the names of the months are formed with numbers, <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǐ-</foreignphrase> "how many," is the
appropriate question word to use for "what month." <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jǐ-</foreignphrase> is used in <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> to ask for a number
expected to be around 10 or 11. </para>
<para>Notice the tones on the words for 1, 7 and 8, which most Peking speakers
pronounce as Rising before Falling-tone words such as <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yüè</foreignphrase>. The syllable
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-yī-</foreignphrase> in the
word for "November," however, is usually pronounced with the High tone:
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíyīyüè</foreignphrase> (See
the notes on No, 10 for a summary of tone changes.)</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №6</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>6.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì jǐhào
shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你是几号生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What day of the month were you born?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Sìhào
shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我是四号生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I was born on the fourth.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>Days of the month are expressed by the number of the day followed by the
bound word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-haò</foreignphrase>.
You will remember that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-hào</foreignphrase> is also used in giving addresses. </para>
<para>In asking about days of the month, "how many," is used, even though the
question may be answered by a number as high as 31. The month and day of the
month may be given together. For example:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi jǐyüè
jǐhào shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What is your month and day of birth?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi bāyüè
jiǔhào shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I was born on August 9.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №7-8</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>7.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duó dà
le?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你多大了？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How old are you?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ èr shi sì
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我二十四了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm 24.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>8.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duó dà
le?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你多大了？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How old are you?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ sān shi wǔ
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我三十五了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm 35.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duō dà le?</foreignphrase>
"How old are you?" literally means "How big (in years of age) are you?" This
is a common way to ask a person's age. The question is appropriate for
asking the age of a child or a young adult, but the expression is not
considered polite enough for asking an older adult his age. (More formal
ways to ask a person's age will be introduced on the C-2, P-2, and drill
tapes.)</para>
<para> The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le</foreignphrase>_which ends these sentences calls attention to the fact
that something is true now that was not true before. <note>
<para>Ages may also be asked and given without using the new-situation
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le</foreignphrase>.</para>
</note>Le has only this new-situation meaning in these sentences. It has no
meaning of completion, since in fact, there is no completed event. </para>
<para>One way to reflect the new-situation <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> in the English translation
is to add the word "now": I'm 35 now." Essentially, however, "new situation"
(sometimes called change of state") is a Chinese grammatical category with
no simple English equivalent. </para>
<para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>
for new situations is always found at the end of a sentence and is sometimes
called "sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le</foreignphrase>."</para>
<para>Notice that neither answer contains a verb. The verb that has been left
out is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase> "to
have." The verb may not be left out in the negative: <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méiyou sānshiwǔ.</foreignphrase> "I’m not
35."</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №9</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>9.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen nǚháizi
jǐsuì le?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你们女孩子几岁了？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How old is your girl?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā básuì
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>她八岁了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>She's eight years old.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-suì</foreignphrase>: In the
traditional Chinese system of giving ages, a person is one -sui old at birth
and becomes another <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-suì</foreignphrase> old on the New Year's following his birth. A baby
born the day before New Year's would thus be two <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-suì</foreignphrase> old on the day after his
birth. Most Chinese, however, have now switched to the Western style of
computing age and use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-suì</foreignphrase> just as we use years old. </para>
<para>The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-suì</foreignphrase>
like the word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-hào</foreignphrase>, is a bound word shoving what kind of thing a number
is counting. </para>
<para>In a date or address you are listing a number and use <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">èr</foreignphrase> for 2, while in giving an
age you are counting an amount of something and use <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎng</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎngsuì</foreignphrase>, "two years
old."</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №10</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>10.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen nánháizi
dōu jǐsuì le?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你们男孩子都几岁了？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How old are your boys?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge jiǔsuì le,
yíge liùsuì le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>一个九岁了， 一个六岁了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>One is nine, and one is six.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase> is
used when "both" or "all" would probably not be used in English, namely,
when expecting different information about each of the things (or persons)
being discussed. "All" tends to be collective, asking or telling about
something the members of a group have in common. <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu</foreignphrase> can be distributive,
asking or telling something about the members of a group as
individuals.</para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yí, qí, bá</foreignphrase>: In
the spoken language of Peking, the basic High tones of <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qī</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bā</foreignphrase> usually change to Rising
tones before Falling-tone words (such as <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-hào</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yüè</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-suì</foreignphrase>). This change is most
common when the complete number given has only one digit. When there are two
or more digits, the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>qī</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>bā</foreignphrase> of numbers ending in 7 and 8 are more likely to have
Rising tones than the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>yī</foreignphrase> of numbers ending in 1 (which is usually in the High
tone). </para>
<para>Compare:<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>shíqíhào</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>the 17th</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>shíyīyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>November</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para>In all cases, the High tone is more likely to be kept in rapid speech. You
may also encounter speakers who never make changes in the tones of
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase>,
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qī</foreignphrase> and
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bā</foreignphrase>.</para>
<para>Remember that, in the digit-by-digit form of giving the year, the numbers
1, 7, and 8 keep their basic High tones: <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yījiǔbāliùnián</foreignphrase> 1986.</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on additional required vocabulary</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="6">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>Days</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>qiántiān</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><emphasis
role="bold"
>zuótiān</emphasis></foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>jīntiān</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>mīngtiān</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>hòutiān</foreignphrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Years</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>qiánnián</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><emphasis
role="bold"
>qǜnián</emphasis></foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>jīnnián</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>míngnián</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>hòunián</foreignphrase></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>In the Chinese system of expressing relative time in terms of days and
years, only one pair of terms is not parallel: <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuótiān</foreignphrase> "yesterday," and
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǜnián</foreignphrase> "last
year."</para>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Drills</title>
<para/>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Criterion test</title>
<para/>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Appendices</title>
<para/>
<section>
<title>Appendix </title>
<para/>
</section>
<section>
<title>Appendix </title>
<para/>
</section>
<section>
<title>Appendix </title>
<para/>
</section>
<section>
<title>Appendix </title>
<para/>
</section>
<section>
<title>Appendix </title>
<para/>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Unit 6</title>
<para/>
<section>
<title>Introduction</title>
<para/>
<section>
<title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Duration phrases</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le</foreignphrase> for completion. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The "double <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le</foreignphrase>" construction. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-guo</foreignphrase>. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Action verbs.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>State verbs.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
<section>
<title>Material you will need</title>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes. </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The 6D-1 tape.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>References</title>
<para/>
<section>
<title>Reference List</title>
<para/>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>1.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù duó
jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How long are you staying?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù
yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我住一年。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm staying one year.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>2.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zhù duó
jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你太太住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How long is your wife staying?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ta zhù
liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>她住两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>She is staying two days.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>3.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài
Xiānggǎng zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你太太在香港住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How long is your wife staying in Hong Kong?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng tā zhù
liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我想她住两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I think she is staying two days.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>4.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng zhù duò
jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你想住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How long are you thinking of staying?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng zhù
yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我想住一年。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm thinking of staying one year.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>5.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng zài Táiwān
zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你想在台湾住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How long are you thinking of staying in Taiwan?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng zhù báge
yüè.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我想住八个月。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm thinking of staying eight months.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>6.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou xiǎng
zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你朋友想住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How long is your friend thinking of staying?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiǎng zhù
liǎngge xīngqī.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>他想住两个星期。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He is thinking of staying two weeks.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>7.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ láile duó jiǔ
le?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你来了多久了？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How long have you been there?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ láile sāntiān
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我来了三天了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I have been here three days.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>8.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài
Xiānggǎng zhùle duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你太太在香港住了多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How long did your wife stay in Hong Kong?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhùle
liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>她住了两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>She stayed two days.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>9.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>他来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Did he come?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái le, tā lái
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>来了，他来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Yes, he came.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>10.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>他来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Did he come?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi lái, tā méi
lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>没来， 他没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>No, he didn't come.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>11.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián láiguo
ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你从前来过吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Have you ever been here before?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ cóngqián méi
láiguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我从前没来过。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I have never been here before.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Vocabulary</title>
<para/>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>qù</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">去</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>to go</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niǔ
Yüē</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">纽约</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>New York</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>cóngqián</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">从前</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>before</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duó
jiǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">多久</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>how long</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-guo</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">—过</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>experiential marker</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>xiǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">想</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>to think that, to want to, would you like to</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Xiānggǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">香港</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Hong Kong</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>xīngqī</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">星期</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>week</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù
</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">住</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>to live somewhere</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Reference Notes</title>
<para/>
<section>
<title>Notes on №1</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>1.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù duó
jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How long are you staying?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù
yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我住一年。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm staying one year.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>Expressions like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duó
jiǔ</foreignphrase>, "how long," and <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìnián</foreignphrase> "one year," called
duration phrases, come after the verb. <note>
<para>"One day" is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>yìtiān</foreignphrase>. The tone on <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase> changes to Falling
before a High-tone.</para>
</note>Notice the contrast with time-when phrases, like <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme shíhou,</foreignphrase> "when," and
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīnnián</foreignphrase> "this
year," which come before the verb.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>If a duration phrase is used with the verb <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase>, this phrase preempts the
position after the verb; and any place phrase, like <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài Běijīng</foreignphrase>, must come before
the verb.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yìnián</foreignphrase>: In
telling how many years (giving an amount) no counter is used. The tone on
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase>, "one,"
changes to Falling before a Rising tone.</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №2</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>2.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zhù
duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你太太住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How long is your wife staying?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ta zhù
liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>她住两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>She is staying two days.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liǎngtiān</foreignphrase>:
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tiān</foreignphrase>, "day,"
like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-nián</foreignphrase>,
"year," is used without a counter. When telling how many of something, the
number 2 takes the form <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>liǎng</foreignphrase>. (See Unit 3, notes on Nos. 3-4.)</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №3-4</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>3.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài
Xiānggǎng zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你太太在香港住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How long is your wife staying in Hong Kong?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng tā zhù
liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我想她住两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I think she is staying two days.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>4.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng zhù
duò jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你想住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How long are you thinking of staying?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng zhù
yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我想住一年。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm thinking of staying one year.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase>,
"to think that," "to want to," "would like to," may be used as a main verb
or as an auxiliary verb. As a main verb it means "to think that." It is used
this way in the answer of exchange 3 and in the following examples. <informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>I think he is coming tomorrow. </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>I think he is not going. </entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para>When <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase> is
used as a main verb meaning "to think that," it is not made negative. This
may be a special problem for English speakers who are used to saying "I
don't think he is going." </para>
<para>In Chinese, it is: "I think he is <emphasis role="bold">not
going</emphasis>" <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng tā
bú qù.</foreignphrase></para>
<para>When <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase> is
used as an auxiliary verb, it means, "to want to," "would like to." It is
used this way in exchange 4, which could also be translated as, "How long
would you like to stay?" </para>
<para>Here are other examples: <informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng
zǒu ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Would you like to leave? OR Do you want to
go?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù xiǎng
zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I don't want to leave. </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng
zài Táiběi gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>
<para>Do you want to work in Taipei?</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №5-6</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>5.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng zài
Táiwān zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你想在台湾住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How long are you thinking of staying in Taiwan?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng zhù
báge yüè.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我想住八个月。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm thinking of staying eight months.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>6.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou
xiǎng zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你朋友想住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How long is your friend thinking of staying?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiǎng zhù
liǎngge xīngqī.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>他想住两个星期。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He is thinking of staying two weeks.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>You already know that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>yìnián</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>yìtiān</foreignphrase> are used without counters. The words for "month"
and "week," however, are used with counters.</para>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Compare</emphasis>:<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>sāntiān</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>3 days</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>sānnián</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>3 years</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānge
xīngqī</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>3 weeks</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānge
yüè</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>3 months</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №7</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>7.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ láile duó
jiǔ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你来了多久了？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How long have you been there?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ láile
sāntiān le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我来了三天了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I have been here three days.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le...le</foreignphrase>, "up
until now," "so far": The use of completed-action le after the verb and of
new-situation <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>
after the duration phrase tells you how long the activity has been going on
and that it is still going on. The answer could also have been translated "I
have been here three days so far." This pattern is sometimes called "double
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>." </para>
<para>Notice that when <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le</foreignphrase> is in the middle of a sentence (in this case,
because it is followed by a duration phrase), we write it attached to the
verb before it: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">láile duó jiǔ
le.</foreignphrase></para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №8</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>8.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài
Xiānggǎng zhùle duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你太太在香港住了多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How long did your wife stay in Hong Kong?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhùle
liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>她住了两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>She stayed two days.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Completion <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le</foreignphrase>:</emphasis> Here you see the marker le used to
indicate one aspect, completion. Compare a sentence with one le to a
sentence with two <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le</foreignphrase>'s: <informaltable frame="none">
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài nàr
zhùle sāntiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I stayed there three days.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài nàr
zhùle sāntiān le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I have been here (stayed here) for three days now (so
far). </entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para>Completion <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> is
used with verbs that describe actions or processes, not with verbs that
describe a state or condition, or a continuing situation. The following
sentences, describing states or ongoing situations, have past-tense verbs in
English but no <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>
in Chinese. <informaltable frame="none">
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige
shíhou tāmen zhǐ yǒu liǎnge
háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>At that time they had only two children. </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qǜnián
bú zài Shànghǎi, zài
Běijīng.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry> He wasn't in <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>
last year; he was in <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>.
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Verb types in Chinese:</emphasis> In studying some
languages, it is important to learn whether a noun is masculine, feminine,
or neuter. In Chinese, it is important to learn whether a verb is an action,
state, or process verb. These three verb categories are meaning (semantic)
groups. A verb is a member of one group or another depending on the meaning
of the verb. For instance, "running" and "dancing" are actions; "being good"
and "being beautiful" are states; and "getting sick" and "melting" are
processes. In Chinese, grammatical rules are applied differently to each
semantic verb category. For the most part, you have learned only action and
state verbs in this course; so these comments will be confined to those two
verb categories. (See Unit 8 of this module for process verbs,)</para>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Action verbs:</emphasis> These are verbs which
describe physical and mental activities. The easiest to classify are verbs
of movement such as "walking," "running," and "riding", however, action
verbs also include verbs with not too much motion, such as "working" and
"writing," and verbs with no apparent motion, such as "studying." One test
for determining if a verb is an action is asking "What did he do?" "He
arrived," "He spoke," and ’"He listened" are answers which contain action
verbs. "He knew" "He wanted" and "He is here" are answers which contain
state verbs, not action verbs. Some of the action verbs you have learned
are: <informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>dào</foreignphrase> (to arrive)</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lái</foreignphrase> (to come)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>gōngzuò</foreignphrase> (to work)</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zhù</foreignphrase> (to live, to stay)</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para><emphasis role="bold">State verbs:</emphasis> These verbs describe
qualities, conditions, and states. All adjectival verbs, such as
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase> "to be
good," and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǔ</foreignphrase>,
"to be long (in time)," are state verbs. Emotions, such as "being happy" and
"being sad," are expressed with state verbs. "Knowing," "liking," "wanting,"
and "understanding," which may be called mental states, are also expressed
with state verbs. Also, all auxiliary verbs, such as <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase>, "to want to," "would
like to," are state verbs. Here are some of the state verbs: <informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>dà</foreignphrase> to be large</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>shì</foreignphrase> to be</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>duì</foreignphrase> to be correct</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>jiào</foreignphrase> to be called</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>xìng</foreignphrase> to be surnamed</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zài</foreignphrase> to be at</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>xiǎng</foreignphrase> to want to</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zhīdào</foreignphrase> to know</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Aspect and verb types:</emphasis> Not every aspect
marker in Chinese may be used with all typs8 of verbs. Completion
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> does not
occur with state verbs. It does occur with action verbs.<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry morerows="2" valign="middle" align="center"
>ACTION</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjīng
dào le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He has already arrived.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
gōngzuòle yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He worked one year.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Did he come?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry namest="c1" nameend="c3"/>
</row>
<row>
<entry morerows="2" valign="middle" align="center"
>STATE</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qǜnián
bú zài zhèr.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He wasn't here last year.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
xiǎng qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Yesterday he wanted to go.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
bú zhīdào.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He didn't know yesterday.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №9-10</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>9.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>他来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Did he come?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái le, tā lái
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>来了，他来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Yes, he came.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>10.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>他来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Did he come?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi lái, tā méi
lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>没来， 他没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>No, he didn't come.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para/>
<para>Compare the two possible interpretations of the question <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le ma?</foreignphrase> and the answers
they receive:<informaltable frame="none">
<tgroup cols="6">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="4.0*"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry namest="c1" nameend="c6" align="center">Completion
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le</foreignphrase>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lái</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Did she come?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lái</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry>She came.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>méi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lái</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry>She didn't come.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable><informaltable>
<tgroup cols="7">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="newCol6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c6" colnum="7" colwidth="4.0*"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry namest="c1" nameend="c6" align="center">Combined
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le</foreignphrase></entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lái</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Has he come?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lái</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry>She has come. OR She's here.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>hái</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>méi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry>She hasn't come yet.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para>The first question, with completion <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>, asks only if the action
took place. The second question, with combined <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> asks both whether the
action has been completed and whether the resulting new situation still
exists.</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №11</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>11.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián
láiguo ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你从前来过吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Have you ever been here before?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ cóngqián méi
láiguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我从前没来过。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I have never been here before.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>The aspect marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-guo</foreignphrase> means literally "to pass over," "to cross over.
The implication is that an event took place and then ceased at some time in
the past.</para>
<para>It may help you to conceptualize <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-guo</foreignphrase> in terms of a bridge. The whole bridge is the
event. The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-guo</foreignphrase> stresses the fact that not only have you crossed
over the bridge but at present you are no longer standing on it. </para>
<para>The meaning of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-guo</foreignphrase> changes slightly depending on what type of verb it
is used with: action or process, (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-guo</foreignphrase> may not be used with state verbs.) With an action
verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> means
that the action took place and then ceased at some time before the present.
With a process verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-guo</foreignphrase> means that the process took place and that the
state which resulted from the process ended at some time before the present. </para>
<para>Remember that aspect markers like <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> are used only when the
speaker feels it necessary to stress some feature or aspect of an event. Le
is used to stress finishing, or completion, <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> is used to stress that a
situation occurred in the past and was "over or "undone," before the time of
speaking (that is, the absence of that situation followed the situation). </para>
<para>Let's contrast <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-guo</foreignphrase> with completion <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>: both <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> express completion, but
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> stresses
that an action is no longer being performed, or that a state resulting from
a process no longer exists. </para>
<para>For example, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái
le.</foreignphrase> means "He came," or "He has come," not indicating
whether or not he is still there. </para>
<para>But <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā láiguo</foreignphrase>
means "He came" with the specification that he is not there anymore –that
is, he came and left.</para>
<para>One of the uses of the aspect marker <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase>,is in sentences which
express experience or having experienced something at least once in the
past, that is, "to have had the experience of doing something." This is how
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> is used
in exchange 11. In a question, the marker <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> can he reflected by the
English word "ever," and in a negative statement by "never."<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="7">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c7" colnum="7" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>cóngqiān</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lái</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-guo</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Have you <emphasis role="bold">ever</emphasis> been
(come) here before?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>cóngqián</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>méi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lái</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-guo</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry>I have <emphasis role="bold">never</emphasis> been
(come) here before.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>cóngqián</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lái</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-guo</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry>I have been (come) here before</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para>The negative of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái
le.</foreignphrase> does not include a <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>, but the negative of
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā láiguo.</foreignphrase>
does have a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> .
The negative adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>méi</foreignphrase> is used to negate both completion <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
frame="none" pgwide="0">
<tgroup cols="4">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lái</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le.</foreignphrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>méi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lái</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable><informaltable frame="none" pgwide="0">
<tgroup cols="4">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lái</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-guo.</foreignphrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Ta</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>méi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lái</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-guo.</foreignphrase></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Drills</title>
<para/>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Criterion test</title>
<para/>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Appendices</title>
<para/>
<section>
<title>Appendix </title>
<para/>
</section>
<section>
<title>Appendix </title>
<para/>
</section>
<section>
<title>Appendix </title>
<para/>
</section>
<section>
<title>Appendix </title>
<para/>
</section>
<section>
<title>Appendix </title>
<para/>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Unit 7</title>
<para/>
<section>
<title>Introduction</title>
<para/>
<section>
<title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Topics Covered In This Unit</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Where someone works.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Where and what someone has studied.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>What languages someone can speak.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Auxiliary verbs.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>General objects.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
<section>
<title>Material you will need</title>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes,</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The TD-1 tape.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>References</title>
<para/>
<section>
<title>Reference List</title>
<para/>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>1.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn zài náli
gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>您在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Where do you work?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Měiguó
Guówùyàn gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我在美国国务院工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I work with the State Department.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>2.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn zài náli
gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>您在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Where do you work?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì
xüésheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我是学生。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm a student.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>3.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn lái zuò
shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>您来做什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What did you come here to do?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lái niàn
shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我来念书。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I came here to study.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>4.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Òu, wǒ yě shì
xüésheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>哦，我也是学生。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Oh, I'm a student too.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ niàn
shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>请问，你念什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>May I ask, what are you studying?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn
lìshǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我念历史。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm studying history.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>5.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kē xiānsheng, nǐ
niàn shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>可先生，你念什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What are you studying, Mr. Cook?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài zhèli xüé
zhōngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我在这里学中文。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm studying Chinese here.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>6.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ xüéguo
Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>请问，你学过英文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>May I ask, have you ever studied English?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Xüéguo</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>学过。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Yes.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>7.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ huì
shuō Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>请问，你会说英文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>May I ask, can you speak English?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ huì shuō
yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我会说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I can speak a little.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>8.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai yě huì
shuō Zhōngguó huà ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你太太也会说中国话吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Can your wife speak Chinese too?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú huì, tā bú huì
shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>不会，她不会说。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>No, she can't.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>9.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde Zhōngguó huà
hěn hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你的中国话很好。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Your Chinese is very good.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Náli, náli. wǒ jiù
shuō yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>哪里，哪里。我就说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Not at all, not at all. I can speak only a little.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>10.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì zài náli
xüéde?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你是在哪里学的？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Where did you study it?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì zài
Huáshèngdùn xüéde.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我是在华盛顿学的。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I studied it in Washington.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>11.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì zài dàxüé
xüéde Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你是在大学学的英文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Did you study English at college?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìde, wǒ shì zài
Táiwān Dàxüé xüéde Yīngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>是的，我是在台湾大学学的英文。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Yes, I studied English at Taiwan University.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Vocabulary</title>
<para/>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>jīngxüé</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">经学</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>classics</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Rìwén</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">日文</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Japanese language</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>wénxüé</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">文学</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>literature</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zhènzhixüé</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>政治学</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>political science</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>nán</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">难</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>to be difficult</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>róngyi</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">容易</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>to be easy</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xüéxí
(xüéxi)</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学习</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>to study, to learn</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>daxüé</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大学</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>university</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>huà</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">话</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>language, words</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>huàshèngdùn</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>华盛顿</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Washington</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>huì</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">会</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>to know how to, to can</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>jīngjixüé</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>经济学</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>economics</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lìshǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">历史</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>history</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó
Guówùyüàn</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>美国国务院</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>U.S. Department of State</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>nán</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">难</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>to be difficult</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn
(shū)</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">念书</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>to study</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Rìwén</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">日文</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Japanese language</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuō
(huà)</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">说话</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>to speak, to talk</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>xüé</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>to study</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xüéshēng
(xüésheng)</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学生</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>student</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xüéxí
(xüéxi)</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学习</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>to study, to learn (PRC)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>yìdiǎn</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一点</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>a little</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Yīngwén</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">英文</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>English</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zhènzhixüé</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>政治学</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>political science</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Zhōngwén</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">中文</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Chinese</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zuò</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">做</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>to do</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme
dìfang</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>什么地方</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>where, what place</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Reference Notes</title>
<para/>
<section>
<title>Notes on №1-2</title>
<informaltable frame="all">
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>1.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn zài náli
gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>您在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Where do you work?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Měiguó
Guówùyüàn gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我在美国国务院工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I work with the State Department.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>2.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn zài náli
gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>您在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Where do you work?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì
xüésheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我是学生。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm a student.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài Měiguó Guówùyüàn
gōngzuò</foreignphrase> means either "work at the State Department"
(i.e., at main State in Washington, D,C.) or "work in the organisation of
the State Department" (no matter where assigned). Here the expression is
translated loosely as "work with the State Department," meaning "in the
organization.</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №3-4</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>3.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn lái zuò
shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>您来做什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What did you come here to do?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lái niàn
shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我来念书。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I came here to study.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>4.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Òu, wǒ yě shì
xüésheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>哦，我也是学生。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Oh, I'm a student too.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ
niàn shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>请问，你念什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>May I ask, what are you studying?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn
lìshǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我念历史。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm studying history.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Purpose:</emphasis> When <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase>, "to come," is followed
by another verb, the second verb expresses the purpose of the subject's
coming. The "purpose of coming" may be emphasized by the <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì...de</foreignphrase> construction, with
the marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>
before the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lái</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none">
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì lái
nián shūde.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I came to study.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para> </para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niàn shū</foreignphrase>:
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niàn</foreignphrase> by itself
means "to read aloud." When followed by an object, the expression means "to
study." <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shū</foreignphrase> is
"book(s)," but <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn
shū</foreignphrase> simply means "to study." <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shū</foreignphrase> is used as a general
object, standing for whatever is being studied.</para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niàn lìshǐ</foreignphrase>: When
you are talking about studying a particular subject, <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn</foreignphrase> is followed by the name
of that subject rather than by the general object <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shū</foreignphrase>.</para>
<para>To have the meaning "to study," <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>niàn</foreignphrase> must be followed by either the general object
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shū</foreignphrase> or a
specific object such as the name of a subject.</para>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Verb types:</emphasis>
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuò</foreignphrase>, "to do," and
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn (shū)</foreignphrase>,
"to study," are action verbs. Both are made negative with bu when referring
to actions not yet finished Both may take completion <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>_or its negative
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase>.<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú niàn
shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He doesn't study.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā méi niàn
shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He didn't study.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjǐng
niàn shù le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He has already studied.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №5-6</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>5.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kē xiānsheng,
nǐ niàn shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>可先生，你念什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What are you studying, Mr. Cook?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài zhèli
xüé zhōngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我在这里学中文。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm studying Chinese here.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>6.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ
xüéguo Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>请问，你学过英文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>May I ask, have you ever studied English?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Xüéguo</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>学过。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Yes.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xüé</foreignphrase>, "to study"
（an action verb): You will recognize <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xüé</foreignphrase> from the word for
"student," <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>xüésheng</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Xüé</foreignphrase> may refer to acquiring either knowledge or a skill.
For example, you can <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>xüé</foreignphrase> history, economics, a language, piano， and tennis.
On the other hand, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>niàn</foreignphrase> is used for "study" in the sense of taking a
course or courses in a field of knowledge. <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niàn</foreignphrase> is not used for a
skill.</para>
<para>In some contexts, the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>xüé</foreignphrase> means "to learn." The following sentence may be
interpreted two ways, depending on the situation.<informaltable frame="none">
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry morerows="2" valign="middle"><foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Měiguó yǐjīng
xüéguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I learned it in America.(e.g., how to use
chopsticks)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center">OR</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<para>I studied it in America.</para>
<para>(e.g., the Chinese language)</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngwén</foreignphrase> is used
for either the Chinese spoken language or the written language， including
literature. In general, use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>xüé</foreignphrase> for "learning" to speak Chinese and <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn</foreignphrase> for "studying’ Chinese
literature.</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №7-8</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>7.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ huì
shuō Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>请问，你会说英文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>May I ask, can you speak English?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ huì shuō
yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我会说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I can speak a little.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>8.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai yě
huì shuō Zhōngguó huà ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你太太也会说中国话吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Can tour wife speak Chinese too?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú huì, tā bú
huì shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>不会，她不会说。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>No, she can't.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huì</foreignphrase>, "to know
how to," "can," is an auxiliary verb. It is used before the main verb to
express an attitude toward the action or to express the potential of action.
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎng</foreignphrase>, "to
want to," "would like to," is also an auxiliary verb. "Should," "must," and
"may" are other examples of auxiliary verbs. All auxiliary verbs in Chinese
are state verbs, which means that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>bù</foreignphrase> is always used to make them negative. Auxiliary
verbs never take the aspect marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le</foreignphrase> for completed action, regardless of whether you are
talking about past, present, or future.<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qǜnián
bú huì shuō Yīngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He couldn’t speak English last year.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para>When the marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le</foreignphrase> is used, it is the aspect marker for new situations.<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qǜnián
bú huì shuō Yīngwén, xiànzài huì
le,</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>
<para> Last year he couldn’t speak English, but now he
can.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ huì shuō
yìdiǎn</foreignphrase>, "工 can speak a little": The word <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìdiǎn</foreignphrase>, literally "a dot,"
functions as a noun. It is used in a sentence to mean "a little bit" where a
noun object, such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Yīngwén</foreignphrase>, "English," might be used.</para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yìdiǎn</foreignphrase> may not
be used directly after an auxiliary verb, which must be followed by another
verb.</para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuō</foreignphrase>, "to
speak," "to talk," is another example of a verb which must always have an
object. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuō</foreignphrase> must
be followed by either:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>the general object <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>huà</foreignphrase>, "words," in which case the meaning of
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuō
huà</foreignphrase> is simply "to speak," "to talk," as
in:<informaltable frame="none">
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
hái méi shuō huà.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He hasn't yet spoken.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para>OR</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>a specific object such as the name of a language.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú huì</foreignphrase>: The
short yes/no answer to a question containing the auxiliary verb
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> is formed
with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> rather
than with the main verb.</para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó huà</foreignphrase>:
This expression refers only to the spoken language, in contrast to
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngwén</foreignphrase>,
which refers to both the spoken and written language.</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №9</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>9.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde Zhōngguó
huà hěn hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你的中国话很好。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Your Chinese is very good.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Náli, náli. wǒ
jiù shuō yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>哪里，哪里。我就说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Not at all, not at all. I can speak only a
little.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náli</foreignphrase>
means "where." As a reply to a compliment, we have translated <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náli</foreignphrase> as "not at all." In
China, it has traditionally been considered proper and a matter of course to
deny any compliment received, no matter how much truth there is to it. Many
people still regard <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>xièxie</foreignphrase> "thank you," as an immodest reply to a
compliment, since that would amount to agreeing that the compliment was
completely correct.</para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù</foreignphrase>, "only": As
was noted in Unit 3, notes on Nos. 8-9, <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> meaning "only" is not as
widely understood as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zhǐ</foreignphrase>. The last sentence in exchange 9 could Just as well
be <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhǐ huì shuō
yìdiǎn</foreignphrase>.</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №10-11</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>11.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì zài
dàxüé xüéde Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你是在大学学的英文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Did you study English at college?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìde, wǒ shì
zài Táiwān Dàxüé xüéde Yīngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>是的，我是在台湾大学学的英文。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Yes, I studied English at Taiwan University.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>In the Peking dialect of Standard Chinese, which is the model for
grammatical patterns presented in this course, the <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de</foreignphrase> of a <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì...de</foreignphrase> construction comes
between the verb and its object. The object, therefore, is outside the
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì...de</foreignphrase>
construction. Compare "I studied here" with "I studied English here":</para>
<para>However, you may hear some Standard Chinese speakers who place the object
inside the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>shì...de</foreignphrase> construction.<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="6">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>shì</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
zhèr</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>xüé</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-de.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>shì</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
zhèr</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>xüé</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>-de</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Yīngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Drills</title>
<para/>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Criterion test</title>
<para/>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Appendices</title>
<para/>
<section>
<title>Appendix </title>
<para/>
</section>
<section>
<title>Appendix </title>
<para/>
</section>
<section>
<title>Appendix </title>
<para/>
</section>
<section>
<title>Appendix </title>
<para/>
</section>
<section>
<title>Appendix </title>
<para/>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Unit 8</title>
<para/>
<section>
<title>Introduction</title>
<para/>
<section>
<title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>More on duration phrases.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le</foreignphrase> for new situations in negative sentences.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Military titles and 'branches of service,</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>ne</foreignphrase>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Process verbs.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
<section>
<title>Material you will need</title>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The 8D-1 tape.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>References</title>
<para/>
<section>
<title>Reference List</title>
<para/>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>1.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jīntiān hái yǒu
kè ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你今天还有课吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Do you have any more classes today?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiyou kè
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>没有课了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I don't have any more classes.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>2.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián niàn
Yīngwén niànle duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你从前念英文念了多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How long did you study English?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn Yīngwén
niànle liǔnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我念英文念了六年。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I studied English for six years.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>3.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiànzài niàn
shénme ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你现在念什么呢？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What are you studying now?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn Fàwén
ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我念法文</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm studying French.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>4.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ niàn Fàwén
niànle duó jiǔ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你念法文念了多久了？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How long have you studying French?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niànle yìnián
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我念了一年了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I've have been studying it for one year.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>5.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ huì xiě Zhōngguo
zì ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你会写中国字吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Can you write Chinese characters?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huì
yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>会一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I can a little.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>6.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǜnián wǒ hái bú
huì xiě.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>去年我还不会写。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Last year, I couldn't write them.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài wǒ huì xiě
yìdiǎn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>现在我会写一点了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Now, I can write a little.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>7.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ fùqin shi jǖnrén
ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你父亲是军人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Is your father a military man?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā shi hǎijǖn
jǖnguān.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>是，他是海军陆军。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Yes, he is a naval officer.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>8.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān bù lái
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我今天不来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm not coming today.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bìng
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我病了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm sick.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>9.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo le
méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>今天好了没有？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Are you better today? (Are you recovered?)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>今天好了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Today I'm better.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Vocabulary</title>
<para/>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>kōngjǖn</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">空军</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Air Force</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lùjǖn</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">陆军</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>army</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>shìbīng</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">事兵</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>enlisted man</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò
shì</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">做事</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>to work</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Déwén</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">德文</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>German language</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>bìng</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">病</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>to become ill</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Déwén</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">德文</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>German language</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Fàwén</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">法文</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>French language</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>hǎijǖn</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">海军</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>navy</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>jǖnguān</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">陆军</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>military officer</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>jǖnrén</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">军人</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>military person</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>kè</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">课</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>class</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>xiě</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">写</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>to write</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zì</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">字</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>character</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Reference Notes</title>
<para/>
<section>
<title>Notes on №1</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>1.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jīntiān hái
yǒu kè ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你今天还有课吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Do you have any more classes today?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiyou kè
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>没有课了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I don't have any more classes.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái</foreignphrase>,
"additionally," "also": You have already learned the word <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase> used as an adverb meaning
"still." In this exchange you learn a second way to use <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase>.<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái
xiǎng zǒu ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Do you still want to leave?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái yào
xüé shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What else do you want to study?</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou...le</foreignphrase>: You
will remember that in the negative of a completed action, <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou</foreignphrase> replaces the
completion marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le</foreignphrase> is never used together with it.<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lái</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He came.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>méi(you)</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry>He did not come.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para>In the sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou kè
le</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le</foreignphrase> is a new-situation marker, and <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou</foreignphrase> is simply the negative
of the full verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>yǒu</foreignphrase>. (Remember that the verb <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase> is always made negative
with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase>, never
with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>.)<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c6" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry/>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
kè</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Now he has class. [Due to a change in the schedule,
he now has class at this time.]</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>méi-</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
kè</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He doesn't have any more classes.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>Bù...le/méiyou...le</foreignphrase>: When the marker <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> for new situations is used
with a negative verb, there are two possible meanings: </para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>one is that something that was supposed to happen is now not going
to happen.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> the other is that something that was happening is not happening
anymore. </para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>Thus the following sentence is ambiguous:<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bù lái
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>
<para>He is not coining now. [Either he was expected to
come but changed his mind, or he used to come at
this time but now has stopped.]</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para>In the context of a conversation, the meaning of the sentence would become
clear. </para>
<para>Here are more-examples with the "anymore" meaning:<informaltable
frame="none">
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú niàn
shū le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He is not going to study anymore.[He will no longer
attend college.]</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú shi
wǒde péngyou le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He is not my friend anymore.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>There is no more.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №2</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>2.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián
niàn Yīngwén niànle duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你从前念英文念了多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How long did you study English?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn Yīngwén
niànle liǔnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我念英文念了六年。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I studied English for six years.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>More on duration: In Unit 6 of this module, you learned to express
duration in a sentence with no object (<foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Xiāngǎng zhùle liùge yüè
le.</foreignphrase> ). In this unit, you learn one way to express the
duration of an activity which involves using both a verb and an object (e.g.
, "studying economics"). In such cases, the verb appears twice in the
sentence: first when the object is stated, and again when the duration is stated.<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā niàn
jīngjixüé, niánle yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He studied economics for one year.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xüé
Zhōngguo huà, xüéle sānge yüè
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>
<para>He has been studying Chinese for three
months.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para>Notice that aspect markers do not occur after the first verb in each
sentence, but only after the second verb and at the end of the second
sentence.</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №3</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>3.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiànzài niàn
shénme ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你现在念什么呢？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>What are you studying now?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn Fàwén
ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我念法文</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm studying French.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ne</foreignphrase> is an aspect
marker used to emphasize the fact that something is in progress. With action
verbs, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>
indicates that the action is going on.</para>
<para>With state verbs, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>ne</foreignphrase> shows that the state exists. With some process
verbs, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>
indicates that the process is going on. <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ne</foreignphrase> may not be used with
certain process verbs. (See also notes on No. 8, about verbs.)</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №4-5</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>4.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ niàn Fàwén
niànle duó jiǔ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你念法文念了多久了？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>How long have you studying French?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niànle
yìnián le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我念了一年了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I've have been studying it for one year.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>5.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ huì xiě
Zhōngguo zì ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你会写中国字吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Can you write Chinese characters?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huì
yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>会一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I can a little.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiě Zhōngguo zì</foreignphrase>:
The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě</foreignphrase>, "to
write" can occur with specific objects, such as <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguo zì</foreignphrase>, as well as with
the general object <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>zì</foreignphrase>. The combination <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě zì</foreignphrase>can mean either "to
write characters" or simply "to write."</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiǎng xüé
Zhōngguo zì.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He wants to learn to write Chinese characters.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo dìdi sìsuì
le, yǐjīng huì xiě zì le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Little younger brother is four years old and already can
write.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>In the reply <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì
yìdiǎn</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>huì</foreignphrase> is used as a main verb --not as an auxiliary verb,
as in the question. </para>
<para>As a main verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>huì</foreignphrase> means "to have the skill of," "to have the
knowledge of," "to know."<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ huì
Yīngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I know English.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №6</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>6.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǜnián wǒ hái
bú huì xiě.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>去年我还不会写。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Last year, I couldn't write them.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài wǒ huì
xiě yìdiǎn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>现在我会写一点了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Now, I can write a little.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qùnián wǒ hái bú huì
xiě.</foreignphrase>: Notice that here it is the auxiliary verb
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase>, not the
verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě</foreignphrase>, that is
made negative. Auxiliary verbs such as <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase> are STATE verbs and so
are made negative with the prefix <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>bù</foreignphrase>, regardless of whether the context is past, present,
or future.</para>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài wǒ huì xiě yìdiǎn
le.</foreignphrase>: The marker used is <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> for new situations. It is
always placed at the end of a sentence.</para>
<para>The time word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>xiànzài</foreignphrase> comes at the beginning of the sentence here.
Most time words of more than one syllable may come either <emphasis
role="bold">before</emphasis> or <emphasis role="bold">after</emphasis>
the <emphasis role="bold">subject</emphasis>, but in either case <emphasis
role="bold"><emphasis role="underline">before the
verb</emphasis></emphasis>.</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №7-8</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>7.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ fùqin shi
jǖnrén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>你父亲是军人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Is your father a military man?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā shi
hǎijǖn jǖnguān.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>是，他是海军陆军。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Yes, he is a naval officer.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>8.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān bù
lái le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我今天不来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm not coming today.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bìng
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>我病了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>I'm sick.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìng</foreignphrase>,
"to get sick," "to become ill," is a process verb; that is the activity
described includes some changes in the situation. Process verbs tell of an
action which has caused a change from one state to another, as from whole to
broken ("to break") and from frozen to melted ("to melt"). <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bìng</foreignphrase> is typical of process
verbs: not only is an action described (coming down with an illness) but
also a resulting state (being ill). Because of this typical combination,
process verbs are sometimes thought of as combining the semantic
characteristics of action and state verbs.</para>
<para>One of the main purposes of talking about verbs in terms of action, state,
and process is to draw attention to the fact that the Chinese way of
expressing something may not correspond to the English. </para>
<para>For instance,</para>
<para>"I am sick" in Chinese is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
bìng le. </foreignphrase>("I have gotten sick"). For "I am not sick,"
you say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méi
bìng.</foreignphrase> ("I didn't get sick").</para>
<para>Process verbs are always made negative with m|i9 regardless of whether you
are referring to past, present, or future.<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bìng le
méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Are you sick?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou. Wǒ
méi bing.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>No. I'm not sick.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para>(State verbs are always made negative with <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>.)</para>
<para>Another reason for putting verbs into categories according to the type of
meaning is to discover how verbs behave in sentences. Knowing whether a verb
is in the action, state, or process category, you will know what aspect
markers and negatives may be used with that verb. In the following charts, a
check mark means that this combination of verb and aspect occurs in the language.<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.5*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry morerows="1" namest="c1" nameend="c2"/>
<entry namest="c3" nameend="c5" align="center">Aspect
Markers</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Completion <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Combined <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>New-situation</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry morerows="2" valign="middle">Verbs</entry>
<entry>Action</entry>
<entry align="center">X</entry>
<entry>X</entry>
<entry>X</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>State</entry>
<entry/>
<entry/>
<entry>X</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Process</entry>
<entry>X</entry>
<entry>X</entry>
<entry>X</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Examples:</emphasis><footnote>
<para>Most of the time you can figure out from a verb's meaning the
semantic category in which that verb belongs. However, process verbs
may not be so predictable.</para>
</footnote><informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry morerows="2" align="center" valign="middle"
>Action</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
gōngzuò le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He worked yesterday. (completion Le)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjīng
lái le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He has already come. (combined le)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gēge
xiànzài niàn dàxüé le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Older brother goes to college now. (new-situation le)<footnote>
<para>In affirmative sentences containing action
verbs, the marker le for new situations is used to
describe a change in a general habit.</para>
</footnote></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="middle">State</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiànzài
huì xiě zì le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He can write now. (new-situation le)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry morerows="2" align="center" valign="middle"
>Process</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
bìng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He got sick yesterday. (completion le)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiànzài
bìng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He is sick.(combined le)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bìngle
yíge yüé le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He has been sick for one month now. (new-situation le
and completion le)</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="3.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry namest="c1" nameend="c2" morerows="1"/>
<entry namest="c3" nameend="c5" align="center">Verbs</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center">Action</entry>
<entry align="center">State</entry>
<entry align="center">Process</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry morerows="2" valign="middle">Negation</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>bù</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>X</entry>
<entry>X</entry>
<entry/>
</row>
<row>
<entry>—negation of completion <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>X</entry>
<entry/>
<entry>X</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>—negation of combined <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>X</entry>
<entry/>
<entry>X</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</para>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Examples: </emphasis><informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry morerows="2" valign="middle" align="center"
>Action</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú niàn
shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He doesn’t (isn't going to) study</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā méi niàn
shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He didn't study.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
niàn shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He hasn’t studied yet,</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center">State</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qǜnián
bù xiǎng niàn shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Last year, she didn't want to study.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" morerows="1" valign="middle"
>Process</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jīntiān
méi bìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He is not sick today.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He hasn't yet recovered.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para>Notice that only action verbs use the whole range of negatives to mark the
negative of future or present action, completed action, or new situations.
State verbs use the negative prefix <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> even when referring to
past states. Process verbs use the negative prefix <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> even when referring to
something in the present.</para>
<para>If you find a verb occurring with a negative or an aspect marker you had
not expected, you might discuss with your teacher how the verb behaves in
terms of these charts. You might discover that what you thought was a state
verb is actually a process verb, or vice versa.</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Notes on №9</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>9.</entry>
<entry>A:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo le
méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>今天好了没有？</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Are you better today? (Are you recovered?)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry/>
<entry>B:</entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
>今天好了。</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Today I'm better.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo le.</foreignphrase>:
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo</foreignphrase> is one of
many state verbs which can become process verbs. When such a verb becomes a
process verb, it takes on a different meaning. While the state verb
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase> means "to
be good" or "to be well," the process verb <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase> means "to get better,"
"to recover." Compare these sentences:<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>He's in good health.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
bìng le. Tā jīntiān yǐjīng hǎo
le.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Yesterday he became sick. Today he is already
recovered.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para>The difference between the state verb <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase> and the process verb
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase> is even
more evident in negative sentences. State verbs, as you remember, are made
negative only with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>bù</foreignphrase>. Process verbs are made negative only with
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> or
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái méi</foreignphrase>.<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bù
hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>
<para>He's not good. [He’s not a good person.]</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>
<para>He hasn't yet recovered. [He is still
sick.]</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
<para>It can be difficult to remember that <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìng</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase>, sometimes translated as
"<emphasis role="bold">to be sick</emphasis>" and "<emphasis role="bold"
>to be better</emphasis>," are actually process verbs in Chinese, not
state verbs.</para>
<para> The English sentence "I am better (recovered)" translates as
<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hǎo le.</foreignphrase> ("I
have become veil") and would be incorrect without the <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>.</para>
<para>J<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">īntiān hǎo le
méiyou?</foreignphrase> Questions may be formed from statements
containing completion <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
>le</foreignphrase> or combined <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> by adding <foreignphrase
xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou</foreignphrase> at the end of the
statements.</para>
<para> You will learn more about forming questions in the first unit of the next module.<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā láile
méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>Did he come?</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎole
méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
<entry>
<para> Are you recovered (from your illness)?</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable></para>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Drills</title>
<para/>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Criterion test</title>
<para/>
</section>
<?custom-pagebreak?>
<section>
<title>Appendices</title>
<para/>
<section>
<title>Appendix </title>
<para/>
</section>
<section>
<title>Appendix </title>
<para/>
</section>
<section>
<title>Appendix </title>
<para/>
</section>
<section>
<title>Appendix </title>
<para/>
</section>
<section>
<title>Appendix </title>
<para/>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</chapter>