INQUIRIES CONCERNING THE USE OF THESE MATERIALS, INCLUDING REQUESTS FOR COPIES, SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER NONRESIDENT INSTRUCTION DIVISION PRESIDIO OF MONTEREY, CA 93940 TOPICS IN THE AREAS OF POLITICS, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, MORES, ETC., WHICH MAY BE CONSIDERED AS CONTROVERSIAL FROM SOME POINTS OF VIEW ARE SOMETIMES INCLUDED IN THESE MATERIALS, SINCE STUDENTS MAY FIND THEMSELVES IN POSITIONS WHERE CLEAR UNDERSTANDING OF CONVERSA- TIONS OR WRITTEN MATERIALS OF THIS NATURE WILL BE ESSENTIAL. THE PRESENCE OF CONTROVERSIAL STATEMENTS—WHETHER REAL OR APPARENT—IN THESE MATERIALS IS NOT TO BE CONSTRUED AS REPRESENTING THE OPINIONS OF THE WRITERS, OF THE DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER, OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, OR OF ANY OF THE AGENCIES WHICH SUPPORTED THIS EFFORT. IN THIS PUBLICATION, THE WORDS “HE,” “HIM,” AND “HIS” DENOTE BOTH MASCULINE AND FEMININE GENDERS. THIS STATEMENT DOES NOT APPLY TO TRANSLATIONS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEXTS. STANDARD CHINESE A MODULAR APPROACH STUDENT TEXT MODULE 5: TRANSPORTATION MODULE 6: ARRANGING A MEETING AUGUST 1979 [iii] PREFACE Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach originated in an interagency conference held at the Foreign Service Institute in August 1973 to address the need generally felt in the U.S. Government language training community for improving and updating Chinese materials to reflect current usage in Běijīng and Taipei. The conference resolved to develop materials which were flexible enough in form and content to meet the requirements of a wide range of government agencies and academic institutions. A Project Board was established consisting of representatives of the Central Intelligence Agency Language Learning Center, the Defense Language Institute, the State Department’s Foreign Service Institute, the Cryptologic School of the National Security Agency, and the U.S. Office of Education, later joined by the Canadian Forces Foreign Language School. The representatives have included Arthur T. McNeill, John Hopkins, and John Boag (CIA); Colonel John F. Elder III, Joseph C. Hutchinson, Ivy Gibian, and Major Bernard Muller-Thym (DLI); James R. Frith and John B. Ratliff III (FSI); Kazuo Shitama (NSA); Richard T. Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE); and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozoriz (CFFLS). The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project in 1974 in space provided at the Foreign Service Institute. Each of the six U.S. and Canadian government agencies provided funds and other assistance. Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a planning council was formed consisting of Mr. Kok, Frances Li of the Defense Language Institute, Patricia O’Connor of the University of Texas, Earl M. Rickerson of the Language Learning Center, and James Wrenn of Brown University. In the fall of 1977, Lucille A. Barale was appointed deputy project coordinator. David W. Dellinger of the Language Learning Center and Charles R. Sheehan of the Foreign Service Institute also served on the planning council and contributed material to the project. The planning council drew up the original overall design for the materials and met regularly to review their development. Writers for the first half of the materials were John H. T. Harvey, Lucille A. Barale, and Roberta S. Barry, who worked in close cooperation with the planning council and with the Chinese staff of the Foreign Service Institute. Mr. Harvey developed the instructional formats of the comprehension and production self-study materials, and also designed the communication-based classroom activities and wrote the teacher’s guides. Lucille A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry wrote the tape scripts and the student text. By 1978 Thomas E. Madden and Susan C. Pola had joined the staff. Led by Ms. Barale, they worked as a team to produce the materials subsequent to Module 6. [iv] All Chinese language material was prepared or selected by Chuan O. Chao, Ying-chih Chen, Hsiao-Jung Chi, Eva Diao, Jan Hu, Tsung-mi Li, and Yunhui C. Yang, assisted for part of the time by Chieh-fang Ou Lee, Ying-ming Chen, and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang. Anna Affholder, Mei-li Chen, and Henry Khuo helped in the preparation of a preliminary corpus of dialogues. Administrative assistance was provided at various times by Vincent Basciano, Lisa A. Bowden, Jill W. Ellis, Donna Fong, Renee T. C. Liang, Thomas E. Madden, Susan C. Pola, and Kathleen Strype. The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M. Ramirez of the Foreign Service Institute Recording Studio. The Chinese script was voiced by Ms. Chao, Ms. Chen, Mr. Chen, Ms. Diao, Ms. Hu, Mr. Khuo, Mr. Li, and Ms. Yang. The English script was read by Ms. Barale, Ms. Barry, Mr. Basciano, Ms. Ellis, Ms. Pola, and Ms. Strype. The graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign Service Institute Audio-Visual staff, under the general supervision of Joseph A. Sadote, Chief of Audio-Visual. Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach was field-tested with the cooperation of Brown University; the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language Center; the Foreign Service Institute; the Language Learning Center; the United States Air Force Academy; the University of Illinois; and the University of Virginia. Colonel Samuel L. Stapleton and Colonel Thomas G. Foster, Commandants of the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language Center, authorized the DLIFLC support necessary for preparation of this edition of the course materials. This support included coordination, graphic arts, editing, typing, proofreading, printing, and materials necessary to carry out these tasks. James R. Frith, Chairman Chinese Core Curriculum Project Board [v] CONTENTS Preface........................................................ iii MODULE 5: TRANSPORTATION Objectives ................................................... 1 Map of Běijīng ............................................... 2 Map of Taipei ................................................ 3 Target Lists ................................................. 4 UNIT 1 Reference List ............................................. 12 Vocabulary ................................................. 14 Reference Notes ............................................ 15 Using buses “When” “First,” “last,” “next,” “previous” Duō, “to be many,” and shǎo, “to be few” Vocabulary Booster (Modes of Transportation) ............... 22 Drills ..................................................... 23 UNIT 2 Reference List ............................................. 30 Vocabulary ................................................. 31 Reference Notes ............................................ 32 The marker a and its variant ya The locational endings -shang and -li More on the marker ba The aspect marker ne “Then”: jiù, zài, cái Drills ..................................................... 38 UNIT 3 Reference List ............................................. 44 Vocabulary ................................................. 46 Reference Notes ............................................ 48 The prepositional verb bǎ Adverbs expressing manner Drills ..................................................... 51 UNIT 4 Reference List ............................................. 59 Vocabulary ................................................. 61 Reference Notes ............................................ 62 Choice questions with háíshi More on topics and comments Compound verbs of result Drills ..................................................... 67 UNIT 5 Reference List ............................................. 72 Vocabulary ................................................. 74 [vi] Reference Notes ............................................ 75 Distances Approximate numbers Ban, “one half” Drills ..................................................... 80 UNIT 6 Reference List ............................................. 87 Vocabulary ................................................. 89 Reference Notes ............................................ 91 More on verb reduplication (two-syllable verbs) Compound verbs of direction More on new-situation le Drills ..................................................... 96 UNIT 7 Reference List ............................................. 101 Vocabulary ................................................. 103 Reference Notes ............................................ 105 More on compound verbs of result “If” Vocabulary Booster (Animals) ............................... 110 Drills ..................................................... 111 UNIT 8 Reference List.............................................. 117 Vocabulary.................................................. 119 Reference Notes ............................................ 121 “Why” and “because” Time NOT spent “All,” “not all,” “all...not” “Again”: yòu, zài Drills ..................................................... 129 MODULE 6: ARRANGING A MEETING Objectives ................................................... 135 Target Lists ................................................. 136 UNIT 1 Reference List ..............................................144 Vocabulary ................................................. 146 Reference Notes ............................................ 147 Making an appointment Gēn for “and” and gēn for “with” Three words for “time’’ The prepositional verb duì, “to,” “towards,” “facing” Comparisons: “more than” More on compound verbs of result Drills ..................................................... 155 [vii] UNIT 2 Reference List ............................................. 161 Vocabulary ................................................. 163 Reference Notes ............................................ 161 Making phone calls The aspect marker zài for ongoing action “Whatever,” “whenever,” “whoever,” “wherever” Verbs and general objects Vocabulary Booster (Occupations) ........................... 171 Drills ..................................................... 173 UNIT 3 Reference List ............................................. 178 Vocabulary ................................................ 180 Reference Notes ............................................ 181 Extending an invitation “Not only...but also...” Comparisons: “equal to,” “alike” “Anyone,” “anything,” “anyplace,” “anytime” Comparison: compound verbs of result and manner adverbs “Furthermore” Drills ..................................................... 188 UNIT 4 Reference List ............................................. 191 Vocabulary ................................................ 196 Reference Notes ........................................... 197 Meeting people More on completion le The prepositional verb xiàng, “facing” Duō and shǎo as adverbs Vocabulary Booster (Opposites) ............................. 201 Drills ..................................................... 201 UNIT 5 Reference List ............................................. 208 Vocabulary ................................................. 210 Reference Notes ............................................ 212 Taking and leaving messages Changing an appointment The prepositional verb bǎ Gāng and gāngcái More on compound verbs of result Drills ..................................................... 220 UNIT 6 Reference List ............................................. 225 Vocabulary ................................................. 227 Reference Notes ............................................ 229 Invitation to lunch Comparisons: “less than” “even more” Comparison overview Sentence patterns: “although” and “both...and...” Drills ..................................................... 235 [viii] UNIT 7 Reference List ............................................. 241 Vocabulary ................................................. 243 Reference Notes ............................................ 244 Arranging an introduction Using word order to express “the” and “a” Objects of reduplicated verbs Three-part motion verbs Verbs for “remember” and “forget” Drills ..................................................... 253 UNIT 8 Reference List ............................................. 258 Vocabulary ................................................. 259 Reference Notes ............................................ 261 Declining invitations The prepositional verb tì, “in place of” More on compound verbs of result Comparison: néng, kéyi, huì Drills ..................................................... 266 [135] MODULE 6: ARRANGING A MEETING The Meeting Module (MTG) will provide you with the skills needed to arrange meetings or social gatherings, to greet people, to make introductions, and to accept or decline invitations in Chinese. Before starting this module, you must take and pass the TRN Criterion Test. The MTG Criterion Test will focus largely on this module, but material from ORN, BIO, MON, DIR, TRN, and associated resource modules is also included. OBJECTIVES Upon successful completion of this module, the student should be able to 1. Give the English equivalent for any Chinese sentence in the MTG Target Lists. 2. Say any Chinese sentence in the MTG Target Lists when cued with English equivalent. 3. Make and respond to introductions with appropriate polite questions and answers. 4. Make phone calls and leave messages. 5. Arrange a meeting (time and place) with someone by talking with him or his secretary either in person or by phone. 6. Request that the time of a meeting be changed. 7. Invite a person to lunch, deciding on the time and the restaurant. 8. Arrange a social gathering for a specific time of day, inviting guests to his home and encouraging them to accept the invitation. 9. Greet guests upon their arrival at his home. 10. Accept/decline a social/business invitation with the appropriate degree of politeness. [136] UNIT 1 TARGET LIST 喂, 你是朱科長嗎？ 1. Wèi，nǐ shi Zhū Kēzhǎng ma? Hello. Are you Section Chief Zhū? 是。您是哪位？ Shì. Nín shi něiwèi? Yes. Who is this, please? 我是威廉馬丁。 Wǒ shi Wēilián Mǎdīng. I’m William Martin. 哦, 馬丁先生, 好久不見。 Òu，Mǎdīng Xiānsheng，hǎo jiǔ Oh, Mr. Martin—I haven’t seen bú jiàn. you for a long time. 我有點兒事想跟您當面談談。 2. Wo yǒu diǎnr shì xiǎng gēn I have something I would like to nín dāngmiàn tántan. talk with you about in person. 您有功夫沒有？ 3. Nín yǒu gōngfu meiyou? Do you have any free time? 什麽時候對您合適？ 4. Shénme shíhou duì nín héshì? What time would suit you? 三點比兩點方便一點兒。因爲一會兒 出去，也許兩點回不來。 5. Sāndiǎn bǐ liǎngdiǎn fāngbian Three would be more convenient than yìdiǎnr. Yīnwei wǒ yìhuǐr two. Since I’m going out in a chūqu，yěxǔ liǎngdiǎn little while, I might not be able huíbulái. to get back by two. 那麽, 我三點鐘在樓下的會客室等您。 Nàme，wǒ sāndiǎn zhōng zài Well then, I’ll wait for you in the lóuxiàde huìkèshì děng nín. reception room downstairs at three o’clock. ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes) 6. huídelái 回得來 to be able to get back in time 7. kòng(r) 空(兒) free time, spare time 8. lóushàng 樓上 upstairs 9. shāngliang 商量 to discuss, to talk over 10. yǒu kòng(r) 有空(兒) to have free time [137] 喂, 美大司 1. Wèi，Mēidàsī. Hello. Department of American and Oceanic Affairs. 我是加拿大大使館的喬治達菲。我有 一件事想跟王科長講一講。 Wǒ shi Jiānádà Dàshiguǎnde I am George Duffy of the Canadian Qiáozhì Dáfēi. Wǒ yǒu yíjiàn Embassy. I have something I shì xiǎng gēn Wáng Kēzhǎng would like to discuss with Section jiǎng-yijiǎng. Chief Wáng. 王科長現在在開會。等她開完會我告訴告誦 她給你回電話。 2. Wáng Kēzhǎng xiànzài zài kāi huì. Section Chief Wáng is at a meeting Děng tā kāiwán huì wǒ gàosong now. When she is finished with the tā gěi ni huí diànhuà. meeting, I will tell her to return your call. 好，謝謝你。 3. Hǎo, xièxie ni. Fine. Thank you. 不謝 Bú xiè. Don’t mention it. 你打電話來的時候我沒時間跟你説話。 4. Nǐ dǎ diànhuà láide shíhou wǒ When you called here, I didn’t have méi shíjiān gēn ni shuō huà. time to speak with you. 沒關係 Méi guānxi. It doesn’t matter. 我給你打電話目的是想跟你當面談談。 5. Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi The reason I called you is that I shi xiǎng gēn ni dāngmiàn would like to talk with you in tántan. person. 你明天能不能到我這兒來？ Nǐ míngtiān něng bu néng dào Can you come over here tomorrow? wǒ zhěr lái? 可以。明天什麽時候都可以。 Kéyi. Míngtiān shénme shíhou Yes. Any time tomorrow would be dōu kéyi. fine. ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes) 6. guānxi 關係 relation, relationship, connection 7. jiǎng huà 講話 to speak, to talk; a speech 8. lǐngshiguǎn 領事館 consulate 9. shìqing (yíjiàn) 事情 (一件) matter, business, affair 10. sīzhǎng 司長 department chief 11. yǒu guānxi 有關係 to relate to, to have a bearing on, to matter [138] UNIT 3 TARGET LIST 我想下個星期六請您到我們家來 吃個便飯。 1. Wǒ xiǎng xiàge Xīngqīliù I would like to invite you to come qǐng nín dào wǒmen jiā to our house for a simple meal lái chī ge biànfàn. on Saturday of next week. 您何必這麽客氣？ Nín hébì zhème kèqi? Why is it necessary to be so polite? 我有一個美國朋友在臺灣大學教書。 很想給你們兩位介紹介紹。 2. Wǒ yǒu yige Měiguo péngyou I have an American friend who zài Táiwān Dàxué jiāo shū. teaches at Táiwān University. I Hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen liǎngwèi would very much like to introduce jièshao jièshao. the two of you. 你太好了！ Nà tài hǎo le! That’s wonderful! 我很希望跟你朋友談談。 3. Wǒ hěn xǐwang gēn ni péngyou I wish very much to talk with your tántan. friend. 不過，恐怕我的英文不行。 Búguò, kǒngpà wǒde Yīngwén bù However, I’m afraid that my English xíng. isn’t good enough. 不但説得不好，有時候也聽不懂。 Búdàn shuōde bù hǎo, yǒu shíhou Not only don’t I speak well, (but) yě tīngbudǒng. sometimes I can’t understand what I hear either. 你説得跟美國人一樣。 4. Nǐ shuōde gēn Měiguo rén You speak as well as an American. yíyàng hǎo. 我沒請什麽人；很隨便。 5. Wǒ méi qǐng shénme rén; hěn I haven’t invited anyone special; suíbiàn. it’s very informal. 那就先謝了。 Nà jiù xiān xiè le. Well then, I’ll thank you in advance. ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes) 6. bù tóng 不同 to be different 7. chá 茶 tea 8. chī fàn 吃飯 to eat, to have a meal 9. dànshi 但是 but 10. érqiě 而且 furthermore, moreover 11. fàn 飯 (cooked) rice 12. hē 喝 to drink 13. jiāo shū 教書 to teach [139] UNIT 4 TARGET LIST 何教授，歡迎，歡迎。請進。 1. Hé Jiàoshòu, huānyíng, huānyíng. Professor Hollins, welcome. Please Qǐng jìn. come in. 這是一點小意思。 Zhè shi yìdiǎn xiǎo yìsi. Here is a small token of appreciation. 我知道您喜歡山水畫。 2. Wǒ zhīdao nín xǐhuan shānshuǐ I know you like landscape painting. huà. 特別請朋友給您畫一張。 Tèbiě qǐng péngyou gěi nín I asked a friend to paint one huàle yìzhāng. especially for you. 這位是何教授，在台大教書。 3. Zhèiwèi shi Hé Jiàoshòu, zài This is Professor Hollins, who Táidà jiāo shū. teaches at Táiwān University. 久仰，久仰。 Jiǔyǎng, jiǔyǎng. Glad to meet you. 我還有很多不熟悉的地方要向您請教。 4. Wǒ hái yǒu hěn duō bù shóuxide There is still much I’m not familiar dìfang yào xiàng nín qǐngjiào. with that I need to ask your advice about. 希望以後有機會多見面。 5. Xǐwang yǐhòu yǒu jīhui duō I hope that in the future we will jiànmiàn. have an opportunity to meet more. ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes) 6. fāngfǎ 方法 method, way, means 7. fázi 法子 method, way 8. huàr 畫兒 painting (Běijīng pronunciation) 9. qǐng zuò 請坐 please sit down 10. shèhuìxué 社會學 sociology 11. túshūguǎn 圖書館 library 12. zuò 坐 to sit [140] UNIT 5 TARGET LIST 喂 1. Wài. Hello. 喂，外交部嗎？我要找林司長説話。 Wèi, shi Wàijiāobù ma? Wǒ yào Hello. Is this the Ministry of zhǎo Lín Sīzhǎng shuō huà. Foreign Affairs? I want to speak with Department Chief Lin. 您是那兒啊？ Nín shi nǎr a? Who is this? 我是法國商務經濟官。 Wǒ shi Fǎguo Shāngwù Jīngjiguān. I am the French Commercial/Economics Officer. 林司長這會兒不在。 2. Lin Sīzhǎng zhèihuír bú zài. Department Chief Lin is not here at Nín yào liú ge huàr ma? the moment. Would you like to leave a message? 我把您的電話號兒寫下來。 3. Wǒ bǎ nínde diànhuà hàomǎr I’ll write down your phone number. xiěxiàlái. 對不起，你剛才給我打電話，我不在。 4. Duìbuqǐ, nǐ gāngcái gěi wo da I’m sorry. When you called me just diànhuà, wǒ bú zài. now, I wasn’t in. 我那天跟您約好了今天到辦公室去談談。 5. Wǒ nèitiān gēn nín yuēhǎole The other day I made an appointment jīntiān dào nín bàngōngshì with you to go to your office qu tántan. today for a talk. 因爲我有一件要緊的事，所以不能今天去。 Yīnwei wǒ yǒu yíjiàn yàojǐnde Because I have an urgent business shì, suóyi bù néng jīntiān matter, I can’t go today. qù. 改到明天行不行？ Gǎi dào míngtiān xíng bu xíng? Would it be all right to change it [the appointment] to tomorrow? ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes) 6. háishi 還是 still 7. wàiguo 外國 foreign, abroad 8. wàiguo rén 外國人 foreigner (non-Chinese) 9. wūzi (yìjiān) 屋子 (一間) room 10. yāo 幺 one (telephone pronunciation) [141] UNIT 6 TARGET LIST 我們到東門餐廳去吃中飯，好不好？ 1. Wǒmen dào Dōngmén Cāntīng qù Let’s go to the East Gate Restaurant chī zhōngfàn, hǎo bu hǎo? to eat lunch. Okay? 東門的菜沒有大華菜那麽好。 Dōngménde cài méiyou Dàhuáde The food at the East Gate isn’t as cài nàme hǎo. good as the food at the Great China. 雖然不太好，可是離這裏近。 2. Suírán bú tài hǎo, kěshi lí Even though it [East Gate] is not zhèli jìn. too good, it is close to us. 還有一個新開的飯館子離我們這裏更近。 Hái yǒu yíge xīn kāide There is also a newly opened fànguǎnzi lí wǒmen zhèli restaurant that is even closer gèng jìn. to us. 它們那裏菜非常好。今天我請你到那裏去吃。 3. Tāmen nàlide cài fēicháng hǎo. The food there is extremely good. Jīntiān wǒ qǐng ni dào nàli Today I am going to invite you to qù chī. go there to eat. 那不好意思！ Nà bù hǎo yìsi! I can’t let you do that! (That would be too embarrassing!) 大華的菜又好又便宜。 4. Dàhuáde cài yòu hǎo yòu piǎnyi. The food at the Great China is both good and cheap. 也有好些菜別的地方吃不找。 Yě yǒu hǎoxiē cài biéde dìfang They also have a good many dishes chībuzháo. that you can’t find (at) other places. 你説的地方一定好。 5. Nǐ shuōde dìfang yídìng hǎo. Any place you suggest is sure to be good. ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes) 6. bù yídìng 不一定 not necessarily; it’s not definite 7. kànfa 看法 opinion, view 8. wǎnfàn 晚飯 supper, dinner 9. xiǎngfa 想法 idea, opinion 10. yìxiē 一些 some, several, a few 11. zǎofàn 早飯 breakfast 12. zuòfa 做法 way of doing things, method, practice [142] UNIT 7 TARGET LIST 我有一件事想跟您打聽打聽。 1. Wǒ yǒu yíjiàn shi xiǎng gēn I have something I would like to nín dǎting dǎting. ask you about. 聽説您那邊新來了一位方先生；他的名字 我忘記了。 Tīngshuō nín nàbian xīn láile I have heard that you recently had yíwèi Fāng Xiānsheng; tāde a Mr. Fang join you. I have míngzi wǒ wàngji le. forgotten his given name. 不錯，方德明是上個禮拜派到我們這裏 來的。 2. Bú cuò, Fāng Démíng shi shàngge That’s right. Fang Deming was sent líbài pài dào wǒmen zhèli over here last week. láide. 怎麽？你認識他嗎？ Zěnme? Nǐ rènshi ta ma? Why? Do you know him? 我是加州大學畢業的。 3. Wǒ shi Jiāzhōu Dàxué bìyède. I graduated from the University of California. 你能不能馬上到我辦公室來？ 4. Nǐ néng bu néng mǎshàng dào wo Can you come to my office right bàngōngshì lái? away? 沒問題。差不多半個鐘頭就到。 Méi wèntí. Chàbuduō bànge No problem. I’ll be there in about zhōngtóu jiù dào. half an hour. ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes) 5. jìde 記得 to remember 6. rènde 認得 to recognize, to know (alternate word for rènshi) 7. rènshi zì 認識字 to know how to read (literally, “to recognize characters”) 8. wàng 忘 to forget (alternate word for wàngji, especially in the sense of forgetting to DO something) 9. wánquán 完全 completely 10. xiǎngqilai 想起來 to think of, to remember 11. zuǒyòu 左右 approximately [143] UNIT 8 TARGET LIST 喂，這是禮賓司。 1. Wài, zhèi shi Lǐbīnsī. Hello. This is the Protocol Department. 喂，我是萊登大使的秘書。 Wèi, wǒ shi Láidēng Dàshǐde Hello. I am Ambassador Leyden’s mìshū. secretary. 大使接著你們的請帖了。 2. Dàshǐ jiēzháo nǐmende qǐngtiě The ambassador received your le. invitation. 很可惜因爲他有事，八月九號不能來。 Hěn kěxī yīnwei tā yǒu shì, Unfortunately, because he has a Báyuè jiǔhào bù néng lái. previous engagement, he cannot come on August 9。 請你轉告譙部長。 Qǐng ni zhuǎngào Qiáo Bùzhǎng. Please inform Minister Qiao. 很抱歉。 Hěn bāoqiàn. I’m very sorry. 很遺憾，他不能來。 3. Hěn yíhàn, tā bù néng lái. We very much regret that he cannot come. 我替你轉告一下。 Wǒ tì ni zhuǎngào yíxià. I will pass on the message for you. 希望以後在找機會聚一聚吧。 4. Xīwang yǐhòu zài zhǎo jīhui I hope that later we will find jùyijù ba. another opportunity to get together. 真不巧，沒辦法去。 5. Zhēn bù qiǎo, méi bànfa qù. I really couldn’t make that; I have no way of going. 我們有幾個同學計劃到長城去玩兒。 6. Wǒmen yǒu jige tóngxué jìhua A few of us students are planning dào Chángchéng qù wánr. to go to the Great Wall for an outing. ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes) 7. dàjiā 大家 everybody, everyone 8. jiēdào 接到 to receive (alternate form of jiēzháo) 9. tóngshì 同事 fellow worker, colleague 10. yīnggāi 應該 should, ought to, must [144] UNIT 1 REFERENCE LIST (in Běijīng) 喂 1. B: Wéi. Hello. 喂，你是朱科長嗎？ A: Wài, nǐ shi Zhū Kēzhǎng ma? Hello. Are you Section Chief Zhū? 是。您是哪位？ B: Shì. Nín shi něiwèi? Yes. Who is this, please? 我是威廉馬丁。 A: Wǒ shi Wēilián Mǎdīng. I’m William Martin. 哦，馬丁先生，好久不見。你好啊？ *B: Òu, Madīng Xiānsheng, hǎo Oh, Mr. Martin—I haven’t seen you jiǔ bú jiàn. Nǐ hǎo a? for quite a while. How are you? 好。你好啊？ A: Hǎo. Nǐ hǎo a? Fine. How are you? 我有點兒事想跟您當面談談。 2. A: Wǒ yōu diǎnr shì xiǎng gēn I have something I would like to nín dāngmiàn tántan. talk with you about in person. 不知道您有工夫沒有。 3. A: Bù zhīdào nín yǒu gōngfu I don’t know whether you have the meiyou. time or not. 有功夫 B: Yǒu gōngfu. I have the time. 什麽時候對您合適？ 4. A: Shénme shíhou duì nín héshì? What time would suit you? 今天，明天都可以。 B: Jīntiān, míngtiān dōu kéyi. Either today or tomorrow would be fine. 今天下午兩點鐘方便嗎？ 5. A: Jīntiān xiàwǔ liǎngdiǎn Would two o’clock today be zhōng fāngbian ma? convenient? 三點比兩點方便一點兒。 B: Sāndiǎn bī liǎngdiǎn Three would be more convenient than fāngbian yìdiǎnr. two. 因爲我一會兒出去，也許兩點回不來。 6. B: Yīnwei wǒ yìhuǐr chūqu, yěxǔ Since I’m going out in a little liǎngdiǎn huíbulái. while, I might not be able to get back by two. 三點鐘也好。 A: Sāndiǎn zhōng yě hǎo. Three is fine also. * The remaining sentences in this exchange occur on the C-l tape [145] 那麽，我三點鐘在樓下的會客室等您。 7. B: Nàme, wǒ sāndiǎn zhōng zài Well then, I’ll wait for you in the lóuxiàde huìkèshì děng reception room downstairs at nín. three o’clock. 好，三點見。 A: Hǎo, sāndiǎn jiàn. Fine. I’ll see you at three. ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes) 8. huídelái 回得來 to be able to get back in time 9. kòng(r) 空兒 free time, spare time 10. lóushàng 樓上 upstairs 11. shāngliang 商量 to discuss, to talk over 12. yǒu kòng(r) 有空兒 to have free time [146] VOCABULARY bǐ 比 compared with, than dāngmiàn 當面 in person, face to face duì 對 to, towards; with regard to, with respect to gōngfu 功夫 free time, spare time héshì 合適 to be suitable, to be appropriate, to fit huíbulái 回不來 to be unable to get back huídelái 回得來 to be able to get back in time huìkèshì (huìkèshǐ) 會客室 reception room kēzhǎng 科長 section chief kòng(r) 空兒 free time, spare time lóushàng 樓上 upstairs lóuxià 樓下 downstairs nàme 那麽 well, then, in that case shāngliang 商量 to discuss, to talk over tán 談 to chat, to talk about wéi 喂 hello (telephone greeting) yěxǔ 也許 perhaps, maybe yìhuǐr 一會兒 a moment yǒu gōngfu 有功夫 to have free time yǒu kòng(r) 有空兒 to have free time (introduced on C-2 and P-2 tapes) chūkǒu gōngsī 出口公司 export company huì kè 會客 to receive guests xiē 些 several, some yǒu yòng 有用 to be useful [147] REFERENCE NOTES 喂 1. B: Wéi. Hello. 喂，你是朱科長嗎？ A: Wài, nǐ shi Zhū Kēzhǎng ma? Hello. Are you Section Chief Zhū? 是。您是哪位？ B: Shì. Nín shi něiwèi? Yes. Who is this, please? 我是威廉馬丁。 A: Wǒ shi Wēilián Mǎdīng. I’m William Martin. 哦，馬丁先生，好久不見。你好啊？ B: Òu, Mǎdīng Xiānsheng, hǎo Oh, Mr. Martin—I haven’t seen you jiǔ bú jiàn. Nǐ hǎo a? for quite a while. How are you? 好。你好啊？ A: Hǎo. Nǐ hǎo a? Fine. How are you? Notes on No. 1 Wéi is a greeting used in telephone conversations for “hello.” Some speakers pronounce this greeting as wài. Unlike most Chinese words, wèi has no fixed tone. The intonation varies according to the speaker’s mood. Kēzhǎng: Kē means “section,” and zhǎng means “head of an organization.” Here are some examples of how -zhǎng，“chief,” “head,” is used: kē 科 section kēzhǎng 科長 section chief chù 処 division chùzhǎng 処長 division chief xuéxiào 學校 school xiàozhǎng 校長 principal, headmaster Nín shi něiwèi? Note the use of the polite terms nín and něiwèi. In the English translation, politeness is expressed by the use of the more indirect “Who is this” instead of “Who are you” and also by “please.” Hǎo jiǔ bú jiàn, “I haven’t seen you for quite a while,” is interchangeable with hǎo jiǔ méi jiàn. 我有點兒事想跟您當面談談。 2. A: Wǒ yǒu dianr shì xiǎng gēn I have something I would like to nín dāngmiàn tántan. talk with you about in person. Notes on No. 2 Gēn: In No. 2 the word gēn is a prepositional verb translated as “with.” The preposition gēn, “with,” differs from the conjunction gēn, “and,” in two important ways: a) where stress may be placed b) where the negative may be placed. [148] (a) When gēn is used as the conjunction “and,” both items being joined are stressed and keep their tones. When gēn is used as the prepositional verb “with,” a pronoun which follows is unstressed and loses its tone. Notice the contrasting tones on tā in the following sentences: 我跟他都來了。 Wǒ gēn tǎ dōu lái le. Both he and I came. 我跟他來。 Wǒ gēn ta lái. I’ll come with him. (b) To make negative a sentence containing the conjunction gēn, “and,” the negative is placed with the main verb. In sentences containing the prepositional verb gēn, “with,” the negative precedes the prepositional verb. (You have seen this pattern with other prepositional verbs, for example, zài [see BIO, Unit 2, notes on Nos. 8–11].) Notice the contrasting positions of the negatives in the examples below: 我跟他都沒有去。 Wǒ gēn tā dōu méiyou qù. Neither he nor I went. 我沒有跟他去。 Wǒ méiyou gēn ta qù. I didn’t go with him. Dāngmiàn means “face-to-face.” Literally, dāng means “in the presence of,” and miàn means “face.” 不知道您有工夫沒有。 3. A: Bù zhīdào nín yǒu gōngfu I don’t know whether you have the meiyou. time or not. 有工夫。 B: yǒu gōngfu. I have the time. Note on No. 3 Gōngfu, “time,” “free time,” “leisure time,” refers to a period of time during which a person is free, in the sense that his work may be interrupted. Now you know three words for “time”: shíhou, shíjiān, gōngfu Shíhou may be used for either a point in time or an amount of time. 你什麽時候走？ Nǐ shénme shíhou zǒu? When are you leaving? 坐火車要走多少時候？ Zuò huǒchē yào zǒu duōshao How long does it take to go by train? shíhou? Shíjiān refers to any amount of time, including the time when a person is free. 從這兒到飛機場要多少時間？ Cóng zhèr dào fēijīchǎng How long does it take from here to yào duōshao shíjiān? the airport? 今天沒有時間去。 Jīntiān měiyou shíjiān There isn’t time to go today, qù. [149] Gōngfu, however, is used only for amounts of time which a person has available for his own use. 你有沒有功夫跟我談談？ Nǐ yǒu méiyou gōngfu gēn Are you free to talk with me? wo tántan? 什麽時候對您合適。 4. A: Shénme shíhou duì nín héshì? What time would suit you? 今天，明天都可以。 B: Jīntiān, míngtiān dōu kéyi. Either today or tomorrow would be fine. Notes on No. 4 Duì, “to,” “towards,” “with regard to,” “with respect to,” is a prepositional verb which originally meant “facing.” In modern Chinese, its object introduces either the target of the action or the thing concerned. Contrast this with gěi, “for”: the object introduced by gěi receives the benefit of the action. These generalizations may help you sort out some of the differences between duì and gěi. You might find it helpful to memorize some examples, as well. duì INTRODUCING THE TARGET OF THE ACTION (“to”) 你的話是對誰説的。 Nǐde huà shi duì shéi shuōde? To whom were you speaking? 他對我很客氣。 Tā duì wǒ hěn kèqi. He is very polite to me. 你對我太好。 Nǐ duì wǒ tài hǎo. You are too good to me. duì INTRODUCING THE THING CONCERNED (“with regard to,” “with respect to”) 什麽時候對您合適？ Shénme shíhou duì nín héshì? What time suits you? 什麽時候對您方便？ Shénme shíhou duì nín fāngbian? What time is convenient for you? Notice that the English is “for you” in the last example, but in Chinese you must say “What time is convenient with regard to you?” gěi INTRODUCING THE BENEFICIARY 我給他寫了信了。 Wǒ gěi ta xiěle xìn le. I wrote him a letter. 這是一張十塊的，請您給我換換。 Zhè shi yìzhāng shíkuàide, Here’s a ten-dollar bill. Please qǐng ni gěi wǒ huànhuan. change it for me. 請你給我寫你的地址。 Qǐng ni gěi wǒ xiě nǐde dìzhǐ. Would you write down your address for me, please? Héshì is an adjectival verb meaning “to fit,” “to suit,” “to be suitable/appropriate.” When trying on clothes in a store, you might say Zhèige bù héshì, “This doesn’t fit.” In another situation, héshì could be translated very freely as “best”: Něitiān duì nín héshì? “What day would be best for you?” [150] 今天下午兩點鐘方便嗎？ 5. A: Jīntiān xiàwǔ liǎngdiǎn Would two o’clock today be convenient? zhōng fāngbian ma? 三點比兩點方便一點兒。 B: Sāndiǎn bǐ liǎngdiǎn fāngbian Three would be more convenient than yìdiǎnr. two. Note on No. 5 Sāndiǎn bǐ liǎngdiǎn fāngbian yìdiǎnr: Bǐ is a prepositional verb used to make comparisons between two things which are different.* In translating, you may find it helpful to think of bǐ as the English “compared with” or “than.”** Notice that the bǐ phrase precedes the adjectival verb or another predicate in a sentence. *A different pattern is used to say that two things are the same. (See MTG, Unit 3, notes on Nos. 4–5.) **To say “A is not as ... as B,” you use a different construction, which you will learn in MTG, Unit 6, notes on No. 2. 三點 比 兩點 方便一點兒。 Sāndiǎn bǐ liǎngdiǎn fāngbian yìdiǎnr. (3 o’clock than 2 o’clock more convenient) compared with “Three is more convenient than two.” 他 比 我 有 功夫。 Tā bǐ wǒ yǒu gōngfu. (he than I have free time) compared with “He has more free time than I do.” The two elements being compared may be nouns, pronouns, verb phrases, or even full sentences. Actually, all elements Joined by bǐ act as nouns, as seen in the English translations of the examples below. 坐飛機 比 坐火車 快 Zuò fēijī bǐ zuò huǒchē kuài. (ride plane than ride train fast) compared with “Going by plane is faster than going by train.” [151] 你來 比 我去 方便 Nǐ lái bǐ wǒ qù fāngbian. (you come than I go convenient) compared with “It’s more convenient for you to come than for me to go.” 因爲我一會兒出去，也許兩點回不來。 6. B: Yīnwei wǒ yìhuǐr chūqu, yěxǔ Since I’m going out in a little liǎngdiǎn huíbulái. while, I might not (he able to) get back by two. 三點鐘也好。 A: Sāndiǎn zhōng yě hǎo. Three is fine also. Notes on No. 6 Yìhuǐr, “a little while”: When r is added to a syllable ending in i, the pronunciation changes to /er/. Yìhuǐr is actually pronounced yìhuěr. Sentence placement of time phrases: Wǒ yìhuǐr chūqu is translated as “I’m going out IN a little while.” Contrast this with wǒ chūqu yìhuǐr, “I’m going out FOR a little while.” Let’s review the placement of different kinds of time expressions in a Chinese sentence. If you want to say when something happens (“yesterday”) or in how long something happens (“in two years”), you are using time phrases which in Chinese are considered to be POINTS IN TIME. Not only is a time phrase such as “two o’clock” a point in time, but a phrase such as “five days” can also be a point in time if the focus is on the end of this period of time. In English, this focus is expressed by “in five days,” “by the end of five days,” or “at the end of five days.” In Chinese, you do not need to use words such as “in,” “at,” or “by” because the position of the time phrase in the sentence indicates the meaning. Time phrases which are considered points in time are placed BEFORE THE VERB. WHEN (a point in time) 我昨天看見他了。 Wǒ zuótiān kànjian ta le. I saw him yesterday. 我從前來過這裏。 Wǒ cóngqián láiguo zhèli. I have been here before. 我兩點鐘回來。 Wǒ liǎngdiǎn zhōng huílai. I’ll be back at two o’clock. 我一點鐘回不來。 Wǒ yìdiǎn zhōng huíbulái. I can’t make it back by one o’clock. AT THE END OF/BY THE END OF (a period of time which is treated as a point in time because the focus is on the end point) 我三天就做完了。 Wǒ sāntiān jiu zuòwán le. I finished doing it in (by the end of) three days. 我五分鐘就走。 Wǒ wǔfēn zhōng jiu zǒu. I’m leaving in (at the end of) five minutes. [152] 你幾天回來？ Ni jǐtiān huílai? In (at the end of) how many days will you come back? 你多久可以寫完？ Nǐ duōjiu kéyi xiěwán? How long will it be before yo9u can finish writing it? (by the end of how long) On the other hand, phrases which express CONTINUATION OF TIME have a different place in sentences. To express an amount of time which passes, put the time expression AFTER THE VERB. DURATION (the length of time something continues) 我想跟他談一會兒。 Wǒ xiǎng gēn tā tán yìhuǐr. I would like to talk with him for awhile. 他在香港住了一個星期。 Tā zài Xiānggǎng zhùle yíge She stayed in Hong Kong for one week, xīngqī. TIME SINCE (the length of time which has passed since something happened) 他死了三年了。 Tā sǐle sānnian le. He died three years ago. 我做完了一個鐘頭了。 Wǒ zuòwánle yíge zhòngtóu le. It has been an hour since I finished. Because yìhuír follows the verb in wǒ chūqu yìhuǐr, it indicates the length of time which will pass after I go out (chūqu). Yìhuǐr precedes the verb in wǒ yìhuǐr chūqu, indicating when I will go out (“in a little while”). Yěxǔ literally means “perhaps.” The word is often used where “may” or “might” would be appropriate in English. Yěxǔ liǎngdiān huíbulái, “I might not (be able to) get back by two”: Notice that this expression liǎngdiān, in time-when position, before the verb, means “by” a certain time. Other time phrases in this position may also mean “by” a certain time. Huíbulái is another form of huílái, “to come back.” Compound verbs of result may be split by the negative bu or the syllable de. Huílái may become either huídelái, “can come back,” or huíbulái, “can’t come back.” These two forms are called the potential forms of the verb; that is, the meaning “can/be able to” or “cannot/unable to” becomes part of the meaning of the compound. The following are examples of compound verbs of result and their potential forms. huílai 回來 to come back huídelái 回得來 able to come back huíbulái 回不來 not able to come back kànjian 看見 to see kàndejiàn 看得見 able to see kànbujiàn 看不見 not able to see láidejí 來得及 able to make it on time láibují* 來不及 not able to make it on time *The verb láidejí/láibují does not occur without the inserted -de- or -bu-. [153] zuòwán 做完 to finish doing zuòdewán 做得完 able to finished doing, able to be completed zuòbuwán 做不完 not able to finish doing, not able to be completed Compound verbs of direction may also occur in the potential form: nábushànglái 拿不上來 can’t carry up [to where you are] (i.e., because something is too heavy or bulky) kāideshàngqu 開得上去 can drive up [away from you] (i.e., it is not too steep) kāidechūlái 開得出來 can drive out (i.e., the parking place is not too tight) nábuxiàlái 拿不下來 can’t get [it] down (i.e., because it is too high, bolted on, etc.) zǒudexiàqu 走得下去 can walk down (i.e., because it is not too far or too steep) Notice that the last syllables of these compound verbs (except for toneless qu) have full tones when they occur with -de- and -bu-. 那麽，我三點鐘在樓下的會客室等您。 7. B: Nàme, wǒ sāndiǎn zhōng zài Well then, I’ll wait for you in the louxiàde huìkèshì děng nín. reception room downstairs at three o’clock. 好，三點見。 A: Hǎo, sāndiǎn jiàn. Fine. I’ll see you at three. Notes on No. 7 Word order: The first sentence of exchange 7 illustrates the rule TIME—PLACE—ACTION. Huìkèshì is also pronounced huìkèshǐ. [154] 8. huídelái 回得來 to be able to get back in time 9. kòng(r) 有空 free time, spare time 10. lóushàng 樓上 upstairs 11. shāngliang 商量 to discuss, to talk over 12. yǒu kòng(r) 有空兒 to have free time Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary Here are some sentences illustrating the use of these vocabulary items: 你三點鐘回得來回不來。 Nǐ sāndiǎn zhōng huídelái Can you make it back by three o’clock? huíbulái? 樓上還有人。 Lóushàng hái yǒu rén? Are there still people upstairs? 我想和你商量。 Wǒ xiǎng hé nǐ shāngliang I would like to talk over a matter yíjiàn shì. with you. 你今天下午有空兒。 Nǐ jīntiān xiàwǔ yǒu kòngr Do you have time this afternoon? ma? [155] DRILLS A. Substitution Drill 我有點事想跟您當面談談。 我有點事想跟張科長當面談談。 1. Speaker: Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng You: Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn gēn nín dāngmiàn Zhāng Kēzhǎng dāngmiàn tántan. tántan. 張科長 (cue) Zhāng Kēzhǎng (I have something I (I have something I would like would like to talk to talk with Section Chief with you about in Zhāng about in person.) person.) 我有點事想跟張科長當面談談。 我有點事想跟他當面談談。 2. Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn Zhāng Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn tā Kēzhǎng dāngmiàn tántan. dāngmiàn tántan. 他 tā 我有點事想跟他當面談談。 我有點事想跟魏武官談談。 3. Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn tā Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn Wèi dāngmiàn tántan. Wǔguān tántan. 魏武官 Wèi Wǔguān 我有點事想跟魏武官當面談談。 我有點事想跟王少校當面談談。 4. Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn Wèi Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn Wáng Wǔguān dāngmiàn tántan. Shàoxiào dāngmiàn tántan. 王少校 Wáng Shàoxiào 我有點事想跟王少校當面談談。 我有點事想跟林先生當面談談。 5. Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn Wáng Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn Lín Shàoxiào dāngmiàn tántan. Xiānsheng dāngmiàn tántan. 林先生 Lín Xiānsheng 我有點事想跟林先生當面談談。 我有點事想跟劉科長當面談談。 6. Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn Lín Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn Liú Xiānsheng dāngmiàn tántan. Kēzhǎng dāngmiàn tántan. 劉科長 Liú Kēzhǎng 我有點事想跟劉科長當面談談。 7. Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn Liú Kēzhǎng dāngmiàn tántan. B. Transformation Drill 您明天來了嗎？ 不知道您明天來不來。 1. Speaker: Nín míngtiān lái ma? You: Bù zhīdào nín míngtiān lái (Are you coming bu lái. tomorrow?) (I don’t know whether you are coming tomorrow or not.) 他走了嗎？ 不知道他走了沒有。 OR Tā zǒu le ma? Bù zhīdào tā zǒu le meiyou. (Has he gone?) (I don’t know whether he has gone or not.) [156] 您有功夫嗎？ 不知道您有功夫沒有。 2. Nín yǒu gōngfu ma? Bù zhīdào nín yǒu gōngfu meiyou. 他昨天去了嗎？ 不知道他昨天去了沒有。 3. Tā zuótiān qù le ma? Bù zhīdào tā zuótiān qù le meiyou, 他有錢嗎？ 不知道他有錢沒有。 4. Tā yǒu qiǎn ma? Bù zhīdào tā yǒu qián meiyou. 他還要嗎？ 不知道他還要不要。 5. Tā hái yào ma? Bù zhīdào tā hái yào bu yào. 他買了嗎？ 不知道他買了沒有。 6. Tā mǎi le ma? Bù zhīdào tā mǎi le meiyou. C. Transformation Drill 什麽時候對您合適？ 三點對您合適嗎？ 1. Speaker: Shénme shíhou duì nín You: Sāndiǎn duì nín héshì ma? héshì? (Would three o’clock suit you?) 三點 (cue) sāndiǎn (What time would suit you?) 星期幾對您合適？ 星期二對您合適嗎？ 2. Xīngqījǐ duì nín héshì? Xīngqīèr duì nín héshì ma? 星期二 Xīngqīèr 在幾樓對您合適？ 在五樓對您合適嗎？ 3. Zài jǐlou duì nín héshì? Zài wǔlóu duì nín héshì ma? 五樓 wǔlóu 對您合適？ 明天對您合適嗎？ 4. Něitiān duì nín héshì? Míngtiān duì nín héshì ma? 明天 míngtiān 什麽時候對您合適？ 早上對您合適嗎？ 5. Shénme shíhou duì nín héshì? Zǎoshang duì nín héshì ma? 早上 zǎoshang 什麽時候對您合適？ 晚上對您合適嗎？ 6. Shénme shíhou duì nín héshì? Wǎnshang duì nín héshì ma? 晚上 wǎnshang 幾點對您合適？ 十點對您合適嗎？ 7. Jǐdiǎn duì nín héshì? Shídiǎn duì nín héshì ma? 十點 shídiǎn [157] D. Response Drill 什麽時候對您合適？ 今天，明天都可以。 1. Speaker: Shénme shíhou duì nín You: Jīntiān, míngtiān dōu kéyi. héshì? (Either today or tomorrow would be fine.) 今天 (cue) jīntiān (What time would suit you?) 幾點對您合適？ 三點，四點都可以。 2. Jǐdiǎn duì nín héshì? Sāndiǎn, sìdiǎn dōu kéyi. 三點 sāndiǎn 星期幾對您合適？ 星期一，星期二都可以。 3. Xīngqījǐ duì nín héshì? Xīngqīyī, Xīngqīèr dōu kéyi, 星期一 Xīngqīyī 幾號對您合適？ 四號，五號都可以。 4. Jǐhào duì nín héshì? Sìhào, wǔhào dōu kéyi. 四號 sìhào 什麽時候對您合適？ 上午，下午都可以。 5. Shénme shíhou duì nín héshì? Shàngwǔ, xiàwǔ dōu kéyi. 上午 shàngwǔ 哪天對您合適？ 明天，後天都可以。 6. Něitiān duì nín héshì? Míngtiān, hòutiān dōu kéyi. 明天 míngtiān 星期幾對您合適？ 星期六星期天都可以。 7. Xīngqījǐ duì nín héshì? Xīngqīliù, Xīngqītiān dōu kéyi. 星期六 Xīngqīliù E. Transformation Drill 什麽地方對您方便？ 樓上對您方便，還是樓下對您方便？ 1. Speaker: Shénme dìfang duì nín You: lóushàng duì nín fāngbian, fāngbian? háishi lóuxià duì nín fāngbian? 樓上 (Would upstairs or downstairs (cue) lóushàng be more convenient for you?) (What place would be convenient for you?) 什麽時候對您方便？ 三點候對您方便，還是四點候對您方便？ 2. Shénme shíhou duì nín fāngbian? Sāndiǎn duì nín fāngbian, háishi sìdiǎn duì nín fāngbian? 三點 sāndiǎn 幾號 六號六號對您方便，還是七號對您方便？ 3. Jǐhào duì nín fāngbian? Liùhào duì nín fāngbian, háishi qíhào duì nín fāngbian? 六號 liùhào 對您方便？ 明天對您方便，還是後天對您方便？ 4. Něitiān duì nín fāngbian? Míngtiān duì nín fāngbian, háishi hòutian duì nín fāngbian? 明天 míngtiān 對您方便？ 上午對您方便，還是下午對您方便？ 5. Shénme shíhou duì nín fāngbian? Shàngwǔ duì nín fāngbian, háishi xiàwǔ duì nín fāngbian? 上午 shàngwǔ [158] 對您方便？ 星期三對您方便，還是星期四對您方便？ 6. Xīngqījǐ duì nín fāngbian? Xīngqīsān duì nín fāngbian, háishi Xīngqīsì duì nín fāngbian? 星期三 Xīngqīsān 對您方便？ 九點對您方便，還是十點對您方便？ 7. Jǐdiǎn duì nín fāngbian? Jiǔdiān duì nín fāngbian, háishi shídiǎn duì nín fāngbian? 九點 jǐǔdiǎn F. Expansion Drill 三點方便一點。 三點比四點方便一點。 1. Speaker: Sāndiǎn fāngbian yìdiān. You: Sāndiǎn bǐ sìdiǎn fāngbian yìdiǎn. 四點 (Three o’clock is a little (cue) sìdiǎn more convenient than four (Three o’clock is a o’clock.) little more convenient.) 三號方便一點。 三號比五號方便一點。 2. Sānhào fāngbian yìdiǎn. Sānhào bǐ wǔhào fāngbian yìdiǎn. 五號 wǔhào 樓上方便一點。 樓上比樓下方便一點。 3. Lóushàng fāngbian yìdiǎn. Lóushàng bǐ lóuxià fāngbian yìdiǎn. 樓下 lóuxià 他的錢多一點。 他的錢比我的多一點。 4. Tāde qián duō yìdiǎn. Tāde qián bǐ wǒde duō yìdiǎn. 我的 wǒde 他去好一點。 他去比我去好一點。 5. Tā qù hǎo yìdiǎn. Tā qù bǐ wǒ qù hǎo yìdiǎn. 我去 wǒ qù 他大一點。 他比我大一點。 6. Tā dà yìdiǎn. Tā bǐ wǒ dà yìdiǎn. 我 wǒ 這個大一點。 這個比那個大一點。 7. Zhèige dà yìdiǎn. Zhèige bǐ nèige dà yìdiǎn. 那個 nèige G. Expansion Drill 他説得快一點。 他説得比我快一點。 1. Speaker: Tā shuōde kuài yìdiǎn. You: Tā shuōde bǐ wǒ kuài yìdiǎn (He speaks a little (He speaks a little faster fast.) than I do.) 他來得早一點。 他來得比我早一點。 2. Tā láide zǎo yìdiǎn. Tā láide bǐ wǒ zǎo yìdiǎn. 他走得晚一點。 他走得比我晚一點。 3. Tā zǒude wǎn yìdiǎn. Tā zǒude bǐ wǒ wǎn yìdiǎn. 他做得好一點。 他做得比我好一點。 4. Tā zuòde hǎo yìdiǎn. Tā zuòde bǐ wǒ hǎo yìdiǎn. 他賣得少一點。 他賣得比我少一點。 5. Tā mǎide shǎo yìdiǎn. Tā mǎide bǐ wǒ shǎo yìdiǎn. [159] 他賣得多一點。 他賣得比我多一點。 6. Tā màide duō yìdiǎn. Tā màide bǐ wǒ duō yìdiǎn. 他學得慢一點。 他學得比我慢一點。 7. Tā xuéde màn yìdiǎn. Tā xuéde bǐ wǒ màn yìdiǎn. H. Response Drill 你什麽時候出去？ 我有一會兒就出去。 1. Speaker: Nǐ shénme shíhou chūqu? You: Wǒ yìhuǐr jiù chūqu. (What time are you (I’m going out in Just a little going out?) while.) 你出去多久。 我就出去一會兒。 OR Nǐ chūqu duó jiǔ? Wǒ jiù chūqu yìhuīr. (For how long are you (I’m Just going out for a going out?) little while.) 你什麽時候出來？ 我一會兒就出來。 2. Nǐ shénme shíhou chūlai? Wǒ yìhuǐr jiù chūlai. 你去多久？ 我就去一會兒。 3. Nǐ qù duó jiǔ? Wǒ jiù qù yìhuǐr. 他什麽時候來？ 他一會兒就去。 4. Tā shénme shíhou lái? Tā yìhuǐr jiù lái. 他看多久？ 他就看一會兒。 5. Tā kàn duó jiǔ? Tā jiù kàn yìhuǐr. 你什麽時候走？ 我一會兒就走。 6. Nǐ shénme shíhou zǒu? Wǒ yìhuǐr jiù zǒu. I. Response Drill 張先生明天回得來回不來？ 張先生後天才回來。 1. Speaker: Zhāng Xiānsheng míngtiān You: Zhāng Xiānsheng hòutiān cái huídelái huíbulái? huílai. (Will Mr. Zhāng be (Mr. Zhāng won’t be able to able to come back come back until day after tomorrow?) tomorrow.) 王女士星期四回得來回不來？ 才回來。 2. Wáng Nǚshì Xíngqīsì huídelái Wǎng Nǚshì Xíngqīwǔ cái huílai. huíbulái? 李同志十一點回得來回不來？ 李同志十二點才回來。 3. Lǐ Tóngzhì shíyīdiǎn huídelái Lǐ Tóngzhì shíèrdiǎn cái huílai. huíbulái? 林科長二十號回得來回不來？ 林科長二十一號才回來。 4. Lín Kēzhǎng èrshihào huídelái Lín Kēzhǎng èrshiyīhào cái huílai. huíbulái? 魏少校這個月回得來回不來？ 魏少校下個月才回來。 5. Wèi Shàoxiào zhèige yuè Wèi Shàoxiào xiàge yuè cái huílai. huídelái huíbulái? [160] 楊先生早上回得來回不來？ 楊先生晚上才回來。 6. Yáng Xiānsheng zǎoshang huídelái Yáng Xiānsheng wǎnshang cái huílai. huíbulái? 趙同志今天回得來回不來？ 趙同志明天才回來。 7. Zhào Tóngzhì jīntiān huídelái Zhào Tóngzhì míngtiān cái huílai. huíbulái? J. Expansion Drill 那麽，我在這兒等您。 那麽，我一會兒在這兒等您。 1. Speaker: Nàme, wǒ zài zhèr děng You: Nàme, wǒ yìhuǐr zài zhèr děng nín. nín. (cue) in a moment (In that case, in a moment (In that case, I’ll I’ll wait for you here.) wait for you here.) 那麽，我在樓下等他。 那麽，我在樓下等他一會兒。 2. Nàme, wǒ zài lóuxià děng ta. Nàme, wǒ zài lóuxià děng ta yìhuǐr. for a moment 那麽，我在樓上等他。 那麽，我在樓上等他。 3. Nàme, wǒ zài lóushàng děng ta. Nàme, wǒ yìdiǎn zhōng zài lóushàng at one o’clock děng ta. 那麽，我在他那兒等您。 那麽，我在他那兒等您十分鐘。 4. Nàme, wǒ zài tā nàr děng nín. Nàme, wǒ zài tā nàr děng nín shífēn for ten minutes zhōng. 那麽，我在他家等您。 那麽，我一會兒在他家等您。 5. Nàme, wǒ zài tā jiā děng nín. Nàme, wǒ yìhuǐr zài tā jiā děng nín. in a moment 那麽，我在小賣部等您。 那麽，我在小賣部等您五分鐘。 6. Nàme, wǒ zài xiǎomàibù děng nín. Nàme, wǒ zài xiǎomàibù děng nín for five minutes wǔfēn zhōng. 那麽，我在這兒等他。 那麽，我在這兒等他一會兒。 7. Nàme, wǒ zài zhèr děng ta. Nàme, wǒ zài zhèr děng ta yìhuǐr. for a moment [161] UNIT 2 REFERENCE LIST (in Běijīng) 喂，美大司。 1. C: Wèi, Měidàsī. Hello. Department of American and Oceanic Affairs. 我是加拿大大使館的喬治達菲。 我有 一件事想跟王科長講一講。 A: Wǒ shi Jiānádà Dàshiguǎnde I am George Duffy of the Canadian Qiáozhì Dáfēi. Wǒ yǒu Embassy. I have something I yíjiàn shì xiǎng gēn Wáng would like to discuss with Section Kēzhǎng jiǎngyijiang. Chief Wáng. 哦，她現在開會。 2. C: Òu, tā xiànzài zài kāi huì. Oh, she is at a meeting now. 等她外晚會我告诵她給你回電話。 C: Děng tā kāiwán huì wǒ When she is finished with the gàosong tā gěi ni huí meeting, I will tell her to diànhuà. return your call. 好，謝謝你， 3. A: Hǎo, xièxie ni. Fine. Thank you. 不謝。 C: Bú xiè. Don’t mention it. 對不起，今天早上你打電話來的時候 我在開會，沒時間跟你説話。 4. B: Duìbuqǐ, jīntiān zǎoshang I’m sorry. When you called here nǐ dǎ diànhuà laide this morning, I was in a meeting shíhou wǒ zài kāi huì, and didn’t have time to speak méi shíjiān gēn ni shuō with you. huà. 沒關係。我知道你很忙。 A: Méi guānxi. Wǒ zhīdào nǐ It doesn’t matter. I know you are hěn máng. very busy. 我給你打電話目的是想跟你當面談談。 5. A: Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi The reason I called you is that I shi xiǎng gēn ni dāngmiàn would like to talk with you in tántan. person. 好啊。什麽時候啊？ B: Hǎo a. Shénme shíhou a? All right. When? 明天對你合適嗎？ 6. A: Míngtiān duì ni héshì ma? Would tomorrow be all right for you? 明天下午什麽時候都可以， B: Míngtiān xiàwǔ shénme shíhou Any time tomorrow afternoon would dōu kéyi. be fine. 在哪兒見呢？ 7. A: Zài nǎr jiàn ne? Where shall we meet? 兩點鐘請你到我這兒，行不行？ B: Liǎngdiǎn zhōng qǐng ni dào Please come over here at two o’clock wǒ zhèr lái, xíng bu xíng? All right? 好。明天兩點鐘見。 A: Hǎo. Míngtiān liǎngdiǎn Okay. See you tomorrow at two zhōng jiàn. o’clock. [162] ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented, on C-l and. P-1 tapes) 8. guānxi 關係 relation, relationship, connection 9. jiǎng huà 講話 to speak, to talk; a speech 10. lǐngshiguǎn 領事館 consulate 11. shìqing (yíjiàn) 事情 (一件) matter, business, affair 12. sīzhǎng 司長 department chief 13. yǒu guānxi 有關係 to relate to, to have a bearing on, to matter [163] VOCABULARY bú xiè 不謝 don’t mention it dàshiguǎn 大使館 embassy diànhuà 電話 telephone, phone call guānxi 關係 relation, relationship, connection -jiàn 件 (counter for matters, business, affairs) jiǎng 講 to discuss (something), to talk about (something) jiǎng huà 講話 to speak, to talk; a speech kāi huì 開會 to attend a meeting kāiwán huì 開完會 to finish a meeting língshiguǎn 領事館 consulate Měidàsī 美大司 Department of American and Oceanic Affairs méi guānxi 沒關係 it doesn’t matter mùdi 目的 reason, objective, purpose shì (yíjiàn) 事 (意見) matter, business, affair shìqing (yíjiàn) 事情 (意見) matter, business, affair shuō huà 説話 to speak sīzhǎng 司長 department chief yǒu guānxi 有關係 to relate, to have a bearing on, to matter zài 在 in the midst of (marker of ongoing action) (introduced on C-2 and P-2 tapes) chī 吃 to eat dàxuéshēng 大學生 college student diànhuà hàomǎ 電話號碼 telephone number dù jià 度假 to spend one’s vacation hòulài 後來 later láodòng 勞動 to do manual labor Qíngbàosī 情報司 Intelligence Bureau (part of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, PRC) shēnghuó 生活 life tóngyì 同意 to agree [164] REFERENCE NOTES 喂，美大司。 1. C: Wèi, Měidàsī. Hello. Department of American and Oceanic Affairs. 我是加拿大大使館的喬治達菲 A: Wǒ shi Jiānádà Dàshīguǎnde I am George Duffy of the Canadian Qiáozhì Dáfēi. Wǒ you Embassy. I have something I would yíjiàn shi xiǎng gēn Wáng like to discuss with Section Chief Kēzhǎng jiǎngyijiǎng. Wang. Notes on No. 1 Měidàsī: In Chinese, abbreviations are made up of one syllable from each word in a term. In Měidàsī, měi stands for Měizhōu (美洲), “American continent.” Dà stands for Dàyángzhōu (大洋洲), “Oceania” (the islands of the South Central Pacific, including Australia and New Zealand). The ending sī means “department.” It is used only within organizations on the national level. Dàshiguǎn: The word guǎn means “building” or “establishment,” as in fànguǎn, an establishment where food is sold. The examples below illustrate the use of guǎn. dàshǐ 大使 ambassador dàshiguǎn 大使館 embassy lǐngshì 領事 consul lǐngshiguǎn 領事館 consulate zhǎnlǎn 展覽 exhibit zhǎnlǎnguǎn 展覽館 exhibition hall Notice that the shǐ in dàshǐguǎn and the shì in līngshiguǎn lose their tones. Yíjiàn shì: The counter -jiàn in this expression is also the counter for luggage. Yíjiàn shì literally means “a piece of business.” Jiǎng and jiǎng huà: The English word “speak,” meaning the activity in general, must he translated into Chinese with a verb and its GENERAL OBJECT: jiǎng huà In other uses, the verb “to speak,” jiǎng, may be followed by a specific object or a phrase showing duration, or it may be changed into a multisyllabic verb, such as jiǎngyijiǎng. Other verbs which are used the same way are shuō huà, xiě zì, and niàn shū. 他在講中國的事情。 Tā zài jiǎng Zhōngguode He is talking about Chinese affairs shìqing. 他已經講了不少。 Tā yǐjīng jiǎngle bù shǎo. He has already said a lot. 他的講話很有意思。 Tāde jiǎng huà hěn yǒu yìsi. His talk was very interesting. Jiǎng is not used to say that someone said something. Instead, shuō is used. 他説他不能來。 Tā shuō tā bù néng lái. He said he could not come. [165] 哦，她現在開會 2. C: Òu, tā xiànzài zài kāi huì. Oh, she is at a meeting now. 等她外晚會我告诵她給你回電話。 C: Děng tā kāiwán huì wǒ gàosong When she is finished with the meeting, tā gěi ni huí diànhuà. I will tell her to return your call. Notes on No. 2 Zài is the aspect marker for ongoing actions. It indicates that the action is in progress. The corresponding verb in the English translation usually ends in -ing. Zài is used only with verbs which express actual dynamic action. State and process verbs may not be used with zài. Many action verbs may be used with zài, but some do not have enough “action” to be used (e.g., “sitting”). 他來的時候，你在念書。 Tā láide shíhou, ní zài When he came, you were studying, niàn shū. 他們在看電影。 Tāmen zài kàn diànyìng. They are watching a movie. 他們在喝咖啡。 Tāmen zài hē kāfēi. They are drinking coffee. 他們在上課。 Tāmen zài shàng kè. They are having class. Zài is placed in front of the verb, unlike other aspect markers, such as le, guo, and de. To make ongoing-action sentences negative, use bù. To form a question with zài, use shì bu shi zài, zài...ma, or zài bu zai. 學生在上課嗎？ Xuésheng zài shàng kè ma? Are the students having class? 他們不在上課，已經走了。 Tāmen bú zài shàng kè, yǐjīng They are not having class. They zǒu le. have already left. 他來的時候，你是不是在念書？ Tā láide shíhou, nǐ shì bu Weren’t you studying when he came shi zài niàn shu? over? 不，不在念書，已經玩兒去了。 Bù, bú zài niàn shū, yǐjīng No, I wasn’t studying. I had already wánr qu le. gone out to play. 他在不在看電視？ Tā zài bu zai kàn diànshì? Is he watching television? The aspect marker zài and the aspect marker ne often occur in the same sentence, indicating absence of change. 她在看報呢。 Tā zài kàn bào ne. She is reading the paper. Sometimes ne is used without zài. 她看報呢。 Tā kàn bào ne. She is reading the paper. Děng, literally “to wait”: In the second sentence of No. 2, the verb děng is used at the beginning of a phrase to mean “when.” Děng may be used with de shíhou, “when,” in the same phrase. Often, the second part of a sentence beginning with děng will contain an adverb meaning “then”—jiù, zài, or cái. [166] 等你看完報紙，我們出去買菜。 Děng nǐ kànwán bàozhǐ, wǒmen When you have finished the paper, chūqu mǎi cài. we will go out to buy groceries. 學英文難不難？ Xué Yīngwén nán bu nán? Is it hard to learn English? 等你學的時候就知道了。 Děng nǐ xuéde shíhou jiù When you study it, then you’ll know. zhīdao le. 你不是有一件事要告诵我嗎？ Nǐ bú shi yǒu yíjiàn shì yào Don’t you have something you want gàosong wǒ ma? to tell me? 等吃完飯再説。 Děng chīwán fàn zài shuō. Wait until we finish eating; then we’ll talk about it. The translation of děng as “wait until,” in the last example above, might suggest that the word is used only in future contexts. But děng is also used in past contexts: 昨天他沒有和你一起去看電影嗎？ Zuótiān tā méiyou hé ni Didn’t he go out with you to a movie yìqǐ qù kàn diànyǐng ma? last night? 沒有。等他回來的時候都十一點了。 Méiyou. Děng tā huílaide No. It was already eleven o’clock shíhou dōu shíyīdiǎn le. when he got home. 昨天他八點鐘才回家。等他回家我們才做飯， 你想幾點才吃飯！ Zuótiān tā bādiǎn zhōng cái Yesterday he didn’t get home until huí jiā. Děng tā huí jiā eight o’clock. We didn’t fix wǒmen cái zuò fàn, nǐ xiǎng dinner until he got home; so jǐdiǎn cái chī fàn! imagine what time it was when we ate! Kāi huì, “to meet,” “to hold a meeting,” is an example of a verb and its general object. Kāiwán, “finish holding [the meeting]”: Wán is the verb “to finish.” It is used as an ending in a compound verb of result in No. 2.* Wán expresses the idea of “over,” “up,” as in “Class is over,” “All the paper has been used up.” But be careful: wán is not used as a main verb when an object follows the verb. Instead of saying “finish this,” using wán by itself, you would say bǎ zhèige chīwán, “finish eating this”; bǎ zhèige zuòwán, “finish doing this”; or bǎ zhèige kànwán, “finish reading this.” Wán may sometimes be used as a main verb when there is no object, as in Diànyīng wán le, “The movie is finished.” But far more often wán occurs as an ending which indicates result. Diànhuà (literally, “electric speech”) may mean either “telephone” or “telephone call.” Huí diànhuà, “to return a phone call,” “to call back”: you have learned the verb huí, “to return,” as in Nǐ shenme shíhou huíqu? “When are you going back?” In No. 2, huí takes a direct object, diànhuà. Compare huí diànhuà with dǎ diànhuà, “to make a phone call,” which is found in exchange 4. *You have already seen wán in Piào dōu màiwán le. [167] Gěi ni huí diànhuà, “call you ’back”: you have learned the prepositional verb gěi, meaning “for [the benefit of].” In gěi ni huí diànhuà, gěi is translated as “to.” Because there are two meanings for gěi, occasionally a sentence may be ambiguous. For example, Wǒ gěi ta jìqule liǎngbāo cháyè means either “I sent two packages of tea to him” or “I mailed out two packages of tea for him.” Duì is also translated as “to.” Duì introduces the target; gěi introduces the receiver. In other words, duì expresses the intended direction but does not necessarily imply that the target is reached. Gěi usually implies receiving, as you might expect, since it means “give” as a full verb. You use gěi to indicate the receiver when you say 給她打電話 gěi ta dǎ diànhuà telephone her 給她寫一封信 gěi ta xiě yìfēng xìn write her a letter 給她買了一個房子 gěi ta mǎile yige fángzi bought her a house But, to indicate the target, you say 給她好 duì ta hǎo be nice to her 對他客氣 duì ta kèqi be polite to him 對她生氣 duì ta shēngqì get angry at her Notice that duì is used especially to indicate the target of feelings and attitudes, while gěi is used with actions such as calling, mailing, and sending. 好，謝謝你。 3. A: Hǎo, xièxie ni. Fine. Thank you. 不謝。 C: Bú xiè. Don’t mention it. Note on No. 3 Bú xiè is an idiom meaning something like “don’t thank [me].” (Literally, “Don’t thank me” would be Bié xiè wǒ (別謝我).) [168] 對不起，今天早上你打電話來的時候我 在開會，沒時間跟你説話。 4. B: Duìbuqī, jīntiān zǎoshang nǐ I’m sorry. When you called here dǎ diànhuà láide shíhou wǒ this morning, I was in a meeting zài kāi huì, méi shíjiān and didn’t have time to speak gēn ni shuō huà. with you. 沒關係。我知道你很忙。 A: Méi guānxi. Wǒ zhīdào nǐ It doesn’t matter. I know you are hěn máng. very busy. Notes on No. 4 Dǎ diànhuà means “to make a phone call.” (Literally, dǎ means “to hit.”) 我昨天晚上給馬太太打了一個電話。 Wǒ zuótiān wǎnshang gěi Mǎ I called Mrs. Mǎ last night. Tàitai dǎle yige diànhuà. 我打兩個電話就來。 Wǒ dǎ liǎngge diànhuà jiù I’ll be right there after I make lái. a couple of phone calls. Shuō huà, “to speak,” is a verb with a general object—literally, “speak words.” Verb + general object is often translated into English by a verb alone: niàn shū, “to study”; kāi chē, “to drive.” Méi guānxi: Other translations for this very useful expression are “that’s okay,” “don’t worry about it,” “it doesn’t make any difference.” Literally, méi guānxi would be translated as “there isn’t any connection.” 我給你打電話目的是想跟你當面談談。 5. A: Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi The reason I called you is that I shi xiǎng gēn ni dāngmiàn would like to talk with you in tántan. person. 好啊。什麽時候啊？ B: Hǎo a. Shénme shíhou All right. When? Note on No. 5 Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi shi...: In English, the word “reason,” or “purpose,” begins the phrase, with the modifying clause following. In Chinese, everything modifying “the purpose” precedes mùdi. Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuà -de mùdi shi .... (The reason why I called yǒu is ....) Mùdi, “purpose,” “aim,” “objective”: Although translated idiomatically as “reason” in exchange 5, mùdi does not really mean “reason”/“cause.” The English terms should be translated as yuányīn: wǒ lǎiwǎnde yuányīn, “the reason I came late” (我來晚的原因). [169] 明天對你合適嗎？ 6. A: Míngtiān duì ni héshì ma? Would tomorrow be all right for you? 明天下午什麽時候都可以， B: Míngtiān xiàwǔ shénme shíhou Any time tomorrow afternoon would be dōu kéyi. fine. Note on No. 6 Shénme shíhou dōu kéyi, “anytime is okay” (more literally, “what[ever] time, all is okay”), illustrates a pattern for expressing the idea of “any” in Chinese: a question word, such as shéi, shénme, nǎr, and něitiān, followed by dōu, “all.” 誰都能去。 Shéi dōu néng qù. Anyone can go. 哪兒都可以。 Nǎr dōu kéyi. Anyplace will do. 什麽都可以。 Shénme dōu kéyi. Anything will do. 哪天都好 Něitiān dōu hǎo. Any day is good. 怎麽做都好。 Zěnme zuò dōu hǎo. Any way (you) do it is fine. The ideas of “nobody,” “nowhere,” “nothing,” and “none” are expressed by adding bù or méi after dōu in the pattern above. 誰都能不要走。 Shéi dōu bú yào zǒu. Nobody wants to leave. 哪兒都不對。 Nǎr dōu bú duì. No place is right. 怎麽都不行。 Zěnme dōu bù xíng. No way will do. 什麽都沒有。 Shénme dōu méiyou. There is nothing. The “any/no” expression need not be the subject of a sentence; it may also be the object. Even if the expression is the direct object, it must precede the verb. 他誰都喜歡。 Tā shéi dōu xǐhuan. He likes anyone/everyone. 我哪兒都不去。 Wǒ nǎr dōu bú qù. I won’t go anywhere. 那個商店什麽都賣。 Nèige shāngdiàn shénme dōu That store sells everything, mài. 他哪個都不喜歡。 Tā něige dōu bù xǐhuan. He doesn’t like either/any of them. (As objects, many of these expressions must be translated as “every....”) An “any/no” expression may also be the object of a prepositional verb. 我跟誰都沒説話。 Wō gēn shéi dōu méi shuō huà. I didn’t speak with anyone. [170] 在哪兒見呢？ 7. A: Zài nǎr jiàn ne? Where shall we meet? 兩點鐘請你到我這兒，行不行？ B: Liǎngdiǎn zhōng qǐng ni dào Please come over here at two o’clock. wǒ zhèr lái, xíng bu xíng? All right? 好。明天兩點鐘見。 A: Hǎo. Míngtiān liǎngdiǎn Okay. See you tomorrow at two o’clock. zhōng jiàn. Notes on No. 7 Dào wǒ zhèr lái means, literally, “come over to the place where I am.” While plurals such as wǒmen zhèr and nǐmen nàr often refer to institutions, the singular wǒ zhèr, nǐ nàr, and tā nàr usually refer to any place where a person might be. In an office shared by two people, for instance, you could say Wǒ zhèr méiyou Yīng-Hàn zìdiǎn; nín nàr yǒu méiyou? “I don’t have an English-Chinese dictionary over here; do you have one over there?” Dào, like zài, is a verb which requires a place word as its object. Sentences like “Come over here to me” and “Go over there to Mr. Wáng” must be translated as Dào wǒ zhèr lái and Dào Wáng Xiānsheng nar qù. Zhèr and nàr make wǒ and Wáng Xiānsheng parts of place-word phrases. 8. guānxi 關係 relation, relationship, connection 9. jiǎng huà 講話 to speak, to talk; a speech 10. lǐngshiguǎn 領事館 consulate 11. shìqing (yíjiàn) 事情 (一件) matter, business, affair 12. sīzhǎng 司長 department chief 13. yǒu guānxi 有關係 to relate to, to have a bearing on, to matter Note on Additional Required Vocabulary Yǒu guānxi: To talk about the relationship of two things, use ...gēn...yǒu guānxi or ...hé...yǒu guānxi. 領事館和大使館有什麽樣的關係？ Lǐngshiguǎn hé dàshiguǎn What is the relationship between yǒu shénmeyàngde guānxi? the consulate and the embassy? [171] VOCABULARY BOOSTER Occupations accountant 會計師 kuàijìshī actor, actress 演員 yǎnyuán architect 建築師 jiànzhùshī athlete 運動員 yùndòngyuán author, writer 作家 zuòjiā barber 理髮師， lǐfàshī, lǐfàde blue-collar worker 工人 gōngrén builder 營造商 yíngzàoshāng businessman 商人 shāngrén carpenter 木匠，木工 mùjiang, mùgōng chemical engineer 化學工程師 huàxué gōngchéngshī civil engineer 土木工程師 tǔmù gōngchéngshī civil servant 公務員 gōngwùyuán composer 作曲家 zuòqǔjiā cook 厨師 chúshī customs official 海關官員 hǎiguān guānyuán diplomat 外交官 wàijiāoguān doctor 大夫，醫生 dàifu, yīshēng (newspaper) editor 編輯 biānji electrical engineer 電機工程師 diànjī gōngchěngshī electrician 電工 diàngōng employee, clerk, attendant 服務員 fúwùyuán farmer, peasant 農民 nóngmín fisherman 漁民 yúmín gardener 園丁，花匠 yuándīng, huājiàng governess 保姆 bǎomǔ government minister 部長 bùzhǎng housewife 家庭主婦，急停婦女 jiātíng zhǔfù, jiātíng fùnǚ lawyer 律師 lǜshī manager 經理 jīnglǐ mayor 市長 shìzhǎng mechanic 機械師，機械員 jīxièshī, jīxièyuán mechanical engineer 機械工程師 jīxiè gōngchéngshī movie star 電影明星 diànyǐng míngxīng musician 音樂家 yīnyuèjiā [172] nuclear engineer 盒子工程師 hézǐ gōngchéngshǐ nurse 護士 hùshi office staff worker 職員 zhíyuán (Chinese) opera performer 京劇演員 jīngjù yǎnyuán painter (artist) 畫家 huàjiā pharmacist 藥劑師 yàojìshī pilot 飛行員 fēixíngyuán policeman 警察 jǐngchá postman 郵遞員 yóudìyuán professor 教授 jiàoshòu reporter 記者 jìzhě sailor 海員，水手，船員 hǎiyuán, shuǐshǒu, chuányuán salesman 推銷員 tuīxiāoyuán secretary 秘書 mìshū servant 用人 yòngren shoemaker 鞋匠師傅 xiéjiàngshīfu shoe repairman 修鞋的 xiūxiéde store clerk, salesperson 售貨員 shòuhuòyuán teacher 教員 jiàoyuán typist 打字員 dǎzìyuán (star) vocalist 歌星 gēxīng waiter, waitress 飯店服務員 fàndiàn fúwùyuán [173] DRILLS A. Substitution Drill 他現在在開會。 他現在在打電話。 1. Speaker: Tā xiànzài zài kāi huì. You: Tā xiànzài zài dǎ diànhuà. (He is making a phone call 打電話 now.) (cue) dǎ diànhuà (He is at a meeting now.) 他現在在打電話。 他現在在等你 2. Tā xiànzài zài dǎ diànhuà. Tā xiànzài zài děng ni. 等你 děng ni 他現在在等你。 他現在在跟王先生説話。 3. Tā xiànzài zài děng ni. Tā xiànzài zài gēn Wáng Xiānsheng shuō huà. 跟王先生説話。 gēn Wáng Xiānsheng shuō huà 他現在在跟王先生説話。 他現在在工作。 4. Tā xiànzài zài gēn Wáng Ta xiànzài zài gōngzuò. Xiānsheng shuō huà. 工作 gōngzuò 他現在在工作。 他現在在講話。 5. Tā xiànzài zài gōngzuò. Tā xiànzài zài jiǎng huà. 講話 jiǎng huà 他現在在講話。 他現在在換錢。 6. Tā xiànzài zài jiǎng huà. Tā xiànzài zài huàn qián. 換錢 huàn qián 他現在在換錢。 7. Tā xiànzài zài huàn qián. B. Response Drill 他現在在開會。 一會兒請他給我回個電話，好不好？ 1. Speaker: Tā xiànzài zài kāi huì. You: Yìhuǐr qǐng tā gěi wǒ huí ge diànhuà, hǎo bu hǎo? 一會兒 (In a little while please ask (cue) yìhuǐr him to call me back. All (He is at a meeting right?) now.) 王同志現在在講話。 下午請他給我回個電話，好不好？ 2. Wáng Tóngzhì xiànzài zài jiǎng Xiàwǔ qǐng ta gěi wǒ huí ge diànhuà, huà. hǎo bu hǎo? 下午 xiàwǔ 張同志現在在學中國話 上午請他給我回個電話，好不好？ 3. Zhāng Tóngzhì xiànzài zài xué Shàngwǔ qǐng ta gěi wǒ huí ge Zhōngguo huà. diànhuà, hǎo bu hǎo? 上午 shàngwǔ 馬科長現在在打電話。 明天請他給我回個電話，好不好？ 4. Mǎ Kēzhǎng xiànzài zài dǎ Míngtiān qǐng ta gěi wo huí ge diànhuà. diànhuà, hǎo bu hǎo? 明天 míngtiān [174] 王同志現在在跟張科長講話。 一會兒請他給我回個電話，好不好？ 5. Wáng Tóngzhì xiànzài zài gēn Yìhuǐr qǐng ta gěi wo huí ge diànhuà, Zhāng Kēzhǎng jiǎnghuà. hǎo bu hǎo? 一會兒 yìhuǐr 李女士現在在跟王大使開會。 今天請她給我回個電話，好不好？ 6. Lǐ Nǚshì xiànzài zài gēn Wáng Jīntiān qǐng ta gěi wo huí ge Dàshǐ kāi huì. diànhuà, hǎo bu hǎo? 今天 jīntiān 朱同志現在在學中文。 下午請他給我回個電話，好不好？ 7. Zhū Tóngzhì xiànzài zài xué Xiàwǔ qǐng ta gěi wo huí ge diànhuà, Zhōngwén. hǎo bu hǎo? 下午 xiàwǔ C. Expansion Drill 我想跟你當面談談。 我給你打電話目的是想跟你當面談談。 1. Speaker: Wǒ xiǎng gēn ni You: Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi dāngmiàn tántan. shi xiǎng gēn ni dāngmiàn (I would like to talk tántan. with you in person.) (The reason I called you is that I would like to talk with you in person.) 我想問你一件事。 我給你打電話目的是想問你一件事。 2. Wǒ xiǎng wèn ni yíjiàn shi. Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi shi xiǎng wèn ni yíjiàn shi. 我想問你幾點鐘有功夫。 我給你打電話目的是想幾點鐘有功夫。 3. Wǒ xiǎng wèn ni jǐdiǎn zhōng Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi shi xiǎng yǒu gōngfu. wèn ni jǐdiǎn zhōng yǒu gōngfu. 我想跟你當面談談。 我給你打電話目的是想跟你當面談談。 4. Wǒ xiǎng gēn ni dāngmiàn tántan. Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi shi xiǎng gēn ni dāngmiàn tántan. 我想問你一點兒事。 我給你打電話目的是想問你一點兒事。 5. Wǒ xiǎng wèn ni yìdiǎnr shì. Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi shi xiǎng wèn ni yìdiǎnr shi. 我想問你三點鐘有功夫沒有。 我給你打電話目的是想問你三點鐘有功夫沒有。 6. Wǒ xiǎng wèn ni sāndiǎn zhōng Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi shi yǒu gōngfu meiyou. xiǎng wèn ni sāndiǎn zhōng yǒu gōngfu meiyou. 我想跟你當面談談。 我給你打電話目的是想跟你當面談談。 7. Wǒ xiǎng gēn ni dāngmiàn tántan. Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi shi xiǎng gēn ni dāngmiàn tántan. [175] D. Substitution Drill 什麽時候都可以。 誰都可以。 1. Speaker: Shénme shíhou dōu kéyi. You: Shéi dōu kéyi. (Anyone would be fine.) 誰 (cue) shéi (Any time would be fine.) 誰都可以。 哪兒 哪兒都可以。 2. Shéi dōu kéyi. nǎr Nǎr dōu kéyi. 哪兒都可以。 哪個 哪個都可以。 3. Nǎr dōu kéyi. něige Něige dōu kéyi. 哪個都可以。 什麽地 什麽地方都可以 4. Něige dōu kéyi. shénme dìfang Shénme dìfang dōu kéyi. 什麽地方都可以。 多少 多少都可以。 5. Shénme dìfang dōu kéyi. duōshao Duōshao dōu kéyi. 多少都可以。 多久 多久都可以。 6. Duōshao dōu kéyi. duó jiǔ Duó jiǔ dōu kéyi. 多久都可以。 7. Duó jiǔ dōu kéyi. E. Substitution Drill 什麽時候都可以。 多久都可以。 1. Speaker: Shénme shíhou dōu kéyi. You: Duó jiǔ dōu kéyi. (cue) any length of time (Any length of time would be (Any time would be fine.) fine.) 幾點鐘都可以。 幾個鐘頭都可以。 2. Jǐdiǎn zhōng dōu kéyi. Jǐge zhōngtōu dōu kéyi. any number of hours 哪天都可以。 多少天都可以。 3. Něitiān dōu kéyi. Duōshao tiān dōu kéyi. any number of days 哪年都可以。 幾年都可以。 4. Něinián dōu kéyi. Jǐnián dōu kéyi. any number of years 星期幾都可以。 幾個星期都可以。 5. Xīngqījǐ dōu kéyi. Jǐge xīngqī dōu kéyi. any number of weeks 幾號都可以。 多少天都可以。 6. Jǐhào dōu kéyi. Duōshao tiān dōu kéyi. any number of days 幾月都可以。 幾個月都可以。 7. Jǐyuè dōu kéyi. Jǐge yuè dōu kéyi. any number of months [176] F. Response Drill 我們明天在這兒見呢，還是在那兒見呢？ 在哪兒見都可以。 1. Speakers Wǒmen míngtiān zài zhèr You: Zài nǎr jiàn dōu kéyi. jiàn ne, háishi zai (Anywhere would be fine.) nàr jiàn ne? 哪兒 (cue) nǎr (Shall we meet here or there tomorrow?) 我們坐火車去呢，還是坐飛機去呢？ 怎麽 怎麽去都可以。 2. Wǒmen zuò huǒchē qù ne, háishi zěnme Zěnme qù dōu kéyi. zuò fēijī qù ne? 我們明天九點鐘見呢，還是十點鐘見呢？ 幾點鐘 幾點鐘見都可以。 3. Wǒmen míngtiān jiǔdiǎn zhōng jǐdiǎn zhōng Jǐdiǎn zhōng jiàn dōu kéyi. jiàn ne, háishi shídiǎn zhōng jiàn ne? 我們坐汽車去呢，還是坐火車去呢？ 什麽車 什麽車都可以。 4. Wǒmen zuò qìchē qù ne, háishi shénme chē Shénme chē dōu kéyi. zuò huǒchē qù ne? 我們明天去呢，還是後天去呢？ 哪天 哪天去都可以。 5. Wǒmen míngtiān qù ne, háishi něitiān Něitiān qù dōu kéyi. hòutiān qù ne? 我們星期一去呢，還是星期二去呢？ 星期幾 星期幾去都可以。 6. Wǒmen Xīngqīyī qù ne, háishi xīngqījǐ Xīngqījǐ qù dōu kéyi. xīngqīèr qù ne? 我們坐飛機去呢，還是坐火車去呢？ 怎麽 怎麽去都可以。 7. Wǒmen zuò fēijī qù ne, háishi zuò zěnme Zěnme qù dōu kéyi. huǒchē qù ne? G. Response Drill 誰來？ 誰都來。 1. Speaker: Shéi lái? You: Shéi dōu lái. (Who is coming?) (Everyone is coming.) 什麽地方不好？ 什麽地方都不好。 2. Shénme dìfang bù hǎo? Shénme dìfang dōu bù hǎo. 哪個地方可以？ 哪個地方都可以 3. Něige dìfang kéyi? Něige dìfang dōu kéyi. 誰不會？ 誰都不會 4. Shéi bú huì? Shéi dōu bú huì. 哪兒好？ 哪兒都好 5. Nǎr hǎo? Nǎr dōu hǎo. 他什麽時候能去？ 他什麽時候都能去 6. Tā shénme shíhou néng qù? Tā shénme shíhou dōu néng qù. 你哪天不忙？ 你哪天都不忙 7. Nǐ něitiān bù máng? Wǒ něitiān dōu bù máng. [177] H. Response Drill 你去哪兒？ 我哪兒都去。 1. Speaker: Nǐ qù nǎr? You: Wǒ nǎr dōu qù. (Where are yǒu going?) (I’m going everywhere.) 你到哪兒去？ 我哪兒都去。 2. Nǐ dào nǎr qù? Wǒ nǎr dōu qù. 他去什麽地方？ 他什麽地方都去。 3. Tā qù shénme dìfang? Tā shénme dìfang dōu qù. 他到什麽地方去？ 他什麽地方都去。 4. Tā dào shénme dìfang qù? Tā shénme dìfang dōu qù. 你買哪個？ 我哪個都買。 5. Nǐ mǎi něige? Wǒ něige dōu mǎi. 你看哪本？ 我哪本都看。 6. Nǐ kàn něiběn? Wǒ něiběn dōu kàn. 你做什麽？ 我什麽都做。 7. Nǐ zuò shénme? Wǒ shénme dōu zuò. I. Response Drill 誰來？ 誰都來。 1. Speaker: Shéi lái? You: Shéi dōu lai. (cue) everyone (Everyone is coming.) (Who is coming?) 誰可以？ 誰都可以。 2. Shéi kéyi? anyone will do Shéi dōu kéyi. 誰來？ 誰都不來。 3. Shéi lái? no one Shéi dōu bù lái. 你買哪個？ 我哪個都買。 4. Nǐ mǎi něige? all of them Wǒ něige dōu mǎi. 你到哪兒去？ 我哪兒都不去。 5. Nǐ dào nǎr qù? nowhere at all Wǒ nǎr dōu bú qù. 哪個好？ 哪個都好。 6. Něige hǎo? all of them Něige dōu hǎo. 誰會説中國話？ 誰都會説中國話。 7. Shéi huì shuō Zhōngguo huà? everyone Shéi dōu huì shuō Zhōngguo huà. [178] UNIT 3 REFERENCE LIST (in Taipei) 黃科長，您下個星期六有功夫嗎？ 1. A. Huáng Kēzhǎng, nín xiàge Section Chief Huang, are you free Xīngqīliù yǒu gōngfu ma? Saturday of next week? 我想請您和您夫人到我們家來吃個便飯。 A: Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín hé nín I would like to invite you and your fūren dào wǒmen jiā lái wife to come to our house for a chī ge biànfàn. simple meal. 您何必怎麽客氣？ 2. B: Nín hébì zhème kèqi? Why is it necessary to be so polite? 不是客氣。 A: Bú shi kèqi. It’s not politeness. 我有一個朋友剛從美國來。 A: Wǒ yǒu yige péngyou gāng I have a friend who has just come cóng Měiguo lái. from America. 她現在在臺灣大學教經濟學。 A: Tā xiànzài zài Táiwān She is teaching economics at Táiwān Dàxué jiāo jīngjixué. University right now. 我很想給你們兩位介紹介紹。 A: Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen I would very much like to introduce liǎngwèi jièshao jièshao. the two of you. 那太好了！ 3. B: Nà tài hǎo le! That’s wonderful! 很希望跟她談談。 B: Hěn xīwang gēn ta tántan. I wish very much to talk with her. 不過，恐怕我的英文不行。 B: Búguò, kǒngpà wǒde Yīngwén However, I’m afraid that my English bù xíng. isn’t good enough. 不但説得好，有時候也聽不懂。 B: Búdàn shuōde bù hǎo, yǒu Not only don’t I speak well, (but) shíhou yě tīngbudǒng. sometimes I can’t understand what I hear either. 哪裏，哪裏。 4. A: Náli, náli. Not at all, not at all. 您説得跟美國人一樣好。 A: Nín shuōde gēn Měiguo rén You speak as well as an American. yíyàng hǎo. 怎麽樣？六點半對您方便不方便？ 5. *A: Zěnmeyàng? Liùdiǎn bàn duì How shall we do it? Would six-thirty nín fāngbian bu fangbian? be convenient for you? 方便，方便。 B: Fāngbian, fāngbian. That would be fine. 我沒請什麽人。很隨便。 6. A: Wǒ méi qǐng shénme rén. I haven’t invited anyone special. Hěn suíbiàn. It’s very informal. 那就先謝了。 B: Nà jiù xiān xiè le. Well then, I’ll thank you in advance. *The remaining sentences in this exchange occur on the C-l tape. [179] ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes) 7. bù tóng 不同 to be different 8. chá 茶 tea 9. chī fàn 吃飯 to eat, to have a meal 10. dànshi 但是 but 11. érqiě 而且 furthermore, moreover 12. fàn 飯 (cooked) rice 13. hē 喝 to drink 14. jiāo shū 教書 to teach [180] VOCABULARY biànfàn 便飯 a simple, informal meal búdàn...yě 不但...也 not only...but also búguò 不過 however, but bù tóng 不同 to be different chá 茶 tea chī fàn 吃飯 to eat, to have a meal dànshi 但是 but érqiě 而且 furthermore, moreover fàn 飯 (cooked) rice hē 喝 to drink hébì 何必 why is it necessary (to) jiāo shū 教書 to teach jièshao 介紹 to introduce kǒngpà 恐怕 to be afraid that (something is or is not the case) suíbiàn 隨便 to be informal/casual; as you like, as you wish, whatever suits you, “according to convenience” tài hǎo le! 太好了！ wonderful! tīngbudǒng 聽不懂 cannot understand tīngdedǒng 聽得懂 can understand xīwàng (xīwang) 希望 to hope, to wish to yíyàng 一樣 to be alike/equal yǒu shíhou (yǒu shihou) 有時候 sometimes (introduced on C-2 tape) cānjiā 參加 to attend dǎ (ge) diànhuà 打(個)電話 to make a phone call hǎode duō 好得多 much better tīng diànhuà 聼電話 to answer the phone yānhuo 烟火 fireworks display yóuyuánhuì 游園會 carnival zhèng hǎo 正好 just right [181] REFERENCE NOTES 黃科長，您下個星期六有功夫嗎？ 1. A: Huáng Kēzhǎng, nín xiàge Section Chief Huáng, are you free Xīngqīliù yǒu gōngfu ma? Saturday of next week? 我想請您和您夫人到我們家來吃個便飯。 A: Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín hé nín I would like to invite you and your fūren dào wǒmen jiā lái wife to come to our house for a chī ge biànfàn. simple meal. Notes on No. 1 Xiàge Xīngqīliù means “Saturday of next week.” “Saturday of this week” is zhèige Xīngqīliù, and “Saturday of last week” is shàngge Xīngqīliù.* Chī ge biànfàn: Here the verb chī, “to eat [something],” takes the object (yi)ge biànfàn, “a simple/informal family meal.” When talking about the general activity of eating, however, use chī with the general object fàn, literally “(cooked) rice”: chī fàn, “to eat” The word biànfàn is used as a modest description in inviting guests for a meal served in the home. The meal is generally “simple” only in the sense of not being a banquet. A Chinese family meal usually consists of several dishes plus a soup. 您何必怎麽客氣？ 2. B: Nín hébì zhème kèqi? Why is it necessary to be so polite? 不是客氣。 A: Bú shi kèqi. It’s not politeness. 我有一個朋友剛從美國來。 A: Wǒ yǒu yige péngyou gāng I have a friend who has just come cóng Měiguo lái. from America. 她現在在臺灣大學教經濟學。 A: Tā xiànzài zài Táiwān Dàxué She is teaching economics at Táiwān jiāo Jīngjixué. University right now. 我很想給你們兩位介紹介紹。 A: Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen I would very much like to introduce liǎngwèi jièshao jièshao. the two of you. *The words “this,” “next,” and “last” in English are often ambiguous. “This” sometimes means “Just past,” sometimes “the coming,” and sometimes “of next week.” “Next” sometimes means “the coming” and sometimes means “of next week.” “Last” sometimes means “Just past” and sometimes means “of last week.” In Chinese, however, zhèige usually means “of this week”; xiàge, “of next week”; and shàngge, “of last week.” But ambiguities do sometimes arise. Some Chinese consider that the week begins on Sunday. Probably most Chinese however, consider Monday the first day of the week. [182] Notes on No. 2 Hébì is a somewhat formal way of saying “Why is it necessary to...?” Hé is a literary word for “why.” Bì is a literary word for “must.” (You may recognize it from bú bì, “need not,” “to be unnecessary.”) Notice that the first speaker in exchange 2 does not respond to the dinner invitation with an immediate “Thank you, I would love to,” as one might do in English. Instead, the Chinese prefer the equivalent of “That’s too kind of you” or “Oh, you really shouldn’t.” When you receive an indefinite invitation (like “I hope you can come over to my house for dinner some day”), do not ask immediately for the date and time. Rather, you should thank the person for his politeness and say that you also hope that you can get together. Vague invitations may simply be in superficial accordance with the rules of etiquette, and you might put your acquaintance on the spot by accepting. Bú shi kèqi is the appropriate response when a person suggests that you are treating him too politely. Jiāo, “to teach,” is a verb which requires a general object when no specific object is mentioned. Contrast jiāo shū, “to teach,” with jiāo jīngJixué, “to teach economics.” Nǐmen liǎngwèi means “the two of you,” or “you two.” The other plural pronouns may be used similarly: 他們四個人都已經去過了。 Tāmen sìge rén dōu yǐjīng Those four have all been there already. qùguo le. 他們三個人都想念歷史。 Tāmen sānge rén dōu xiǎng All three of them are planning to niàn lìshǐ. study history. A number phrase may also follow a list of nouns or pronouns in Chinese. Either the listing or the number is usually omitted in the English translation. 我，你，他三個人都去，好不好？ Wǒ, nǐ, tā sānge rén dōu qù, Why don’t all three of us go? hǎo bu hǎo? 李先生跟王先生兩位都給我打了電話了。 Lǐ Xiānsheng gēn Wáng Both Mr. Lǐ and Mr. Wáng (the two of Xiānsheng liǎngwèi dōu them) called me. gěi wǒ dǎle diànhuà le. Gěi nīmen liāngwèi jièshao jièshao: There are two things to note in this sentence. First of all, while the English language “introduces two people TO each other,” the Chinese language “introduces FOR the two people,” gěi...jièshao. Secondly, the speaker has chosen to repeat the verb jièshao. In a sentence expressing the speaker’s desired course of action, the reduplicated form of the verb makes the statement less blunt and demanding. [183] 那太好了！ 3. B: Nà tài hǎo le! That’s wonderful! 很希望跟她談談。 B: Hěn xīwang gēn ta tántan. I wish very much to talk with her. 很希望跟她談談。 B: Búguò, kǒngpà wǒde Yīngwén However, I’m afraid that my English bù xíng. isn’t good enough. 不但説得好，有時候也聽不懂。 B: Búdàn shuōde bù hǎo, yǒu Not only don’t I speak well, (but) shíhou yě tīngbudǒng. sometimes I can’t understand what I hear either. Notes on No. 3 Tài hǎo le, “wonderful,” or, more literally, “too good.” you have seen tài translated as “excessively,” or “too”: “It’s too expensive!” Tài guì le! In other contexts, tài simply indicates an extreme degree and is translated as “very.” When used this way, tài is commonly heavily stressed. 這本書真是太有意思了！ Zhèiběn shū zhēn shi tài yǒu This book is really very interesting! yìsi le! Búguò, “however,” is often interchangeable with kěshi, “but,” and is therefore used more frequently than the English “however.” Kǒngpà means “to be afraid that [something is/is not the case].” It sometimes means “probably,” as in Zhàiběn shū kǒngpà shi tāde, “This book is probably his.” Búdàn...ye... is equivalent to the English “not only...but also....” Here are some examples: 他不但會説中文，也會説日文。 Tā búdàn huì shuō Zhōngwén, Not only can he speak Chinese, but he yě huì shuō Rìwén. can also speak Japanese. 他不但不喜歡紅的，也不喜歡藍的。 Tā búdàn bù xǐhuan hóngde, Not only doesn’t he like the red one, yě bù xǐhuan lánde. but he doesn’t like the blue one either. Tīngbudǒng, “can’t understand”: The verb dǒng is used to indicate the result in a compound verb of result, Here is another example of dǒng used in this way: 中文報紙你看得懂看不懂？ Zhōngwén bàozhǐ nǐ kàndedǒng Can you read (and understand) Chinese kànbudǒng? newspapers? Shuōde bù hǎo VS. tīngbudǒng: The many ways in which one-syllable Chinese verbs may be combined to make patterns and compounds can be confusing. In No. 3, yǒu see both an action verb and its manner adverb (in the negative), shuōde bù hǎo, and a compound verb of result (in its “unable” form), tīngbudǒng. Compare these two forms: ACTION VERB MARKER NEG. ADV. MANNER shuō -DE bù hǎo shuō -DE hěn hǎo ACTION VERB MARKER or NEG. (not both) RESULT tīng -bù -dǒng tīng -de -dǒng [184] The marker de is always part of the manner adverb expression but alternates with bù in compound verbs of result. Manner adverb expressions expand to allow not only for negation but also for additional adverbs such as hěn and tài. Compound verbs of result cannot do this. There are always three, and only three, parts to the compound verb of result. 哪裏，哪裏。 4. A: Náli, náli. Not at all, not at all. 您説得跟美國人一樣好。 A: Nín shuōde gēn Měiguo rén You speak as well as an American. yíyàng hǎo. 怎麽樣？六點半對您方便不方便？ 5. A: Zěnmeyàng? Liùdiǎn bàn duì How shall we do it? Would six-thirty nín fāngbian bu fangbian? be convenient for you? 方便，方便。 B: Fāngbian, fāngbian. That would be fine. Notes on Nos. 4-5 Gēn...yíyàng hǎo: Yíyàng is an adjectival verb meaning “to be the same.” When a sentence tells you in what respect the compared items are alike, yíyàng acts as an adverb and may be translated as “equally.” 我們兩個認得車 一樣。 Wǒmen liǎngge rénde chē yíyàng. (the cars belonging to the two of us alike) “Our cars are alike.” 我們兩個認得車 一樣貴。 Wǒmen liǎngge rénde chē yíyàng guì. (the cars belonging to the two of us equally expensive) “Our cars are equally expensive.” The area of comparability may be described by predicates other than adjectival verbs. 他們兩個人 都 一樣 喜歡 念書。 Tāmen liǎngge rén dōu yíyàng xǐhuan niàn shū. (the two of them both equally like to study) “The two of them are equally studious.” The items being compared may be expressed separately, using gēn. In this case, gēn is the prepositional verb meaning “with.” The item preceding gēn is compared WITH the object of gēn. [185] 我的車 跟 他的 車 一樣。 Wǒde chē gēn tāde chē yíyàng. (my car with his car alike) “My car is like his.” Gēn may be used to compare nouns, pronouns, noun phrases, and clauses. Often one of the two phrases or clauses is a shorter form of the other. 你説得 跟 美國人(説得) yiyang 好。 Nǐ shuōde gēn Měiguo rén (shuōde) yíyàng hǎo. (you speak with American [speak] equally good) ”You speak as well as an American.” 我的車 跟 他的(車) 一樣。 Wǒde chē gēn tāde (chē) yíyàng. (my car with his [car] alike) “My car is like his (car).” 你(開得) 跟 我 開得 一樣 快 Nǐ (kāide) gēn wō kāide yíyàng kuài. (you [drive] with me drive equally fast) “You drive as fast as I do.” 我沒請什麽人。很隨便。 6. A: Wǒ méi qǐng shénme rén. Hěn I haven’t invited anyone special, suíbiàn. It’s very informal. 那就先謝了。 B: Nà jiù xiān xiè le. Well then, I’ll thank you in advance. Notes on No. 6 Méi qǐng shénme rén: In this sentence, shénme is not the question word “what” “but is the indefinite “any.” When used with bù or méi, shénme rén means “anyone special,” or “anyone in particular.” All question words may follow the verbs in negative statements to give similar meanings. Here are some examples of “any___ special” meanings: 我沒吃什麽飯。 Wǒ méi chī shénme fàn. I didn’t eat much of anything. 我沒跟誰去。 Wǒ méi gēn shéi qù. I didn’t go with anybody special. 我沒到那兒去。 Wǒ méi dào nǎr qù. I didn’t go anyplace in particular. [186] 我沒有多少前。 Wǒ méiyou duōshao qián. I don’t have any money to speak of. 我不要幾個。 Wǒ bú yào jǐge. I don’t want but a few. (I want only a few.) Suíbiàn is a frequently used expression which has connotations of “casual,” as contrasted with kèqi, “proper” or “formal.” Literally, suíbiàn means “according to convenience.” Here are some examples: 怎麽做？ Zěnme zuò? How shall we do it? 隨便。 Suíbiàn. However you like. 隨便什麽時候來。 Suíbiàn shénme shíhou lái. Come anytime you like. 隨便坐哪兒都可以。 Suíbiàn zuò nǎr dōu kéyi. You may sit anywhere you like. Nà jiù xiān xiè le: In this sentence, nà is acting as an adverb meaning “in that case,” “if so,” or “then.” The English translation “I’ll thank you in advance, then” is very formal. You would be more likely to say something like “Great. I’m looking forward to it.” 7. bù tóng 不同 to be different 8. chá 茶 tea 9. chī fàn 吃飯 to eat, to have a meal 10. dànshi 但是 but 11. érqiě 而且 furthermore, moreover 12. fàn 飯 (cooked) rice 13. hē 喝 to drink 14. jiāo shū 教書 to teach Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary Bù tóng may be used in much the same way as bù yíyàng. Note that bù tóng occurs only in the negative. (There is no tóng.) 上海話和北京話很不同。 Shànghái huà hé Běijīng huà The Shànghǎi dialect and the Běijīng hěn bù tóng. dialect are very different. Chī fàn, “to eat,” is an example of a verb plus a general object used to express a general activity. The verb chi may also take specific objects, such as miàn, “noodles.” Dànshi, “but,” is used much like kěshi, “but.” 河北人聽得懂北京話嗎？ Héběi rén tīngdedǒng Běijīng Can people from Héběi understand huà ma? the Běijīng dialect? 聽得懂，但是河北話和北京話不一樣。 Tīngdedǒng, dànshi Héběi huà Yes, but the Héběi dialect and the hé Běijīng huà bù yíyàng. Běijīng dialect are different. [187] Érqiě, “furthermore,” “moreover”: Use érqiě at the beginning of a sentence or clause. 這個花瓶太貴，而且也太大了。我不想買。 Zhèige huāpíng tài guì, érqiě This vase is too expensive, and yě tài dà le. Wǒ bù xiǎng furthermore it’s too big. I don’t mǎi. want to buy it. Fàn, “(cooked) rice”: The definition of fàn is qualified as “cooked” because the Chinese use several words for “rice,” depending on whether it is in the field, ready to cook, or on the table. Jiāo shū is a verb plus a general object meaning “to teach.” Jiāo may be used without its general object, as in Jiāo Zhōngwén, “teach the Chinese language.” [188] DRILLS A. Substitution Drill 黃科長，你明天晚上有功夫嗎？ 黃科長，你明天早上有功夫嗎？ 1. Speaker: Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ You: Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ míngtiān míngtiān wǎnshang yǒu zǎoshang yǒu gōngfu ma? gōngfu ma? (Section Chief Huáng, are you free tomorrow morning?) 明天早上 (cue) míngtiān zǎoshang (Section Chief Huáng, are you free tomorrow evening?) 黃科長，你明天早上有功夫嗎？ 黃科長，你星期四有功夫嗎？ 2. Huáng Kēzhāng, nǐ míngtiān Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ Xīngqīsì zǎoshang yǒu gōngfu ma? yǒu gōngfu ma? 星期四 Xīngqīsì 黃科長，你星期四有功夫嗎？ 黃科長，你今天晚上有功夫嗎？ 3. Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ Xīngqīsì Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ jīntiān wǎnshang yǒu gōngfu ma? yǒu gōngfu ma? 今天晚上 jīntiān wǎnshang 黃科長，你今天晚上有功夫嗎？ 黃科長，你下星期六有功夫嗎？ 4. Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ jīntiān Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ xià Xīngqīliù wǎnshang yǒu gōngfu ma? yǒu gōngfu ma? 下星期六 xià Xīngqīliù 黃科長，你下星期六有功夫嗎？ 黃科長，你這個星期五有功夫嗎？ 5. Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ xià Xīngqīliù Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ zhèige Xīngqīwǔ yǒu gōngfu ma? yǒu gōngfu ma? 這個星期五 zhèige Xīngqīwǔ 黃科長，你這個星期五有功夫嗎？ 黃科長，你這個月七號有功夫嗎？ 6. Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ zhèige Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ zhèige yuè qíhào Xīngqīwu yǒu gōngfu ma? yǒu gōngfu ma? 這個月七號 zhèige yuè qíhào 黃科長，你這個月七號有功夫嗎？ 7. Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ zhèige yuè qíhào yǒu gongfu ma? [189] B. Expansion Drill 我想請您。 我想請您到我們家來吃個便飯。 1. Speaker: Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín. You: Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín dào wǒmen jiā lái chī ge biànfàn. 我們家 (I would like to invite you to (cue) wǒmen jiā our house for a simple meal.) (I would like to invite you.) 我想請您。 我想請您到飯館兒去吃個便飯。 OR Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín. Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín dào fànguǎnr qù chī ge biànfàn. 飯館兒 (I would like to invite you to (cue) fànguǎnr go to a restaurant for a (I would like to invite simple meal.) you.) 他想請您。 他想請您到民族飯店去吃個便飯。 2. Tā xiǎng qǐng nín. Tā xiǎng qǐng nín dào Mínzú Fàndiàn qù chī ge biànfàn. 民族飯店 Mínzú Fàndiàn 我想請您。 我想請您到我父母家來吃個便飯。 3. Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín. Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín dào wǒ fùmǔ jiā lái chī ge biànfàn. 我父母家 wǒ fùmù jiā 我想請您。 我想請您到北京飯店去吃個便飯。 4. Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín. Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín dào Běijīng Fàndiàn qù chī ge biànfàn. 北京飯店 Běijīng Fàndiàn 我想請您。 我想請您到那個飯館兒去吃個便飯。 5. Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín. Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín dào nèige fànguǎnr qù chī ge biànfàn. 那個飯館兒 nèige fànguǎnr 我想請您。 我想請您到我家來吃個便飯。 6. Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín. Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín dào wǒ jiā lái chī ge biànfàn. 我家 wǒ jiā C. Response Drill 他在臺灣大學工作嗎？ 對了。他在臺灣大學教經濟學。 1. Speaker: Tā zài Táiwān Dàxué You: Duì le. Tā zài Táiwān Dàxué gōngzuò ma? jiāo jīngjixué. 經濟學 (cue) jīngjixué (That’s right. He teaches (Does he work at Táiwān economics at Táiwān University?) University.) 他在德州大學工作嗎？ 對了。他在德州大學教歷史。 2. Tā zài Dézhōu Dàxué gōngzuò ma? Duì le. Tā zài Dézhōu Dàxué jiāo lìshǐ. 歷史 lìshǐ 李先生在加州大學工作嗎？ 對了。他在加州大學教政治學。 3. Lǐ Xiānsheng zài Jiāzhōu Dàxué Duì le. Tā zài Jiāzhōu Dàxué jiāo gōngzuò ma? zhèngzhixué. 政治學 zhèngzhixué 陳先生在賓州大學工作嗎？ 對了。他在賓州大學教中文。 4. Chén Xiānsheng zài Bīnzhōu Duì le. Tā zài Bīnzhōu Dàxué jiāo Dàxué gōngzuò ma? Zhōngwén. 中文 Zhōngwén 安德森先生在臺灣大學工作嗎？ 對了。他在臺灣大學教英國文學。 5. Āndésēn Xiānsheng zài Táiwān Duì le. Tā zài Táiwān Dàxué jiāo Dàxué gōngzuò ma? Yīngguo wénxué. 英國文學 Yīngguo wénxué [190] 王先生在臺灣大學工作嗎？ 對了。他在臺灣大學教中國文學。 6. Wáng Xiānsheng zài Táiwān Dàxué Duì le. Tā zài Táiwān Dàxué jiāo gōngzuò ma? Zhōngguo wénxué. 中國文學 Zhōngguo wénxué 赵小姐在臺灣大學工作嗎？ 對了。他在臺灣大學教中國歷史。 7. Zhào Xiǎojie zài Táiwān Dàxué Duì le. Tā zài Táiwān Dàxué jiāo gōngzuò ma? Zhōngguo lìshi. 中國歷史 Zhōngguo lìshǐ D. Transformation Drill 我給你們介紹介紹。 我很想給你們跟王同志介紹介紹。 1. Speaker: Wǒ gěi nǐmen jièshao You: Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen gēn jièshao. Wáng Tóngzhì jièshao jièshao (I would very much like to 王同志 introduce yǒu and Comrade (cue) Wǎng Tóngzhì Wáng.) (I’ll introduce you.) 我給你們介紹介紹。 我很想給你們跟劉同志介紹介紹。 2. Wǒ gěi nǐmen jièshao jièshao. Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen gēn Liú Tóngzhì jièshao jièshao. 劉同志 Liú Tóngzhì 我給你們介紹介紹。 我很想給你們跟赵同志介紹介紹。 3. Wǒ gěi nǐmen jièshao jièshao. Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen gēn Zhào Tóngzhì jièshao jièshao. 赵同志 Zhào Tóngzhì 我給你們介紹介紹。 我很想給你們跟張先生介紹介紹。 4. Wǒ gěi nǐmen jièshao jièshao. Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen gēn Zhāng Xiānsheng jièshao jièshao. 張先生 Zhāng Xiānsheng 我給你們介紹介紹。 我很想給你們跟楊女士介紹介紹。 5. Wǒ gěi nǐmen jièshao jièshao. Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen gēn Yǎng Nǚshì jièshao jièshao. 楊女士 Yáng Nǚshì 我給你們介紹介紹。 我很想給你們跟張科長介紹介紹。 6. Wǒ gěi nǐmen jièshao jièshao. Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen gēn Zhāng Kēzhǎng jièshao jièshao. 張科長 Zhāng Kēzhǎng 我給你們介紹介紹。 我很想給你們跟李少校介紹介紹。 7. Wǒ gěi nǐmen jièshao jièshao. Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen gēn Lǐ Shàoxiào jièshao jièshao. 李少校 Lǐ Shàoxiào [191] E. Expansion Drill 他聽不見。 他不但聽不見也看不見。 1. Speaker: Tā tīngbujiàn. You: Tā búdàn tīngbujiàn yě kànbujiàn. 看不見 (Not only can’t he hear, [but] (cue) kànbujiàn he can’t see either.) (He can’t hear.) 他説不對。 聽不懂 他不但説不對也聽不懂。 2. Tā shuōbuduì. tīngbudǒng Ta búdàn shuōbuduì yě tīngbudǒng. 他吃不好。 喝不好 他不但吃不好也喝不好。 3. Tā chībuhǎo. hēbuhǎo Ta búdàn chībuhǎo yě hēbuhǎo. 他説不對。 寫不對 他不但説不對也寫不對。 4. Tā shuōbuduì. xiěbuduì Tā búdàn shuōbuduì yě xiěbuduì. 他看不懂。 聽不懂 他不但看不懂也聽不懂。 5. Tā kànbudǒng. tīngbudǒng Tā búdàn kànbudǒng yě tīngbudǒng. 他聽不懂。 説不對 他不但聽不懂也説不對。 6. Tā tīngbudǒng. shuōbuduì Tā búdàn tīngbudǒng yě shuōbuduì. 他看不見。 聽不見 他不但看不見也聽不見。 7. Tā kànbujiàn. tīngbujiàn Tā búdàn kànbujiàn yě tīngbujiàn. F. Combination Drill 他説得不好。他聽不懂。 他不但説得不好也聽不懂。 1. Speaker: Tā shuōde bù hǎo. Tā You: Tā búdàn shuōde bù hǎo yě tīngbudǒng. tīngbudǒng. (He speaks poorly. He (He not only speaks poorly, can’t understand.) [but] he can’t understand either.) 他説得不好。我説得不好。 不但説得不好我也説得不好。 OR Tā shuōde bù hǎo. Wǒ Búdàn tǎ shuōde bù hǎo wǒ yě shuōde bù hǎo. shuōde bù hǎo. (He speaks poorly. I (Not only does he speak poorly, speak poorly.) [but] I speak poorly too.) 他念得好。他寫得好。 他不但念得好也寫得好。 2. Tā niànde hǎo. Tā xiědehǎo. Tā búdàn niànde hǎo yě xiědehāo. 他念得好。我念得好。 不但他念得好也念得好。 3. Tā niànde hǎo. Wǒ niànde hǎo. Búdàn tā niànde hǎo wǒ yě niànde hǎo. 他聽不懂。他説不好。 他不但聽不懂也説不好。 4. Tā tīngbudǒng. Tā shuōbuhǎo. Tā búdàn tīngbudǒng yě shuōbuhǎo. 他開得不好。我開得不好。 不但他開得不好也開得不好。 5. Tā kāide bù hǎo. Wǒ kāide bù hǎo. Búdàn tā kāide bù hǎo wǒ yě kāide bù hǎo. 他看不見。他聽不懂。 他不但看不見也聽不懂。 6. Tā kànbujiàn. Tā tīngbudǒng. Tā búdàn kànbujiàn yě tīngbudǒng. [192] G. Transformation Drill 我不能到中國去。我的中文不行。 我很希望到中國去，不過恐怕我的中文不行。 1. Speaker: Wǒ bù néng dào Zhōngguo You: Wǒ hěn xīwàng dào Zhōngguo qù, qù. Wǒde Zhōngwén bù búguò kǒngpà wǒde Zhōngwén xíng. bù xíng. (I can’t go to China. (I hope very much to go to My Chinese isn’t good China, but I’m afraid my enough.) Chinese isn’t good enough.) 他不可以學中文。他沒有功夫。 他很希望學中文，不過恐怕他沒有功夫。 2. Tā bù kéyi xué Zhōngwén. Tā Tā hěn xīwàng xué Zhōngwén, búguò méiyou gōngfu. kǒngpà tā méiyou gōngfu. 我不可以買東西。我的錢不夠。 我很希望買東西，不過恐怕我的錢不夠。 3. Wǒ bù kéyi mǎi dōngxi. Wǒde Wǒ hěn xīwàng mǎi dōngxi, búguò qián bú gòu. kǒngpà wǒde qián bú gòu. 我不能去看朋友。我沒有功夫。 我很希望去看朋友，不過恐怕我沒有功夫。 4. Wǒ bù néng qù kàn péngyou. Wǒ Wǒ hěn xīwàng qù kàn péngyou, méiyou gōngfu. búguò kǒngpà wǒ méiyou gōngfu. 我不能説中國話。我的中國話不行。 我很希望説中國話，不過恐怕我的中國話不行。 5. Wǒ bù néng shuō Zhōngguo huà. Wǒ hěn xīwàng shuō Zhōngguo huà, Wǒde Zhōngguo huà bù xíng. búguò kǒngpà wǒde Zhōngguo huà bù xíng. 我不能跟他去吃飯。我沒有時間。 我很希望跟他去吃飯，不過恐怕我沒有時間。 6. Wǒ bù néng gēn tā qù chī fàn. Wǒ hěn xīwàng gēn tā qù chī fàn, Wǒ méiyou shíjiàn. búguò kǒngpà wǒ méiyou shíjiān. 我不可以可以去開會。我聽不懂他們説的話。 我很希望去開會，不過恐怕我聽不懂他們説的話。 7. Wǒ bù kéyi qù kāi huì. Wǒ Wǒ hěn xīwàng qù kāi huì, búguò tīngbudǒng tāmen shuōde huà. kǒngpà wǒ tīngbudǒng tāmen shuōde huà. H. Transformation Drill 你的茶跟他的一樣多。 你喝茶，喝得跟他一樣多。 1. Speaker: Nǐde chá gēn tāde You: Nǐ hē chá, hēde gēn tā yíyàng yíyàng duō. duō. (You drink as much tea as he 喝 does.) (cue) hē (You have as much tea as he does.) 你的東西跟他的一樣便宜。 你買東西，買得跟他的一樣便宜。 2. Nǐde dōngxi gēn tāde yíyàng Nǐ mǎi dōngxi, mǎide gēn tā yíyàng piányi. piányi. 買 mǎi 你的書跟他的一樣多。 你念書，念得跟他的一樣多。 3. Nǐde shū gēn tāde yíyàng duō. Nǐ niàn shū, niànde gēn tā yíyàng duo. 念 niàn 你的書跟他的一樣好。 你教書，教得跟他的一樣好。 4. Nǐde shū gēn tāde yíyàng hǎo. Nǐ jiāo shū, jiāode gēn tā yíyàng hǎo. 教 jiāo [193] 你的飯跟他的一樣多。 你吃飯，吃得跟他的一樣多。 5. Nǐde fàn gēn tāde yíyàng duō. Nǐ chī fàn, chīde gēn tā yíyàng duō. 吃 chī 你的電話跟他的一樣多。 你打電話，打得跟他的一樣多。 6. Nǐde diànhuà gēn tāde yíyàng duō. Nǐ dǎ diànhuà, dǎde gēn tā yíyàng duō. 打 dǎ 你的中國話跟他的一樣好。 你説中國話，説得跟他的一樣好。 7. Nǐde Zhōngguo huà gēn tāde yíyàng Nǐ shuō Zhōngguo huà, shuōde gēn tā hao. yíyàng hǎo. 説 shuō I. Response Drill 你請了幾個人？ 我沒請幾個人。 1. Speaker: Nǐ qǐngle jǐge rén? You: Wǒ méi qǐng jǐge rén. (How many people did (I didn’t invite many at all you invite?) 他喝什麽？ 他不喝什麽。 OR Tā hē shénme? Tā bù hē shénme. (What does he drink?) (He doesn’t drink much of anything.) 你請誰？ 我不請誰。 2. Nǐ qǐng shéi? Wǒ bù qǐng shéi. 他買了幾本書？ 他沒買幾本書。 3. Tā mǎile jǐběn shū? Tā méi mǎi jǐběn shū. 你請什麽人？ 我不請什麽人。 4. Nǐ qǐng shénme rén? Wǒ bù qǐng shénme rén. 他到哪兒去了？ 他沒到哪兒去。 5. Tā dào nǎr qù le? Tā méi dào nǎr qù. 你有多少錢？ 我沒有多少錢。 6. Nǐ yǒu duōshao qián? Wǒ méiyǒu duōshao qián. [194] UNIT 4 REFERENCE LIST 黃科長，黃太太，歡迎歡迎。 1. A: Huáng Kēzhǎng, Huáng Tàitai, Section Chief Huáng, Mrs. Huáng— huānyíng, huānyíng. welcome. 請進。 A: Qǐng jìn. Please come in. 富太太，您好？ 2. B: Fù Tàitai, nín hǎo? How are you, Mrs. Franklin? 這是一點小意思。 B: Zhè shi yìdiǎn xiǎo yìsi. Here is a small token of appreciation. 我知道您喜歡山水畫。 3. B: Wǒ zhīdào nín xǐhuan I know you like landscape paintings. shānshuǐ huà. 特別請朋友給您畫了一張。 B: Tèbiě qǐng péngyou gěi nín I asked a friend to paint one huàle yìzhang. especially for you. 您真是太客氣。謝謝。 *A: Nín zhēn shi tài kèqi. You are really too polite. Thanks. Xièxie. 來，我給你們介紹介紹。 A: Lái, wǒ gěi nīmen jièshao Come. I’ll introduce the two of jièshao. you. 這位是何教授，在台大教經濟學。 4. A: Zhèiwei shi He Jiàoshòu, This is Professor Hollins, who zài Táidà jiāo jīngjixué. teaches economics at Táiwān University. 何教授，這位是黃科長，在臺灣銀行工作。 A: Hé Jiàoshòu, zhèiwei shi Professor Hollins, this is Section Huáng Kēzhǎng, zài Chief Huáng, who works at the Táiwān Yínháng gōngzuò. Bank of Táiwān. 這位是黃太太。 A: Zhèiwei shi Huáng Tàitai. This is Mrs. Huáng. 久仰，久仰。 5. B: Jiǔyǎng, jiǔyǎng. Glad to meet you. 您來了多久了？ B: Nín láile duó jiǔ le? How long have you been here? 久仰。我剛來兩個月。 C: Jiǔyǎng. Wǒ gāng lai Glad to meet you. It has been only liǎngge yuè. two months since I came. 還有很多不熟悉的地方。 6. C: Hái yǒu hěn duō bù shóuxide There is still much I’m not familiar dìfang. with. 以後還要向您請教。 C: Yǐhòu hái yào xiàng nín Later I’ll need to request more qǐngjiào. advice from you. *The remaining sentences in this exchange occur on the C-l tape. [195] 哪裏，哪裏。 7. B: Náli, náli. Not at all, not at all. 希望以後有機會多見面。 B: Xīwàng yǐhòu yǒu jīhui duō I hope that in the future we will jiànmiàn. have an opportunity to meet more. ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes) 8. fāngfǎ 方法 method, way, means 9. fázi 法子 method, way 10. huàr 畫兒 painting (Běijīng pronunciation) 11. qǐng zuò 請坐 please sit down 12. shèhuìxué 社會學 sociology 13. túshūguǎn 圖書館 library 14. zuò 坐 to sit [196] VOCABULARY fāngfǎ 方法 method, way, means fázi 法子 method, way (Běijīng) huà 畫 to paint huà(r) (yìzhāng) 畫兒 (一張) a painting huānyíng 歡迎 to welcome jiānmiàn 見面 to meet someone, to see someone jiàoshòu 教授 professor jìn 進 to enter jiǔyǎng 久仰 glad to meet you qǐngjiào 請教 to ask advice, to consult qǐng zuo 請坐 please sit down shānshuǐ 山水 mountains and rivers, scenery with hills and water shānshuī huà(r) (yìzhāng) 山水畫兒 (一張) landscape painting shèhuìxué 社會學 sociology shóuxi 熟悉 to be familiar Tāidà 台大 Táiwān University tèbié 特別 especially túshūguǎn 圖書館 library xiang 向 towards; from xiǎo yìsi 小意思 a token of appreciation zuo 坐 to sit (introduced on C-2 and. P-2 tapes) biǎoyǎn 表演 to give a demonstration bú dà hǎo mǎi 不大好買 not very easy to buy duì...shóuxi 對...熟悉 to be familiar with Jiàoyubù 教育部 Ministry of Education mǎi cài 買菜 to buy groceries sòng gěi 送給 to give xǐ yīshang 洗衣裳 to to wash clothes yánjiu 研究 to study, to do research yòuéryuǎn 幼兒園 kindergarten yóu huà 油畫 oil painting zhǎnlǎn 展覽 exhibition zhàogu 照顧 to take care of zuò fan 做飯 to cook zuòyè 作業 homework [197] REFERENCE NOTES 黃科長，黃太太，歡迎歡迎。 1. A: Huáng Kēzhǎng, Huáng Tàitai, Section Chief Huang, Mrs. Huang— huānyíng, huānyíng. welcome. 請進。 A: Qǐng jìn. Please come in. 富太太，您好？ 2. B: Fù Tàitai, nín hǎo? How are you, Mrs. Franklin? 這是一點小意思。 B: Zhè shi yìdiǎn xiǎo yìsi. Here is a small token of appreciation. Note on Nos. 1-2 Xiǎo yìsi: Y0u have already seen yìsi in the expression yǒu yìsi, “to be interesting.” Yìsi means “meaning,” “significance,” “intention,” “idea.” In No. 2, above, xiǎo yìsi (literally, “small [good] intent”) is an idiomatic expression meaning “a small (token of my) feelings of appreciation.” 我知道您喜歡山水畫。 3. B: Wǒ zhīdao nín xǐhuan shānshuǐ I know you like landscape paintings. huà. 特別請朋友給您畫一張。 B: Tèbié qǐng péngyou gěi nín I asked a friend to paint one huàle yìzhāng. especially for you. 您真是太客氣。謝謝。 A: Nín zhēn shi tài kèqi. You are really too polite. Thanks. Xièxie. 來，我給你們介紹介紹。 A: Lái, wǒ gěi nǐmen jièshao Come. I’ll introduce the two of you. jièshao. Notes on No. 3 Shānshuǐ, “mountains and rivers,” “scenery with hills and water,” is a compound made up of shān, “mountain,” and shuǐ, “water.” In shānshuǐ, shuǐ refers to rivers or lakes. Tèbié qǐng péngyou gěi nín huàle yìzhāng: Notice that the verb huà is followed by the completion marker le. For this reason, the sentence means that the painting has been finished. The completed-action sense of huàle might he captured by looser translations of the sentence, like “I asked a friend, and he painted one for you” and “I asked a friend, who painted one for you.” The sentence Wǒ tèbié qǐng péngyou gěi nín huà yìzhāng, without le, does not indicate whether the painting has been finished or not. The sentence might he used when a speaker thinks that a painting has not yet been finished. [198] Zhēn shi tài kèqi, “really too polite,” is a variation of Nín zhēn tài kèqi. Shi is sometimes used simply to show that the subject of a sentence fits the description that follows. 這位是何教授，在台大教經濟學。 4. A: Zhèiwei shi Hé Jiàoshòu, zài This is Professor Hollins, who Táidà jiāo jīngjixué. teaches economics at Táiwān University. 何教授，這位是黃科長，在臺灣銀行工作。 A: Hé Jiàoshòu, zhèiwei shi Professor Hollins, this is Section Huáng Kēzhǎng, zài Táiwān Chief Huáng, who works at the Yínháng gōngzuò. Bank of Táiwān. 這位是黃太太。 A: Zhèiwei shi Huáng Tàitai. This is Mrs. Huáng. Notes on No. 4 Jiàoshòu, “professor”: The first syllable in this word means “teaching.” Notice that the tone on jiào is different from the tone on the verb “to teach,” jiāo. Táidà is the abbreviation for Táiwān Dàxué, “Táiwān University.” Zhèiwei shi Huáng Kēzhǎng, zài Táiwān Yínháng gōngzuò looks like a run-on sentence, with the pronoun tā dropped from the second part of the sentence. In Chinese, this is a perfectly good way to add a second clause to a sentence. To characterize a person or thing just identified, the Chinese simply attach a descriptive sentence and omit the subject. You have already learned this pattern: Wángfǔjǐng Dàjiē yǒu yige Xīnhuá Shūdiàn, hěn dà. Here are some additional examples: 他太太是日本人，現在在上海。 Tā tàitai shi Rìběn rén, His wife is Japanese; she is in xiànzài zài Shànghǎi. Shanghai now. 我有一個朋友姓吾，在東海大學教書 明年想到美國去。 Wǒ yǒu yige péngyou xìng Wú, I have a friend named Wú who teaches zài Dōnghǎi Dàxué jiāo shū, at Dōnghāi University. He is míngnián xiǎng dào Měiguo qù. planning to go to America next year. [199] 久仰，久仰。 5. B: Jiǔyǎng, jiǔyǎng. Glad to meet you. 您來了多久了？ B: Nín láile duó jiǔ le? How long have you been here? 久仰。我剛來兩個月。 C: Jiǔyǎng. Wǒ gāng lái Glad to meet you. It has been only liǎngge yuè. two months since I came. Notes on No. 5 Jiǔyǎng means, literally, “I have looked up to you for a long time” or “I have looked forward to meeting you.” It is used when meeting someone of higher status. Because jiǔyǎng implies a status difference, the expression is not often used in the PRC. Gāng, “only just”: you have learned the sentence Wǒ láile liǎngge yuè le, “I have been here two months now.” In the last sentence of exchange 5. notice that no le is needed. The focus has shifted from the coming to the shortness of the period; that is, the focus is on gāng. 還有很多不熟悉的地方。 6. C: Hái yǒu hěn duō bù shǒuxide There is still much I’m not familiar dìfang. with. 以後還要向您請教。 C: Yǐhòu hái yào xiàng nín Later I’ll need to request more qǐngjiào. advice from you. Notes on No. 6 Shóuxi, “to be familiar [with the details of something],” is also pronounced shúxi. Dìfang means “areas,” “aspects” (NOT “places”) in the first sentence of No. 6. Thus shóuxide dìfang means “areas/aspects one is familiar with.” Xiàng nín qǐngjiào is a polite way of requesting advice from someone—for example, a teacher, an advisor, or a senior colleague. Here, the prepositional verb xiàng means “from.” (You learned xiàng as “towards” in the Directions Module.) Literally, it means “facing.” Less formally, you may also say gēn nín qǐngjiào. Qǐngjiào (literally, “request instruction”) may be reduplicated or used with an object in sentences like the following: 我要跟您請教一件事。 Wǒ yào gēn nín qǐngjiào I would like to consult with you yíjiàn shi. about something. 我要跟您請教請教。 Wǒ yào gēn nín qǐngjiào qǐngjiào. Yíhòu hái yào...: In this sentence, hái means “still more,” or “additionally.” [200] 哪裏，哪裏。 7. B: Náli, náli. Not at all, not at all. 希望以後有機會多見面。 B: Xīwàng yǐhòu yǒu jīhui duō I hope that in the future we will jiànmiàn. have an opportunity to meet more. Note on No. 7 The adjectival verb duō, “to be much,” “to be many,” is used in No. 7 as an adverb meaning “much,” “more.” Shǎo may be used in the same way. 咖啡不能多喝。 Kāfēi bù néng duō hē. One must not drink too much coffee. 你多吃點兒吧。 Nǐ duō chī diǎnr ba. Eat a little more. 他多住了兩天。 Tā duō zhùle liāngtiǎn. He stayed two days longer. 我少買了一張票。 Wǒ shǎo mǎile yìzhāng piào. I bought one ticket too few. (more literally, “I underbought by one ticket.”) 他説他要少吃。 Tā shuō tā yào shǎo chī. He says he wants to eat less (cut down on eating). 8. fāngfǎ 方法 method, way, means 9. fázi 法子 method, way 10. huàr 畫 painting (Běijīng pronunciation) 11. qǐng zuō 請坐 please have a seat 12. shèhuìxué 社會學 sociology 13. túshūguǎn 圖書館 library l4. zuò 坐 to sit Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary Here are a few sentences illustrating some of the words: 你的社會學學得怎麽好！你用什麽方法念得？ Nǐde shèhuìxué xuéde zhènme You learned your sociology so well! hǎo! Nǐ yòng shénme fāngfǎ How do you study it? niànde? 每天在圖書館四個鐘頭。 Měitiān zài túshūguǎn sìge I spend four hours in the library zhōngtóu. everyday. 唉！我沒有法子在圖書館坐四個鐘頭 Ài! Wǒ méiyou fázi zài Boy! There’s no way I can sit in túshūguǎn zuò sìge the library for four hours. zhōngtóu. [201] VOCABULARY BOOSTER Opposites 安靜 熱鬧 ānjìng rènao to be peaceful to be lively to be bustling to be noisy 長 短 cháng duǎn to be long to be short 聰明 笨 cōngming bèn to be intelligent to be stupid to be bright to be foolish 大 小 dà xiǎo to be large to be small 到達 離開 dàodá líkāi to arrive to leave to reach 對 錯 duì cuò to be correct to make a mistake to be wrong 乾净 髒 gānjìng (gānjing) zāng to be clean to be dirty 高 矮 gāo ǎi to be tall to be short (of stature) 高興 難過 gāoxìng nánguò to be happy to feel sorry to feel bad to be grieved 工作 休息 gōngzuò xiūxi to work to rest to relax 好 壞 hǎo huài to be good to be bad to be well 簡單 複雜 jiǎndān fùzá (fǔzá) to be simple to be complicated to be complex [202] 健康 有病 jiànkāng yǒu bìng to be healthy to be ill to be sick 寬 窄 kuān zhǎi to be wide to be narrow to be broad 來 去 lái qù to come to go 累 有精神 lèi yǒu jīngshen to be tired to be lively to be spirited to be vigorous 冷 熱 lěng rè to be cold to be hot 涼快 暖和 liángkuai nuǎnhuo to be cool to be warm 滿 空 mǎn kōng to be full to be vacant to be empty 慢 快 màn kuài to be slow to be fast 忙 閑 máng xián to be busy to be idle to be unoccupied 年輕 老 niánqīng lǎo to be young to be old (in years 便宜 貴 piányi guì to be inexpensive to be expensive to be cheap 漂亮 難看 piàoliang nánkàn to be beautiful to be ugly 強 弱 qiáng ruò to be strong to be weak 容易 難 róngyi nán to be easy to be difficult 生 死 shēng sǐ to be born to die [203] 甜 苦 tián kǔ to be sweet to be bitter 停 走 tíng zǒu to stop to go to halt to walk 推 拉 tuī lā to push to pull 遠 近 yuǎn jìn to be far to be near 早 晚 zǎo wǎn to be early to be late 真 假 zhēn jiǎ to be true to be false to be real to be fake to be genuine to be artificial [204] DRILLS A. Transformation Drill 我想請他畫一張畫兒。 我特別請他畫了一張畫兒。 1. Speaker: Wǒ xiang qǐng ta huà You: Wǒ tèbié qǐng ta huàle yìzhāng yìzhāng huàr. huàr. (I’m thinking of asking (I asked him especially to him to paint a paint a painting.) painting.) 我想請他吃一次中國飯。 我特別請他吃了一次中國飯。 2. Wǒ xiǎng qǐng ta chī yícì Wǒ tèbié qǐng ta chīle yícì Zhōngguo Zhōngguo fàn. fàn. 我想請他買兩張臺北地圖。 我特別請他買了兩張臺北地圖。 3. Wǒ xiǎng qǐng ta mǎi liǎngzhāng Wǒ tèbié qǐng ta mǎile liǎngzhāng Táiběi dìtú. Táiběi dìtú. 我想請他教兩年。 我特別請他教了兩年。 4. Wǒ xiǎng qǐng ta jiāo liǎngnián. Wǒ tèbié qǐng ta jiāole liǎngnián. 我想請他畫一張中國畫兒。 我特別請他畫了一張中國畫兒。 5. Wǒ xiǎng qǐng ta huà yìzhāng Wǒ tèbié qǐng ta huàle yìzhāng Zhōngguo huàr. Zhōngguo huàr. 我想請他來一次。 我特別請他來了一次。 6. Wǒ xiǎng qǐng ta lái yícì. Wǒ tèbié qǐng ta láile yícì. 我想請他看一次電影。 我特別請他看了一次電影。 7. Wǒ xiǎng qǐng ta kàn yícì Wǒ tèbié qǐng ta kànle yícì diànyǐng. diànyǐng. B. Combination Drill 他是何教授。他在台大教經濟學。 這位是何教授，在台大教經濟學。 1. Speaker: Tā shi Hé Jiàoshòu. You: Zhèiwèi shi Hé Jiàozhòu, zài Tā zài Táidà jiāo Táidà jiāo jīngjixué. jīngjixué. (This is Professor Hé, who (He is Professor Hé. teaches economics at Táiwān He teaches economics University.) at Táiwān University.) 她是王科長。她在外交部工作。 這位是王科長，在外交部工作 2. Tā shi Wáng Kēzhǎng. Tā zài Zhèiwèi shi Wáng Kēzhǎng, zài Wàijiāobù gōngzuò. Wàijiāobù gōngzuò. 他是沈少校。他在武官処工作。 這位是沈少校，在武官処工作。 3. Tā shi Shěn Shàoxiào. Tā zài Zhèiwèi shi Shěn Shàoxiào, zài Wǔguānchù gōngzuò. Wǔguānchù gōngzuò. 他是林教授。他在加州大學教書。 這位是林教授，在加州大學教書。 4. Tā shi Lín Jiàoshòu. Tā zài Zhèiwèi shi Lín Jiàoshòu, zài Jiāzhōu Dàxué jiāo shū. Jiāzhōu Dàxué jiāo shū. [205] 他是呂科長。他在臺灣銀行工作。 這位是呂科長，在臺灣銀行工作。 5. Tā shi Lǚ Kēzhǎng. Tā zài Zhèiwèi shi Lǚ Kēzhǎng, zài Táiwān Táiwān Yínháng gōngzuò. Yínháng gōngzuò. 她是劉小姐。她在台大念書。 這位是劉小姐，在台大念書。 6. Tā shi Liú Xiǎojiě. Tā zài Zhèiwèi shi Liú Xiǎojiě, zài Táidà Táidà niàn shū. niàn shū. 他是韩教授。他在台大教政治學。 這位是韩教授，在台大教政治學。 7. Tā shi Hán Jiàoshòu. Tā zài Zhèiwèi shi Hán Jiàoshòu, zài Táidà jiāo zhèngzhixué. Táidà jiāo zhèngzhixué. C. Transformation Drill 有很多地方我不熟悉。 我還有很多不熟悉的地方。 1. Speaker: Yǒu hěn duō dìfang wǒ You: Wǒ hái yǒu hěn duō bù shóuxide bù shóuxi. dìfang. (There is much I’m not (There is still much I’m not familiar with.) familiar with.) 在這兒，有很多人不喝茶。 在這兒，有很多不喝茶的人。 OR Zài zhèr, yǒu hěn duō Zài zhèr, yǒu hěn duō bù hē rén bù hē chá. cháde rén. (There are many people (There are many non-tea drinking here who don’t drink people here.) tea.) 有很多地方我聽不懂。 我還有很多聼不懂的地方。 2. Yǒu hěn duō dìfang wǒ tīngbudǒng. Wǒ hái yǒu hěn duō tīngbudǒngde dìfang. 在這兒，有很多人不看報。 在這兒，有很多不看報。 3. Zài zhèr, yǒu hěn duō rén bú kàn Zài zhèr, yǒu hěn duō bú kàn bàode bào. rén. 在這兒，有很多人不會説中國話。 在這兒，有很多不會説中國話的人。 4. Zài zhèr, yǒu hěn duō rén bú huì Zài zhèr, yǒu hěn duō bú huì shuō shuō Zhōngguo huà. Zhōngguo huàde rén. 有很多地方我不會做。 我還有很多不會做的地方。 5. Yǒu hěn duō dìfang wǒ bú huì zuò. Wǒ hái yǒu hěn duō bú huì zuòde dìfang. 有很多地方我看不懂。 我還有很多我看不懂的地方。 6. Yǒu hěn duō dìfang wǒ kànbudǒng. Wǒ hái yǒu hěn duō kànbudǒngde dìfang. [206] D. Transformation Drill 我們以後見面的機會很多。 希望以後有機會多見面。 1. Speaker: Wǒmen yǐhòu jiànmiànde You: Xīwàng yǐhòu yǒu jīhui duō jīhui hěn duō. jiànmiàn. (We will have many more (I hope that in the future we opportunities to meet will have an opportunity to in the future.) meet more.) 我以後向您請教的機會很多。 希望以後有機會多向您請教。 2. Wǒ yǐhòu xiàng nín qǐngjiàode Xīwàng yǐhòu yǒu jīhui duō xiàng jīhui hěn duo. nín qǐngjiào. 我們以後説中國話的機會很多。 希望以後有機會多説中國話。 3. Wǒmen yǐhòu shuō Zhōngguo huàde Xīwàng yǐhòu yǒu jīhui duō shuō jīhui hěn duō. Zhōngguo huà. 我以後學中文的機會很多。 希望以後有機會多學中文。 4. Wǒ yǐhòu xué Zhōngwénde jīhui Xīwàng yǐhòu yǒu jīhui duō xué hěn duō. Zhōngwén. 我們以後來的機會很多。 希望以後有機會多來。 5. Wǒmen yǐhòu láide jīhui hěn duō. Xīwàng yǐhòu yǒu jīhui duō lái. 我們以後在一起的機會很多。 希望以後有機會多在一起。 6. Wǒmen yǐhòu zài yìqǐde jīhui Xīwàng yǐhòu yǒu jīhui duō zài yìqǐ. hěn duō. 我以後旅行的機會很多。 希望以後有機會多旅行。 7. Wō yǐhòu lǚxíngde jīhui hěn duō. Xīwàng yǐhòu yǒu jīhui duō lǚxíng. E. Expansion Drill 黃科長，歡迎歡迎。 黃科長，歡迎歡迎。請進，請進來坐。 1. Speaker: Huáng Kēzhǎng, huānyíng, You: Huáng Kēzhǎng, huānyíng, huānyíng. huānyíng. Qǐng jìn, qǐng jìnlai zuò. 坐 (Section Chief Huáng, welcome, (cue) zuò welcome. Please come in (Section Chief Huáng, and sit down.) welcome, welcome.) 王小姐，您好？ 王小姐，您好？請進，請進來坐坐。 2. Wáng Xiǎojiě, nín hǎo? Wáng Xiǎojiě, nín hǎo? Qǐng jìn, qǐng jìnlai zuòzuo. 坐坐 zuòzuo 李先生，您好？ 李先生，您好？請進，請進來喝一點茶。 3. Lǐ Xiānsheng, nín hǎo? Lǐ Xiānsheng, nín hǎo? Qǐng jìn, qǐng jìnlai hē yìdiǎn chā. 喝一點茶 hē yìdiǎn chá 吾科長，您好？ 吾科長，您好？請進，請進來坐。 4. Wú Kēzhǎng, nín hǎo? Wú Kēzhǎng, nín hǎo? Qǐng jìn, qǐng jìnlai zuò. 坐 zuò 趙太太，歡迎歡迎。 趙太太，歡迎歡迎請進，請進來坐。 5. Zhào Tàitai, huānyíng, huānyíng. Zhào Tàitai, huānyíng, huānyíng. Qǐng jìn, qǐng jìnlai zuò. 坐 zuò [207] 張先生，張太太，您好？ 張先生，張太太，您好？請進，請進來坐一會兒。 6. Zhāng Xiānsheng, Zhāng Tàitai, Zhāng Xiānsheng, Zhāng Tàitai, nín nín hǎo? hǎo? Qǐng jìn, qǐng jìnlai zuò yìhuǐr. 坐一會兒 zuò yìhuǐr 乾科長，好久不見。 乾科長，好久不見。請進，請進來坐坐坐。 7. Qián Kēzhǎng, hǎo jiǔ bú jiàn. Qián Kēzhǎng, hǎo jiǔ bú jiàn. Qǐng jìn, qǐng jìnlai zuòzuo. 坐坐 zuòzuo [208] UNIT 5 REFERENCE LIST (in Běijīng) 喂 1. B: Wài. Hello. 喂，是外交部嗎？ A: Wài, shi Wàijiāobù ma? Hello. Is this the Ministry of Foreign Affairs? 我要找林司長説話。 A: Wǒ yào zhǎo Lín Sīzhang I want to speak with Department shuō huà. Chief Lín. 您是哪兒？ 2. B: Nín shi nǎr a? Who is this? 我姓勒克萊爾。我是法國大使館的 商務經濟官。 A: Wǒ xìng Lèkēláiěr. Wǒ shi My name is Leclaire. I am the Fǎguo Dàshiguǎnde Commercial/Ecomonics Officer from Shāngwù Jīngjiguān. the French Embassy. 您等一等，我給您看看他在不在。 B: Nín děngyiděng, wǒ gěi Wait a moment. I’ll see whether nín kànkan tā zài bu zai. he is here or not. 喂，他這會兒不在。您要留個話兒嗎？ 3. B: Wài, tā zhèihuǐr bú zài. Hello. He is not here at the Nín yào liú ge huàr ma? moment. Would you like to leave a message? 勞駕，他回來的時候，您請他給我 打個電話。 A: Láojià, tā huílaide shíhou, When he comes back, please ask nín qǐng ta gěi wǒ dǎ ge him to give me a phone call. diànhuà. 好，請您把您的電話號兒告诵 我， 我寫下來。 4. B: Hǎo, qǐng nín bǎ nínde All right. Please tell me your diànhuà hàomǎr gàosong phone number. I’ll write it wǒ. Wǒ xiěxiàlái. down. 我的電話是五二幺三三幺。 A: Wǒde diànhuà shi wǔ èr My phone number is 521-331. yāo-sān sān yāo. 對不起。你剛才給我打電話，我不在。 5. C: Duìbuqǐ, nǐ gāngcǎi géi I’m sorry. When you called me just wo dǎ diànhuà, wō bú zài. now, I wasn’t in. 你有事嗎？ C: Nǐ yǒu shì ma? Can I help you with something? 是啊！我那天跟您約好了明天十點到 您辦公室去談談。 A: Shì a! Wǒ nèitiān gēn Yes, you can. The other day I made nín yuēhǎole míngtiān an appointment with you to go to shídiǎn dào nín bàngōngshì your office at ten o’clock qu tántan. tomorrow for a talk. 因爲明天早上我有要緊的事，所以想 問您我們能不能改到下午。 6. A: Yīnwei míngtiān zǎoshang wǒ Because I have an urgent business yǒu yíjiàn yàojǐnde shì, matter tomorrow morning, I want suóyi xiǎng wèn nín wǒmen to ask you whether we can change néng bu néng gǎi dào xiàwǔ. it [the appointment] to the afternoon. [209] 下午什麽時候？ *C: Xiàwǔ shénme shíhou? What time in the afternoon? 您看下午三四點怎麽樣？對您 方便不方便？ A: Nín kàn xiàwǔ sān-sìdiǎn What do you think of three or four zěnmeyàng? Duì nín in the afternoon? Is that fāngbian bu fangbian? convenient for you? 四點比三點好。我三點中得開會。 C: Sìdiǎn bǐ sāndiǎn hǎo. Four would be better than three. Wǒ sāndiān zhōng děi I have to attend a meeting at kāi huì. three o’clock. 好吧。那明天四點鐘見。 A: Hǎo ba. Nà míngtiān All right. Well then, see you at sìdiǎn zhōng jiàn. four o’clock tomorrow. 好，我四點鐘等你。 C: Hǎo, wǒ sìdiǎn zhōng děng All right. I’ll wait for you at ni. four o’clock. ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes) 7. háishi 還是 still 8. wàiguo 外國 foreign, abroad 9. wàiguo rén 外國人 foreigner (non-Chinese) 10. wūzi (yìjiān) 屋子 (一間) room 11. yāo 幺 one (telephone pronunciation) * The remaining sentences in this exchange occur on the C-l tape. [210] VOCABULARY bǎ 把 (prepositional verb which indicates the direct object) bàngōngshì 辦公室 office gǎi 改 to change gǎi dào 改到 to change to gāngcái 剛才 just now, a short time ago háishi 還是 still hàomǎ(r) 號碼(兒) number jīngjiguān 經濟官 economics officer liú 留 to leave, to keep, to save liú(ge)huà(r) 留(個)話(兒) to leave a message nèitiān 那天 the other day shāngwù 商務 commercial business shāngwùguān 商務官 commercial officer wàiguó 外國 foreign, abroad wàiguo rén 外國人 foreigner (non-Chinese) Wàijiāobù 外交部 Ministry of Foreign Affairs wūzi (yìjiān) 屋子 (一間) room xiěxiàlái 寫下來 to write down yāo 幺 one (telephone pronunciation) yàojǐn 要緊 to be important, to be urgent yuēhǎole 約好了 to have (successfully) made arrangements, to have made an appointment zhèihuìr 這會兒 this moment, at the moment (Běijing) (introduced on C-2 and drill tapes) chūtǔ wénwù zhǎnlǎn 出土文物展覽 exhibition of archaeological finds dǎ dao to make a phone call to dàibiǎotuán 代表團 delegation gǎnbuhuílái can’t make it back in time jiàoyuán 教員 teacher [211] jīnglǐ 經理 manager qīnzì 親自 personally, privately tuánzhǎng 團長 head of the delegation zhǔrèn 主任 director zìjǐ 自己 oneself (“myself,” “yourself,” etc.) (introduced in Communication Game) chēfáng 車房 garage dì 地 ground, earth Street scene in Shanghai [212] REFERENCE NOTES 喂。 1. B: Wài. Hello. 喂，是外交部嗎？ A: Wèi, shi Wàijiāobù ma? Hello. Is this the Ministry of Foreign Affairs? 我要找林司長説話。 A: Wǒ yào zhǎo Lín Sīzhǎng I want to speak with Department shuō huà. Chief Liín. Notes on No. 1 Wài jiāobù: Wàijiāo is the word for “diplomacy” (more literally, “foreign relations”). Bù designates an organizational unit; in speaking of the Chinese government, bù is translated as “ministry.”* The head of a bù is a bùzhǎng, “minister.” Wài-, “foreign,” is used in terms such as wàiguó, “overseas” (literally, “foreign country”) and wàiguo rén, “foreigner” (most frequently referring to a person from a non-Asian country). Literally, wài- means “outside,” as in wàimian. Yào zhǎo...shuō huà means, literally, “I would like to look for . . . to speak [with himl.” Telephone conversations: Telephone courtesy in the United States requires that a person identify himself before beginning a conversation. In China, however, it is normal for the caller to ask “Who is this?” and for the person who answers the phone to inquire “Who is calling?” *Bù is also used for a “department” of the U.S. government: Nèizhèngbù, “Department of the Interior” 您是哪兒？ 2. B: Nín shi nǎr a? Who is this? 我姓勒克萊爾。我是法國大使館的 商務經濟官。 A: Wǒ xìng Lèkēláiěr. Wǒ shi My name is Leclaire. I am the Fǎguo Dàshiguǎnde Shāngwù Commercial/Economics Officer Jīngjiguān. from the French Embassy. 您等一等，我給您看看他在不在。 B: Nín děngyiděng, wǒ gěi nín Wait a moment. I’ll see whether kànkan tā zài bu zai. he is here or not. Notes on No. 2 Nín shi nǎr a? is one polite way to ask who is calling. Nǎr asks for the name of the office or organization which the caller represents. You may also say Nǐ nǎr a? To ask for the caller’s name, use Qǐngwèn nǐ shi...? or Qǐngwèn nǐ guìxìng? [213] Fǎguo: In the PRC, the word for “France” usually has a low tone instead of a falling tone (Fàguo). The syllable -guān means “government official,” “officer,” or “officeholder.” Tā zài bu zai: Zài means “to be present” here. With this meaning, zài does not have to be followed by a place word. 喂，他這會兒不在。您要留個話兒嗎？ 3. B: Wèi, tā zhèihuǐr bú zài. Hello. He is not here at the moment Nín yào liú ge huàr ma? Would you like to leave a message? 勞駕，他回來的時候，您請他給我 打個電話。 A: Láojià, tā huílaide shíhou, When he comes back, please ask him nín qǐng ta gěi wǒ dǎ ge to give me a phone call. diànhuà. Notes on No. 3 Zhèihuǐr is a colloquial word for “now,” “at the moment.” The word is made up of zhè plus yìhuǐr. Its position preceding the verb shows that it refers to a point in time. Liú ge huàr: Liú means “to leave [something/someone!] behind.” Huàr, translated in exchange 3 as “message,” is the word for “speech.” Directly following a verb (in this case, liú), the yī of unstressed yige may be omitted. 好，請您把您的電話號兒告诵 我， 我寫下來。 4. B: Hǎo, qǐng nín bǎ nínde diànhuà All right. Please tell me your hàomar gàosong wǒ. Wǒ phone number. I’ll write it down, xiěxiàlái. 我的電話是五二幺三三幺。 A: Wǒde diànhuà shi wǔ èr yāo My phone number is 521-331. sān sān yāo. Notes on No. 4 Hàomǎr is used for “number” in speaking of identification numbers such as a passport number. (Shùmu, “number,” expresses an amount.) [214] Yāo is used in Běijing for giving room numbers and telephone numbers whenever those numbers are given orally. Xiěxialai is a compound verb which is formed like náxialai. However, while náxialai literally means “to bring down and towards the speaker,” xiěxialai does NOT mean “to write in a downward direction towards the speaker.” The compound xiěxialai corresponds to the English idiom “to write down.” Qǐng nín bǎ nínde diànhuà hàomǎr gàosong wǒ illustrates some of the rules concerning the use of the prepositional verb bǎ. (Read the Transportation Module notes on bǎ.) Bǎ is a prepositional verb used to bring the direct object of a sentence to a position preceding the main verb. To do so has certain effects on the meaning of a sentence. There are reasons why bǎ must be used, why it may not be used, and why it is optional in different kinds of sentences. In the first sentence of exchange 4, the use of the bǎ construction is optional. yǒu may also say Qǐng ni gàosong wǒ nínde diànhuà hàomǎr. The sentence fulfills the requirements for the optional use of bǎ but has none of the features which make the use of bǎ a necessity. Let’s look more closely at these different requirements and features. a. What conditions are necessary for the use of bǎ? (1) The object of bǎ must be acted on. In other words, the action must be performed on the object of bǎ. In the first sentence of exchange 4, nínde diànhuà hàomǎr undergoes the action gàosong. More obvious examples are 他把地圖拿出來了。 Tā bǎ dìtú náchulai le. He took out the map. (MAP UNDERGOES BEING TAKEN OUT) 他把他的車賣了。 Tā bǎ tāde chē mài le. He sold his car. (CAR UNDERGOES BEING SOLD) 他把那個中國字寫在黑板上了。 Tā bǎ nèige Zhōngguo zì He wrote that Chinese character on xiě zai hēibǎnshang le. the chalkboard. (CHINESE CHARACTER UNDERGOES BEING WRITTEN ON THE BOARD) UNDERGOER OF THE ACTION means that the object is influenced by the action in some way. In “I saw Mr. Wáng yesterday,” Mr. Wáng is not considered to be the undergoer of the action. (2) The verb must be an action verb (such as gàosong in exchange 4). Bǎ is not used with state and process verbs. For example, you may not use bǎ with yǒu, zhīdao, xǐhuan, ài, xiǎng, huì, or dǒng. (3) The object of bǎ must refer to something specific (such as nínde diànhuà hàomǎr in exchange 4): which telephone number? your telephone number (The questioner knows which number he is referring to, even though he does not know what the number is.) Often the object of bǎ must be translated into English with the definite article “the”: 請你把花瓶給我。 Qǐng ni bǎ huāpíng gěi wo. Please give me the vase. (NOT “a vase”) [215] 他把兩張票給我了。 Tā bǎ liǎngzhāng piào gěi He gave me the two tickets. (NOT wo le. “[any] two tickets”) (4) The verb phrase must be complex. Here are examples of the ways in which a verb phrase can be made complex so that bā may be used: (ASPECT MARKER) 他把他的車子賣了。 Tā bǎ tāde chēzi mài le. He sold his car. (REDUPLICATED VERB) 請你把票換換。 Qǐng ni bǎ piào huànhuan. Please exchange the tickets. (COMPOUND VERB) 他把我的地址寫下來了。 Tā bǎ wǒde dìzhǐ xiěxialai le He wrote down my address. 你把行李拿上車去吧。 Nǐ bǎ xíngli náshang chē Take the baggage onto the train. qu ba. 我們把昨天已經把這件事説好了。 Wǒmen zuótiān yǐjīng bǎ We agreed on this matter yesterday. zhèijiàn shì shuōhǎo le. 我先把這個寫完再走。 Wǒ xiān bǎ zhèige xiěwān I will finish writing this first zài zǒu. and then leave. 你把我的名字寫錯了。 Nǐ bǎ wǒde míngzi xiěcuò You wrote my name wrong. le. (MANNER EXPRESSION AFTER THE VERB) 你把這個字寫得太大了。 Nǐ bǎ zhèige zì xiěde tài You wrote this character too large. dà le. 他把這件事事説得很清楚。 Tā bǎ zhèijiàn shì shuōde He talked very clearly about this. hěn qīngchu. (PREPOSITIONAL VERB PHRASE AFTER THE VERB) 把啤酒放在桌子上， bǎ píjiǔ fàng zai zhuōzishang. Put the beer on the table. 我把車停在那邊等您、 Wǒ bǎ chē tíng zai nèibian I will park the car over there and děng nín. wait for you. (INDIRECT OBJECT AFTER THE VERB) 李先生把字典給學生了。 Lǐ Xiānsheng bǎ zìdiǎn Mr. Lǐ has given the dictionaries gěi xuésheng le. to the students. (NUMBER PLUS COUNTER AFTER THE VERB) 請你再把他的電話號碼兒念一次。 Qǐng ni zài bǎ tāde diànhuà Please read his telephone number hàomār niàn yícì. aloud once more. 請你把這個看一下。 Qǐng ni bǎ zhèige kàn Please take a look at this. (OR yixia. “Please read this over.”) In the first sentence of exchange 4, the verb phrase is made complex by having an indirect object after the verb: bǎ nínde diànhuà hàomǎr gàosong wǒ。 b. When MUST bǎ be used? The examples above which require the use of bǎ are those with a prepositional verb phrase after the verb, those with a manner expression after the verb, and most of the sentences under the heading “Compound Verb.” In these examples, the object may not be placed between the verb and the element which follows. [216] c. When can’t bǎ be used? Bǎ cannot normally be used in a sentence if the verb is not an action verb, if the verb describes perception (like kànjian and tīngjian), if the object is not the undergoer of the action, if the object is indefinite or if the verb is a simple verb. Here are some examples of sentences in which bǎ cannot be used: 我買了一個收音機。 Wǒ mǎile yíge shōuyīnjī. I bought a radio. (INDEFINITE OBJECT) 我看見他了。 Wǒ kànjian ta le. I saw him. (PERCEPTION VERB [kànjian]; OBJECT DOES NOT UNDERGO ACTION) 我想看這本書。 Wǒ xiǎng kàn zhèiběn shū. I would like to read this book. (SIMPLE VERB) 我有很多外國朋友。 Wǒ yǒu hěn duō wàiguo I have a lot of foreign friends. péngyou. (yǒu NOT ACTION VERB) 我知道這件事。 Wǒ zhīdao zhèijiàn shì. I know of this matter. (zhīdao NOT ACTION VERB) d. What is the motivation for using bǎ? Bǎ is used when the verb phrase gives more new important information than the object does. The Chinese prefer to place that important verb phrase in final position in a sentence, where the phrase will be prominent. Bǎ performs the function of taking the object out of the way (to the begin- ning of a sentence) and allowing the verb phrase to have its full impact. e. To make a bǎ sentence negative, place the negative adverb in front of bǎ (NOT in front of the main verb). 他沒把桌子搬出去。 Tā méi bǎ zhuōzi bānchuqu. He did not move the table out. 你不把肉放在冰箱裏怎麽行。 Nǐ bù bǎ ròu* fàng zai How can it do for you not to put bīngxiāngli zěnme xíng? the meat in the refrigerator? (How can you not put the meat in the refrigerator?) *ròu, “meat” 對不起。你剛才給我打電話，我不在。 5. C: Duìbuqǐ, nǐ gāngcái gěi wo I’m sorry. When you called me just dǎ diànhuà, wǒ bú zài. now, I wasn’t in. 你有事嗎？ C: Nǐ yǒu shì ma? Can I help you with something? 是啊！我那天跟您約好了明天十點到 您辦公室去談談。 A: Shì a! Wǒ nèitiān gēn nín Yes, you can. The other day I made yuēhǎole míngtiān shídiǎn an appointment with you to go to dào nín bàngōngshì qu tántan. your office at ten o’clock tomorrow for a talk. [217] Notes on No. 5 Gāngcái means “just now,” “a short time ago.” It may, like other time words, either precede or follow the subject of a sentence. 他剛才給我打電話了。 Tā gāngcái gěi wo dǎ diànhuà He called me a short time ago. le. 剛才他給我打電話了。 Gāngcái tā gěi wo dǎ diànhuà le. The one-syllable adverb gāng, “just,” always follows the subject of a sentence. 他剛給我打電話。 Tā gāng gěi wo dǎ diànhuà. He just called me. Nǐ gāngcái gěi wo dǎ diànhuà, wǒ bú zài, literally, “You called me just now, I wasn’t in”: To the first clause (Nǐ gāngcái gěi wǒ dǎ diànhuà), you could add -de shihou, “when.” Even without -de shihou, the relationship between the two clauses is still very close. Colloquially, no pause is needed between them. Here is a similar sentence: 剛才我去找你，你不在。 Gāngcái wǒ qù zhǎo ni, nǐ I just went to look for you, but you bú zài. weren’t there. Nèitiān literally means “that day.” It is the Chinese equivalent of “the other day.” Yuēhǎo is a compound verb of result: yuē, “to arrange a meeting,” “to make an appointment,” plus hǎo, “successfully complete.” Gēn means “with” in the last sentence of exchange 5. Bàngōngshì: Bàngōng (literally, “manage work”) is frequently used for “do work in an office.” A bàngōngshì is a room where office work is done, or an “office.” 因爲明天早上我有要緊的事，所以想 問您我們能不能改到下午。 6. A: Yīnwei míngtiān zǎoshang wǒ Because I have an urgent business yǒu yíjiàn yàojǐnde shì, matter tomorrow morning, I want to suóyi xiǎng wèn nín wǒmen ask you whether we can change it néng bu néng gǎi dào xiàwǔ. [the appointment] to the afternoon. 下午什麽時候？ C: Xiàwǔ shénme shíhou? What time in the afternoon? 您看下午三四點怎麽樣？對您 方便不方便？ A: Nín kàn xiàwǔ sān-sìdiǎn What do you think of three or four zěnmeyàng? Duì nín fāngbian in the afternoon? Is that bu fangbian? convenient for you? 四點比三點好。我三點中得開會。 C: Sìdiǎn bǐ sāndiǎn hǎo. Wǒ Four would be better than three. I sāndiǎn zhōng děi kāi huì. have to attend a meeting at three o’clock. 好吧。那明天四點鐘見。 A: Hǎo ba. Nà míngtiān sìdiǎn All right. Well then, see you at zhōng jiàn. four o’clock tomorrow. 好，我四點鐘等你。 C: Hǎo, wǒ sìdiǎn zhōng děng ni. All right. I’ll wait for you at four o’clock. [218] Notes on No. 6 Yàojǐn means “to be urgent,” “to be important.” Yīnwei...suóyi: When the first part of an English sentence begins with the word “because,” it is usually considered redundant to begin the second part with “therefore.” Thus the Chinese word suóyi, “therefore,” in the first sentence of exchange 6, is not translated into English. In Chinese, however, suóyi is commonly used after a clause beginning with yīnwei, “because.” The verbs gǎi and huàn are both frequently translated as “to change.” Gǎi means “change” in the sense of “alter,” and huàn means “change” in the sense of “exchange.” Gǎi dào xiàwǔ, “change (it) to the afternoon”: In this phrase, the prepositional verb dào and its object xiàwǔ do not precede the verb; they follow the verb. A dào, “to,” phrase which precedes the main verb in a sentence can be a scene setter, that is, you go “to” a place and the action takes place there. Following the main verb in a sentence, a dào phrase can indicate where something ends up as a result of the action. In the first sentence of exchange 6, the appointment will END UP in the afternoon. Here are some examples of dào phrases: 他到菜市場買菜去了。 Tā dào càishichǎng mǎi cài He went to the market to buy qu le. groceries. (SCENE SETTER) 我剛才到五樓找陳太太去了。 Wǒ gāngcái dào wǔlōu zhǎo Just now I went to the fifth floor Chén Tàitai qu le. to look for Mrs. Chen. (SCENE SETTER) 他跑到山上去了。 Tā pǎo dào shānshang qu le. He ran to the top of the mountain. (“He” ENDS UP ON THE MOUNTAINTOP.) 7. háishi 還是 still 8. wàiguo 外國 foreign, abroad 9. wàiguo rén 外國人 foreigner (non-Chinese) 10. wūzi (yìjiān) 屋子 (一間) room 11. yào 幺 one (telephone pronunciation) Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary Háishi means “still” in the sense of “as before.” It is used in some of the same ways that hái is used. 雖然他有時候説話不客氣，可是我還是喜歡他。 Suīrán tā yǒu shíhou shuō Although he is sometimes impolite in huà bú kèqi, kěshi wǒ his speech, I still like him. háishi xǐhuan ta. [219] 我還是不懂「le」怎麽用。 Wǒ háishi bù dǒng “le” zěnme I still don’t understand how le is yòng. used. Wàiguo rén, “foreigner”: The use of this term is still generally based on race rather than on citizenship. Even Chinese who are American citizens living in the United States often refer to non-Chinese Americans as wàiguo rén. Wūzi, “room”: The counter for wūzi is -jiān, which literally means ”interstice,” “interval,” “space,” “room.” [220] DRILLS A. Expansion Drill 喂，是外交部嗎？ 喂，是外交部嗎？我要找林司長説話。 1. Speaker: Wài, shi Wàijiāobù ma? You: Wài, shi Wàijiāobù ma? Wǒ yào zhǎo Lín Sīzhǎng shuō huà. 林司長 (Hello, is this the Ministry (cue) Lín Sīzhǎng of Foreign Affairs? I want (Hello, is this the to speak with Department Ministry of Foreign Chief Lín.) Affairs?) 喂，是美國武官処嗎？ 喂，是美國武官処嗎？我要找魏少校説話。 2. Wài, shi Měiguo Wǔguānchù ma? Wài, shi Měiguo Wǔguānchù ma? Wǒ yào zhǎo Wèi Shàoxiào shuō huà. 魏少校 Wèi Shàoxiào 喂，是中國銀行嗎？ 喂，是中國銀行嗎？我要找説話。 3. Wèi, shi Zhōngguo Yínháng ma? Wài, shi Zhōngguo Yínháng ma? Wǒ yào zhǎo Lín Kēzhǎng shuō huà. 林科長 Lín Kēzhǎng 喂，是北京飯店嗎？ 喂，是北京飯店嗎？我要找鮑爾先生説話。 4. Wài, shi Běijīng Fàndiàn ma? Wài, shi Běijīng Fàndiàn ma? Wǒ yào zhǎo Bāoěr Xiānsheng shuō huà. 鮑爾先生 Bāoěr Xiānsheng 喂，是加拿大大使館嗎？ 喂，是加拿大大使館嗎？我要找李先生説話。 5. Wài, shi Jiānádà Dàshiguǎn ma? Wài, shi Jiānádà Dàshiguǎn ma? Wǒ yào zhǎo Lǐ Xiānsheng shuō huà. 李先生 Lǐ Xiānsheng 喂，是美大司嗎？ 喂，是美大司嗎？我要找孟通知説話。 6. Wài, shi Měidàsī ma? Wài, shi Měidàsī ma? Wǒ yào zhǎo Mèng Tóngzhì shuō huà. 孟通知 Mèng Tóngzhì 喂，是中國銀行嗎？ 喂，是中國銀行嗎？我要找张楠同志説話。 7. Wài, shi Zhōngguo Yínháng ma? Wài, shi Zhōngguo Yínháng ma? Wǒ yào zhǎo Zhāngnán Tóngzhì shuō huà. 张楠同志 Zhāngnán Tóngzhì B. Expansion Drill 我給你看看他在不在。 請你等一等，我給你看看他在不在。 1. Speaker: Wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā You: Qing ni děngyiděng, wǒ gěi ni zài bu zai. kànkan tā zài bu zai. (I’ll see whether he (Please wait a moment. I’ll is here or not.) see whether he is here or not) 我給你看看他忙不忙。 請你等一等，我給你看看他忙不忙。 2. Wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā máng bu Qǐng ni děngyiděng, wǒ gěi ni kànkan mang. tā máng bu mang. 我給你看看他有功夫沒有。 請你等一等，我給你看看他有功夫沒有。 3. Wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā yǒu gōngfu Qǐng ni děngyiděng, wǒ gěi ni kànkan meiyou. tā yǒu gōngfu meiyou. 我給你看看他來了沒有。 請你等一等，我給你看看他來了沒有。 4. Wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā láile Qǐng ni děngyiděng, wǒ gěi ni kànkan meiyou. tā láile meiyou. [221] 我給你看看他走了沒有。 請你等一等，我給你看看他走了沒有。 5. Wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā zǒule Qǐng ni děngyiděng, wǒ gěi ni kànkan meiyou. tā zǒule meiyou. 我給你看看他回來了沒有。 請你等一等，我給你看看他回來了沒有。 6. Wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā huílaile Qǐng ni děngyiděng, wǒ gěi ni kànkan meiyou. tā huílaile meiyou. 我給你看看他回去了沒有。 請你等一等，我給你看看他回去了沒有。 7. Wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā huíqule Qǐng ni děnyiděng, wǒ gěi ni kànkan meiyou. tā huíqule meiyou. C. Substitution Drill 勞駕，把您的電話號碼兒告诵我。 勞駕，把王先生的電話號碼兒告诵我。 1. Speaker: Láojià, bǎ nínde diànhuà You: Láojià, bǎ Wáng Xiānshengde hàomǎr gàosong diànhuà hàomǎr gàosong wo. wǒ. (Please tell me Mr. Wáng’s telephone number.) 王先生的電話號碼兒 (cue) Wáng Xiānshengde de diànhuà hàomǎr (Please tell me his telephone number.) 勞駕，把王先生的電話號碼兒告诵我。 勞駕，把他的電話號碼兒 2. Láojià, bǎ Wáng Xiānshengde Láojià, bǎ tāde diànhuà hàomǎr diànhuà hàomǎr gàosong wǒ. gàosong wǒ. 他的電話號碼兒 tāde diànhuà hàomǎr 勞駕，把他的告诵我。 勞駕，把他的地址告诵我。 3. Láojià, bǎ tāde diànhuà hàomǎr Láojià, bǎ tāde dìzhí gàosong wǒ. gàosong wǒ. 他的地址 tāde dìzhí 勞駕，把他的告诵我。 勞駕，把他的辦公室的號碼兒告诵我。 4. Láojià, bǎ tāde dìzhí gàosong Láojià, bǎ tāde bàngōngshìde hàomǎr wǒ. gàosong wǒ. 他的辦公室的號碼兒 tāde bàngōngshìde hàomǎr 勞駕，把他的辦公室的號碼兒告诵我。 勞駕，把他的地址告诵我。 5. Láojià, bǎ tāde bàngōngshìde Láojià, bǎ tāde dìzhí gàosong wǒ. hàomǎr gàosong wǒ. 他的地址 tāde dìzhí 勞駕，把他的 勞駕，把您的電話號碼兒告诵我。 6. Láojià, bǎ tāde dìzhí gàosong Láojià, bǎ nínde diànhuà hàomǎr wǒ. gàosong wǒ. 您的電話號碼兒 nínde diànhuà hàomǎr 勞駕，把您的電話號碼兒告诵我。 7. Láojià, bǎ nínde diànhuà hàomǎr gàosong wǒ. [222] D. Response Drill 你寫下來了嗎？ 我還沒寫下來。 1. Speaker: Nǐ xiěxiàlái le ma? You: Wǒ hái méi xiěxiàlái. (I haven’t written it down (cue) not yet yet.) (Have yǒu written it down?) 你寫好了嗎？ 我快寫好了。 2. Nǐ xiěhǎo le ma? soon will Wǒ kuài xiěhǎo le. 你寫下來了嗎？ 我已經寫下來了。 3. Nǐ xiěxiàlái le ma? already Wǒ yǐjīng xiěxiàlái le 你寫下來了嗎？ 我還沒寫下來了。 4. Nǐ xiěxiàlái le ma? not yet Wǒ hái méi xiěxiàlái. 你寫下來了嗎？ 我沒寫下來。 5. Nǐ xiěxiàlái le ma? did not Wǒ méi xiěxiàlái. 你寫好了嗎？ 我已經寫好了。 6. Nǐ xiěhǎo le ma? already Wǒ yǐjīng xiěhǎo le. 你寫下來了嗎？ 我寫下來了。 7. Nǐ xiěxiàlái le ma? Yes, I did Wǒ xiěxiàlái le. E. Response Drill 你跟他約好了 跟他約好了，在他辦公室見。 1. Speaker: Nǐ gēn tā yuēhǎo le ma? You: Gēn tā yuēhǎo le, zài tā bàngōngshì jiàn. (I made arrangements with him (cue) tā bàngōngshì to meet at his office.) (Did yǒu make arrangements with him?) 你跟王先生約好了嗎？ 跟王先生約好了在火車站見。 2. Nǐ gēn Wáng Xiānsheng yuēhǎo le Gēn Wáng Xiānsheng yuēhǎo le, zài ma? huǒchēzhàn jiàn. 火車站 huǒchēzhàn 你跟李女士約好了嗎？ 跟李女士約好了在我的辦公室見。 3. Nǐ gēn Lǐ Nǚshì yuēhǎo le ma? Gēn Lǐ Nǘshì yuēhǎo le, zài wǒde bàngōngshì jiàn. 我的辦公室 wǒde bàngōngshì 你跟劉主任約好了嗎？ 跟劉主任約好了在外交部見。 4. Nǐ gēn Liú Zhǔrēn yuēhǎo le ma? Gēn Liú Zhǔrèn yuēhǎo le, zài Wàijiāobù jiàn. 外交部 Wàijiāobù 你跟鮑教授約好了嗎？ 跟鮑教授約好了在學校見。 5. Nǐ gēn Bāo Jiàoshòu yuēhǎo le ma? Gēn Bāo Jiàoshòu yuēhǎo le, zài xuéxiào jiàn. 學校 xuéxiào 你跟白科長約好了嗎？ 跟白科長約好了在他的辦公室見。 6. Nǐ gēn Bái Kēzhǎng yuēhǎo le ma? Gēn Bái Kēzhǎng yuēhǎo le, zài tāde bàngōngshì jiàn. 他的辦公室 tāde bàngōngshì 你跟楊先生約好了嗎？ 跟楊先生約好了在會客室見。 7. Nǐ gēn Yáng Xiānsheng yuēhǎo le Gēn Yáng Xiānsheng yuēhǎo le, zài ma? huìkèshì jiàn. 會客室 huìkèshì [223] F. Substitution Drill You will need the word zhǔrèn, “director,” in this exercise. 因爲上午我們有要緊的事， 所以改到下午了。 因爲上午林主任不能來，所以改到下午了。 1. Speaker: Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒmen You: Yīnwei shàngwǔ Lín Zhǔrèn bù yǒu yàojǐnde shì, néng lái, suóyi gāidào suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ xiàwǔ le. le. (Because Director Lín cannot come in the morning, we will 林主任不能來 have to change to the (cue) Lín Zhǔrèn bù afternoon.) néng lái (Because we have some important business in the morning, we will have to change to the afternoon.) 因爲上午林主任不能來，所以改到下午了。 因爲上午他在外交部開會，所以改到下午了。 2. Yīnwei shàngwǔ Lín Zhǔrèn bù Yīnwei shàngwǔ tā zài Wàijiāobù néng lái, suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ kāi huì, suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ le. le. 他在外交部開會 tā zài Wàijiāobù kāi huì 因爲上午他在外交部開會，所以改到下午了。 因爲上午我得教書，所以改到下午了。 3. Yīnwei shàngwǔ tā zài Wàijiāobù Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒ děi jiāo shū, kāi huì, suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ le. le. 我得教書 wǒ děi jiāo shū 因爲上午我得教書，所以改到下午了。 因爲上午我得到大使館去，所以改到下午了。 4. Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒ děi jiāo shū, Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒ děi dào Dàshiguān suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ le. qù, suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ le. 我得到大使館去 wǒ děi dào Dàshiguān qù 因爲上午我得到大使館去，所以改到下午了。 因爲上午我得跟伍先生當面談談，所以改到下午了。 5. Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒ děi dào Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒ děi gēn Wǔ Dàshiguān qù, suóyi gǎidào Xiānsheng dāngmiàn tántan, suóyi xiàwǔ le. gǎidào xiàwǔ le. 我得跟伍先生當面談談 wǒ děi gēn Wǔ Xiānsheng dāngmiàn tántan 因爲上午我得跟伍先生當面談談， 所以改到下午了。 因爲上午我沒工夫，所以改到下午了。 6. Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒ děi gēn Wǔ Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒ méi gōngfu, suóyi Xiānsheng dāngmiàn tántan, gǎidào xiàwǔ le. suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ le. 我沒工夫 wǒ méi gōngfu 因爲上午我沒工夫，所以改到下午了。 7. Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒ méi gōngfu, suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ le. [224] G. Substitution Drill 下午三四點怎麽樣？ 他怎麽樣？ 1. Speaker: Xiàwǔ sān-sìdiǎn You: Tā zěnmeyàng? zěnmeyàng? (How is he? [How about him?]) 他 (cue) tā (How is [How about] three or four in the afternoon?) 他怎麽樣？ 臺灣怎麽樣？ 2. Tā zěnmeyàng? Táiwān zěnmeyàng? 臺灣 Táiwān 臺灣怎麽樣？ 臺灣經濟怎麽樣？ 3. Táiwān zěnmeyàng? Táiwānde jīngji zěnmeyàng? 臺灣經濟 Táiwānde jīngji 臺灣經濟怎麽樣？ 那個飯店怎麽樣？ 4. Táiwānde jīngji zěnmeyàng? Nèige fàndiàn zěnmeyàng? 那個飯店 nèige fàndiàn 那個飯店怎麽樣？ 這個學校怎麽樣？ 5. Nèige fàndiàn zěnmeyàng? Zhèige xuéxiào zěnmeyàng? 這個學校 zhèige xuéxiào 這個學校怎麽樣？ 他們賣的電視怎麽樣？ 6. Zhèige xuéxiào zěnmeyàng? Tāmen màide diànshì zěnmeyàng? 他們賣的電視 tāmen màide diànshì 他們賣的電視怎麽樣？ 7. Tāmen màide diànshì zěnmeyàng? H. Transformation Drill 他們明天開會。 他們明天什麽時候開會。 1. Speaker: Tāmen míngtiān kāi huì. You: Tāmen míngtiān shénme shíhou (cue) when kāi huì? (They are meeting (When are they meeting tomorrow.) tomorrow?) 他們明天開會。 他們明天在哪兒開會？ 2. Tāmen míngtiān kāi huì. Tāmen míngtiān zài nǎr kāi huì? where 他們昨天開會了。 他們昨天是什麽時候開的會？ 3. Tāmen zuótiān kāi huì le. Tāmen zuótiān shi shénme shíhou kāide huì? when 他們昨天開會了。 他們昨天是在哪兒開的會。 4. Tāmen zuótiān kāi huì le. Tāmen zuótiān shi zài nǎr kāide huì? where 他們明天開會。 他們明天開會開幾個鐘頭？ 5. Tāmen míngtiān kāi huì. Tāmen míntiān kāi huì kāi jǐge zhōngtóu? how many hours 他們昨天開會了。 他們昨天開會開了多久？ 6. Tāmen zuótiān kāi huì le. Tāmen zuótiān kāi huì kāile duó jiǔ? how long 他已經開會了嗎？ 他已經開會了。 7. Tāmen yǐjīng kāi huì le ma? Tāmen yǐjīng kāi huì le. yes [225] UNIT 6 REFERENCE LIST (in Taipei) 今天我們一起去吃中飯，號碼？ 1. B: Jīntiān wǒmen yìqǐ qù chī Let’s go have lunch together today. zhōngfàn, hǎo ma? Okay? 好啊。到東門餐廳去吃吧。 A: Hǎo a, dào Dōngmén Cānting All right. Why don’t we go to the qù chī ba. East Gate Restaurant? 東門的菜沒有大華的菜那麽好吧。 2. B: Dōngménde cài kǒngpà I’m afraid that the food at the méiyou Dàhuáde cài nàme East Gate isn’t as good as the hǎo ba. food at the Great China. 雖然不太好，可是離我們這裏近。 A: Suírán bú tài hǎo, kěshi Even though it [East Gate] is not lí wǒmen zhèli jìn. too good, it is close to us. 哦，還有一個新開的飯館子離我們這裏更近。 3. B: Òu, hái yǒu yíge xīn kāide Oh, there is also a newly opened fànguǎnzi lí wǒmen zhèli restaurant that is even closer to gèng jin. us. 他們那裏的菜非常好。 B: Tāmen nàlide cài fēicháng The food there is extremely hǎo. good. 今天我請你到那裏去吃。 B: Jīntiān wǒ qǐng ni dào nàli Today I am going to invite you to qù chī. go there to eat. 那不好意思！ 4. A: Nà bù hǎo yìsi! I can’t let you do that! (That would be too embarrassing!) 別客氣，沒什麽。那個地方的菜又好又便宜。 B: Bié kèqi, méi shenme. Don’t be polite. It’s nothing. Nèige dìfangde cài yòu The food there is both good and hǎo yòu piányi. cheap. 你説的地方一定好。 5. A: Nǐ shuōde dìfang yídìng Any place you suggest is sure to hǎo. be good. 他們那裏有好些菜別的地方吃不着。 B: Tāmen nàli yǒu hǎoxiē cài They have a good many dishes there biéde dìfang chībuzháo. that you can’t find (at) other places. ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes) 6. bù yídìng 不一定 not necessarily; it’s not definite 7. kànfa 看法 opinion, view [226] 8. wǎnfàn 晚飯 supper, dinner 9. xiǎngfa 想法 idea, opinion 10. yìxiē 一些 some, several, a few 11. zǎofàn 早飯 breakfast 12. zuòfa 做法 way of doing things, method, practice Modern apartments in Shanghai [227] VOCABULARY biéde 別的 other, different bù hǎo yìsi 不好意思 to be embarrassing; to feel embarrassed bù yídìng 不一定 not necessarily; it’s not definite cài 菜 food, cooked dish cāntīng 餐廳 dining room; restaurant chībuzháo 吃不找 can’t find (to eat) Dàahuá Cāntīng 大華餐廳 Great China Restaurant Dōngmén Cāntīng 東門餐廳 East Gate Restaurant fēicháng 非常 very, extremely, highly gèng 更 even more hǎoxiē 好些 a good many, a lot kànfa 看法 opinion, view méiyou...nàme/zhème 沒有...那麽/怎麽 is not as...as... suírǎn (suīrán)...kěshi... 雖然...可是... although, even though...(still)... wǎnfàn 晚飯 supper, dinner xiǎngfa 想法 idea, opinion yídìng 一定 certainly yìxiē 一些 some, several, a few yòu...yòu... 又...又... both...and... zǎofǎn 早飯 breakfast zhōngfàn 中飯 lunch zuòfa 做法 way of doing things, method, practice (introduced on C-2 tape) ānpaíhǎo le 安排好了 successfully arranged -bù 部 (counter for cars and buses) chūfā 出發 to start a journey jiāoqū 郊區 suburbs [228] lǎoshi 老是 always, all the time lián...(yě) 連...也 even...(also) Shísānlíng 十三陵 Ming Tombs (literally, “Thirteen Tombs”) yěcān 野餐 picnic yǒu míng 又名 to be famous Yúyuán 渝園 Szechuan Garden zhāodài 招待 to be hospitable to [229] REFERENCE NOTES 今天我們一起去吃中飯，號碼？ 1. B: Jīntiān wǒmen yìqǐ qù chī Let’s go have lunch together today. zhōngfàn, hǎo ma? Okay? 好啊。到東門餐廳去吃吧。 A: Hǎo a, dào Dōngmén Cānting All right. Why don’t we go to the qù chī ba. East Gate Restaurant? Note on No. 1 Zhōngfàn means, literally, “middle meal.” “Breakfast” is zǎofàn, “early meal.” “Supper” is wǎnfàn, “late meal.” 東門的菜沒有大華的菜那麽好吧。 2. B: Dōngménde cài kǒngpà I’m afraid that the food at the méiyou Dàhuáde cài nàme East Gate isn’t as good as the hǎo ba. food at the Great China. 雖然不太好，可是離我們這裏近。 A: Suírán bú tài hǎo, kěshi Even though it [East Gate] is not lí wǒmen zhèli jìn. too good, it is close to us. Notes on No. 2 Cài, “(nonstaple) food,” “dish,” “course (of a meal)”: Literally, cài means “vegetables.” It refers to any dish that is eaten with rice. Both meat and vegetable dishes are included in the meaning. The pattern ...(méi)you...nàme... is used to make comparisons when one thing is LESS than another. STATE VERB (OFTEN 1 + měiyou + 2 + nàme/zhème + ADJECTIVAL VERB) -------------------------------------------------- 他 沒有 你 那麽 忙。 Tā méiyou nǐ nàme máng. 我 沒有 他 那麽 聰明。 Wǒ méiyou tā nàme cōngming. 他 沒有 我 那麽 有錢。 Tā méiyou wǒ nàme yǒu qián. Used less frequently without the negative méi-, the pattern means “to be as [quality] AS [something else].” 你的書沒有我的書那麽多。 Nǐde shū méiyǒu wǒde shū Your books are not as many as mine, nàme duō. (You don’t have as many books as I do.) 有 Yǒu. Yes, they are. (Yes, I do have as many books as you do.) 那個學校的圖書館有這個學校的怎麽好嗎？ Nèige xuéxiàode túshūguǎn yǒu Is that school’s library as good as zhèige xuéxiàode zhème hǎo this one’s? ma? [230] Suírán.. .kěshi... : Suírán (or suīrán), “although,” must always be followed by kěshi or dànshi, meaning “but,” in the second part of a sentence. Kěshi/dànshi would not usually be translated into English, but sometimes the word “still” is included in the translation: “Although it’s not too good, still it’s close to us.” Suírán may either precede the subject or be placed between the subject and the verb of a sentence. 雖然她喜歡旅行，可是她沒去過中國。 Suīrán tā xǐhuan lǚxíng, kěshi Although she likes to travel, she tā méi qùguo Zhōngguó. has never been to China. 他雖然講了好幾次，可是我還是不懂， Tā suīrán jiǎngle hǎojīcì, Although he explained it many times kěshi wǒ háishi bù dǒng. I still didn’t understand. 我雖然沒看見過，可是聽人説過。 Wǒ suīrán méi kànjianguo, Although I have never seen it, I kěshi tīng rén shuōguo. have heard of it. 哦，還有一個新開的飯館子離我們這裏更近。 3. B: Òu, hái yǒu yíge xīn kāide Oh, there is also a newly opened fànguǎnzi lí wǒmen zhèli restaurant that is even closer to gèng jin. us. 他們那裏的菜非常好。 B: Tāmen nàlide cài fēicháng The food there is extremely hǎo. good. 今天我請你到那裏去吃。 B: Jīntiān wǒ qǐng ni dào nàli Today I am going to invite you to qù chī. go there to eat. Notes on Wo. 3 Xīn kāide: The adjectival verb xīn, “new,” means “newly,” “recently” when used as an adverb. Gèng, “more,” “even more,” “still more” 在領事館工作的人比大使館更多。 Zài lǐngshiguǎn gōngzuòde rén More people work at the consulates bǐ dàshiguǎn gèng duō. than at the embassy. 綠蘋果很貴，紅蘋果更貴。 Lǜ píngguǒ hěn guì, hóng Green apples are expensive; red píngguǒ gèng guì. apples are even more expensive. 張霆鋒説的中國話，中國人很難聽得懂， 外國人一定更難。 Zhāng Tíngfēng shuōde Zhōngguo Zhāng Tíng Fēng’s Chinese is hard huà, Zhōngguo rén hěn nán for Chinese people to understand; tīngdedǒng, wàiguo rén for a foreigner, it would yídìng gèng nán. certainly be even harder. An overview of comparison: you have now learned several ways to compare things. The patterns presented here are the most common ones. Each pattern has a standard purpose: (MORE) 比 ...bǐ... (STATE VERB) [231] (LESS) 沒有 那麽 ...méiyou...nàme (STATE VERB) (EQUAL) 跟 一樣 ...gēn...yíyang (STATE VERB) A simple adjectival verb may also be used to make a comparison: 這兩本，哪本貴？ Zhèi liǎngběn, něiběn guì? Which of these two books is more expensive? For each of the three patterns above (MORE—LESS—EQUAL), the comparison is made with a STATE verb. State verbs include adjectival verbs (hǎo, “to be good”), auxiliary verbs (huì, “to know how to,” “can”), and verbs describing mental attitudes or situations (zhīdao, “to know”; xǐhuan, “to like”; ài, “to love”). 他比我愛中國飯。 Tā bǐ wǒ ài chī Zhōngguo fàn. He loves to eat Chinese food more than I. 這件事情，你比他知道。 Zhèijiàn shìqing, nǐ bǐ tā You know more about this than he does. zhīdao. 他沒有我怎麽喜歡看電影。 Tā méiyou wǒ zhème xǐhuan He doesn’t like to see movies as kàn diànyǐng. much as I do. Although the verb phrase begins with a state verb, that may not be the only word in the comparison. It may be expanded to include other verbs (any type) and objects. The things being compared may also be expanded. Whole sentences may be placed in the slots for things compared: 坐火車沒有坐飛機那麽快。 Zuò huǒchē méiyou zuò fēijī Going by train is not as fast as nàme kuài. going by plane. 我學中文比他學歷史容易。 Wǒ xué Zhōngwén bǐ tā xué It’s easier for him, studying history, lìshǐ róngyi. than it is for me, studying Chinese. Although the prepositional verb bǐ is used to say that one thing is “more” than another, do not use the negative of this pattern to say that something is “less.” 他比他哥哥能説話。 Tā bǐ tā gēge néng shuō huà. He is a better talker (smoother talker) than his older brother. This pattern may also be expanded to indicate just HOW MUCH more one thing is than another. (Place the amount after the verb in a sentence.) 這本比那本貴三塊錢。 Zhèiběn bǐ nèiben guì sānkuài This book is three dollars more qián. expensive than that one. 我比他大兩嵗。 Wǒ bǐ tā dà liǎngsuì. I am two years older than she is. Another way to indicate how much more is to add -de duō, “a lot,” to an adjectival verb. 這個比那個好看得多。 Zhèige bǐ něige hǎokànde duō! This is much better looking than that! [232] Use the pattern ...méiyou...nàme + state verb to say that one thing is less than another. 我的字沒有他的那麽好看。 Wǒde zì méiyou tāde nàme My characters don’t look as good as hǎokàn. his. 她想買的房子沒有這個房子近。 Tā xiǎng mǎide fángzi méiyou The house she wants to buy isn’t as zhèige fángzi jìn. close as this one. The affirmative pattern ...yǒu...nàme + state verb is ambiguous: it says that one item is AT LEAST AS expensive as another item which is either equally expensive or less expensive. This pattern is not as common as ...méiyou...name + state verb. The adverbs gèng, “even more,” and zuì, “most,” are easily used to compare more than two things. (Place these adverbs before the verb in a sentence.) 這兩本很貴，可是那本更貴。 Zhèi liǎngběn hěn guì, kěshi These two books are very expensive, nèiběn gèng guì. but that one is even more expensive. 第一本比第二本貴，可是第三本最貴。 Dìyīběn bǐ dìèrběn guì, kěshi The first book is more expensive than dìsānběn zuì guì. that one, but the third one is the most expensive. If the entire sentence involves a comparison of the three books, the speaker may single out the most expensive book with zuì, or sometimes without it. 這三本書，哪本貴？ Zhèi sānběn shū, něiběn guì? Of these three books, which is the (most) expensive one? 這本最貴。 Zhèiběn zuì guì. This one is the most expensive. 那不好意思！ 4. A: Nà bù hǎo yìsi! I can’t let you do that! (That would be too embarrassing!) 別客氣，沒什麽。那個地方的菜又好又便宜。 B: Bié kèqi, méi shenme. Don’t be polite. It’s nothing. Nèige dìfangde cài yòu The food there is both good and hǎo yòu piányi. cheap. Notes on No. 4 Bù hǎo yìsi is an idiomatic phrase meaning “to be embarrassing.” In Chinese culture, treating someone to a meal both shows your respect for him and maintains your status as a generous host. In exchange 4, Nà bù hǎo yìsi means “I’m embarrassed to have you show me so much respect,” or “I’m embarrassed to appear to be too cheap to treat you.” Bù hǎo yìsi also means “to feel embarrassed.” Yòu...yòu..., “both...and..The element following each you may be as simple as an adjectival verb or as complex as a full verb phrase. 他孩子又會説英文，又會說中國話。 Tā háizi yòu huì shuō Yīngwén, His child can speak both English and yòu huì shuō Zhōngguō huà. Chinese. [233] 你説的地方一定好。 5. A: Nǐ shuōde dìfang yídìng Any place you suggest is sure to hǎo. be good. 他們那裏有好些菜別的地方吃不着。 B: Tāmen nàli yǒu hǎoxiē cài They have a good many dishes there biéde dìfang chībuzháo. that you can’t find (at) other places. Notes on No. 5 Yídìng, “certainly,” can act as either an adverb or an adjectival verb. (ADVERB) 他一定來。 Tā yídìng lái. He will definitely come. 我不一定去。 Wǒ bù yídìng qù. It’s not certain that I will go. 我還不一定去。 Wǒ hái bù yídìng qù. It’s not yet certain that I will go (ADJECTIVAL VERB) 你那天去？ 還不一定。 Nǐ něitiān qù? On what day are you going there? Hái bù yídìng. It’s not certain yet. 那是一定的 Na shi yídìngde. That’s for sure. Hǎoxiē means “a good many” or “a lot.” You have seen -xiē, “several,” “some,” in zhèixie, “these,” and nèixie, “those.” The element -xiē also occurs in yìxiē, “some,” “a few”: Shūjiàzishang hái yòu yìxiē shū, (書架子還有一些書) “There are still a few books on the bookcase.” Biéde is the word for “other” in the sense of “a different one.” LÌngwài is the word for “other” when you mean “an additional one.” Chībuzháo: In this compound verb of result, the ending -zháo indicates success in obtaining something. Here are some examples of compounds ending in -zháo: 我找不着他的電話號碼兒。 Wǒ zhǎobuzháo tāde diànhuà I cannot find his phone number, hàomǎr. 今天沒買着蘋果。 Jīntiān méi mǎizháo píngguǒ. I did not succeed in buying apples today. [234] 6. bù yídìng 不一定 not necessarily; it’s not definite 7. kànfa 看法 opinion, view 8. wǎnfàn 晚飯 supper, dinner 9. xiǎngfa 想法 idea, opinion 10. yìxiē 一些 some, several, a few 11. zǎofàn 早飯 breakfast 12. zuòfa 做法 way of doing things, method, practice Notes on Additional Required. Vocabulary Kànfa, “opinion,” “view,” may be loosely translated as “way of looking at things.” The word is made up of kàn, to look,” and fǎ, “method,” “way.” 我們對這件事的看法不一樣。 Wǒmen duì zhèijiàn shìde Our opinions on this matter are not kànfa bù yíyàng. the same. Xiǎngfa, “idea,” “opinion,” is made up of xiǎng, “to think,” and fǎ, “method, “way.” Xiǎngfa is a “way of thinking”The word is actually pronounced xiǎngfa. 他的想法跟我的一樣。 Tāde xiǎngfa gēn wǒde yíyàng. His way of thinking is the same as mine. Zuòfa, “way of doing things,” “method,” “practice,” is made up of the verb zuò. “to do,” and fǎ, “method,” “way.” 你的目的很好，可是我不喜歡你的做法。 Nǐde mùdi hěn hǎo, kěshi wǒ Your goal is good, but I don’t like bù xīhuan nǐde zuòfa. your methods. [235] DRILLS A. Response Drill 今天我們一起去吃中飯，好嗎？ 好，今天我請你。 1. Speaker: Jīntiān wǒmen yìqǐ qù You: Hǎo, jīntiān wǒ qǐng ni. chī zhōngfàn, hǎo ma? (All right. Today I’m inviting (Let’s go have lunch you.) together today. Okay?) 今天我請你去吃中飯。 別客氣，我們一起去吃中飯。 OR Jīntiān wǒ qǐng ni qù Bié kèqi, wǒmen yìqǐ qù chī chī zhōngfàn. zhōngfàn. (Today I am inviting (Don’t be so polite. Let’s you to go to eat Just go together and split lunch.) the bill.) 明天中午我們一起去吃中飯，好嗎？ 好，明天中午我請你。 2. Míngtiān zhōngwǔ wǒmen yìqǐ qù Hǎo, míngtiān zhōngwǔ wǒ qǐng ni. chī zhōngfàn, hǎo ma? 明天中午我請你去吃中飯。 別客氣，我們一起去吃中飯。 3. Míngtiān zhōngwǔ wǒ qǐng ni qù Bié kèqi, wǒmen yìqǐ qù chī chī zhōngfàn. zhōngfàn. 星期五我們一起去吃中飯，好嗎？ 好，星期五我請你。 4. Xīngqīwǔ wǒmen yìqǐ qù chī Hǎo, Xīngqīwǔ wǒ qǐng ni. zhōngfàn, hǎo ma? 星期六我請你去吃中飯。 別客氣，我們一起去吃中飯。 5. Xīngqīliù wǒ qǐng ni qù chī Bié kèqi, wǒmen yìqǐ qù chī zhōngfàn. zhōngfàn. 明天中午我們一起去吃中飯，好嗎？ 好，明天我請你。 6. Míngtiān wǒmen yìqǐ qù chī Hǎo, míngtiān wǒ qǐng ni. zhōngfàn, hǎo ma? B: Transformation Drill 那個肉比這個肉好。 這個肉沒有那個肉那麽好。 1. Speaker: Nèige ròu bǐ zhèige You: Zhèige ròu méiyou nèige ròu ròu hǎo. nàme hǎo. (This meat is better (This meat is not as good as than that meat.) that meat.) 新的比舊的好。 舊的沒有新的那麽好。 2. Xīnde bǐ jiùde hǎo. Jiùde méiyou xīnde nàme hǎo. 大話的菜比東門的菜好。 東門的菜沒有大話的菜那麽好。 3. Dàhuáde cài bǐ Dōngménde cài Dōngménde cài méiyou Dàhuáde cài hǎo. nàme hǎo. [236] 他的錢比我的錢多。 我的錢沒有他的錢那麽多。 4. Tāde qián bǐ wǒde qián duō. Wǒde qián meiyou tāde qián nàme duō. 那個肉比這個肉貴。 這個肉沒有那個肉那麽貴。 5. Nèige ròu bǐ zhèige ròu guì. Zhèige ròu měiyou nèige ròu nàme guì. 舊書比新書便宜。 新書沒有舊書那麽便宜。 6. Jiù shū bǐ xīn shū piányi. Xīn shū měiyou jiù shū nàme piányi. 他開車比我開得快。 我開車沒有他開de車那麽快。 7. Tā kāi chē bǐ wǒ kāide kuài. Wǒ kāi chē měiyou tā kāide nàme kuài. C. Combination Drill 不太好。離我們家近。 雖然不太好，可是離我們家近。 1. Speaker: Bú tài hǎo. Lí wǒmen You: Suīrán bú tài hǎo, kěshi lí jiā jìn. wǒmen jiā jìn. (It is not too good. (Even though it is not too good It is close to us.) it is close to us.) 很好。離我們家太遠。 雖然很好，可是離我們家太遠。 OR Hěn hǎo. Lí wǒmen jiā Suīrán hěn hǎo, kěshi lí wǒmen tài yuǎn. jiā tài yuǎn. (it is very good. It (Even though it is very good, is too far from us.) it is too far from us.) 不太方便。離我們家近。 雖然不太方便，可是離我們家近。 2. Bú tài fāngbian. Lí wǒmen Suīrán bú tài fāngbian, kěshi lí jiā jìn. wǒmen jiā jìn. 不太便宜。離我們家近。 雖然不太便宜，可是離我們家近。 3. Bu tài piányi. Lí wǒmen jiā Suīrán bú tài piányi, kěshi lí jìn. wǒmen jiā jìn. 很便宜。離我們家遠。 雖然很便宜，可是離我們家遠。 4. Hěn piányi. Lí wǒmen jiā tài Suīrán hěn piányi, kěshi lí wǒmen yuǎn. jiā tài yuǎn. 很好。離我們家遠。 雖然很好，可是離我們家遠。 5. Hěn hǎo. Lí wǒmen jiā tài Suīrán hěn hǎo, kěshi lí wǒmen jiā yuǎn. tài yuǎn. 不太好。離我們家近。 雖然不太好，可是離我們家近。 6. Bú tài hǎo. Lí wǒmen jiā hěn Suīrán bú tài hǎo, kěshi lí wǒmen jìn. jiā hěn jìn. [237] D. Transformation Drill 那個飯館子離這兒很近。 這個飯館子比那個飯館子離這兒很近。 1. Speaker: Nèige fànguǎnzi lí You: Zhèige fànguǎnzi bǐ nèige zhèr hěn jìn. fànguǎnzi lí zhèr gèng jìn. (This restaurant is even closer to here than that restaurant.) 這個 (cue) zhèige (That restaurant is very close to here.) 他家離這兒很近。 我家比他家離這兒更近。 2. Tā jiā lí zhèr hěn jìn. Wǒ jiā bǐ tā jiā lí zhèr gèng jìn. 我家 wǒ jiā 那個銀行離這兒很遠。 中國銀行比那個銀行離這兒很遠。 3. Nèige yínháng lí zhèr hěn yuǎn. Zhōngguo Yínháng bǐ nèige yínháng lí zhèr gèng yuǎn. 這個銀行 Zhōngguo Yínháng 五路汽車站離這兒很遠。 那個汽車站比五路汽車站離這兒很遠。 4. Wǔlù Qìchēzhàn lí zhèr hěn yuǎn, Nèige Qìchēzhàn bǐ Wūlù Qìchēzhàn lí zhèr gèng yuǎn. 那個汽車站 nèige Qìchēzhàn 武官処離這兒很遠。 大使館比武官処離這兒很遠。 5. Wǔguānchù lí zhèr hěn yuǎn. Dàshiguān bǐ Wǔguānchù lí zhèr gèng yuǎn. 大使館 Dàshiguǎn 火車站離這兒很近。 公路局車站比火車站離這兒很近。 6. Huǒchēzhàn lí zhèr hěn jìn. Gōnglùjú chēzhàn bǐ huǒchēzhàn lí zhèr gèng jìn. 公路局車站 Gōnglùjú chēzhàn 吾科長家離這兒很遠。 李教授家比吾科長家離這兒很遠。 7. Wú Kēzhǎng jiā lí zhèr hěn yuǎn. Lǐ Jiàoshòu jiā bǐ Wú Kēzhǎng jiā lí zhèr gèng yuǎn. 李教授家 Lǐ Jiàoshòu jiā E. Transformation Drill 張小姐，王先生都有錢。 張小姐跟王先生一樣有錢。 1. Speaker: Zhāng Xiǎojiě, Wáng You: Zhāng Xiǎojiě gēn Wáng Xiānsheng Xiānsheng dōu yǒu yíyàng yǒu qián. qián. (Miss Zhāng and Mr. Wáng are (cue) the same equally rich.) (Both Miss Zhāng and Mr. Wáng have money [are rich].) 張小姐，王先生都有錢。 張小姐比王先生有錢。 2. Zhāng Xiǎojiě, Wáng Xiānsheng Zhāng Xiǎojiě bǐ Wáng Xiānsheng yǒu dōu yǒu qián. qián. more 張小姐，王先生都有錢。 張小姐沒有王先生那麽有錢。 3. Zhāng Xiǎojiě, Wáng Xiānsheng Zhāng Xiǎojiě méiyou Wáng Xiānsheng dōu yǒu qián. nàme yǒu qián. less 張小姐，王先生都有錢。 張小姐比王先生更有錢。 4. Zhāng Xiǎojiě, Wáng Xiānsheng Zhāng Xiǎojiě bǐ Wáng Xiānsheng dōu yǒu qián. gèng yǒu qián. even more [238] 張小姐的錢，王先生的錢都很多。 張小姐的錢跟王先生的錢一樣多。 5. Zhāng Xiǎojiěde qián, Wáng Zhāng Xiǎojiěde qián gēn Wáng Xiānshengde qián dōu hěn duō. Xiānshengde qián yíyàng duō. the same 張小姐的錢，王先生的錢都很多。 張小姐的錢沒有王先生的錢那麽多。 6. Zhāng Xiǎojiěde qián, Wáng Zhāng Xiǎojiěde qián méiyou Wáng Xiānshengde qián dōu hěn duō. Xiānshengde qián nàme duō. less 張小姐的錢，王先生的錢都很多。 張小姐的錢比王先生的錢更多。 7. Zhāng Xiǎojiěde qián, Wáng Zhāng Xiǎojiěde qián bǐ Wáng Xiānshengde qián dōu hěn duō. Xiānshengde qián gèng duō. even more F. Substitution Drill 你們這兒的菜很好。 你們這兒的菜非常好。 1. Speaker: Nǐmen zhèrde cài hěn You: Nǐmen zhèrde cài fēicháng hǎo. hǎo. (Your food here is exceptionally (cue) exceptionally good.) (Your food here is very good.) 你們這兒的菜非常好。 你們這兒的菜好極了。 2. Nǐmen zhèrde cài fēicháng hǎo. Nǐmen zhèrde cài hǎojíle. extremely 你們這兒的菜好極了。 你們這兒的菜好極了。 3. Nǐmen zhèrde cài hǎojíle. Nǐmen zhèrde cài hǎo yìdiǎn a little (more) 你們這兒的菜好一點。 你們這兒的菜更好。 4. Nǐmen zhèrde cài hǎo yìdiǎn. Nǐmen zhèrde cài gèng hǎo. even more 你們這兒的菜更好。 你們這兒的菜好極了。 5. Nǐmen zhèrde cài gèng hǎo. Nǐmen zhèrde cài hǎojíle. extremely 你們這兒的菜好極了。 你們這兒的菜特別好。 6. Nǐmen zhèrde cài hǎojíle. Nǐmen zhèrde cài tèbié hǎo. expecially 你們這兒的菜特別好。 7. Nǐmen zhèrde cài tèbié hǎo. [239] G. Combination Drill 這本書很好。這本書很便宜。 這本書又好又便宜。 1. Speaker: Zhèiběn shū hěn hǎo. You: Zhèiběn shū yòu hǎo yòu piányi Zhèiběn shū hěn (This book is both good and piányi. inexpensive.) (This book is good. This book is inexpensive.) 你買的地圖很好。你買的地圖很便宜。 你買的地圖又好又便宜。 2. Nǐ mǎide dìtú hěn hǎo. Nǐ Ni mǎide dìtú yòu hǎo yòu piányi. mǎide dìtú hěn piányi. 他住的飯店很好。他住的飯店很大。 他住的飯店又好又大。 3. Tā zhùde fàndiàn hěn hǎo. Tā Tā zhùde fàndiàn yòu hǎo yòu dà. zhùde fàndiàn hěn dà. 那般飛機很快。那般飛機很便宜。 那般飛機又快又便宜。 4. Nèibān fēijī hěn kuài. Nèibān Nèibān fēijī yòu kuài yòu piányi. fēijī hěn piányi. 坐火車去很好。坐火車去很方便。 坐火車去又好又方便。 5. Zuò huǒchē qù hěn hǎo. Zuò Zuò huǒchē qù yòu hǎo yòu fāngbian. huǒchē qù hěn fāngbian. 這個飯館子很近。這個飯館子很便宜。 這個飯館子又近又便宜。 6. Zhège fànguǎnzi hěn jìn. Zhège fànguǎnzi yòu jìn yòu piányi. Zhège fànguǎnzi hěn piányi. 他買的地毯很便宜。他買的地毯很很好。 他買的地毯又便宜又好。 7. Tā mǎide dìtǎn hěn piányi. Tā Tā mǎide dìtǎn yòu piányi yòu hǎo. mǎide dìtǎn hěn hǎo. H. Expansion Drill 這兒的肉非常好。 這的肉非常好，別的地方吃不着。 1. Speaker: Zhèrde ròu fēicháng You: Zhèrde ròu fēicháng hǎo, biéde hǎo. dìfang chībuzháo. (The meat here is exceptionally 吃 good. You can’t find anything (cue) chī like it anywhere else.) (The meat here is exceptionally good.) 那兒的菜非常好。 那兒的菜非常好，別的地方買不着。 2. Nàrde cài fēicháng hǎo. Nàrde cài fēicháng hǎo, biéde dìfang mǎibuzháo. 買 mǎi 那兒的糖非常好。 那兒的糖非常好，別的地方買不着。 3. Nàrde táng fēicháng hǎo. Nàrde táng fēicháng hǎo, biéde dìfang mǎibuzháo. 買 mǎi 這兒的電影非常好。 這兒的電影非常好，別的地方看不着。 4. Zhèrde diànyíng fēicháng hǎo. Zhèrde diànyǐng fēicháng hǎo, biéde dìfang kànbuzháo. 看 kàn 這兒的書非常好。 這兒的書非常好，別的地方看不着。 5. Zhèrde shū fēicháng duō. Zhèrde shū fēicháng duō, biéde dìfang kànbuzháo. 看 kàn [240] 那兒的電視非常好。 那兒的電視非常好，別的地方買不着。 6. Nàrde diànshì fēicháng hǎo. Nàrde diànshì fēicháng hǎo, biéde dìfang mǎibuzháo. 買 mǎi 那兒的菜非常好。 那兒的菜非常好，別的地方吃不着。 7. Narde cài fēicháng hǎo. Nàrde cài fēicháng hǎo, biéde dìfang chībuzháo. 吃 chi Drying rice in front of a temple in central Táiwān [241] UNIT 7 REFERENCE LIST (in Taipei) 喂 1. B: Wèi. Hello. 張先生嗎？ A: Zhāng Xiānsheng ma? Is this Mr. Zhāng? 是的。您是不是白女士？ 2. B: Shìde. Nín shì bu shi Bái Yes. Is this Miss White? Nǚshì? 是。張先生，我有一件事想跟你打聽打聽。 A: Shì. Zhāng Xiānsheng, wǒ Yes. Mr. Zhāng, I have something yǒu yíjiàn shì xiǎng gēn I would like to ask you about. nín dǎting dǎting. 什麽事？ 3. B: Shénme shì? What is it? 聽説您那邊新來了方先生，是剛派來的； 他的名字我忘記了。 A: Tīngshuō nín nàbian xīn I have heard that you recently had láile yíwèi Fāng Xiānsheng, a Mr. Fāng join you, who has just shi gāng pàilaide; been assigned to your office. I tāde míngzi wǒ wàngji le. have forgotten his given name. 不錯，方德銘是上個禮拜派到我們這裏來的。 4. B: Bú cuò, Fāng Démíng shi That’s right. Fāng Démíng was sent shàngge lǐbài pài dào over here last week. wǒmen zhèli láide. 怎麽？你認識他嗎。 B: Zěnme? Nǐ rènshi ta ma? Why? Do you know him? 不認識。 5. A: Bú rènshi. I don’t know him. 不過聽説他也是加州大學畢業的， 所以想請你給我介紹介紹。 A: Búguò tīngshuō tā yě shi However, I have heard that he also Jiāzhōu Dàxué bìyède, graduated from the University suǒyi xiǎng qǐng ni gěi of California, so I wanted to ask wo jièshao jièshao. you to introduce me to him. 沒問題。我看看...好，我們現在都有功夫。 6. B: Méi wèntí. Wǒ kànkan... No problem. I’ll take a look.... hǎo, wǒmen xiànzài dōu Okay, we are both free now. yǒu gōngfu. 你現在竜來嗎？ B: Nǐ xiànzài néng lái ma? Can you come now? 行。 7. A: Xíng. That will be fine. 我馬上到您辦公室來。 A: Wǒ mǎshàng dào nín bàngōngshì I’ll come to your office right away. lái. 差不多半個鐘頭就到。 A: Chàbuduō bànge zhōngtóu I’ll be there in about half an hour. jiù dào. [242] ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes) 8. jìde 記得 to remember 9. rènde 認得 to recognize, to know (alternate word for rènshi) 10. rènshi zì 認識字 to know how to read (literally, “to recognize characters”) 11. wàng 忘 to forget (alternate word for wàngji, especially in the sense of forgetting to DO something) 12. wánquán 完全 completely 13. xiǎngqilai 想起來 to think of, to remember 14. zuǒyòu 左右 approximately [243] VOCABULARY bìyè 畢業 to graduate bú cuò 不錯 not bad, pretty good; that’s right chàbuduō 差不多 almost, about, approximately dǎting 大廳 to inquire about, to ask about jìde 記得 to remember mǎshàng 馬上 immediately méi wèntí 沒問題 (there’s) no problem pài dào 派到 to send to pàilai 派來 to send here rènde 認得 to recognize, to know rènshi 認識 to recognize, to know rènshi zì 認識字 to know how to read (literally, “to recognize characters”) tīngshuō 聽説 to hear that wàng 忘 to forget wàngji 忘記 to forget wánquán 完全 completely wèntí 問題 problem, question xiǎngqilai 想起來 to think of, to remember zuǒyōu 左右 approximately (introduced on C-2 tape) cōngming 聰明 to be intelligent duōde duō 多得多 much more kěnéng 可能 maybe Shìjiè Yínháng 世界銀行 World Bank xiū jià 休假 to take a vacation yánjiuyuàn 研究院 graduate school yàobushi...jiù shi... 要不是..就是.. if it’s not...then it will be... yònggōng 用工 to be hardworking yuèchū 月初 the beginning of the month yuèdǐ 月底 the end of the month [244] REFERENCE NOTES 喂 1. B: Wèi. Hello. 張先生嗎？ A: Zhāng Xiānsheng ma? Is this Mr. Zhāng? 是的。您是不是白女士？ 2. B: Shìde. Nín shì bu shi Bái Yes. Is this Miss White? Nǚshì? 是。張先生，我有一件事想跟你打聽打聽。 A: Shì. Zhāng Xiānsheng, wǒ Yes. Mr. Zhāng, I have something yǒu yíjiàn shì xiǎng gēn I would like to ask you about. nín dǎting dǎting. Notes on Nos. 1-2 Gēn nín dǎting, “ask information from you”: Note that the prepositional verb gēn is translated as “from.” Dǎting, “to inquire,” is less formal than qǐngjiào and requests information rather than advice. Objects of reduplicated verbs: Reduplicated verbs may be followed only by DEFINITE objects. Indefinite objects of reduplicated verbs precede those verbs. In the last sentence of exchange 2, the object of the reduplicated verb dǎting dǎting is indefinite: yíjiàn shì, “a matter” Thus the object is introduced in the clause wǒ yǒu yíjiàn shì which precedes the entire verb phrase xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting. Reduplicating a verb makes it indefinite; adding an indefinite object might cause confusion. The reduplicated verbs in the sentences below have definite objects: 我想跟您打聽打聽那件事。 Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting I would like to ask you about that. nèijiàn shì. 我想跟您打聽打聽這件事。 Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting I would like to ask you about this. zhèijiàn shì. 我想跟您打聽打聽他的事。 Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting I would like to ask you about his tāde shì. matter (about ask him) 我想跟您打聽打聽你的那件事。 Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting I would like to ask you about that nǐde nèijiàn shì. matter of yours. Simple verbs are used in the following sentences, which have indefinite objects: 我想跟您打聽一點事。 Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting I would like to ask you about something. yìdiǎn shì. 我想跟您打聽很多事。 Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting hěn I would like to ask you about a lot of things. duō shì. 我想跟您打聽幾件事。 Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting I would like to ask you about a few things. jǐjiàn shì. [245] 什麽事？ 3. B: Shénme shì? What is it? 聽説您那邊新來了方先生，是剛派來的； 他的名字我忘記了。 A: Tīngshuō nín nàbian xīn I have heard that you recently had láile yíwèi Fāng Xiānsheng, a Mr. Fāng join you, who has just shi gāng pàilaide; been assigned to your office. I tāde míngzi wǒ wàngji le. have forgotten his given name. Notes on No. 3 Tīngshuō corresponds to the English “I hear that....” ... láile yíwèi Fāng Xiānsheng, “there came a Mr. Fāng”: While “a” and “the” are used in English to distinguish between indefinite and definite, word order accomplishes the same distinction in Chinese. The subject “A Mr. Fāng” is placed AFTER the verb because the subject is indefinite. With an indefinite subject following the verb, information preceding the verb may give location, time, or other scene-setting details. 這兒新開了一個很好的飯館子。 Zhèr xīn kāile yige hěn A very good restaurant opened here hǎode fànguǎnzi. recently. 昨天來了一些日本人。 Zuótiān láile yìxiē Rìběn Some Japanese came yesterday, rén. 已經去了五百個人。 Yǐjīng qùle wǔbǎige rén. Five hundred people have already gone there. Verbs of appearing and verbs of disappearing (“to come,” “to discover,” “to happen/occur”) introduce indefinite subjects, as do the words you and yǒude. 外邊有幾個人找你。 Wàibian yǒu jige rén zhǎo nǐ. There are some people outside who want to see you. 有的人不喜歡喝茶。 Yǒude rén bù xǐhuan hē chá. Some people don’t like to drink tea. Some situations may be described with either you or another verb. 昨天有一個人來找你。 Zuótiān yǒu yige rén lái Yesterday there was someone here zhǎo nǐ. looking for you. 昨天來了一個人要找你當面談談。 Zuótiān láile yige rén yào Yesterday someone was here who was zhǎo nǐ dāngmiàn tántan. looking for you to talk with you in person. Subjects occurring at the end of a sentence are indefinite, whether or not they are accompanied by yíge. Subjects preceding the verb in a sentence are definite, whether or not they are accompanied by zhèige, nèige, zhèixiē, nèixiē, or other specifying words. Lái rén le. 來人了。 Some people have come. Rén lái le. 人來了。 The people have come, (i.e., those whom we were expecting) [246] Míngzi means “name”—of an object, a place, or a person (GIVEN NAME). Occasionally, míngzi is used for a person’s full name (surname and given name). This usage is more common in the PRC. Wàngji is a verb meaning “to forget”—used especially in reference to forgetting facts. Wàng, “to forget,” is more commonly used for forgetting to do something. The verb jìde means “to remember.” 不錯，方德銘是上個禮拜派到我們這裏來的。 4. B: Bú cuò, Fāng Démíng shi That’s right. Fāng Démíng was sent shàngge lǐbài pài dào over here last week. wǒmen zhèli láide. 怎麽？你認識他嗎。 B: Zěnme? Nǐ rènshi ta ma? Why? Do you know him? Notes on No. 4 Bú cuò means “not bad” in the sense of pretty good,” “pretty well,” “all right.” Nǐ zěnmeyàng? 你怎麽樣？ How are things going? Bú cuò. 不錯 Not bad. In the first sentence of No. 4, bú cuò means “that’s right, your information is not wrong.” 李先生，你剛從香港回來，是嗎？ Lǐ Xiānsheng, ni gāng cóng Mr. Li, you just got back from Hong Xiānggǎng huílai, shì ma? Kong, didn’t you? 不錯，我是昨天回來的。 Bú cuò, wǒ shi zuótiān That’s right. I got back yesterday. huílaide. Here are more examples of bú cuò: 那個飯館子菜真不錯。 Nèige fànguǎnzide cài zhēn That restaurant really has pretty bú cuò. good food. 他説中國話，説得不錯。 Tā shuō Zhōngguo huà, shuōde He speaks Chinese pretty well. bú cuò. In the first example, notice that an adverb precedes bú cuò: zhēn bú cuò [247] Pài dào...lái is a three-part verb: action verb (also expressing MOTION), prepositional verb (must take an object), and directional verb (lái, qù) ACTION PREPOSITIONAL DIRECTIONAL VERB VERB OBJECT VERB 跑 到 山上 去 pǎo dào shānshang qù “to run up on the hill” 搬 到 這兒 來 bān dào zhèr lái “to move it into here” 拿 到 學校 去 ná dào xuéxiào qù “to take it to school” 走 到 後邊兒 來 zǒu dào hòubianr lái “to walk to the back” Zěnme, “why,” “how come,” “how is it that...,”* is a more colloquial and challenging word for “why” than wèishénme. Only a reason or an explanation is requested by wèishénme. Zěnme expresses more, emphasizing the speaker’s surprise or lack of understanding. *You have already learned that zènme can mean “how.” 你們的辦公室怎麽這麽小？ Nǐmende bàngōngshì zěnme How is it that your office is so zhème xiǎo? small? 他父母都說中國話，他怎麽不會説。 Tā fùmǔ dōu shuō Zhōngguo Both his parents speak Chinese. huà, tā zěnme bú huì How is it that he can’t? shuō? 這麽要緊的事，我怎麽忘了做了？ Zhème yàojǐnde shì, wǒ How could I have forgotten to do zěnme wàngle zuò le? such an important thing? 你怎麽不念書呢？ Nǐ zěnme bú niàn shū ne? How come you’re not studying? 你怎麽不説話？有什麽不高興的事嗎？ Nǐ zěnme bù shuō huà? Yǒu How come you’re not saying anything? shénme bù gāoxìngde shì ma? Is there something you are unhappy about? The meaning of zěnme is sometimes affected by the aspect marker used: 你怎麽來了？ Nǐ zěnme lái le? How come you are here? (i.e., “What are you doing here?”) 你(是)怎麽來的？ Nǐ (shi) zěnme láide? How did you get here? (i.e., by what means of transportation) [248] Rènshi the state verb means “to know” in the sense of “to be acquainted with,” “to be familiar with,” “to recognize.” As an action verb, rènshi means “to meet,” “to get acquainted with.” (STATE VERB) 你認識張國權嗎？ Nǐ rènshi Zhāng Guóquán ma? Do you know Zhāng Guóquán? 你認識他嗎？ Nǐ rènshi ta ma? Do you know him? 我們不太認識。 Wǒmen bú tài rènshi. We are not too well acquainted. 我們去年還不認識。 Wǒmen qùnián hái bú rènshi. We did not know each other yet last year. (ACTION VERB) 我在美國的時候，認識了很多美國年輕人。 Wǒ zài Měiguode shíhou, When I was in America, I met a lot rènshile hěn duō Měiguo of young Americans. niánqīng rén.* *niánqīng, “to be young” 我是前年認識他的。 Wǒ shi qiánnián I met him the year before last. rènshi tade. 那個時候我們還沒認識。 Nèige shíhou wǒmen hái méi At that time we had not yet met. rènshi. 他是一個很好的人，你應該認識認識。 Tā shi yíge hěn hǎode rén, He is a very good person; you should nǐ yīnggāi rènshi renshi.** get to know him. **yīnggāi, “should” As a state verb, rènshi is used for “knowing” or “recognizing” Chinese characters. 你認識多少個中國字？ Nǐ rènshi duōshǎoge Zhōngguo How many Chinese characters do you zì? know/recognize? 你認識這個字嗎？ Nǐ rènshi zhèige zì ma? Do you recognize this character? Contrast the meanings of rènshi and zhīdao: rènshi, “to know” a person; zhīdao, “to know of” a person 你認識唐小姐嗎？ Nǐ rènshi Táng Xiǎojiě ma? Do you know Miss Táng? 我知道她，但是我們沒見過。 Wǒ zhīdao ta, dànshi wǒmen I know of her, but we haven’t met. méi jiànguo. When a place is being discussed, rènshi means “to know how to get [there].” Zhīdao continues to mean “to know of [a place].” 你認識那個電影院嗎？ Nǐ rènshi nèige diànyǐngyuàn Do you know how to get to that movie ma? theater? 你知道那個電影院？ Nǐ zhīdao nèige diànyǐngyuàn Do you know of that movie theater? ma? [249] 不認識。 5. A: Bú rènshi. I don’t know him. 不過聽説他也是加州大學畢業的， 所以想請你給我介紹介紹。 A: Búguò tīngshuō tā yě shi However, I have heard that he also Jiāzhōu Dàxué bìyède, graduated from the University suǒyi xiǎng qǐng ni gěi of California, so I wanted to ask wo jièshao jièshao. you to introduce me to him. Note on No. 5 Shi Jiāzhōu Dàxué bìyède, “graduated from the University of California”: The name of a school or a word describing the type of school may stand in front of the verb bìyè with no preceding prepositional verb, such as cóng, “from.” 你兒子已經大學/中學/小學畢業了嗎？ Nǐ érzi yǐjīng dàxué/zhōngxué/ Has your son graduated from college/ iǎoxué bìyè le ma? high school/elementary school already? 他大學還沒畢業呢。 Tā dàxué hai méi bìyè ne. He has not graduated from college yet. 他是臺灣大學畢業的。 Tā shi Táiwān Dàxué bìyède. He graduated from Táiwān University. Bìyè may also be preceded by either zài, “at,” or cóng, “from.” 你是在哪個中學畢業的？ Nǐ shi zài něige zhōngxué What high school did you graduate bìyède? from? 我去年從德州大學畢業了。 Wǒ qùniān cóng Dézhōu Dàxué I graduated last year from the bìyè le. University of Texas. 我是七八年從北京大學畢業的。 Wǒ shi qībānián cóng Běijīng I graduated from Běijīng University Dàxué bìyède. in ’78. Bìyè, meaning “to complete a course of study,” is a compound made up of a verb plus a general object. For this reason, the object yè may be separated from the verb bì. This separation occurs most frequently in sentences containing the shì... de construction. 他是一九七六年畢業的。 Tā shi yījiǔqīliùnián bìde yè. He graduated in 1976. 沒問題。我看看...好，我們現在都有功夫。 6. B: Méi wèntí. Wǒ kànkan... No problem. I’ll take a look.... hǎo, wǒmen xiànzài dōu Okay, we are both free now. yǒu gōngfu. 你現在竜來嗎？ B: Nǐ xiànzài néng lái ma? Can you come now? Note on No. 6 The noun wèntí can mean “question,” “problem,” or “difficulty.” 他問了好多問題。 Tā wènle hǎoduō wèntí. He asked a lot of questions. [250] 那是一個很大的問題。 Nà shi yige hěn dàde wèntí. That’s a big problem. Ní yǒu wèntí ma? could mean either “Do you have any questions?” or “Are you having any problems?” 行。 7. A: Xíng. That will be fine. 我馬上到您辦公室來。 A: Wǒ mǎshàng dào nín bàngōngshì I’ll come to your office right away. lái. 差不多半個鐘頭就到。 A: Chàbuduō bànge zhōngtóu I’ll be there in about half an hour. jiù dào. Notes on No. 7 The adverb mǎshàng (literally, “on horseback”) means “immediately,” “right away.” Chàbuduō may be translated fairly literally as “does not differ much.” Other translations are “about,” “approximately,” “almost.” 差不多八點了。 Chàbuduō bādiǎn le. It is nearly eight o’clock. 這本書我差不多看完了。 Zhèběn shū wǒ chàbuduō kànwán le. I have almost finished reading this book. 他們差不多八點鐘來。 Tāmen chàbuduō bādiǎn zhōng lái. They are coming at around eight o’clock. 那個學校有差不多三百個學生。 Nàge xuéxiào yǒu chàbuduō That school has approximately three sānbǎige xuésheng. hundred students. 8. jìde 記得 to remember 9. rènde 認得 to recognize, to know (alternate word for rènshi) 10. rènshi zì 認識字 to know how to read (literally, “to recognize characters”) 11. wàng 忘 to forget (alternate word for wàngji, especially in the sense of forgetting to DO something) 12. wánquán 完全 completely 13. xiángqilai 想起來 to think of, to remember 14. zuǒyòu 左右 approximately [251] Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary The verb jìde, “to remember,” acts like a state verb. 你記得王小明嗎？ Nǐ jìde Wáng Xiǎo Ming ma? Do you remember Wáng Xiǎo Ming? 記得。他是我愛人大學的同學。 Jìde. Tā shi wǒ àiren I remember (him). He is my spouse’s dàxuéde tóngxué. college classmate. 我昨天不記得他姓什麽。今天又想起來了。 Wǒ zuótiān bú jìde tā xìng Yesterday I couldn’t remember what shénme. Jīntiān yòu his name is. Today I remembered xiǎngqilai le. it (again). Rènde, “to recognize,” “to know,” is usually interchangeable with rènshi. Both rènshi and rènde are most often made negative with bù. 你認得他媽？ Nǐ rènde ta ma? Do you know him? 不認得。 Bú rènde. No. 他路也不認得。 Tā lù yě bú rènde. He doesn’t even know the way. 我們去年還不認得。 Wǒmen qùnián hái bú rènde. We did not know each other last year. Wàng, “to forget,” is an action verb. 我很容易把人名字忘了。 Wǒ hěn róngyi bǎ rén míngzi I forget people’s names very easily, wàng le. 你們都把車票拿來了嗎？ Nǐmen dōu bǎ chēpiào nálai Did all of you bring your bus tickets? le ma? 我忘了。 Wǒ wàng le. I forgot (mine). 我沒忘。 Wǒ méi wàng. I didn’t forget. Wánquán, “completely,” is an adverb used to modify verbs. 他寫的字完全對。 Tā xiěde zì wánquán duì. The character he wrote is completely right. 他完全不懂。 Tā wánquán bù dǒng. He doesn’t understand any part of this. 我完全不知道這件事。 Wǒ wánquán bù zhīdào zhèijiàn I don’t know anything about this shì. matter. Xiǎngqilai, “to think of,” “to remember,” is a compound verb of result. It is made up of xiǎng, “to think”; qǐ “to rise”; and lái, “to come."* As an ending showing result, -qǐlái may have either its literal meaning of “to come up” or more abstract meanings such as “to come to mind.”** *Xiǎngqilai is actually pronounced xiángqilai. The ending -qīlái is in the neutral tone; because qǐ was originally in the third tone, xiǎng changes to the rising tone. **English prepositions, such as “up,” are also used both literally and abstractly: “look up the wall” (an upward motion) and “look up the phone number” (no motion indicated by “up”) [252] 請把椅子辦起來。 Qǐng bǎ yǐzi bānqilai. Please lift up the chair. 請你們站起來。 Qǐng nǐmen zhànqilai. Please stand up. 那個字我想起來了。 Nèige zì wǒ xiǎngqilai le. I remember that character. Zuǒyòu (literally, “left-right”) means “approximately,” “about.” 我五點左右來接你。 Wǒ wǔdiǎn zuǒyòu lái jiē ni. I will come to get you about five o’clock. 你去買點兒蘋果，好不好？ Nǐ qù mǎi diǎnr píngguǒ, hǎo How about going to buy some apples? bu hǎo? 要多少？ Yào duōshǎo? How many do you want? 三斤左右就夠了。 Sānjīn zuǒyòu jiù gòu le. About three catties should be enough. [253] DRILLS A. Transformation Drill 1. 我有一件事想跟您打聽打聽。 我想跟您打聽一件事。 Speaker: Wǒ yǒu yíjiàn shì You: Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting yíjiàn xiǎng gēn nín dǎting shì. dǎting. (I have something I (I would like to ask you would like to ask you something. ) about.) 那件事，我想跟您打聽打聽。 我想跟您打聽打聽那件事。 OR Nèijiàn shì, wǒ xiǎng Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting gēn nín dǎting dǎting. nèijiàn shì. (I would like to ask (I would like to ask you about you about that matter. that matter.) 我有很多事想跟您打聽打聽。 我想跟您打聽很多事。 2. Wǒ yǒu hěn duō shì xiǎng gēn Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting hěn duō shì. nín dǎting dǎting. 這件事，我想跟您打聽打聽。 我想跟您打聽打聽這件事。 3. Zhèijiàn shì, wǒ xiǎng gēn nín Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting dǎting dǎting. zhèijiàn shì. 他的事，我想跟您打聽打聽。 我想跟您打聽打聽他的事。 4. Tāde shì, wǒ xiǎng gēn nín Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting tāde dǎting dǎting. shì. 我有一件事想跟您打聽打聽。 我想跟您打聽一件事。 5. Wǒ yǒu jǐjiàn shì xiǎng gēn nín Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting jǐjiàn shì. dǎting dǎting. 你的那件事，我想跟您打聽打聽。 我想跟您打聽打聽你的那件事。 6. Nǐde nèijiàn shì, wǒ xiǎng gēn Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting nǐde nín dǎting dǎting. nèijiàn shì. B. Expansion Drill 他的名字我忘了。 他的名字我忘了，你還記得嗎？ 1. Speaker: Tāde míngzi wǒ wàng You: Tāde míngzi wǒ wàng le, nǐ hái le. jìde ma? (I have forgotten his (I have forgotten his given given name.) name. Do you remember it?) 他的地址我忘記了。 他的地址我忘記了，你還記得嗎？ 2. Tāde dìzhí wǒ wàngji le. Tāde dìzhí wǒ wàngji le, nǐ hái jìde ma? 他什麽時候來我忘了。 他什麽時候來我忘了，你還記得嗎？ 3. Tā shénme shíhou lái wǒ wàng Tā shénme shíhou lái wǒ wàng le, nī le. hái jìde ma? 内板飛機幾點鐘到我忘記了。 内板飛機幾點鐘到我忘記了，你還記得嗎？ 4. Nèibān fēijī jǐdiǎn zhōng dào Nèibān fēijī jǐdiǎn zhōng dào wǒ wǒ wàngji le. wàngji le, nǐ hái jìde ma? 他是哪年到中國去的我忘了。 他是哪年到中國去的我忘了，你還記得嗎？ 5. Tā shi něinián dào Zhōngguo Tā shi něinián dào Zhōngguo qùde qùde wǒ wàng le. wǒ wàng le, ni hái jìde ma? 我們在哪裏換車我忘記了。 我們在哪裏換車我忘記了，你還記得嗎？ 6. Wǒmen zài náli huàn chē wǒ Wǒmen zài náli huàn chē wǒ wàngji wàngji le. le, ni hái jìde ma? 銀行幾點鐘關門我忘了。 銀行幾點鐘關門我忘了，你還記得嗎？ 7. Yínháng jǐdiǎn zhōng guān mén Yínháng jǐdiǎn zhōng guān mén wǒ wǒ wàng le. wàng le, ni hái jìde ma? C. Expansion Drill 聽説他是剛派來的。 聽説他是剛派到這裏來的。 1. Speaker: Tīngshuō tā shi gāng You: Tīngshuō tā shi gāng pài dào pàilaide. zhèli láide. (I have heard he was Just sent 這裏 over here.) (cue) zhèli (I have heard he was just sent over.) 聽説他是剛派去的。 聽説他是剛派到那裏去的。 2. Tīngshuō tā shi gāng pàiqude. Tīngshuō tā shi gāng pài dào nàli qùde. 那裏 nàli 聽説李先生是剛派來的。 聽説李先生是剛派派臺北的。 3. Tīngshuō Lǐ Xiānsheng shi gāng Tīngshuō Lǐ Xiānsheng shi gāng pài pàilaide. dào Táiběi láide. 臺北 Táiběi 聽説王小姐是剛派去的。 聽説王小姐是剛派到臺南去的。 4. Tīngshuō Wáng Xiǎojiě shi gāng Tīngshuō Wáng Xiǎojiě shi gāng pài pàiqude. dào Táinán qùde. 臺南 Táinán 聽説他哥哥是剛派來的。 聽説他哥哥是剛派到臺中來的。 5. Tīngshuō tā gēge shi gāng Tīngshuō tā gēge shi gāng pài dào pàilaide. Táizhōng láide. 臺中 Táizhōng 聽説他是剛派去的。 聽説他是剛派到高雄去的。 6. Tīngshuō tā shi gāng pàiqude. Tīngshuō tā shi gāng pài dào Gāoxiōng qùde. 高雄 Gāoxióng 聽説您是剛派來的。 聽説您是剛派到這裏來的。 7. Tīngshuō nín shi gāng pàilaide. Tīngshuō nín shi gāng pài dào zhèli láide. 這裏 zhèli [255] D. Expansion Drill 他是加州大學畢業的。 他是一九四五年加州大學畢業的。 1. Speaker: Tā shi Jiāzhōu Dàxué You: Tā shi yījiǔsìwǔnián Jiāzhōu bìyède. Dàxué bìyède. (In 1945 he graduated from the University of California.) 一九四五年 (cue) yījiusìwǔnián (He graduated from the University of California.) 他是臺灣大學畢業的。 他是一九五六年臺灣大學畢業的。 2. Tā shi Táiwān Dàxué bìyède. Tā shi yījiǔwǔliùnián Tǎiwān Dàxué bìyède. 一九五六年 yījiǔwǔliùnián 他是麻州大學畢業的。 他是一九六七年麻州大學畢業的。 3. Tā shi Mázhōu Dàxué bìyède. Tā shi yījiǔliùqīnián Mázhōu Dàxué bìyède. 一九六七年 yījiǔliùqīnián 他是德州大學畢業的。 他是一九六二年德州大學畢業的。 4. Tā shi Dézhōu Dàxué bìyède. Tā shi yījiǔliùèrnián Dézhōu Dàxué bìyède. 一九六二年 yījiǔliùèrnián 他是北京大學畢業的。 他是一九四七年北京大學畢業的。 5. Tā shi Běijīng Dàxué bìyède. Tā shi yījiǔsìqīnián Běijīng Dàxué bìyède. 一九四七年 yījiǔsìqīnián 他是東北大學畢業的。 他是一九三零年東北大學畢業的。 6. Tā shi Dōngběi Dàxué bìyède. Tā shi yījiǔsānlíngnián Dōngběi Dàxué bìyède. 一九三零年 yījiǔsānlíngniān 他是南京大學畢業的。 他是一九三七年南京大學畢業的。 7. Tā shi Nánjīng Dàxué bìyède. Tā shi yījiǔsānqīnián Nánjīng Dàxué bìyède. 一九三七年 yījiǔsānqīnián E. Expansion Drill 我看見過這個字。 我看見過這個字，可是我不認識這個字。 1. Speaker: Wǒ kànjianguo zhèige You: Wǒ kànjianguo zhèige zì, kěshi zì. wǒ bú rènshi zhèige zì. (I have seen this (I have seen this character character before.) before, but I don’t recognize it.) OR Wǒ zhīdao tā shi shéi. Wǒ zhīdao tā shi shéi, kěshi wǒ (I know who he is.) bú rènshi ta. (I know who he is, but I’m not acquainted with him.) 我看見過張小姐。 我看見過張小姐，可是我不認識張小姐。 2. Wǒ kànjianguo Zhāng Xiǎojiě. Wǒ kànjianguo Zhāng Xiǎojiě, kěshi wǒ bú rènshi Zhāng Xiǎojiě. 我去過那個地方。 我去過那個地方，可是我不認識那個地方。 3. Wǒ qùguo nèige dìfang. Wǒ qùguo nèige dìfang, kěshi wǒ bú rènshi nèige dìfang. 我知道他是李科長。 我知道他是李科長，可是我不認識李科長。 4. Wǒ zhīdao tā shi Lǐ Kēzhǎng. Wǒ zhīdao tā shi Lí Kēzhǎng, kěshi wǒ bú rènshi Lǐ Kēzhǎng. [256] 我看見過。 我看見過，可是我不認識。 5. Wǒ kànjianguo. Wǒ kànjianguo, kěshi wǒ bú rènshi. 我知道他是王小姐的哥哥。 我知道他是王小姐的哥哥，可是我不認識他。 6. Wǒ zhīdào tā shi Wáng Xiǎojiěde Wǒ zhidao tā shi Wáng Xiaojiéde gēge, gēge. kěshi wǒ bú rènshi ta. F. Transformation Drill 差不多半個鐘頭就到。 半個鐘頭左右就到。 1. Speaker: Chàbuduō bànge zhōngtóu You: Bànge zhōngtóu zuǒyòu jiù dào jiù dào. (I’ll be there in about half (I’ll be there in an hour.) about half an hour.) 差不多要一個鐘頭。 要一個鐘頭左右。 2. Chàbuduō yào yige zhōngtóu. Yào yige zhōngtōu zuǒyòu. 他住了差不多三天。 他住了三天左右。 3. Tā zhùle chàbuduō sāntiān. Tā zhùle sāntiān zuǒyòu. 他差不多五十嵗了。 他五十嵗左右了。 4. Tā chàbuduō wǔshísuì le. Tā wǔshísuì zuǒyòu le. 那本書差不多要十塊錢。 那本書要十塊錢左右。 5. Nèiběn shū chàbuduō yào shíkuài Nèiběn shū yào shíkuài qián zuǒyòu. qián. 差不多要走四十五分鐘。 要走四十五分鐘左右。 6. Chàbuduō yào zǒu sìshiwǔfēn Yào zǒu sìshiwǔfēn zhōng zuǒyòu. zhōng. 差不多三個星期。 三個星期左右。 7. Chàbuduō sānge xīngqī. Sānge xīngqī zuǒyòu. [257] G. Response Drill 你現在來嗎？ 我馬上來。 1. Speaker: Nǐ xiànzài lái ma? You: Wǒ mǎshàng lái. (I’m coming right away.) 馬上 (cue) mǎshàng (Are you coming now?) 他八點鐘來嗎。 差不多八點鐘來。 2. Tā bādiǎn zhōng lái ma? Tā chàbuduō bādiǎn zhōng lái. 差不多 chàbuduō 他十點鐘去嗎？ 他十點鐘左右去。 3. Tā shídiǎn zhōng qù ma? Tā shídiǎn zhōng zuǒyòu qù. 左右 zuǒyòu 你們現在走嗎？ 我們馬上走。 4. Nǐmen xiànzài zǒu ma? Wǒmen mǎshàng zǒu. 馬上 mǎshàng 他們八號去嗎？ 他們左右八號去。 5. Tāmen báhào qù ma? Tāmen báhào zuǒyòu qù. 左右 zuǒyòu 他們九點鐘來嗎。 他們差不多九點鐘來。 6. Tāmen jiǔdiǎn zhōng lái ma? Tāmen chàbuduō jiǔdiǎn zhōng lái。 差不多 chàbuduō 你十號在紐約嗎？ 我十號左右在紐約。 7. Nǐ shíhào zài Niǔ Yuē ma? Wǒ shíhào zuǒyòu zài Niù Yuē. 左右 zuǒyòu [258] UNIT 8 REFERENCE LIST 喂，這是禮賓司。 1. B: Wài, zhèi shi Lǐbīnsī. Hello. This is the Protocol Department. 喂，我是萊登大使的秘書。 A: Wèi, wǒ shi Láidēng Dàshǐde Hello. I am Ambassador Leyden’s mìshū. secretary. 大使接著你們的請帖了。 2. A: Dàshǐ jiēzháo nǐmende The ambassador received your qǐngtiě le. invitation. 很可惜因爲他有事，八月九號不能來。 3 A: Hěn kěxī, yīnwei tā yǒu Unfortunately, because he has a shì, Báyuè jiǔ hào bù previous engagement, he cannot néng lái. come on August 9. 請你轉告譙部長. A: Qǐng ni zhuǎngào Qiáo Bùzhǎng. Please inform Minister Qiáo. 很抱歉。 A: Hěn bàoqiàn. I’m very sorry. 很遺憾，萊登大使不能來。 4. B: Hěn yíhàn, Láidēng Dàshǐ We very much regret that Ambassador bù néng lái. Leyden cannot come. 我替你轉告一下。 B: Wǒ tì ni zhuǎngào yíxià. I will pass on the message for you. 馬明理我們有幾個同學星期六計劃到 長城去玩兒。 5. A: Mǎ Mínglí, wǒmen yǒu jige Mǎ Mínglī, a few of us students are tóngxué Xīngqīliù jìhua planning to go to the Great Wall dào Chángchéng qù wánr. Saturday for an outing. 你們能不能一起去？ A: Nǐmen néng bu néng yìqǐ Can you go with us? qù? 真不巧。 6. B: Zhēn bù qiǎo. We really couldn’t make that. 那天我們有事，沒辦法去。 B: Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì, We have a previous engagement that méi bànfa qù. day; we have no way of going. 希望以後在找機會聚一聚吧。 7. A: Xīwang yǐhòu zài zhǎo I hope that late we will find an jīhui jùyijù ba. other opportunity to get together. 好啊。 B: Hǎo a. Okay. ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes) 8. dàjiā 大家 everybody, everyone 9. jiēdào 接到 to receive (alternate form of jiēzháo) 10. tóngshì 同事 fellow worker, colleague 11. yīnggāi 應該 should, ought to, must [259] VOCABULARY bànfa 辦法 method, way bàoqiàn 抱歉 to be sorry bùzhǎng 部長 minister (of a government organization) Chángchéng 長城 the Great Wall dàjiā 大家 everybody, everyone jiē 姐 to receive (mail, messages, guests, phone calls) jiēdào 接到 to receive jù 聚 to assemble jùyijù 聚一聚 to get together kěxī 可惜 unfortunately, what a pity Lǐbīnsī 禮賓司 Protocol Department (PRC) méi bànfa 沒辦法 there’s no way out, it can’t be helped mìshū 秘書 secretary, executive assistant qiǎo 巧 to be timely, to be opportune qǐngtiě (qìngtiē) 請帖 written invitation tì 替 substituting for, in place of tóngshì 同事 fellow worker, colleague tóngxué 同學 classmate yíhàn 遺憾 to regret (that something desirable will not happen) yīnggāi 應該 should, ought to, must zhuǎngào 轉告 to pass on a message, to inform (introduced on C-2 tape) cānjiā 參加 to participate in, to join, to attend dào xǐ 道喜 to congratulate dìèrtiān 第二天 the next day jīngjibù 經濟部 Ministry of Economics jūnshì yǎnxí 軍事演習 military maneuvers láodòng mófàn 勞動模範 model worker nánbù 南部 the southern part (of the island), the south shàngxiào 上校 colonel tīngdechūlái 聼得出來 to be able to recognize what something is from the sound tóngxuéhuì 同學會 alumni association (literally, “fellow-student group”) tōngzhī 同志 (written) announcement, notification xièxie tāde yāoqǐng 謝謝他的邀請 to thank him for his invitation zhèngzhi xuéxí 政治學習 political study session zhǔchí jiéhūn 主持結婚 to preside at a marriage ceremony (i.e., to give the bride away) zǒng jīnglǐ 總經理 general manager (chief executive officer) (introduced, in Communication Game) dàngāo 蛋糕 cake qìsi 起司 cheese [261] REFERENCE NOTES 喂，這是禮賓司。 1. B: Wài, zhèi shi Lǐbīnsī. Hello. This is the Protocol Department. 喂，我是萊登大使的秘書。 A: Wèi, wǒ shi Láidēng Dàshǐde Hello. I am Ambassador Leyden’s mìshū. secretary. Notes on Ko. 1 Lǐbīnsī, meaning “protocol department,” is made up of lǐ, “ceremony”; bīn, “honored guests”; and sī, “department.” Mìshū means “secretary” in two senses: 1) a high-ranking official 2) a clerk-typist. 2. A: Dàshǐ jiēzháo nǐmende The ambassador received your qǐngtiě le. invitation. Notes on No. 2 The verb jiē, “to receive,” may be used for receiving guests, mail, messages, and phone calls. Jiēzháo (jiēdao), “to receive,” is a compound verb of result. The endings -zháo and -dào mean approximately the same thing: “to successfully obtain something” Jiēzháo and jiēdao occur in four ways: with le or méi (describing ACTUAL situations) and with -de- or -bu- (describing POTENTIAL situations) 我昨天去火車站接他，可是沒接着/接到。 Wǒ zuótiān qù huǒchēzhàn jiē Yesterday I went to the train station ta, kěshi méi jiēzháo/jiēdào. to get him, but I missed him. 你早一點兒去接他，就接得着。 Nǐ zǎo yìdiànr qù jiē ta, If you go a little earlier, (then) jiù jiēdezháo/jiēdedào. you can get him. 明天要是來晚了就接不着/接不到他的電話。 Míngtiān yàoshi láiwǎnle If I am late tomorrow, (then) I won’t jiù jiēbuzháo/jiēbudào (be able to) receive his phone call. tāde diànhuà. Qingtiě refers to a written invitation. The word is also pronounced qìngtiē. 很可惜因爲他有事，八月九號不能來。 3 A: Hěn kěxī, yīnwei tā yǒu Unfortunately, because he has a shì, Báyuè jiǔ hào bù previous engagement, he cannot néng lái. come on August 9. 請你轉告譙部長. A: Qǐng ni zhuǎngào Qiáo Bùzhǎng. Please inform Minister Qiáo. 很抱歉。 A: Hěn bàoqiàn. I’m very sorry. Notes on No. 3 Kěxī may be used as an exclamation: Zhēn kěxī! “That’s really too bad!” Zhuǎngào means “to pass along [word of something].” Zhuǎn literally means “to turn” or “to transmit.” Gào means “to tell,” as in gàosu. Bàoqiàn is an adjectival verb that means “to be sorry,” “to feel apologetic” (e.g., for not fulfilling one’s social obligations). Literally, bào means “to embrace [a feeling],” “to harbor [a feeling].” Qiàn means “apologetic feelings,” “guilt feelings.” 很遺憾，萊登大使不能來。 4. B: Hěn yíhàn, Láidēng Dàshǐ We very much regret that Ambassador bù néng lái. Leyden cannot come. 我替你轉告一下。 B: Wǒ tì ni zhuǎngào yíxià. I will pass on the message for you. Notes on No. 4 Yíhàn is a formal term used to express disappointment or regret that something desirable will not happen. Tì, “for,” “in place of,” is a prepositional verb meaning in place of another, or in another’s stead. 今天我替你教書。 Jīntiān wǒ tì nǐ jiāo shū. I will teach for you today, (i.e., in your place) 我替你去。 Wǒ tì nǐ qù. I will go for you. (i.e., instead of you) To make a sentence containing tì negative, place bù or méi in front of the prepositional verb. 我不要替你去買菜· Wǒ bú yào tì ni qù mǎi cài. I don’t want to go to buy groceries for you. 他沒替我來講話。 Tā méi tì wǒ lái jiǎng huà. He did not come to speak in my place. Both gěi and tì may be translated as “for.” Gěi, having a wider range of usage, would seem to overlap in some instances with tì. The more exact meaning of tì may be used to clarify a situation. [263] 我給你買菜。 Wǒ gěi ni mai cài. I will buy groceries for you. (WHO PAYS? DID you VOLUNTEER ONLY TO SHOP, OR TO PAY ALSO?) 我替你買菜。 Wǒ tì ni mǎi cài. I will buy groceries for you. (CLARIFIED: you HAVE VOLUNTEERED ONLY TO SHOP, NOT TO PAY.) Yíxià, “a bit,” is not translated, in No. 4. This word, adds to the action in the sentence a casual feeling, similar to the effect of reduplicating a verb. (Notice that this use of yíxià is different from previous examples, where the word meant “for a little while.”) 馬明理我們有幾個同學星期六計劃到 長城去玩兒。 5. A: Mǎ Mínglí, wǒmen yǒu jige Mǎ Mínglī, a few of us students are tóngxué Xīngqīliù jìhua planning to go to the Great Wall dào Chángchéng qù wánr. Saturday for an outing. 你們能不能一起去？ A: Nǐmen néng bu néng yìqǐ Can you go with us? qù? Notes on No. 5 Tongxué means “fellow student” or “graduate of the same institution.” “Fellow worker” or “colleague” is tóngshì. Chángchěng: Chang means “long,” and chéng is an old word for “city wall.” The full name of the Great Wall is Wànlǐ Chángchěng, literally “10,000 lǐ-long wall.”* *One lǐ is approximately one third of a mile. Néng, kéyi, and huì compared: All three of these auxiliary verbs— and therefore state verbs—mean “can” to some extent. The core meaning of néng is “can, “to be able to,” “to be capable of.” In some cases, néng may also mean “may,” “to be permitted,” “could be/ is possible,” and “to know how to 我的頭疼了，不能看書。 Wǒde tóu téng, bù néng kàn My head aches; I can’t read. shū. 上課的時候，不能説話。 Shàng kède shíhou, bù néng Talking is not permitted during shuō huà. class. 芝加哥十一月就能下雪。 Zhījiāgē Shíyīyuè jiù néng It can snow in November in Chicago. xià xuě. (POSSIBILITY) 他真能説話。 Tā zhēn néng shuō huà. He really knows how to talk. The core meaning of kéyi is “can,” “may,” “to be permitted to.” Kéyi may also mean “could be/is possible.” The permission implied by kéyi may come from an outside authority or may be self-imposed. [264] 你可以走了。 Nǐ kéyi zǒu le. You may leave. 從這個門進去，可以嗎？ Cóng zhèige mén jìnqu, kéyi May one go in through this door? ma? 那兒的飯可以吃。 Nàrde fàn kéyi chī. The food there may be eaten, (i.e., it is possible to eat it) 我不舒服，不可以游泳。 Wǒ bù shūfu, bù kéyi yóuyǒng. I don’t feel good; I can’t go swimming. (i.e., the speaker decides that he should not go) The core meaning of huì is “to know how to,” “can.” Huì is often used for an activity that was learned, in contrast to néng for activities that “can be done” because of a person’s physical condition (“Can she get out of bed yet?” Tā néng bu néng xià chuáng?). The other main use of huì is to indicate possibility. Here it overlaps with both néng and kéyi in meaning “could be/ is possible.” 你的兒子會走路了嗎？ Nǐde érzi huì zǒu lù le ma? Can your son walk now? (BABY LEARNING TO WALK) 你會説英文嗎？ Nǐ huì shuō Yīngwén ma? Can you speak English? 明天會下雨。 Míngtiān huì xià yǔ. It might/will rain tomorrow. 他不會不來。 Tā bú huì bù lái. It is not possible that he won’t come. 真不巧。 6. B: Zhēn bù qiǎo. We really couldn’t make that. 那天我們有事，沒辦法去。 B: Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì, We have a previous engagement that méi bànfa qù. day; we have no way of going. Notes on No. 6 Bù qiǎo literally means “inopportune,” “not timely.” Méi bànfa: Bànfa means “method,” “way.” Within a sentence, méi bànfa is used as “there is no way to...,” “there is no way that....” Used independently, méi bànfa means “nothing can be done,” “it can’t be helped,” “there is no way out.” [265] 希望以後在找機會聚一聚吧。 7. A: Xīwang yǐhòu zài zhǎo I hope that late we will find an jīhui jùyijù ba. other opportunity to get together. 好啊。 B: Hǎo a. Okay. 8. dàjiā 大家 everybody, everyone 9. jiēdao 接到 to receive (alternate form for jiēzhāo) 10. tóngshì 同事 fellow worker, colleague 11. yīnggāi 應該 should, ought to, must Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary Literally, dàjiā means “big family.” When dàjiā is the subject of a sentence, dōu is often placed before the verb. 大家都知道他是誰。 Dàjiā dōu zhīdao tā shi shéi. Everyone knows who he is. 謝謝大家。 Xièxie dàjiā. Thank you all. 請大家坐下來。 Qǐng dàjiā zuòxialai. Would everyone please sit down. 我們大家一起去吧。 Wǒmen dàjiā yìqǐ qù ba. Let’s all go together. Yīnggāi is an auxiliary verb which is followed by another verb in a sentence. Only bù is used to make yīnggāi negative. 不謝，這是我們應該做的事。 Bú xiè, zhèi shi wǒmen yīnggāi Don’t thank us. This is something zuòde shi. we should be doing. 這件事情很要緊，你應該馬上去辦。 Zhèijiàn shiqing hěn yàojin, This is a very important thing; you nǐ yīnggāi mǎshàng qù bàn. should (go) take care of it right away. 一個大學畢業的人，不應該有這樣的想法。 Yíge dàxué bìyède rén, bù Someone who has graduated from yīnggāi yòu zhèiyangde college shouldn’t think this way. xiǎngfa. [266] DRILLS A. Expansion Drill 他在外交部禮賓司工作。他的辦公室在 他在外交部禮賓司工作。 五樓。 1. Speaker: Tā zài Wàijiāobù You: Tā zài Wàijiāobù Lǐbīnsī gōngzuò. Lǐbīnsī gōngzuò. Tāde bàngōngshì zài wǔlóu. (He works at the Ministry of 五樓 Foreign Affairs [in] the (cue) wǔlóu Protocol Department. His (He works at the office is on the fifth floor.) Ministry of Foreign Affairs [in] the Protocol Department.) 他在這兒工作。 他在這兒工作。他的辦公室在七樓。 2. Tā zài zhèr gōngzuò. Tā zài zhèr gōngzuò. Tāde bàngōngshì zài qīlóu. 七樓 qīlóu 他在加拿大大使館工作。 他在加拿大大使館工作。他的辦公室在樓上。 3. Tā zài Jiānádà Dàshiguǎn gōngzuò. Tā zài Jiānádà Dàshiguǎn gōngzuò. Tāde bàngōngshì zài lóushàng. 樓上 lóushàng 他在北京工作。 他在北京工作。他的辦公室在光華路。 4. Tā zài Běijīng gōngzuò. Tā zài Běijīng gōngzuò. Tāde bàngōngshì zài Guānghuá Lù. 光華路 Guānghuá Lù 張同志在上海工作。 張同志在上海工作。他的辦公室在南京路。 5. Zhāng Tóngzhì zài Shànghǎi Zhāng Tóngzhì zài Shànghǎi gōngzuò. gōngzuò. Tāde bàngōngshì zài Nánjīng Lù. 南京路 Nánjīng Lù 王女士在銀行工作。 王女士在銀行工作。她的辦公室二樓。 6. Wáng Nǚshì zài yínháng gōngzuò. Wáng Nǚshì zài yínháng gōngzuò. Tāde bàngōngshì zài èrlóu. 二樓 èrlóu 魏少校在物管処工作。 魏少校在物管処工作。他的辦公室在三樓。 7. Wèi Shàoxiào zài Wǔguānchù Wèi Shàoxiào zài Wǔguānchù gōngzuò. gōngzuò. Tāde bàngōngshì zài sānlóu. 三樓 sānlóu B. Response Drill 大使接着請帖了嗎？ 大使還沒接着請帖 1. Speaker: Dàshǐ jiēzháo qǐngtiě You: Dàshǐ hái méi jiēzháo qǐngtiě. le ma? (The ambassador has not received the invitation yet.) (cue) not yet (Has the ambassador received the invitation yet?) 他們都接着請帖了嗎？ 他們沒都接着請帖。 2. Tāmen dōu jiēzháo qǐngtiě le Tāmen méi dōu jiēzháo qǐngtiě. ma? not all 你們接着部長的請帖了嗎？ 我們接着部長的請帖了。 3. Nǐmen jiēzháo Bùzhāngde qǐngtiě Wǒmen jiēzháo Bùzhāngde qǐngtiě le. le ma? yes 他們接着大使館的請帖了嗎？ 他們已經接着大使館的請帖了。 4. Tāmen jiēzháo Dàshiguǎnde Tāmen yǐjīng jiēzháo Dàshiguǎnde qǐngtiě le ma? qǐngtiě le. already [267] 你們接着大使館的請帖了嗎？ 我們還沒接着大使館的請帖。 5. Nǐmen jiēzháo Dàshiguǎnde qǐngtiě Wǒmen hai méi jiēzháo Dàshiguǎnde le ma? qǐngtiě. not yet 他接着請帖了嗎？ 他沒接着請帖。 6. Tā jiēzháo qǐngtiě le ma? Tā méi jiēzháo qǐngtiě. no 你接着物管処請帖了嗎？ 我接着物管処請帖了。 7. Nǐ jiēzháo Wǔguānchùde qǐngtiě Wǒ jiēzháo Wǔguānchùde qǐngtiě le. le ma? yes C. Expansion Drill 他不能來。 很可惜，他不能來。 1. Speaker: Tā bù néng lái. You: Hěn kěxī, tā bù néng lái. (Unfortunately, he cannot 可惜 come.) (cue) kěxī (He cannot come.) 他學中國話學得不很好。 很可惜，他學中國話學得不很好。 2. Tā xué Zhōngguo huà xuéde bù Hěn kěxī, tā xué Zhōngguo huà xuéde hěn hǎo. bù hěn hǎo. 可惜 kěxī 他沒來。 很遺憾，他沒來。 3. Tā méi lái. Hěn yíhàn, tā méi lái. 遺憾 yíhàn 他們不能都來。 很抱歉，他們不能都來。 4. Tāmen bù néng dōu lái. Hěn bàoqiàn, tāmen bù néng dōu lái. 抱歉 bàoqiàn 他們都不來。 很可惜，他們都不來。 5. Tāmen dōu bù lái. Hěn kěxī, tāmen dōu bù lái. 可惜 kěxī 他們都不能去。 很抱歉，他們都不能去。 6. Tāmen dōu bù néng qù. Hěn bàoqiàn, tāmen dōu bù néng qù. 抱歉 bàoqiàn 她好沒去。 很遺憾。她好沒去。 7. Tā hái méi qù. Hěn yíhàn, tā hái méi qù. 遺憾 yíhàn D. Expansion Drill 請你轉告張部長。 請你替我轉告張部長。 1. Speaker: Qǐng ni zhuǎngào Zhāng You: Qǐng ni tì wǒ zhuǎngào Zhāng Bùzhǎng. Bùzhǎng. (Please inform Minister Zhāng 我 for me.) (cue) wǒ (Please inform Minister Zhāng.) 我轉告張部長了。 我替你轉告張部長了。 2. Wǒ zhuǎngào Zhāng Bùzhǎng le. Wǒ tì nǐ zhuǎngào Zhāng Bùzhǎng le. 你 nǐ 他還沒轉告李科長。 他還沒替你轉告李科長。 3. Tā hái méi zhuǎngào Lǐ Kēzhǎng. Tā hái méi tì nǐ zhuǎngào Lǐ Kēzhǎng. 你 nǐ 他不能轉告李科長。 他不能替我轉告李科長。 4. Tā bù néng zhuǎngào Lǐ Kēzhǎng. Tā bù néng tì wǒ zhuǎngào Lǐ Kēzhǎng. 我 wǒ [268] 我已經轉告大使了。 我已經替你經轉告大使了。 5. Wǒ yǐjīng zhuǎngào dàshǐ le. Wǒ yǐjīng tì nǐ zhuǎngào dàshǐ le. 你 nǐ 我明天就轉告大使。 我明天就替你轉告大使。 6. Wǒ míngtiān jiù zhuǎngào dàshǐ. Wǒ míngtiān jiù tì nǐ zhuǎngào dàshǐ. 你 nǐ 他是昨天轉告大使的。 他是昨天替你轉告大使的。 7. Tā shi zuótiān zhuǎngào Tā shi zuótiān tì nǐ zhuǎngào dàshǐde. dàshǐde. 你 nǐ E. Transformation Drill 他們明天來。 他們明天一起來嗎？ 1. Speaker: Tǎmen míngtiān lái. You: Tǎmen míngtiān yìqǐ lái ma? (cue) together (Are they coming together (They are coming tomorrow?) tomorrow.) 他們昨天來了。 他們昨天是一起來的嗎？ OR Tǎmen zuótiān lái le. Tǎmen zuótiān shi yìqǐ láide (cue) together ma? (They came yesterday.) (Did they come together yesterday?) 他明天走。 他明天一個人走嗎？ 2. Tā míngtiān zǒu. Tā míngtiān yíge rén zǒu ma? alone 他昨天走了。 他昨天是一個人走的嗎？ 3. Tā zuótiān zǒu le. Tā zuótiān shi yíge rén zǒude ma? alone 王同志明天去南京。 王同志明天坐火車去南京嗎？ 4. Wáng Tóngzhì míngtiān qù Wáng Tóngzhì míngtiān zuò huǒchē qù Nánjīng. Nánjīng ma? by train 王同志星期一去上海了。 王同志星期一是坐飛機去上海的嗎？ 5. Wáng Tóngzhì Xīngqīyī qù Wáng Tóngzhì Xīngqīyī shi zuò fēijī Shànghǎi le. qù Shànghǎide ma? by plane 他去了。 他是一個人去的嗎？ 6. Tā qù le. Tǎ shi yíge rén qùde ma? alone [269] F. Substitution Drill 那天我們有事，不能去。 那天我們有事，沒辦法去。 1. Speaker: Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì, You: Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì, méi bù néng qù. bànfa qù. (cue) no way of going (That day we have a previous (That day we have a engagement; we have no way previous engagement; of going.) we cannot go.) 那天我們有事，沒辦法去。 那天我們有事，不能一起去 2. Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì, méi Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì, bù néng yìqǐ bànfa qù. qù. cannot go together 那天我們有事，不能一起去。 那天我們有事，不能都去。 3. Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shi, bù néng Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì, bù néng dōu yiqǐ qù. qù. not all of us can go 那天我們有事，不能都去。 那天我們有事，都不能去。 4. Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì, bù néng Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì, dōu bù néng dōu qù. qù. none of us can go 那天我們有事，都不能去。 那天我們有事，沒去。 5. Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shi, dōu bù Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì, méi qù. néng qù. did not go 那天我們有事，沒去。 那天我們有事，沒都去。 6. Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì, méi qù. Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì, méi dōu qù. not all of us went 那天我們有事，沒都去。 7. Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shi, méi dōu qù. GPO 689—101|/8721