STANDARD CHINESE
A MODULAR APPROACH
RESOURCE MODULES:
PRONUNCIATION and ROMANIZATION
NUMBERS CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS TIME and DATES
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STANDARD CHINESE
A MODULAR APPROACH
RESOURCE MODULES:
PRONUNCIATION and ROMANIZATION
NUMBERS CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS TIME and DATES
AUGUST 1979
PREFACE
Standard Chinese: A ModuIar App roach originated f n an ln + e「》 agency conference~held at-the Foreign BērvIc© Institute in August 1973 to address the need' genera I Iy felt In the U.S. Government language training communi+y for Improving and updating C h i n & s a materials to reflect eurren十 usage In BěIJtng and In t a Ip a I,
The conference resolved i"o d&velop materials which were flexible enough In form and con十snt +o meet the requIremen+s of 3 wide rang© of government agenc1 os and academIc ipsti卞utfoňs •
A Project Board was est3btfsh0d consisting of represen+a-tlves of the Centrsl InteI Ifgence Agency Language Learning Center, the Defense Language Institute, the State Departmefi卞，s Foreign Service Institute, the Cryp十olog!c School of the Nat IonaI Secy-r 11 y Agency t and the II * S » Office of Edycat ī on , later j o f ned by the Ganadfan Forces Foreign Language Schools The represesrtatfves have i ūcIuded Arthur T* McNeI] If John Hopk f ns # and John 8oag t CI A}j Colonel John F• Elder HI_ Joseph C, Hutch Inson # Ivy Gibian, and Major Bernard M'y I I e r-Thym {D L I ) ; J s mes R. Fr f th and John B, Rat I Iff I!1 (FSI ); Kazuo Sh!tama (NSA); Rfchard T.
!hompson and J u H a Pet rov (OE)j and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozorlz (CFFLS).
Th© Project Board set up the Ch t ftese Cora Curriculum ProJ ©ct in 1974 In space provided at the Foreign Serv\c© Instf十ute. Each of the six U.S. and Canadl3r> government agencies provided funds and othsr assistance,
Gerard P, Kok was sppoīnted project coordtna个orf and a ■ planning council was formed consisting of Mr, Kok, Frances LI of 卞 he Defense Language Ins 十 itu 十e, Patricia 0 f C o rt n o r of the Unlver« slty of Texas$ Earl M, RIckerscn of the Language Learn f ng Center, and James Wrenn of Brown University. I： n th© fa l l of 1977,
Lyc1!Iē A. BaraIe was appointed deputy project coordinator*
Davfd W. Dellfnger of the Language Learning Center and Charles R* Sheehan of the Foreign Service 丨ns十I卞u肀© also served on the planning council and eoniribwted material to th© project. The pIanoIng council drew up the original overall design for th© materials and m©t regularly to rsvfew 肀hefr developmen+*
Writers for the first half of the materials were John H, T, Harvey, Lucille A. Barale, and Roberta S. Barry, who worked ；n close cooperation wIth th© planning council and with ths Ch}neso staff of +ha Fore f gn Service Ins+itu + e. Mr_ Harvey developed the instructional forma十s of the comprehension and production self-study ma十erjals, and also designed 十he communicatfon—based classroom ac肀fvT十fes and wrote the 十eacherfs gu ī des. Lucflle A- Barale and Roberta S * Barry wro十e the 十spe scripts and 十he
student text. By 197B Thomas E * Madden and Susan C, Po1d had joined the staff, Led by MsBara! e # thay have worked as a 十 earn to produce 十he materjals subsequent to Module 6.
A I 1 Chinese language mater!a I was prepa r6d or seIectad by Chu^n 0. Chao# YIng-chth Chen, Hslao-jung Chi # Eva Dlao, Jan Hu, Tsung-ml LI, and Yunhi/i C, Yang, ass i sted for part of the time by Ch E ©ih-f ang Ou Lee, YI ng-mī ng Chen p and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang *
Anna Affhoid©rP Met-II Chen, and Henry Khyo helped ī n the pr@p-aratlon of a preI I ml nary corpus of dialogues,
AdmIntstr电十fve assistance was prov ǐ dad at varIous times by Vincent Baselano, LI sē A. Bowden* Jill W* El Ms, Donna Fong,
Renee 1\ C. 11ang# Thomas E, Madden, Susan C * Pol a # and Kathleen Strype_
The production of 卞ape recordings was cl! ree十ed by Jos© M, Ramirez of the Foreign Service Insfl十u肀o Recording Studio, The Chinese script was voI cad by Ms. Chao ^ Ms . Chen, Mr* C h e n #
Ms, D1 ao, Ms, Hu：# Mr. Khuo, Mr. Li , and Ms. Yang. 丁 he English script was read by Ms* Barale, Ms* Barry, Mr* 8a sc f ano # Ms* Ellis Ms* PoI a * and Ms * Stryps *
The graphics were produced by John McClelland of 十he Fore 1gn Service Ins肀ī肀ut皂 Audio-Visual staff , under 十he general super-v i sIon of Joseph A « Sadote # Chief of Aud i o-V ǐ sua I *
Standard Ch I nas^ ： A. Modular Approach was field-tested with the cooperation of~Brown Un I ver^ I tyj th~e"~De fens© Language Institute ,Fore Ign Language C任n十©rj the Fore t gn ServIqb Institufe? the Language L©arn ī ng Canter; the UnI tad States A f r Force Academy 十h® University of 9 ] I In o I sj and the UnIvefsIty of V IrgInIs #
Colon自I Samuel L * S + apl©ton and Co I one丨 Thomas G. Foster# Commandants of th© Defense Language Instftu+e, For©Ign Langyage Cen十©r, author!zed 十he DLIFLC support necessary for prepars十lōn of this edition of th© course materials. This support Included coordination, graph 1 c： arts, editing, typfng, proofread I ng , printing, and mater i a Is necessary to carry out these 十asks*
CONTENTS
PrefBce............................ r
PRONUNCIATION ANū ROMAN[ZATION
I nt rodijct I on	j
Tap© ! Workbook (Tones) *■■■•*_■•* ............3
Tape 2 Workbook (Consonants and Vowels I) _••••• ■	5
Tape 3 Workbook (Consonants and Vowels II) ..... *	9
Tape 4 Workbook (Consonants and Vawels III) • ■ • ■ • !	13
Taps 5 Workbook (Consonants and VoweIs IV)	|g
Tape 6 Workbook (Tones I n Combfna+lon) ■■■•*■••	(9
Tone Card ................... ■ • _ ■	22
Summary......* * ■ ........................23
Tones * • , , .............25
Consonants and Vowe15 ................jq
I _ Finals ................. *	34
i I ■ I n i t J a I s ..............* ■ •	40
Sentence Intonation ............ • ‘ ■ ,	44
Append!cas
I ： List of Initials *....... • * • ■ • • •	49
II: 11 st of Finals........ ....... ■	50
NUMBERS
IntroductI on .................. • * ■	52
Tape I Workbook (Numbers 1-6) ....................53
Tape 2 Workbook《Nurnbers 7-10 and 0) # ■ * ■ , ■ ■ ■ ,	55
Tape 3 Workbook (Numbers II一99) ■ • _ • ■ • * * ■ ■ • %	57
Tape 4 Workbook (Numbers i-99# Review) ••••::::	59
Tape 5 Workbook (Numbers 100-999 3 * ■ • • *.....:	gO
Tape 6 Workbook (Numbers !,000-99*999) _•■■•••:	63
Summary ............69
CLASSROOM EXPRESS IONS................................7，5
TIME AND DATES
Introduction ....... ■ ■ *	77
Tape i Workbook (Dates) .............. . •	78
Tape 2 Workbook (Years and Days of the Week} • * ■ [ :	79
Tape 3 Workbook (Clock Tim©} ■ • .......* ■ ■ :	81
Tape 4 Workbook CC i ock 11 me and Parts of the Day) # • :	64
Summary	...........
PRONUNCIATION and ROMANIZATION (P&R)
INTRODUCTION
You 疒 ch f ef concern as you start 十 tils course ! s j earn \ ng to pronounce Chinese, The 6rten十3十I on Module, which plunges you r f ght Into trying to say thIngs ī n Chinese, na十uralty involves a certaTn amount of pronunciation work* This resou re© module f s designed 十o supplement that work wl+h a b r I © f # sys*
肀emstie Introduction 十o the sound system of Standard Chinese, as well as to Its written rep resen十a十I on f n P Tn y T n romaniza十īon•
The ess 舀 ritfa! part of 十 hJs mo d lt I € consists of the Pro nun* elation and Roman Ization fP&R) tapes and th© accompany i ng dIsplays and exercises In the workbook sect丨on of 十hfs modul©_ You should work through at !east the fIrst four of these tapes, and preferably 十he first six, while you are studying the Orientation Mody I © •
FoI low Ing the workbook sect i on of 十his module, you will find a summary of pronuncīat I on snd roman 1zat t on. You m f ght want to gIance at 十his before starting the tapes, particularly to locate certain charts and Iī sts which could be helpful for reference,
But ft would probably be better to put off studying 十he summary un+tl after you have finished 十he tapes # The tapes are Intended as an Tntroduc十Jon, while the summary is not. For one thing, text discussions of the sounds of 十he language cannot equal the recorded presen肀at ions and your teacherf s oral presentations*
For another thing, the summary provIdas consfderably more Infor-mat I on than you will need or want et first,
Bo+h the tapes snd the summary con + a t n d f scuss i ons of 十he sounds of the Isrsguage end t h e I r spellings* You may find 十 ha 十 thess discussions offer useful hīn十s, allowing you to put your* in 十 elleet to work on the problems of p ronunc 丨 i orr and romani 2at Jon . However, par十Iculariy in pronunciation, most of your !earn Ing must come from doing* It Is Important to p ractIc© , reading and writing the romsnIzatI on, but it is vttat 十o prac_
11ce recognizing and p roduc t ng the sounds of th© language*
Serious and sustained attempts to mimic, as fa!thfullyas pos-sib丨e* either your Ins十ruc+or or the speakers on the tapes will allow you to pick up unconsciously far more 卞han you can a十tend fo con sc Ious ly.
The most impor十ari十 thing for you to do Is to abandon the phonetic ĪTpre jud IcesIT you have bull十 up as a speaker of English and surrender yourself to the sounds of ChInesa * Being less s总t than adults 1n the i r ways, children are quicker to pick up a p roper accent P Try to regress to the phonetic: suggest f b II f ty of childhood, however hard it is to shed the safe and comfortable r! g I cf! ty and cer 十 afnty of adulthood. The most your intellect can supply is s certa ī n amount of guIdanc© and moni+orIng*
P&R MODULE
Be sure to repeaf the words and sentences on the tapes In your full norma I speaking vofce, or even louder, as If you were speaking to someone at a reasonable distance* When you speak to yourself under your breath, you are considerably less precise In your pronunc Fat Ion than when you speak aloud. ThI $ fs all rfghf In English, since you can a I ready pronounce the Idnggage. But, In Chinese, you would no十 be p广actfcfng that skill which you are trying to develop, and you wouId f I nd your-self at a loss when you 十rfed to swItch to full volume In class.
One of the advantages an adult has over a child I n learn-I ng ō language t s the ability to make use of 0 written represent* a 11o n of ft- In th f s course you I earn the PTny Tn sys十em of roman IzatI on a+ the same time 十ha十 you are lea rn ing the sound system of Standard Chinese, (The nonaIphabetIc system of wrftten characters 15 taught as a separate component of 十he course,) You will find that PTnyTn is not the simplest possfble phonetfc transcription. Some of the letters and combinations of letters chosen to represent the sounds of Ch I nese are not the most obvious ones, Wh fI© consonant letters generally s十and for fixed consonant sounds, voweI letters can stand for various voweI sounds, depending on what letters precede them and follow them. Some of the abbreviation rules are more trouble than they are worth at fIrst* These drawbacks--wh Ich are actually relatively mJnor compared with those of most spelling sys十ems--stem from th© fact that PTnyrn was designed for speakers of ChInese f no十 for speakers of Engl Ish. The primary cons I derat I on In devising th© system was the most efficient use of the fetters of the Roman alphabet to represen十十he sounds of Ch!nes©. The drawbacks to I earn f ng PTnyrn are cons IderabIy outweighed by the advantage 十hat PTnyfn is wide Iy taught and used as a supple-mentary script In t h e PeopIe1s Republic of China* You a re I earn Ing PTnyTn no十 merely as an a Id during the f i rst few weeks of the course, but also as one of the ways Ch f nese Js actually written, and as what mdy we I I represent the wave of the future.
NOTE: A number of surnames used in 十 hǐs modu I e are rare,
Some
may even be unfamiliar to most Chinese, a I though all are authent f c * These rare surnames are used to Illustrate various contrasts !n sound and spelling.
kH module
TAPE 1 WORKBOOK (TONES)
DISPLAY I: THE FOU« TONES
mS9 Tlmotherlf
ExercIse I: Fgng vs. Fěng
3
"horse"
mh ,Tto scold”
mi, ”hemp"
1 •	Fang	2.	Fang	3.	Fang	4 •	Fang	5,	Fang
6.	Fang	7,	Fang	8.	Fang	9.	Fang	10.	Fang
P&R MODULE
ExercIse 2: W5Ī vs. Wei
Exercise 3ī M f vs, Ml
ExercJ sa 4: Wu vs. J^u
gxerc 1 SB 5: YTn vs . Yl n
Exercl6： Li 1 vs. Lh1
Exerci se 7； HSo vs_ Hao
Exercise 8: YT vs. Y± vs, H vs. Yl^
!.	Yi	2-	Yi	3.	Yl	4.	Yl	5 .	Yt
6 *	Yl	7,	Yi	0,	Yi	9,	Yl	10.	Yl
1 1 •	Yi	12.	Y!	13,	Yl	14,	Yl	15.	Y【
16.	YI	17.,	YI	18.	Y!	I 9.	YI	20*	Yl
1 ,	Hao	2,	Hao	3.	Hao	4.	Hao
5,	Hao	6-	Hao	7_	Hao	8,	Hao
1 _	Lai	2.	Lai	3-.	La!	4.	Lai	5.	U!
6.	La 1	7.	Lai	8,	La!	9,	Lai	10,	Lai
I •	Yin	2.	Yin	3.	Yin	4.	Yin	5.	Yin
6.	Yin	7.	Yin	S..	Yli\	9,	Yin	10.	Yin
1 •	Wy	1,	Wu	3.	Wu	4,	Wy	5*	Wy
6,	Wu	7*	Wy	■ 8*	Wu	9*	My	10,	Wu
1 .	MI	2,	Ml	3,	Ml	4.	Mi	5 ,	MJ
6*	Mi	7,	Ml	8.	Ml	9.	Mi	10.	Mi
1 ,	Mei	2,	Wei	3.	Wat	4.	Wei	5.	We；
6*	Wat	7*	We?	8.	Wei	9*	Wei	10.	Wei
PSR MODULE
TAPE 2 WORKBOOK (CONSONANTS AND VOWELS I)
DISPLAY h SINGLE VOWELS
Gh1nese Surname	S i m11 a r Sound [n Eng 1ish	Ori©ntat1 on Module Examp 1e
Ff i^g	Okinawa	ts
Mf	Tah上十f	nT
Hu	Hono1uIu	Hu
H6ng	woman	t6ngzht
|n	chIck§n	
ExercI SB J
Ēxerxiss 2
1 .	H_ng	2.	H_ng	3.	H_ng	4.	H ng
5.	H—叨	6.	H_nS	7,	H_n9	0.	H_ng
9,	H_ng	10.	H—n3	i 1 .	H—ng	\2.	H_ng
1 ,	Mě	2r	VT	3.	Fīi	4.	L6ng	5,	Hě'
6.	Mu	7.	Fīfng	e.	Ēn	9.	LC	to.	V6ng
1 1 .	M.Sng	12.	Ān	13.	Y)rt	14.	Mīng	t5.	H6ng
PfiR MODULE
DISPLAY II: DIPHTHONGS
Chinese Sorname	SI ml Iar Sound In English Cwǐth PTnyTn)	Orl©ntatI on ModuIe Examp 1e
L|X	Shanghai (Sh^nghSi)	
	Taipei (T S i b§ī)	s h 4 1
Hio	Mao Ts©-1ung (Měo Zādōng)	hSo
I6u	Chou En-lal (ZhOu Ēn1ā i)	n6 izhffu
Exarc[ss 3
1 .	Mlt	2.	Fět	3.	Mi。	4,	Hěu	5 ,	Hě
6.	Hň	7.	Hā	8.	Ui	9,	L6u	10、	Meng
1 1 ,	Mě!	12,	LSo	13.	L6ng	14*	LT	15.	Ou
16,	WSI	17.	En	18.	NM	19.	Y&ng	20-	H^o
	DISPLAY IK：	SEMIVOWELS	
Consonant	Semi vow©1	Consonant	Orientation
A 1 one	A 丨 or\€	Plus Semivowel 1	Modu1e Examp Ie
Hňng	Wěng	H^uing	GuSngzhōu
l^fin	Wān	Lu_ěn	
	Y£o	HJ_ěo	x1āoji©
Ling —...	YinQ	L 1 a ng i««	
PSR MODULE
Exarc 1s	© 4								
1 ,	Hěn	2.	Wěrt	3.	HuSn	4.	Lěng	5.	Yěng
6.	LI āng	7,	Luān	8.	Mlho	9.	HySng	10,	Lliio
1 1 _	Hua	12,	H y ě i	13.	L I ěng	14,	Luān	15,	Li^o
									
DISPLAY IV: IRREGULAR COMBINATIONS OF SEMIVOWEL AND VOWEL
Vowel Alone	S^mlvowe1	Pius Vowel	Or!enta十丨on Modu 1 e Examp 1e
	Initial	After Consonant	
% E	Yb	Life	xl^scle
An	Van	Hān	1ěn
L6ng	Wi	Lufe	w6
Exerc1se 5
Exercise 6
1 .	Yb	2.	YSn	3, W6	4.	Ub	5.	LfSn
6、	Lub	7.	L! ěng	8. l6r\g	9.	Nil	(0,	Hě ■
if.	Huo	12.	Yěng	13 * Sn	)4#	Yfe	15,	N 1 &n
16,	Mb	17_	Ě	I8_ Lub	I9_	li in	20.	
1 *	Fffng	2,	L£u	3.	Huang	4.	M£o	5.	YT
6#	W^l	7,	Ml āo	8.	Luh	9*	Lil	!0,	Wd
!.	H6ng	I2_	L 1 Sng	I3_	LuSn	14.	W5	15.	Yin
6.	Yěng	17,	LI ěn	IB,	Lie	19,	Hě	20*	n
PSR MODULE Exerc i se 7
1,	F_ng	2.	M	3.	V	4,	%
5-		6.	H	7.	%	8.	L
			9		f		#
9,	n *	10,	_n3	1 I .	L n %	12,	H ng #
13.	L_ng	14,		15.	t	16.	L
			%		#		r
17.	H ng	I3t	L	19.	n	20,	L
P&ft MODULE
TAPE 3 WORKBOOK (CONSONANTS AND VOWELS II)
Exerc fse
DISPLAY 1: STOPS			
Unasptrated	Asp trated	Or i ©nfat īon Modu i e Examp 1es	
B3n	P3n	BSoISn	Tht£fng YSng*
D3ng	I«5ng	Oěn ī	ta
G§	KS	Hě }£u6	KMnm f ng
■丁here are no appropriate examples fn the OrrentatIon Module. You will find theae words In Iatar modules.
1.	Ā—	2.	Fā	3*	Fā_	4.	N6__	5t	Mg
6.	W吞	i.	Yl	B.	LI j	9.	Mī	!0.	Lli
1 1 .		12.	Huě_	f 3.	Yl	14.	Nfi_	15.	hu^
Exercise 2
1 .	_Sn	2.	_Sn	I.	_加g	4.	—ōrtg
5.	e	6.	_5ng	7.	ē	e*	Sn
9,	_5n3	JO,	ē	i !.	Sn	12.	ē
P&R MODULE
!,	Bel	2,	G5u	3*	Tǚ	4.	Pěng
5.	K5ng	6.	DTng	7,	Piān	8,	Tāo
9,	Kāng	10.	Dhl	1 1 *	Blě	12.	Qu6
DISPLAY il： AFFRtCATĒS
Unasp I rated		Asp irated	Orientation Modul© Examples
Retrof1bk Palatal D^ntā!	ZhSng J t 5ng Z_3r\g	ChSng 0^1 Sng CSng	tńng^l GhěngdC* 丄… aT zǎo C3ngzhōu*
DISPLAY 111: iīl AND THE RETROFLEX POSITION
			Or Jentat1 on Modu1	s Example
Ru	Zhu	Chǚ	rěn t6ngzh_1	Chěngdd*
DISPLAY IV: THE PALATAL POSITION
■	■i 圖		Numbers Resource Modu t © Examples
YT	JT	QT	{on^) JJj3 (riJne) Hi (£0Ven)
*T here are no appropriate examples i n t ho Or isntatīon Module. You will find these words \ n la十er modules.
Exerct se 3
P&R MODULE
ExercI	se 4						
	Re十rof1 ex	Palata 1			F	?etrof1 ex	Paiata1
I ■	ZhSng	J f 5ng			7*	ZhSng	J i Sng
2,	ZhSng	J \ Sng			8*	ZhSng	J (Sng
3.	Zhāng	_JI3ng			9,	ZhSng	J tSng
4,	Zhāng	J 5 Sng			10，	Zhing	J I Sng
5h	Zhāng	J t Sng			! 1 .	Zh3ng	J ! Bng
6#	ZhSng	J f S n g			12.	Zhing	J 1 Sng
							
Exercise 7
1 .	ZhSng	2.	J f Sng	3.	Zāng	4,	Chārig	5,	Q 1 āng
6,	Cāng	7a	Zōu	8-	Cěo	9*	Chěn	10.	Zhho
I 1 •	QlSn	\2t	JTn丨	13*	Rěn	14.	QT l	15.	Chō
16.	Zhu	17.	Rǔ	18.	JT	19,	Ch\	20.	Zāl
Exorcise 5
1 # ZhSng	2, J1Sng	3. Q；Sng	4. ChSng	5,	JT
6, QT	7. Rǚ	8* Zhfl	9. Chd	10,	Zhho
1. Qiěn	12. Ren	13. Chěn	U. J fā	(5,	R6ng
Exercise 6
R	©十rof1 ex	Pa 1ata1	Denta1		R眘trof10X	Pa 1ata1	Denta1
!.	ZhSng	J 1 Sng	ZSng	7,	Zhāng	J I Sng	ZSng
2,	Zhāng	J ĪSng	Z5ng	8.	Zhāng	J I āng	ZSrjg
3*	ZhSng	J I ^ng	ZSfng	9,	ZhSng	J 1 āng	ZSng
4fi	ZhSng	J \ ffng	ZSng	10.	ZhSng	J ling	ZSng
5,	ZhSng	J I āng	Z3ng	I ! •	ZhSng	J 1 Sng	Zlfng
6.	ZhSng	j I āng	ZSng	12.	Zhāng	J \ Sng	Z3ng
P&R MODULE Exorcise 8
!,	■ 3fng	2.	_	3. ■	一1 Sng	4,	_I Sng
5.	āng	6. ■	_Sng	7.	* y	8,	_ho
9‘	ĪEn	10,	ěn	1 1 *	y	12*	Si
13.	ī	14.	ěn	15,	af	16,	___āo
17,	Tn	18,	t u	19*	5u	20,	T
P&R MODULE
TAPE 4 WORKBOOK (CONSONANTS AND VOWELS lit)
DISPLAY 3： AFFRICATES AND FRICATIVES
	Retrof1 ex	Pa 1 ata J Retrof1		Pa 1ata1
	ShSng	XfSng	6. ShSng	XĪSng -
2,	ShSng	XiSng	7* ShSng	X I Sng
3.	Sh3ng	Xiāng	8. ShSng	XI Sng
4,	S hSng	XI Sng	9. ShSng	XiSng -
5.	Sh3ng	XI Ing	10* ShSng	XiSng
Exercise 2； ShSng vs. KISng vē. Sgng
Retrof i ex Pa i ataI Denta!
Retrof t ex Pa Iata\ DentaI
1 .	Shāng	XĪSng	Sāng	6,	Shāng	X!3ng	SSng
2、	ShSng	Xlāng	S3ng	7,	ShSng	X I Sng	SSng
3,	Shāng	X1_	SSng	8.	ShSng '	Xi Sng	Sing
■4,	ShSng	X I āng	S3ng	9-	ShSng	XtSng	SSng
5,	S hāng	Xling	SSng	10,	Shāng	XJāng	SSng
Exerc1t	3										
1 .	Shlng	2.	X I Sng	3.	S5ng	4.	SO	5,	Sh5ī	6.	XTn
7_	Sbho	3.	Xīāo	9.	S6ng	10.	Xii	1 1 _	Su6	12*	Shin
13
Eyerclsg \: Shgng vs. X1Sng
	A f f r1 cates		Fricatives
Retrof1 ex	ZhSng	ChSng	ShSng
Pa Iata 1	J I āng	2^1 Sng	XiSng
Dental	2png	C3ng	S^āng
PSR MODULE Exercise 4
DISPLAY II: FRICATIVES
ShT	XT	ST
Exerc!sa 6
1 ,	ShT	2.	ChT	3,	ZhT	4.	Rl*	5 •‘	XT	6.	QT	7.	JT
8.	YT	9,	Lǐ	10.	ST	1 1 .	ZT	12.	Cf*	13,	or	14,	ChT
15.	ST	16,	Mf	17*	ZhT	18*	Zǐ	19.	JT	20.	Df	21 .	Rl^
22.	Cf*	23,	XT	24,	ShT	25.	Mf						
•This Is no十 a name*
I .	Zhao	z.	X i ā o	3.	Cěo	4,	Shao	5.	Q i ěo	6_	J i So
7.	ChěQ	3.	SuS	9*	Zuo	10*	Cal	1 I »	ShO	12*	XTn
13.	ZSng	14,	Chǚ	I5_	JTn	I6_	Song	17,	Zhōu	1 a.	Qīn
Exercise 5: XT vs. vs. ShT
1 .	ShT	2*	XT	3.	ST	4*	XT	5,	ST	6,	ShT
7.	ST	8.	ShT	9.	XT	10,	ST	I i 4	XT	12.	ShT
DISPLAY 111
Rl běn __
1 •	T	2.	T	3.	T	4_	_^ng
5.	_1 5ng	6,	_Sng	7.	_Sng	8,	
9,	一 1 ffrvg	10.	_i a rig	1 1 „	__āng	\2t	■ _Sng
P&R MODULE
Ex6rclse 8
1.	2b "	2.	zh '	3.	q _
4.	ch ~	5.	ch "	6.	zh *
7,	1 '	a.	ch '	9*	■V z
10.	V z	JI.	ch "	12.	zh •
15.	■v z	)4.	¥	L5.	V z
PiR MODULE
TAPE 5 WORKBOOK (CONSONANTS AND VOWELS IV)
DISPLAY I
Ēn	W9n	Hūn	HuSn
Fār	Wfeī	Gul	Guě]
H6u		Llū	L ǐ3u
DISPLAY M
V5u	........... Vōu
Ltu	Līu
Exerct se I
DISPLAY Ml
Exercise 2
Wo	Luo	M6
1 ,		2.	Hnn	3.	W^ī	4,	Gu"!	5.	Ydu
6.	LIŪ	1.	Lu6	8,	M6	9.	Lūn	10.	Nīǚ
1 1.	Rul	12.	B&	13.	Cut	i 4.	ChUn	IS,	Q1 u
1 *	n	2.	n	3*	9 …	4.	%
5.		6.	% !	7.	\	8.	■v
9,	a —	10.		1 1 .	n	12,	%
15,	i	14.	n	15.		!6.	1
P&R MODULE
DISPLAY IV
	Lu	•v Ltl
Exercise 3
ExercIse
i -	Lǐ	z*	Lū	3, LU	4.	Lu	5.	LU
6.	LT	7.	Lǚ	8. lS	9.	Lt	10,	LU
17
1,	LT	Lǚ	.r. L u	6.	LTf	Lu	Hr L«
2ft	Lǐ	Lu	V LU	7,	LT	LQ	V LU
3,	Lǐ	Lu	V LU	a.	LT	Lu	Lt]
4.	LI	Lǚ	V LU	9 •	LT	U	LU
5,	LT	lu	LŪ	10,	LT	Lū	V LU
DISPLAY V
DISPLAY VI
Exerc丨se 5
VU	Yuě	YU£n	YUn
Vfe	YUfe		
Wan	Ytlān	Yěn	Yīīān
	Yiin		
J .	Shīi	2.	Su	3.	xi	4,	Wǚ	5.	YU
6.	Zǔ	7.	Zhǚ	8.	JU	9,	Chū	10.	
M.	Mli	12,	YU	13.	J'u	14.	-Q&	15.	x6
P&R MODULE
Exerc lse_6
DISPLAY VII
hr
1 _	Shǚ	2,	Su	3.	XU	4,	XuSn
5.	Shusng	6.	C_	7.	jŪn	8,	Ytiě *
9.	QUh	10,	LU	1 1 .	Lǚ	12.	vu f
13.	# JU	14,	YUSn	15*	QU an	16*	Yiin
P4R MODULE
TAPE 6 WORKBOOK (TONES IN COMBINATION)
DISPLAY 1： THE NEUTRAL TONE
				« .	*	
fS! \je		fel J_e		fil J_©		ihl
ExercIse
1 .	Fēi \b	2.	Fě!	I e	3.	F&J	I e	4.	¥hl	I 8
5.	FSI ie	6.	Fir	1 e	7 •	Fhī	\&	8,	fēl	1 e
9.	Fe I 1 e	10.	Fel	I e	1 !.	F3I	1 e	12,	Fěl	1 e
DISPLAY II: THE HALF THIRD TONE
N&nhSr
战 īhSl
19
								
	Tilběl		HlJTng		Y&ngpfng		Siodlng	1
P&R MODULE
Exercise 2
I,	Tāi bēi	2,	BēiJTng	3*	Y5ngp fng	4..	BSlhSl
5.	8iod1ng	6,	Bě1h a I	7,	B&ljTng	8.	Iě1 be I
9,	Bělhll	I0_	Bāodln g	I i,	YSngpf ng	12*	Běihā!
	1	2	3	4	0
1	ShSnxT	KDnmfng	XIingging	KElhuh	F§I la
2	1 YSn1Sn	YīinnSn	TS(bSl	Ltiǒdl ng	F6I le
；3	BSfJTng	YSngpīng	Běīhil	GuSngxln	FS1 (0
4	Stchuln	R&hSr*	ShinghS1	Ffengyī	Ffel U
!,	ShanxI	2,	Fei le	5.	Luodlng	4.	Be that
5_	Rehar	6*	S1chusn	7,	YongpIng	3,	Talbei
9_	Ka1hua	10,	X1anggang	i 1 .	YQnnan	12.	BelJUg
13.	Fel le	14.	Shanghat	15.	Guangxln	16.	Fel ie
17,	Kunmlng	18*	Yen1 an	19,	Fel ie	20*	FangyI
							
fThis fs the name of a former province.
20
DISPLAY IV: TWO-TONE SEQUENCES (1)
ExercIse 3
Exercise 4
1 ■	ShSrixT	2,	X1ānggSng	3.	YānTSn	4,	Fěl le
5*	Sichuān	ǒ.	KHnmfng	7.	Gulngxln	8.	F&figyl
9.	Bilhif	10.	Fe!	1 t .	YSngpfng	t2.	ShīnghSI
13,	FSI \e	14.	yňnněn	15.	TāTbiT	16,	Lu6dln
17,	KSlhua	13.	¥b\ le	19.	01!jTng	20,	Rěhěr
P&R MODULE
DISPLAY V: TWO-TONE SEQUENCES (2)
	1	2	3	4	0
i	Cāngzhōu	Zhtfǚ	QTngdāo	B5yl	FSI le
2	Zězhōy	| Jfěshf	Su fyUSn#	Měngz]	Fěl le
3	WuchSng	J 1 ū 1 6n：g	PuSr	LBshtfn	FSI \b
4	Zhh]1Sng	I Y 0 & n S n	Rl ben	WSmx I hn	Ffe t 1 e
Exerclsa 5
1 ■	Fei le	2_	Yilenan	3*	LUshun	4*	Wuchang
5.	So 1yOan	6-	Fat le	7.	Zhl fu	a.	Wanxlan
9.	ZheJIang	10*	Puer	I 1 .	Fat te	12,	Jīeshi
13.	Boy!	14,	Csngzhou	15,	R? ben	16,	Feī te
(7,	J t y 1 o r»g	18,	Hengz1	19,	Zezhou	20.	01ngdao
*Thls īs 十he name of a forrnsr province*
Exarc T se 6
1 ■	Cāngzhōu	2*	ZhěJIJng	3,	J1ǔ16ng	4,	Su īyCīSn
5.	Bōyl	6,	Wěnxtln	7,	FS【Is	8,	ZězbSu
9*	ZhTfǚ	10.	Yllenfin	! 1 ■	PQěr	!2#	Mfingzl
13.	Fēl Ie	14,	Fel 1 e	15*	WuchSng	16、	JI fishf
17,	QTngdao	t8#	Rl běn	19.	LOshun	20,	Fěf le
P&R MODULE
SUMMARY
TONES
23
Every syllable I n Standard Chinese has ona of four d1s* tfnetive ITtonesM or patterns of pftch. The only except f on to this rule i s that a syllable loses 丨十s f nhereot ton® when f t is unstressed， The tone is just as much a part of a syllable as the consonants and vowels and performs fh0 same fwnctI on*-signaling the msanIng of the syllabi®* In other words, difference In ton© between 十wo syllables can signal o d(fference In mean J ngf just as a difference In consonants or vowels does.
It will be difficult at first to apprecia+s fully that a tone !s something 千ha十 belongs to a syt丨ab丨© rather then something that msre Iy happens 肀o it_ This Is because the only us© of pitch patterns f n English Is for I r» 个 on at Jon of entJr© sen-af feet S ng only the meanings of who 18 sentences. For ©xamp 1 the rising pitch af 十 he end of riSp ! nach Is del I c ! ous?!f has nothing to do with the meaning of th© word fldeI ieJoys11 but ■tells us that fhe who 16 sentence should be Interpreted as 11 Are you say I ng thaf spinach I s ds 1 tc I ous?,p I + may be difficult at first to remember the tons of a syllabi© as waI! as you remember the coivsonants and vowels. This Is because you have to develop 十he completely now habit of marking tones fn your msntaI dictionary.
PftR MODULE
DISPLAY I: THE FOUR TONES
P&R MODULE
The Four Tones
Display I diagrams 十he p ī tch patterns of the four tones and gives the i r descriptlva names and traditional numbers* As exQmp les* four si ng 1 ©-sy I I ab 丨e words with eompls十©ly cHfferen十 mean Ings but different to the ear only In thefr tones are pronounced at +h© beg [ nn ing of the ffrst P&R tape_
丁he tone diagrams may bo read 3s musicsf notatIons• The vertfcal dimension stands for pl+chj wi th the 十op of 十h® diagram slightly above you r norma 1 pItch rang© f n Eng f f sh and th© bottom slightly below. The horizontal dimension stands for duration.
The th ǐ ckness of the curve stands for loudness» These diagrams show the tones as they are heard In isolated syllables.
Th© High tone (or First ton©> has s staady high p t tch and average length, You may f!nd It somewhat uncomfortable to pro — nounce a+ first* since a staady high pItch !s seldom used In Engl 1sh--yout on Iy relevant experisnee comes from my sic. Not Ica thst th# accent mark which rep resents this tons f n the roman Iza-tlon captures the level contour rather than the hfgh pitch*
Th© Rising 十one (or Second tone) rises from 十h© middle of 卞he pitch rang© to the top. It too has average length, Unlike the rising Intonatfon used In English for questions, +h© Rfslng tone gets Ioyder as 丨十 rlsesc Notice that th© tone mark In the roman Izat ion rises from left 十o rights
The Low tone (or Third 十one} starts low, dfps to the bottom of the pitch range, and then rises. The lowest part of this 十one Is th© most dfs+lnet丨ve, th© par十 fo focus on both when you are trying to pronounce the tone and when you are trying to r^ecignlze lt_ The lowest par十 takes 十he greatest ēffort and Is the most. promlnent# desp i te the fact that 11 Is actually no个 quite as loud as the rest of the tone, This part Is exaggeratedf both In length and In pt十eh, when the syllable ts stressed for emphasis- Particularly wl + h male speakers, It may have a harsh f scrap 1ng qua I f ty* The Low tone has greater than average length. In Eng I I sh a similar I ntonat f on i s sometimes used for ,fWe I I ?TI when you have been waiting to hear somefh J ng. Notice that the tone mark captures th© dipping pitch pattern -
The Falling tone tor Fourth 十on®) starts 3肀十he top of 肀he pitch range and drops sharply to the bottom, diminishing In loudness as it drops* It has shorter than average length* In English the falling intona1"ion used for exc I amat (ons ^ as I n ,rWe I I !fl is similar, but the Falling tone starts h t gher and ends lower than a I i but our most emphatic excIama十fons* Not i ce tha十 the tone mark falls from I eft to right.
25
P&R MODULE
The Neutral Tone
A syllable loses Its inheren十 tone when it Is unstressed.
An unstressed syllable, besides being weak and hurried# will have a pitch 十hat ts not something of its own but rather some十hIng that Is Imposed on ft by the tones of 十he surrounding syllables, particularly by 十he tone of the preceding syllable. t n such esses we say that the syllable has tos十 Its full +onef that f+s tone has been neutralized, or 十hat it is in the Meutral tone, ★ (The Neutral 十one Is taken up at the beginning of P&R Tape 6.}
DISPLAY It: THE NEUTRAL TONE
Dfsplsy II shows 十he pitch of 十he Neutral ton© after each Qf the four tones. The examp Ies are four verbs whIch differ only 1n their tonesf each followed by a gram卬atteal element tn the Neutral tone. (Not Ice 十hat the Neutral 十one ts indicated 1n the romanlza十Ion by the absence of a 十one mark.)
After the Failing tone (4),十he pitch of th© Neutral tone amounts 十o th眘 end of the fall* After 十he o十hōr three tones, t + amounts to a Jump back to, or slightly beyond,十he middle of the pitch range> In the case of the Low tone (3), the jump Is from the low point* si nce tho Low 十one has lost l + s rising taI I . The pitch of 十h© Neutral 十one may a 1 so be affected by 十h© tone of a syllable whIch follows* moving 十he Meutral 个one in the direction of 十he start of the following 十one- However^ a sequence of Neutral tones wfll stay at the same pitch or will drop gradually,
* A somewha 十 similar neLrtra I i za 十 i on happens to vowels I n English* Vowels which are perfect Iy distinguishable when s十ressed become i nd J st I ngu 1 shab I e when unstressed. "[ confined the d o gFT may sound the same as Tl I can find 十 he dog/1 although, with stress,
11 con-tl does no十 sound 十he same as "can,"
P&R MODULE
There are a few syllables, most of 十hem grammatical elements, which are always unstressed In norma 1 speech and、 there十ore, are a 1 ways In the Neutral tone. These syllables are ©xcep十Tons to the rule 十hat every syllable has a basic full tone^ a 十on总 that may be neutralized but will reappear under stress. To make a com-par I son w I th English, It Is hard to say what the nn©utra 1 vowa IIT In the word Tl g I v e nft has baen reduced f rom f si nc© the ending ,en is never stressed•
Tone Changes
The Low tone pronounced ī n I so I at ion has a d f ppIng-r!s f ng pItch pattern. This i s the shape It a I ways has before a pause. But the Low ton© loses Its rising tall before s NautraI fon^t and Dfsplay 111 shows 十hat the Low tone also loses fts 十aH before any non-Low tone* This display further shows 十hat some" thIng even mor^ unexpected happens to a Low tone before another Low tone* It changes to a Rising 十one, or at I east to something so close to a Rls f ng tone that even native speakers cannot tell the dIfferenc©. A Low tan裔 which hes lost its rising teJl before a different tone Is still recogrdzab丨e, or Is even more recog-nizabJe, as a Low ton©* But 苕 Low tone which hss changed to a Rising 十 ene before another Low tone is no longer reeogrti zab 丨每-Wh 费 t you will hear for fl I 1 m f I n eTl Is W6 hSo, Th© on ly way you can, te il that the f \ rst word 丨 5 re a I 1 y w6~Ts by hear I ng 11 when If Is not followed by a Low ton®, AnotFSV qu f rk of th© Low ton© Is that It sometimes chsnges to a R!s f ng tone before a neutral-i zed Low tone. Whether this happens or not depends on considers-t i ons of grammar and word formation * 1+ always happens f for example, when 十he syllables are separate words, as w f th the words qT ng j nto ask，ft and nT t f,you f Tl In the express I on Qf ng rt I . ,. f wh 1 ch maans IT (I ) ask~ou (to do such-and-such)lf or ,#PI ease ińo such-and-such 5 .T* it does nof happen t n j 1S j ? e (from J 1S J IS) # "older s 1 sfer *Tl (The exceptional behavior of th© Low tone I s taken up t n the sixth tap© of this module, right after th© sec-tlon on the Neutral tone.)
DISPLAY III: THIRD TONE BEFORE FULL TONES
27
P&R MODULE
There are certsIn other tone changes that take place in longer sequences of syllables* Th© main example of fh 15 is that a Rising ton© changes to a High tone when It follows a HIgh ton© or Rising ton© and ts followed by any full tone. For Instanca # JIInS da, "Canada," I 5 pronounced JIīnādě■ Using tone marks, the rule—may be expressed like thfsi
However p th®se tone changes will stud J ēd only after vou have ga t nad control of two一syllable sequences^
There are atso casas whar© particular words change 十hefr tones under +h8 !nfIuenee of following tones. Th© number I Is yT when It f s pronounced a I on© or as one of a series of d!gTts, It Is before a Fa I II ng tone or neutro t t zed Falling tone, and betore any other tone. The numbers 7• ^7$ and 01 b5# are gt and b& before a Falling 十one for most speīFārs, Th^ rv^gat I v© marker bu Is before 9 Fallfng tone or neut ra I I zed Falling tone. IĪT™thIs course you will f t nd bǚ quit© a few times before yoy find but ke@p I n mind that faīi^Ts 十 he more basJc form, ITNōf fl for 一SVampU, Is bu *
Ton& Weaken t ng end S肀rertgthen I ng
In addition +0 the drama肀fc tone changes discussed prevt-ously* 十 here are certa I n minor autōinet t c changes wh I ch affect all full to!ri6S In 抖ords of two or more syllables* These Involve b1 I three factors shown In th© tone d f agram-"1oudness# pitch* end: length.
Le十*s start with a similar phenomenon In English* In an English word of two or more syllables, the syllables vary I n how forceful they are and how much emphas S s 十hey receive- We normally think of these levels of "stress" 1n terms of 十he loudness of the syllable, but other factors, Including syllable length and pitch,, are even mor© important* The one thfng you need 十o know about the s十广ess pst+e广n of an English word is which syllable has the ma I n stress.. This syllable will have the same weight as a 5ǐng]e-syI丨abIe word pronounced alone. Ths stress levels of 十he other syllables, down to 十he 1 eve I ws call ^unst ressed ,,f will then fall Into place ālmdsl* autōma 十[ca I I y _
28
* # ■ becomes ---	* * ~ becomes ^ ，
• # " becomes * * •	* • • becomes '-'
■ " v becomes -一	# # " becomes r • w
_ " % becomes---	• * ' becomes ' *"'
PSR MODULE
Es<amp ! Bs such as lfPHO*to-graph #TI *1pho-TOG-「a-phy, ” and ITpho* +0-GRĀPH-i cM 十©l| you a I I you need to know about tho stress patterns of these words.
The best way to approach the stress pat+erris of Chines© words Is the other way around. The first thing to find out Is whether any of the syll3bl6s a re unstressed # 十hat ls# whether any 迅r© !n 十he Neutral tone, (By far the most likely candtda十e is the I as+ syllable*) Than the stress levels of the remaining, f」I I-ton© syllables will fa I! fntō pi see according to th© fol-lowing rules:
1,	The ffrst ful I—tone sy liable will have norma I stress p the sam© ss when I十 Is pronounced.
2.	The las十 full-ton© syliable (If there ts more than on© 5 will hav© heav f eir-than_narma I stress. Its loudness , pf 十ch range, and length will be exaggerated.
3* Any fnlddle syllables wJII have I I gh+er—than_norma I stress. Their loudness* pitch range, and length will be reduced
Letf s take, ss an example, tha Chinese phonetic equivalent of *T Italy,” Y1 dā I ī , A I I three syllables have fult Fa I I I ng tones j byt not i c© i n th© dIagrgm below that the three pitch pa肀terns are slightly dIff©rent： the first one is normal; +ha middle one \ s reduced? and the last one I s exaggerated
29
The few exceptions to these rules for relative levels of stress are due to meaning* One such exception !s 十ha+ the first of two fulI—tone syllables may be given 十he heavIer-than-normaI stress I f the first sy I I ab I e Is more s i gn t f 1 cant. For ®xam；p I © $ th© word for "Germany*, ! s pronounced by most speakers as DĀgy6, The syllable De- Identifies the country (It Is derfved phonetI-ca ! I y from Deu tsch 3 and ) g while - gu6? "country ,lf Is used f n the names of many countries. Thus the first RI s i ng-totie syllable Is stronger, in v !o I at f on of the general rules for stress
ns 十十 RrniĒī«
P&R MODULE
The 5ubord t	status of -gu6 In the names of cou nt r I es Is mo 5 十
clearly seen by 十 he fac十 fhat some speakers 十 rest It 卷 I most a,s a suffix, pronouncing It In the Nautra丨 tern®, so that "Gormany" becomes DēgLio,
As with English levels of stress,十h痧se d f fferences are fairly subtle- You may no十 be able to hear them +00 clearly, and you can make yourself understood wē!I enough ev©n wl十hou十 getting them quIte rIght § a I though yoy are I Ik©1y 卞o sound like a computer* Yoy should be ab 10 +0 learn stress ps 卞 terrts wf+hou 十 even thinking about	if you wT!l try +0 mtmlc	speakers
ss cIosa I y @s possible.
After learning mor© abou十 consonan+s and vowels in the next sec 十 Ion of this summary, you will be l*itrodueed 十 o sent©ncs 1 n-tonot\on In the 【sst section* where you will find 十hs千 ther© are further mod f fI cat Ions In the pItch patterns of 十he 十ones» If yog ar@ reading 卞his summary as you begin 十he ccurss, new Infor-mat 100 Is piling up too fast, Dor^t try +0 keep everything I n pnlnd at once. As a first approximation of th© 十ones, for example! try giving your syllables ibentlfJable and correct tones. When you have mastered that* work on one or two more points. Mean-white, your ear will have begun 十 o lock I n； on whs 十 Chinese sounds Ifke, and yoy wit! begin to reach the point of automat f c control.
CONSONANTS AND VOWELS
Much of th© structural sfmpllcf+y of the Chfnese language is made evident by traditional analysis of syllable structur®*
S十sr十 with the syllables wh 1 ch sre different to 十h眘 ear* There are only about 1,300 such dlsthngulshabl© sy I 1 a b I es f not nearly as many as !n English, (Many syllables which sound a tIka carry mors 十 fian one mean! ng and are written wl 十 h different characters for each meaning, much as the same English spoken syllable carries the thr©e meanings repre5snted by 十he spellings "个wo,^ "too ■丨T and ,Tto .pt)
3 O
■< (A
cāe e.
一 ere -r I y -rry ert/>
DISPLAY IV: INITIAL-FINAL COMBINATIONS
	-婷•丨n<! mcHMlI													• u •										• i •												
	<i		•ī	er	Ml		MO		^in	<?n	JiHK	enn	*>nu	u	UN	uo	u«i	uei	ti«n	uen	赚w	ueii^	i	14*	mi	ie	iou	i»n	in	“ini：	me		u	iir	iian	iin
m					mHi	mei		mou	mnn	men	ni4nc	m«nR		mu		nm							mi		mūio	mie	miu	mi«n	n、ǐn		ininK					
U	l»；i				l»dl	hri			b«n	ben	h*nK	beni*		hu		Ik*							bi		hi»o	bte		bi«n	bin		luni;					
P					•Ml	pei		fHHI	pun	pen	|Mnc	P«nii		J>U		fW*							Pi		pi«o	pie		puii	pin		(•ini*					
r						rcī		r<Mi	Ti«n	fen	r«iiR	feni!		fu		fu																				
n	ii.i	u*.			n4i	net	nao	n«>u	null	nen	nanp	nenR	n«»ni*	111!		nu»			nuan				m		nia<>	nie,	niu	num	nm	jilting	"•ni!		nu	ntir		
d	ilii	(!r			d«i	dei	dati	dou	dMn		dan妃	dems		(lu		duu		dui	duan	dun			di		dǓMJ	die	diu	dian			,liHK					
1	lit	lc			Ul			i<tu	Inn		«*n«	ten*	1嗔	111		IUI»		tui	luan	tun			ii		(ia«i	tie		lian			line					
1	l‘t	k-			Ini	lci	IttO	iiiu	Ian		lane		luni：	lu		lllft			luan	lun			ti	lia	liao	lie	liu	lian	lin	“anu	"nK		lii	liii.		
K		以’				Kei	R-o	R«u	R«*n	iten	lf«ng	Ren*	*ong	*!U	Run	gun	Kusi	Kui	eu«n	gun	Ruang															
k	kpi	ki.			k«i	kei	ka»	ktw	k«n	ken	kune	kenn	itong	ku	kua	ku(»	kuai	kui	kuan	kun	kuanK															
h	hji	he			hai	hei	Hmo	hou	h*n	hen	hang	henK	hong	Ku	hun	huo	hiui	hui	huan	hun	huang															
t	/.M	/*•	xi		/.Mi	Ml	%«<>	zou	/an	zen	Mf»K	z«nK	zona	zu		zuo		zui	zuan	zun																
t'	VH	rl*	"		t'MI		c*ao	rou	tan	ccn	'••Hr	ren^	conn	ru		t-uo		cui	ctian	cun																
s		S(»	si		luii		MMI	MMl	u«n	ten	uni：	se«R	song	KU		MIO		sui	suan	sun																
/.h	ztlH	/he	ztiī		/h“i	zh«i	7.ha<j	/.hou	zh«n	zhvn	zhanc	zhenn	zhon^	zhu	zhua	zhuo	zbuai	zhui	zhuiin	zhun	zhuang															
rh	fha	.Ii*-	chi		rl、.“		rh»<»	(h<»u	ctun	ihen	rhann	t'hcng	chon^	i hu	chua	diuo	chaai	rhui	chuan	chun	chuanK															
xli		she	shī		shxi	xhei	ikh*ii	Khmi	shan	lUieo	>JianK	shenK		ithu	«hua	shuo	chuai	shui	shuan	shun	&huans															
r		rt*	ri				r<Mi	rou	r暴n	ren	ranK	renn	rou*	ru	rtM	ruo		rui	ruan	run																
»																							ii	j»	Hao		iiu	jian	i*n		j»«l!					
q																							qǐ	qǐ.	qiao	qie	qiu	qian	qtn.	qianK		qions	qu	que	quiin	qun
X																							Kl	KǏ«	XǓK>	Kie	viu	xian	XǏR	xian^	xin瓢	kionjj	XU			
												fog		wu	w*	wo	vai	wei	wan	wn	wang	we«f!	yi	y龜	yio	ye	you	y«n	yin	v«nf	yin*	y<>"8	yu	yu«	yuan| yun	
* Adapted from btemMlflrV £tnn«g-Chiiu
mowt
Ue hou-f ookorol
next 1 n丨 > ar® f
if or-In
:amp I e Ihen
I?
ound 叻
ItroI •
P5 āD仁LE
DISPLAY V: INITIALS
	Stops		AffrKcal^		Fricatives	Liquids	- Nasals
	Unaspkated	Aspirated	Unaspirated	Aspirated			
Labials	b	P			f		vu
Alveolars	d	t				1	n
Veiars	g	k			h		
Dentals			z	c	s		
Ret reflexes			zh	ch	sh	r	
Palatals			i	q	K	——	
PS.3PSODUr*E
DISPLAY VS: FINALS
	Vowels Alone			Vowels PJus Consonants						Diphthongs			
0-Row	(s)-i (rH	•a a	-e e	-an an	-ang ang	-en en	•eng eng	er	-ong	-ai ai	-ao ao	ei	-ou Oil
U-Row	-u wu	-ua wa	-ug/*o wo	-nan wan	-uang wang	■qji wen	<weng)			-uai wai	*	-U-i wei —	
丄’Row	-i yi	-ia ya i	-»e ye	-ian ygn	iang yang	•in yin	•ing ying		-iong yong	(yai)	-iao yao		-i—u you
U-Row	-U yu		-ue yiifi	-iian yilan		-iin yun							
In this chart, vowel letters which do not have their “standard” sound values are underlined. The standard sound values are taken to be the ones they have standing atone as rinals after jq : n旦（as . in ^Okinawa*"), ne (as in '*cmemaTT)t n| (as in **BikmP), nu (as in “Ainu,” “canog”>t and nu (as in no"Ēngiish word). The letter a is not taken to have a standard sound value. Vowel letters which have been dropped in abbrevialions are indicated by underlined spaces.
Before ,i, (s) stands for all denial consonants and (r) for all retroflex consonants.
Hyphens mark spellings after'initials.
Finals with r suffixes are not shown.
P&R MODULE
Then* strip off the four tones. This leaves you with sboyt 400 d i ff©rant strings of consonant and vowel sounds* (See Display IV.)
Next, strip off any Inl+lsl consonants, or tnftials, of which there are 2t_ (See Display V and Append i x !, the I after providing an alphabetical tIof the Initials,》 What [s left are the f!naIs. There are less than 40 different fInals--a manageable number *
Last, class! f y tha finals by t h e f r media Is, that fs, f rt PTnyfn roman 1zatI on, by whether +h© final starts with 土（or w), with I Cor , with u (or 过）,or with non© of the above.* Th 1s g tv© s 一you four c I a ssiTs which are useful when you talk about how tha fln&ls combine with the Inlt丨als* You also cross-c1 assffy the finals by what follows th© med i a i s. (See Dfsplay VI and Append Ix II, the latter p rovIdIng an alphabetical list of 十h© finals.)
I, FINALS
A■ Plain F ī na 1 s
Let1s tak& a closer look at the structure of th© f t na t . Every f I n a I^ and hence every syllable, has a卞 least 迓 voweI, H©re are f i v© voweIs which can stand a I one as finals, efther with or without Initials:
* In th!s summary* under lining calls attention to letters (the letter u) and slant lines ca I I s +十©n十Ion 十d sounds (the sound /y/)- 一
**Standard PTnyTn romaniza 十 ion I s written on I y after and I . Everywhere els© (after £f x # and It f s wrltt©n ¥l mp 1： y y .
		ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
	(T'horse'M	as In 1'MaIT
dS	C"vl rtLa,T)	as f n lfAd£[ ī ne,f
n]_	Cfyou'f >	as Tn lfbi ki nP'
bū	(rno">	as 1 n "Budapest'1
rU^**	("woman1,)	no English equ f va ! ent
PSR MODULE
AI I of 十he English equivalents In th© examples are f of course # approxfmatS a个 best and wTII be fur十her off If your pro-nuncia+lon does not happen +o be 肀he most s十sndssrd American pro-nuncia十】on, Th© vowe1 /y/# for example, is rather d i fferant f rom {十s equivalent in "By dapest jir even for people who start 十he name the way 十hey start lfFootyf1 For someone who s卞ar+s ftBy_dap©stn the way he starts Tl beauty the compa rl son is way. off- The Chinese vowel is p ronoUnced with the tongue farther back ? n the mouth and vd 十h the lips more rounded,
There Is no English equiva丨en+ for /u/, whIch is pronQunced with the tongue in position for /I/ and 十he lips In position for /u/r sI muItsneousIy■ I肀 is oot 十he same as the first vowel In ,rUfah# ,p which Is pronounced w i th the lips I n position for /u/p but with the tongue gliding from th© position for /t/ to the position： for /'j / *
The vowe I s /I /, /u/、and /tl/ ar© wrI ttsn y 1 , wu# and vU when they do not follow an Int十fat. In most cas^s, you wITT no肀 be able to hear separate sound s correspond I ng to i and ¥^9 as you can hoar 1 n tho English words ITye,T and iTwoo•1f The three vow© 1 s are d ī s cussed again in 十 h© summary sections on finals, j_ finals, and f I rta I s.
There are two more vowel sounds which can stand alone as finals, on© of them only after initials* Confusingly, both sounds are represented by th© fetter £ (already seen as standing for the vowe I /1 / In TtTahIt|-”. The Tetter preceding the ' determines which vowel sound Is to be used,
After a consonant pronounced wlfh the tongue In the /s/ position (see page 42)f stands for a vowal pronouncad wlth ■ the tongue as close as pissible to the /s/ pos ī 11 on. Many Americans have a s ImI lar vowe I I n yjLj^st a momentoften ( nd I -ca+ed by th© spelling 11 j 1 st •,f For examp I a :
si	("four")	approx I mate I y as 1 n Tl j j_stTI
A+ter a consonant pronounced wfth the tongue In 十ha /r/ posttfon， that Is, with th© 十cmguQ strcmgly curlad back (se® page 42)• i s + snds for a voweI whIch Is simply a prolonged /r/ sound, FoF example:
sh_[_	十enTl)	approximately as ī n tīwasherTi
When there Is no inttlal consonant sound before this vowel,
十he letter £ Is wri十十©n: r\, The £ 十6I Is you how to pronounce th© 1t it doss no个 stand for 3 separate sound. The who I © syilfble Is on© p roIonged /r/ sou nd .
Everywhere else, J_ stands for 十fie 11 standardlf /1/, as In "Tahiti
35
PSR MODULE
A f Tna I may a I so conslSt of a vowe f foltowed by a consonant, sǐther /n/* or /ng/ (or /r/t but this has a rather different sta + ijsl . Here are examp les of all the ways +he vowe ts presented thus far can comb f ne with /n/ and /ng"
	(,f peacet()	as In MQntarioM
mang	(ybusyir)	/Q/ as In + /ng/
f 5n	(M cent113	as In ,ff uin,lf f,chīcke£IT
	("cold”	as in ”1 ung：IT
mf n	(,Tp©op l e")	as i n ”maan”
mf ng	「■bright”	/ \ / as In TlamJJio" + /ng/
jffn	(nm丨丨丨tary”)	/U/ + /n/
The analysis of /tin/ as s I mp I y /U/ p!us /n/ will not a! ways hoid up. Especially when there Is no In ftla f > you may hear a weak vows I /o/ snaa k 1 n be f,ore the /n/, so that /U n/ almost rtiymea wfth /sn/.
There i s a j so a final written ong in which 十he o stands for a vowel very much I ī ke /u/. Actually, i + ī s closer to the vowst sound In "good1* than to the vowe I ī n "food. ”
I6ng	tT'dragonTI)	/o/ as In Tlwoman'1 + /ng/
There i s one flna! In whTch the vowet /e/ Is folīowad by a buUt-ln /「/, pronounced with a strong curl 1 ng back of the tongue , as t n +hs English lf Ka r. ”
ēr	(''ear*')	as In Trermine,f
Other syllables which end In /r/ have baen farmed by adding the sufffx For ©xamp I e ：
nǎr_	「where, ”	as in flN*rc I ssus'F
*Tha consonant /n/ at the end of a syI table may sound a I 1tt!a ]j ke /ng/ when the next syI t ab1e starts with an /h/ or a voweI sound, as In her hǎot ''very good/' and Yān 1 Sn, "Venan .,T Actua I 1 y however, +h1s variant of /n/, pronounced T + h th© tongue not touch!ng the roof of the mouih t Is quT+s dTsttnguīshabIe f rom /ng/, pronounced with the back of the tongue touching, Mo十ice f n tha romanīzatTon Yān1Sn that an apostrophe shows which syllable the n_ belongs to,
36
P&B MODULE
In many cases, adding an /r/ suffix has s cons IdersbIe of feet on the finalj knocking out an /n/ or /ng/ and changing the voweI, for example, tYou wtfl deal with thesa Instances on a cōse-by-case basis in the course *) The /r/ suffix !s most popular In the Peking dialect but is on© feature of that dialect ths十 has not been widely accepted as a national norm.
»
A f f n a I may a t so cons 1st of a drph + hongf that Isf a vowel followed by a weaker glide to 于he pos!tIon of /I/ or /u/. (SimMar diphthongs exfst !n English.) There sr© four such finals：
These diphthongs are best I darned as unfts, If va look at the IfidlvJdusl letters, howeverp we notice that the letter" o has a different sound value I n ojj_ than In and ong_, and thaT" th©
I ettsr £ has a different i*5\jnd vs I u©~n ej_ than i n ©, an j and eng •
A final may a I sc consist of any of the above types (voweI a lone 9 vowe1 plus consonant, or d1phthong) preceded by a dI a I; thāt i sj by a weak vers 1 on of one of the vowels /u/$ /ī/1 snd /U/. The m©dI a Is /u/ and /!/ are like the Eng Ii sh semī voweIs written w and ^ I n ^wet11 and T,yet,! and written u and I I n "jagua「TI*Vnd "onfon■” Finals starting with theFe thre'e med ta I s are discussed In the next 中hre® summary sections.
B, y f f na I ē
Yoy have heard and sa^n the full vow©1 /u/ following an Initial In the word bǚ, _Tno.” When +h© vowe I does not follow •. an Initial, it is wrTTten wu■
wu	(nf 1 v@flJ	as In "ooze11 or ^woo11 r
As suggested by the English equ I va I erits, you may or may not hear a /w/ sound befor© the /u/*
A /w/ sound may ©Iso occur before other voxels at 肀h© beg Inning of s final. The sound 1s wrftten ^ when 11 follows an Initial ancf w when ft does not, (SI nc© tīTe sound I s a weak vers Ion of the 7owe I /u/f the sound wUI be ca I t ed medial /u/,) In 十he foI Iow ī ng ©xampI 6$ of fInaIs wh f ch start with the medial /u/, some have Initials and 十herefar@ use 十he u spelling. Some hōvs no Initials and therefor© use the ! spelling,
37
hll	{rssa'M	as In flShangha^/' irhTgh,r
	PhBir")	ss in ,fWao Tse-tung,1f Tlfflouthn
	("tl redTr)	as In " le V' ,rsl9lgh,r
dCu	("al1")	as In trsoi^l t n u d oughTr
P&R MODULE
Notice that the 1 after o In wo and uo_ ts used for yet 3n = ther vow© I sound, rough I y thi" vowiT t n the English word "saw^. 丁 h© spelling u£ I s abbrevIated to o after the initials written m# b, ān"d f_ tthe labial cons'onants, I nvo I v I ng the lips). The medTa I sound Ts s+! II there, however# so that m£, "Ink, T Is pronounced as !f it were spa I lad muo■
You wou t d ©xp€C+ wen to be speHed yen after Initials# but I 十 Ss obbrev I ated to uru turn f 11 m. 1 >c up •” You can st t I I hear th© vowe I /©/ t however, TIT© sy [ lab I： e s w r I tten hun and. wfen rhyme. Not I ce： that the tone mark in turn has been shTTTed to"TFTe on 1 y remaining vowe1 letter.
Again, you would exp@cf we 1 to b@ wrTften	a ft® r ! n [十丨 a 丨 s
but tt Is abbrevl ated toTT： dul , ,p correct；^"" You can still hear the d I phthong /ef/# however. *TFa syllables written duj^ and we 1， rhyme_ (There Is some JustffI cat ton for this spell ing ■ 1n the High and R!sing tones, th! s final does sound quite like 十 he English pronoun lfwe#lf as the spei I Ing y * would suggest - ) Not ice that the tons mark i n du1 has baen shIf+ ed to tha ǐast available vowe1 letter.
0, 1 FI 03 Is
You have heard and seen 十he full vowel /iI following Initials in th© words	’.you”？ ml n t n people"? and m ī n g , Mbr i ght ,TI I
Whon 卞he vowel doss not foilow an īnl 十Jal# it Is wrl十十en yi .
hub	I "speech")	as in >fqua 1 丨十y”
w&	{_f j ti)	as In lfwal i11
buhn	("exchange” 5	as In lfqyant I ty,,f ”wan/T T,J uanfl
wěng	("kt nglf)	as I n "Wong * *T /ua/ as In nqya 1Tty^ + /ng/
{There h	tMasKIT) s q very rare final	as 1 n "Owen, "won, weng,)
Hoě t w& I	(name of a river) {"stomaeh")	as In "Waikiki"why” as I n： "weigh"
yt	Cf,one")	as In "ea_stpt or tTyeastM
ytn；	CircloudyM »	as tn 1gV!n (YangM)
llm	(”w3n")	/y/ + /ing/ as in "singM
P&R MODULE
As ^suggested by the Eng I Ish equivalents# you may or may not h@ai a /y / sound before the /I/ ! n yl * You will i>su 3 I I y hea r a /y / sonnet before the / I / In y Tn 0 n d y f n g, and th© vowel I + s e t f Is mo「e I i ke the "short” EngTTsh vowFl I n lfsJjiir and lfsing. lf
A /y/ sound may also occur before oth台疒 vowe f s at 肀he bag I nnl ng of a final . T-ho sou nd 1 s written when I t follows an 丨?Jtlal and ^ when it 4obs not, CSInce tFe sound f s a weak version of the vowel /t/9 the sound will be called med ī a I /f/.) i,n 十 he f 01 I owl ng ©xamp !©s of f J na 1 s which start w f t h the med I a I /I/, some have initials and therefore use the 丨 spelling. Some havo no Initials and therefor© usa the speI(Tng.
	("tooth ■’ 3	as in ifY^mahB,lf "yah 00
vi	("also")	as I n ^ye I l ow*f
As you have seen p In th© f I fia 1 s written ©f en, and eng f the letter © stands for a vow© I like tha e IF nch\ckBn.Tr^Wot tc© th 费个 i n +h© final wr f tten or Ie the 丨ettor e_ stands for n vowe I like 十 he ©_ fn lfhen«K i*Th I s~Ts the same vowe I sound stands for in th© d I phthong wr I tten	In other words, an \ oF v I n the
ftna! means that e stands"Tor the vowe I of f,han. nT
tn th t s final written īan or yan^ tha 十er a has an sxcepfIona I sound value, ©ssant la I 1 y the vowa J In tha EngTlsh word f,hsn.TI
Ye卞 agaJn, you wou14 ěxpee十十he final you to be written !ou after Initials, but it ts abbreviated to ī y ：\Tu, lfslx.n You caTT still hear the d I phthong /on/ p however. ITTy and yfeu rhyme * In th©
High and Rfslng tones thfs final does™sound quit® like tha * Englfsh pronoun nyou/t as suggested by the spa IIf ng Iu. Not Ic© fhat the ton© mark ī n Ifu has been sh i fted to +h© lasT available vowel letter.	.
There ts a very rar© final ya I J not showrt (n D t sp I oy IV.
★Besides the historical reaso打 for 十hfs sp眘丨丨Jng# there Is 十he reason that adding the suffix /r/ lfbr f ngs back^ a norma I #
,rbroad,T /a/ vow© I *
nl an*	("year” as f n lfy©nIT
y.āns	{["Yin &] Yang")	/y/ + /a/ as 1 n ?lMes1f + /ng/;
		as fn nYojnkerslf
	(^use11)	/y/ + /o/ as 1 n nwomanlf + /ng/
yěo	(*pwantn)	as in 11 yow I11
y&u	(fIag&f n,T)	as fn ^yeoman1*
P&R MODULE
You may or may not haar some+hIng Ii ka a /y/ sound before the /tl/ # which Is pronounced with the tongue position of /i/ and th© lip position of /□/•
A weak vers f on of the vowe! /U/, which will be called medI a I /U/, may occur before other vowels at the beginning of a final. The sound； Is wrf tten EJ_ wher^ \ t follows sn initial and yO whan ft does not. One of the following examp Iēs of finals wh ich start with the med I a I /liV has an Initial? therefore the U spe Ming Is used. The other example has no initial, however? Theref or© the spelling I s usēń..
jtl6	(ITdef Inltel y'M /U/ + /©/ as in "hen"
Not t c© 十ha十 the letter a in this final stands for a vow©! sound t I ke the one tn th© English word ,fhan f 11 as e doas I n tha final spe i led or j_e and In 十 h© final spe I led e i , /U/ has the same ©ffee 十 zis /I/ bVcaus© the same tongue pos! t i on 1 s used to produce both +
yUin	(^garden11)	/U/ + /an/ as in the British
11 answer11
Instead of rhyming this final with the final written a£# some speakers rhyma yUěn with.十he final wrttten yan^ or ian, using th© vowfi I sound cf 十 he English Tl h a_n *lf
II. INITIALS
Each group of 【nl + īal consonants ǐ n the following summary sections (A through F) contains one consonant which Is distine-11 ve I y "asp 1 rated M and one wh i ch Is d i s+i ncf Ive ly ITy nasp 1 rated ,
The aspīrsi 十 ed consonsri 十 s exp 丨 ode with a s 十 rong puff of air. tn Eng t t sh p th© consonants wr I tten t, k_ tor c, as I n ^cow,11 or , and ch are I i ght l y aspirated at the beg 1 nn i ng of a word r as you can~Ta I ! i f you ho I d 十he back of your hand to you r mouth while say I ng ITps ,rl These same le 十十 ers* Including the eombǐna 十 Ion ch ； are used to roman I ze the d ī s十 ln.cf I ve I y , more strong I y aspirated Chinese consonants,
Q, u Finals
The full vowel /U/ following an initial occurs |n the • s y I table nu , 11 woman.y When 11 does not fol low an initial, it Is written yu\
ň	("rat n”)	no Eng!丨 sh equiva1en十
yUn	{11 rhyme")	/u/ + In/
P&R MODULE
Unasps rated consonants explode without a puff of a Ir s The English līghtly aspirated consonants become unasp 1 rated after /s/1 as you can tell 1 f yoy say l?ps1< end uspa,p ags I nst the back of your hand. This Is an eu卡omaffc adjustmen十 for English speakers p and It wl I I tskē practice to learn to pronounce English sspira 十 ěd consorjarits as urs3sp I rated when there Is no /s/ to fplggar the adjustment."
English has s series of lfvo S csd(t consonants which sre p renounced with	of the vocal eords* These Include consonants wrf tten 丄,Q Cas In both "GaryM and īfG@rry,f) # f (as fn "Jerry1”, and—玉_一 TĪtese same letters plus th© comb ī nation are Lisad to roman 1 ze 十ha ut\mq] cBd t d J st【net 丨 ve I y unsspl rated Ch I nese consoneints *
丁he consonan十s whIch are na f fher dIstI net f v©Iy sspI rated nor dJsttnetfveIy unasplrated are +h© ones wh ich can be pro-longad, such as /s/、 /I/# and /n/,
So far consonants have bean grouped In forms of the genera I manner tn whIch they are produced* Now they win be grouped in terms of th© tongue and l!p positions used 1n producing them，
A. Initials mt b ^ p, f { Lsb t a j)
These a re p ronouneed In th© positions suggested by th©
I ©十t®rs.
B•. Initials n, d > t, { (Alveolar)
These are pronounced In the positions suggested bv th© Ietters,
These fnt卞fa丨s are never followed by th© medial /u/ or by th© vowel or mediel /tl/* Addl 11 odb I I y * hi is never fol lowed by the vowe f or medIdI /I/* (See Display t V.)
měn	ilUOāQQQin	as In Tfmt 1 I11
b^an	f1Tha!fTI)	as ! n 1T b^I 1 I f tp but not voīc 眘 d
	(lfdlvldeiT)	as I n ngJI{r” bui more asp i rated
fhr\	{ncooked rlcen)	as In n£J 1 P«
	(,T_tn)	ss In unī 1TI
d^a	tlrbl gIf)	os I n 11 d I I 1 ,,f but unvol c@
tl	C,Th©,p)	■ as in niJ 1 1 but more asp t rated
iff	(Mpu 1 1”	as In 1"
P&R MODULE
42
C* In I十fats g, k, h (Velar)
These are pronounced t n. the pos 丨十丨 ons suggested by 十he Ietters,
To an English speaker, the spelling 1s only suggestive,	and
the spelHng £ fs qu 1 +e arbitrary* Ul k© the velars (/g/,	/k/ f
/h/) f f hes^ fīTltlals are never to I [ owed by th© vowe 1 s and	med f a I s /!/ and /II/, (Display IV)
As mentioned previously, the t et+ar 丄 after these /s/-pos11Jon sounds stands for a vowel with the tongua as cIose as possible to the /s/ pos!t J on,
E, initials zh * ch t sh3 r (Retrof1ext or /r/ Pos111 on)
mJjTlMI	_ 'W™—
These are pronoynced as	fndīca’ecS by th© Engl t sh ©qu I va I en + s #
but wl 肀 h the tongue strongly	curled back towards the post 个 ion f or /r/.
These Ifdtials a： re nev@ 广 followed by the vow© I s and medials /1 / and /u/* (See Display IV*)
	(f,pT©ca'r)	as 1 n 1 1 /' but unvo! ced
	tTl! e s s o n,f)	as in Tl M 1 1 ,11 but no re asp 1 rated
b_i	ī^wl+h'1)	as In fl h U 1 * " but harsher
ZSng	(surname)	ss 1 n lfbeds.11 but unvoiced t n ■
C5ng	(surname)	as In ”bets/■ but more aspira十sd
SSng	(surname}	as i n ITBess but stronger
Zh 萏 ng IT- 1 ■	t surname)	as fn 11 Jaw # rl but urivo ! ced
Chāng	{sufname)	as I n ITchaw f 1i but more asp IrāTed
Shing	(su rnam©)	as I n "Shaw"
ring	(fIat low”	as !n tprswfl
D * Initials zI cM s (Dental, or /s/ Pos ī tī on)
These ar© pronounced as I nd1cated by the English equivalents.
/D/ and /t/ a re never followed by the vow© I or med 1 a i /Cf/. /N/ and /I/ ar© +he only Initials which may be followed ef十her by the vowel or med i a I /u/ or by the vowe I! or med ī a 1 /u/ . (See Display I V,)
P&R MODULE
Like the velars i/g/t /k/t /h/) and dentals t/z/f /c/t /s/), these Initials are never followed by 十he vowels and mecHals /\/ and /0/B 《Display IV)
Some speakers pronounce /r/ with a certain 鸢mount of fri c-寸 fon so that it fs somewhat like the /s/ sound I n T,m©asy r©.,f Not I ce that th© unfamf I i-ar z h spe I I ī n g Is on f y suggestTve * Th® l e+fer after a cofisonsnt TFcU cates a prGnune I a十 Ion f n the /r/ pos丨 tIon *
As men十foned previously, the letter position sounds stands for a vo^aI which
I after thsse /r/-Ts a pro Iong^d /r/
43
F- Initials 丄• q, ^ (Palatal, or /【/ Position)
Thesa are pronounced as indicated by the English equ1va-!ents, byt wīth the tongue pushed forward towards th© position for /!/_
The pa lata Is are followed only by th© vowels end med U i s /I/ and /U/. (S&& Display 1V.} Pay particular attent1 on to the spellings £ and x# since 十hey are quite arbitrary to speakers of English.
With the p 3 I a t a!s j thfs survey of the consonants Is comp I ated■ Let1s summarize the relationship between groups of consonants and the different sound values of the Iet+ar I;
£1 Sng	(surname)	as t n ,fj©ep jfl but unvoiced
gjěfvg	(surname)	as I n ^cheesp 9 lf byf more asp EriTed
XI Sng	(surname)	between the /sh/ of ,Tsheepfl and ths /s/ of "s^eep17"
AFTER	WHICH ARE PRONOUNCED WITH ĪWe YongUě	/!/ IS PRONOUNCED wm the	AS IN THE SURNAME
/z/p /c/_ /s/	(n fhe /s/ pos丨 11 on	c1osb to the /s/ posif 1 on	ST
/zh/$ /ch/, /sh/, r	close to 十he /r/ position	f n fh© /r/ posi f1 on	ShT
any other Initial, L	In any o十h©r posIt Ion	1 n the flstandard,p /1/ pos11 ī on	XT
P&R MODULE
SENTENCE INTONATION
in the previous discussion of different levels of syllable stress end their effect on th© pitch patterns of	tones, you
were concerned only with words pronounced i n 丨solatfon, as If read from a list* Usually, of course „ words are strung together In utterances. Then, the rules of relat!ve stress apply over longer uninterrupted stretches which have a generally speeded-up tempo end narrowed t I owe red pi肀ch range.
In the following example, not!ce the shrinkage of the pitch ps+t© rns and +h® ovsraI 1 lowering* Tho su mam© and given name together hava the stress pattern of a single word--with normal stress on the fIrst syllable, lighter stress on the middle syllable, and heavier stress on th© last syllable*
In add 11 i on to these automatic effects of stringing words togeth^fi delIberat© effects of sentence Intona+Ion sing Iē out for ai■十en+ion psrttculsr parts of a sen十©nce or IndI cate how a whole s&n十enee Is to be und&rstood,
Normally, a surname will carry more Information 十hen a fat lowing title and, thys, will be given greater ©mphasls by heevIer stress *
44
P4R MODULE
y^e subordinate status of the title ts shewn by the 千bc十 th*t I+ is often pronounced wT十h no fulJ tone.
Mora genera My, tho key word or phrase in any sentence may be emphasized by heavy stress-
Har^j the stress oň + h© nega 十 fve marker bJ_ ^niphasīzes to someone that he fs wrong to thtnk that he hos īderT+f f lee Miss Kd,
With the Qxceptīon of words that are emphasized, words \n rapid normel speech may seem to have lost the tones you are working ?o hard to 丨earn. But don11 fee I cheated. In the first placs, the words are seldom really monotone j th«rs Is probably som眘th『ng there to hear. (When you are do ī ng tha taIkf ng, r + I s t>st+ar +o rīsk being ovorly preclsd, since onfy the f f uent speaker has the eight to muňbfe,) !n the second place, these words ars go r ng to be emphas 1 zed somet I mes, and ttisn you can f + fudge.
The use of stress to single out for st + entJon .par十lcufar parts of sentences !s baslcai Iy the same In Ch Enose and englfsh. The on Iy major d T ffsrence to keep In mT nd Ts that 1n Chinese stress exaggerates the pitch pattern of a tone. Stress doss not give the sy M ab[9 a fa I 1 f ng pitch pattern, as In English. S© carsfu! not to 十urn your stressed Chinese syllables In + o Fal M no-十one sy I I 3b 丨 es »
P&R MODULE
There Is considerably more difference between Ch ī nese end Eng I I sh In 个he use of Intonation pa十terns to Indicate how whole sentences a re to be unders十oocL In English, intonation patterns are most noticeable a十十he ends of sentences. The typical pattern Is a drop at 十he end of the sentence, used for most sta十e-ments and for most questions with ques+lon words like ^wno" or "what."	.
I r m Dan !ē i King.、
Who are you?%
The most common exception to th!s typical pattern In Eng I Ish \s a rise at 十he end of the sentence f used for most questions 十hat can be answered "yes’1 or，，no.n
Are you Mr* King?^
You1 re Mr. King?,
Who am J9	(meaning "You1re asking
who I am?1，）
1n the test 十wo examples, only ths rising Intonation shows thot these are IT6cho quest Ions11 calling for yes/no answers *
In Chinese, the typical Intonatfon ps+十ern--the pattern for most statements--1s the one we have a\ready presented: the sequence of tones, modified by stress, witfi s faster tempo and a narrower, lower pItch range than for words In Isolation.
You will have to fight your nature I tendency as a speaker of English to end statements with a drop tn pftch, A High tone remains s HI gh tone ? a Rising tone remafns a Rising 十 on© and a Low toneě with Its rising taī I, remains a Low tone^ ©ven a十十he end of a statement* Do not change them Into Falling tones.
Tho most common except 1 on to this typical Chtnese In十ona-11 on pattern Is a sllgh+ly raised sequence of tones# used for most questions. Unlike the English rlsfng Intonation, the Ch I nese ra1sed Intonation produces hIgher-+han-norma I pitch throughout the sentence and Is used for quest Ions with question words, as well as for yes/no ques十Ions*
In 十he fol丨owing two sentences, only the difference between ra I sed Intonation and norma I In十onatfon signals 千ha十 the first Is a yes/no question and the second a statement*
P&R
MODULE
Now Iet1s compare th© Intonat\on of a qu^stfon—埘ord ques-11 on w}th f十s answers
NT xīng Wing ma? Us your surname Wsng?)
NT xlng Wing a?
([You say J your surname Is King?)
47
NT shI nSIguo rěn? (Whatf s your natI ona I 1ty?)
Another ChInese \ntonatI on pattern lowers the pitch through* out the servtene钤* oft眘n giving th© voice a breathy qual〖ty rather I f ke a sigh. This pattern I s used for 11 echo questions ,IT wh t ch ar© usb4 to verffy what has been said, Letfs compare a norma I quest ion (raised Intonation) and an "echo quest 1 onTI < I owered Intonat1 on)£
W5 sh1 Mi Iguo rěn * CIfm an AmerI can.)
P&R MODULE
I n d t scuss t ng these three Chinese I ntonat I on pa 十十 errvs, the po t nt has repeatedly been made 个hat 十h©y affect the general pitch level, of th© whole sēn 十 ence* However 3 there are nc 十 fcesble I n-tonatlonāl features st 十h© ends of sentences * These are parti-cu i a rIy no十tenable whan 十he last syllable Is In the Neutral 十one-In fact t the marker a has no r©eI m©&nIng or grammatical fu net I on of Its own, merely se"rv f ng as a carrier of various flnsi pītch eon十ours wh i ch affect mean ī ng. There are also cases where a final syllable with full 十one Is extended to carry one of these final p ī tch contours *
Together wl十h Interjections and the various pause markers which punctuate sentences t these In十onatIonaI dsvfees prov1 da much of the expressiveness of Chinese speech, Keep listening for 十hem.
48
P&R MODULE
APPENDIX I: LIST OF INITIALS
PfnyTn
Roman I z旮11 ori
b	but unvo 1 ced
c	Mbets f lf but more 酋t©d
ch	" but more aspirated and In / r/ positfon
d	fl生"1 , but unvo 1 ced
f	T■上 t 1 I _f
9	Tl£f II p11 but unvo 1 cad
h	T,h_! M „Tl but harsher
j	"丄0®p/* but unvoiced and I n /I/ pos tt Ion
k	1 1 I pn but more asp i rated
i	f,L( 1 ™
m	,fnl 1 1
n	fl£! f"
P	fl£l \ 19 U but mo「《 asp 1 ratdd
	"cheap i11 but more osp I rated and tn i\l pos ttl on
r	_t£3w," but wl+h tongue curled beck more
s ,	IT8essf lf but stronger
sh	TTShawfIT but In /r/ position
t	T, +1 1 1 *pt byt more asp! rated
w	(See Append 1x II, List of Ftnmts,}
X	between tha /sh/ of "sheep'1 nnd the /s/ of "^eap but \ n /I/ poFTt 1 on
y	fSee AppsndIx II, List of F!na1s,5
z	ITbeds^n but unvolesd
zh	ITJ^aw,,p but unvo I ced and fn /r/ pos 11 Ion «•
Nearest English Equivalent
APPENDIX II: LIST OF FINALS
PTnyTn Roman 1zat1 on	Nearest English Equ丨valent	Spe Ming w 1 thout Initial
a	nMa,f	
a 1 an	”Shanghai," "high" nOntar lolf	
ong	"Mf + /ng/	
ao	"Ma。 Tse-tung/M "mouth”	
ar	"Narc1ssus”	
6	” Adgjine”	
ef	"Igl,” "sleigh”	
en	"fun/1 "chicken" ■■ ■« 胃	
eng	"备 ungyt	
er	,ferml ne11	
1 (after s, z, £)	If jJ^st,T (/s/ pos I + I on)	
(after r, zh, ch, ShT —	"washer” (/r/ posl+lon)	rl
(e1sewhere)	^BlkinM*	yt
fa	"Yamaha•" "yahoo," "yacht”	ya
1 an	uyen"	yen
lang	/y/ + uMau + /fig/, "Yonkers"	yang
1 ao	•’yow 1"	yao
1 e	"ye 11owM	ye
I n	Mme£n,f	y 1 n
Ing	"am上no" + /ng/	yf ng
P4R MODULE
PTnyTn Roman丨 zat ion	Nearest Eng 1 ī sh Equivalent	Spe1 I 1ng ^1thout Inl+fal
1 ong ly	/y / + iT womanIT + /ng/ lfVflomanPT	yong you
D*	"W£l 1 T_	
ong	T,womanfl + /ng/	
OU	"sW’	
ti禽*	"Budapest"	wy
us	^qy^! ftylf	wa
ua 1	T,W5f k l kl f 11 ,fwhy,f	wa I
usn**	^quant i ty/T iTJ yanfl	wsn
uang	"Wong/1 ,fq££l r+yfi + /ng/	wong
u [	1Twetghlf	wei
un**	^OweHj, 11 won"	wen
yo	nw^I 1fl	MO
	(no English equivalents pro-nouncad with the tongus In the /I / pos11 ton and the lips In the /u/ poslt【ont s!mu 1 -taneous1y•>	yt?
□ in**	/[I/ + ” 处十arlof_	yQan
ūe**	/U/ + t,h£n,t	y Qq
Un**	/(!/ + /n/	ytfn
* Abbrevfa 十 Ion of / uo/ after lablats b_( £_, and f_.
**/U/, /Uan/, /Ue/, and /Un/ are spelled U£n, ue.# and un_ .respiac 十 f veī y after 丄,q_t x, and
NUMBERS (NUM)
INTRODUCTION
52
Th© ability to use the C h f n s s 0 number system may be one of ths most usefui skills you will acquire during this course. The Numbers resoyrce module Intreduces the Chinese numbers from zero through 99,999 and ordinal numbers,
The essentfal part of this module consists of 十he Numbers (MUM)十apes and the accompany I ng displays and exercfses In the workbook sec十丨on of 十his modu丨e* The workbook 个迓其肀 Is followed by a summary sect ton.
You shou t d work through at !east the first four 卞apes, whIch Introduce the numbers up -to 丨00, whlls you are study-i ng 十he Orien + atlon Module, These tapes Include soma work on pronync I at Ion. Working w[th numbers offers an excellent opportunity to build up fluency and accuracy of pronuncIa-十I on wIthout having to I earn a lot of new vocabulary,
NUM 卞ap©s 5 and 6 are fntended to ba used with the sacon d ha t f of the Money Module, wh© re higher numbers a re usad in banking situations， However, because tapes for the resource rric d u 16 s are as self-contained as possitHa, you may use tham a十 any time with a mtnimum of reference +0 o十her eompōnents of the course.
NUM MODULE
TAPE 1 WORKBOOK (NUMBERS 1-6)
DISPLAY
I	yT	4	si
2	hr	5	wǔ
3	sSn	6	1 \h
Exerci sa I
A *	0 *	C *
一 一 一 _	— ■■鋼■	— »	—
13 2 4	4 13 2	2 14 3
D.	E.
■W-m —	*=■
4 3 12	3 2 J 4
Exerc t se 2
A( 1243 S. 34Zi C. 1324 0. 4152 E. 2431
NUM MODULE
Exerc i se 5
A.__^一―	一 — 一一	C* - ----
12 5 6	3 5 4 6	1653
Ū * _____________
5 2 4 6	5625
Exerc丨 se 4
Ai 53 j 5 b. 5362	C. 1645 0, 2564	E. 6135
NUM MODULE
TAPE 2 WORKBOOK (NUMBIRS 7-10 and 0)
DISPLAY
55
I	yT	6	1 (y
2	er	7	qf
3	sSn	8	bff
4	si	9	Jlū
5	wu	10	sh嘗
0 I ī ng			
Exercise I
A,	8,	0,
5 7 6 8	B 7 I 3	2 7 0 4
D. .	E,
■k*
4 7 3 8	6 6 7 5
Exercise 2
8765	B. 7843 C, 7I57	D. 2867	E, 5S60
NUM MODULE
Exercise 5
A—	B ■	一 —
n	■—*	MS*
7 0 5 6	J 3 5 7	4387
0 Ē •
U m	—
— —*
s 6 4 2	7087
Exercise 4
a	B •	C ___, * —
r I *	iw W» ~~■
■«—
9 0 0 9	7980 9087
0	Ē.
\J 臟	_ __ m^- ■一
av-	•-* —
5 9 0 6	4039
Exerc ī se 5
A, 8790 B* 1939 C , 4096 D, 2005 E. 19BQ
Ex资rc 丨 se 6
A•一 一一一	— 一一	C_— 一 —《
17 7 6	丨 4 9 2	I D 6 6
D____ 一	E * _ ___
16 2 0	19 2 9
NUM MODULE
TAPE 3 WORKBOOK (NUMBERS 11-99)
57
DISPLAY I					
i i	shfyt	20	ěrsh ī	22	fershlěr
I2	s h ī e r	30	sānshf	33	sffnsh1sSn
13	shf sSn	40	si sh f	44	sish! si
14	sh f si	50	wǔsh f	55	wQsh1wQ
15	sh f wu	60	1 lǚshf	66	1tǚshi110
16	shī\ā	70	qtshf	77	qfsh1qt
17	sh f qT	80	bāsh f	B8	bfshlbv
18	shībS	90	jiEishī	99	JlijshlJiǚ
19	shfj lu				
MUM MODULE ExercIbb 1
I. __2. __	3. __4, __5.-
12 40	30 16	20
6. __7. __S. __9. --l0---
;I 70	17 90	M
Exercise 2
u 85	2. 17	3. 4A	4, 93	5, 3B
6, 29	7. 70	8. 26	9. 52	\0, 61
MUM MODULE
TAPE 4 WORKBOOK (NUMBERS 1-99, REVIEW)
59
Exerc!se f
I * 3	2.丨6 ■ 3, 4B	4. 70	5, 22
6 * 91	7. 34	8. 59	9, 6	I0, 30
Exerc ī 2
I - 67	2, |2	3. 90	4, 5片	5, 83
35	7. 26	8. 79	9. 48	10. 4
Exerc ī se 3
I• " + 5	2.	3+8	3,1+2	4.6+9
5- 7+2	6,	9+7	7. 5 + (	6, 5 + $
9. 3 + 9	ICK	4 + 4
Exercfsa 4
I*	2, 4 1	3. 72	4* 13	5t 63
6 * 94	7. 25	8* 66	9. 52	10. 27
Exerciser 5
1 ■ 2! + IŪ	2.	65 +	10 3. 33 +- 10 4. IS +■ 10
5. 59 + 10	6.	7A	+	10 1. 42 + 10 B. 06 + |Q
9. 25 + 10	!0.	76 +	10
NUM MODULE
*RomanīzatI on in parentheses 1ndI cates 十one changes,
TAPE 5 WORKBOOK (NUMBERS 100-999)
DISPLAY I			
I 00 200	ylbif 1 1 SngbSī (1 1 angbS1)	600 700	1 !yb3) qTbS I
300	sānbl!	800	bāhěī
400		900	Jlǚbil ĒJIǚbin
500	wǚbā 1 (wubā1 )		
DISPLAY II			
140	y 1 b S I s 1 s h f	655	1 I yba1wush!wǚ
222	1 t fingbi!ārsh1er C 1 丨 SngbS1ěrsh1©r)	747	qTbllsīshlqT
561	wubě \ 1 1ǚsh f yT (wubS丨 I 1ǚshfyT)	999	JlSbi! jlūshljlLS (jlūbě!jlūshljiǚ)
NUM MODULE
Ēxereise I (Answers ar© on tape.)
I.		5*
2.		7,
3,		8,
4,		9,
5*		10.
ExercI 56 2
t *	630	2_ 543	3*	224	4.	458	5.	770
6,	IB^	7* B52	8*	292	9.	369	10,	987
OtSPLAY lit			
	COLUMN 1		COLUMN 2
104	ylbāI I fngsl	140	ylbifsishf
202	1 iāngbāī1f nger (1 iangbā!1 f nger)	220	1 ISngbi1ftrsh ī C1l£ngbi1irsh f)
405	sibS fl fngwǚ	450	sibS1wǚsh f
603	It uba1 1fngsln	630	1i ubiIs^nsh f
709	qTbai 丨 f ngj I u	790	qtbāijtūshf
NUM MODULE
Answers to Exerc ī ss 4； ], 9(9	2, 741	3. 230	4, 31
rr^2~ 6. 444 7, 208 8. 525 9, 808	10* MO
62
DISPLAY IV		
i 10	y Ha l yTsti f	4 t 4 si ba 1 y Tsh 1 si
21： I	1 1 angbāIyTsh1yt (1 I ingbS1yTshIyT)	716 qTbSlyTshl1fy
3 12	sSribi 1 yTsh i hr	91 B J lubālytshlbS (jlǚbā f yTsh]bff>
DISPLAY V	
1 1 !	212
121	222
131	232
Exgrc丨se 5
I _	10!	2.	1 10	3.	111	4.	270
5,	308	6,	410	7.	555	8,	90!
9,	613	I0-,	220	i i ■	a«2	12.	721
ExercIse 4
1,	909	919	99 1	6.	4 I； 4	44!	444
2,	741	lAl	774	7_	200	208	280
3.	203	213	230	B.	515	525	551
4.	31 1	313	33!	9.	808	868	831
5.	602	612	621	10.	101	1 10	111
NUM MODULE
TAPE 6 WORKBOOK (NUMBERS 1f000-99,999)
63
DISPLAY I			
I ,000	ylqIān	6,000	1 luqtSn
2,000	I Iangq1ān	7#000	q T1 q i 慕 n
3,000	sānC| I In	8,000	bSqIān
4,000	sīqiSn	9,000	j!uq15n
5,000	wǚq1ān		
DISPLAY 11	
1,246	y 1 q J ān 1 ǐ a ngb§ i s 1 5h I 丨 i īi
3,575	sfnq I fnwīibě i qTsh 1 wy
6,750	E i uq f ānqTba I wEish f
Exercīse I
1. 5,555	2*	3,690	3,	1 ,200	4. 6,455
5, 2,699	6.	7 J3I	7.	4,256	8. 9,742
9, 0,329	10、	2Ě 974			
num! module
Exercise 2
64
1 •	Mil	2 ‘	7,11 7	3.	2,210	4,	6,616
5,	4,912	6.	9,115	1 •	3.813	8.	5,419
DISPLAY \l\			
	COLUMN I		COLUMN 2
I.0Ū1 '	a ī i丨 nqvT	IJŪ'	yl q 1 Snyl bā 1 i ī rmyT
2,002	Iǐ ǎngq11T n gěr	2,202	I \snaa\Sn1 iānqbā i 1 f nger
6,005	M uq i ān1tnawu	6,605	[i tia ī 5n 1 i uba i 1 fngwǔ
7.Q07	qTqīīn1fnaqT	7,707	qtq[SnqTbǎifīngqT
9,009	J iuq 1 ān 1 f na.i 1 u	9,909	11 ǔa i Sn.l 1 ūbā M f ngj 1 ū
1 .		6.	
2.		7.	
3.		S.	
4.		9.	
5,		10.	
Exarc丨se 3
(Answers are on page 68,)
NUM MODULE
DISPLAY IV				
I： 0,000 i	y I wan	i 4	0,000	Iiuwěn
2; 0,000	I(ingwān	7；	0,000	q Twān
i 0 ,000 1	sSnwin	( 81	0 • 000	běwln
4: 0,000	si wan	9丨	Op 000	jIǔwan
5: 0,000	wu WB n			
ExercIsa 5
I *	^ M :、	2,	1 ,202	3.	4,007	4,	6,500
5,	7 、丨	6,	3#4 10	7.	9,704	8-	2,002
9,	5,330	10*	2,222				
Exerei se 4
1 .		6_	
2*		7.	
3.		8.	
4.		9*	
5 _		to8	
(Answers are on page 68.)
NUM MODULE
Exerci s扫 6
ExercIse 7
1 * 2,		6, 7,	
3.		8_	
4.		9,	
5.		to.	
DISPLAY V			
	COLUMN 1		COLUMN 2
,0001	y ! wěn 1 I ncjy T	I ,0001	y f W&ft 1 f ngyT
#00i i	Vfwan 1f nqyTsh1yT	1 B IOQ t	V fwāny1q15nIīngyT
,01 1 1	yfwan丨 fngylbi(-ytshiyT	If1101	y f wa ny1qISny t b ā I -!JnayI
1 -	82,139	2.	45,365	3.	2 I,540	4.	69f2\\
5.	93,537	6.	!4,6IO	7.	57,442	8.	38,793
9,	76,818	10.	28,954				
( Answers are on page 68.)
MUM MODULE
ExercIĒfi 8
DISPLAY VI					
No,	42	Da I T	J	lē	Sish1Irhěo
No*	36	Da 1 T	J	lē	SSnsh11 T uhho
ExercIse 9
1 •	No*	42	Oa 1 ǐ	Street
2,	No.	36	Da 1 T	Street
3.	No,	29	Da IT	Street
4*	No.	63	Dalǐ	Street
5.	No,	84	Da IT	Street
：!.	30,015	2.	46,002	3.	70,005	4*	22,20!
5,	34,003	6.	30,009	7、	27,006	8-.	10,055
9*	62,000	10,	90,509				
NUM MODULE
ANSWERS TO TAPE 6 EXERCISES
ExercIse 3
1.	I # 00!	6,	4 ,008
2_	I, 101	7.	9,616
3,	6,505	8.	3,403
4*	7,001	9.	5,501
5,	āf8l0	10.	6f 006
68
Exerc1se 5
Exarc Ise 7
! •	m , m	6,	85,215
2*	52,520	7,	23,310
3、	78,234	8*	67,490
4,	92,467	9.	34,843
5*	4S,73S	10.	29,672
I- 20,00丨	6‘	84,206
2* 40,010	7 ■	60,009
3. 33,001	8,	59,003
4. 70f601	9*	10,050
5. 98,015	to.	20f 505
NUM MODULE
SUMMARY
Vt	« 1 )	wu	(5)	Jiǔ	(9)
% er	(2)	1 i u	(6)	sh ī	(103
sār	t C5)	^r	(7)	1 f ng	fO)
% S 1	(4)	bā	(0)		
sh f yT	(in	sh f si	(!4)	sh fqf	(17)
sh f ěr	(12)	s h f w ǚ	(!5)	shlbā	(18)
s h f s ā n	(15)	shfllu	(16)	sh f J f El	(19)
ěrsh ī	(20)	wǚsh f	(50)	blshf	£80)
sSnshf	(30)	1 I ij s h f	f60)	j 1 Ū £ h f	(90)
s 1 s h f	(40)	qtshf	(70)		
ěrshIyT	(21 )	si sh I j ) u	(49〕	1 1 y s h I a T	f fi7 )
irsh I bar	(28)	sish1yT	141)	qTsh i si	(74)
sffn s hI©r	C32)	wush!sān	(53)	bSsh M 1 Li	
slnshi1 fǚ	(36)	wush 1 b?	(58)	j 1 ū s h 丨 © r	(92)
sish1wu	C45)	1 Iysh ī wy	(65)	J f ǚ s h i J T ǚ	(99)
The C h f ne se system o f numbers is s ī mp t e and predictable, You may ffnd 丨十 more regular th^r the number system !n Eng Jī Sh. Here are the numbers \ to fO ptirs zero ：
The numbers 丨丨 through 19 are formed wfth th^ word for iO* sh1j fo J I owed by the words for 丨 through 9:
You can see that th© sy steni for forming i I through 19 resemb I es add Itlon： Iū + It etc.
The number 20 \s f i ters S Iy "two tens." A I 1 the multiples of JO are formed wfth 十he words for 2 through 9 fotfowsd by 个he word for IQ, shf；
You can ses that 十hTs sys + am resemblas mu I十1pI icatfon: 2 x 10, e+c,	1
The remaining numbers up to. 100 are formed by combining these two systems. For example, to form tha word for 21, ffrst mu (tip ly, ,ftvfo tens," and then add the word fo「I.
No, ice that sh ī j 10, loses its tone In the ^xamp1^5 above,
NUM MODULE
70
yl ba i	<100)	si ba I	(400) qtbāl	(700)
I tāngbā i (1 īanqbal)	(200)	wiibāi (wǔbi1)	(500) bābāi	(800)
sSnbā1	(300)	1 1 u b i !	(600) Jlūbaf C600) (jiǚbān	(900)
yt	y] bS i
1 (ing-	1 īIngbā 1 (11angbāi)
wu	wīiba ! (wǚbi J )
jiū	jlūbāi fj fubli)
ylbif1īngyT	(ion	! lub&I 1 īrigl ly	(606)
! 1 SngbS丨1f ng&r	(202)	qTběI IīngqT	(707)
(1 I ěngbiI Ifngěr)		bfbS 1 1 f _S	(808)
sffnbiI If ngsSn	(303)	j!ybSIIf ngj 1 ǚ	C909)
o> ■wm* or OK 3 (ū U>	(404)	(JIybi ǐ I fngjfu}	
G、C< cr cr oh m tp ta C< īlt	《505)		
HUNDREDS
Multiples of 100 are formed I n the same way as mu 111 p I ©s of 10:十he words for 丨 thrpugh 9 followed by the word for flhundred ,fl -bā ī ■
Notice that th白 word for I9 yTf occurs before -bS f j at十hough It was not used before I0f shf, Note also the dlfferent wo疒d for 2 used	formtng the hundreds. In th© numbers 2P 12,
and a I I numbers con + a f n I ng 2 up to I00# ājr Is used * L lang*
Is used with hundreds.
When forming numbers wtth ^hundred,11 remember that some of the numbers from 丨 through 9 change ton© before the Low tone of -bSI• t (丨} changes from a Hfgh 十one to s Falling tone * Ll^ng (2), wu^ (5〕，and ul £9) change f rom Low torses to Rising ton白s•
The numbers 1 through 9 after the hundreds bring up a special point when there Is no number in 十he tens place; a zerot Iīng, ts used to mark 十hat place.
When numbers In 十he 十e©ns follow the hundreds, tI) Is fnserted before the word for 10, shī• To understand why this Is necessary ^ you neod to d ! st i ngy； I sh between the numbers I through 9 and the numbers which label a group of numbsrs-«more specifically, wh [ ch label a power of 10* such as 1?ten i11 sh； f f "hundred," -běI, and so on. The rule is that two numbers which are labels for other numbers (such as -b a ī and shf) cannot occur one after 十he other* Th^re + oro, I s added before shf In thē numbers I 10 through 119*
■h
NUM MODULE
y1bā1yTsh ī	n io)	bāIyTshtwy	f 5 1 5 1
11āngbāt yTshIyT	ai n	bSbělyTshi丨	fBI6)
sibi1yTshl«r	(412)	sānbāi y Tsh1qT	(317)
j i ybě iyTsh ǐsān	f 9 ! 3 )	1lubāīyTshlbS	(618)
qTba iyTshIb)	[7 14)	y 1 b a 1 y T s h ! j ī ǚ	(119)
The High 十one of charges to 3 Falling tone before the Low tone of -ba < bu+ does not change before shf, as you would expect. TWē- tore of ^T. fs usus I f y affected by any ton© wh f ch follows, but this cbsb Is an excBptlon,
yiqISn1fngbāshI 丨 15	f1,086)
1 Iěngq i ān! S āngbaIěrsh t	(2,220)
wǚqIān1 i dba Iy Tsh f	(5.610)
b5q i Snylbā i 1f ngwS	C8# 105)
J t&q iā*nl fngyTsh IqT	(9,017)
ylqISn	(!f000)	1lāqfffn	(6,000)
1 i āngq1āo	(2,000)	q Tqi ān	(7,000)
s5nqI5n	(3,000)	bSqi Sn	£8,000)
siq i Sn	(4,000)	j 1 ǚ q 1 5 n	(9,000)
w q 丨 3 n	(5,000)		
ylbělbSsh!jlū	(189)	1 t ybā 1 sishIqt	(647)
1 I Sngbs!arshI hr	(222)	qTbS īsānsh11lu	(736)
sānbā ! st sh i 1 i ti	C346)	bāfbiiqtshl J lu	C879)
sibS I bāshI	(460)	J lubil1lushīěr	(962}
wijbS } sffnsh I yT	(53!)		
THOUSANDS
The word for ''thousand" is -q ī Sn. The thousands are formad f n the same way bs ths hundreds.
Notice tlia十"I Is I fěng- and that the High tone of yt changes 十o a Falling tone before the H!gh tone of -qI.
Ru[ss concerning tone changes and us© of ^ and	\ fng for numbers 1n the hundreds also &ppSy +o numbers in 十he thousands.
ylq!5n1 f ngyT	(1,001 )	1 1 u q f 3 n 1 f n g 1 I u	(6,00^6)
I 1aogqIffn1 f nger	(2,002)	qTq1Sn t fngqT	(7,007)
s3nqIffn1 Ingsffn	(3,003)	bSq1Sn1īngbS	(8,008)
siq iSn1 t ngsl	(4,004)	J1uq f ān1fngj 1 u	(9,009) _■ r «i
wuqIffnifngwu	(5,005)		
ylq1ffnslbě11f ng 1 I u	t1,406)
y1qISn1丨 ngs)sh( 1 1 u	C1,046)
ylqIfn1TngI!u	(1,006)
ylq1Sn1 f ng i t ush 1	(1 ,060)
j 1 ǔq ǐSn1 ISngbě f qTsh1bff	(9,	278)
qTqiSnsSnbōlyTshlyT	(7,	311)
s)qISnwǚbS ifersh1ěr	(4f	522)
1 1 ingq I f nyl bǎ I 1 lCishlsffn	(2,163)	
The word for "ten thousand” Is -won•			
y I win	(10,000)	I 1ǚwěn	(60,000)
1 1 ěngwan	(20,000)	qf w^n	(70,000〉
sSnwan	(30,000)	bAwan	(80,000)
st wěn	(40,000)	jIuwān	(90,000)
wuwěn	(50,000)		
j fǚwānerqlSnsānbalslshi 1	(92,346)
1 langwaněrqlSnerbalěrshler	(22,222)
NUM MODULE
The use of Iīng Is expanded in numbers as large as thousands. The word Ifng can stand for 十wo or more adjacent zeros. This use Is similar to the English "and” 丨n none thousand and oneTI ( I ,00 1 ) •
Seemingly, this expansion of the meaning of Ifng couId lead to conluslon, but compare the following:
The remaining numbers Jn the thousands are formed reguIsrIy■
TEN THOUSANDS
Not Ice th&t the numbers yT# qTt and b£ change from High 十ones to Rising tones before t ne FaT I I ng t"ōn0 of -wāin.
The ruIes for hundreds and thousands also apply to ten thousands： I) The word I \ Sng- (2) Is used with _wan,
2) Numbers whIch label a position cannot occur one right after another. 3) The word Ifng can stand for 十wo or more adjacent zeros in a number.
NUM MODULE
ORDINAL NUMBERS
dlyT	C11 number "first”）
dl er	("number 2111 "second115
dl sSn	tTInumber 3,” T,thlrdu)
dl si	(TI number 4,” tTf ourth,f)
dl wu	C11 number 5,” ITf 1 fthn »
6}\\u	(•，number 6 ,11 ,Ts f xthTI)
dlěrsh f	(,TfwentfethM)
73
1 iSngwānwǚqlāfiwiiběisānshl 1 fīj	2*5536
běwan 1 I īiq f Snqtbā I st sh 1 qT	8,6747
[n the first two examp I es er^ ! s used for 2 when i t f s no十 the ■first digit in a number*- TFe second example c 1： ©arty shows 十hat natfve speakers may start off with I IS n g- and thBn sw f tch 十。©「.
Numbers in 十h© ten thousands bring out ā character Isfīc of the Ch T nese number system whIch Is truly different from 十h© English system of numbers» Traditionally* Chfnese numbers were wrItten with the comma to the left of the fourth digit■
běw%n1f ogb8	(80,008)
bi^ān 1 fngbā'shibS	t8Q,088i
bĀwanI Ingbābě1bSshIbā	(80f880}
dlylbě I (NOT dībS"	(ITCon®3 hundredth")
dl ylq i fn (NOT dlqlān)	("ConeD fhousandthM 5
dly f wan (NOT dtwan)	("[one] +©n thousand十h”）
d 1 sh f	C ^number 1 0 f ts 11 十 e n t h J
dUhfyT	C,T n y fn b ē r 1 1 # M 11 e 1 白 v e n + h》
dlsh ǐ J 1 u ■L	(ITnumber 1 9 f Tt Tln 1 nete^nth11}
The prefix dl■ must be foI I owed by a unit number, not by a number wh i ch Ia label for a group of numbers - For Instance:
Not i ce fha*t thts does NOT hold +ru© for the numbers 10 to 19:
L E ke 十he card Inal numbers, ordinal numbers 1n ChInese are also eās I I y and regularly formed * Th© word for ITnumbe r,n d 1 響 (in the sense of 11 number tlf} may be placed before any cardTīTa I number to make i t an ordinal rtumbsr,
MUM MODULE
74
There Is a I so another word, -hāo, which when used nf th a number refers to thIngs in an order. Unllkft the numbers used with dl-, the numbers with -hāo com© to be usad as names for the things they refer to, as "TrT addresses or dates,
Oi IT J 9ē SUhlěrhāo ("No. 4Z Db\l Street")
SSnyue Sānshl ythio	(''March 31 st'1)
SAYING NUMBERS ALOUD
There are two ways to soy numbers aloud, One way Is 十o q1ve the fuIi form of the number, ī nc f udIng the 1abeIs for the powers of JO.
丁 fie other way Is to use n + s I ephone sty f e," leavfng out 十he Iabo!s for the powers of 10-
There are two th 1 ngs to not Ice whon re&d ing numbers ,Ttfilephonfl Style, Fl rst of alt, since there 1 s a s! 1 ght pause between each number, the tone of a syllable Is not changad by the next syllable, Therofora* ali numbers ore pronounced xJth the!r bosīc tooes. Secondly, 1 fng cannot stand for more then one taro (and ī£ repeated If	be),
nTel0phon« sty丨e*1 Is	used to tden+1 fv a ye»r. The
word for ,fyaar,,r ~n\ in, follows +he numbers.
yT-JIǔ-wu-Itng*rIon (1950)
80,01 丨	bawan1 *ngyTshlyl
12,705	y fwěn1i angqISnqTbl1tf ngwǚ
70,009	q f win Ifngjl u
48,347	si winbffq1ffnsffnba1 sish1qT
12,705	yT-ěr-qT-1īng-wu
70,009	qT- I f ng- 1 f ng_ 1； f ng-J I u
43•34 7	si-bā-sSn-sl-āT
CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS (CE)
		
I.	Zāoī ^	Good mōrn丨ng.
2,	Women sh1ng ke ba *	Let1 s begin c丨ass-
3.	Nl tTng wo shu5v	Llsfen to me ssy It,
4 •	Nǐ dong 1@ ma?	Do you understand now?
5.	W6 bu dēng.	I don 11 understand *
6.	D5ng le*	1 understand*
7.	Qīng gānzha 5 h> y S .	P丨e&se r任pea十 after me.
8.	07 ng n1 zhī shuō y f cl•	Please say tt agalru
9,	Dy1 10,	That1s correct*
IO*	8u du1 ,	That1 s not right.
I I .	W5 bu zhldeo.	1 donft know.
12,	Shi shinm@ y1s f?	What does 丨十 mean?
I 3.	HaOp w6m©n ke ba.	Okey, ctass fs over,
		
75
CE 1
CE 2
! * 2.	Wo mel tTngqTngchu * Wo- you y 1 ge wfentf.	I d 1 dn11 hear clearly. I have a question.	
3,	Nl shuōcuo 1 a «	You said It wrong*	
4.	Nlde fāyTn bǚ těT hio.	Your pronunciation isnT+ foe good.	t
5,	Nǐ g5：n shuS,	You ta I k w i + h him OR You 十e H ft to h1mf	
6.	Wěng DanIěnf nT wěn w©ntf_	Wang Danīan, you ask the quest Ions .	
7,	Hū M© [ I īng * nl hu f clě . mk	Hu Měilīng* you answer them,	
76
s,	QT ng nl fSnchěng Zhōngwěn,	Pleas© translate It Into Ch1nese *
9.	Q*! ng nT f Snchěng YTngwěn ,	Pl©as© trānsl曰十e it Into Eng 1 i sh ■
10*	QT ng da yldIinr shBngytn shuō.	p1 ease tā丨k迓丨1十t丨妇louder^
i I -	Ql ng mhn y 1 d 1 an ：r shu5 .	PI esse ta1k a little s1ower *
12.	ZhSng LioshT, n ǐ n hāoI	Mr。 (Teacher) Zhāng, how ar© you?
13.	Mlngtiffn j Un .	Sbb you 肀omorrow.
14,	Car Zhōngwěn z&nm© shuff?	How do you say ptcarn i n Chinese?
TIME and DATES (T&D)
INTRODUCTION
Th1b resource modu!e summarfzes and supplements core module presentat! ons Involving dates and； time* Time and Dates (T&D) tapes I and 2 cover dates (year, month # day of the month, day of tha weak!, and such express 丨 ons as "next woekTI and Iryesf erday1p). T&D tapes 3 and 4 cover time felock time and such expressions as ITI n the morning，,}_
The prerequisites for this module are P&R tapes I -6 and NUM tapes 1*4. Otherwise# the Time and Dates Module Is self-eon十ained, Not©, however ^ that dates are Introduced with tapes 5 and 6 of the Biographic Information Module and that time is Introdue^d with 十apes 5 and 6 of 十he Money Module*
77
TfiD MODULE
TAPE 1 WORKBOOK (DATES) *
Ēxerciis皂 I (Answers are		on tape■)	
!,	(I 5 August 5th	(2) September 5十h	<3> August 15th
2.	(I ) August 2nd	(2) August 20th	(3i July 10十h
3.	(t ) J angary 20th	£2) July 12th	(3) October 20th
4,	(I) October 4+h	(2) February 8th	(3) November 丨0十h
5.	([)February 9th	(2) December 4th	(3) June 14th
	(I ) February 7th	(2) December 7th	(3) December Isf
7.	(I) April 1st	(2) Oc+obsr 13+h	(3) Msy 7th
S.	Cl) October ĪOth	(2) Apr!1 11th	(3) April 1st
9.	U ) July 17th	(2 ī March 19th	(3) Janyary 丨1 + h
10.	tl) December 25th	(2) July 3!st	(3) January 31st
*The Summary a十 the end of this module restates the rutes presented on TftD Tape I»
78
DISPLAY I				
t , Aprf	1 20th	4. March 14+h	7.	September 3rd
2- May	20十h	5, March 25th	8,	Jli 1 y 3rd
3* May	I4th	6* September 25th	9.	July i1th
DISPLAY 11		
I, February I 8	3. July 20	5, October 4
2, November 1	4 , May 4	6, July 1
T&D MODULE
TAPE 2 WORKBOOK (YEARS AND DAYS OF THE WEEK)
DISPLAY II			
LAST		THIS	NEXT
1	1925	1926	1927
			
2	I960	1961	1962
			
3	?	R&a 1 T I m©	7
Sunday	Thursday
Monday	Friday
Tuesday	Saturday
Wednesday	
DISPLAY 1			
1 .	February 22, 1732	4.	June 丨 5, 1215
2.	July 4th, 1776	5.	May B * 194 5
3,	J anuary 1, 1863	6,	Apr! ! 7, 1939
Exercise ；
TfiD MODULE
Exercise 2
1.	Monday	r uesday	
2*	Thursday	Fr1 day	
3,	Friday	S3turd»y	Sunday
4*	Thursday	Fr1 day	Satu rday
5*	Wednesday	Thursday	Friday
6,	Thursday	Friday	Saturday
7,	Monday	Tuesday	Wednesday
8,	Wednesday	Thursday	Friday
DISPLAY III
March							
1	Sunday 3	Monday 4	Tuesday 5	Wednesday 6	Thursday 7 :	Fr1 day 8	Saturday 9
August ,							
2	Sunday 12	Monday 13	Tuesday .14	Wednesday 15	1 Thursday 16	Fr丨 dsy 17	Saturday 18
DacembQr							
3	Sunday 20	1 Monday 21	Tuesday 22	Wednesday 23	Thtirsday 24	Friday 25	Saturday 26
TfiD MODULE
TAPE 3 WORKBOOK (CLOCK TIME)
DISPLAY
DISPLAY II
i *	5:00	3, 2:00	5.	12:00	?•	n ：oo
2*	7:00	4, 10:00	6.	3:00	8f	8:00
1 .		2,	
3.		4,	
5,		6,	
ExercIse I
ExercIse 2
ExercIse 5
DISPLAY III					
1 .	4: 10	3.	7:35	5.	\ :04
2.	12:25	4.	6:43	6.	9:45
1 ,		6.	
2.		7.	
3.		8.	
4.		9.	
5.		10.	
1 .	10:	6.
2.	1 :	7..
3.	5:	8.
4.	9：	9.
5.	4t	10.
1 .	4:00	4:15	4:30	4:45
2.	6:00	6:15	6:30	6:45
3.	2:00	2: 15	2:30	2:45
4.	12:00	12:15	12:30	丨2: 45
5,	1 1 :00	1 ! i 1 5	1 1 :30	! 1 :45
(Answers are on page 83* J
(Answers are on page 83*)
(Answers are on page 83.)
TiD MODULE
ANSWERS TO TAPE 3 EXERCISES
ExercIse 1
1 •	tO: 15	6.	1 f ：45
2,	1:15	7.	8:15
3.	5:30	8.	7:00
4.	9:45	9.	12:30
5.	4; 30	10.	2:45
Exarc丨ss 3
1 .	4: 30	2.	6:00	* 3.	2:45	4,	1 2 " 5	5_	I 1 ：45
Exercī sa 2
I. 3:05	6.	4:13
2_ 5:07	7.	8: 15
3. 9:20	8*	1 1 ：s： 10
4_ 10:40	9_	1 2:45
5. 6:59	10、	7 s 30
TAPE 4 WORKBOOK (CLOCK TIME AND PARTS OF THE DAY) *
ExercIse I
1.		4.		7.
2.		5.		8.
3.		6.		9.
【片n5W0厂s ors on page ao* t
DISPLAY 1		
1 . 6:15	3. 9:20	5. 1:17
2. 3i 10	4. i 1 : 30	6. 5:05
DISPLAY II			
.5j45	3. 11:40	5.	7:55
.1 :50	4. 9:46	6.	12:59
* For fur十her Information on de_ as an Indicator of pas十 time, see notes on Nos* 6-7, Uni 十 Ā"7 BIO*
THE	CLOCK
ŪpFotti noon unti I m I d rH g h t 】
^aocheti
(sunup)
T&D MODULE
THE A.M, CLOCK (from mJdnfght u fit til noon 十he next day)
DISPLAY III I
Exercise 2
1.		4.		7.	
2*		5.		8.	
3.		6.		9.	
(Answers are on page SB•)
Exercise 3
i .	last year	1ast year	las十 year
	February	March	Apr H
2.	last year	+hls year	next year
	J anuory	Apr 1 1	Apr fl
3.	十his year	十his year	next year
	July	January	November
4.	las十 month	thts month	next month
	3rd	18th	9th
5.	1ast month	next month	next month
	20+h	5th	2nd
6.	last week	this week	nek十 week
	Monday	Tuesday	Fr1 day
7.	十his week	this week	next week
	Thursday	Saturday	Wednesday
e.	August 6th	May 3rd	December 丨丨 th
9.	July 2nd	January 21s个	October 13十h
!0.	February I7th	March 30+h	June 8th
(Answers are on page 88.)
T&D MODULE
DISPLAY IV
07
	
	
	
	
T&D MODULE
ANSWERS TO TAPE 4 EXERCISES
Exerc丨 se
1,	I :50	4,.	5:15	7*	4 :20
2,	8:35	5,	8:05	8,	3: 30
3.	6; 00	6,	7:45	9.	11:10
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
88
1 .	2:00 p.m.	4,	9:45 p.m«	7*	a:50 p.m ,
2_ 3,	10:15 a•m-12:30 p	5. 6,	5:00 a*m_ 6;25 a.m*	8* 9.	11:50 p.m. 11:05 a,m■
f.	las十 year Februa ry	6.	this week Tuesday
2.	+hfs year Apr) 1	7*	next week Wednasdcy
3.	th! s year July	8.	August 6th
4.	next month 9th	9.	January 21s十
5_	1 ©st month 20 th	10,	June 8th
ISO MODULE
SUMMARY
MONTH, DAY, AND YEAR
In Chinese、十he names for 十h© months numbers I through 12 followed by 十he word
of th© year are th© for K mo nth/1 vue ■ *
Y f yy 0	("JanuaryH )	Q t yuě	(nJuIyM»
Ēryuě	f MF0briiaryTI)	9ay us	(TIAygust,f)
Sānyu©	(,TMarchIT)	Jiuyye	t,lS©pt*mb©rn)
Si y ue	(1PAprI I ,r5	Shfyuě	(^October11)
Wyyue	("May”	S hfytyuě	("Novamber")
Li uyu©	CtTJun©11)	Shīeryuě	("December”)
The tones on the numbers ytf qtf and b_5 change 十o Rising tones before 十he Falling 十one df yua.
The day of fq丨 I owed by 十he
十he month Is expressed by 十he bound word -hěo, Lt十erally,
number of 十he day ■hao means ^nymber
s Vh^o	(*,十he 4th”
q f hio	("the 7thlf)
sh f qthao	(Tltha l7thtT)
C sh īq fhio)	
&rsh1bffhěo	tiTtha ZBthlf)
(ěrshIběh&o)	
	
* Yu© was in + rodueed ! n 十he Biographic: Information Module with 十 Fi""spe I IJ ng y U e • Start i ng wfth the Money Module, ths yml aut
I s written only where ft Is necessary f n PTn y tn: dft©r e and to distinguish rtu f rom nU and lu f rom [ īJ,
^	I ■丨•	-jj »■
89
No个 Icb 十tva十 the numbers 3^, and bā do no十 a 丨 ways change tone when part of a larger number* TKl s varies from speaker to speaker.
Ths order of the month and ths day of 十he month ts tha same !n ChInese ss It Is t n English;
Qiyue slhāo	('Uuiy 411)
Bēyuě j ǐuhao	CTtAugust 9,f)
Sh I eryue ersh i ©rhěo (irD0C©mb©r 22”）
0fyul sihāo	('UuIy 4")
Bayy© j ī uhao	{TtAugust 9”）
Sh f ěryue ersh t ©rhěo	(^December 22Tl)
To ask what month or what day of 十he month it Is, use the quest 1 on word jf ^ t ,Thow many":
J1- f s usually used when the number In the	answer Is expected
十o be no more than 10 or so (duōshao being	used otherwise)-
But not]ce 十ha十 H- Is used for the day of	十he month, when the answer may corvtatTT a number up to 31 .
In I dent IfyIng years, four single-dlglt numbers are foI I owed by 十he word -n I 6n . "year":
These numbers are given fn ,ft© 1 ophone s十yleIT Con© by one), not combined I n+o a larger number. YT, qT, and b_5 do no 十 change tone In "telephone style.”
When asking M w h a t year?If 十 he question word n e I n 15 n Is used ： NT shi ne1n}an shSngde? ("What year were you born?")
When giving the month# dayf and year In Chinese, proceed from the larger to the smaller:
YTqTqTIi ǚnI an Qīyu© sihio ("July 4 t 1776”）
YtjIǚwǚI Ingn t in SSnyue sSnsh!yThao t”Ma「ch 31, 1950”）
YTJ I u 1 ī ng I f ngn f Sn LI uyue sh f wǔhao C"June 15, I 900IT)
No 十 Tee that the word I f n g, "zero,Tl Is Inserted each . t i me a zero fs used.
DAYS OF THE WEEK
The names for days of the week from Monday through Saturday are formed by using th© word for Mweek,u xTng, foI I owed by e number* Not Ice thōt the ChInese week beg Ins on Monday•
ZhěIge yue shf jlyue?	(MWhat month Is this?")
J Tnt[an j1hao?	十 Is 十oday!s date?
YTJ1uhr1 Iun1 An	(1926)
YTJ ! īisffnsSnn i an	(1933)
YTJIusl©rnI an	t1942)
YTJtuwu1t ngnIěn	(1950)
xTngqT	("week")
XTngqTyT	("Monday")
■XTngqTer	(’-Tuesday")
XTngqTsSn	("Wednesday”)
XTngqTsl	("Thu rsday”)
XTngqTwǔ	("F「lday"5
XYngqTl1□	<!,Saturdayn)
T&D MODULE
There are 肀 wo different words for "Sunday ,fl neither con-
十a i n t fig a nu mb© r :
XTngqTt1 In	("Sunday")
XTngqTrl
Literally, XTngqTt 1 Sn Is "heaven day*” and XTngqTrl Is 11 sun day*11
In add I十ion to these common i y used namesj which a r© standard !n the People's Repub丨lc of C h I n a # there are names formed w i +h 11ba I:
TIME WORDS WITH DAY, WEEK, MONTH, AND YEAR
LHalyT	t "Monday11)
LTbllar	t "Ttiesday")
LlbaIsāū	(ITWednesctaylf J
LTba 1 si	("Thursday")
Libhiwu	("Fri day")
Lǐbāl I 1 y	「■Saturday”！
LlbaltlSn Lǐbālrl	tfl S u n d a y11)
JTntlSn xTňgqTjl?	("What day Is today?11 >
jfn+iSn nbělj^?	("What day Is today?11)
JTnn1 an ("thfs year")	JTn十tSn (^today'1)
mf ngn i ěn ("next year11)	mfng十1思n (Tl tomorrow")
q y n i S n (ri 1 a s + y a a r M )	zu6个t 5n ("yesterday” J
houn1 an (11 year after nexf11J	hout1En (day after tomorrow1')
q i a n n 1 ě n ("year be for© last"】	q i a nt i ān (11 day before yesterday11}
To ask what day of tha week 丨十 Is,十 he quest! on word Jf-i 5 used:
The words for 111h I s year^11 "next year,IT and so on and 十he words for "today,” Tl tomorrow p fl and so forth are parallel, wl + h □ ne except I on i
T&D MODULE
The words for 111h i s mon十H flnext mori十and so on and the words for lfthls week," "next weekt ir and so forth a re parallel:
z h e I a e yue r-this month■”	zhe1ge xTngqT OR zhě]ge 1T bā 1 (irth 1 s week^ )
xiage yufe (^next month,r)	x I age xTngqT OR x1 age iTba! ("next week”
shangge yue ("last month”	shanggs xtngqT OR sh&ngge 1Tbi t tn I as t we©kn)
TELLING TIME
D 1 HteraMy mean I ng Tldot # M Is the counter for hours on the c 1 ock. The word zhōwq, "o’clock" U f tera I I y “clock”, I s added op+1onaIIy«
Yldlěn (zhōng)	Cl:00)	QTd1Sn (zhōng)	(7:00)
LI ingd!an (zh5ng)	<2:00)	83dtan (zh5ng)	(8:00)
S5nd15n (zhōng}	<3:00)	J1ǚd1Sn Czhffng)	(9：00>
Sid I Sn (zhSng〉	(4:00)	ShfdIān (2hōng)	(10:00)
W&dlSn (zh5ng)	(5:00)	ShIyTdIan 【zhōng)	(1 1 :00)
L t ud1Sn (2h5ng)	(6:00)	ShterdIān (2hōng)	C12:00)
To express + Im© on the ha I f hour, the word ban, "half,11 !s used:
L 1 ingd[an bin Czhōng)	(2:30)
Wud f Sn bhn (zh5ng)	(5:30)
j f ud t Sn ban (zhōng)	{9:30)
ShfvTd15n bin (zhōng)	(11:30)
Not tee 十 ha 十 these express i ons can a I so end In zhCng y c 1 ock.11
To express 十丨me on +h© quarter hour,肀he word ke, ^quarter,11 I s used；
YldI an y f ke	(1:15, ”a quarter after 111)
L1 ingd1ān sSnke	(2:45, ,Tthree quarters past 2”）
WūdlSn yfke	(5 : 1 5 # ira quarter past 5”）
Shlerd[an sānkě	(12:45, Mthree quarters past 1 211)
A more specific way to express 个he idea of ”quarter pas十 the hou rif I s with the word quo,	pass"r
T&D MODULE
sid i an guo y T ke	("a qysr+er past 戽M)
sh f ě rd lin guo y f ke	(,,a quarter pas十 12”）
To express the Idea of "quarter to the hour/1 the word chb, fl+o I ack,lf may be u sad :	一
j I ǚ d 1 S n cha y ī kě OR chā y(k© j[ud 11n	11Pa quarter to 9n)
shIytd[an chā y ī kh OR cha y f ke shīyTd1 an	("a quarter to 1 1lf)
Wi 卞 ti expressions of quarter hours before the hour p	word
orders are possible, (Only one Is possible with expressions of t f me after the hour,,》
Express 丨ons of quarter hours before the hour or past th® hour do not end I n 2hdn^t "o1 c I ock*fl
The word fēn, ,fml nu te,11 Is used to give the exact time:
I 1 angd1 in shfwyfēn	(2:15)
bād Tin ershfārfSn	(8:22)
shldlěn sh!fēn	(10:10)
sh fIrdIān sfnsh1qTfffn	(12:37)
Fēn may b© omitted fn longer 11 me expressions:
y1dI5n s5n sh i wu	(1:35)
yldiin sānsh1wufēn	
Th© word I ī ngf ITz©rof IT may be added to clarify a time express ion:
Sind 1 ān wufSn	(3:05)
sSnd tan 1fng w&f9n	
Gu& and ch^ may ba usad wJth 11 me express Ions IncI yd Ing minutes;
sffndISn guo ersh1f5n	£fl20 minutes after 3")
qTd1 an chi shff吞n chh shIfffn qTdJān	(fl 10 minutes before 7fl)
To ask what 11 me of day If 1 s p use th© question word Jj_ ：
J Td 1 an zh巧ng?	("What time Is It?")
PARTS OF THE DAY
[n Chinese, th© different parts of a day are referred to as follows: HOURS (approx.)		
zaoshang (zSochěn)	(,Tmorn 1 ngM--f u I 1 daylight un十11 near noon)	6-11 a.m.
shSngwu (shangwu)	(ftforenoonff--norma 1 wo广k 丨 r»g hours un十II noon >	8 or 9 a.m. unt11 II a.m» or 1 p.m.
ihōngwu (zhSngwu)	{MnoonTI)	II a.m. until I p.m.
x l &WǓ (xliwu)	(,faf ter noonfl--noon un+tl fh© end of 十he bus 1 ness day)	1-5 p.m.
wSnshang	("even 1 ng,f-_af十er 十he evening mea 1 >	6-M p.m,
biny^	(”mldnlght">	
yb 1 1	(,rn I ghtf,--genera 1 1 y from around II p.m. until sunrise)	II p.m. untIt 4 a.m*
		
In Chinese, clock time Is often precedod by a word desIg-nsting the part of the day Involved:
Not Ice that the ChInese word order once agafn begins with the larger unit and proceeds to the smaller.
zāoshang qTdlSn zhCng	(”7 o’clock In the morning,*1 7 a.)
wǎnshang bād I hn bhr\ 2h5ng	(,f8 : 30 I n +he evening/1 8:30 p*m,)