CM 0310

STANDARD CHINESE A Modular Approach

MODULE 8: TRAVELING IN CHINA STUDENT TEXT AND WORKBOOK

SPONSORED BY

AGENCIES OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN GOVERNMENTS

This publication is to be used primarily in support of training military personnel as part of the Defense Language Program (resident and nonresident). Inquiries concerning the use of materials, including requests for copies, should be addressed to:

Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center Nonresident Instruction Division Presidio of Monterey, CA 93940

Topics in the areas of politics’ international relations, mores’ etc., which may be considered as controversial from some points of view are sometimes included in language training for DLIFLC students, since military personnel may find themselves in positions where clear understanding of conversations or written material of this nature will be essential to their mission. The presence of controversial statements—whether real or apparent—in DLIFLC materials should not be construed as representing the opinions of the writers, of the Defense Language Institute, or of the Department of Defense.

In DLIFLC publications, the words ‘.lie’” “him,” and “his” denote both masculine and feminine genders. This statement does not apply to translations of foreign language texts.

STANDARD CHINESE

A MODULAR APPROACH

STUDENT TEXT AND WORKBOOK

MODULE 8: TRAVELING IN CHINA

DRAFT EDITION

JULY 1982

Table of Contents

Objectives for the Travel Module .................

About Module Eight .............._ ..........

Unit 1 Travel Plans with Luxlngshě

Reference List.....................

Vocabulary List.....................

Reference Notes.......'........... • • •

Tape 1 Review Dialogue ..................

Tape 2 Workbook...... ................

Exercise Dialogues . . . ^x.................

Unit 2 Education in Betjīng

Reference List......................

Vocabulary List.....................

Reference Notes .....................

Tape 1 Review Dialogue ..................

Tape 2 Workbook ................. • • • •

Exercise Dialogues ...................

Unit 3 Sljiqīng People¹ s Cosssune

Reference List ......................

Vocabulary List .....................

Reference Notes .....................

Tape 1 Review Dialogue ..................

Tape 2 Workbook..............:......

Exercise Dialogues ....................

Unit U Ancient Architectural Art

Reference List ......................

Vocabulary List ......................

Reference Notes ......................

Tape 1 Revlev Dialogue ..................

Tape 2 Workbook ......................

Exercise Dialogues ....................

Unit 5 Economic Construction and Natural Resources

Reference List .......................

Vocabulary List......................

Reference Notes ......................

Tape 1 Revlev Dialogue ...................

Tape 2 Workbook ......................

Exercise Dialogues .....................

Unit 6 National Minorities

Reference List ......................

Vocabulary List .....................

Reference Notes .....................

Tape 1 Review Dialogue ..................

Tape 2 Workbook .....................

Exercise Dialogues ....................

Unit 7    -

Reference List......................

Vocabulary List .....................

Reference Notes............'..........

Tape 1 Review Dialogue ..................

Tape 2 Workbook .....................

Exercise Dialogues ....................

Unit 8

Reference List......................

Vocabulary List......................

Reference -Notes • ....................

Tape 1 Review Dialogue................ • •

Tape 2 Workbook .....................

Exercise Dialogues • • _t .................

Vocabulary List for the Module..............■.....

List of Tapes in this Module ....................

Unit 1> Reference List

1.    a： W8oen zSnme chenghu nln    Hov should ve address you?

hlo ne?

B: Lfii zheli cangu&n f&pgvende    People vho come here to visit all

ren dou Jiao v8 L&o Wing.    call me Lio Wing.

2.    A: Nln xiing zheijian shi    What do you think would be the best

zfeme anp£i b£o?    way to arrange this?

B: W5 xlSng sul hSo dSng v5    I think it would be best to wait

h备 Sh&nghXi f&ngmlan    until I^fve contacted ShSjigh&l

li&ny? yixik zSi shuo.    and then ve¹!! see about it.

3.    a： TīngsbuS nln dui zhel yldaLl*    I've heard that you¹ re an expert

de fSngyfa: hen ySu yinj iu.    on the dialect of this area.

B: N&ll! W8 zhl shi liloJi?    Oh no! I Just knov a little

yidlSnr, t&nbud^o y5u    about it; I couldn't say I'm

y&njiǔ•    an expert•

U_ A: XiiLnziLl Zhonggu6 ydngde    China nov produce丨 most of the oil

ahlySu dSbilfen shi zijX    that it uses, isn't that right? sbengch&nde, dui "baT

B: B^i, aufabii shi zijl sheng-    No, they produce all of it, chXnde.

5.    A: D^bilfen bSifang ren dou    Most northerners can speak the

hoi shu5 pStSnghuiU dui    standard language« can't they? bu dui?

B: Ou, bū zhl 8hi bSifSng ren,    Oh, not Just northerners. A lot

h?n du3 n&nfang r^nde    of southerners speak standard

p&t5nghui y8 bfi cud.    Chinese pretty veil, too.

6.    A: Mlngtlan v8 Jlil c6ng Shenzhen    Tomorrow Vm going to leave the

2ldlls&    country from Shenzhen*

B: 6, shiaw kuii! WJ5 h&l ylvei    Oh, so soon! I thought you could go

ol nSng gin vSaen dio    vith us to Suzhou for a fev days. Suzhou q备 v&nr Jitian na!

了. A: Dongb?!, XTbll nl dou qil-    You We ^been to Manchuria and the

guo le *baT    Northwest, haven't you?

B: Zki DongbSi v8 zhl cSnguinle    In Manchuria I We only visited

D&qjng, XTb^i b&i mei qxi    D^qing, and I haven ^ft been to

8.    A: m xlia z8u hlo la, v5 Jill    You go ahead and leave. I,U be * lii_#    right there.

B： HXo. Hul t6u    Okay. See you in a while.

9.    A: Zheivei xuezh8 yinjiude shi    What subject does this scholar

nel fangmiinde ventl?    study?

B： TS yiajiude zhSyao shi    She mainly studies languages and

yibr&n he ygyfcixue.    linguistics.

10.    A: Zii XīaUSng Nelm^ng yidii    In the region of XlnJiang and Inner

měiyou hSn duo ren shuo    Mongolia not many people speak

pStorxghud. ba?    st&ndaxd Chinese* do they?

B: Dui, zki nelxie difang.    Right. In those places the minority

ah&oshxi mlnigll y3y4n zhan    nationality languages occupy the

zhSy^ode divel•    major position.

11.    A: Nlmen xlSng qilde dtqu oufcx    Have you been to all the regions you

d5u qjL le b&? Hii y<5u    wanted to go to? Do you have any

shenme v^ntl meiyou?    ioore questions?

B: Meiyou sheome věntl le.    We don^ft have any more questions•

Luxlngshede gongzud g&ode    The China Travel Service did a very

hSn hiio_f"w8men hen m&nyi>    good Job and ve*re very pleased.

12.    iSxlngtu&n.    tour group

13.    Gulngxī    (an autonomous region,

formerly spelled Kv&ngsl)

lU. Guilin    (a famous scenic city in Gu&ngxI)

15.    Yfinnon    (a province In southern China)

16.    Guizhou    (a province, formerly spelled

Kveichov)

17.    Hu&bSi    north China

18.    Hu&n&n    south China

19.    Hu&zigshazi    (a famous scenic mountain In

Anhxxī province)

Unit 1_ Vocabulary List

anp£l    to axr&nge

bSif&ng    the north

blj iio    cozzrp&r&t ively

cSnguan    to visit and observe

chenghu    to call

dabO^en    mostly

d^i    zone, &re&, belt

D&qing    (& city in Heil6ngji&ng province)

diqu    are&, district/ region

DongbSi    Manchuria

fXngven    to visit and meet vlth

dialect

gXo    to do

Gulngxī    (& province in so\zth China)

Guilin    (& city in Gulngxī province)

Guizhou    (& province of China)

Hu£b2i    north of China

Hu&zi&n    south of China

Hu&ngshan    (& mountain in Jlxihul province)

hult6u Ji&n    See you later!

liixixi    to contact

liEoJi?    to understand

l£ j£ng    to leave a country or place

l5x£ngshe    travel service, travel agency

lūxfngtu£n    tour group

mlnz仓    ethnic group, nation

n£nfSzig    the south

NdlaSng    Inner Mongolia

pflt5n^nai    the ccomon (standard) language

entirely

qu&nbū    entire, whole

sbloshū    small number, fev, minority

8hXo8h\l m£nz1i    minority nationality

Shenzhen    (a city In GuXngdSng province)

ahly6u    petroleum* oil

XlbJSl    northvest

Xlnjilng    (an autonomous region of China)

xu^zhS    scholar

ylvěi    to think (mistakenly)_t to assume

YUnnin    (a province of China)

y3y4n    language

yiSyinxue    linguistics

...zii shu5    ."and then ve^f 11 see about it

zhkū    to occupy, to take up

zhSyio    m&in、 mainly

Unit Reference Notes

1. A: WSaen z2zune chenghu nln    How should we address you? hSo ne?

B: L&i zheli cangu&n fSngvende    People vho come here to visit all

ren dou Jiax> vS īāo W&ng.    c&ll me L&o W£ng.

Rotes on No. 1

Asking hov to address someone: If you are not sure hov to address someone, it is usually acceptable to ask the person himself. Most Chinese recognize that they have a complicated system of terms of address, and are happy to answer such questions•

chenghu: "to address^w or ¹¹ form of addressⁿ

Kuai g^osu vo, v5 gai zixme    Quick tell me: hov shoxild I

chenghu nlde fikiu ne?    addres，your parents?

Xiang "XiSo Wing,” "L5o Zhǎng" Forma of address like "Xilo Wing^w zhelzhSng chenghu xl&nzal    and "LSo Zhangⁿ are nov very

hSn llūxlzig le*    comzson.

• • • hSo ne?: ^rtWould it be best to . . . ?ⁿ VSaen    chenghu pin

acts as the subject of the verb hXo. Here is a diagram:

¹    ■    ■    I

VSmen zSrane chenghu nln    ! hSo ne?

___ • —---

([For] us to address you hov J [would] be good?)

*

^rtHov would it be best for us to address you?¹¹

For sentences vlth & similar structure, comp&re 2A. and 8A belov. Here &re three further exu^ples:

ZSzime sud hXoT    What should I do?

ZSnme chi hXo ne?    Hov should it be cooked (lit.,

ⁿeatenⁿ)?

W8 zhen bil zhldao gaosu t& hSo I really don’t knov whether I should ne, h&lshl b<i gaosu t& hXo?    tell him or not.

CSnguan^ literally, "enter-look," and flngven. literally, ⁿvlsit-inter-viev," are both sometimes translated &8 ”to visit," but there an important difference in their ae&nlng: you cangu&n & place (like & museum), but you f&pgven people* Thus, canguan is translated as ^wvisit and observe, and f&ngvěn &8 ^wvisit and talk vith.¹¹ By extension, you can also fXngvěn & place, but this implies & fom&l visit to a country or visits to factories or offices where the visitors have a chance to talk vlth the responsible people and vorkers. In addition* fXngvěn also sometimes translates the English verb

^wto interview.^w Exaaples:

W8 bil xXhu&n canguan zhelyangde    I don’t like to visit this kind.of

dlfang, v8 xiing canguan    place. I vant to visit a factory. gongch&ng•

Dutbuql xlansheng, zh^li shi    I^Tm sorry, sir. This is a military

Junshi dlqū, b\l keyi canguan.    zone; sightseeing is not permitted.

Qunl&n v5 zai Zh5nggu6 f&ngvenle    Last year in China I visited tvo

ll&ngge ginbu jlātlzig.    cadres^f families.

Zai llSngge xlngqlll, tamen    They visited six cities in tvo veeks.

fSngvěnle Huge chengshl.    (Implies that they talked vith

city officials.)

Zhe zhen shi yici ySu yiside    This was really an Interesting visit, f&ngven.

Zu6tlan tamen qil fXngwenle    Yesterday they vent to intervlev

ylvei ySu mlngde Zhonggu6    a famous Chinese scholar. xuezh%.

2. A: Nln xl&ng zheijlan shi    What do you think would be the best

z^nme Snpii blji&o hSo?    vay to arrange this?

B: W8 xi'&ng zuī hSo dSng vS    I think it vould be best to vait

he ShinghZl fangzalan    until I^fve contacted ShanghXl

liinxi ylxia zai shu5»    and then ve^fU see about it.

Notes on No, 2

The structure of sentence 2A, vhich is similar to that of 1A, can be diagrainaed this vay:

I I »    I

Zh^ljlin shi 丨丨    z¥nme anp&i I tlJiXo h&o?

■ i • 9 I    *■

(CAb for] this matter J !    hov arrange ! Cvould be] comp&ra-

! !    J tively better?

¹

anp£i: "to arrange," ⁿto set up"

Ta zSngshl shijiu anp&lde    He alvays arranges his time veil. h«n hlo.

Nl xlan zhuSzi anp&lhSo,    First arrange the tables; the guests

k^ren kuii lii le.    vlll te here soon.

Ta Sanyue ylql&n Jiu b1l z&i    He had left here even before March,

zh^r« bel anp&l dio blede    having been assigned to another

dif&ng qu le.    location.

'blM'io or Hjiao： (1) "Comparatively," ”relatively,” "more” is the meaning in sentence 2A. Bl.1 i&o also has the following meanings:

(2)    "to compare":

Yaoshi bijiao zhe li&ngge cheng- If you compare these tvo cities, shi, vō h&ishi xlhu&n H&ngzh5u. I prefer H£ngzhou.

WSmen keyi bijiao yixia she!    We can compare vho did it better,

zuode hSo.

(3)    "fairly," "rather"

Jlntian bijiao leng， duo chuān It^fs rather cold today, put on some di&nr ylfti.    clothing.

Context vill often tell you whether blji&o as an advert implies & comparison (in which case it should be translated as "comparatively," "relatively," or "more") or does not imply a comparison (in vhich case it should be tr&nslated &s "rather” or "fairly").

Ta shi 'bliiio &1 Ji&ng huade ren. He is a rather talkative person.

Zhei li&ngge b&nfa, nSige blji&o Of these two methods, vhich is y5u xiao?    more effective?

Dlerge banfa blJiSo y5u xi&o.    The second is more effective.

C6ng zher dao chengli q{l, zud To go into the city from here, it^fs diti? blJiSo kǔai yidi&nr.    somewhat faster by subvay.

Sh&ngh&i fangnl&n: Literally, "the ShanghSi side," meaning the concerned party in Shajigh&i. In this sentence, the best English translation is simply "Shanghli." For more examples of this use of f&nggtlan, see the Society module. Unit 1, Notes on No. 8.

liinxi: "to contact_t^{w w}to get in touch vith_fⁿ or as a noun, "connection,” ⁿtieaT^w一LTfaucl can be between individual people, groups, or phenomena:

WSmen yljlng ySu li&ngsanni&n We haven’t been in touch for two or m^lyBu ll&Dxi le, *bū zhl-    three years. I wonder hov he has

dlo t& zuijin zSnmeyflLng.    been lately.

Zhdi liXngge vent! meiyou    There¹3 no connection betveen these

sheome li&zucl.    two questions •

Zhěixie ni&n l&l_f Zh5ng-M2l    In the past fev years, ties

lilnggu6de li&nxl yuě l&i    betveen China and the U.S. have

yuě gulng le.    been getting broader and broader.

li&iucl ylxl^: Yixla here is used the same way aa in & sentence you learned in the Meeting module. Unit 8: W8 ti nl zhu&ngao    ⁿI vill

pass on the message for you•” Ylxii means ⁿone time, and simply adds a c&su&l feeling, sljnllar to the effect of redxxplicating a verb. (Ylxl^ here is not translated &8 "& vhile^w or ^wa little bit.") Reduplicating the verb

has about the sasc meaning： li&mci lianxi.

pgng . . . zii ahu5 literally means ^fVait until • . • and then talk about it7ⁿ Z&i shu5 is~often better translated as "see about it^M or ^rfdeil with it." Deng can sometimes be translated simply as "when."

Mlngtian zai shuo.    We^fll see about that tomorrow.

Deng ta lfiile z&l shu5.    We^fll see about that vhen he

gets here.

VSnen zlSn shlshl kin zaii shuS. Let^f s try it out first and then see

about it.

3. A: Tīngshuo nin dui zhel ytdal- I^fve heard that you¹re an expert de fangy^n hSn ySu yinjiu.    on the dialect of this area.

B: N&li! W8 zhl shi liSo.li吝    Oh no! I Just knov a little about

yidiEnr, tfinbudio ySu    it; I couldn't say I^fm an

y&njiū.    expert.

Notes on No. 3

-dal: "zone*" ⁿarea_tⁿ "belt" The original meaning of d&l is a belt or band， as in p£dal, ^leather belt, lOylnd&i， "recording tape,^w and xlSdāi, "shoelaces." It is easy to see vby it has also come to mean    in a

geographical sense, and by extension, "zone" or "area•” -Dal is used in such words &8 redal (literally "hot-zone") "the tropics," and dtdSl, "zone," ^wregion.ⁿ It is also used in the common phrases zhei yiāKt^ ^wthis &rea_fⁿ and yanhal yldii. ^ftco&stal region" (you will learn y^Lnh&i in Unit 5 of this module).

Zh各i yiāii vlnshang hSn veixiln. This area is dangerous at night.

Nl ylge ren chūqu d^i xl&oxīn You'd better be careful if you dl&nr,    go out alone.

You can use names of regions in the pattern • • • yjdki:

Ting nī sfau5 hui, nl d&g&l shi From the vay you speak, I^fd guess Shinb^i yldil rěn.    you¹ re from the area of northern

Sh&nxl.

fSngyin: ”dial«ct” (FSng-. as In    ”place,” here means "local."

-Y6n forms part of the vord ygyfai "language, vhich is presented in sentence 9b7T In linguistics, the word famgyĀn is used as ve use the word "dialect,”

In common Chinese usage» fSngy&n also refers to the various Chinese languages (such &8 Cantonese) vhich are not intelligible to & speaker of Standard Chinese. See also the note on putongh\ia under Number 5.

liloji系:As a state vert, ”to understand,” ”to grasp," "to comprehend and as an action vert, "to find out," "to acquaint oneself with." As a state verb, it can be used in the pattern iui • . • 11&0.118 (see the fourth and fifth examples belov).

Aa 良 at篡f verb

Kl ll&o^lS qlnglni&ng.    You don’t understand the situation.

Ta hSn li&oji? n&llde qlngkuang. He understands the situation there

quite veil.

Tǎde guoqil, vS liSoJi?de fei-    I am very familiar vith his past

ch&ng qlngchQ.    history.

Nl dui ta h&l bil liloji?.    You still don^ft understand him.

Dui Zhongguo l^shl v5 llSoJiSde I don't knov enough about Chinese bfi gSu.    history.

As an action vert

Nl dito nir qd ylqi£n zui h&o    Before you go there, you vould do

liXoJi? ylxla narde fSngsfi.    veil to acquaint yourself vlth

the (local) custoiu.

WS xlSng li&oj IS H&oJiS ren- I vould like to find out ^bout mln shezigbu6de qlngkuang.    the (dally) life of the people.

When the vord "knov" means to understand a person* it must *be translated into Chinese as 1180.118:

Ta airen zui llloJiS ta.    His vlfe knows him best, (or

”Her husband • • . •”）

(Renshi ta simply means ”to be acquainted vlth him,” and zhidao ta means "to knov of him.")

tānbudao: "cannot spe&k of •…” A polite response to flattering comments• After t£nbudāo, you usually repeat the words of the first speaker, e.g. ₉

A: Nl dui MSigu6 v^nhua    You understand American culture

hSn liXoJi*.    very veil.

B: Tinbud&o liSoJiS, wB zhl    It¹ s kind of you to say so ("One

ahl dui zhelfangnlan    cannot speak of understanding it"),

hSn yBu xizigqu.    *but I*m Just very interested in It.

k. A: Xiinzii ZhSnggu6 ydngde    China nov produces inost of the oil

shiySu ditbūfen shi ztjl    that it uses, isn^ft that right?

shengch&nde, dui ta?

B: B\i_v quinbū shi zijl sheng» No, they produce all of it. chXnde.

Notea on No* U

shly6u: "petroleum," "oil" (literally, "rock-oil," vhich, incidentally.

is also the i■一of the English vord "petroleum") Examples： ahly6u gSngye. "the oil industry"; 3hly6u huabcug, "petrochemistry.ⁿ

dabūfen: "the most part," "for the most part,” "moatly" The str«ss in this word is on the syllable da-, and in conversation, the middle syllable, _bu-, is often neutral tone (you may even hear what sounds like dabfen, with the u sound missing).

—Use diCbūfen to modify a verb or a noun：

M?igu6 ren dabūfen d5u ySu ,    Most Americans have their own car.

zijlde che.

Dabūfen M8igu6 ren d5u ySu

~zijlde ch¥^    >

dui ba?: ⁿisn^ft that correct?” ^rrisn^ft that so?” You have already learned to ask for the listener¹ s confirmation by using shi bu ahi? or shi ma? and dui bu dui? or dut ma? at the end of a sentence. Shi ba? and dut bat are also used in the same sentence position to ask for confirmation₉ but because of the marker ba₉ they Imply that the speaker is fairly sure that his information is correct.

quinb^: "entire_t^w "vbole,” "all”

Zheixie shū v8 qu&nbO. dou k&nguo I^fve read all of these books • le.

TSde qi&n quinb^ yong z&l lfi-    His money was all used up try the trip,

xlngshang le.    ("used on the trip^w)

Ta gSi v8de gSngzud ₉ v8 h&i mei I haven^ft finished all of the work qufinb\i zudv&n ne.    be gave me yet•

Ta shuōde bu& qu&nb讧 mei yong. Everything he said is nonsense

(worthless, useless).

Nl *bil zhldlo t&de qu&hb任 qlng- Hov can you maxry him without knoving loiang zSzuae n$ng hi ta Jiehun? his vhole situation?

5. A: Dib^fen rSn dou    Most northerners can speak the

Ixui »hu8 pfit8nghtA> dui    standard language, c&n^ft they? bu dui?

B: du, bū zhl 丨hi bSifSng ren₉    Oh, not Just northerners. A lot

hSn duo nfafang rende    of southerners speak standard

pǔt5nghua yS cud.    Chinese pretty vell» too.

Notes on Ho, 5

BSifangt "the north" of a country, and n&nfSng* "the south" of a country: When used vith reference to Chin丨，these terms usually mean the are丨 north of the Hu&ng H系(Yellov River) and the area south of the Ch&ngjiazig (Yangtze River), respectively. The area betveen the rivers is usually considered central China.

BSlfizig rin xllxu&n chī ml^nahl» Northerners like to eat foods made n&nfizig r(n xlhu&n chī    from wheat_t and southerners like

to eat rice.

Tade ZhSngguo hui y5u n&nfang His Chinese has a southern accent. kSuyln•

pǔtSnghua: ^rtthe common speech,” the usual designation In the PRC for vhat ve have called in this course Standard Chinese.^w PfitSnghua is officially defined as consisting of the sound system of B?ijlng speech, the vocabulary and idiom of northern speech, and the graann&r of exemplary modem vernacular vritings. It vould be inaccurate to equate putonghiul vlth either beifang hua ("northern speech”) or Belling hua (^rtB?iJIng speech”), because pStōnghua has absorbed many elements from other di&lects, contributing to its richness. Conversely* such things as purely regional expressions (including those of BSlJIng itself) and non-standard pronunciations are not considered pStSnghui• Before the PRC, the term pǔtSnghua already existed, but referred to the approximations of Mandarin spoken by the common people of northern China.

(In Taiwan» the term guoy5» "the national language»ⁿ is used for the officially promoted standard language.)

zhl shi b^ifSng ren: "not Just northerners" Bi_zhl_shl_f "not only," can *be followed by a noun_t verb* or clause. Sometimes you may hear bū Jiň shi. bfi iin shi, bň gu&ng 3hl% or bň Jin shi (vhich you vlll learn in the Life in China module) _t with the same meaning. The shi is necessary before a noun but may be omitted before a vert:

WSmen b&ngongshi bii zhl (shi)    In our office，there are not only

ySu MSiguo r$n, b&l y8u Jlge    Americans, but also some Chinese

Zhongguo ren bang vSmen gongzud. vho help us.

6. A: Mlngtian w8 Jii c6ng Shenzhen Tomorrow I,m going to leave the ll jing le.    country from Shenzhen.

B: 0，zheae kuil! W8 b&l ylvei Oh* so soon! I thought you could go nl neng gen v5nen dlo    with us to SūzhSu for a fev days.

SuzhSu vinr Jltlan ne!

Notes on Ho* 6

Shenzhen, formerly known by Its Cantonese pronunciation* Shxmchun_t Is the 'border stop on the railroad from Hong Kong to Gu&ngzhou (Canton).

It Jing: "leave a country,ⁿ literally, "leave-boundary" You can also say chu Z^ng.

ylvei: "to mistakenly think” Xi8ng and remrSl, vhich you vlll learn in th6 next unit, both mean ”to think tb&t • • • Tⁿ Ylv^i adds the meaning that the subject's impression was vrong.

Nl ylvěi v8 bi zhldio?! W8    You thought I didn't knov?! I heard

zlo Jiu tlngshuS le!    about it a long time ago!

a

W8 ylvSi vB ylge rěn i6yi nā- I thought I could carry it by deddng₉ 囂h蓦i thīiio name    self; vho would have thought it

zhdng.    vas so heavy?

W8 hii yīvii: "I thought (mistakenly)" You have learned hii as ”still” and as ¹¹ also, additionally.^rt This hii has a different meaning and is not translated. It emphasises that the sutject vas under a wrong impression.

This meaning of h&i Is most clearly seen vlth the verb xi&ng: W8 hii xlSn^ means ^rtI mist kenly thought,^rt whereas WS xlSng does not specify whether the Judgment vas right or wrong.

ōu, shi nl ya! W5 hii xiSng    Oh, it’s you! I thought it vas

(OR ylvěi) shi bieren ne!    someone else.

A: Nl tīngshiiSle zn&? Ta sheng- Have you heard? She had a baby la ge ěrzi.    boy.

B: 5u, v8 h&l zhldao ne!    Oh, I didn’t knov! (Here, it is

not & mistaken lsxpresslon but the previous lack of any information on the subject vhich htl emphasizes)

7• A: DSngb^i• XTb^i nl dou qū-    You've been to Manchuria and tbe

guo le ba?    Northvest _t haven ^ft you7

B: Zai DongbSl v6 zhl c&nguanle In Manchuria I^f ve only visited D^qlng, xrb?i hii mei qū    Daqing, and I haven，t 'been to

ne.    the Northwest yet.

Notes on No, 7

D5ngb8i» xrb^l: Although you learned this Is In the Directions module, it 'bears repeating that combined direction names (ⁿnortbvest,ⁿ "southeast," etc*) are said in the reverse order from English:

xlbSl    dSngbSl

(vert-north)    (east-north)

northvest    northeast

zln&Q    d5ngn&n

(vest-south)    (east-south)

8outhve0t    southeast

D5ngb8l: "the Northeast," Manchuria" The northeastern region of China, consisting of the three provinces of Ll&onlng, Jllln, and Hellfingjiing, Is sometimes called Manchuria because the largest Indigenous minority is the Manchu, or MXn， nationality. Of China's 2.6 million Mln, most live scattered throughout these three provinces and HebSl; there are also smaller MSn populations In the cities of BSlJīng, Chengdu, Xī'&n, and Hohhot• The Mln, and before them their ancestors the NǍzhen (Nuchen or Juchen» an ancient nationality of the same region) • were & major force in Chinese history from the

TVL, Unit 1

Jin Dynasty» in yhich the Ntlzben ruled northern China for over a century (111*5-123“），to tb« Manchu-run Qlng Dynasty (l6““-1911). After the QXng dyruLBtj established its c&pit&l In BSiJīng, great number丨 of MSn filtered south through ShSnh&l Pass In H$b2l and intermixed vlth the H^n Chinese. In this centtur, large-scale Han migration to the Northeast (hundreds of thousands every year) has caused the region¹ s pop\ilation to svell to 99 •紇 million (1976 estimate)，of vhich only 2•及 million are of the MSn nationality. Although their ethnic origins are distinct from the H&n Chinese, the Min today are virtually assimilated vlth the Han racially, culturally, and linguistically. Most, for example, speak only Chinese; the Mln language, which in the last dynasty vas still used alongside Chinese in official court documents* is veil on its vay to extinction (some M&n speakers remain in Xlhul and THyH counties In Hell6ngjlang).

The three provinces of the Northeast

/3

Xlbli; "the Horttamst,” a region vhich includes Nlngxl^, Xinjiang_f Qīngh&i» ShlnxS, and G&ns^.

q^kuo le: "have gone to^w Notice that nev-sltuatlon le may follov a verb phrase vlth the ending -guo. Here are some other examples:

A: Nl chlguo tin le ma?    Have you eaten yet?

B: Chīgud le.    Yea.

A: Ta zvi xīnde diaziylng nl    Hare you seen hla latest kinguo le ma? movie yet?

B: KiLnguo le.    Yes.

Paging: An oil-producing center (recently given the status of a city) in the S5ng*ldn Plain of southern Hell6ngjlang prorince• O&qing Is the nation*s leading producer of crude oil, accounting for more than one third of the crude oil yoIum. China¹ s oil industry has only developed since 19的，and it vas the montanental exploration and drilling at Daqing, under extremely adverse conditions* that in large part enabled China to meet her ovn oil needs by 1963. In 19^, M&o Z^dSng called on the vhole nation to learn from D8Lq.lng in industry (Gongye xu名 Paging) < a slogan vhich continued to be heard through the Cultural Revolution.

8. A: Hi xlan z8u h2o le, w8 Jiū    You go ahead and leave. 1*11 be

lii.    right there.

B: ESo. Hul t6u    Okay. See you In & while.

Notes on No> 8

...h&o le： The ending h&o le. literally "and then it vill 'be okay,” haa a special meaning; the translation varies vlth the context. It is used vhen the speaker (1) agrees to something, permits someone to do something, or suggests that someone do something, or (2) gives in to something, doesn't care if something happens•

(1)    VS qil hXo le.    I^fU go. (AGREEING TO DO SOMETHHia)

Zhao nl shuSde bin hSo le*    We^fll do it your vay, then. (AGBEEING

TO DO SOMETHING)

Nl shu5 ZhSngvěn hlo le, v8    Go ahead and speak Chinese. I under-

tīngded2ng«    stand. (SUGGESTING)

Nl n&qu hXo le_t w8 ydngvin le. Go ahead and take it. I'm finished

vith it. (PERMITTING)

(2)    Nl bti qi hXo le» w8 ^ gioztng. So don,t go* then. But I⁹m not

happy about it.

Rang ti abuS hXo l«_t v8 ^bil    Let him say vfaat he wants to； I

guXn!    don*t caret

Hul t6ur Jiiū： ”See you later” This la a    expression. Hui t6u.

literaDy, ⁿturn on®^f8 head,” la used colloquially to mean "later,” as in

Huf t6u vSmen zii t(a.    We^fll talk it over later.

W8 hul t6u l&i.    I¹!! 'be there in a minute.

Use Hul t6vr .1lin vhēū you expect to see the other person abortly.

9. A: Zhdlvdl    yinjlūde shi What subject does this scholar

nSlfSngmlinde věntl?    study7

B: T5 y£nj iude zhuy^o shi    She mainly studies languages and

yuy&n he yuy&nxue*    linguistics.

Notes on No« 9

xuezh?： "scholar" You vill find the ending -zh? in & nm'ber of words where it ne&ns -de ren* ”a person vho....^w In Unit h_f you vlll leaxn gongzu6* zh2, "worker (in & certain field).ⁿ Other examples:

dňzh8    reader (dň, "read," vlll be presented in the next

module)

Jizh8    reporter, Journalist (lit., "one vbo records thing*¹¹)

hu5dězh8    recipient of & prize, etc. (hudd£ means ”to obtftin”）

zhuyao: As on adjective, "major/main/essential," and aa an advert_f ^wTn&inly» "essentiftlly":

Qil xTb?i_f zhSyiode m&dl shi    The main reason for going to the

xlXng liXoJiS yidi&zir guaoyli    Northwest la to find out about

nelrde n6ngy爸 shengchXn qingkuing. agricultural production there.

WSmen zher zhǔyi^de vent! shi    Our main problem here is that

mii ql&n.    ve have no zsoney.

Nir zhSyib zhSnl&n xle shSome? What &re the main things they

exhibit there? (^What mainly do they exhibit there?")

N萑ng *bu něng q£l₉ zhSyio kin    Whether or not ve can go depends

shljlan.    mainly on time.

Ti zhttyio JlXngde ahl ZhSngguo- He spoke mainly about China's de shiytni shSngchln qlngkuing. oil production.

There are tiMmu vhan zhSy^o must be translated u "essentially” rather than &8 "mainly,” for exaapl.:

W8 Jlntlin lil₉ zhSyio shi    I came today essentially because

ylnvei v8de pengyou d5u l&l le« all my frienda came.

This sentence does not Imply that there are any other reasons of lesser Importance.

ytSy£n: "language" The counter for & language is usually -th8n£_f "kind":

Xu€ yizhSng y^Syixx shi yittin Learning a language isn't something liSngtlande sbi.    you can do overnight ("in a day

or two").

Zh5ngv(n thi. yizbSng blJiSo    Chinese is & rather difficult language

xu^dft yQySa*    to learn.

Ta cbln^chlag Jiio tamen yixie He often teaches then language (words bi ylnggal Jlaode jn5y£n.    and phrases) that shouldn't be taught.

-YU can be used as the ending for the names of languages:

Yīngyō    English    XlbSnyiyu    Spanish

Hanyfi    Chinese    Děytt    German

Rlytt    Japanese    F5y5    French

itlab6ytt    Arabic    ěytt    Russian

MXnyil    Manchurian    Yindiytt    Hindi

vaiyǔ    foreign language

The ending -hu& (&s in ZhSngguo hu&) refers to Just the spoken language.

-Wěn can refer to (l) the written, or (2) the written plus the spoken• -Ytt does not differentiate spoken and written.

10. A: Z&i XīnJiSng N^lafag yfd&l In the region of Xinjiang and Inner meiyou hSn du5 ren shuo    Mongolia not many people speak

pSt5nghua ba?    standard Chinese« do they?

B: Dui, zil ndixie difang,    Right. In those places the minority

sh&osh这 minzd yǔy&n zhirt    nationality languages occupy the

xhǔy&ode dtvei.    major position.

Notes on No* 10

Xln.Uang: Formerly spelled Sinklang in English. Xlnjl&ng« an autonomous region (not a province) in northwest China, ha丨 the largest area of all China*s provinces and autonomous regions. Population: 12 million (1981 est.)₉ of vhich about 6 million are of the Uygur nationality. For & description of the region and its people* see Unit 6 Reference Notes.

Něim8ng: Also N?1 MfaggS. Inner Mongolia (also called Nei Monggol) is an autonomous region in north central China, population 9 million. About twenty percent of the population are Mongols• The capital is Hohhot (in Chinese, Huhfaiot^)•

Note: The facts as represented in exchange 10 need to 'be qualified. It is true that the minority nationality languages are still the most widely used in the raat rural areas of Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, and other minority nationality regions* The larger cities In these regions_y however, nov have substantial H2Ln Chinese populatlona» and In some cities the Han are even in the majority.

shXosbfi: ”minority” or ”a minority of,” ”a small number of” This is the opposite of duSshil^ "majority,” vhich you learned in the Society module.

Timen shi shXosh^*    They are in the minority.

ZhX ySu shZoshii M&n rin hii    There are only a ^iaall number of

ngog gfau5 Mloyfi.    Manchurians vho can still speak

the M&nchu language.

alnz6: "nationality," "a people," or "nation" in the non-governmental sense: & people vho share coznmon origins» history, customs, and language. Examples: ZhSnghui mlnarii. ”the Chinese nation”； Ālab6 mlnzll, ”the Arab nation”； mlnzll dūll_t "national independence.

M?igu6 shi ylge duo mlnzlide    America Is & nation of many ethnic

gu6jia.    groups.

ShXoshal minz& is ”minority nationality,ⁿ often translated aa "national minority.ⁿ In the U.S., ve more often speak of ⁿethnic minorities,ⁿ but the Chinese prefer the translation ⁿmlnority nationalities,

zh^n: (l) ^wto occupy^w a space, &rea_f or position, (2) ⁿto make up, ⁿto constitute,^w a proportion of an amount, or (3) ⁿto take up^w an amount of time

ZSnme h&l y8u rěn zhanzhe zheige ^f Why are there still people occupying fingjiln? Gai vSmen ySng le!    this room? It^fs our turn to use

it!

Zheizhang zhuSzi tai zh^n    This table takes up too much space,

difang le, bX ta banchuqu.    Let^fs move it out.

Zheige f&ngzi zhande difang ySu Hov much space does thi丨 building du6 da?    take up?

Z&i vSmen xuexiaode xueshengzhong _y Minority nationality students make shloshū mlnzll xu^shSng zh&n yl- up about h&lf of the students in bLi zuSydu.    our school.

Xl^nz^i f&nS zii shehuishang zh&n Nov vomen are occupying a more and yuě l&i yuS zhdngyaode divei le. more important position in society.

Zhen duibuql, zhinle nl bd shXo Please excuse me for talcing up so shljiizu    ouch of your time.

11. A: iXmsn zlXng qūde diqu qu&n Have you been to all the regions you d5u le baT H&l y8u    vanted to go to? Do you have any

sh&me vent! meiyou?    more questions?

B: MSlyou shenme vent! le_y    We don*t have any more questions.

L&dngshěde gongzud gXode    The China Travel Service did & very

h8n hlo, vSiaen hSn mlmrt.    good Job and ve^fre very pleased.

Notes on No. 11

diqu： "region,” ”district,” ”area”

B?ijlng diq&    the BSiJIng area

Hu£b8i dlqā    the north China region

duS shin diqu    a mountainous district

qu£n: (1) ⁿto be coaplete,” （2)    "vhole,” "entire(3) "entirely,” "completely”

Zhěitio shū 'bH quin, distbSn    This set of books is incomplete;

měiy5u le*    the fourth volume is missing.

Qufin shljiě yig3ng y8u duSshio Hov many languages are there in zh5ng y2y£n?    the vhole world?

LiXngsazmiin m备i shuo Zhongven After not speaXing Chinese for two le, chibuduS quin wing le.    or three years， (I) have alaoat

completely forgotten it.

WS bl n^i jXj lin ylfu qu&n gti I gave all those articles of clothing tS le.    to him.

IiSxlngsh备:Short for Zh5nggu6 Lftxfngsh-, China Travel Service (CTS)» or ZhSnggu6 Gu6.1i lSx!ngsh^* China International Travel Service (CITS). These are the tvo goyemmezit agencies through wbich all travel arrangements in China are handled. Representatives from CITS accompany tour groups in China.

gXo: "to do, "to carry on,” ”to engage in,” ⁿta work in” a certain field or endeavor.

GXo sbezuae n«?    What are you doing? OR What are

you \xp to?

ZhelJ tin sht v8 glolal gloqCl    I We tried doing this all different

^obuhXo.    vays and I Juat can^ft get it right.

glo vdi 丨bS&g    to do cleaniqp

(glo a taak ₄ glo ahingchla    to engage in production

or endeavor) glo ■hdhuizhfiTi    to practice socialism

glo Stge XidndAihui    to carry on the Four Modernizations

，现 shi 成）fSnyide. He's a translator. ("He works in

translation.")

(由 a line < TS ahl gXo v^zucu^de. He vorks In literature, of vork)    TS shi glo xlnvende. He^fs a Journalist/reporter/etc•

Ta shi gXo n6ngyide» He vorks in agriculture.

_

G|ohXo, vhich is especially comoon In political t&Uc_t means ”to make & good Job of (something)>ⁿ or ”to handle (something) veil”：

GXohXo sbingchXn shi v5men zui Handling production veil is our zhdngy&ode gongzud.    most Important Job.

Glo is used vltb auy resultatlve vert endings (in the follcnrlng tvo exasKples g&o is lnt#rchAageftble with n5ng, "to do"):

Shil bX ySdm ebS gXohuil le?    Who broke my bicycle/car?

故i, nl yōu gSocmd le_v zheige No, you’ve got it wrong again. This zl b1i shi "niEo," shi "vū."    character isn^ft "niEo," it*s "vū."

Z 吝 nne glode Is an idiom, used as foil ova:

r

ZSnme glode?!    , What vent vrong?! OR

What^fs wrong?! OR ‘What the ... ?!

A: Ta shuo ta bň l£l le.    Nov he says he iaz^t coming.

B: ZSnme g&ode?    Hov come?

A: Ta bū shūfu.    He isn*t feeling well.

NT zSmne glode?!    ₄ What^fs vlth you? OS

What's the matter vith you? OR What the heck are you doing?

v

，"to be pleased,” "to be satl8fledⁿ This Is often used vith the prepositional verb dui. ⁿtoward,ⁿ equivalent to English "pleased vlth”:

成n du5 r^n dui DSngde yixle    Many people are dissatisfied vlth

zh^ngcd bū z&Xnyi.    some of the Party¹ s policies.

W8de huld&, nl mixsyi ma?    Are you satisfied vlth iny ansver?

TS dui nl zhime h&o* nX vei-    He,s so good to you; why are you

shenme hii bū ndbyi?    still dissatisfied?

Ylge mlnyide huldt is an idloa for ^wa satisfactory answer.”

W25 xīving nSiig g^l nl ylge    I hope I can give you a satisfactory

mSoyide huldi.    answer.

Unit 1. Rerlev Dialogue

Professor James Armstrong (B) (Amttsrtel&ng Jiaoshōu). the leader of an

American tour group visiting China, ia talking in his room at the B?ijlng Hotel

vith Chen Gu6qi£ng (A) of the China Travel Service (Zhongguo LSxfngah^). Later

they axe Joined by Beth Troiano (C) (Běisī Teluoannuo), an American linguist.

A: ĀmiiBĪt^lXng Ji&oflhdu, n£n hSo,    Hello, Professor Armstrong. Hov

xlūxlde zSnmey&ng? Eii lei bu lei?    vm your rest? Are you still tired?

B: Eii hXo, til lii le, shutle    Pretty good. I’m not too tired

yfge zh5o^t6u_y hXoduo le. Nī    anymore. I slept for an hour and

zuS, nl zud. Bū yao k^qi. Dut    I feel a lot tetter. Sit dovn, sit

le, w5 h&i vingle věn nl, Chen    dovn. Make yourself at home. Oh,

Xl&nsheng* w5 zSnse chenghu nl    yea, I keep forgetting to &ak you,

hSo neT    Mr. Chen_y ^rtiat shall I c&ll yout

A: Nln Jill Jiio vB Chin Gu6qi&ng    Just c&ll me Chin Gu6qi&zig. LXo

hXo le. Z&i z5ul&ng gongzudde    W&zig vfao vorka in the corridor

Llo W&ng zhldao vB. Nln y5u shi,    knovs me. If you have any problems,

Jiū iiio ta zhio XlXo Ch^n_y ta    Just tell him to get XiXo Ch(n.

Jiū zhīdao le.    He^fll knov vho.

B: Haha_y LSo V&ng» XiXo Ch^n, ySu    Haha_f LXo W&ng» XlXo ChCn_f that's

ytsi* Dui le_f nl l&i, y5u shenme    interesting. Well: Is there some

shi ma?    particular reason you caaet

A： Shi zhdiy&ngrde• W5 lil zbio nl.    It^fs like this. I've come to see

shi xlXng zai hi nl t&n ylxla nl-    you to discuss your travel plans

mende libdCng    some more vith you.

B: WSaen zai NiS Yuede shlhou,    When we vere in Nev York, the

zheige Jihui yii īzig chibuduS anpii*    plans vere already aljnost all ar-

hXo le, shi Luxlngsh^ anpiide•    ranged. It vu the (China) Travel

Service that arranged them.

A: Zui Jin lSzlzigde rěn xlangdang    There have teen quite a fev tour*

du5, vSmen zui hXo zii t&oyl-    ists lately. It vould be best to

tin.    discuss [this] some more.

B: Dazigr£n» dingr£n* Btigud_f nl    Of course_y of course. But, you

zhldao BdlsI ba?    knov Beth, don't you?

A: Beisī? W5 xlXngylxlXng, A_y    Beth? Let me think. Ah, Beth.

Beiaī. TSlu6Snnud XiXoJiS?    Miss Troiano?

B: Y^dlXnr b<i cud, zhěng shi tS!    Absolutely right, that's her!

Ta blJiXo liSoJiS v8men zhei ershl*    She understands more about vfaat

ge ren zxdt xīvaxig canguSnde difang    places our group of twenty people

shi shCnme. V5men qlng ta lii    most vant to visit* Let's ask

t&ntan, hXo bu hSo?    her to come and discuss thls« okay?

A: Hlo J lift. Yio bu yao w8 qil    Sure. Do you vant me to go and

qlnS ta?    ask her?

B: Bd bi. VS dX ge dl&nhu^.    You don't have to do that; 1,11

make a phone call.

(Professor Armstrong telephones Beth Troiano, then Chen and Armstrong

continue to talk vhile vaiting for her,)

A: JiioshSu, nl Juede B?ijīng    Professor, hov do you like the

FaLndiaLn z?nmey4ng? Hai keyi zhQ    B?ijīng Hotel? Is it livable? b&?

B: Bū cu5, bti cuS. JiQ shi shi-    It’s nice, very nice. It's Just

Jian chingle, hut Juede kongqi    that after a vhile one feels that

*bil hSo.    the air isn’t good.

A： H&ha..•    Haha..•

(There is a knock at the door, then Miss Troiano enters.)

C: W5 l&i le. Zheivei shi...?    Here I am. This is...?

A: Chěn Gu5qi&ng. Zhonggu6 LiLdog.*    Chin GuSqiing, of the China Travel

shede.    Service.

C： Nl hXo. W8 sht BeisI Telu6&xmud•    Hov are you? I^fa Beth Troiano.

A: Hu&nylng nln lii Zhonggu6 can-    Welcome to China. I've heard

guSn fSngvdn. Tīngshuo rxln shi    that you vork in linguistics? gXo yQyanzu^de?

C: Shi.    Yea.

A: Suoyi nlnde Zh5ngv£n name hXo!    That*s vby your Chinese is so good!

C: A! Xlinzii h8n du5 r驀n dui    Oh, a lot of people are interested

Zh5ngv£n ySu xingqu» Zhongv6n    in Chinese nov. And there are more

hSode rěn yud lil yuě duo le.    and more people vith good Chinese.

A: SbiāBf nhiām. HSo, xlinzai w8-    Yea, yes. All right, let*3 talk

men l£l t&ntan lSxlng J^huide shi.    about your travel plans• It vould

Zbdige jǐhui zui hlo JīntiSn*    be best to arrange the vhole thing

mlngtitn liXngtiSn qutnbū, anp&i*    in the next day or tvo. hXo.

B: Hlode» hSode.    Fine, fine.

C: WSaen zheici l&ide ershige ren,    The majority of our group of

d&bxifdn ahl jiaoshdu. Z&l    25 vho came this time are scholars

NlQ Yue, vSoen yljIng hi Zhonggu6    and professors. In Nev York, ve

fSngmian liinxigud le, v8men dui    have already been in contact vith

Zh8nggu6d« gSngn6ngyd qlngkuang,    the Chinese* We are very such

Jiaoyal qlngkuang dou hSn ySu    interested in the Chinese industrial

xingqu.    and agricultxir&l situation and the

educational situation.

A: Nlmen zh各ici zhTSyio shi zai    This time you are mainly visiting

Sh&nghSl, B?ijTng zhelxle difangr    and touring in B?ijīag and ShanghSi,

c&nguan» fSngven, shi bu shi?    these places, ins^ft that so?

C: Dui le. H&l y5u, vSmen y5u    That^fs right. But also, ve have

hSn duo r^n, duǐ Zh5nggu6de Dong-    many people vho are especially in-

b?i diqu feichSng y5u xingqu,    terested in China^rs Northeast

tebiě shi D&qing zheige shfyfiu    region, in particular the oil city,

cheng. Bil zhld&o vSmen shi bu    Daqing. I don^ft knov whether shi Iceyl qQ canguan...ve can visit it....?

A: Qū O&qing digii miiyou shenzae    There vcm*t be any problem vlth

věnti.    going to D&qing.

B: WSmen h&i yio q\i neixie ySu    We also vant to go to thos« faaoua

mlngde difang, zl&ng Suzhou,    pl&ces, like SuzhSu, E&zigzhSu«

HingzhSu, Hu^ngshSn, Guilin₉ shen-    Hu&ngshSn, Guilin, etc. Those

mede. Zheixie dif&ng hi Zhong*    pl&ces are closely related to China's

gu6de lishl, v£nhu£» y5u hen dlde    history and culture. One azuan’t alas

gu&nxi. DfLo Zh5nggu6 l&i, zhei-    them on & trip to China, xie difang n^ng bil qd.

A: Dangr£n₉ dangr&n. Zheixie    Of course, of course. Those have

dou yīiIng chibuduo Snp£ihSo le.    almost all been arranged.

B: Ni hXo.    That¹8 fine.

C: W8 k€yl bu k$yl dio Zhonggu6de    Could I go to China's Northwest? XlbSi qū ylxii?

A: 0! Qd XlbSi. ..zběi ySu yidlXn    Oh! To the Northvest. That’s

věntl.    & bit of & problem.

C; ZSnme ne? Shi bu shi ylnvei    What's that? Is it because there

shlJiSn bil gdu a?    isn't enough time?

A; D\ii_# shljiln bix gdu. W8 xlXng,    Right, there isn't enough time.

nZmen till Zh5nggu6 Jiil ySu stge    I think that since you only hare four

xingql, Hu£bXl» DSogb2l» Hu£o£n»    veeks in China ₉ your time vlll be

Xlnin, 丨hlJiSn chfibuduS qoo£n    almost entirely taken by North Chln&>

zh&nv&n le. Xiici lii Zh5nggu6    Manchuria» South China and the south*

zii q{l xlb?i ba. Nln lean hXo bil    vest> Why not visit the Northwest on

hSo?    your next trip to Chln&. What do you

say?

C: Dulbūql, v8 gSode shi jKJjr£nxuě!    Vm sorry, but my work ia linguls-

NělaSog» Xinjiang yld&i v8 zhen    tics! I really vant to go to Inner

xiXng qū.    Mongolia and Xīnji&ng.

B: Ta 7&njiude zhSyiU) Jii shi    Her research is mainly on thm

Zh5nggu6de shSoshū mlnzti y^&n.    minority nationality languages •

A: Hii! Zhen duttnxql, vō h&l ylv^i    Oh! Pardon me!工 thought your

nln giode shi p^tonghua ne!    your work vas in the standard

language!

C: Mil guSnrl, guSnxi• Bti-    That^fs all right, that¹ s all right,

guo ySu Jlhul vS h^ishl xlSng qū    Nonetheless if there * s a chance, I

Xfb?i k&nk&n.    vould still like to go visit the

Northvest.

A; Dui le, Ydnn&n, Guizhou, GuSng-    Oh yes--the &reas of Y1lnn&n,

xl yldai y? ySu h?n duo shSosh^    Guizhou, and GuSngxI &lso have many

mlnzll. Nln qO. Guilfnde shfhou    minority nationalities—you can do

JiO. 1/iiyi zu6 diSnr yinjiū le!    some research vhen you go to Guilin!

C: Ou! N&nf&ng gen b?ifangde yiSyin    Oh! The languages of the north

b\i ylyang. Yaoshi ySu b&nfX hii-    and south &re- not the same. If

shi "bing w5 anp&l yixiar ba.    it¹8 possible, I*d 8till rather you

arranged it for me.

A; Tsk...Zh各 ahir ySu yidlXnr    Ossa.. .This ia 丨"bit trouble-

m&f&n, dSng w8 llngdXo y£njiǔ    some. Let me discuss it vith the

ylxia z&l shuo ba.    leader, and then ve¹!! see aboxzt

it.

6: 0_y nl z&l xiSngxiSng, rliguS    Oh, you give it some more thought.

keyi anp&iy n& dui Beisī shi h!n    If it can be arranged, that vould

d&de b&ngzhū.    be a great help to Beth.

C: Dui le. Nln shishi kan.    Right. See if you can.

A: Ng.. .Zhdly&ng hXo "bu hXo?    Hsssm.. .Hov about this: After

Nlmen fSngvenle BSlJIng hi Daqing    you^fve visited B2ljlng &nd Daqing,

ylhSu, Simlaīt^lSog Ji&oshdu nlnen    Professor Azmatrong and the other

shii iSge ren b&lshl qū Sh&ngh&i,    19 people atiU go on to Shangh&l,

SuzhSu, H&ogzbSu, Guilin. Tělu6-    SuzhSu, HfingzhSu and Guilin, tut Miss

Snnud XiXoJiS gen liogvili ylge    Troiano goes to the Northvest vith

l2xfngtu£n qd XlbSl. LlkSl Xīb^l    another tour group. After leaving

ylhSu, y8 Jill shi binge yud ylhdu,    the Northvest_t that is, after half

nfn zǐl Jīnggud Shingh&l dio    a month, then you go to GuXngzhSu

Gulngzh5u.    by way of Shangh&i.

B: ftg, n2 vSben h£l shi ytql c6ng    Horn, then ve still leave the

ShSnsběn 11Jtng.    country together from Shenzhen.

A: Dul» nlmen kin zSzuney&ng. YSxil    Ri曲t. See vhat you think. Per-

zhe shi yfge b&nfa. Bllgud, zing    haps that might work. Hovever, ve

"bu ring, h£l dSl v8men y&njlule    won^,t knov If it^fs possible until

ylhSu c&l zhīdao.    ve*ve looked Into it.

C: Zai vSmende l3xfngtu£ali, v8    工 have several other friends in

H^-i y5u jlge pCngyou* W8 y8 dSi    our tour group.工 must talk it

hi tian tistia. zlXngxlSng    over vlth them too, and see vhat

zSnaeyiagr bXo.    is *best.

A: WSaen d8u yCnJiuTanJiu z&i    Let^fs both look into it *befpre

zud anpii. Blogud, vSmen dSi kuai making arrangements. But ve should

dlSnr.    be quick about it.

B: HSode. WSmen vinfin ylhou z&l    Fine. Let^fs talk it over again

tin yici. Nl xlSng zJfnneying,    after dinner. What do you think,

B^isI? L^ideji ba?    Beth? Does that give you enough

time?

C: W5 xlfcig Nine, Jiū m£f&n    I think so. Well then, ve^fll

nfn le.    trouble you (to take care of this).

A: Meiyou shenme. W8 xīvcLng neng    It ^fs nothing. I hope it can "be

anp&ide heshi. Hul t6u Ji&n.    arranged sult&lsly. See you later.

C: Xidxle nln. Hul t6u Jiin!    Thank you. See you later!

Unit 1, Tape 2 Vorkbook

Exercige 1

This exercise is a revlev of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker vlll say a sentence in English, followed by a pauae for you to translate it into Chinese. Then & second speaJter vlll confirm your answer.

All sentences from the Reference List vlll occur only once. You may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.

Exercise 2

In this exercise, an American tourist discusses hotel reservations vlth the desk clerk at the BSiJīng Hotel.

The conversation occurs only once* After listening to it CQ^l«tely_t you'll probably vant to rewind the tape and answer the questions belov &s you listen a second time.

Here are the nev words and phrases you vlll need to understand this conversation:

kSněng    to be possible

kongchiilal    to become vacant

ti&ozi    a brief, inforiD&l note

Questions for Exercise 2

Prepare your ansvers to these questions in Chinese so that you vill be able to give them orally in cl&as.

1.    What problem is the tourist discussing vlth the desk clerk?

2.    Hov do" tlM desk clerk discover the change in plans?

3.    Describe vfaat actions took place by filling in the spaces belov:

Hotel personnel American tourist Group still occupying

groiq)    rooms

2:00    j j

2:30 __

2:U0    ~ ~__

3:00    J I I ■

T7L, Unit 1

After you hart ansvered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this coQTersation. You may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your ansvers.

Note: The tranalations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.

Exercise 3

In this conversation, an American valka into the dining room of the B?ijlng Hotel in a hurry and calls a waiter.

Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second time through_t look belov and ansver the questions.

Here are the nev words and phrases you will need to understand this conversation:

-fin    (counter for portions of food)

huStuX sanmfngzhi    ham sandwich

kSuyln    accent

yuyfcucuěj ia    linguist

tlngdechu    to be able to distinguish by listening

y8u mlng    to be famous

gSiti&n    another day

Note: The waiter in this    dialogue speaks with a slight ShinghSi accent.

Questions for Exercise 3

Prepare your ansven to these questions in Chinese so that you will be able to give them orally in cl&ss*

1.    Why Is the American in a hurry?

2.    Give some exaa^les of vords that the v&lter pronounces differently.

3.    What subject is the American interested in?

h.    What are the valter's interests? Is he interested in linguistics?

5.    Can you infer yty the vaiter cuts the conversation short?

After you have ansvered these questions yourself, you may vant to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also vant to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the ansvers which you have prepared.

Exercigt k

In this conreraation* & Vaahington Poat correspondent talks to & worker In front of the Dcthui Cinema in B2iJIngT

Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, ansver the questions.

You vill need the follovlng nev words and phrases:

chuangkSu    vindov (e.g., ticket window)

Jtzh?    nevapaper reporter

xlnvenplSn    nevsreel

ⁿXlnvěn JiSntao"    "Nevs Summary”

(coianter for films)

gāshlpiaor    feature film

WgduS JlnhuS    Five Golden Floverg (a film)

Dill    (a city in Yūnn&n province)

kiqing gāsbi    love story

yin dlinylng    to shov a movie

pianzi    film, movie

Question丨 for Exercise k

1.    Hov long has the reporter been in BSiJ Ing?

2.    What things does the reporter like about 8!ijīng?

3.    What morimn and nevsreels h&s he seen? Which one does the worker reconmend?

k_m Trcm th« nevsreel the reporter describes» vh&t can you gather about hov Chinese "nevsreel■” differ in content from American ones?

After you h&Te ansvered these questions yourself, you may vant to take & look at the translation for this cozrrers&tion* You may also vant to listen to the convers&tion again to help you pronounce your ansvers correctly.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2

An American tourist (A) talks vlth the front desk clerk (B) at the

BSlJīng Hotel.

A: Ai, du^Tbuqr, loush&zigde fSngJian    Say, excuse me, there aren^ft enough

b1l gdu le.    rooms for us upstairs.

B: BiS gdu le? ZSnae keneng ne?    There aren’t enough? Hov is that

WSmen anp&lde hSoh&orde.    possible? Ve made all the aLrrangements.

A: Shi zhende, vSmen zhelge cSnguan-    It's true. In all there are twenty*

tn£n yfgong ersbls&nge r各n, nīmen    three people in our tour group. You

gSngcfii shuo vBmen quinbū d5u zhū    Just said that ve*re all staying on

z&l qll6u, ylgozig y5u shlsige f£ng-    the seventh floor, in fourteen rooms

Ji&n, dui *bu dui?    altogether, right?

B: Dulbuqr, qlng m&n yidlXnr shxxS,    I,m sorry, could you say th&t more

v3 b<i jtde le. D2ngyid2ng₉ v8 lii    slowly? I don't remember. V&lt 丨

kankan 1 d, zii 2hěr! Nīmen shl    minute, let me have a look. 0h_f here

yige M8lgxi5de lflxlngtu£n sbi bu    it is. You are an American tour

shi?    group, aren^ft you?

A: Shi a!    Thtft,s right!

B: firshisazige rěn, yfgdng k&i shlsi-    Tventy*three people taking fourteen

ge fingJlSn* qu£a zai qll6u, Dui    rooms altogether, all on the seventh

a! Měi cu3 a!    floor. That*s right! There¹s no

mistake!

A: Bfi dui! Jiū. y8u shl^rge kSng    No! There are only tvelve free

f&ngjian, y5u liSzigge f&ngJiSn h&i    rooms. Two of the rooms still have

ySu rin na!    people in them!

B: H&i ySu ren? ZSzime hui neT W8    Still have people in them? Hov

h&l ylvěi tSsien JlntiSn zXochen    could that be? I thought they bad

yljlng c6ng Shenzhen lfjing le ne!    left the country this morning by way

ZSnme dio zl^nzii h£i zhizizbe vuzl    of ShSnshen! Why are they still

ne?    occupying the rooms T

A: Bil zhIdio» nln zui hXo xlSngziang    I don^ft knov. You¹4 better think

bi^de bjLxifS» hii y8u mClyou    of some other solution, and see if

kSng fingzi.    there are aay other rooms free.

B: Bi^de TsSng f£ogzl shl yfding    Vm positive there aren^ft any other

ySu a! W5 zlan llXoJiS yixii zhel-    free roooa. First let me try and find

llSngge f&ogzl veishenste d&o^xloja*    out ^rtiy those tvo rooms haven*t been

zai h£i meiyou kongchiilai! 0!    vacated yet. Oh! There¹ s & note here

Zh^r y5u yfge tliozi^ ahu5 tSmen    saying that their plans have been

gXi zil xlivQ sSndiSn zhSng llkSi    changed and th&t they*re leaving BSi«

BSiJIng. HSoJlle! Mei went! le.    Jlng at three this afternoon. Great!

No more problem.

A: XIanzil cCl liXngdlXn zbSng,    It*s only tvo o*clock now, hov much

vSmen hil d2l d8ng du6 Jitt?    longer do ve have to vait?

B: LiXngdlln taaen Jiū dSi llkSi    They* 11 have to leave their rooms

fingJiSn, dio fiiJIchXng d?i yong    at tvo: it takes forty minutes to

sishifen zhSng ne! WSmen gXo    get to the airport! It vlll be

ylxlar veisheng, sanshlfen zhong    thirty minutes vhile ve clean the

ba!    rooms•

A: Nine liSngdlXn ban vSmen Jiū ySu    So ve can have the rooms at tvo-

fingjl&n le.    thirty.

B: Dui le. Dao canting he bei ka-    Right. Why don^ft you go have a cup

fSi, xiuxl ylxia, shfjian Jiū dao    of coffee in the dining room and rest

le.    a bit, and then it vill be time.

A: HXo, xlěxle nln. Huf t6u Jiin.    Okay. Thank you. See you later.

B: Hul t6u Jian*    See you later.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3

An American (A) valks into the dining room of the BSiJīng Hotel In &

hurry and calls a vaiter (B).

A: Duibuql, ytbei re kafei, Jiū yio    Excuse me, a cup of hot coffee, with

nillnXi» bfi yko ting₉ yffěn huStuI    cream only, no sugar, and a ham sand-

a£nmfnp|gh^, Yuě kuii yue hiol    vlch. As fast as possible!

B: MSiti&n dou shl ⁿyuě kuii yui    Every day it^fs ”as f&st &b poss*

hXo," nZ zhen m£ng a!    Ible•” You¹ re so busy!

A: Nī zhīd&o tiaen g2i vo Snp&ile    You knov, they arranged so many

neu&e duS yio flngvlnde dif&zig.    pl&ces for me to visit. I only wish

Zhen shl yitiSn y8u sanshlliilge    th&t there were thirty-six hours in

£h5ngt6u c£i bXo.    & day.

B: HSot bio. WS alflhitng Jiū l£i.    Okay. I’ll te right back.

(One minute later₉ the v&lter comes back vlth the lunch.)

B: Nlde 8inmlngzhi₉ kSfSi, nilSnXi•    Your sandvlch, coffee, and milk.

A: Zhen leuii. Xi^xle nl« l&i_    That vas really fast. Thank you.

le 丨itiSn le, kSshl h&ishl tī shl-    Gee, I’ve been here four days and I āko z2nme cheoghu ni, zhen dutbuql• still don't knov hov to address you,

I'm very sorry.

B: Nl Jii JiflLo vo XiXo Lid hXo le»    Just call me XiSo Lid. It^fs the

bīJiXo r6ngyl .    easiest to remember.

A： XiSo LlH, ting nZde kSuyln nl    XiSo LiU, your accent sounds like

dag&i shl ninfing r^n. Shl Sh&ng-    you¹re probably a southerner. You¹re

hXi r(n» dui bu dul?    from ShangbXi, right?

B: Nl zhen 3hi ygyllnxueJiS-* bild&zi    You*re a real linguist. Not only

hui shuo Zhongguo hua, h£i tlngde-    can you speak Chinese, you can even

chǔ ninfSng, b^if&ng kSuyīnde bil    tell the difference between a northern

t6ng.    and a southern accent.

A: Nili, n£li. W8 yinjiūde zhQyao    Thank you. I mainly do research on

shi pStSnghua, dui fSngjr&n měiyou    Standard Chinese. I丨m not veil versed

shenme y&njiǔ, zhQy&o shi vS dui    in the dialects. The main thing is

ZhSngv^n feich&ng y5u xingqu.    that ī^m very interested in Chinese.

DSngb2i, Xtb2i, n£nfang• b?ifang,    Manchuria, the northvest, the south,

m?iyfge difang, m?iy£ge dfqū dou    the north, every place, each district,

ySu zijlde yHSyin zfgu&n, zhen shi    has its own ways of speech• It^fs

feich&ng y5u y!si.    really very interesting.

B: Nl dui ZhSngv^n zhdy&ng y5u xing-    Since you have such an interest in

qu₉ zh^ict l£i fXngv^n y5u meiySu    Chinese, did you talJc vith sotam

gen Zhonggu6de ySy&nxueJ ia tintan?    Chinese linguists during this rlait?

A: T&n le. Zh^ict Zh5nggu5 fang-    Yes. On this trip, the Chinese

mlan anpal v8 gen b!n duS xuezb!    arranged for me to meet vith a lot

jianle sil^n. Zheixlě TOxizbX zai    of scholars who are very famoufl

gu6vai dou shi h!n ySu mingde.    abroad.

B: ISk hXoJfie• Nl kSyi y5u Jlhui    That^fs great. You get the chance

duo liSoJi? yldlSn Zh5nggu6 yilyfin-    to find out more about linguistics

xuede qlngku&ng,    in China.

A: Nl dui yByfin y5u xingqu m&?    Are you interested in language?

B： W5? WS dui vCrucue» l^shl d5u    Me? I have some interest in lit-

y5u ytdiXn xingqu. Nl m&ng, v8men    erature and history. You're tusy,

xliylci zai t&n*    ve¹11 talk some other time.

A: HSo, hlo. G&ltiln zil ll£o.    Okay. We^fll chat some other day.

Hul t6u JlflLn* XiSo Lil.    See you later, XiSo Lifi.

B: ZiijUa.    Good-bye.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U

In front of D&hui Cinema in BSiJIng, a worker (B) is cleaning the glass

cases in vhlch posters are displayed. The Washington Post correspondent ₉

Richard Leblanc (A), valks over to him.

A: Nln hXo a! Mil pi&ode chuangkSu    Hello! The ticket window isn^ft

h&l mei k&l n&?    open yet?

B: Mji na! Zil gud shlf5n zh5ng»    Not yet. It^fll open in another fev

Jifldiln Jii kil le. Nln c6ng nīr    minutes₉ at nine. Where are you from?

l&l ym? P&tSnghui shuode zheme    You speak such good Chinese. hloT

A: W5 shi Huishengdūn Youb&ode    I^m a reporter from the Washington

i Iziii. zii B2ijīng yljTng singe    Post. I^fve been in B?ijīng three

yue le.    months now.

B: Zai B?iJIng chide, zhūde dou    Are you pleued vlth the food and

mlnyi m&?    living conditions here?

A: Chide, zhilde dou mXnyt, wS tebiě    Yes. I especially like B?ijlng^f9

xlhnaxx Blijīngde xiXochī.    snacks.

B: Dui! B?ijīngde xiXochl shi ySu    Right. BSiJīng ia famouB for it，

mingde, DongdSn yldaide xiXochī-    snacks. I suppose youWe been to d

diin nl d5u qūguo le b&?    the "little eateries" in the DSngdJLn

area?

A: Dibilfen d5u qū^uo le. Zhen bd    Most of them. They¹ re great. You

cud» qūle h&i xiSng qi.    always vant to go back.

B: Shl &, shi a! Nln JlntiSn xiSng    Yes indeed. What movie do you vant

kin shenme diinylngr a?    to see today?

A: XiSng liXngge xlnvenpian»    I vant to see two nevsreels. China

Zhonggu5de xīmrenpian b<i cud.    has good nevsreels•

B: Nln dou k&ziguo shenme le?    What ones have you seen?

A: W5 ch&ng kin ^wXlnven Ji8nbao_%^w    I often see the "News Summaries.^fl

sh&ngci kinle Jleshio Hu£n£n_y Hu&-    Last time I sav a nevsreel presenting

bSide yftxi xlnvenplSn* b1l cud.    the north and south of China. It vas

一    pretty good.

B: Nln zui xlhuan nXr a?    What place did you like best?

A: W8 zui xlhuan EuingshSn hi    I liked Mt. Hu&ng and Guilin 'best. Guilin.

B： 0! Hi shl hXo difazigr!    Oh, those are nice places.

A: WS hil luuiguo yibH Jldshio，hXo-    I also sav & movie introducing the

shil nlnzta shenghu6de dlanylng.    life of the minority nationalities.

B: Shl a, h&lshi xlmrěn-    Was it a feature film or a nevsreel? pi&nr a?

A: Xīmrenpianr, shl guǎnyli Xīnji&ng, A newareel. It vas about the region

N^tmSng n^i yldaide.    of Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia.

B: Y8u yfbū gdthipiixu: Ji2o WSduS    There¹ a a feature film called Five

JlnhuS ^ shi shXoahil mZnzS-    Golden Flovers, a love story about

de aiaǐng g^ahl. nl kinguo zna?    a nation&l minority in Dali, Have

you seen it?

A: Mei kinguo. Dali zai n£r?    No. Where¹s Dali? In GuizhSu? Guizhou?

B: Bil_f zai Yflnn&n, nei dif&ngr k?    No, In Yňnnfa, It^f3 a gorgeous

hSo kan le.    place.

A: Zheige dlanylng Jīntian y&n ma?    Is that movie playing today?

B: Jlnr *bū 7X21, xliirbai ySn, nln    Not today, *but next veek. If you

yao kan, dX ge di&nhu^ gen vBmen    vant to see it, give us a call and

dl&nylngyu&n li&nzi ylzlar, vSmen    get in touch, and ve can sare a

kěyi gSi nin li(i yizhSzig plao.    ticket for you.

A: ZhSn zl^xle nln. Ěl_f zhdige    Thanks a lot. Say, is this ad

guZnggao shl gu&oyli Daqingde ba?    about Daqing?

B: Shi, nei shi ge chū shly6ude    Yes. They produce oil there. It's

dif&ngr. JīntiSnde ^InwSn JiSn-    in today's ”Nevs Summaxy•”

*bio"li Jiil y8u.

A: 0, v8 yko kin zhěi'bū pianzi*    Oh, I vant to see that film.

B: 成o, znai pliLode k&i menr le*    Okay, the ticket office is open nov.

Nin kiuLi ba!    Go and buy your ticket.

A: ěi, zlSxle nln. Ziljl&n!    Right. Thank you. Good-bye.

B: Z&ijian!    Good-bye,

Unit 2, Reference List

1* A: NXmen zh^ngftl renvoi mioiin    What does your government think of

da-_t zh3ng-₉ xlSoxuede    your colleges, high schools, and

qlngkuazig zJfmaeyang?    primary schools at present?

B: WSmen xiSng Wenhua Gerning    We think that since the Cultural

ylhoude Jiaoyu shuiptng bū    Revolution educational standards

gdu g&o, vSmen dSi gSlbi&n    have not been high enough_y and

zhelge qlngxlng.    ve must ch&nge this situation.

2.    A: Zhonggu6 zhengy5u Jthuade    The Chinese government is raising the

tfg&o ylbilfen dixu^de    standards in some universities in a

shufping.    planned way.

B: A! Zhel Jiil shi bS daxue    P^hl This is the reason that univer-

fenchfag yīlěi d&xue erlei    sities are divided into Class

dSxuede yu£nyīn le!    I and Class II.

3.    A: Xi&nz&i Sh&aghSide liSoshl    At present is the number of teacher■

ahiLli&ng gou bu gou?    in Shangh&l sufficient?

B: B1l gdu_y erqlSy zhei shl    No, moreover this is a vldespre&d

ylge pgblande v$nt£.    problem.

A: B&osh&ng shuo MSlguo zhong-    It says in the papers that condl-

xlSoxuede tl^o.ll&n dou bu    tions in American secondary and

cud.    primary schools are quite good.

B: Shi. Jrbenshang mSl s&nshl-    Yes. In general there¹s & teacher

ge xuesheng y5u yfvěi Jl&oahZ, for every thirty students_y and even

liin zui pfltSagde xu^xlao y?    the most ordinary schools hare tel-

ySu dlflLnflhI_v tushūguin_v    evlslons_y & library, and so on. shenmede•

5.    A: ZhengfQ g2l pStSng xiSoxu£    Does the government give the same

hi zh3ngdl8n xiSoruide    amount of money to ordinary elemen-

ql&n y^ing du5 ma?    tary schools as to key elementary

schools?

B: YSu jridlXnr chabii. WSmen    There is some difference. We must

dJSi ghSuxlan zhaogu    first give consideration to key

zhdngdiXn xiSoxuS.    elementary schools•

6.    A: ZhongguS lUjxuesheng ruSzlde    Chinese students abroad concentrate

zhōngdlEn ahl ztrfai kexuě    on the natural sciences, isn^ft that

ta?    so?

B: Duile, shi kexu$ .itahu*    Right, on science and technology.

7.    A: Nlmende yfat-liuaheng chu gufl    After going abroad to study_t do all

za&d yīhou d5u hxil d&xūe    your graduate students go back to

Jilo' 霉tail na?    the universities and teach?

B: Y8u yfbifen d2i d&nren    No. Some of them hare to take up

Jishu fSngml&nde llngdXo    leading posts in technical fields. gSngzud.

8.    A: Jlngguō sSnniinde nflli.    After three years of effort,

zheige diqūde n6ngyd sheng-    conditions for agricultural

chSn ti&oJiflLn xi&ngdang    production in this area are nov

bti cud le.    quite good.

B: GuSnyli zheige wěntf, nīmen y5u    Do you have any data on this subject

m^lyou cSillSot vSmen kS bu    that ve could take back vith us to

kěyl dSihulqu k&nkam?    read?

9.    A: Yio shfxiaLn S^ge XiSndaihual    What is the biggest problea in

zui dide ^ěntl shi shenme?    achieving the Four Moderni zAt ions ?

B： Shi JlngJi. WSmen dSi zai bd    It^fs the econony. Before too long

tii ch&ngde sh£jiSnlI bX    ve nnist push ahead the econosqr of

2h8nggěr gu6ji&de JīngJi    the whole country. gXoshangqū.

10.    A： WSmende liHzu“hSng tfchulal    Our foreign exchange students have

Jlge wěntl.    brought up a fev problems •

B: W8 tīngshuS le₉ tamen xlXng    I heard* They vant to speed up the

.liakuii xuixl sūdu. WSmen    pace of their studies• We* 11

yidīng klold.    be sure to consider it.

11.    zhill&ng (shilling, zhlliing)    quality

12.    BSidi    BSiJīng University (short for

B8iJlpg D&xug)

13.    qSbie    difference, distinction lU. shehut kSzui    social sciences

Unit 2> Vocabulary List

BSidi    B?iJlag University

-biifen    part, section

c£iliao    znateri&l(s)

ch&bie    difference» disparity

chū gu6    to leave one’s country

d&nren    to ta^ce on, to assume

fen    to divide (into)

gemlng    revolution; to revolt

Jiakuii    to speed up

Jiaoshl    teacher

Jfbezish&ng    b&aic&lly, on the vhole, "by and

large

Jlnggud    to go through ₉ to ejq)erlence

Jlshu    technology; technical

kexue    science

-lei    category

lillxu^sheng    study-abroad students

zzniqi&n    at present

nSli    to make great efforts, to try hard

to exert oneself

pubiin    universal, vldespread» common

pStong    regular ₉ ordinary

qubiě    difference» distinction

r^mrěl    to think， to consider₉ to hold

ahdbui kizui    social sciences

shlxlia    to realize

ahSuxiin    first

shulplng    level

sh^lllang    number ₉ amouzrt

Sige Xi^ndiibuA    the Four ModerniziLtiona

sildu    speed, pace

ti£oJi&n    condition

tlchulai    to bring up

tlg&o    to raise

y£njii2sh8ng    graduate student

yfbilfen    ^a    a portion; some

zh!ngge(r)    .whole, entire

zhtliang (zhf-, zhl-)    quality

zhongdiSn    focal point, emphasis; key

_zj_r£_n    nature; natural

zlraň kēxuě    natural sciences

Unit 2. Reference Notes

1. A: JTZara zhiogfti regvei ailqi&n What does your government think of dJU, zhSsg-₉ xlSoxuede    your colleges_t high schools₉ and

qlngkuang zSnzneying?    primary schools at present?

B: WSmen xl&ng Wenhu^ Geming    We think th&t since the Cultural ylhSude Jiaoyu shulplng Revolution educational standards gdu gao₉ vSmen dSi g&l'biiLn have not been high enough, and zheige qfngzing* ve must change this situation.

Notes on No» 1

renvei: "to think (that),” "to consider (that)," "to believe (that)”

This is typically used for considered opinions and Judgments» as opposed to xl&ng. ⁿto think," vhich can be used for mere linpressionB and gues囂es* Also contrast ylvei• "to think mistakenly•”

VS remrei ta shuSde shi duide. I consider vh&t he said correct OR

I believe th&t vfaat he 囂Aid is rl曲t.

Ta renvoi zhSiJicLn shi bd ylng- He does not think ve should be allowed gii rilog vSaen zud.    to do this.

milaiiLn： ”the present” or ⁿat present” Althou^i t>oth nrilQlfei and ri4n-zal, ⁿnov_tⁿ refer to the present* xl5n2al may mean "right nov, vhereas mŪQian must refer to a broader period of time.

Milqi&n vSmen chSngde shezigchXn At present our factozy's production shulplng h&l bH gdu g5o.    level isn't high enough.

Milqi&n t&de JlngJi qtngkuang    At present hla financial situation

til hXo.    isn't too great.

zh5pg»* xlloxu名:Short for    zhSmocii豸* xlXoxu^.

”revolution,” "revolutionary,ⁿ "t。revolt" In ancient China, gg ming« literally, ^wto change the mandate of heaven," referred to the changing of dynasties₉ since the sonareh vas held to be ordained by heaven. The pattern X-de ming% literally* ”to change X's mandate of heaven,^w means ”to revolt against X#

Vanhul    or Wenhua Da G&ning: The common terms for the Vflch&n

Jle.il WSnhaii Pi Ganing. "Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution” (1966-19T7).

An even shorter abbreviation is Wgng6>

ahulplng: "level,” ”standard”

RibSnde gSngyd shSzigchXn    Japan's Industrial production

shulplng zhen gXo!    level is really high!

MSlguo rende 8hengfau6 shulplng Americans have • very high standard hSn gSo!    of living!

Tide Dfiytt shulplng bti gdu gio. Ela level ia German lan^t high enough.

2. A: Zh5nggu6 zh^ngfS y8u Jihu&de The Chinese government la raising the ttgjo yfbilfen dlzuede    standards In so&e universities in &

shīuplng.    planned vay.

B: A! Zhei Jiū ahl bZ āixai    Ah! This Is the reason that univer-

fSncheng yllel dixue erl^l    sities are divided into Class

dlzuede yu£nyln le!    I and Class II.

Notea on No. 2

tfgSo: "to raise,” "to improveⁿ

Dao Zh5ziggu6 qū, kiyi tlgao dui By going to China, you can increase Zh5nggu6de rěnahi.    your understanding of China.

JlSfiLng jlhdu, f&nflde divel    Since liberation« the status of

tigSo le.    vomen hu is^troved.

ShXoshii olnzil shu5 p3t8n毋mide The level of the minority nationalities shulplng tlgiole bi shXo.    In Standard Chinese has ts^roved

quite a Mt.

-biifen: "part,” "section”

Q^ng bX zhd ytb^lten fSnchěng    Pleaae tr ana late this part Into

Zh5ngvSn•    Chinese•

Ta xlSde n^ibSn shS₉ ySude biifen Some sections of the book he wrote hlo, y8ude bdfen bū hXo.    are good, and some aren't.

ylbxlfen: ”a part,” ”a portion,” ”丨one”

TS shuSde hui, ylbūfen 丨 hi dui da ₉ Part of vfa&t he s&id is right, and ylbxlfen shl cudde.    part Is wrong.

Qīide r6n» y8u jrlbilfen h&l zllag Of the people vbo vent, some vould zil q^l, t8u jttňfēn xllng    like to go back again₉ &nd some

qil le.    do not vant to.

fens ^wto dlrlda'¹ Aa jrou lemrned fenkll, "to split up,” In the Society module, this vorA i囂 not tzxtlreljr nev to ]rou₉ but here you see It vlth the ending -chSng^ ”lst。•” Here¹丨 another exas^le:

W8 bX plzigguS fSnchezig sikuil, I^fll divide the apple Into four vSmen yir^n ylkuiU..    pieces, one piece for each of mb.

-1备i: "category"

Xlinzil lil M!lgu6de ZhSngguo The Chinese vho are coming to the r€a ddgii kSyl fen llXngldl.    U.S. nov can be roughly divided

into tvo categories•

Zh^ll^i wintl zui hXo L&dng- You had best talk vlth the Travel ahidt rfai tin.    Service people about this sort of

question.

"HSi Wfilli,” "Hfing waiii,"* shi The ^Pive Black Categories* and the Wenhui Gěmlng shlhoude    ”Five Red Categories"• were termfl

shuofS.    used during the time of the

Cultural Rerolution.

Zb备i .1 ill shl• • • -de yuanyTn: "This is the reason that...” Here ia another exuQ>le of this useful pattern:

Zh备i Jill shl ta qilde yuSnyīn. This is the reason he dldn^ft go.

Zh^i 3i\i. ahl. >. -de yuapyln le: This sentence exemplifies & use of nev-situation le to enphaaize the spe&er¹s nevly^reached understanding• You can think of this le as meaning ^ov I get it!”

5, nl ylqi&n shuoguode H6u XlSn- 0h₉ the Mr. H6u you spok« of before sheng Ji\i ahl ta lei    is hln!

Xi Su6jrl nl niao xiSng qoi le! Oh! That's why you vant so much

to go!

Related uses of nev-situ&tion le Include drawing a nev inference, e.g. ₉

Nlae, n! ylding rirmbi Ch€n    Then, you muat knov Section Chief

KeshXng le?    Chěn₉ I suppose?

and settling on a course of action or reaching a decision:

A: TS shldao vSde dliohu2 maT    Doe丨 he knov my telephone number?

B; Zhldao.    Yes.

A: N& v8 iliL dSng tad« dlinhui    Then 1*11 v&lt for his call, le. '

3. A: Xl^nzil Sh^ngbXide ^i^oshl    At present Is the number of teachers

shňllmg gdu bu gou?    In ShitaghXl sufficientT

B: Bd gdu» SrqiX₉ zbdi shl    Ho» noreorer this is a widespread

ylg« pttblinda vdrrtl.    problem•

Notei on Wo. 3

Jlaoahl; ”te&cher,” ” bchoolteacher"

W8 shl ylge xlXoxuS Jl2oahZ.    I'a an elementary school teacher.

*Th«a« frwm₉ vhich «ros« la tbc flrvt y«4ra of tbc Cultural Rvrolutlon (tad at* oov ob«ol«t«) _t r«f«rr«d. to tte tvo ldMlofleallsr "lrr*eoaeiIabl« e«ap««" In «ff*ct_t thagr v»r« us«d to eluslfy p«opl« by tlMir faalljr becksrounds, Thm Ttym Black C«t«forlM» or **bad" backcrounds, v»r« landlords, rleb pM««atfl_t eount«rr«voI\itlonarlM _t bad    _t and bours*olfl rlfbtist.. Th« flr» IU4 ("good") Cat«corl«fl vtrt vorkara, poor pMtuts, Xov*r-«lddX« p*M«ata₉ rvrolutloaftry    aad r«Tolutioaar7 cadTM.

Ninen xufadio ylgdng ySu 4u5-    How many English teachers are ther*

shJCo YZngv^n JlloshI?    in your school?

ghftTian^； "quantity_f" ”number,”    ”amount”

Nl nezxg bu neixg sbuSchfl tamende    Can you give an exact idea of

shūliang ySu duSsbXo?    their numbers?

Cong sh^li&ngsh&ng kin, zheige    From the point of rlcv of numbers,

xuexiRode n&nshSng zhin    the male students occupy the m&ln

£h{Syaode divei.    position in the school.

pgbiSn: ^wto be universal/vldespread/commonⁿ

Zii MSlgu6, ylge Jl&tlng ySu    In America it is very consoon for

sanliatng qiche shi hSn pSbian-    one family to have three cars, de shi.

Z&l ZhSngguS, zuijin sanshlnian,    During the last thirty years, people's

resmende v^nhuil Jlioyu shul-    educational level in China hu

pfzxg jiSbiin tlgiole.    seen vldeapre&d lnqproveaezit.

U. A: Baosh&ng shuS MSiguo zbSng-    It says in the papers that condl-

zlSoxuede ti^ojian d3u b<i    tiōns In American secondary and

cud.    primary schools are quite good.

B: Shi* Jlbenah^g mMi sSnshl-    Yes. In general there'8 a teacher

ge rueBheng you ylvSi Jlio-    for every thirty students, and eren

8hī» li&n pStSngde xue-    the most ordinary schools hare tel-

zlao yS y8u dlknsbi: t{lsh3_    evlsions, & library, and so on. guXn, shenmede.

Notes on Ro* h

tiaoJl^n： ”condltion(a)," ^wcircxan»tance8ⁿ

ZhSrde gSngzud ti&ojiin 'bd cud.    Working conditions here are pretty good.

XTbSlde 囂&2&«&»6 tiioiiin bit    Living conditions are not 丨o good

zSnaa hlo.    In the Nortbvest•

Zil milqiiadt titojlinxli, vSmen    Under the pz*e霧ent circumstances, ve

meiyou biafX xil kual.    are unable to go aoy faster.

Hi tinea zud shengjri zhSn bū    It*，really hard to do business

r6ngyl_t tasen zSngshl yio    vlth than. They are alvays

jllng hSn du8    Insisting on a lot of conditions •

Taaen rexxvil tZ mSiySu    They don’t think he^fa con^etent to

zud zhdlge gSngzud.    do this Job.

^basic,” ^fundaznental»ⁿ ”elementary” （For the first example,

you need to knov ygfK, "grasm&r•” and    cfhui • "vocabulary.ⁿ)

XuS llXngnlla ZhSngv^n, Jlb8n- ATter studying tvo years of Chinese, im jHlfX hi cfhui d8u zhldao le. (one) knovs the b&alc graamar and

vocabulary •

Zhdlge diqi! glo n6ngy^de Jlb?n The basic conditions for farming tl&ojl^n bū gdu,    are not good enough In this area.

Jlbenshang, ^basically,¹¹ is often uaed in the PRC to mean ”in the main,” ⁿon the irtioleT”    large.^w (This usage is not common in Taiwan, however.)

JTbenshang ta shl ylge hSo    On the vhole _% he Is a good comrade.

tSngzhi.

JtbenshatLg meiyou vent! le.    By and large, there are no more

problems.

Nl shuode Ylngv^n Jtbenshang    For the most part,工 can understand

vS dSu tlngdedSng.    all your English.

mgi.•.ySu.••: "There is•••for every.••” EzamplM:

MSI singe r各n ySu ylge shl    There la an American for every

MSiguo ren.    three persoiM* (One of every

three people is an American.)

M2i santian ySu ylge r$n l&l.    (There is) one person (vfao) cooes

every three days.

putSng: "to be ordinary/common/regular"

Tamen llXngge zhl shl p3tong    The tvo of them are Just ordinary

pengjrouy měl sheome t^blide    friends; they don't hare any

gu£nxi.    special relationship.

T& Jii shi ylge pfltSng r6a_%    He is juat an ordinary person, like

nl hi v® ylying.    you or me.

PStSngde hilzhio hi sh2lge y8u What's the difference between on shixmm qSblST    ordlnazy passport and this?

5. a： Zhdngfti g8l pStSng zlXoxuS    Does the gorernment give the same

hi ghSngdlfa zlXozuSde    amount of money to ordinazy elemen-

qlin yiying du5 oa?    tary school丨 u to key elementary

schools?

B： YSu yidllnr chSbl^. WSmen    There la some difference. We oust

d2l gq zhiogu    first give consideration to key

zhdngdlln zlXoxuS•    elementary school丨•

Notes on Ho. 5

zhdngdlfa: "heavy-polnt¹*一ⁿesiph&8l8₉ⁿ "focal point^w or in some phrases, ⁿkey^w Alao used adverbially.

Nl yinjiūdt shdngdlXn dSu y5u What are the focal points of your nSlxiS fln^dinT    research?

Nīmen yio clnguZnde zbdngdlXn What is to be the focus of your shi nSifSngscLin?    visit?

Nīmen yao zhozigdlXn fSzhX&de    Hov many regions do you intend to

dlqu ySu Jīge?    focus on developing?

WSmen /īnggal bZ zhdogdlXn fing We should put the emphasis on z&l Jl&ojrushang*    education.

Tamende gSngzud zbdngdlXn shl    The focus of their vork is on

gXo venhixi Jl&oyu.    culture and education.

chabie: "difference,” "discrepancy,” "disparity” Contrast the vord qubie (additional required vocabulary), ”difference,” "distinction.ⁿ Chlblt stresses the Idea of & distance» gap* or Inequ&llty betveen the things con-pared. QSbl^ refers to differences* determined by inspection» betveen other-vise similar things•

Zhdlyang zud he neiyang zud y8u What is the difference betveen doing 丨hexane cbSbi^T    it this vay* and doing it that vay?

Chengshi he n6ngc3n chSble h!n There & Mg difference 'betveen da.    the city and the coxintzy.

Nl shuoshuo zh^l liXngge ah5u- Tell me vhat the differences are yīnjīde qubie zil nXr?    betveen these tvo radios.

Zhei llXngbSn zidlXn ySu shinme Vh&t^fs the difference betveen these qubie?    tvo dictionaries?

shguxlln； ”first,” meaning before doing something else. This is a movable adverb (can come either before or after the subject of the sentence* but alvays before the verb).

RtoguS nX T^o <Uo Zh8nggu6 qH₉ If you vant to go to China, you

shSuzlIn yio zue yldlXn ZhSngv^n. should learn a little Chinese first.

ShSuzlIn bX jio mXide dSngxl kSi First make a list of the things you yizhing dlnsi» rCahdu zil qSng vmnt bou^rt, and then ask him to tl qjX all*    go bxay th«n.

RhXtrriSn can also mean "first of all•” ^wln the first place":

ShSuzlSn vSmen ylo t&ntaa ntde First of all ve should discuss your canguSn fXogv^n Jihui.    si典tSMing plans.

In sentence 5B_f ahSuxlIn zh&ogiu ”first of all give consideration to,” can be Idiomatically translated u ”give first consideration to.

6. A: Zb8nggu6 lHoxu^sheng xuSxlde Chinese students abroad concentrate

thSngdlln ahl zlrln kexue on the natural sciences, isn’t that b%?    so?

B: Duile» shl kSzu爸.lishu«    Right, on science and technology.

Notes on No. 6

zlrin: "natural,” "naturally” Daz^r&n means "nature" in the sense of the physical world.

Ta h2n xlhuan d&zir&n.    He is very fond of nature.

Ruishide zir&n hu&njing hSn    Svitzerland¹a natural environment

tebi^.    is very different,

Zheige shXoshii mlnz'd diqūde    The n&tur&l conditions in this

zlr&n    bO, hXo.    minority nationality region are

poor.

Tide yiogzi hSn zirin.    Her appearance is very natural.

NSer llkSl JiS, fihxi! n&ngud    When a d&u^iter leaves home, it is

shl zir&nde.    natural for her parents to be sad.

Xuele bti yong* zir&n hui vang. If you don’t use something after you

learn it, you¹re bound to forget it.

Bd yong guSn, zir&n hui gudqude• Don’t worry about it; it vlll pass

by itself.

kexue: ”science” Kexuě.llS is & "scientist•"

MSigu6 shl ge kezu^ Jln'būde    The U.S. is & scientifically &d-

guSjlS.    v&nced country.

N6ngcun rin c6ngqi&n mSiySu    In the past, people in rural areas did

shenme kizuS zhZshi.    not have any knowledge of science.

KSxixS is also used for "to b« scientific":

ZhilzhSng zudfX hSn kezui.    This method is very scientific«

Nl ndithSng zlXngfX kexuě! That’s & very unscientific idea.

Jiahu: "technique,” "skill,” "technology”

TS lcil chSde Jishu hSn hXo.    He^fs & good driver.

Zhd shi v8 zudde M&p6 Ddufu« nl I made this M&p6 Beancurd. Hov do kin vSde jishu zSnmeyiLzigT    rate my technique?

Zh5nggu6de chlyd ahēngchXn Jisbu    Chin••丨 te& production technology flshXn diole bSjiXo giode is rather highly developed. shuXplzif •

Ti a hi ge J^ahu gSngren.    He is a skilled vorker.

了. A: Nlnende yfca^jgaheng chu gu6 After going abroad to study, do all xuexl ylhou d5u hul dizue    your graduate students go tack to

JlSo shil ma?    the universities and teach?

B: Bil. Y5u ylbvLfen d!i d&nren No. Some of them have to take up

jishu fingml&nde llngdlo .    leading posts in technical fields.

gSngzud.

Notes on No, 7

chu gu6: "to go abroad"

T丨 shi nllzii&n chil gu6de?    In vhat year did he go abroad?

Ch3 gu6 lillzuěde /&njlu8bezig    Are there maay women aaong the

nūde du5 bu du5?    graduate students vfao go abroad

to study?

dbren: "to assume₉ⁿ "to take up" a jo*b or post

NJ z^l zhdr dSnr苔n shSzune g5ng-    What is your Job title here? zud?

Ta zuljin yio qil OuzhSu dSziren    He vlll soon be going to Europe to

llngshi gongzud«    do consular vork.

TS dinrenguo MSidisI alzhfag.    He has been the chief of the Depart

ment of Aserican and Oceanic Affairs.

DanrSn XlngdXo g5ngzu3« &a in sentence 7B₉ is an often used phr&ae for "to take on le&dershlp vork, ⁿto take up a leading postⁿ (that is, to be in a Job in irtilch one la in charga of others) •

8. A:    alzuil&nde nttll*    After three years of effort_f

~zhelga diqQde    shing- conditions for agricultural

chXa tliojlin xlangdXng    production In this area are nov

沾 cud le«    quite good,

B: GuSoyll zheige ventl₉ nlaen y8u Do you have azqr data on this subject melyou ctillio, v&nen kS bu th&t we could take back vlth us to dllhulqu kankan?    read?

Notes on No* 8

JlngguS: (1) "to paw," "to go through”

Zhěild chX Jīnggud DSngdZn maT Does this bus go through DSngdln?

ndi<« difang v8 mel qūguo, danshl I,ve never been there, but I've Jlnggudguo.    passed through (OR passed by).

Zh^l shl v8 diyīct jTngguo    This is the first time I^fve ever

备iyangde kXoshi.    taken & test like this.

(2)    "as & result of," "after,^M "through" This is the vay .IlngguS is used

in sentence 8A. (For the second example you need to knov zhan2heng% ^rtvar,)

Jīnggud tXoliln, vSmen jueding After discussion, ve have decided xla Xīngqīsi qū yScSn.    to hold the picnic next Thursday.

TS y2 bū Jīnggud kXold Jiū he He married her without even giving ta Jietaūn le.    it any corxBideration.

Jīnggud hSn ch&ng shljia&de    Ab a result of the leogtbjr var, this

zhiLnzhezig» zh^ige diqū yījlng area has become unrecognisable • biaade bti r^nahl le.

(3)    ⁿcourse (of events); ^īat has happened"

Ta hull&l *bl quanbii Jīnggud    When he returned* he told mm the

g^osule vB.    vhole story of vhmt happened.

Shiqizigde Jīnggud shl zSzune-    Do you knov hov the vbole thing

y^ngde, nl zhTdao m&?    vent?

nfili: "to make great efforts," "to try hard," ⁿto exert oneself”

Ta gozigzud hSn nSli.    He works very hard.

Ta 'bfi dan nQll gSngzud, rin    Not only does he work very bard,

y? hSn rexīn.    but ha is &lso a vannhearted person.

Contrast nSlt g5ngzu3_% "work hard,” vlth y6ngg5ng« ⁿstudy bard•”

c^lli^o: (1) ”material”

Zb8ige ftagzide e&iliio kinqll&l This house loolcs like it ^fs made of bd cud.    pretty good material.

(2) ”dat^,^w "material”

Ta gSile v8 hSn du5 c&lll^o₉ w5 He gave me a lot of data (materi&l). sa&tiSn y8 kinbuv&i.    Even three days wouldn^ft be enough

time for me to finish reading it.

Nl n&d2o xīnde xuexf e&iliio    Have you picked up the new study

le aa? MlsgtiSn yio shazig    materials yet? We start the nev

xīn le.    lesaon tomorrow.

(3) "makiacs,” "material⁹*

TS bd sud Jlioshdude c£lllao. He doesn't have the makings of a

professor.

9. A: Yio ahlxlito Sjge Xl&ndiLlhua What Is the biggest problem In

zui didc"fcrent 1 shi shězzsne?    achieving the Four Modernization丨？

B: Shl JīngJi. V8men dSl z&l    It^fs the econcoQr. Before too long

ti± chtngde ahljianll bS    ve zzmst push ahead the economy of

zh8ngger gu6jiade jīngji    the vhole country• gloshangqū.

Notea on No* 9

ahlxl&p： "to realize/achieve/"bring about/accomplish/come true" Besides being used to talk about the Four Modernizations» ahlxlfa is also used for realizing a vish_y an ideal₉ a goal, self-sufficiency» a reform* Industrialization ₉ etc. Note that ahlxl&n can be used in a causal sense (i.e._y ⁿcauae to come about"): "They realized their vish" CTSaen shlxlfale tlaande yiAniffaig3: or in a non-caus&l sense (i.e.« "cone about"): "Their vlsh came about CTanende yu&nvfci^

Z&l Xlflng, shlxicb gSngy^hui In. the West, achieving Indufltriallsatlon yljlng shi yibXlzil&n qlSnde    is something vhlch vaa done a century

shi le.    ago.

N&n^īng Jlbenshang shlxl&nle    N&njlng has basically accomplished

llQiuil*    "greenlflcation" (making the city

green by planting trees» flowers» etc*)•

xliLndal： "modern times" or "modem," "contenqwraiy"

Xi^ndill rěnde xiXngfS d5u shl Modern man's Ideas are all hSn kezuSde.    scientific•

•hui: ⁿ-ize," "-ify” Ezanples:

gongf^bok to industrialize    iShxii    to make green (by

planting trees» etc•) jlXnhui    to nimplity (Jlln in wMihoi    to beautify

short for jilndln)

MSlgu6faui to Americanize    ehxii    to vorsen (至 is a

literary vord for XīfiogbuA    to Westernize    "bad")

yt霣”衫4hul: "to become modernized"; "modernized/sophisticated/modernⁿ Caution: This Is an intranaltlre verb (cannot take an object). Therefore₉ to say "modernize our country¹¹ you must phr&ae it as "make our country* become modernized":

W8men yio shZ vSaende gu6jiS    We must Btodernlze our country. zllbidiLilKui.

ZbdlziS zlindiUiui yiSySn Wa shl    Not everyone knovs these aodern

all" rin dSu zhīdaode.    terms.

Sige XlMidalhua: "the Four Modern!zationaⁿ These arc the modernization of agrlcnlture₉ Industry» national defense* and science and technology* Com-prehensile development in these areas by the end of the century v&s called for at the Eleventh National Party Congress in 1977. and again "by Cossnuzilst Party Chalroan Eu2 Gu6feng at the Fifth National People¹丨 Congress in 1978. (This theme bad been enunciated tvice "before, In 1965 &nd 1975» by Zhou Ēnlil.) Since 1979» the drive for the "socialist Four Modernizations" h&s 'been at the root of the Chinese government⁹ s domestic policy and have also bad a broad Influence on its foreign policy.

zh8ngge(r): As an adjective    ("before & noun), "vhole," "entire," referring to a single iteou

ZhSnggd ahiLogvS nl d5u z\id    What did you do the vhole nomlngt shiznne let

W8 yio mil zhěziggěde bu8tul»    I want to "buy & vhole baa, not 纛

yio biiigede•    half one.

ZhS&ggd Jihui dSu shl ti ylge The entire plan was his ld«4. rěn slSngcbQl&lde •

Ab an adverb_f zhfaggS(r) means ^completely,^{n ff}in its entirety":

ZbSijil huide yisi nZ zhSnggd    You cosrpletely misunderstood the

ndngcud le.    meaning of that sentence.

TZde a6tuSch8 zhSnggd bdl    His motorcycle vas coa^letely

zbuinghuil le«    ruined in the collision.

Zhěige fSngzl zhSnggd d8u shl This house Is made cos^letely atiitou zudde.    of vood.

Shinggji, "to go up,” may be used figuratively to 丨ay that production ⁿgOM up" or vork "mores forward •” The result at Ire compound

tbmretOTBt aeāna "to cause to go up_fⁿ "to cause to move forward." We harm trmnslat«d It here u ”to push ahead" the economy.

10. A: W8aand« lltlzui丨h&g tlchulal Our foreign exchange students have Jlge vdntl,    brought up a fev problems •

B: VS tlngBhuS le, tiaen xllng I heard, they vant to speed up the .liakuil zuexl sādu. W8aen pace of their studies. We, 11 yīHng™kIold,    be sure to consider it.

Wotea on No* 10

ti; Onm iwnlng of the verb tl is "to lift,” ”to raise.ⁿ In a more abstract senM, it can mean (l) "mention•” "refer to,” "bring up” (& subject). Ti vfatl Is "to aak questions.ⁿ

VS ti ge vent! k^yl m&?    May I ask & question?

Qlng d&JlS ti yijian.    Pleaae give us your cosxmenta» everyone.

Bi 各 zal tl neijl&n a hi le.    Don't mention that again, okay7 hXo ma7

TS mSicl tldao zheijian shl,    Every time he mentions that, I

v8 Jiu shengqi.    get angry.

(2) ^rtto raise•” ⁿto bring up*^{n n}to put forward" (question丨* comments, demands,

etc •):

TS tide nil llXngge tl&oJl&n₉ There¹ a no way I can satisfy (fulfill) v8 mel banfS shlzlan.    the condition丨 he put forward.

NX Juěde v8de binfl bū zlzig,    If you don't think ny vmy (of handling

keyi tlchu nlde banfX.    it) vlll do, you can propose & vmy

of your ovn.

TS tlchū ring Zhlng T6ngzbi    He proposed haring Comrade ZhSng

zud llngdKo.    be the leader.

TS tlchil ytto dio Ing qi    He said that he had to go to N&d-

ylting ylhou c&l n^ng xlS    Jīng before he could vrite tbls

zh^lplin věnzhSng.    article.

jlOcu&l： ”to quicken,” ”to speed up” (one's atep, & process, the pace of doing soaething)

RtiguS JiSlcuii zud₉ 丨intiin Jiu If ve speed up, ve can finish xlng le.    in three days.

aādň: (literally ”fMt-degree”）”apaed,” ”pace,” "tempo"

SSnshlzil^a ill, RibSn jīngji    For thm put thirty years, Japan's

fSshXnda niUSi bin kuil.    rate of economic developoent has

be«n very fast.

JiStaAl…丨"to quicken the pace of... »ⁿ "to speed up”：

WSaen yio JlSku&l gSzigzudde    We must speed up our work, s^dxi.

Zhonggu5 yio JlSkuil shlxl&n    China vants to speed up the Four

Sige Xland&lhuade sūdil.    Modernizations •

[The opposite of JlSlcuil 丨站在 is fknman sild{L«3

Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary

zfaillang: "quality" Also pronounced zhiliang or zh^liang.

Shuliang duo, zhiliang ye 'bG.    They are plentiful and of good

cub.    quality.

In some contexts, you can use the syllable zhi/zhf/zhl to stand for zhiliang and the syllable liajig to stand for shuliang:

Zhī« liang, dou bG. cuo.    The quality and quantity are both

good.

Unit 2> Review Dialogue

This dialogue takes place in B?ijīng. Early one morning, Professor

Armstrong is out for a walk near his hotel when he runs into Lfn XiXohe of

the China Travel Service.

L： Jiaoshou, nfn zSo!    Good morning, Professor!

A: ZXo, nl hSo! ZSoshangde kongqt    Good morning, hov are you. The

blJiXo xluxi&n yidiXnr, W8 hSn    morning air is a little fresher. I

xīhu&n zXosh&ng zii vaimian    like to go for a valk outside in the

zSuyiz8u.    morning•

L： JIntian tiaaqi y? btl cuS,    The weather is pretty nice today

meiyou feng, chūlal zSuzou dul    too. There¹s no wind. It's good for

shentt y8u hSochu.    the health to go out and do some

walking•

A: Shi a! Jīntlande tiaaql zhen    Yes. The weather today is really

shufu*    ple&sant.

L: Jlioshou, nfn jīntian hSoxl&ng    Professor, you seem so happy today, h2n g&oxing ma!

A: VS h!in gaoxing* Nl zhīdao, du6    Yes, I am. You knov, I*re been

JiS le, vS xiSng qii kankan B2id&₉    vanting to go visit BSlJīng Unlver*

kSshl yizhi melyou Jlhui qū.    sity for such a long time, but I

never had the chance to.

L: Jīntian vSaen Jiu k^yl qū    But ve，re going today, canguan le.

A: Shi a. W8 shi gSo Jiioyu    That^fs right. I'm In education,

gongzuode. Zal M^lgu5de shlhou,    When I’m in the States I often like

v5 ch&ngch&ng xlhu&n kin zie    to read books about education in guXnyil Zhonggu5 Jiioyu qfngkuingde China, but I alvays feel that ve

shu, kSshi, y2o zhSnde yizijlxlde    don’t hare enough data to do actual

hui, z8ng Ju^de c&lllio b1i gdu,    research on it. There¹ s a lot ve

ySu h2n duo dSngzl bd. gdu liSo-    don't understand veil enough.

JiS, irqiS_f y8u ahlhou ySude    Furthermore_# some of the data

cilllio hi Zh5nggu6de qlngkuing    Is very different from the [true]

chSbl€ hSn suSyl •..    sltu&tlon In China, so ...

L: Nln y8u sh^nae věntl Jiu    Ask me any questions you have,

t£chulai, yixSi v8 kěyl bSng nin    maybe I can help you vlth then. yidiXnr m&ng ne?

A: Nl d^ngyldSngft w6 shishl, kin    Walt & second, let me try and see

neng bu n^ng shuoqlngchu a!    if I can explain it clearly.

L: Měi guinxi, nln mitnagnr shuo.    It doesn't matter, take your time.

A: Zal nZaen zhdr, iixai fen yllei    Here, your universities are divided

erldi_y zhSngxtxi zlXozu^ y? ySu    into Class I and Class II, and your

zhongdlXn zhSng- xlSozue he piltong    middle schools and elementary schools

zhong- ziSozuěde qilblě. Zhelyang    distinguish betveen key and regular

zxxode miidl shl sh^coe ne? W3    ones • What is the purpose for d^ing

shi shxxo • • •    that? I mean • • •

L： fig, nl shuoxiaqu.    Uh-huh, ge on.

A: W3de yisi shi, yaoshi bS zhSng-    I mean, if you put the emphasis on

diSn fang zai Jlg$ xuexiSo-    a few schools, will you be able to

shang, neng bu neng p2biin    make a general improvement in the

gao Ji&oyu shulpfng ne?    level of education?

L: Zhei shi yfge hSn hXode ventf.    That¹3 a very good question. You

Nl zhrdao, Zhonggu6 ySu shiyiduo    knov, China has over a billion people

renkSu, y5u nfime du5 rěn xuySo    people. There are so many people who

shdu JiaLoyu, IcSshi Jiioyude    vho need to get an education, but

qingkuing bil neng r^ng rěn    educational conditions are not

mXnyt.    satisfactory.

A: fīg.    Uh-huh.

L: Tebiě shi Jīnggud W^zihui Di Ge-    Especially since the Cultural Rev-

zziing ylh3u, Jiaojru fSngaian    olution, there hare been a lot of

zhen ySu bd shXo vent! _t suSyl    problems in the &rea of education« so

zii zzsClqi&nde qlngkuing xi&«    under the present conditions _y ve must

vSmen dSl bS zhdngdlSn fang zai    put the es^hasis on a portion of our

yfbilfen daxue* zh5ngxue_y he    colleges₉ middle schools, and

xiSoxuesh&ng*    elemervt&ry schools •

A: Name, zai zhdngdlXn dixu^li,    Then in key colleges, what do you

nlmen renvei zui zhSyaode gongzud    consider to be the principal Job? ySu shi sh^nme ne?

L: ShSuxlan dSl xlXng tlgSo    First of &11 ve must try to raise the

Jifioshlde shulplng. Xl&nzai    level of the instructors. At pres-

JiiLoshI shūli&ng bd gdu, shuZ-    ent the nuznber of instructors is

ping bil gao.    insufficient and their level Is

lov.

A： 食g, zhii shi ylge zhdngyuode    Mm_f that^f8 an Important problem, vent!•

L: Shī, zhdige ventf h爸 tigio    Yes, it's a question that has great

zhSngger minzHde Jiioyu shuZplng    bearing on raising the educational

ygu h?n d^de gu&zixi*    lerel of the vhole nation.

A： 成o, Q&me dlěr ne?    Okay_y then the second thing?

L： GSo Sige Xlandllhua xuy&o hSn    To cany on the Four Modernizations

duo shouguo Jiaoyude r^n, kSshl    ve need a lot of educated people,

zhiijiin sht h<x shi zal duln    but this can't be accon^lished in

sh£jiSnli kteyi zudhXode. Zhei    a short time. You probably agree

yldlXn nln dkgii tňngjrt ba?    vith that point, don't you?

A: WS d8ng_t v8 ding.    I understand_f I understand.

L: Suoyl, vJJmen "bin yixie zh3ng-    So ve are setting up some key

diSn xuexlflLoy velde shi Ji&kuai    schools in order to speed up the

Jiaoyu sudu.    educational process.

A: Ji&ku&i Jiaoyu sūdu? Nlde yisi    To speed up the educational process?

shi shuo, zhdngdlSn xu^xl&ode    You mean, key schools have better

tliojian blJiXo hlo, xu^sheng,    conditions, and the level of their

Jiaoshīde shiilplng y? blJiSo    students and teachers Is higher,

g&o, zheiyang, xu^sheng Jiu ySu    so the students have the opportunity

Jlhui zSl blJiSo duSnde shljian-    to learn more things in a shorter

li xue biJiSo duode dongxl.    time.

L： Did le.    Right.

A: Name nlinea pal chu gu6de lilixui-    Then axe &11 the students you send

sheng shi bu shl d5u shl c6ng    abroad from key schools? zhongdlSn xuexl&oll l&ide ne?

L: Tamen duSbinr shl c6ng zhdng-    They¹ re mostly from key universities,

dlXn daxuě l&lde, tebie shl    especially the graduate students. y&njlusheng.

A: W8 Jl&nguo Jlvei l&l MSlgu6    I^fve met several Chinese going to

nl&n shude 111ixuesheng_t tamen d5u    school in the United States• They

shl icai kexue shude. TīngshuS    were all studying science and tech鋳

tSmen xuede felch&ng nSli.    nology. I hear that they were very

Zhoziggu6 lltlxuěshengde xu^xl    haxd-vorking. Chinese students abroad

zhdngdlXn shl kexuě Jishu，dui    concentrate on science and technology¹,

bu dul?    isn^ft that ri曲t?

L: Nln shuode dui, tamen zbSyio    That¹ s right, they mainly study

shl xu$ zir£n kexue. Zhei shi    the natural sciences. That¹s our

vSmen snlql&n zui dlde xuy&o.    greatest need at present.

A: TSmen hu£ gu6 ylhōu d5u gXo    After they return home do they all

yinjiū gongzud aaT    do research work?

L: Bil ytding. W8 xlXng y8u yi di    Not necessarily• I think that a

bilfen h&l dSl sil āixai danrSn    large portion of then still have to

JiSLoshlde gSngsud. Shlxlan    take up teaching positions in univer-

Sige Xlandilhui llbulcSi Jiioyu    sitles. Education is essential to

m&! Jlao8hdu_t y8u shlJian gSi    achieving the Four Modernizations!

v8 Jieshao Jieshao MSigu6de    Professor, when you have the time,

Jiaoyu qlngku&ag a!    tell me aboozt education In America!

A: HXo, nl dui nSifSngml^nde qfng-    Sure. What aspect are you most

kuang zui y8u xingqu?    interested in?

L: V8 dui ziXoxu^ JiaLoyu, ertSng    1嘗& most interested in primary

Jiioyu sui y8u xlngqu, yīmrei_t vS    school and child education, because 工

ziXng ylge r(n iĀlshī shou Jiao-    think the period vhen a person begins

yude ndiduin shljiin shi fei-    his education is very in^ortant. ch£ng zhdngyiode.

A: W5 tSngyt nide kanfS, ěrqiS,    I agree vith you. Furthermore,

chtile shing xue ylvai, Jlatlng he    besides attending school, the educa*

shehulde Jiaoyu yě feiching    tion one gets in the home and in

zhongyao. YSude shlhou, fumSmen-    society are also very important,

de Jiaoyu qlngknang he h&lzlmen    Sometimes the parents* education

ySu felch£ng dade guanxl.    has a great bearing on the children ’ s.

L: Dul. Sufiyi gSohSo Jiaoyu shl    Right. So improving education is the

zhengger shěhuide gongzud₉ vSmen    Job of our entire society. Each of

měige ren dou ySu zeren.    us has the responsibility for it.

A: Nl shuode zhen hSo. Dui le,    Well said. Oh yes—is BSiJIog Uni-

Jīntian vSmen cSnguande BěldĀ_f    versity, vhich ve^fre going to visit

sht bu shl Zh5nggu6 zui hSode    today, the best university in Chln&t dlxue ne?

L: BSldl shi hSn y5u mlngde dixue,    B.U. is a very famous tmiversity*

kSshi hSn n&n shuo shi bu shi zui    but it *s difficult to 丨ay if it *8

hSode. Zell Zhonggu6 y5u Jlge    the best. There are several unirer-

deLxue d5u bti cud. BSid&de    sitles in China that are pretty good.

Jiioyu zhiliang Jlbenshang ring    The quality of education.at B.U. is

ren mXnyt,    basically satisfactory.

ShlJion bi zSo le, nin chi zXo-    It*s getting late, have you had

fan le meiyou?    breakfast?

A: Ou, v8 h&l mei chi zSof&n ne,    Oh, I haven*t had brealcfast yet.

v8 mXsh&ng Jii qū.    1*11 go right avay.

L: Ble Jf, v8men dSngzhe nln.    No hurry, ve¹!! wait for you.

A: HSo, v8 hSn kuii Jiu lil.    Okay, I¹11 be there shortly.

Unit 2, Tape 2 Workbook

Exercise 1

This exercise is a rerlev of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker vlll say & sentence in English, followed by & pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then & second speaker will confirm your answer.

All sentences from the Reference List vlll occur only once. You may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.

Exercise 2

In this exercise, an American college student runs into a student from China at the Dupont Circle subvay station In Vaahlngton, D.C.

The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it coiq)leteIy₉ you'll probably want to revlnd the tape and aosver the questions belov &a you listen a second time.

Here are the nev vords and phrases you vlll need to understand this conversation:

suin    to "be counted as (good, bad，etc.)

keji    science and technology (abbreviation

for kexue .1tshu)

hulhu2    conversation

JlXncheog    abbreviation

y&agě    to be strict

QuestIons for Exerclge 2

Prepare your azurvtrs to these questions In Chinese so that you vill be able to glre than orally In cl&aa.

1.    Vhere did the A&ericaa student learn Chinese? Where did the Chinese student learn EnglisM

2.    What vas language study like at B.U.T Do you think it Is different from an American university? Hotr do you knov?

3. What is the itfbrerlation for science and technology? Put the fol-loving into abtrerlated form.

vfahui    Jiaoyu    ___

(culture)    (education)    Tthe field of culture

and education)

renmln    dShui

(the people)    (general member-    {People^fs Congress)

ship meeting)

Tuyin    venzi

(spoken    (writing)    (language and

language)    literature)

What is the Chinese student studying?

5* According to the Chinese student_f wtaat kinds of science are not so clearly separated in modem society?

After you have ansvered these questions yourself, you may vant to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also vant to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your ansvera.

Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.

Exercise 3

In this conversation« a young Cliinese teacher at Beijing University valks over to her American student vho is sitting under a tree reading & *boo]c.

Listen to the comrers&tion once straight through. Then« on the second time through« look /belov and answer the questions.

Here are the nev vords and phrases you vlll need to understand this conversation:

LS Xūn    (& famous Chinese author of the

1920s and 1930s)

yioburin    otherwise

lcilnnan    difficulty

ni&nling    age

Wenbui DaL G&ning    Cultural Revolution

ākxui bi^esheng    college graduate

wSnG^    Cultural Revolution (a'b'brerlation of

VSnhui D& Gaming)

xaiyvin    (academic) institute

Questions for Exercise 3

Prepare your ansvers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be able to give them orally in class.

1.    Why does the student like to read Chinese literature? What is Ms. Lin's reaction?

2.    Why are Chinese students vho go abroad older than usual? What does the American say are other characteristics of these students?

3.    Hov does Ms. Lin respond to the student¹s wish to talk with more Chineae?

U. Summarize this dialogue in tvo or three sentences•

After you have answered the丨e questions yourself, you may vant to take a look at the translation for this comrers&tion. You may also v&nt to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the ansvers ^rtiich you have prepared.

Exercise U

This conversation takes place at the BSiJīng University library vhen an An Americ&n graduate student and & Chinese gr&du&te student happen to meet.

Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then revlnd the tape and listen again. On the second time through, ansver the questions.

You vill need the following nev vords and phrases:

c&nkSoshu    reference book

xi    department (of a school)

hu6dd&g    activity

laiagrti    to v&ste

JiflLokSshii    textbook

Queation丨 for Exercise k

1.    Hov does the American student    feel about his study of Chinese?

2.    Are post-Cultural Revolution college students in China very familiar with the social situation in their country? Why?

3.    Why do the American student丨 vant to go outside the university?

U. What sentences does the American use to take leave of the Chinese?

After you have ansvered these questions yourself, you nay vant to take a look at the tranBlatloQ for this conversation. You may also vant to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your ansvers correctly.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2

At the Dupont Circle subvay station in Washington, D.C., an Americah

college student (A) runs into a student from China (B).

A: Dufbuql, nl shi c6ng Zhonggu6    Excuse me, you must be a student from

Ifiide IKixuesheng ba?    China, aren-'t you?

B: Shi a! Nlde Zhongv^n zdnme    Yes! Your Chinese is so good! Have

hSo, q^guo Zhonggu6 ba?    you been to China?

A: H&i měiyou, ylhfiu ySu Jlhui v8    Not yet, but if I get the chance to

y£ding yio qū kinlcan_    I'm sure I'll go visit.

B: Na nlde ZhSngv系n Jiū shi zai    Then you learned all your Chinese

Hu&shengdiln xuede?    here in Washington?

A： £ng. Jīniin yīqiin v8 zai Jia-    Mm. A fev years ago I had a year of

zhSu D&xue xueguo yiniin, lii Hui-    Chinese at the University of Callfor-

shengdiin ylhSu you yizhi %ii    nia, and since I came to Washington,

KSshi Zhongvěnde shuZpfng h&ishi    I^fve been studying it all along. But

gdu gao.    my level in Chinese still lsn^ft high

enough.

B: Nl měiyou qūguo Zhonggu6,    Your Chinese is this good and you've

ZhSngv^n z备nme hSo le, v8 lii    never been to China* "but I^fve been in

MSigu6 yljIng yiniin, Ylngven    the States a year already and my Eng-

shulplng h&ishl tlgaode hSn man.    lish level is still Improving very

slowly.

A: Zai Zhoziggu6de shlhour nl xue-    You studied English vhen you were in

guo Ylzigven ba?    China* I suppose?

B: Xueguo, xueguo sannl&n 'bin ne!    Sure, I studied it for three and a

half years!

A: Shi Yīnggu6 Ylngwfa?    British English?

B: S2, ^rqlS JlioshI y8 d5u shl    Yea, and my teachers were all Chi-

Zhongguo rint su^yl chil gu5    nese, so after I left China oy big-

ylhǒu zui iiāM vdntl shl ting-    gest problem vaa that I couldn，t under-

budSng,丨tauSbochSlii • KMn 8h3    stand people t&Udzig and I couldn*t

bl shuo hu2 r6ngjrldu5 le.    speak. Reading is 在 lot easier than

speaking.

A: Zai Zh5nggu6de shlhou* nl zii    In China, what university were you

nSlge dixai nlin shu?    studying at?

B: Zal BSld2. BSldide Ylngv^n h&i    At B.U. B.U. is pretty good for

s^Ti "bfi cud, bfiguS, v8men .xue    English, 'but for us students in sci-

kejide xu^霣heng zhdngdlXn shi k&n    ence and technology the en^h&sis is

shai, fSnyl, shi huihu&>    on reading and translating, not on

""""""    conversation.

A: Kejt? Shl bu shl kexue jtshu?    "KSji”？ Is that science and technology?

B: Shi. V8nen ch£&gch&ng yong h?n    Right. We use a lot of abbreviations,

du3 .1llnchepg> du^buqT ya!    pardon me! ，

A: Na meiyou shenine. Bliguo vS hal    No problem. But there¹ s still some-

y5u yldiSnr bO. dSng.    thing I don*t understand.

B: Shenziie difangr?    What?

A: Nlmen ch&ng shu5 kexue fen li&ng- You often say that science h&8 tvo

būfen, yibūfen shi shehui kexue,    divisions. One is soci&l science

yibūfen shi zir&n kexue. Name    and the other is natural science,

kexue Jishu shuode Jii shi ziran    So does science and technology refer

kexue m&?    only to the natural sciences?

B: Zhe Wi shl name yin*gede, tebie    This〔distinction] isn't so strict,

shi xi&nd&i shehui, zirixi kexue    Especially in modern society* the

he shehui kexue Jiu fende nime    natural sciences and the social

qīzigchu le.    sciences aren't so clearly separated.

A: Zhei v8 t6ngyi. Zai fen leide    I agree vlth that. On questions of

vent£shang_t vSmen y5u hSn duo    categorization, ve have a lot of

shuofl nZmen b<i t&i ylyang.    ideas that are different from

yours•

B: Ou, che l&i le, vS yao shang    Oh, here comes the train. I have to

che le. Ylhou ySu Jlhui zai tin.    get on it. In the future ve*ll talk

some more if ve get the chance.

A: HJtode, xiaci vSmen yōng Ylng-    All right. Next time ve^fll talk In

ven    English.

B: HSo, xlexle nl, zaijlan.    Okay, thank you. Good-bye.

A: Z&iji&n.    Good-bye.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3

On the caa^ua of BSiJīng Language Institute, and American student (B) is

sitting under 丨 tree reading & book* A young teacher (A) from the Chinese

department valks over to chat.

A: Zai nian sh^nme ne?    What are you reading?

B: 0, Lin LXoshly n£n hSo! W8 zai    Oh, Miss Lin (Teacher Lin), hov are

k&n Lg Xiln XiSnshengde xlXoshaio.    you! Vm reading some fiction by —(Mr.) Lu Xūn.

B: "Yio•” W8 h8n xlhuAzi Ltt Xin    "Medicine.¹¹ I like Ltt X^n^vs fiction

XiSnshengde ziXoshuS.    very much.

A: W5 xlXng, sil Mllgutfde shlhou,    I guess you've probably read quite

ZhSnggutf īishl, ZhSnggu6 v^nxu^₉    a lot of Chinese history and litera-

nī dagil nlinde bū ahXo.    ture in America.

B: Xue ZhSngven₉ b^xu shSuxiSn xu名    To study the Chinese l&ngu&ge, you

yidiXnr lishl he veiucue, dSng    have to first study a little history

yidiXnr Zh5nggu6 venhua, vaobu-    and literature, &nd understand a lit-

ran xue ZhSngven yfdīng y5u hěn    tie Chinese culture, otherwise you¹re

dlde kunnan • Zhonggu6 li<ixue-    sure to have & hard time studying the

sheng y? shi zh^iycLng zud m&?    language. Do Chinese vho go abroad

to study do the same thing?

A: VSaende xuexl ti£ojiflLn h£l shi    Our conditions for study are fair-

bti cudde_v kSshl liūxuesheng    ly good, but before & student goes

chd gu6 ylqiin d2l dui neige    abroad, he ought to acquire the req-

guojiSde v^nhui zud btyaode    ulsite understanding of the country

liXoJiS. Zil zh$ifSngmlflLn₉ v8-    Che is going to]. In this are&, ve

men zudde hil hSn bli gdu.    have aa yet done far from enough•

B: W5 tīngshuS ZhSnggu5 lilSzue«    I understand that the Chinese atu-

shengde dSu tii    dents going abroad aren't very young;

xiXo le, duSbitf shl Venhua Da    most of them graduated [from college]

Geming ylqi£n biyěde.    before the Cultural Revolution.

A: Shi. Wenhui Gemlzig ylqi&nde    Yes. In general the qu&llty of col-

dajcue bivesheng pSbiinde zhlli&ng    lege graduates from before the Cul-

bl.1 jgto gko. VenGi ylhdude    tural Revolution is higher. They¹ re

dijcueshSzig chSbi畜 b)i xlXo.    quite different from the post-Cul*

tural Revolution college students.

B: Nime sbūliang ne?    How about In terms of numbers?

A: Shuliang yS bil shXo.    Their numbers are quite large, too.

B: Name zhěixie biy^sbSng shl bu    So do these graduates all take on

shi dSu dSnren blJiXo zhdngy^ode    rather Important Jobs? gSngzud ne?

A: Bi d5u yfjring. MQql<&₉ WSnhui    They¹ re not all the same. At pres-

Da GSmi&g ylqlinde dixuC btyd-    ent, there are many pre-Cultural Revo-

shezig ySu hSn du5 dSnrdn bZjlXo    lution college gr&duates who have

zhSng yioām gSngzud. Blfang sh\io    taken on rather Important Jobs. For

vSmen XuevuflLn b&« gSnszudde bl-    example* in our Institute, thoae vho

jiSo hSode yě duSbinr shl nSige    do their vork comparatively veil are

shihoxirde dixi^sliSng. DSngr&n,    mostly college students from that

hil y5u gěng lXode.    time. Of course there are older

ones as veil•

B: W8 bSn xlhu&n vSmende lSoshl, y?    I like our teachers very much, and

h2n xlhxian YQy£n Xu^yuin, w8 zhl    the Institute, too. I juat vlsh ve

shl xlvi&g y5u blJiXo du5de Jlhui    would have more opportunities to talk

hě Zb8nggu6 ruesheng, lSoshī duo    vlth the Chinese students and teachers, t&ntan.

A: HSo, hSo, ySu shfJiSn vSmen du5    All right, ve^fll talk more vhen ve

tantan. Nl kan shu ba. Yihulr    get the time. You go on reading.

Jian.    See you in a vhile.

B: Lin LaoshI yihulr JiSn,    See you in a vhile, Miss Lin.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U

An American graduate student (A) valks up the stairs in front of the

B?ijrng University library. A Chinese graduate student (B), vhose arxu axe

full of 'books« is trying to open the door vlth his foot.

A: W8 lii, vS l&i! DSngyidSng, vS    I¹11 get it, I^fll get it. Wait &

lii bang ni k&i men.    second, 1*11 open the door for you.

B: Xlexie nl.    Thank you.

A: Zhe dou shi nl Jiede shu a?    These are all books you borrcaved?

B: Shi a! Ydngle liSngge xīngqīde Yeah! It took me long enough to gSngfu, hSo rongyl c£l kanv&n le. finish reading then—tvo veeks!

A: Bil cud, llSngge xīngqī k&n    Not bad! To read all these English

zheae duo Yīngvěn cankSoshu* sūdu reference books in two veeks * that^f s bu na!    a pretty good speed!

(They enter the door and "B" goes to return his books. "A" sits down at

a table. A fev minutea later, ”B" cornea over to her.)

A: Xiuxi Jlfen zhSng zii Jinqu k&n Why don^ft you rest a fev minutes shu, hSo bu hSo a?    before you go in to study, okay7

B: HXo. Neitian, xill yinJiSsheng Okay. The other day vhen the gradual hui, d2ji£ dSxT"renv6i nl t&n- uate students in the department held de h2n hXo, yS dSu Juide nlde    & meeting, everyone thought that what

ZhSngvfo bl gang l£i BSid^de shl- you s&ld vaa very good，and ve all hou hXode du5 le.    felt that your Chinese is much better

nov than vhen you first came to B*U*

A: K?shi vS h&lshl Ju^de xuexl    But I still feel that our pace of

sidu tai mfin, vSmen dou xlwiag    study is alov* We all vlsh ve

neng Jiak^iii s^ldu, tlgao shuo    could speed up the pace to improve

hiuLde shxxlp£ng.    our speaking.

B: N^itiSn nl tlchul&lde guSnyfi yao    I*m sure the school vlll consider

liXojiS ZhSxiggdS shdhuide ventf,    the question you brought up about

xuezlio f&ngnlan jiāing hui kio-    vanting to learn about Chinese society,

lude. KSshl ^v8 xlXng, nīmen    But it seems to me you have plenty of

shuo ZhSngvěnde Jtbul bd. shSo a!    chances to speak Chinese! There are

Y3u Zhonggu6 lloshī, ySu Zh5nggu6    the Chinese teachers, and your Chi-

t6ngxue, erqi? nlmende ZhSngven    nese classmates. Besides, you all

dou "bfi cuō le, nlmen v&lguo xu爸一    speak Chinese very veil nov. You

sheng zijl y? k^yi shuo Zhongven    foreign students can speak Chinese

m&!    among yourselves!

A: W5men zijl zai yiql shu5 YIngvin    It's natural for us to spe&k. Eng_

shi h?n zir&nie. ěrqi?, xue-    lish together. Besides ₉ In school

xlaoll dou shl xuesheng hi l5o-    it's all students and teachers. Ve

shī. WSmen h?n xlvang hi she-    vant very much to converse with ordi-

huish&ngde ptltSng rěn tinyitin.    nary people in society.

B: WSmen zheixie xu系sheng duobanr y? Most of us students are from ordi-

dou shl c6ng piltSngde jl&tlngll    nary families, you knov. In particu-

l&ide ma. TebiS shi JīngguS    lax, most college students after the

VenhuA Da Geoing ylhěude dixue-    Cultural Revolution have vorked in

sheng duob&nr dou zii shehui-    society many years and understand the

shang gSngrudguo hSn du5 ai£n,    soci&l situation pretty veil, blJiXo liXoji! shěbuīde q£ngkxi8ng.

A: 0, zhe h£i shl ySu qubiSde.    0h₉ there *8 still a difference.

Shehuīde qlngku&zig gen d&xuellde    Society is quite different from the

qlngku&ng hSn bxl ylyang. WSmen    situation In the university. All of

l£l Zhonggu6 nifltn shude v£lgu6    us foreign college and graduate stu-

H1lxuesheng» y&zxJiuBheng» dou    dents ^rtio come to China to study v&nt

h?n zlSng duo liXoJiS ZhSngguode    to understand the situation here, and

qlzigxlng, tebi^ shl xlXzig liSo-    especially how the accompllshaent of

Ji? nīmen shlxi&n S^ge XiaLndiLl-    the Four Modemizationa is progressing, huade q£ngkxiing.

B: Dangr&n, d&ngr&n. ZhěiyldlXn    Of course₉ of course. We under-

vSmen shi qīngchude• WSaen xiXng    stand that. But ve think that too

tii duode shehuī hu6d5ng dlgai    znany soci&l activities would proba-

hui langfei nlmen bū shlode shf-    bly vaste a lot of your time.

JiSn.

A: 0! Meiyou vdntl» z&i MSigu6de    Oh, that*a no problem. In Amer-

daxuěli» v8man bfi Jii 丨hi zli    ic&n universities, ve don't Just

xu^xiio hi tfishOguInll niin shu₉    study In school and in the library,

shehui shengbxitf shl vSmen zui    Soci&l life is our most Important

zhdngy&ode J^iiokeshu, y? shl zui    textbook and our best teacher. hSode lXoshl.

B:成ode, hSode, v8 yldlng he xl-    All right, 1*11 be sure to talk

li tinyitan, duo gSl nīmen anpai    vith the department ₉ and set up aore

yidiXnr canguan fSngwěnde hu6-    visiting activities for you people. ddng.

A: HSode, xlexle ni. Nl kuii Jinqu    Good, thank you. Nov you go on in

ni&n shū ba! Bd zhkn nlde shf-    and study, I von^ft take up any more

JiSn le. ZĪiJiin.    of your time. Good-bye•

B: Ziljiia.    Good-bye.

Unit 3> Reference List

1.    A: TSmq gōngghě    What do they call this coinmmxeT la

Jlio aMmT Olzizlsh&ng    it written on the list? ySu miijtm xiStbeT

B: XlSzhe ne, Jlio ”Si.lialng.”    Yea, it*3 called Sijiqlng.

2.    A: Zhdlge gongshd shlvtlge dadul-    Is the output this high In all

de chXnllfaig d5u zheme gao    fifteen brigades of this consrune? saT

B: Chtbuduo, zii shandida    Alsost. The tvo brigades in the

llXngge didui, chSnllcLng    mouzrt&lns hare somevhat lover

shXo yldllnr•    outputs.

3.    A: Beijing Jl8oqū shengchln yt-    There * s & faaoxia kind of rice pro*

zhSng ySu mlzigde diozl,    duced in the subxarbs of

Ji2o shězmeT    What•丨 it calledT

B: Jiio Jlngxld^o. BSlJīngde    It's called Jīzigxldio. Jlmc M la

Jīng, d5ng-zI-n£n-bSlde    ^i.1 Ing* xl aa In dSng-xI«Dfc^

de xl.    bgi:

U. A: Quingu6 yfgdzig y5u Jlge pfng-    Hov many fl&tland regions are there

yufciT    In the vhole countryt

B: MlfaJi bZjiXo dide ySu sige.    There are four vhlch are relatively

d5u shl 丨hSngchXn llfaigahide    large; all of then are major

zhSyio diqū.    grain-producing regions•

5.    A: Ndlge 丨hSsgchXn ahucilde didui    The brigade that produces vegetables

zhl y5u liflahiTBl!    haa only sixty hoxiaeholda !

B: Sbi •, erbHduokSix riū m8i-    Yes, for tvo hundred people• they

nlia mil gll gutfjli 沾 shXo*    sell a lot of vegetables to the

dm cii na!    state every year!

6.    A: Zliasilt glo JlngJl ^liLMhS    Today* engaging In economic construc-

h£l shl Zb5aggu6 re^3n^ul    tlon is still the most important

zhdngjr^Code gongzud a!    vork of the Chinese people!

B: Shit sulrin 2hdlzle nl£n    Yes, althou^x the pace of development

fazhln sxldu hSn kuii, kSshi    has been vexy fast the past fev

JIngJi h£i shl vSmende gong-    years _f the econonor is still the main

zud zhdngdiXn.    focus of our vork.

T. A: He! NZmende caldi shoude bū    Wow! You*Te harvested quite ft lot

shXo •!    from your vegetable plots!

B: Jid shl aa, mliinS āi d5u shou    Sure, ve harvested over teja thousand

jfvinduS Jīn na!    catties from each mu of. l&cd!

8.    A; Zhdlge gSngabe JlxiehuS    Since this conmune vas mechanized,

ylhou, muchSn tlgaole duo-    hov much has the yield per nru

shXo?    been increased?

B: Tlg&ole ylbin duo yldiSn,    It v&s raised a little more tti&n half,

chibuduS blifenzhl vttshiyl.    about fifty one percent.

9.    A: Nl Jiū canguSnle ”Sījiqlng?"    You^fve only visited Sijiqlng? Hov

Biede Jlge xianjin gongshe    about the other advanced cosmnmes?

ne? Shenzae shf hou qū ya?    When &re you going to them?

B: GuS Jiti&n Jiū qū, pel Jl-    We’ll be going in a fev days. We^fre

vel n6ngye zhuSnJiS yiqī    going vlth several specialists in

qū.    agriculture.

10.    A: Zhdlge dtqude n6ngye sheng*    Is there anything distinctive aboxzt

chXn y5u sberune tedlSn m&?    the agricultural production of this

region?

B: VSnien 8 hi zhe zǔzhile Jlge ,    We have organized a fev specialised

zhuanyěhuade gongshe, taznen-    conaunes on a trial basis. Their

de shengchXn blJiSo y5u    production set-up is rather

tedlXn.    distinctive.

11.    A: Nlmen gongshe ySu zheme duo    Your conssune has so many large trac-

di tu5l&.11!    tors!

B: Ng_t pfngjūn m?ige didul    Yes, every brigade h&a twenty on the

ershltal~v8nen hii xiSng    average, and ve vant to buy a fev

duo mil Jlt&i ne!    more!

12.    A: C6ng tfoi&nahang k&n, nlmen    From the picture it looks like you¹ re

gongzudde hSo xlnktt.    vorldng very hard.

B: Meiyou sheane xlnkS, jiii shi    Not so hard. We're Just planting

sil xu&d^o hdubianr zhong    some vegetables behind the school, dllnr cii.

13.    zhuiny8    special line/field/discipline lU. Jlqt iilqi)    machine

Unit 3> Vocabulary List

b&ifSn shl    percent

c&ldi    vegetable plot

chXnliaog    output, yield

dadui    (production) brigade

daozl    rice; paddy

di    earth_y soil; land; fields

fSzhln    to develop _f to expand» to grov

gongs hě    comsune

guXn X jiao Y    to call X Y

-hd    household* family

-hui    -ize

Jlansbd    to construct• build; construction*

reconstruction

Jiioqū    suburbs» outskirts

JlngxīdiLo    (a kind of rice plant)

to mechanize

-kSu    (counter for people)

li&ogshl    grain» cere&ls

ml^njl    (surface) area

-mil    mu» a unit of area

rmlchfci    per-班 yield

pfngjūn    average» mean

plngyufin    plain* flatlands

qu£ngu5    the irtiole country

rixsain    the people

shandi    mountainous region* hilly area

sh5u    to harvest

ahūcil    vegetable

StjtqXag    (a cosmune in BSijīng suburbs)

-t&l    (counter for machines)

tedlSn    distinctive trait _t characteristic

tuSlSjI    tractor

tUpli^    picture» photograph

xianjln    to be advanced

xlnta    to be hard vork; to be toilsome,

to be arduous; to vork hard, to go through hardships, to go to great trouble

zhSng    to plant

zhuanjia    specialist, expert

zhuauyě    special line/field/discipline

zhuany5hui    to specialize; specialization

z\izhi    to organize, to form

Unit 3> Reference Note丨

1. A: Taiasa guln zhiige gSngsh^    What do they call this conssune? Is

Jlio shSuM? Danzish&ng    it written on the list?

yBu meiyou xlSzhe?

B: XlSzhe ne» Jiio ”Sijiqlng.ⁿ Yes, it^fs called Sljlqlng.

Notes on No. 1

gujtn. • •jiilo. • •: GuKn A jiao B means ’’to call A B.ⁿ

GuXngdSng ren guXn qfpio Jiio    Cantonese call qfpaos (a kind of

ⁿch4ngshSn.ⁿ    dress) ^Mchingshin."

g5ngsh今:”commune” This is short for remain gSngsh^. "people、coammeⁿ (the word rennln i丨 taught in exchange 6). G5ng means public,^w and sh备 la an "organized body.

People*丨 coamunes, of vhich there are now over 52,000 in China, are the admlnlstratlTe unit丨 of the countryside. There are three levels of coBnmme organization: the production team, with from eleven to over one hundred houaeholdfl; the production 'brigade, with from twenty to over one thousand households; and the conssune itself, with from six to seventeen brigades or from fifty-six to 275 teams. A typical cososune might have a population of 22,500 people, 'broken dovn Into fifteen production 'brigades of three hundred families each, and each brigade vould in turn be coaposed of ten production teams of thirty faollies* (Of course, no actual comnune vould be divided up so evenly.) A typical county might be made up of thirteen communes of this size.

The people's coimrunes vere formed after a long series of changes in the organization of the countryside, beginning vith the Land Reform Movement of 1950. This movement distributed the land to the peasants; the next step vas to 'begin the coordination of their efforts in production. They did this in 1951 by forming mutual aid teazu, also caJJ.ed work exchange teams. The peasants still ovned their ovn land, plows, and livestock, "but they pooled their manpover₉ tools, and other resources to get the work done.

In 1953• elcMntazy agricultural cooperatives vere organized by merging several mutual aid teaaa. The land, tools ₉ and livestock became the property of the coopentire, but the profits from the land vere distributed, not ret&lned by th« eonsone for investment • In 1956, vhen advanced agricultural cooperatives vert established, the distribution of profits vaa abolished.

In 1958, the last step to communize China vaa taken. The people's communes vere formed by the merging of several advanced agricultural cooperatives. What vas formerly an advanced agricultural cooperative 'became-丨 production 'brigade. The original plan for cosmiunlzatlon had called for coscpletlon in 19^7• Since no major problems vere encountered, the plan vas

Todayt conune me&bers still live in indlvldu&l ho\iaea. All the land, buildingsshops, clinic®, large machinery, electrical power stations₉ fac-and so on₉ belong to the commune. However, the planning of the production ud th6 pcTiaecit of the īnenLbers, vhich depends on the amount of production9 is done on the production team level. All the teams havǎ their ovn livestock, but they take turn丨 borrovlng large machines such as planters or tractors from the conmrune. Production teams often specialize in one type of activity, such as crop ralaing, machinery repair, or animal husbandry. Production brigades handle tasks vhich are beyond the capacity of a team_f such &8 irrigation or the purchasing of a tractor. Truly large projects like road construction or the establishment of & large, veil-equipped hospital, must be taken on by the cosszrune.

ySu meiyou xlSzhe: -Zhe is the marker of duration. Together vlth & verb, it describes & STATE, for example:

M£n    k&lzhe.

(The door Is in the state of    "The door is open."

having been opened.)

Měn    guinzhe•

(The door Is in the state of    ^The door is closed.ⁿ

having been closed.)

Thus, ri$zhe_f in exchange 1, means literally ⁿin the state of having been writtenT¹¹

To make 丨 vert plus -zhe negative, use mgj(you) (not bil):

M^n k&lzhe.    The door Is not open.

M^n aěi guanshe.    The door la not closed.

Danzlshang m&l zlSzhe.    It isn^t written on the list.

To make a question* use one of the follovlng patterns:

M&l kiizhtt aa?

M&i ySu atiyou kalzhe?    Is the door open?

HSn kilzhe nalyou?

Ne is often added onto the end of a sentence vlth •zhe:

M$n kalzhe ne m&?    Is the door open?

K&lzhe ne.    Yes, it*s open.

Many speakers of standard Chinese do not use this *the; they would repl&ce it by pbrMlng such as M^n kalle and Danzishang y5u meiyou xi8 (or xl? le meiyou). HiMe •exrtencM are also perfectly good Chinese.

SHcalng: A conme In rural BSiJīng. Literally, the name means "four-seasons-green,ⁿ in other vords, "green all year round.ⁿ

Half the population of the municipality of BSiJīng lives in rural areas, in 2了2 people^,丨 comniunea. The principal crops are vheat, rice, and vegetables, including cabbage, eggplants, cucumbers, and tomatoes. There are also orchards producing &pples, pe&rs, peaches, and persimmons. About half the vegetables grovn in BSiJIng's conmrune丨 supply the city's needs completely and half are shipped elnevhere.

2.    A: Zh^ige gongsh^ ahlvrXge dadul- la the output this high in all

de chfciliang dou zheme gao    fifteen brigades of this comnune?

ma?

B: Chilbuduo, zil shandide    Almost. The tvo brigades in the

liXngge dldui, ch&nliiLng    mountains have somevfa&t lover

shXo yidiSnr.    outputs.

Notes on No* 2

diLdul: "(production) brigade," short for shengch&n dldni>

"output, yield," literally, "production_aoount•"

ahandi: "mountainous region; hilly area; hilly country,^w literally, "mountain-land.”

ASrb&'niyi. shl shandl gu6ji&.    Albania is a mountainous country.

Zki shan    Output is somevhat lover in

mountainous regions.

N^ige difang shl shan ， kai che That's hilly country; it iBn^ft bfi tSLl fangbian.    easy to drive there.

3.    A: BSlJInc ^lioqg shengchln yi- There*s a famous kind of rice pro-

y.hXng yBu wlngiB d!kozi_%    duced in the suburbs of BSiJIng.

Jiio 鼸běoneT    Vhat ^rs it called?

B: Jiio JlncJdlo. BSijīngde    It^fs called Jlngxldio. Jīng as in

jlngt d5ng-xI-nfin«bSide    Beijing, xl as in d5ng-xl-n&n-

xl.    t?l b?T

Notes on No« 3

JiSoqu: "suburbs, outskirts” The "bound form ,Hao means "suburbs," as in

in BglJlM xTJlio^ ”the western suburbs of BSiJIng,” yuajxIiSo. ”the outer suburbs^ⁿ and    ‘ ^wthe close suburbs.^w (Qu_% ”area, district ,^w vlll be

introduced s«parmtel7 In Unit 5 of this moduleTT

BSlJIng Jlloqu ylg&ng ySu    Altogether, there are 272

irbiiqīshiěrge gongsh^.    cammunes in the suburbs of

B?ijlng.

Sijiqrng gongshd zil BJijTngde The comnune Sijiqlng is in the Jin jiaoqū.    close suburbs of BJSiJIng.

dAozlt ⁿriceⁿ in the paddy or after harvesting but before hulling. (After hulling₉ it is called ml, and vhen cooked it is called fin.)

Jlngxld^o: "Capital-West Rice,” & variety famoua for its good taste.

BgiJTngde .iTng: ^w.lTng as in B^i.llng" In conversation_% you identify a vord or character ty giving a common phrase in ^rtilch it is used. The pattern for doing this is

Phrase    -de Word

e.g., yl %r sin si -de si    ^nffour¹ aa in ^fone tvo three four•”

Thlfl pattern can te especially useful vhen you tell someone your Chinese name. If you vere called Chen Dingven. (    ), for example, you could

identify the characters of your first name by saying Yldlngde ding% v^nxu^da věn_t "Dtng as in yldlng (¹ certainly¹), and ven as in venxue (¹literature¹).ⁿ

d5ng-xl-n&a-bgi: While in English ve usually name the directions of the compass in the order "north» aoutli, eut, vest," in Chinese they are uaxiailly naaied in the order

d5ng xī    *bSi    or    d5ng nan xl *b!l

east vest south north    east south vest north

U. A: ftu&ngu6 ylgdng ySu Jlge ping* How many flatland regions are there yufci?    in the whole country?

B: Mliali bfJlXo dide y5u sige, There are four yhich are relatively d5u shl shSngchSn llfaigahide large in area; all of them are zhfijrlo dlqū.    major grain-producing regions.

Botes on No. U

qufagu6; "the yhole country"

\f(x ZudrSnde hu^ zii quangu6 hSn The paintings of Wfi Zu&ren are y8u mlng.    famous throughout the country.

chEnliiLng zui gaode    The area of the country vith the

diqu shl Sichuan.    highest output is Sichuan.

Bgijlng Ylo-llng-yio ZhSzigzuSde The cdxicational quality of BSlJIng¹ s Jlioju    qu£ngu6 dlyl.    No. 101 Middle School is first

in the country.

"(surface) «re‘" (For the second example, you need to knov TjlngfSngwnglI • "square kilometer .^w)

Zheige gSzigsbede ml&njl du6 dd? What is the area of this commune?

ZhSngguode mi&nji shl JiSbXi    China’s area is 9*6 million square

liiiahlvan plngfing gongll.    kilometers.

mi&nji blJiXo dade ySu aige: This Is a useful structure vlth ySu：

MiīāH^-tījlXŌ^ide~(pfn^Ū£^ ! y5u s£ge.

_I

I

(Ab for the ones Cflatl&ndsJ I there four.) "There are four vlth & vlth a relatively large area, | are___relatively large area.ⁿ

Ti bū yu&oyl q\l Zh5nggu6de i zhSyao liXngge. yuinyln    ! y5u

I

I

(Ab for the reasons vhy he i there are tvo.) "There are mainly tvo doesn't vant to go to ! mainly    reasons vtay he doesn't

China，    ī    vant to go to China.^w

Zu5tlSn mei l&lde (r6n) ]ySu dixoshXo?

-,-

(Ab for those [people] ¹ there hov many?) ”Hov many people vere vho didn't come yes- » vere    there vfao didn't come

ter day •_!    yesterday?"

Zhongven shuSde nSme • měiyou Jlge. hZode MSlguo ren [

-1-

(Ab for Americans vfao [ there & fev.)    ^wThere aren't but & fev

speak Chinese that • aren't    Americans vho speak

veil,_j    ChinMe that veil•”

litn^ahi： ⁿgrain_t cereals," but In Chinese terminology this can also Include other st&ples like 168118 and sveet potatoes •

5. A: Nelge shengchln shucalde d&dui The brlg&de that produces vegetable丨 zhl y5u li^flhl~h5!    has only sixty households!

B: Shl a* ^rbXldu5k5u r6n mei- Yes, for tvo hundred people, they nl&n a&l gSl gu^JlS bū shio- sell a lot of regetables to the de oil na!    state every year!

Hotel on lo‘ 5

hMr)r ^household, family" The original meaning of thla vord vas "door, lov it haa become the counter for households. Besides its use in exchange 5* -hi can also be followed by the noun ren^ia, ⁿpeople-hońe,ⁿ that is, "family”:^—

Zheige dldul ySu duSshao hil    Hov many households are there

renjia?    in this brigade?

Zkl M?igu6, chibuduS m?ihii d5u In Americ&n, almost ercry family ySu dl^nshi.    has a television,

kSu: Literally, "mouth,ⁿ this is the counter for people considered aa mfthlng up a family, as in

Nl Jia y5u Jlk5u ren?    Hov many people are there in your

family?

nAl ggl guo.1ia: ”sell to the state” Every year, a production teaa must give a certain percentage (usually from five to seven percent) of Its produce and cuh income in t&xe丨 to the state. In addition» they oust sell m quota of grain to the state, the quantity being established according to the population of the team, and the area and productivity of the land. If thm teas is left vlth additional grain after fulfilling their quota, they deeida for themselves hov nruch of it they vfll sell for cash to the state at a lilgher price and hov much vill be put into the team^fs grain reserves. The state sets quotas for grains; fruit and vegetable supply and demand are coordinated by local gOTermnent authorities.

• ••b讧 ahlode cii na!: Na is not a nev word for you; It ia Just a contraction of ne^ and 生.You have learned that ne is the marker of absence of change. Here"Lt hmn a special function: to that the speaker is trying to convince the listener of the greatness of an azooucit, the great extent of a condition, or a fact vhlch surpasses ordinary expectations. Examples:

Tide shouznl bil 丨hXo ne!    His income is not small (i.e., more

than you vould suspect)!

Ta shuSle yio sud dao hSn vSn ne. She s&ld she vas going to work until

very late.

成o rVnaode difang na!    What a lively place!

ta nifinqlng, hii ning Isn't it something that someone qil zud Jiio丨h&u ne!    &8 young as he can be a professor!

Yio cSngu&n nine duo difaag,    Hov could one veek be long enough

ylge xlngql nir gou? Li&ngge    to visit so many places? Tvo

xlngql hii Wi g5u ne!    weeks wouldn’t even be enough!

Zhine d^de ren hai ku na!    Imagine, such a grown-up person

crying!

6. A: Xllnxil, tfo JlngJl    Today, engaging in econcoic construe-

h£l thl Zh8nggu6 rennln zoi tion is still the most Important zbbng^oām gSngzud a!    work of the Chinese people!

B: Shi₉ tuTria zhdlzle nl&n    Yes, although the pace of developaent fazhln siidu hSn kuii, kSshl has been very fast the past fev JīngJlT hil shi vSmende gong- years, the economy is still the main zvB zhdngdlSn. focua of our vork.

Notes on No. 6

.U^nsh^r ⁿto construct, to build up; constructionⁿ This Is mostly used in a special sense: to construct or build up a country. The Jargon "socialist construction_tⁿ ”the construction of China," or ⁿChina reconstruct丨¹¹ conveys an attitude toward the ⁿmlsflionⁿ facing the country: to build China from the ruins left by a seal-feudal, semi^colonial society into a socialist ponrer and to create the conditions for the transition to Cosmunism. ⁿSociallst construe-tionⁿ includes the reform of the superstructure as veil as the derelopoMnt of the national econosy.

VSmen 7^0 bX ZhSnggu5 Ji^nsh备- We vant to build China into • ch^ng yfge xlkndiibuide shd-    a modern socialist nation,

hulzht^ri gu6ji£.

remain: "the people^w You have seen* this vord already in R^runtntl • "People¹ a currency•ⁿ Distinguish betveen renafn and renmen. Renaen (vlth the plural ending -men) refers to any and all people, without claat Inpll-c&tion0. It has •pproxiaately the same scope aa    "everyone.ⁿ Rgnnfn,

on the other hand, refers to the broad masses and lover-level cadres, and excludes st&te and class enemies.

ZhSnggu6 rirnoin zīvi^ig neng    The Chinese people hope to be able

shSntfiu6de anding*    lire peaceful and settled lives.

Qa&ngu6 ylgdng y5u    erqi&n- There are over 52,000 people¹s

duo r^nxofn gSngsbd.    cosmunes in the vhole country.

fazhln; ”to develop, to grov” In the Society nodule, you learned the adjectival rert fidi. "to be developed, Nov you see the action vert for ”t。 develop."

Zhii irshlnltn lil₉ RibSnde    Over the past tventy years» Japan's

qiche    fazhlnde blJiXo    automobile industry has developed

Inakl.    rather quickly.

Zhonggu6 zhingfS zki null fǎzhSn The Chinese government is vorking gongy^.    hard to develop industry.

Ta yinjiu fizhSnzhong guo⁴iāde He studies the economic situation JIngJi qlngkuing.    of developing countries.

7. A: He! Nlnende ciLldi shoude b\i Wov! You^fve harrested quite • lot •hlo a!    from your vegetable plots!

B: Jlft thl aa,    ii dSu shou Sure, ve harvested over ten thousand

ylvftnduS Jīn na!    catties from each mu of 工and!

Notes on Ho. 了

caldi: Vegetable plotsⁿ or "vegetable fields" (large or small).

shSu: "to harvest"

LXo V&ngde caidi mSlni&n shSude LXo W&ng harvests a lot of fSnqle dSu hSn duo.    tomatoes from his vegetable

plots every year.

Shoubudfto li&ngshi, zSruae chi    If ve can't harvest any grain₉

fan ne?    hov vlll ve eat? (rhetorical

question said by farmers vhen voridng In the fields)

nrS: A Chinese unit of area equal to 1/15 hectare. In English thl霧 is simply vrltten mx (or sometlizies mou) •

di: "land," ⁿground,ⁿ or ⁿfieldaⁿ

Zh^ilcuflll di ylql&n shl w8    This piece of land used to

fūqlnde.    belong to my father.

Ta c6ng dtshang shXodaole nelzhl    He found that pen on the ground, bl.

Shui dishang ba! Ll&n JlcLoshdu    Sleep on the ground! Even pro*

d5u shui nir ne!    fes«ors sleep there!

Zheme zSo nlmen Jiii dao dtll qil You* re going to vork In the fields gSogzud la!    . so early!

shSude bii ahlo: "harvested quite a lot" Here axe some more examples of thm pattern Verb -4e Quantity:

Nl chide til sbZo.    You're eating too little.

GuZzqrli zhilge₉ vS zhldaode    I don't knov much about this,

bil du8.

T£ kan xlXoshuo kande bl    He readfl more fiction than I.

v8 duo.

W8 tii shl JlcLo nl shSo mil yi- Didn't I tell you not to buy very diXnr ma? Nl aSlde tall duS    muchT You bought too much!

le!

8. A: Zhiige gSngahi Jlxl^huiL    Since this commune vas mechanized,

yThdu, afiehln tig£ole duS-    hov much has the yield per mu

shloT    been Increased?    —

B: TlgSole yfblLn du5 yldlXn,    It vas raised a little more than-'half,

ch^buduS bXlfSnzhl vttahlyT. about fifty-one percent.

Notes on No. 8

.llxl^hui： "to mechanize; mechanization" JĪ3dS means "machinery，" "me-ch&nics, or mechanical.^w -Hui is the syllable vhlch corresponds to "-ize" (make into), vhich you learned In the previous unit In xlandAlhiA« "to modern-ize•”

K6ngfi Jīzl^huk rilLnzil shi    Agricultural mechanization Is nov

nongcunde zhdngdlSn gongzud •    the key task in rural* areas.

Nlmen diduide Jlxl^hud. shulplng The level of mechanization in your zlSngding gao a!    brigade Is quite hi曲！

ylbiln du5 rldlln: "a little more than half" [The opposite, ” a little less than half, could be said as ch&yldl&ar ytbin. yjbiln ship yldllnr. or yl-'bin dAo yldllnr.]

b&lfenzhl vttshlyl; "fifty-one percent”- Chinese does not hava a separate vord for ⁿpercent,ⁿ expressing percentages with the same pattern uaed for all fractions. First, therefore, you should learn how to express fractions. In Chinese, the tvo parts of a fraction are stated In the reverse order from Eng-* lish, with the vord -zhl in betveen. (-Zhl is a literary vord with the sane use as -de: possessive or modification marker.)

sinfen zhl ir

(3 parts ，s 2) ⁿtvo parts out of three,ⁿ

i.e., "tvo thirds"

Here are a fev more exaszples: irfenzhl yl*    sizxfenzhl yl -j— slfenzhī yl 一 ershlfenzhl yl

slfenzhl vB    bSfenzhl vfl ^ shlJlSfenzhl shiqX

Percentages (hundredths) are expressed like this: bSlfen zhl vttshlyl

(100 parts *8 51)    "fifty-one parts out of one hundred,ⁿ

I.e., ⁿfifty-one one hundredths" or ^wfifty-one percent"

^Normally, of course, you vould say ylban.

"On« hundred p«rcent,ⁿ therefore, is b&lfenzhT b&l:

TI shi bXifSnshl bXlde    He is one hundred percent American. MSlguo rěn.

9. A: NT Jill cRnguanle "Sljiqlng?"    You're only visited Sijiqlng? Hov Biěde Jlge xlanjin gongsabout the other advanced communes?

ne? Shěnme shfhoū qxi ya?    When are you going to them?

B: Gu& JltiSn Jiil qxi, pel JT- We’ll be going in a fev days. We're vii n6ngy^ zhuan.1la yiql    going vith several specialists in

qxi.    agriculture.

Notes on No, 9

biede    "the other fev" Conrp&re:

NI Jiii cSzxguin gSngshi m&?    You*re only visiting coimmme^T

B&. canguan blede sherrne difang? You^f re not going to visit any

other kinds of places?

xlanJln; "adranced" Thl丨 is used to describe people, vork units_t or methods of a high level, worthy of emulation. Individuals may be desigxiat«d aa adTanced workers (xlan.lln g5ngzu5zh8) "by their unit leader丨 or elected by their fellow workers, and units such &8 factories and communes may be designated as advanced by government authorities. To qualify aa advanced, a unit sruBt have carried out all political movements successfully» succ••丨fully put into effect each policy directive, and coiopletely met the quota for it丨 product under the national plan.

gu5 .Utian: "la a fev days" (literally, "pass a fev days")

QSng ni gud ylhulr ziS dXlal.    Please call back in & vhile. (In

this case, gu5 yihiolr means d8ng ylhulr.)

Zkl gnd Jlge zlngql_t tamen Jiii In another fev veeka, they are y^o sb5u d^osl le.    going to harvest the rice.

aim zlin dio le. Y&u    Mother and father arrived first.

gudla ylhulr, didl mdimel    Then after & while, younger brother

jt l£l    and sister came too.

zhuanjia: "specialist, expert" The ending -jia enters into many words deacrihing people. It has a slightly different meaning from -zh?, which you leamsd in unit 1* -ZhS is only added to verbs; ~.1ia can be added to noun丨 &s veil aa verta. -Zh8 means siaqply "a person vho.", but^».1lǎ is used for pnrfMaicmal丨 or specialists in some activity. Thus, zuo.Ua ia "profeaaional writer, author," but zuozhg is Just "vritw" (not specifying whether writing is the person's career).

The ending -.US is added to subjects of study, aa in zh备ngzhixuějiS,

”political    and .UngJlxugJla^ "economist•” In the PRC, some vords

vlth the endlac -Jjj, earzy elitist overtones and are sometime丨 replaced by* other terns...—

10. A: Zheige diqude n6ngyi sheng* Is there anything distinctive about

chXn ySu sh^zime t^dlXn ma? the agricultural production of thlfl

region?

B: W5men shlzbe zttzhlle Jlge We have organized & fev specialized zhuSny备huide gongshi, ta-    comnunes on a trial basis. Their

mende shengchSn brjiXo y5u production set攀up is r&ther t^dlXn.    distinctive.

Rote丨 on Ro. 10

y8u shenne t^dlfa maT: "does.. .have any distinctive points?" ia here translated more Idiomatically as "is there anything diatincti're about. •.?"

shizhe zSzhlle...: "trylng-Iy organized...ⁿ i.e., "organized on a trial bull¹¹

Hi shi zhe n^iyang zud xlng    Try doing it that vay and flee

bu zing.    i'f it works.

ZhdiflhuSng xL$ v5 丨 hi zhe chuSn, I tried to put these shoes on, chuSnbuahing.    but couldn't get them on.

Do not overuse shl zhe: there are other zoore coBmion ways to express English ”try•” Sometimes the idea of trying is linpllclt in the verb itself, as in

ZhilplSn v^nzhSzig v8 klnle,    I tried to read this article,

kinbiucliUiū.    but I couldn't.

W8 gSile, ta bfi yio.    I tried to give it to him, but

he didn't vant it (vouldn*t take it).

Sometimes, "try” can be e^reaaed by reduplicating the verb:

Nl chiiZnelkuan.    Try It on.

W8 chuZnl^ chuizit chuSnbTish^ng• I tried to put it on，but

couldn't get it on.

W8 kalle kil, kSlbukal.    I tried to open it, but

couldz^t get it open.

or by a reduplicated verb plus kin:

W8 nei zudguo Jiiozi, zuozuo    I,ve never made .Ulozi (dumplings),

kiLn ba«    but I can try.

zilzhl: ⁿto organize; organization^

Zh^ipiin v^Qzhing zQzhlde bXn    This article is veil organized,

hlo.

WSmen zSzhlle jfge ltbdngtu£n₉ We organized a tour group; ve yiXng dko Oxizhou q\l v£nrvanr.    want to go on a trip to Europe.

Zheige zSzhl yTjIng y5u vflshivin This organization already has ren le.    500,000 people.

zhuany^: "special line/field/discipline; specialization” This is used in the PRC for one's "major" subject in college, or for one's professional specialization.

W5 zSll dixai xuede zhuanyi shl My major In college vas political zh^ngzhlxuS•    science.

Shilzue zhu&nyi zhen mei yisi,    Majoring in math is really boring;

nl viish^nme h&l yio xu$ ta?    wby do (did) you vant to take it?

Zhiige zhuSzqr^ zill Zhonggu6 hXn Very fev people study this special* shXo ySu ren xue.    iz&tlon in China.

zhuany^htA; ⁿspecialized; specialization"

GongchXzigde zhuany^hxii yuS l&l The specialization of factories Is yui pilbl^n le.    becoming more and more comaon.

Zhuany^fau^(de) r^nznln gongsh^    Specialized coamunes have their

y5u tade hXochii.    adrantages.

11. A: NSmen gongshd ySu zhhne du5 Your conmune has so many large trac-di tTi5la.1I!    tors!

B: Kg, pingjun mSlge d^dtui    Yes, every brigade has tventy on the

^rshltalT vSmen h&l xlXng    average, and ve want to buy & fev

duo oBTjItti ne!    tnore!

Notes on No, 11

tu5la,ir； "tractor" This vord may be & sound borrovlng from the English vord "tractor,ⁿ but it also makes good sense in Chinese, since the parts mean liter ally» "drag-pxill-machine."

plngjun: "average^?f This can be used as an adjective, an adverb_t or & vert:

Zbongguo gongrende ringjūn    The average salary of Chinese

shSurii bil duo.    workers Is not much.

Plngjūn ylge rěn sr.i^e JiEozi    How could an average of ten jllozl

zSnme gdu!    (dumplings) per person be enough!

Plngjunqllal vSmen aSlge rin    When you average it out, each of

yBu shlkafcl qlln.    ua has ten dollars*

-t&l: Llt«rally_f "platform" (as you learned in 2h^nt£l• "station plat喝 form”), this 1& tha counter for machines. (The vord for ^machine _f ⁿ jIq3L; la number Ik on this reference li丨t.)

m8lge d^dui ^rshlt&l: "tventy for each brigade" No vert la necessary here. Compare:

Ylge ren yftoiil.    One piece (e.g., of cake) per person.

mSige xTnggf yfcl    once every veek

WSmen zuezi^o plngjūn vflge    In our school, there is one teacher

zu^sheng y£ge iXoshl.    for every five students on the

average.

htl xling duo mil Jlt&l: "still vant to "buy & fev more" English ⁿwor%^m sooetSes contains^tne meanizig of "still, additionally" (hU• so the vord "still” Is not absolutely necessary In the English translation for UB. Look at other exu^les of the common pattern hil• • • du5•••:

Zhdlge xLXo n£nh£izl bil ziSag This little boy (still) wited to du5 chi jrlge plngguS_v kSshl    hare another apple* b\rt his Bother

tS znima b\i g8i!    vouldn*t give it to him!

W8 hil xfviLng du5 xue Jlge yu8 I vould like to study Chinese for ZhSngven.    another fev months.

TS h&l dXi du5 ding jrtian c&l He still has to wait another fev neng z5u.    days before he can leave.

12. A: C6ng tflpliLnshftng kin, nlaea From the picture it looks like you*re gongzudde hXo xfnktt.    vorking very hard.

B: Meiyou shenma xlnldi, Jixl 丨hi Not so hard. We¹ re Just planting

zil zu&dlLo h dxibiur zhōng some vegetables behind the school. diXnr ctl*

Rotet on Ho> 1&

tfipjjto; "picture, photograph" This is usually used for photographs_t as In tttplip y.hfai In. "photo exhibition" (but some people use it for any kind of illustration).

rfnktt: ”to be arduous, tiring, hard” (literally, "pungent-bitter")

TS    zud shi, vXnshang    It's too tiring for her, vorking

nlin shil, til xfnki! le.    during the daytime and studying

&t night.

Nl zhhat zlnkfl yio l^iblngde.    You're going to get sick from

fatigue by working so hard.

zh6n£： ”to plantⁿ or ⁿto grov” things:

Zh各lkuil dl zhdng sh^zime y?    You don*t harvest anything you

bu 8hou«    plant on this land!

Zhdng li&ngshl shi n6ngmfnde shi. Grovlng -grain is the business of

the peasants.

Zheige shKo8h\l minz^x ski ah&n- This minority nationality grova shang zhdngle bil shSo q£gu&ide a lot of strange things on the dSngxl l&i chf.    mountain to eat.

13. 2huanyi    special line/field/discipline

(See Notes on No. 10)

lk₀ Jlqi (Jlqi) (yltii)    machine

Unit 3, Rerlev Dialogue

Whll« vailing along VingfQjIog Boulevard in BSlJīog, Ms. Olsen (A), an agrlculturml sp«clAll8t froa the United States _t and Chěn Gu6qi&ng (B), from the China Tr%T«I SttrTlce, stop to look at the photos and articles displayed in the building of the People、Dally• They are looking at an article about a model cosnmine, Sijiqīog.

A: Zhdige difang shi bu shl vSz&en    Is this one of the places ve're going

yio q\i caogiiande?    to visit?

B: Shi. Gud liXngti&n vSmen Jiil qii. Yes. We，11 'be going in a couple of

days.

A: W8 k^n, zheige r^nmfn gozigshe    It looks to me as if this people¹ s

hSozlajig y5u yitdiXnr tebiě m&, ta- commune Is rather special. Their mende shengchXn zh^yio shi shūcai production is mainly vegetable丨 and hi 8huXgu5.    fruits.

B: Nl shuSde yldiSnr y? bli cuo, shěi You're absolutely right. Thi塞 i塞 Jii shi ySu mlngde Sijiqrng Reomln the famous Sijiqīng People's CoBnune. GSngshě.

A: "Stjiqlng"?    "SljiqlngT"

B: Dut le, "yinlin stjiⁿde "siji,"    Yea. "Siji" 〔"Four Seasons"] aa in

"qlng sh£n id. shul"de "qlng", Ńln "y^niia stjl" C^wthro\i^iout the four zii BSiJīng Fandi&n chīde cii    seaaona of the year," and ⁿqlngⁿ

dSbiLfen d5u shi tamen shengchinde. ["green"] &8 in "qlng shan 1^ shui"

C"green hills and green water"3.

Most of the food you eat at the BSi-Jīng Hotel is produced by them.

A: Ou!    Oh!

B: Tamen gongshe y8u 丨ivinduS sA    Their consmme has over four hundred

tttdi, dibtifen d5u shl caidi.    mu of land. Most of it is vegetable

plots.

A: Cildide niinji zhin bXifenzhl    What percentage do the vegetable

duSshXo? Zhdr y9u meiyou xlSzbe? plots take iq>T Is it written here?

B: Zhir ziSshe ne. Cildi zhan    Yes, it is. The vegetable plot丨

llXngvin llXngqlSn nt3» yfbinr du5 take yxp 22,000 mu, a little more than yidlSnr.    half.

A: Name> h&l y5u yi\rin baqian m3 ne? And vhat about the other 18,000 mu? Zhoogde dou shl shěmne?    What do they grov there?

B: Tamen shu5 ydng ylvin mu āi zhong They say they use 10,000 mu to plant lilLngshl.    grain.

A: ^g. Zhflyio shengchXn shSnrne    What grain do they mainly produce? llingatait

B: Dioii, y8u m£ngde Jīngxldao!    Rice，the famous Capital-West rice.

Nln lii zhdr ylhdu, tiantian chi!    You’ve been eating it every day since

you came here.

A: Aha! Yufinlfii "Jlngxldio” shi Si-    Ah! So Sijiqīng produces Capital-

Jiqīng shengchSnde. Tlngshuo chin-    West rice. I hear that the yield is

liing hSn gio ou! MuchXn ySu yi-    very high! The per-mu yield Is over

qianduo Jīn ba?    one thousand cattiea'7"isn^ft it?

B: YSu, mSchSn zSng zai yiq.ian yi-    Yes• The per-nru yield is alvays

ql&n ytbti Jin zixSyěu.    approximately 1,100 cattles.

A: 合g， zhende 'btl cud. Na lingvai    Mm, that * s really quite good. So

baql&n m3 d5u shl shuIguS?    then are the remaining 8,000 mu aJ-i

fruits?

B: Shi. Tamen gSngsh^de shuTguS    Yes. Their conmune has & vary high

chfaliang y? hSn gao.    fruit yield, too.

A: W8 hil y5u ylge věntl, qu&n    I have one more question. What's

gongshe y8u duSshXo renkSu, ySu    the population of the vhole cooBBUUt

duoshXo lSoddnglt?    and how many laborers ar« theref

B: YSu yfwia ling b&bSlduS si-    There are 10,800 households₉ over

vain s5nqlandu5 k8u r$n₉ llXngvin    “3,000 people, and over 22,000 labor-

liXngqiSndxaS l^oddngli, plngjun    ers. On the average ₉ every laborer

m2ige l&oddnglt dSl guSn li&ngmtt    has to take c&re of tvo mu of land! di na!

A: Ylge ren guXn liXngmil di hSn    Is it very hard work for one person

xīnkS ma?    to take c&re of tvo mu?

B: Zhdng ciit shǒu cii₉ idinzii h&l    At present they still don^ft have

mei kīo Jīqi, qu&n dSl ksto    the means to adopt machines. Planting

sh8u, zSnme bO. xlnkS ne?    and harvesting have to be done entirely by hand. IVs hard work all right.

A: Hi kin, ttqpiiaehAng ySu btl shlo    But look, in these pictures there

tu5l£jī₉ tfaande Jīxidhui shulplng    are lots of tractors. Their level of

xla&gdZac gio na.    mechanization is pretty high!

B: Zhdlge gSngshd xlangdang xlanjin,    This comznune is quite advanced.

ySu ytbli bSshl li&ng qlche _t dlL    They have 180 automobiles ₉ and over

xiXo tuolajI s&nbXl qīshlduS    370 tractors. But the main Job of

kSahl zhdlxle qiche zhfiyaode gong-    these vehicles Is to take the vege-

zud shl ti cki sdng dao chengll qu.    tables into the city.

A: Ng, v8 d8ng le, v5 Juede zheige    Mm, I see. This seems to be a very

gSngshd hSn y8u tedlSn, nl zcl! duo    distinctive conmune. Could you tell

t&ntan₉ hSo bu hSo?    me more about it?

B: HXo a! Zhdige gongshede aSlge    Every production brigade of the cob-

shSngcbSn ^ d5u y8u zijlde    iztuzie has Its ovn production priority—

ahengcbSn shdngdlXn~thezigchSn    do you understand "production brigade?” didui nl dSnc dSng?

A： W5 zhldAO shSngchXn didui, sheng*    I knov about productions 'brigades,

cbKndul, shenmede•    production teams₉ and so forth.

B: Na hSo₉ vSmen gu2n tSmen zhei-    Okay, veil ve call this method of

zhSng zilzbl ahengchXnde iD&nfS Jiio    organizing production of theirs

zbu&oy^hujt shSngchXn.    specialized production.

A: A! MSlge ahengcbSn dttdui d5u    Ah! Each production brigade has it丨

ySu zijlde zhxiany^. HSoJfle. Zhdi    ovn specialty. Great• This srust be

dui fazhln shengcbXn yfding ySu    of great help in expanding produc-

bln āide bXochu.    tion.

B: Shi ma! ShengchXn fazbSnle, ren-    Sure! The people^v8 standard of

mlnde ahenghu£ shulplng c&l neng    living can only *be rftised vtxea produe-

tlgSo ma!    tion expands•

A: Name, zhdizhSng zhuSoyehu^ sheng*    So is this kind of specialized pro*

chXa zkl qu£agu6 shi bu shi hSn    duction very comnon throiighout the

p3bi2n ne?    vhole country?

B: Bd shl, qu£ngu6 dibūfen gongshe    No, most of the communet In the

zh^yao hilsM shengchln li&ngshl,    country still m&inly produce grain,

zal āi ch^ngshlde Jin JiSoqū cii    It¹8 only in the close suburbs of Mg

ySu xling Sijiqīng zheiy&ngrde    cities that one finds cosnunes like

gongshi.    Sij iqīng.

A: YSu Jīhul» v8 hil xlXng q\l can*    If 工 get the chance, I¹ d also like

guZn yiliXngge pStSngde gongshe.    to visit one or tvo ordinary comsiunefl•

H&l ySu p£ngyu£n b各 shandide n6ng-    Also, farming production is probably

yě shengchln qfngkuing digii y!    very different on the pl&ins from that

y5u h!n duo bd t6ng» rliguS y5u Jl-    in mountainous regions* If it's pos-

hul» v8 hSn xlSng qū liXoJi! yixii    slble, I*d like very much to go look

tamende q\£bi^>    into the differences*

B: HXode. Zui Jīn Jlni£n ZhSziggu5    AH ri^it. In the past fev years,

nSngyi Jlinshd fishXnde bXn ku2l.    China's agricultural construction has

Nln 丨hi zhuinjiS, nlnde yijian dui    been moving rapidly ahead. As an

vSmende gjSngfvd ylding y8u h!n d^de    expert, your opinions can help ub &

bSngxhu, vB yldtng du5 gSi nln an*    great de&l in our vork. I• 11 be sure

p&i Jlge difft&g.    to arrange a few more visit丨 for you.

A: Bd bī kdqi* riln anpaihSole₉ qlng    You needn't be polite. Please let

zXo yidlXnr giosu vo.    me knov soon after you We made the

az7angement8 •

Unit 3« Tape 2 Workbook

Exercise 1

This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker vill say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker vlll confirm your ansver.

All sentences from the Reference List vlll occur only once. You may vant to revlnd the tape and practice this exercise several times.

Exercise 2

In this exercise, an American is looking over the selection in front of a vegetable stall in Dongdǎn market in Beijing and strikes up a converaation vith the salesperson.

The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it cosqpletely_f 7011*11 probably vant to revlnd the tape and ansver the questions belov &s you listen & second time.

Here are the nev words and phrases you vill need to understand this conversation:

qlngJiSo    green pepper

bSndt    this locality

chu    to produce

J3 ge lizl    to give an example

st Ji    four seasons

yinlfin sijt    in all four seasons of the year,

all year round

chunjt    spring season

qiuji    fall season

si Ji ch£ng id    green &11 year round

zSzig mlinji    total area

Questions for Exercise 2

Prepare your ansvers to these questions in Chinese so that you vill be able to give them orally :r. class.

1. Vhere axe green peppers grown?

2.    What 1b the main product of moat people¹ a coxosune囂f

3.    Bov doM thm salesperson explain the components of the word StJioTngt

U. Hov nuch of Sijiqīng^vs total area ifl planted to vegetables?

After you have ansvered these questions yourself, you may vant to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also vant to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers•

Note： The translations used In these di&lcguea are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.

Exerciae 3

In this conversation, an American vho la examining several varietiM of rice in the Beijing Agricultural Eadaibition Center talks vith a vorker.

Li丨ten to the conversation once str&ight through. Then, on thm second time through_f look below and ansver tha questions.

Here are the nev words and phr&aes you vlll need to understand thl篇 conversation:

plnzhSzig    variety

Ql&nJīndio    Thousand-Catty Rice

mfngcf    term_f expression

Ch&og Ji£ng    the Yangtze River

JiSngzULn    the area south of the lover reaches

of the Chfing Ji&zxg (Yangtze River)

n6ngy^qu    farming region

in    shore, bank, coast

ping    to be flat₉ to be level

Hu&ng    the Yellow River

Questlona for    3

Prepare your ansvers to these questions in Chinese so that you vlll be able to give them orally in class.

1. What is the chief characteristic of Capitol-West Rice?

2.    Hov are conditions in the Ji&ngn&n region suime for the devel-opnest of agriculture?

3.    Hov doefl the yield of Thouaand-Catty Rice co吨are with the average yield for grains?

k. Describe the production brigade in Sh&nxī that the American heard aibout.

After you have ansvered these questions yourself, you may vant to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also vant to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the ansvers vhich you have prepared.

Exerciae k

This conversation takes place during a visit by an Americ&n farm owner to the apple orchard of NankSu Farm in BSlJīng.

Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, ansver the questions•

You vlll need the follovlng nev words and phrases:

n6ngchXng    farm

n6ngmfn    * peasant

gSngren    worker

yini&n *bl y ini in du5    more and more every year

plngjunshū    an average number, a mean

zlinjīn    cash

ctSnkuXn    savings

ākibiiotuin    delegation

Que丨tiona for Exercise k

1.    Vhat is the first question the American asks the worker?

2.    Vho runs N&nkSu Farm?

3.    Vhat are the differences betveen peasants and agricultural workers?

k. Hov the income of peasants changed? What is the major cause of the change?

5. Vhat is the American's co皿ent about the success of China's efforts to modernize agriculture?

6. (Extra) Pretend that you are going to visit a »r^\and 成iJīng. JiiMt of quMtloDS you vould like to ask the workers.

After you har« aaairered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this converaation. You may also want to listen to the conversation to help you pronounce your answers correctly.

Dialogue and Translation fo” 霣T-reiag 2

This dlalogut takes place in front of a vegetable stall in Dōngdan

m&rket in Btijlug, An American customer (A) is looking over the selection.

Here he talks irlth the salesperson.

A: Ai, zheige qlngjiao hSo da a! Y? Wov! These green peppers are so hSn xīnxlan, shl b8ndJ chude baT big! They¹ re very fresh, too. They

nruflt be local produce, aren't they?

B: Shl c6ng Jiioqū l&lde.    They come from the suburbs.

A: BSiJīng ji&oqude renmln gongshe    Do &11 the people’s coazaunes in the

dou zhdng shūcil m&?    suburbs of BSijXng grov vegetables?

B: XiinzaldLe renmln gongshě zhSy&o These days most people's comsiunes

h&lshl zhdng liingshi, Ji&oqǔde    still mainly produce grain. In coa-

gSngshd ySu xie didui zhdng ahūcil₉    munes in the silburbs,丨one brigade丨

dazigr&n y8 ySu zhu&nyehuide g5ng_    grov vegetables₉ and, of course，

shd.    there are also specialized comsunM.

A: Zhxiaoyehiii 丨hi sh^xime yisi?    What does specialized meul

B: ZSSnme shuo ne? WS shi zhe .18 ge Hov should I explain it? 1*11 try lizl ba.    and glre you an exan^le.

A: 袞g, nl shuSabuo lean.    Mm, go ahead.

B: Blfang shuo Sijiqīng zheige gozig-    For Instance, the conomme Sijiqīng. sbd.

A: "Sijiqīng" shl sh^zune yiaiT    What does "Sijiqīng” mean?

B: Ng, ⁿyl er sia aiⁿde ”si,” ^ffchun_r Si ["four"] &s in yl Sr sSn si

Jjt, qiu.liⁿde ”ji•” ”qlng” JIU shl Cⁿone two three four ]• Jl C^waeaaonⁿ] ^uⁿde yisi.    aa in chunjl, qiujj C"spring season,

fall season'¹!. Qlng means "green."

A: A! Na shl aī ji chixig ldde yisi.    Ah! So it means "green all year

round.¹¹

B: Dui le₉ Jiii shl ylavel něige    Right. It^fs precisely because the

gSagshl rtnl^n dou shi lūde,    commane Is green all year round that

vSmen cii guln tft Jlio Sijiqīng.    ve call it Sijiqīng. It^fs an advanced

Si shi ge ziSxijinde gongshe• Ta-    coossune. They grow only vegetables, men JIU zhdng cii!

A: Jlň zhdng cii?! A! Dui le* dui    Only vegetables? Oh! Of course,

le, BuSyl guXn zhdlge gongshS Jlio    That^fs vby they call it a. special-

zhu&oydbui gongshě.    Ized commune.

B: Ou, w8 shuode ”Jii zhdng ciiⁿ b1l Oh, when I said ⁿoňly vegetables ₉ⁿ I shl shu5 bSifenzhī *bSi a! Jlū shi didn't mean one hundred percent! I

shu2, cildid* alinji hSn di, zhka mean that the area of their vegetable gongshd x8bc aifaJide bXlfSnzhl plots is very large. They make up qī-b&shir    seventy or ei^ity percent of the

commune's total area!

A： Su6yl zhdige zlSnJtn gSngsh^    So the m&ln product of this

zhiSy^ode shengchSn shl shucai!    cosszrune is vegetables!

5: Dui le« yidlSnr d5u bū cud!    Right, absolutely correct. These

Zheige di qīngJiSo Jiii ahi c6ng big green peppers are from there. nir l^ide. DuS &Xl jlge b&!    B\jy a bunch of them!

A: HXo, w8 mSi yljln.    Okay, 1,11 take one catty.

Di&logue and Tranalation for Exerciae 3

In the BSiJIzig Agricultural Ejdii'bition Center, an American (A) is

Ining several varieties of rice. He talks vlth & vorker froa the Centw (B)«

A: HZmende diozi plnzhSng hSn du5    You have 丨o many varieties of rice!

na!

B: PlnzhSng 丨ht til shXo, chSnli&ng Yes, there are a lot of Yarletiea• blJiXo gSode shl zhěi shlJIzhSng. The .ones vith the hipest yields are

these ten or so here.

A: TSmende chXnli^ng zii zher ySu    Are their yields vrltten dovn heret meiyou zlSzheT

B: XlSzhe ne! Rtn xi2nz2l k&ndaode    Yes. Vhat you’re looking at nov is

shl Jlngxldio, aflchln yiqian ytbSl    Capital-West Rice. It haa a per-mu

Jin zuBydu*    yield of approximately 1,100 catties.

A: 0, zhi Jial shl ^ia^īnd&ode    Oh, this is one kind of Thousand-

yizbSng le.    Catty Rice.

B: 食g. JlngxTdiode tddlXn Jiil shi Vm. Capital-West Rice is dlstin* hXo chi* "QlinJIndio” zhěige nlng- gulshed for being good to eat. The cl zui xlo shi sil Jiinmfa ydng₉ term Thousand--Catty Rice vas first 3^kňxil JiSacnia d4oiīchEli&ng used in Jianga&n Cthe area south of h£i shi brjilo glo jlxie.    the lover reaches of the Yangtze River!.

Today the yield of rice in that area is still coiq>aratiYely hlgb*

A: Dui» JiSngnin duSbinr shi ping- Of course. Jiangnan is mostly flat-yutn, m(lyou 丨b系ome shSndi, shui lands. There are hardly aoy hills, ydu fSngbian, zi6ngyd shengchSn    Water i丨 cozrreziient, too. The condl-

fazhlnqllal blJlSo y5u tliojian. tions are better for the deveiopment

of agriculture.

B: Jiil shl oa! SvByī Jiangnan yizhi Exactly! That ^fs vhy Jlangn&n has shl w8 gu6 zhdngy&ode nongyeau.    alvays been an important agricultural

region of our country.

A: B(igud» v5 xliLnzii Hu£ng He    But I think that nov agricultural

llXns iad> n6ngyi shengchln qfng-    production is quite good on both sides

kuing cud le. Tīngshuo_y    of the Yellow River. I hear that the

xl4ax4l li^ngahi mSlnxtl pfngjūn    average per-mu yield of gr&ln is nov

cbXn3JLlns dSu z2i si^vSb&lJIn    around four or five hundred cattles. zuSydu le.

B: ChibuduS shl zheiy&ng. W5 xlSng    That¹ s about the vay it is. And I

zal gud Jīnlin qingkuing hui geng    think ^that In another fev years the

hSo yixie.    situation vlll be even better.

A: Shfdu5nl£n qi&n vS tTngshuoguo    Ten or so years ago I heard about

Sh&nxT ylge shengchSn dadui ner    a production brigade in Shanxi that

chibuduS quin shl shandi, meiyou    vas almost on hilly land. There

jZmS dl shi pingde, kSshi tamen    vere only & fev mu of flat land, but

mSinl&n y? m&i g2i gu6jia *bi shSo    they still sold & lot of grain to the

de llingshl ne!    state every year!

B: Xlinzai, zhdiyangde dadui, gong-    These days, there are m lot of

sh各 *bū ahXo le. Ch&ng. Jiang.    brigades and consBunes like that.

JiSngnSn, Hufcue He shang xla nSr    They*re everyvhere—the Taagtze Rlv«r,

15u ySu a!    JiSngnfa, and the Yelloir Rlvsr atm.

A: Ng« bti cud b<i cud, Zhonggu6de    Mm, great, great. China's agrleul-

z^ngy*备 di ySu xlv&ng!    ture has a great future!

Di&logue and Translation for Exercise U

An American farm ovner (A) is visiting BSiJIng's NSnkSu Fan. In the

apple orchard* he talks vith & responsible person from the farm (C).

C: WSmende piogguS zinmeying? Sil    Hov &re our apples? Not too bad,

kěyi chi ba?    are they?

A: 食g, zhen bti cud, hSn ti&n, hSn    Mm_f they^fre really good. Very sveet.

hSo chī.    Delicious.

C: Lil₉ zii chi ylge!    Here, have another!

A: Op bd xiixig zii chi le, vSmen JlH    Oh, I can*t eat any more. Let's

liiollao tlSnr ba!    Jxist chat!

C: Hlo 氤！ HZ zlXng li&o shenmeT    Sure! What vould you like to talk

about?

A: Nlmen n6ngch8ngde zǔzhi he rSzmiū    Is there a big difference betveen

gSngshe ySu h2n dide qubiě m&?    the organization of your farm and that

of a cososune?

C: YSu. N6ngchSng shi guo Jia bande.    Yes. The farm is run *by the state •

Zii n6ngchXng gongzuode ren btl shi    The people vho vork on the farm &ren,t

pQtSngde nSngmln, shi n6ngyě g5ng-    ordinary peasants, they*re agricultur-

ren.    al workers.

A: 0. HIm n6nsy^ g^ngren shi n£    Oh, so agricultural workers are on

zhdngfQ gS&fxIdt* Tiaen h籌 nSng-    government salary .v Are they different

mfn h&l y9u 霧bCzme bū yfyfagde    in any other ways from peasants? meiyou?

C: Meiyou shenne. TSmende gongzud    Not really. Their vork is the same,

shi yfy&ngde, dou shi gio n6ngye    They¹ re both in agricultural produc-

shengchXn*    tion.

A: N6ngy^ gSogrende sh5urū *bī n6ng-    Agricultural vorkera have higher

mln du3 ba?    incomes than peasants« don't they?

C: 2\i ylding. Xiinzii ySu zly6u    Not necessarily. Nov, vith free

8hichkng» ytbSnde n6ngmtnde shSurxl    markets _f most peasants have & much

d5u bl ylql£n du5duS le.    higher income than before.

B: Shi ma?    Is that so?

A: Li vSmen n6ngchXng *bū yuXnde di-    Not fax from our farm there's 丨 fongr ySu ylge gongshd_f yTqi£n, Ji-    cosmrune. In the put, their lerel xlihoi shulplsg y8 bū gSo_t d&JiS    of mechanization vun*t hl^h. Af-zlnzīnlcSkS gSsgzudle yinl&n, gong-    ter everybody had toiled for a vhole shh shSurū 'bH du5, JlSU fende y2    year, the commune didn't hare much bū du5, shenghu6 zhen r6ngyl.    income_f so e丨ch family's allotment KSshi xiinzii ySulc ziy6u shichlng    vasn't much either. Life vaa re&Uy tamende qfnglroitng hXoduS le, chille    hard. But nov, vith free markets₉ zhdng li£ng9hi ylvii, tSmen y? y5u-    their situation is such better* Bale shūcdi, shuXguS, shenmede, sh5u-    sides groviag grain₉ they nov also r\l vinlin bl ytnlin du5 a!    liave vegetables, fruits_% and so on.

Their income is more and more every year,

A: Name xliiizki pfngjǔn mSige l&o-    So hov much c&ah Income can & labor-

ddngli yini&n k^yl y5u dixosblo    er earn per year? zl&n^īn ahSuanl?

C: PtngJunahil yS tii zhld&o. W8    I don*t reaily knov the average fig-

reaahi yljia rfo, JlSli y8u d2ren    xare. I knov one family vith seven or

zllohilzi qI-bSk8u» y8u sige bin    el^it adults and children, and four

l6oddngl$• C6ngqiīn nl£ani£n m塞i-    and a half laborers. It used to be

you sh&aM xllnjln •hSuHl.    that every year they didn't have any

cash Income•

A; Z&me hui aiiyou zlinjIn shourO.    Hov could it be that they dldn*t

net    have any cash Income?

C: Yinl&zx Jiil ning fen diSor li&ng-    In one year they could only get

shi, nSr hil y5u sh^nme xlinjIn a!    their little allotment of grain,

Hov could they get any caah!

A: Xiiuxz^i ne?    Hov about nov?

C: Qilnl&n tiaen JiS fSnle "bi-JiSbXl-    Laat year their allotaent vaa eight

kuil ql£n_v hil y8u y£ge h&izl    or nine hundred dollars, and one of

shln(l« dizul. Hi k&n zSnsiey&Qg a?    their children started college. What

do you think of that?

A: Ng, a hi hXodeduS le, k!abl vei-    Mm, that ia much better. But vhy

sheome giibiin zheme dl ne?    has the change been so great?

C: Zhei Jiū shi xlanzai zhengfSde    That¹ a becauae nov the economic pol-

jrngji zb^ngce hXo a! JIngJi    icy of the government is good. Since

zhengc各 glibi&nle, n6ngcūnde sheng-    the economic policy changed, life in

hu5 Jiu hXo la! Xl^nzii, ndige    rural areas has been good. In that

gǒngabe y5u yfbin duo yldlSnrde hūr    commune nov a little over half of the

zii yizih&ngli y5u cGnkuSn. Nl k&n,    households have bank s&rlnga • See,

na bfi shl hXodeduo le m&?    isn't that much better?

A: Nln shuo xl&ng neige gongshe něi-    Would you say that that coaiBune's

y&ngde qlngxlng zii qu£ngu5 shi bu    situation is very common throu^xout

8hl hSn pSbi&n ne?    the country?

C: HSn pSbian. • • .Nlmen zheige n6ng-    Yes, it^fs very conmon. • • .Bov thact

yi zhuanjia diltilotuan z8ule rubie    your delegation of agricultural sp#*

du5 difang* kinle n&zie du5 n6ng-    cialists has been to 霸o aujr placM

chXng, gozigshe, nin Juede z^osie-    and seen so mazqr farss azxd cosbudm,

ying ne?    vhat are your opinions?

A: WSmen xlXng zheijlni£n Zhonggu5    We think that in the past few years,

n6ngy^de xiandaLihna shi gSode b1i    the modernization of Chln&^fs agricu]^

cud.    ture has come along very veil.

B: Shi ma! W8 gangc&i shuode neige    You bet! That cosaoune that I Just

gdngshi yS m2ile bū shXo tuol&JĪ le.    mentioned has bought a lot of trac-

Tīngsbuo xl&nzdi mSige didui shlvQ-    tors. I hear that each brigade nov

t&i, tamen shuo tamen h&i xiing duo    has fifteen tractors₉ and they vant

mZi Jltii na!    to buy even more!

A: 成o &! HSo &!    Great, great!

C: Dui le, vSmen n6ngchXng ik m^nk5u    Oh~^t the front gate of our farm,

ySu hlo du5 t知iin, Itblan yS ySu    there are & lot of pictures, including

ndlge g5ngshěde₉ vB dll nlmen luLn-    some of that commune. I’ll take you

kan qu!    to see them!

A: Hlo! Z8u!    Okay! Let^fs go!

Unit U, Reference List

1.    A: VinlXCbb|cb&£ then ySu    Is the Great Wall of Ten Thousand Li

ylirka chfag suT    really ten thousand li^ long?

B: Changeh8ng JīngguBle hXoJIge    The Great Wall goes through many

ah8ng» ylgdng ySu yivaLn    provinces and is altogether

erqlan H ch&ng.    twelve thousand li long.

2.    A: Tīngahu5. WinlI Ch&ngchěng    I^fve heard that the Great Wall

xiuguo hXoJIci le.    b&s been repaired a great znany

times.

B: Shi, c6ng ttlnch&o dlo    Yes, from the Qln Dynasty up until

xiinzii yizhl ZflLi xlu.    nov， there have been repairs all

along.

3.    A: ^rtgmh^ngAm CbSiigchěng    It seesis to me th&t the Gre&t Wall &t

hXoacīug bd shl Qlnch&o    Bad&lXrig v&ari't built during thm

Jlinxhňde.    Qln Dynasty翁

B: dg_t nl shuode dui, shl Ming*    Mm, you’re right. It vas rebuilt 、

ch&o ch6ngxln Ji^nzhilde.    .from scratch during the Ming Dynasty.

k. A: Zii llshlshang ySu zh^me du5    Throughout history BSiJīng has been

cl ydng BSiJīng zud sbSudu.    used as a capital so mazqr times •

B: Na shl yīzzvei dtxlng iMo.    That's because the terrain ia good.

5.    A: ZhdizhSng dizlng bXjlSo    This kind of terrain makes it easier

r6ngyi ftmcb^l bSlfSog    to guard against Invaalon from

l&ide q!d1Ā8>    the north.

6.    A: NZaen y6iilln Jthuill y8u    Doea your sightseeing plan Include

n^lsrott    the Thirteen Tombs?

B: VS 肩从 Jiinzhd    I knov that all of you In architecture

doi Shlsanllngde    and structural engineering are very

ggngdlitn bin y5u xing-    Interested in the underground pal-

qu, vSmen hdutiaa qd.    aces &t the Thirteen Tomba• We'll

go the day after tomorrow.

了.入：ChlSla gttdll Zh5nggu6 Ji^nzhū    What vould you lUce to go see in

yirtm ylvtl« nlmen h&i    addition to ancient Chinese

xilin qil kin shim ne?    architectural art?

B: TīngahuS ySu Jlge Miot6n&    I^fve heard that there are &lso some

y? kal men le. VSmen xikng    churches vhich have opened. We

qū kank&n.    vould like to go see them.

8.    A: W8 yao dio q\i    I vant to go see the Gate of Heavenly

kankan. Zuo Jllň gonggong    Peace. What bus should I take? qlche hZo?

B: Xīngqītian qlche ke Ji le>    It's Sunday and biases &re really

Nl zui hSo zSuzhe    crowded. It vould be best to valk.

9.    A: W5 hSn xlnsh^n^ nlmen Jiefang    I really adnlre the Ten Great Struc-

ylhSu gaide Shl D& Ji^nzhū.    tures youWe built since liberation.

B: Nln tii keqi le.    You¹re too polite.*

10.    A: VSmen yljlng ^lugding chile    We^fve already decided that after w

f^n ylhňu qumZīdSngxl.    eat ve^fre going shopping.

B: HXo. C6ng zher chuanguň    Okay, from here cross through thm

jiii ySu shang-    square and there &re some stores.

dlan le.

11.    A: GiUong yitian kandev&n    Can you see all of the Imperial Palace

kanbuv&n?    in one day?!

B: Yitian nXr kijidev&n!    Hov could you see it all In one day?

12.    A: Shii qilguo ZhongguS, shel    Whoever goes to China vlll alvays

Jiil hui xiXngzhe ta.    think of it.

13.    ch&od&l    dynasty

1“. The Major Chinese Dypaaties

Qlng 1644-1911    Sul 581-618

Ming 1368-1614U    Hin 206 B.C.-A.D. 220

Yula 1271-1368    Qin 221 B.C.-207 B.C.

Jin ill5-123U    Zhou c. 11th century-256 B.C.

Liio 916-II25    Sh&ng c. l6th-llth century ^.C.

Song 960-1297    Xia c. 21st-l6th century B.C. Ting 6l8-907

*He really is.

Unit k_% Vocabxilary List

Tn_g (BidilXng)    (mountain northwest of BSiJIng, site

of a famous section of the Great Wall)

-cbio    dynasty (bound form)

ch£odRi    dynasty

ch6zigxln    again, anew, afresh

chixangud    to pass, to cross

dijclng    topography, terrain

f&ngbei    to take precautions against

gii    to build (buildings); to cover

gongdlaLn    palace

gongzudzhS    vorker

guXzigchEng    (public) square

gSd&L    ancient times₉ antiquity

Qigong    Former Imperial Palace

Ji    to be crowded

Jiinzhii (*zhfl₉    -zhu) to build，to construct; structure

Jiaot&ng    churchy cathedral

JuecLing    to decide

kS    indeed₉ certainly

-li    li^, a unit of length (1/2 km.)

Mlngch&o    (name of & dynasty, 1368-16UU)

Oiizhou    Europe

Qiaszoen    (& gate in BSiJIng)

Qlnchfio    (name of & dynasty, 221-20了 B.C.)

qīnluě    to invade; aggreasion

shSng    province

Shlsanllng    the Thirteen Tombs (Ming Tombs)

ahSvidǔ    capit&I

Tian^f mrmin    the Gate of Heavenly Peace

Tian Tin    the Temple of Heaven

WanlI Ch&ngcheng    the Gre&t Wall of Ten Thousand Li

xlnflhXng    to appreciate/enjoy/admire

xiū    to build, to construct (roads, reservoirs, etc.); to repair; to trim, prune

Ylhěyufin (Yi-)    the Suzmner Palace (in BSiJīng)

yishu    art

y6ulXn    to sightsee* to tour, to visit

Unit U. Reference Notes

1, a： W^"TT ^h<ngch^ng zhen ySu    Is the Great Wall of Ten Thousand LI

ylvin li ching ma?    really ten thousand li long?

B： Chingcheng Jlngguole hiojlge The Great Wall goes through many sheng> ylgSng ySu ylvan    provinces and is altogether

ěrqian II ching.    twelve thousand 11_ long.

Notes on No* 1

li: A Chinese unit of length, equal to one-half kilometer, is often used to measure the noun lu ("road,” but here meaning simply "walking or riding distance”：

C6ng nl Jia dao xuexlao y6\i    Hov znany 11 is it froa your house

Jill lū?    to the school?

The unit of distance li is often used in rural areas_y but rarely in the city.

W&nll Ch&ngchfag: You learned Ch&ngchěng^ "the Great Wall,” in the Meeting module. The descriptive term V&nll Ch&ngchSng comes from the fact th&t the v&ll Is over twelve thousand li In total length (approximately 6,700 kilometers).

ygu ylvan li ching: ”is ten thousand 11 long” Use the verb ySu (not shl) in sentences telling or asking length, height * &re&» time, age* etc. In such sentences* y8u has the special meaning ⁿto attain_y to come up to (a certain level).ⁿ

C6ng zher dao j    "Hov far Is it from here to the

huSchezh^n ! y^u du6 yu&n? train station7ⁿ ChtbuduS    ! jrSu yill 1{1. ”rt*s about one li•”

Nlde htlzi j y8u du6 di?_ "Hov old is your child?”

Ta_j ySu sSpgul du5, "He Is over three yeara old•”

lfl_i ySu du6 gao? "Hov tall are you7ⁿ

W8    ： ySu yiml    "rm one meter eighty (cm).”

Shinghilde ! zhl liXngge yuě. "Winter in Sh^nghSi is only d5ngtiSn j ySu    two months (long).ⁿ

The negative of such sentences uses m系iySu:

A: Dao hu5chezhan zhen y5u    Is it really five li to the train

vūll lii ma?    station?

B: MeiySu wttll, hen Jin.    No, it isn’t. It*s very close.

Ta melySu vflshlsul, ta c&l    He isn't (as old as) fifty years old；

slshijl.    he^fs only forty-something.

■Ilngguňle hloJlge sh8ng: "goes through many provliic«B^w This sentence illuBtratea vrnll that eottpletion -le is completely different from English p&st tense. Erm vlth conpletlon -le, the verb still means ⁿgoes through,” not "vent ttaroQCb*" Thā completion of an event in the past can result in a present 丨(for exaapl#_f the Great Wall vas built In the past and i丨 still standing), and so -le must sometimes be translated into English vlth the present tense. Other exaoples:

W3 xlflLnzai dSngle ta veishenme Row I understand vhy he dldn，t marry mei gen ta jKhūn.    her.

VS    ylnjingt nl dou ^    You don’t recognize me vlth

rěnahi w8 le,丨hi ma?    glasses on, eh?(工 an wearing

glasses•)

Zhiib& shu Jl^ahiLole M?igu6de This ^ook introduces the American zhěngzhi qingkuiLng.    political situation.

ah8ngr "province” Sh?ng takes the counter -ge • or is sometines used without & counter.

Zh5nggu6 ylging y8u ershierge China has tventy-tvo provinces sh2&g•    altogether•

2. A: TIng8htxo WinlI Ch&ngcheng    I^fve heard that the Great Wall

xliigiao hEoJId le.    has been repaired & great many

times •

B: Shl» c6ng ftfnchio dao    Yes, from the QJn Dynasty up until

zliLnz&l y«M z&i xiu.    nov, there have been repairs all

along.

Notea on No, 2

xlur ⁿto repair" roads, structures, cars, r&dios, shoes, etc. Also,

”to trlm^ hair, flngernalls₉ or ⁿto pruneⁿ trees, shrubbery, etc. Also, ⁿto iDxilld, to construct¹* reatrrolrsy railroads_f roads, irrigation ditches* etc.

xluguo hlo iīci 1癱:ⁿhas teen repaired & great many times” The -le at the end of th« teatMCt adds on the meaning ⁿso far.ⁿ Here are other" examples of thm patttrn • • •輸guo • • • -le:

Zheige dlix&yfng t& kinguo ll&ng- He has seen this movie tvice, and cl le, h&i b乜 zhldio zirme hul he still doesn't know vhat it^fs shl.    all about.

Ta kXoguo lllogci le, dou bu    He has taken the exam tvice, but

xlng*    didn^ft make it either time.

£lnch£o: "the Qln Dynasty” （221-20了 B.C.)

yizhl sil 3dǔ: Literally, "all-along in-process-of repair,” i.e., ⁿit haa bem b«lnc repaired all along."

3, a：    Chingch^ng    It seems to me that Cthe section of]

一hZoriang "bfi shi Qlnch£o    the Great Wall at Bad&llng vasn^ft

j_iinzhūdc.    built during the Qln Dynasty.

B: Ňg, nl shuode dui, shl Ming- Mm, you¹ re right. It vas rebuilt

ch&o ch6ng3dn Jianzh\ide.    from scratch during the Ming Dynasty.

Notes on Wo, 3

BSdĀlīfng: A mountain seventy-five kilometers northwest of Beijing, over vhich passes & section of the Great Wall dating from the Ming Dynasty (1368-16UU). This is the usual spot to vhich tourists are taken to see the Gre&t Vail. (Some people pronounce this vlth different tones: Bidiltng.)

h&oxlang: ”to seem，” but here meaning ⁿlt seems to me,ⁿ aa In

W8 hXoxling zii nXr Jianguo    It seems to me I^fve 丨een this man

zbdige r6n.    somevhere before.

Nl hXoxl&ng g^osuguo vS zhěi-    It seems to me you^fve told mm

JiStn shi.    this before.

.1liln2hii: As a vert, "to "build, to construct”：

Zheige diLl6u shl nSinl&n    When was this building constructed?

Jlanshxide?

As a noun₉ ⁿa structure" or "architecture":

Zhei shi Qlnch&ode Jianzhū.    This is a structure from the Qln

Dynasty.

Ta shi xu£ Ji^nzhiide.    He studied architecture.

rh^n^prTn: "again« afresh ₉ anev”

ZhdlzlS p£nzlvXn xlde b\l ginjing. These dishes vere not v&shed clean; qXn% nl eh6ng3dn xl ylcl.    ple&se vash them again.

ChSnaīū i霉 often folloved by    ”again":

ZuSde bil hSode hua« ch6ngxln z&l If (ve) don^ft do it veil, ve^fll do £u3.    it all over again.

k_^ a： Zai llshlshang ySu zheme duo Throughout history Beijing has been ci yong B?iJIng zuo shSudu. used as & capital so many times•

B: Na shi ylnvei djxlng h&o.    That’s because the terrain is good.

Notes on No, U

zai llsh!Csh&ng: ^,fin history, dovn through history¹¹ Chinese often uses -shang, "on," where English would use ”in,” especially for the meaning ”in such-and-such a field or area”： zai jīngjishang, "in economy, economically”； zai xuěxfshang, "in (one^?s) studies^?t; zai shēngchSnshang, ”in production”； and, of course, "baozh^shang, ⁿin the newspaper/, etc.

yong, • ,2UO> • •: ^Mto use".as".ⁿ

Ta yong tamen Jiade ketīng    He uses their living room as

zuo bangongshi.    an office.

5. A: ZheizhSng dlxlng bljiSo    This kind of terrain makes it easier

rSngjri fingběi beifang    to guard against invasion from

lāide qlnlūe>    the north.

Notes on Ho> 5

qīnlue: As a verb, "to invade^tf:

Sūliin veishetmie qlnlūě Afuhan? Why did the Soviet Union invade

Afghanistan?

As a noun, ⁿinvaaion^M or ^,?aggression^ff:

WSmen "bixu fangbei Suliande    We must guard against Soviet

qlnlūě.    aggression.

"beifang lSide: ”coming from the north” The word c6ng, "from,” is often omitted from phrases such as the follovlng:

A: Neige xuezlflbde Zhongguo    Are the Chinese students in that

xuěsheng d5u shl Tiivan    school all from Taivan?

lilde maT

B: Btl shi_y y? ySu d&ld l£ide. No, there are also some from the

mainland•

C6ng Shangh&l q立 Xitel zhūde    There are many people vho have gone

ren hen duo, B?iJIng qūde y8    to- live in the Northwest from

ySu.    Shanghai ₉ and there are also some

vho have gone there from BSiJIng.

Ren shi h6uzi biande.    Man came ("changed") from the monkey.

6. A: Nlmen y6ul&n Jihualī ySu    Does your sightseeing plan include

meiyou Sh£s£mlng?    the Thirteen Tombs?

B: W8 zhl dao nlmen Jianzhū    I knov that all of you in architecture

g5ngzu5zhg dul Shlsanllngde    and structural engineering are very

dixia gSngdlān hen y5u xing-    interested in the underground pal-

qu，vSmen houtiān qu.    aces at- the Thirteen Tombs. We’ll

go the day after tomorrow.

Notes on No. 6

youl&n: "to sightsee，” ’’to tour”

Dao BSiJIngde vaiguo ren dou    Foreigners vho go to Beijing all vant

xi&ng qu Shlsanllng youlSn.    to go to the Thirteen Tombs to sightsee-

Dao Ch&ngcheng qūde youlinche    There are four tour buses to the

měitiǎn sibin.    Great Wall every day.

Shlsanllng: "the Thirteen Tombs,¹¹ also called ⁿthe Ming Tombs," because they date from the Ming Dynasty, These are located outside of B?iJIng.

gSngzuozhe: "vorker” in a particular field, e.g., Jl&oyu gSngzuozhS^ ^ffeducational vorker，” xlnvěn g5ngzuozhe% "Journalist," yǔy&n gongzu5zh8>

’’language worker.^w Such terms are PRC usage, sometimes created to replace titles with elitist connotations.

Do not confuse this vlth the general term for 'VorkergSngren• vhich vill be introduced in Unit 6.

了. A: Chille gud&i Zhonggu6 Jianzhū What would you like to go see in yishu ylvai, nlmen h£l    addition to ancient Chinese

xlSng qxl kan shenae?    architectural art?

B: Tlngshuo ySu Jlge jiaotang    I^fve heard that there are some

you kai men le, vSmen    churches vhich have reopened. We

xlSng qū kankan.    vould like to go see them.

Notes on No* 7

gudkl: "ancient,ⁿ the opposite of xlandai, Gu-, ”ancient,” is used znainly in contpound words:    —

Beijing shi ylge guchěng.    Beijing is an ancient city.

Guren y5u ylJii huā, ”JiSozhS    The ancients had a saying, ^MPride

bai.ⁿ    goeth before the fall•”

Zai gǔshlbdu zheige guoj iade    This country^fs culture vas already

věnhui yījīng hen fada le.    veil developed in ancient times.

GilcLai is also used as a noun meaning ⁿancient times, antiquity/'

yishu: "art,"    either "the arts" or "skill” Yi9hu.Ha is an

ⁿaxtist.^w

W8 tlngshuS nl z&i zher xue    I understand you study art here; do

yishu, nl shl xue xl&nddi yl- you study modern art or ancient shu hiishl gfidii yishu?    art?

Jiao sbū shi yizhSng yishu.    Teaching is an art.

,1lax>tāng: "clnarcb，” literally, ”religion-hall”

8.    A: W5 yao dao TiSn^āniněn qū    I vant to go see the Gate of Heavenly

kazikan. Zuo Jllxl gonggdng    Peace. What bus should I take? qiche hio?

B: Xīngqītian qiche ke le.    It^fs Sunday and buses are really

Nl zui hlo zSuzhe qū.    crowded. It vould 'be 'beat to v&lk.

Notes on No. 8

kg： Notice that k?, "indeed, certainly, reallyis often accompanied by 1^ at the end of the sentence:

W8 zi^nz&l zal k&n ta zui xīnde I'm reading his latest book nov. shū, kS y8u yisi le.    It^s really interesting.

9.    A: W8 hin xlp sh&ng nlmen Ji2fing I really admire the Ten Great St rue-

yXhSu gaide Shl Di Jiinzbii. tures youWe "built since liberation,

B: Nln tii keqi le.    You*re too polite•

Notes on No. 9

gai; ⁿto "build,ⁿ only used for buildings. (Another common use of this vord is as the vert ⁿto cover, vhich vas the original meaning.)

Zheige f&ngzi gaile duoshSo    Hov old is this house/building? (lit.,

ni&n le?    ⁿHov many years has it been since

this house was "built?ⁿ)

Shl D在 Jlitnghxi； The "Ten Great Structures" in BSiJīng were designed and built in the 1950s by the Chinese themselves. The authorities vanted to modernize the layout of the capital and at the same time to commemorate the revolutionary victory and its heroes. The architectural styles include Western as veil as traditional Chinese. The buildings are as follows: B?i-Jlng Railroad Station, Museum of Art, Museum of History, Great Hall of the People, Revolutionary Military Museum, Telegraph Building, Nationalities Cultural Palace, Agricultural Exhibition Hall, Workers Stadium, and the Monument to the People¹s Heroes.

10.    A: WSmen yījīng ,1uědlng chile We^fve already decided that after ve

tin ylhňu qū mXi dSngxl.    eat ve’re going shopping.

B: EXo. C6ng zher chuangiao    Okay, from here cross through the

jii ySu shang-    square and there are some stores •

dlan le.

Notes on No, 10

.luěding; ^wto decide" a course of action, or a ’’decision"

Tamen jueding yao "ban dao Niǔ    They decided to move to New York,

Yue qū zhū le.

WS Juedlrig mlngtian zai zuo    I¹ ve decided not to do this zheiJian shi. until tomorrov.

W8 Jueding qil le,    I^fve decided to go. (Note that -le

is not attached to Juědlng here even though ”decideā"ls a costpleted action. The verb vhlch follows Jueding prevents this.)

W8 yio he Hu&shengdun fangmian I have to discuss this vlth Washington shangliang ylxlS cai neng    before I can make a decision,

zud Jueding.

chuanguS; ⁿto cross through¹¹

C6ng zher chuanguoqu Jiu dio    We Just cross through here and

le.    then ve^fre there.

gn&ngch&ng: "square” in a city (the literal meaning is ”vlde-field”）

11.    A: Giigong yitian kandevan    Can you see all of the Imperial Palace

kanbxzvin?    in one day?

B: Yitian nXr lumdevin!    Hov could you see it all in one day?!

Notes on No. 11

G&gong： The fall name is Gilgong B6vňyuiLn, ”the Former Imperial Palace Museum* This vas the palace of the ruling families of the Ming and Qlng dynasties. It is located in the center of Beijing. In conversation it is usually referred to simply as the Gilgong (literally, ^wFonner-palace^w).

kilndev&n kanbuvdn?: "can (one) finish seeing (it)?” This is the costpoimd vert of result kanv&n• ^wfinish seeing,^w vlth the syllables -de- and -bu- inserted betveen the action and the result. Kotice that in the question form, the affirmative choice is given first and the negative choice second, Just as in simple questions like qu bu qū (which means qū hSlshi bū aň)• In some varieties of Stanaar-I Chinese, the question form of verbs like kSndev&n

follovs the pattern Action bu Action-de^Result: Kan bu kaiidgv£n? This pattern is increasingly common.

GugSny yitl^ kandevfai kan'buvCn?: Note the placement of the time expression yjtl&n^ ^one day•” BEFORE^the verb. Expressions telling that something is done WITHIN a certain period of time (usually translated as "in” a certain period) come BEFORE the verb.* Other examples:

Nl yitian neng hullai ma?    Can you get "back in one day?

Měi věntl, bantian Jiu hullai    No problem. I¹11 "be back in half le. a day.

ythutr yao chūqu.    I^fU "be going out in a vhile.

Ta ylge zh5ngt6u Jiu xuěhid le.    He learned it in Just an hour.

liSngge yuě qil ylci.    I go once in tvo months.

n&r: The vord for "vhere” is used here to make a rhetorical question (one to vhich no ansver is expected) implying the negative of vhat it says. Other examples:

NSr y?5u name r6ngyi!    Since vhen is it that easy! (It

isn't at all so easy.)

W5 nSr zixlāio ta yījīng Jiěhun Hov vas I to knov that she vas le!    already married! (i.e.₉ I had no

vay of knoving)

12. A: Shei qjiguo Zhonggu5, shei    Whoever goes to China vill alvays

Jiil hui xlXngzbe ta.    think of it.

Notes on No. 12

sh^i.> >8hěl .H这•••: "vhoever•••" You can use an interrogative pronoun— shěi, shenjoe, neige, z&me, nňli, shenme shlhou> duSshSo, etc•—in a dependent clause and then repeat it in the main clause to get me^lngs like ”vhoever 广 "vhatever," "however*ⁿ "wherever/ "whenever/ "hovever much,” etc. The adverb Jiil* ”then,” Is often used in the main clause.

Nl xiayio shCme, v8 Jii gei    I^fll give you whatever you need, nl sh^zme*

N£li dul nl zui fangbian vSmen    We^fll meet wherever is most convenient

Jiil z«Ll n&li JliLn ml^n.    for you.

Shěi xlSng q{l₉ shei Jiu qū.    Whoever vants to go, goes.

*Remember： Time expressions referring to POINTS in time, including ones like "in ("by the end of) two days,” go BEFORE; those describing the CONTINUATION of time go AF'iER* (Review the note on placement of time phrases in the Meeting module, Unit 1, Notes on No. 6,)

Here are some examples in vhich .1iu is not used:

NT &1 z?nmeyang zenmeyajig.    Do whatever you like •

Nl shenme shfhou fangbian, shenme Come whenever it^!s convenient for you. shlbou lai.

Zai Taiwan, xiangjiāo zSngshi    They alvays have bananas in Taiwan;

ySu; yao duSshao, ySu duSshSo. there are as many as one could

want (i.e., there are plenty).

xiSngzhe: ^,fbe thinking of, have on one¹ s    -Zhe on the end of an

action vert like xlSng shows the prolonging of the action over a period of time. Compare these examples:

Bie zbanzhe, zudxia *b&!    Don^ft stay standing; sit dovn!

Ni tlngzhe!    Listen!

Nl mknmkn chi, vS děngshe nl.    Take your time eating; 1*11 vait

for you.

WS zfili zhěr kǎnzhe ta, nl qū    1*11 stay here and watch him; you

Jiao li&ng Jiuhuche.    go call an ajnbulance.

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY

13. chSodii    dynasty

Note on No* 13

chāodili: The bound form -chio must te preceded ty a name (as in ftlnchao, ”the Qln Dynasty^)• Chāod&i can be used alone, as in Zheige gSngdlSn shi zai něigfe chiodEi Jianzhude?^ ^<fIn vbich dynasty vas this palace constructed?¹¹

Unit Revlev Dialogue

An American architect $ John Bemacki, is attending a Joint Sino-American conference on architecture in B?ijīng. During the conference, he has made the acquaintance of a certain Liil Yuěwěn of the Chinese Institute of Architecture. They had the chance to talk a bit when Liu accompanied a delegation of Americ&n architects around the city to visit several ancient buildings.

One evening toward the end of the conference, Bernacki is having coffee in the dining room of the Beijing Hotel. On his table he has spread out a tourist map of Beijing and a relief map of China, and is studying them intently. Just then, Liu Yuěwěn comes over to his table carrying a cup of coffee.

L: Jīntian cānguānle Gugong hai bu    Aren't you tired enough after vis-

gou lei ma? Hai zai zher kan ditu iting the Palace Museum today? Still ne!    here., reading maps!

B: A! Shi nl ya? L&i lāi lii, zai Ah, it^fs you? Come on and sit dovn zher zud ylhulr. Nl he sherune?    here for a vhile. What are you drink-

Kafei?    ing? Coffee?

L: 食g, shi kafei. W5 zai Děguode    Yes, coffee. I got in the habit of

shlhou hecheng xlguan le.    drinking it vhen 工 vas in Germany.

B: Dul le. WS zěnme hui wangle nl    Oh yes; how could I forget that you

shi zai Deguo xuěde JiaLnzhu. Hul    studied architecture in Germany,

guo zheme duo ni&n, meiyou zai qu-    After so many years back in China,

guo 5uzh5u?    haven¹1 you gone back to Europe at

all?

L: You qūgno yici.₉ nei shi qīJiu-    I^fve been back once. That vas in

niSn， zheicl bl shazigci duo zSule    ^f79. That time I vent to a fev more

Jlge dlfang.    places than the previous time.

B: Shei q{Hguo Ouzhou, shei Jiǚ. hui    Whoever goes to Europe will alvays

xiSngzhe ta. Jiň. xiajag ZhSngguo    think of it. It’s Just like China,

ylyang, l&lguo Zhonggu6de ren, bǚ.    no matter vhen it is that a person

guSn sheome shlhou₉ z5ng hai hui    comes here, they¹11 alvays think of

xiSngzhe t&•    it.

L: Shi a! • • .Gangctl v8 l&ide shl-    Yes, indeed!.. .Just now vhen I

hour, nl hXoxlitog z&i y fin Jiu shěn- came, you seemed to be studying some* me?    thing, is that so?

B: Mei shenme, v8 zai xlSng, Beijing- Nothing much. I vas thinking that de dixlng he na Beijīng 2uo shSudu the topography of Běijīug has some-y5u diSnr guanxi.    thing to do vith using it as the

capital.

L: Nī shuSde dui, Beijing zai Hua-    That^fs right. Beijing is in the

bei Plng/u&nde 2^ beibian, xTbei    northernmost part of the North China

kao shin, d5ng_f n&a shi plngyuan.    Plain. On the northwest it is bordered by mountains; to the east and south there are flatlands.

B: ZheizhSng dīxlng rang ren ganjuě    This kind of topography made people

bljiao r6ngyi t&ngbei "beifang laide    feel as if it were easier to guard

qīnluě.    against invasions from the north.

L: Těbiě shi y8nle Changchěng yJhou,    Especially after the Great Wall vas

geng rongyi fangtei.    built, it vas even easier to guard

against CinvasionsD.

B: Tīngshu5 Chfingchěng xiūguo bu    工 understand the Great Wall has been

zhīdao duSshSo ci le.    repaired 工-don^t-know how many times.

L: Cong Qlnchao dao xianzal, Chang-    From the Qln dynasty down to the

cheng yizhi ziLi xiu，women dei Jlde    present the Great Wall has been under

bu guSn shenme shlhour vSmen d5u    repair all along. We must remember

del xlSoxīn Beifang laide qlnlūe!    that no matter vhen, ve must alvays

"bevare of invasion from the north!

B: Nl zhen y5u yisi. Dui le, vS    You¹ re such a card. Oh yes一it Beams

xlSng vSmen qiintlan qū kanguode    to me that the section of the Great

neidu&n Ch&ngch^ng haoxiang bū    Wall we went to see the day before

shi Qlnch&o Jianzhude?    yesterday wasn*t built during the Qln

dynasty, vas it?

L: Ěng, shi Mlngchio ch6ngxln Jian-    Mm, it vas rebuilt in the Ming Dyn-

zhude. Qlnch&ode Chingchěng zal    asty. The Qln Dynasty Great Wall is

Badillng bSibian li&zigbSiduo llde    over tvo hundred li^ north of Bǎdlllng.

difang* Su6yl l&i ZhSnggud can-    So the Great Wall that foreign friends

guande vaiguo pěngyou plngch&ng    vho come to sightsee in China usually

kandaode Changchěng bd shi zui    see isn't the oldest section, lSode ylduaji.

B: ^WanlI Chingchěng” zhen y5u ylvan    Is the "Great Wall of Ten Thousand

H chang ma?    Li” really ten thousand li^ long?

L: YSu, Ch&igcheng Jīnggudle qīge    Yes. The Great Wall passes through

shSng» ylgdng y8u yivnn erqlan lī    seven provinces and altogether is

ch&og*    12,000 11^ long*

B: Chdle Ch&zigch^ng ylvai, vSmen    Besides the Great Wall, ve building

Jīge Jianzhu gongzudzhe dui Shlsan-    workers* are also very interested in

llngde āixii gongdlǎn yě hen ySu    the underground palaces of the Thir-

xingqu. ■    teen Tombs«

L: Tāndao Zh5ziggu6 gǔdai Jianzhu    Speaking of ancient Chinese archi-

yishu, nl qūguo Tiantan ma? Nlmen-    tectural art, have you been to the

de y6nlSn Jihuili you r.ěiyou    Temple of Heaven? Is that on your

Tiantin?    touring schedule?

B: dul le, Tiantan! WS.xiiag-    Oh, yes--the Temple of Heaven. That

qilai le, tlngshuo Tiantan gaide    reminds me. I^fve heard that the Temple

hen tetic. K?flhl, bil zhīdao vei-    of Heaven is very special. But for

shenme* v8ne&dft y8xil8n jihuali    some reason I don¹1 knov, it doesn't

hSoxiang měly8u,    seem to "be on our tour schedule.

L: Bū yaojlnde. WSmen he ZhSngguo    That doesn’t matter. We’ll talk

Luxlngshě tanyitan, rti^uS tamen    about it vith the China Travel Ser-

měiyou shlJian ǎnpaide hua, vomen    vice, and if they don’t have time to

kěyi zeLi Xīngqītian zijl qū.    set it up, ve can go by ourselves on

Sunday.

B: Xīngqītian zljl qū! Hao jihua!    Go ourselves on Sunday! That’s a

Nlde xiansheng, hiizi, dou kěyi    great plan! Can your husband and

lai ma?    children all come too?

L: DogiLi keyi. W5 airen he vode    Probably. My spouse and my oldest

da ěrzi d5u shl gao Jiinzhude, ta-    son are both in building. They can

men keyi gSi ni hXohaor Jieshao    do a proper Job of shoving you the

yixia Tiǎntinde Jianzhu tědi&n.    special architectural characteristics

of the Temple of Heaven.

B: WSmen zexuae q\i ne?    Hov sball ve go there?

L: NĪ xlSng bu xlSng zSuyizJSu lu a?    Do you vant to valk a little?

B: Kěyi a! Zkl shuo, vo xi&ng Xing-    That vould be okay. Besides, I

qitiande gonggong qiche dagai    suppose the buses are pretty crowded

xiangdang Ji.    on Sundays.

L: Ňg. WSmen c6ng Beijīng Fandian    Mm. From the Bel Jīng Hotel ve valk

z5u āko Tiǎn^fazimen, ranhou chuan-    to the Gate of Heavenly Peace, then

guo guSogchSng, "bū yuSn Jiu shl    ve cross the square, and not far from

Tiant£n le.    there Is the Temple of Heaven.

B: H&o, Jiii zheme Juěding le. Bd-    Okay. Then that¹ s the decision.

gu5, bū zhīdao Tlǎnt&n ySu du6 di?    Only, I vonder hov large the Temple of

Bajitiǎn k^ndev&n ma?    Heaven is? Could ve see it in half a

day?

L: Tiant&n bl Ylhěyuin xlSode du5,    The Temple of Heaven is much smaller

zhǔyluDde Jiinzhu Jiň ySu liangbū-    than the Summer Palace, The main

fen* Binti&n āKgki kěyi kinvan.    structures include only tvo parts.

Zěmae, Xlngqlti&n nl h&i you biede    You can protably finish seeing it in

shi ma?    half a day. Why? Do you have other

things to do on Sunday?

B: Xlngqīti&n xiavu ySu ren qīng    Sunday afternoon ve^fve been invited

vomen chi fan. Bū hSo yisi bu qū,    to dinner. It vould be embarrassing

kěshi xīnshSng Ji&nzhu yishu, na ke    if ve didn^ go, but admiring archi-

shi yaojlnde shir, bantiǎr. ^agai    tectural art is certainly an important

bu gdu!    thing, and half a day probably von^

"be enough!

TVX, Unit h

The Great Wall of China

A; BU yaojlnde, zheige Xīngqītian vSmen zXo dlSnr    ZSo qu zSo

hul₉ Jiū kan bantlan. RjiguS nī hii xlSng qū, vSmen zai xiǎng bfin-fS yue 8hljlān.

B: Hao, Jiu zhěiyang le. W5 Jide zai Ōuzhou canguan yige Jifiotang hěi dei yong "bu sh&o shl Jian ne!

L: Hao le, Jiu zhěiyangr. Xīngqītian zaoshang bSdiSn, zai louxia da měnkSur Jian, rllguS ySu shenme galbian, v5 zai da dianhua gei nī,

B: HSode, Jiu zhěiyang!

That¹s okay, this Sunday ve¹11 go a little earlier. We^f11 leave early and come back early, and Just spend half a day there. If you still want to go ve'll try to arrange a time.

Okay, that sounds good. I remember it takes quite a long time to tour a cathedral in Europe!

All right, that¹s our plan. We^f 11 meet at the entrance dovnstairs, Sunday morning at eight. If there¹s any change I^fll give you a call.

Okay, that¹s fine!

109

Unit “， Tape 2 Workbook

Exercise 1

This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your ansver.

All sentences from the Reference List vill occur only once. You may want to revlnd the tape and practice this exercise several times.

Exercise 2

In this exercise, an American scholar visiting China talks with an old Chinese friend at the Beijīng Hotel.

The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, you¹11 probably vant to revlnd the tape and ansver the questions belov as you listen a second time.

Here are the nev vords and phrases you vill need to understand this conversation:

pSolai pSoqil    to run back and forth

yishl    for the moment

Gel<inblya D&xue    Columbia University

hai shi    it vould be better to

Zhongshān Gongyuan    Sun Y at sen Park

shū    tree

*ke    (counter for trees)

-zuo    (counter for massive objects)

mUtou    vood

Li&odai    the Li£o Period

Questions for Exercise 2

Prepare your ansvers to these questions in Chinese so that you vill be able to give them orally in class.

1.    Why does the American scholar vant to stop talking about Nev York?

2.    Why does his Chinese friend think Nev York is a special place?

3_ Does the Chinese friend enjoy old things? Hov do you knov?

h, Hov do you get from the Beijīng Hotel to Sun Yatsen Park?

5. Describe three attractions in Sun Yatsen Park.

After you have ansvered these questions yourself, you may vant to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also vant to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your ansvers.

Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.

Exercise 3

In this conversation, Professor Michaels talks vith Ms. Tang Lin, from the China Travel Service, vhile he packs his bags in his hotel room.

Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second time through, look below and ansver the questions.

Here are the nev vords and phrases you vill need to understand this conversation:

dSrSo    to disturb

huicě    book of photographs

xuyaoliang    need, demand

JieshSu    to accept

llvū.    gift

zhaopian    photograph

ySuhSo    friendship

daibiSo    to represent; on behalf of

Questions for Exercise 3

Prepare your ansvers to these questions in Chinese so that you vill be able to give them orally in class•

1.    What does Ms. Tang Lan "bring Professor Michaels?

2.    Why does she bring this particular gift?

3.    Why does she refuse the pen Professor Michaels offers her?

h. Hov does Professor Michaels explain his gift of the pen so that it vlll be acceptable?

After you have ansvered these questions yourself, you may vant to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also vant to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the ansvers vhich you have prepared.

Exercise k

In this conversation, a young German student is touring the Great Wall at Badallng vhen she meets & Chinese vho vas a classmate of hers three years before in Germany.

Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then revlnd the tape and listen again. On the second time through, ansver the questions.

You vlll need the following nev words and phrases:

Nl haishl lao yangzi    You look as if you haven¹t changed

a bit

b^ng    to be great, to be terrific

veld^    to be great (e.g.₉ a le&der)

Mūnlhel    Munich

shizhengfǔ    city hall

zhengqi    to be neat, to be tidy

Questions for Exercise k

1.    Why hadn’t the German gotten in touch vlth her Chinese friend yet?

2.    What plans of the Chinese government are bothering the German?

3.    What example does the Chinese friend give to shov that modernization has made Improvements In Beijīng?

U. What is the main reason the Chinese friend sees for building the hotel?

After you have ansvered these questions yourself, you may vant to take a look at the tr&zifilation for this conversation. You may also vant to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your ansvers correctly.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2

In this conversation, an American scholar visiting China (A) talks vith

an old Chinese friend of his (B) at the Beijīng Hotel,

A: Meici Ifii ZhSngguǒ z5ngshi yao    Every time I come to China I alvays

m£fan.nl, pěizhe vSmen paolai pao- trouble you to accompany us all around crilde. Nl shenme shlhou ye dao    the place. You should really come

Meiguo qū kankan ma! Sǎn-sishl- see America some time! It^fs changed ni&n le, MeiguS yījīng biande tai a lot in thirty or forty years! duō le!

B: Shi a! Qū shi hen xiang qūde,    Yes, I^fd love to go, it^fs Just that

zhl shi ylshl hai zhSobudao Jlhui. for the moment I can¹t find the opportunity.

A: Gelňnblya Daxuě chang qlng tamen- Columbia University often invites de lXo xuěsheng hulqu canguan, you- their old students back to visit and lSn. W8 shl shi gei ni ānpai yixietr. tour. I^f 11 try to arrange it for you.

B: HSode....ShuSqilai ye qiguai, NiS Okay....It^f s a funny thing_y but Nev

Yue zhen shi ge těbiěde dif&ng. W5    York is really a special place. When

zhū zai nirde shlhou bū Juěde zěnzne    I vas living there, I didn't think,

tai h£o_y kSshi xianzai chang xlSng-    much of the place₉ but nov I often

qi ta! YSu hen duo lSo liūxuesheng    think of it. A lot of old students ch£ng shu5, shei zai Niu Yue zhūguo* - returned from abroad often say that

shei Jiu hui ch&ngching xiangzhe    whoever has lived in Nev York vill

ta!    think of it often!

A: 0, vSmen bil tin zheige le. Zai    Let^fs not talk about this any more,

tinxlaqu vS y? yao xiSng Jia le. If ve keep talking about it, Vm going WSmen halshi chūqu zSuzou ba!    to start missing home, too. It vould

be better if we vent outside for a valk!

B: HSo a! Nl xlSng qxl n&r a?    All right! Where vould you like to

go?

A: Beijīng shl shSudǔ, yldlng y5u    Beijing is the capital, so it natur-

xle ySu yiside dlfang. GňgSng, Yf- ally has some interesting places. I^fve heyu£n sbenoede v8 d5u qūguo le. been to the Palace Museum and the Fujln h&l ySu shenme biěde dlfang Summer Palace. Are there any other bljilo y8u yisi m&?    interesting places near here?

B: C6ng zheli chūqu vXng xl zSu_y    If you go out from here and v&lk to

chxi&nguo Tiǎn^fanměn GuSngchSng, zeLi    the vest, then cut across Tiǎn'anmen

Tian^,anm6nde xTbianr you yfge g5ng.    Square, then on the vest side of Tian-

yuinr, Jiilo Zhongshan GSngyuan^ li-    axmin there¹ s a park called Sun Yatsen

mlan ySu bū shSo piaoiiangde gudai    Park, and inside there are a lot of

Jianzhu,    beautiful ancient buildings.

A: Shi shenme chaodaide jianzhu, y5u What dynasty are the buildings from? du6shao niande lishī K    Hov old are they?

B: Zui zSode Jiazizhu shi LiaodaicLe, The earliest buildings are from the chabuduo y5u ylqianniande lishl le. Liao Period. They are about a thou-Nax h£i y8u qlke gudaide da shū, sand years old. There are also seven yě d5u y5u ylqianduo nian le.    ancient trees there, which are over a

thousand years old, too.

A: Něr ye y5u ySu mlngde gongdian ba? There^Ts a famous palace there too,

isn't there?

B: Y8u, ySu ylzuS da dian shi Ming- Yes. There^Ts a large palace which chaode shihour Jianzhude, yongde was constructed in the Ming Dynasty, ciiliāo quSn shi mūtou, ye yljīng made entirely of wood, That^Ts about chabuduS you liūbSiniande lishl. six hundred years old, too.

A: HSo, na wSmen xianzai Jiū qū    All right, then let^Ts go for a walk

zSuzou.    right now.

£: HSode， zou!    Okay, let¹s go!

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3

An American tourist, Professor Michaels (M), is packing his bags in his

hotel room. Ms. Ting Lin (T)， from the China Travel Service, comes to his

door.

T: Maike Jiaoshou, dSr&o nl le.    Professor Michaels, I^fm disturbing you.

M: Mei shenme, kuii q^ng zuo, vS    Not at all. Please sit dovn. It¹s

zhěr luanqībazaode, zki shSushl    a mess here, I^fm packing, dongxi.

T: Shenme shlhourde feijī ya?    When’s your plane?

M: Wǎnshangde* h£i z&o ne, bO. Jl bū In the evening. It¹ s still early, jl, nl zud ma.    No rush, no rush. Come on and sit

dovn.

T: W5 lai song gei nln yiben yōulSn I，ve come to give you a photograph-huacě.    ic travel book.

M: YfiulSn hu2ce? Jill shi vSmen zai A photographic travel book? Is it y6ulSn WinlI Ch&ngchengde shihou, the kind I wanted to buy when ve were vS xiSng m&lde neizhSng?    touring the Great Wall of Ten Thousand

Li?

T: Jill shi. ZheizhSng huācě xSy&o- Right. There sure is a great demand Hang ke da le.    for this kind of book of photographs.

M: Shi ma! 5u2hou l&ide, ：!?izhou    Sure! Visitors from Europe, America,

laide, shenme dlfang laide v.eren    everywhere, all want to buy one. Of

dou xiSng m&i yfběnr. Xūyirliang    course there¹s a great demand, ylding hen da.

T: NSitian zai Badallng, nln měiyou That day at BadAlIng, you weren’t mXith&Oy Jīntian v5 gei nln songlai able to find one，so today I，m bring-le.    ing you one.

M: Zhen xlexle ni, zhěme diǎnr xi5o Thank you so much. Such a small shir nl hii xi&ngzhe. Duoshao qian thing and you still remembered it. na?    Hov much vas it?

T: Shi Luxlngshe song ninde. WSmen It’s a gift from the Travel Service. huĀnylng nln zai 1^1.    Ve welcome you to come back again.

(Michael taJces a Parker pen out of the pocket of his suitcase.)

M: Na, zhěizhī bl song gei ni.    Then, taJce this pen as a gift.

T: 0, bū kěyi, wSmen bū kěyi Jiē-    〇h, I can’t. We，re not allowed to

shou kěrende llvu.    accept gifts from visitors.

M: Name song gei nlmen Luxlngshě.    Then I give it to your Travel Ser-

Hii Jlde neitiān v5men zii Shisan- vice. Do you still remember that day ling ma?    at the Thirteen Tombs?

T: Dui，něitian nln hen gāoxlng.    Yes, That day you vere very happy.

M: XlnshSng Zhongguo gǔdai Jianzhu    The thing that makes me happiest is

yishu shi w8 zui gaoxlngde shi.    admiring the ancient architectural art

Neitian vSmen zhao xiang le, nl hfii    of China. That day ve took pictures,

Jide ma?    do you renember?

T: Jide. Něitian nln gei vSmen Lu- Yes. That day, you took a picture

xlngshede Jlge t6ngzhl zhaole    of us comrades from the Travel Ser-

xi&ng, nln h&i zai zhaopian hdu-    vice, and you wrote on the back of

mi an yong Zhongvěn xiele ⁿMei-    the picture ^tTAmerican-Chinese friend-

Zh5ng ySuh&o" slge zi.    ship •”

M: Dul, n&me jīntiǎc nl song huacě    Right. So then today since you've

lai, vS song gei nlmen ylzhī bl    brought me the photographic travel

veishenme bī kěyi ne?    book, vhat¹ s wrong with my giving you

a pen?

T: HSo. W5 daibiSo tSngzhlmen xlě- All right. On behalf of the other xle nln» huanying"nln l&L.    comrades,工 thank you and welcome you

to come back again.

M: W8 yldlng zai l&i.    1*11 be sure to.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise h

A traveler from Germany (B) is touring the Great Wall at Bad£līng when she

spots a Chinese friend (A) whom she met three years before vhen he vas studying

in Germany.

B: Ai! Xtl Gang! Hii renshi v5 ma?    Hey! Xu Gāngl Do you still remem-

ber me?

A: 0! Shi nX ya! SānniEn bū    Well! It^fs you! It^fs been three

Jiin, nl hilahl llo yangzi! Lai    years, but you still look the same!

Beijing duo le? ~    Hov long has it been since you came '

to Běijīng?

B: Ha! Kluidao nl zhēn gǎoxlng! W8    Ha! It^fs so good to see you! It¹ s

lai zhěr ylge du5 xīngql le.    "been a week or more since 工 got here.

Yi2hl c&zigu&n zhěr, canguān narde,    I，ve "been sightseeing all over the

znangjlie₉ dou měi neng gel ni dS    place all along, and haven^!t been

yige di&nhua. Nl hfii zai Běida    able to give you a call. Are you

zna?    still at Běijīng University?

A: H&l zai B5ida. Nlde Zh5ngvěn    Yes, I'm still there. Your Chinese

yuě l£i yuě bSng le ma!    is getting more and more fantastic!

B: Bang shenme ya? Hfii bu shi ma*    What^fs fantastic about it? It¹s

mahuhude! Dul le, zki zhěr kandao    Just so-so, really! Oh yes—glad

al thing hSo! W5 y5u ylge věntl    I We run into you here; I have a

xlXng věn ne, nl ySu meiyou sh£-    question I^fd like to ask. Do you

Jian?    have time?

A: Y5u! Nl y5u shenme věntl?    Yes. What’s your question?

B: W8 Jide Ch&ngcheng Jlngguole hSo-    As I remeiober，the Great Wall passes

Jlge shSng, y5u ylviLn ěrqianduo ll    through many provinces and is over

Chang.    12,000 li_ long.

A: Dui y&!    Right!

B: Ch&ngcbeng shi Zhongguo zui    The Great Wall is China’s greatest

d&de gǔd&i jianzhu.    ancient structure*

A; Dul ya! ChSbuduo shi zheiyang.    Right! That¹ s about the way it is.

B: HSo* Niune Qlnch&ode shihour věi-    Okay. And vhy did they vant to

shenme yato xlǔ zheme chfingde Ch&ng*    build such a long Great Wall during

cheng ne?    the Qln dynasty?

A: Dangr&i shi veile f&ngbei B?i-    As a precaution against invasions

fang l&lde qlnltt le.    from the north, of course.

B: Ndme, hXmen xlanzii veishenme    Then vhy aren’t you doing a good

bi hSohaorde bSohO. Ch&ngcheng₉    Job of protecting the Great Wall, of

nlmen gudaide chu&ntSng ne?    protecting your ancient tradition?

A: Shei shuode? WSmen bli shi yizh£    Says vho? We^fve been repairing it

zili xiǔ ma?    all along, you know!

B: Keshl tlngshuo n!Cmende zhěngfu    But I hear that your government has

yljīng Juedlng zii Ch&ngchěngde    decided to build a modern hotel in the

fujin gai ylge xiandaihixade    vicinity of the Great Wall. If that^fs

diin. RliguS zhen shi něiyangr_t v8    really the case, then I feel rather

Juěde ySu jrtdlXnr Wi tai shǔTu.    bad about it.

A: i! W8 xlXngqllai le. Zii Mūnl-    Ah! I remember. When ve vere in

heide shihou, vSmen you ylcl qū    Munich, once ve vent to visit an old

cǎnguan ylge lXo JiSotang.    church.

B: Dui le. WSmen zSuguo lSo shi*    Right. When we walked in front of

zhěngfu menkSurde shihou_# kajidao    the old city hall, seeing all those

nar ySu hen duo hen xianditihuade    modern restaurants, and the magazines,

fangu&nr, ye ySu zazhi» shubaio,    books, newspapers, paintings, and so

huar shenmede, zhen rang wo xlnli    on, it really made me feel very bad. bu shǔfu.

A: Hai， xiandaihuGLde shěhul ma, zenme Well, that¹ s modern society, you

neng meiyou xlandaihuade d5ngxi ne?    knov! Hov can it do without modern

Bifang shuo B?ijīngde Qianmenvai    things? Take Qianmenvai in

ba, congqi&n y5u hen du5 xiSo puzi.    for example. It used to have a lot

Jief&ng ylhSu xiǔguo h&o du5 ci,    of little shops. After liberation,

h&i shi b1i til hXo, hSulSi chong-    it vas fixed up many times, but it

xīn giile hen du5 da shǎngdlan, Jiū    still vasn^ft too good* Later a lot

zhgngqlde duo le. YSu shenme bii    of new big stores vere built* and

hXo ne?    it looked much neater. What¹a wrong

vith that?

B: HSo le, hSo le, vS tongyi le.    Okay, okay, I agree*

A: Shi m&! Nl kan, 2hěrde dtxlng    Sure! Look, the terrain is so

du6 y5u yisi, fengJIng du6 piio-    interesting here, and the scenery

li&ng. Lii 2herde ren vanr yltian    is so beautiful. Is one day enough

gou m&?    for the people vho come here?

B: Digai bti. gdu.    Probably not.

A: Jiu shi ma, yaoshi fujtn ySu ylge    Exactly. If there vere a big hotel

da fandian, nk dud f&zigbian!    In the vicinity, hov convenient it

would be!

5: HSo le, hSo le₉ w8 tSngyi le!    Okay, okay, I agree! Come on, let¹ s

ZSu* z&nznen zii shflLzig zSuzou.    valk on up!

A: ZSu!    Let^fs go.

Unit 5* Reference List

1.    A: Zhonggu6 Mitan zlyuan b\l    China's coal resources are large -

shSo₉ gh^nH&ng hen gāo.    and output is high.

B: Shi, xlanzāi Zhongguo měitan    Yes, China's coal output ranks

chanliāng zai shijieshang    third in the world. zhan disānvěi.

2.    A: Congqian Zhongguode shly6u    In the past, China's oil vas

dabufen zai li bian.ling    mostly in places out near the

bū yuǎnde difang.    border.

B: Xianzai yajihSi yldaide    Now oil in the coastal region is

shlyou ye fǎzhanqilai le.    starting to be developed.

3.    A: Zheige kuangqude .1 Inshfi    When did the metal industry in this

gongye shi sheome shihou    mining area begin? kaishi ySude?

B: Bashi niĀnd&i, Jlxiě gōngyě    In the eighties. There vasń^ft a

ye shi bashi niandai cai    machine industry until the eighties,

ySude•    tfither•

U. A: Zai gud shlni&n, dEo Jiǔshl    In another ten years, in the early

niandai chu, zheige guojia    nineties, this country vill pro-

dag&l hui biancheng ylge    bably become an economic power. JIngJi qiinggu6»

B: Bu xlng, qlm& dSi zai gud    No, it vill be at least another

ershlniin.    twenty years•

5.    A: Zheivei zii gu6vāi y5u mlngde    What happened vhen this engineer vho

gongchengsbl • hul gu5 ylhou    vas famous abroad went back to his

zenmeyflLng la?    country?

B: Hui gu6 ylhou yizhi g&o zhong    He has been doing technical work

g5ngye fangml&nde Jishu    in heavy industry since he

gongzud.    returned to his country.

6.    A: Bū Jii shi Riben, xlanzāi    Not only Japan, all countries are

gěguS d5u hen guanxin    nov interested in the economic

ZhSngguo y&nhSide JingJi    construction of China¹s coast. Jiinshe.

B: Shi. Yljīng y5u xuduS juojia    Yes, there are already many countries

xlSng he Zhongguě yiai zai    which are thinking of establishing

něi yldai chengli xīr.de    new companies vith China in that

gSngsī.    area.

了. A: Tīngshuo zheige nongyeqǔ    I hear that this agricultural area

yljīng y5u 1^11ang fazhSn    already has the capability to

gSngye le.    develop its industry.

B: Jin shlnian lai, zheige diqǔ-    Over the past ten years, agricultural

de nongyě shengch&n gǎode bu    production in this area has been

cuo, shouru bu shSo, gSole    good and income has been high, so

yidianr qlng g5ngyě.    some light industry vas set up.

8.    A: Tlngshuo ěrshiniin qiin y5u    I heard that twenty years ago a lot

hen duo nianqing rěn daole    of young people came to that

nelge meiyou rěnde qiong    poor and unpopulated place, dlfang.

B: Shi a! Kěshi xianzai zhěngfu    Yes, but nov the government need not

kěyi fangxln le. Něige    worry anymore. That place can be

difang yīj īng suan Jianshede    considered to have been pretty veil

bu cu5 le.    built up.

9.    A: ZSngde l&i shu5 ba, zheige    Generally speaking, the changes in

cS备ngshide bTanhui shi    this city have been great* hen dade.

B: Shi a, zhan zai shi zhongxln*    Yes, standing on top of the "build-

de dal6\ishang kSnkan, vS    lng in the center of the city,

dou bū renshi le!    looking out, I don’t recognize

anything anymore!

10.    A: Xǔduo JingJi llllang bljiSo    Many countries vith relatively veak

ruSde gu6jla hen ganxlě    economies are grateful for China*s

Zhonggu6de bangzhxi.    help.

B: VSmen y? sbl ylge fazhSn-    We¹ re still a developing country, too,

zhongde gu6jia, kSshl vS-    but ve*re happy to help other

men hen gǎoxing bang qlta    countries in economic construction. gu6jia gSo JīngJi Jianshe.

11.    h&ivan    gulf, bay

12.    GuXxigdSng    (a province, formerly Kvangtung)

13.    H5il6ngJiSng    (a province, formerly Heilongkiang)

lU. Shanxi    (a province, formerly Shensi, nov

officially spelled Shaanxi)

15.    Sichuan    (a province, formerly Szechwan)

16.    Tianjin    (a municipality， formerly Tientsin)

Unit 5% Vocabulary List

ba    (marker of pause or hypothesis)

bang    to help

bianhua    change

Mānjing    border, frontier

chěngli    to establish

-chū    the beginning of (a time period)

fajig xīn    to "be unworried, to "be at ease

gSnxiě    to be thankful, to be grateful

gě-    each, every, various, different

gSngchěngshī    engineer

GuSngdSng    (province in south China)

guanxin    to be concerned about, to care about

hSiv£n    "bay; gulf

Heil6ngjiang    (province in northeast China)

Jin    the past.", the last. • •

Jīnshu    metal

Icu&ngqu    mining region

liliuig (liliang)    power, force, strength

zzieitan    coal

niandai    decade of a century

qiSng    to be strong

qiSngguS    powerful nation, a power

qJmS    at least

qlng    to be light

qlng gongye    light industry

qi6ng    to be poor

qlt&    other

-qu    area, region, district

tvo    to be veak

ShXnxI    (province in north central China)

•••(l&i) shuo    •••speaking

Sichuan    (province in southwest China)

sioan    to be considered, to count as

Tianjin    (municipality southeast of BSiJīng)

-vei    place, position (rank)

xuduo    many, much

ySnhXl    along the coast, coastal

zhong    to be heavy

zhongxln    center, heart, core, hub

zīyu£n    (natural) resources

zongde lai shuo    generally speaking, on the vhole

Unit 5% Reference Notes

1. A: Zbonggu6 meitain zlyuan bil    China¹ s coal resources are large

shXo₉ chfali&ng ben gao.    and output is high.

B: Shi, xianzai Zhongguo zněitan Yes, China^fs coal output nov ranks chSnliang zai shljieshang    third in the world,

zhaja disǎpvei.

Notes on No. 1

měitan: ”coal” In daily life (for coal is still used as a fuel in many homes in China), this is usually called simply měi• Tan by itself means ’’charcoal”（charcoal is also called raňtan, literally, ⁿvood-charcoalⁿ). Another word tan, written with a different character 'but pronounced exactly the same, means the element ’’carbon/¹

Zheige difangde meit&n shēngch&n Coal production is doing very veil qlngkuing bil cud.    in this place.

zīyu&n: "resources” This is used in such phrases as zlr&n zlyu&n. ⁿnatural reaoxircea»ⁿ and dixia zlyuan^ ⁿunderground resources.^

Riběn ySu zlyuande ventI.    Japan has a problem of resources.

prefers to lack of resources)

b\i shSo: ”not few,” i.e. _y "many," "large" Remem'ber that Chinese often uses bā to express the opposite of adjectives:

Shlji&n bū zSo le.    It^fs getting late.

Nl zhen 'bū cōngmlng.    You^fre really dumb.

Něige gu6Ji&de JingJi f&zh&nde That coimtry^fs economy is developing tū man.    quite fast,

dlsanvel: "third place" -Wei is the same word you learned in Ngivěi shi Gao TSngzhi?^ "but here it meftns^^rtplaceⁿ or ”position” in & statistical ranking, -Wei also means "place" in mathematics: gěvěi, ”the units place”； shi věi, "the tens place"; b&ivěi • ^,fthe hundreds placeⁿ; etc.

Use the pattern zhin di-".-věi for "to rank in •” position¹¹:

Zh5nggu6 rěnkSu zhin shijiě    China ^fs popiilatibn ranks first

dlylvěi.    in the world.

Ylndi ākozi chXnliang zai shi- Hov does India¹ s rice production Jieshang zhan dljīvěi?    rank in the world?

2.    A: C6ngqifin Zhongguode shlyou In the past, China's oil vas

dibifen zai ll MSnJing    mostly in places near the

bd yuSnde difang.    border.

B: Xianz&l yfcihXi yldaide    Nov oil in the coastal region is

shlyōu yě fazh&nqilai le.    starting to be developed, too.

Notes on No. 2

bianjing: ¹¹ (national) border"

Zai bianjlng dlqū shēnghuo, gōng- People who live and work in the zuode rěn, yiding yao tebie    border areas must be especially

xiaoxin.    careful.

Zheige chěngshi li biānjing hen This city is very near the border.

Jin.

zai li tianjlng bū yuande difang: ”vas in places near the "border” The main vert of the sentence is zai， was in•” The phrase li bianjtng yuSn goes vith -de and describes dlfang. Here is a diagram of the structure:

Zhongguode shly6u zki    ll bianjlng trCl yuin -de dlfang.

China¹s oil    was in not far from the border places.

y&nhli•• ^walong the coast, ⁿcoastaIⁿ (Y^n, which you vill learn in Unit T, means ”along,)

ZheizhSng dongxi shi yanhSi    This kind of thing is found only

dlqū c&i ySude.    in the coastal regions.

N^ijlge y&nhSi chengshi Jian-    Those few coastal cities have been

shede hSn kuai.    "built up very quickly.

Yanh&i yidai is & very cossmon way of saying ⁿcoastal region.¹¹ You should also memorize the expressions y&nhSi gěshSng*， ^ffthe (various) coastal prov-inces_fⁿ and y£nh8i zlyufci, "coastal resources

3.    A: Zheige kuangqude .Iln8hu    When did the metal industry in this

gongyd shi shenme shihou    mining area begin?

kalshl ySude?

B: Bashi ni&ndai, Jixiě gongye In the eighties. There wasn’t a

ye shi bashi niandSi cfii    machine industry until the eighties,

ySude.    either.

Notes on No, 3

knangqu: "mining area/region^M Kuang is the word for "mine,” as in •On the word £e^_t "various,” see the Notes on No, 6.

mSlku&ng, "coal mine•” -Qū means ”area，” ”region,” as in digu, "region,”

.1 iaoqū, ⁿsuburbs_fⁿ and shiqu, "urban area.^M

Zheige jlhua shi guanyu kuang- This plan has to do vith the qū Jiin丨hěde.    development of mining regions,

.jīnshu: ”metal,” literally, "metal-category"

Zhěi shi JīnshSde ma?    Is this (made of) metal?

Xianzai vSmen zuo zhěizhong    Nov ve no longer make this kind of

dongxi bli yěng JīnshS, dou    thing out of metal, we make it out

yong zhl le.    of paper.

niindai; This has tvo meanings: (1) (as used in 3B) ”a decade of a century*¹¹ e.g.，ěrshi niandai_% ’’the tventies"; (2) "period，” "era”

Zheige gushi xiede shi shenme    What period is this story about? ni^ndEide shi?

Zheipfng Ji2 shi shenme nian-    What vintage is this vlne/liquor? dSide?

Jlxle: ^machine,” "machinery,ⁿ "mechanical"

W5men zhelide shengchSn zhuyao    Mogt of our production here is by

kao Jlxie.    machine.

Jlxle is also pronounced JI.Hě,

Jloi₉ ”machine,” which you learned in Unit 3, is different from Mxie.

Jīq生 refers to individual machines; .1Ixle is machines in general—machinery.

virtually- always translates as ”macliine(s)." Jlxle is basically ⁿmachin-ery,¹¹ but may translate as "machine” in certain phrases, like Jlxiě gōngrěn^ ^machine worker.1ixle gSngye. "machine industry/¹ etc.

U. A: Zai gud shlniin, dao Jitishi In another ten years, in the early ni&ndai chu, zheige gu6jia    nineties_% this country will pro-

d&gai hui Manchěng yfge    bably become an economic pover.

JīngJi qifaiggu6>

B: Bil xlng, qlmX dSi zii gud    No, it vill be at least another

ershlnian.    tventy years•

Notes on No, k

zki gu5 shfniin; ⁿin another ten years,” ”after another ten years have passed" Here are some more examples of the use of (zai) guo (Amount of Time):

Z&i gud J Ini in v5 Jii xiguan    I¹11 get used to life here in

zh^rde shezighu6 le.    another few years.

Guo Jltiān ii Jiū yao qū Yidali In a fev days, he vill be going zud lingshi le.    to Italy to be consul.

-chu: ⁿat the beginning ofⁿ a time period

Mlngni&nchū v5 qu ShanghSi.    At the beginning of next year I'm

going to ShanghSi.

Yuěchu zai shu5 ba!    We'll see about it at the beginning

of (next) month!

Zheige yuě chū tiǎnqi kaishi    The weather started to get varmer

nu&nhuo le.    at the beginning of this month.

Wěnhua Da Geming chū vSmen shěi At the beginning of the Cultural dou hii bii zhīdao shi zenme    Revolution, none of us knew vhat

hul shi.    it vas all about yet.

qi£nggu6: ^wstrong-country,^M i.e., ^T?a (world) pover^,T

qlm£: (1) "at least"

TS xue Zhongwen qlmX ySu vǔniin He has been studying Chinese for le, danshi h£i shuōde bd hSo.    at least five years, but he still

doesn't speak well.

Meitian vSnsh&ng v5 qlmX yao k&n Every evening I have to read at liSngge zh5ngt6u shū c£i neng least tvo hours before I can shui Jiao.    go to sleep.

Zheige rěn zhen neng pSo₉ měitiǎn This guy can really run. Every day qlnX p&o shier ylngll.    he runs at least twelve miles.

(2) "miniimm, lowest (required to be acceptable), most basic, rudimentary”

Zheige rěn! Li&n qlmXde llmao This guy! He doesn^Tt even understand d5u bū d5ng!    the most basic manners!

Nl liin zhe qlmXde daoll d5u    You don*t even understand this basic

bū dSng?!    principle (of conduct_t life，etc.)?!

Similar expre丨丨iOM include qlm&de tiiojiin, ⁿthe most basic conditions";

oYmSde    "the most basic environment (al conditions)¹¹; q^m&de zhlshi ^

the most rudimentary knowledge¹¹; qlmgde shulping, "the minimum level.¹'

5. A: Zheivei z&l gu6v£l y3u mlngde What happened vhen this engineer vho gongch^ngshi• bul guo ylhou was famous abroad went back to his zSmeyīng 1&?    country?

B: Hul gu6 ylhSu yizhl gao zhong He has been doing technical vork gong/e fangniiande Jishu    in heavy industry since he

gongzuo.    returned to his country.

Notes on No. 5

zenmeyang la?: ”vhat happened (to him)” La is Just a contraction of le and 昱. Here are more examples of the extremely useful word zěnmeyang, "hov "vhat happened (to)•••，” or ”do what":

Ranhou ne? Ranhou zenmeyang?    And then? Then what happened?

Ěi, hSo Jlnian mei kanjian Xi5o Say, I haven¹1 seen Xi5o Wu for Wň le, ta zězimeyang le?    many years. What ever became

of her?

Yige rěn bū n^ng xi&ng zěnmeyang A person cannot Just do anything jiu zSnmeyang.    they feel like doing.

Nl yck>shl Wi gaosu ta, ta hui    If you don^ft tell him, vill he try

dui nl zSnmeyiLng ma?    to do anything to you?

Ta hul zSnmey&ng.    He.yon^ft do anything.

A: Nl dSsu&n zSnmeyang?    What are you going to do?

B: Nl xl&ng v3 yīnggāl zenmeyang?    What do you think I should do?

A: WS bil zhīdao_f nl yao zenmeyang    I don’t knov. Do whatever you jiu zeximejrang. want to do.

zhong: ⁿto be heavy,ⁿ in several senses:

Zheige jlqi ySu du6 zhdng?    Hov heavy is this machine?

Gongke tai zhong, zhen lei.    I have too much homework; I^m really

tired.

Bū yao bS hu& shuode tai zhong Don’t put it too strongly. le.

Ta* shdule zhdng sh&ng, xianzai He vas badly injured and is nov ziLl yīyiubli.    in the hospital.

Zhongliang means "veight" (compare chSnliangt zhiliang, shullang)•

The opposite of zhong is qlng, ’’to be light," which is introduced in No. 了， belov.

6. A: Bň Jiii shi' Riten, xianzai    Not only Japan, all countries are

gěgu6 d5u h5n guanxin    nov interested in the economic

Zhongguo ySnh&ide JīngJi    construction of China¹s coast.

Jianshe.

B: Shi. Yljīng you xǔduS guojiā    Yes, there are already many countries

xl&ng he Zhongguo yiql zai    which are thinking of establishing

něi yldai chěngli xīnde    new companies vith China in that

gōngsi.    area.

Notes on No. 6

gěguo: "various countries" Ge-， "each and every，” "variousis a specifier like zhěi-, "this,” or něi-，^hat.¹¹ You can prefix it to counters and to some nouns. Here are some examples:

WSmen zai quangu6 gědi cǎnguan We visited and toured all over the youl&nle ylge yue.    country for one month. (Gědi is

"each place," ^Mvarious places.^M)

Xianzai gěrěn zud gěrěnde, si- For nov, everyone can do vhat they diSn zai kāi hui.    vant. We vill have the meeting

at four. (Gěrěn is "everybody.”）

Gěvěi rliguS ySu shenme věntl,    If you all have any questions ₉ please

qlng xianzai tlchulai.    bring them up nov. (Gevěi is a

polite form of address for a group of people, e.g.₉ an audience. -Vei is the polite counter’ for people.)

Tāznen yong gezhong xlandaihuade They use all kinds of modern machines. Jlqi.    (GězhSng is "various kinds.”)

When a ge* phrase is followed in the sentence by dou, "all," it takes on the meaning every,^{n n}all.^M Thus gěgu6 in sentence 6a is translated as ”all countries.ⁿ

guanxin: ⁿto be concerned about,^{rt n}to care about,ⁿ ”to be interested in' the welfare of something.

Zhěrde lSoshl h2n guanxin xue- The teachers here are very concerned 8beng«    alx>ut (care about) the students.

Ta bSn guanzīn kuangqude Jiānshe, He cares a great deal about the building singe yuěli l£i.kanguo hSo Jl- up of the mining region; he came to ci.    see it many times in three months.

xuduS: ”many,” ”a great deal (of),” "lots (of)” This is a synonym of hen du5, and used in the same ways.

chěngli; ⁿto establish,^{n w}to found," ⁿto set up”

MeiguS Dianhua Dianbao Gongsī    In vhat year vas AT&T established?

shi nainian chěnglide?

了.■ A: TīngshuS zheige n6ngyěqū    I hear that this agricultural area

yljīng yBu liliang fǎzhXn    already has the capability to

gSngye le.    develop its industry.

B: Jin shlni&n lai, zheige diqǔ-    Over the past ten years, agricultural de nfingyě shēngchXn gSode bū production in this area has been cuo, shouru bū shSo, gSole good and income has been high, so yidi&nr qlng gSngye. some light industry was set up.

Notes on No, 了

-qu: ”area，^M ”region,” "district" This vord, vhich you have already seen in dīqū, ⁿarea,^tf ^region,,，and in kuangqū^ "mining region,^?f can combine with many other words, for example gSngyeaū, industrial region,” nongyěqū^ ^ftagricultural region” or ”faming region, shǎngyěqū, "business district (of a city) ,^M feng.1lngqǔ, ^Mscenic spot,^,f shǎnqǔ, mountainous district .^M

liliang: ”pover,” ”force,” ”strength” In 7A, this is translated idiomatically as ”capability/. Another example would be .1 Ing.1 i liliang^ ^ffeconomic capability." Here are more examples〔for the third one, you need to know tuSnJ_le, "unity"):

WSmende liliang bli gou, meiyou Our power is insufficient;, there is b&nfS b&ngzhu ni.    no way we can help you,

DS zide shihou_y bň neng yong tai When typing, one should not hit da liliang*    too hard.

Tu&njiě Jiii shi liliang*    Unity is strength.

Shenme lili&ng ye bd neng bS    No force can separate us.

vSmen fěnkai.

iln..,l£l: "during the last•••”

Jin s&nti&n 1盔i» XiSo Hua hSo- For the last three days, Xi&o Hua xling xīnli hen bū gaoxing.    has seemed very unhappy.

Jin J Ini an l&i，ta bianhua hSn In recent years , she has changed da.    a great de&l.

Jin bSini&n l&ide ZhSngguo lishl Chinese history of the past hundred hSn ySu yisi.    years is very interesting.

qing: "to be light" in weight

Xiangzi "bli zhong_y hen qīng.    The suitcase isn^ft heavy； it¹ s light.

Qīng gSngye gongren meiyou zhong Light industrial workers do not gSngjre gongrende shōuru duo.    have as high vages as heavy

industrial workers.

8. A: TīngshuS ěrshlni&n qifin ySu    I heard that tventy years ago a lot

hSn du5 nl&nqīng rěn daole    of young people came to that

nelge meiyou rěnde qiong    poor and unpopulated place, difaag.

B: Shi a! K?shi xianzai zhěngfu    Yes, but nov the government need not

keyi fangxln le. Něige    vorry anymore. That place can be

difang yljīng suan Jianshede    considered to have been pretty veil

bū cu5 le.    built up.

Notes on No, 8

ershinian qiin: Qiěn is    a short form of ylqieLn. You can often substitute

qi&n for ylqi&n vhen it comes    at the end of a time phrase. Both vords are

commonly used in conversation    and writing. More examples:

W5 lii Meiguo qian, shenme ye mei Before I came to America, I dldn¹t zhunbei.    prepare anything.

Ylge yuě qi&n, zheige dilou hii A month ago, this building wasn't mei galv&n, xianzai yljīng    even finished yet, and nov there

zh\i ren le.    are already people living in it.

qiong; ⁿto be poor¹¹

Ql6ng "bti shi ventf, l&n c&i shi• Being poor isn't & problem; it^fs vent!.    being lazy that¹s a problem.

fangxln: ⁿto be unvorried,^{11 n}to be at ease，’，”to put one^fs mind at ea8e^w (literally, ⁿput down the heartⁿ)

Nl biLn shi, w8 filngxln.    With you in charge〔literally, ”[If]

you handle affairs"), I am at ease, (reportedly said *by Mao Zedong to Hua GuSfeng before Mao died in 1976)

Nl fingxīn hSo le, v8 hul xiSng Don’t you worry. I^fll think of a way, banfade.

Nī ylge rěn qxl, w8 Wi fangxīn. I¹11 worry if you go alone.

suiLn: ⁿto be counted as，^{w w}to be considered as,¹¹，，can be regarded asⁿ This verb is used much more often than these English translations would seem to indicate • To really get the feel of vhat suan means, you have to look at it in context. Here are some examples (the translations attempt to be idiomatic):

A: H&ngzhou suan bu suan gSngye Would you say that Hangzh5u is an chengshi?    industrial city?

B: Bō. suiLn, suiLn youlSn chěngshi. No, it¹ s a tourist city.

Zenme du5 cai, sanshikuai qian Thirty dollars isn’t expensive bti suan gui.    for so much food.

Nl dSi zijī hul shu5 nl xi&ngde You have to be able to say vhat you d5ngxl c&l suan hut shu5    vant to say before you can be con-

Zhongvěn.    sidered to speak Chinese.

A: Tai zl&de le!    Thank you so much!

B: N5 suan shenme! PěngySu ma! It^fs nothing (literally, 'Vhat can that

be considered”)！ We're friends, after all!

FSzhan bijiao kuaide yao suan    One would have to say the coal indus-

měitan g5ngyě he Jlxiě gongye, try and the machine industry are

the most rapidly developing industries.

Tianjin sulrin bfi suan zui ySu Although one would not call Tianjin mlngde chěngshi, danshi měi-    a very famous city, quite a fev

nl&n ye ySu bū sh&o rěn qū    people go there to visit every year,

cānguan.

Shu5 zheizhSng hua hfii suan shi What kind of diplomat talks like that! vaiji&ogu&n!    (literally, ^M(In view of the fact

that he) says such things» can he still be considered & diplomat?!)

Zbei ye su&n BSiJīng kSoyS ma? They call this Peking duck? The bd dul ma!    flavor is all wrong!

Zai zhěi Jlge xuěshengll, ta hai Of these students, I suppose he^fs suan shi hSode ne, k吝shi dou    the best, but none of them is

bli tai hSo.    very good.

9. A: ZSngde l£i shu5 ba, zheige    Generally speaking， the changes in

chengshlde blanhua shi    this city have been great.

hSn dade.

B: Shi a, zhin zai shi zhōngxin- Yes, standing on top of the tuild-de dalCushajig kankan, v5    ing in the center of the city,

dou bti renshi le!    looking out, I don^rt recognize

anything anymore!

Notes on No* 9

zSngde l&i shuS: "generally speaking," "on the vhole”

ZSngde l&i shuo, vSmen xuexiao Generally speaking, our school¹s xueshengde shulplng d5u shi    students are of a very high

hSn gaode.    caliter.

ZSngde 1^1 shuo, nīmende gongzuo On the vhole，you did a good gSode bti cuo.    Job.

A similar phrase using the pattern ".lai shuo is yiban lai shuō, vhich means

"generally speaking," "ordinarily":

YibSn l£i shuo, vS meige yuě qu Generally speaking I go see him k&n ta ylci.    once a month.

Yi*bǎn lfii shu5, Hufishěngdunde    Generally speaking, spring in Wash-

chūntiǎn hen shūfu.    ington is very comfortable.

Yi*bān lai shu5, Zhōngguo rěn    Generally speaking, Chinese people

zSngshi hen kěqi.    are always polite.

ba: This is a new use of ba for you. It is used in colloquial speech to mark a pause in the sentence, setting off the topic vhich precedes it (in this case, zSngde lai shuo)•

Zheige rěn ba, bū shi zuo vSi- This guyhe isn't foreign service Jiaoguande cailiao.    officer material.

"bianhiia: "change(s)" This is only used as a noun.

Shlnifin Wi Jian, ta 'bianhuā. hSo He hadn't seen her in ten years, and di.    she had changed a great de&l.

shi: "city," "municipality" Used mostly in reference, to the official city level of government, e.g., Paging shi, "the city of D&qlng，” Beijing shi, ^Beijing municipalityshi b^ndē，^lfcity_run•” ^^hSi^geshengj^shi,

"the coastal provinces and cities/¹ ~Shi is also used in a few set phrases like shi zh5ngxln, "center of the city,¹¹ ”dowxrtown."

zhSngxīn: "center,” "heart," "core," "hub”

Běijīng shi Zhonggu6de zhengzhi, Beijing is the political and věnhiii zhongxīn.    cultural center of China •

GuSngzhSu shi ylge sh&ngye    GuSngzhou is a coznmerci&l center. zhSngxīn.

WSmen h£i meiyou t&ndao wentlde    We haven¹1 yet touched on the zhongxīn. core of the question.

ZhSngxīn can also be used before a noun to modify it. It then translates as "central¹¹:

Zheizie nl£nde zhSngxīn gōngzud The central task nov and in the shi gXo jīngji Ji&nshe.    coining years is to engage in

economic construction.

10. A: XiLduS JingJi liliang tljiio Many countries vith relatively veak rudde gu6ji£ hSn gSnxie    economies are grateful for China's

Zhonggu6de b&ngzhul    help •

B: VSmen yl shi ylge fāzhSn    We¹ re still a developing country; too,

zh5ngde gu6jii, kěshi vS-    but ve^!re happy to help other

men hSn gaoxing bang qltǎ    countries in economic construction. guSjia g5o JingJi Jianshe.

Notes on No, 10

ruo: "to te veak" (people or countries)

g&nxie: "to te grateful (for)”

Zh5nggu£ zhcngfǔ hen g&nxiě    The Chinese government is very

vaiguo zhuǎnj ia dui Zhongguo-    grateful for the help foreign

de 'bangzhu.    experts give to China•

Tā fěich£ng gSnxie pengyoumen    He is very grateful for his friends¹

dui tade guanxīn.    concern.

Feich&ng g&zudLe.    Thank you so much, (formal)

bang: (1) ^wto help, to assist^ This is a less formal synonym of bangzhu*

Biě Jl, v8 l&l "bSng ni.    Take it easy, I^!ll help you.

(2) "for (someone)," "as a help to (someone)ⁿ

Nt qīi bang wo n& xln, h&o ma?    Would you go get the mail for me,

please?

Bang vS n& yixla hSo ma?    Would you please hold this for me

a second?

In most cases, the context vill clarify whether bang is meant as "to help someone do something¹¹ or as ^wto do something for someone,^ff but ambiguity may arise:

Ta bang v8 zud fan.    She helps me cook.

OR She cooks for me.

Using yiql, "together_t^w can remove the ambiguity: Ta bang v5 ylql zuo fan can only mean "She helps me cook, meaning that the two people make dinner together; it could not possibly mean "She cooks for me.ⁿ

qita: "other," "else,ⁿ ”the rest"

Zheixie shū vS Jiii kanle liang- I¹ ve only read tvo of these books • ben, qlta h£i mei kan.    I haven^ft read the others yet*

Nl qu Shanghai, qlta rěn ne?    You¹ re going to ShanghSi; what about

the others?

IT! hil xlXng q\i shenme qltāde    If you want to go to any other places, dlfang, v5men zai zuo ānp^i. ve'll make more arrangemerrts•

ChUle zheige ahl zhǔyio vent!,    Besides this, vhich is the main qltā dou mei guānxi. issue, the rest doesn't matter.

vS zhl Juěde "bū hSo yisi, qltā    I Just feel embarrassed, nothing meiyou shenme. else..

Unit 5, Revlev Dialogue

In the vaiting room of Beijing Railroad Station, an American engineer,

Mr. Simms (A), is standing in front of the railroad map of China, trying 'to

locate a city. Zhū Wenyll (B) of the China Travel Service enters the room

vith a train schedule in her hand.

B: SlmSsī Xiansheng, nln yāode shi- Mr. Simms, the schedule you asked JianbiSo.    for.

A: 0， xiexle, xiexie. Y5u Zhongguo Thank you, thank you. It has Chi-zi₉ y5u pīnyln, hSoJIle, nlmende nese characters and Pinyin, that¹s gSngzud sudu bǐ ylqian kuaiduS le. great. You people are much faster

on the Job than you used to be.

B: Lilxlngshede gongzud y? del xian- The Travel Service has to modernize daihua ma! Dui le，w5 gaugeai Jin- its vork too, after all! Oh yes一

laide shihou, nln hSoxlang zai    Just nov vhen I cane in，you seemed

zhSo shenme. W8 yexu kěyi bang    to be looking for something. Perhaps

nln zhSoylzhSo?    I could help you?

A: Nl kan₉ Daqlng "bfi shi zai Hei-    Look. Isn^ft Dāqing in Hell6ngjiang?

l6ngji&ng m&? W8 zSnme zhSole ban- Hov come I^fve been looking for it tian mei zhSod^Lo ne?    for so long and haven^ft found it?

B: 0, nln zai bianjīngshang zhSo    Oh',- of course you von*t find it if

d&ngr&n zhXobudao le, Daqing zāi    you look near the border. Daqing is

HeilongJi&ngde zhongxīn_y zai zher    in the center of Heil6ngJiSng> Here

ne!    it is!

A: Ou! Zai zhěr. ZiLl liilshi ni£n- Oh, here it is. In the sixties dal, qlshi ni&ndāl, zhěr shi ylge and seventies this vas a rather bljiSo těbiěde JingJi ditqǔ.    special economic region.

B: Nln 8hu5de dul. Zheige dlfang That’s right. It vent through

Jlngguole chSbuduS ershini&nde    about tventy years of construction to

Jianshe, fazhSnch^ngle ylge ySu    develop into an industrial city of

qīshiwin renkSude gSngyě chengshi«    了00,000. Then in the early eighties

Bashi ni&ndai chu ySu chěnglile    they established the People’s Govern-

Daqlng Shi RSznaln ZhengfQ.    ment of the City of Daqīng,

A: Zai shi zhengfSde llngdSoxia,    Under the leadership of the city

Daqlngde Jianah^ aUdu cUlgāi geng government, Daqlng is probably being kxiai le. ZuiJin qltade gongye y5u built even faster. Has there also měiyou sh^zoae xīnde fazhSn?    been growth in other industries

recently?

B: FazhSn bijiao kuaide yao suan    The coal industry and the machine

meitān gSngye he Jlxie gSngye le. industry would have to be counted

among the more rapidly developing.

A: Meitān shěngchSn zai ZhSngguode Coal production has a very important zhong gongyeli zhan hen zhongyaode place in China¹s heavy industry, Man— dlvei, Dongbei yizhl shi měitan churia has alvays had a very high

cbXnliang hen gaode diqǔ.    coal output.

B: Dui, DSngbei měit&n zīyuan bū    Yes， Manchuria has very large coal

shSo_f shi zhongyaode kuangqū. Sa-    reserves. It^fs an important* znining

musl Xianaheng, nln yizhl hen    region. You've alvays "been concerned

guanxin vSmende JīngJi Ji^nshě a!    about our economic construction, Mr.

Simms!

A: Shi a, vo shi gSngchěngshī, v5    Yes. I,m an engineer, and I've

yizhl feichSng zhuyt ZhSngguo Jīng-    alvays paid attention to the changes

Ji Jianshede bianhua, vS xīvang    in China's economic construction. I

Zh5nggu6 ku^i yidiSnr Jiānshěcheng    hope China vill be built into an

ylge gSngyehnade guojia.    industrialized country very soon.

B: Xiěxle nln. Xianzai ySu hěn duo    Thank you. A lot of foreign friends

vaiguo pěngyou guanxīn vSmende    are concerned about our construction

Ji&nshe, vSmen shi fěiching g&nxiě-    nov, and ve^Tre very grateful for it.

de. Zhoziggu6 h&i shi ylge hen    China is still a poor country. We

qiSngde gu6jia， xuyao shijiě gegu6    need help from experts of every

zhuanjiazoende bangzhu.    country in the world.

A: Nln tii keqi le, nlmen gefang-    You're too polite. You¹re still

miinde fazhSn sudu ht± shi xiang-    developing quite rapidly in all areas•

dang kuaide. Erqie, zhoogdlSn fa-    And furthennore, you have quite a fev

zhSnde dlqū ye *bū shSo, v8 xlSng,    key development regions. I believe

nlmen yao zhdngdlSn fazhSnde g5ng-    there are at least ten industrial

yequ qXmX y8u shlge.    regions on vhich you are focusing

development.

B: Shi, y5u Bhlge.    Yes, there are ten.

A: Chtale Běijīng, TiSnJīn, Sh&nghSi,    Besides Beijīng_f Tianjīn, Shajigh&i_f

Daqlng yīviLi, NeimSng, Sh&nxI, Si-    and Daqizig, Inner Mongolia, Sh&nxī

chuan, zbeixie difang zdi zui Jin    and Sichuan vill all experience great

sfalni&nli dou hui y5u hěn d&de    changes in the next ten years，don’t

bi^nhua, dui *bu dui?    you think?

B: Nln biě v&ngle_f vSmende y&nh&i    Don't forget that our coastal

yldii, zuiJIn Jlnifin Jinbu hSn    regions have made rapid progress in

kual o! T^bie shi GxiZngdong.    the last ten years, especially GuSng-

dong.

A: GuXngdongde qlng gongye yizhi    GuSngd5ng，s light industry has

shi bd huilde.    alvays been pretty good.

B: ZuiJIn, nirde shly6u gongye y?    Recently, their petroleum industry

gSode xiangdang bii cud, nln meiyou    has been doing rather veil, haven't

tlngshuo ma?    you heard?

A: TīngshuS le. W8 zěnme hui ving-    Oh, of course. Hov could I forget

le ZhSngguo hSivande shlyou ne?    China¹ s gulf oil? And vhat is the

H&i y8u, Yuzxninde tědiǎn shi    distinguishing feature of Ytonnin? shenme ne?

B: Shi Jlnshti gozigye.    The metal industry.

A: Nl keLz±aQ» Zhonggu6de qingkuang    Look, China¹ s situation is pretty

Wi cu3 ma! R£zif&ngde Jīnshu gong*    The metal industry of the south is

ye fazhSnde geng kuii le.    developing even more quickly.

A: Zhei shi zhende. Sulrin vSmen    That丨s true. Although our techni-

xliLnzilide Jishu liliang hSi hen    cai capability is still veak, ve must

ruň, keshi vSmen yiding del null    work hard to speed our development. jiikuii fazhSnde sidu.

A: Mei went!, Jlshlnilji yīhdude    That^rs no problem• In a fev decades

Zh5nggu6 yiding kěyi biancheng    sure China will become an economic

ylge JingJi qiangguS.    power.

B: Xiexie nln, b1igu3 ySxu xuyāo    Thank you, but perhaps it will take

gěng ch&ng yidiXnrde shfjiān.    more time than that.

A: Zhel yiding, yex5 Wi yio tk±    Not necessarily, maybe it von’t be

changde shijian. Bifang shuo shi-    too long. Oil, for example. In 1950

y6u ba! Yl JiS wu ling ni^n, ni-    you vere tventy-ninth in the world in

mende shly6u ch&oliang z^i shijiě-    oil production, and nov~nov you¹ re

shang zhin diershijiǔtrei, xliLnzai    in eighth place!' ne, xlanz&i shi dfbavěi la!

B: Shly6u g5ngye tebiě yidiSnr, pu-    ThTe oil industry is & little spec-

blācde l&i shu5, vSmen h£l ySu bii    ial. Generally speaking, ve.still

shSo vent! ₉ zai xSduo fangzal&n .    have a lot of problems. We still

vSmen h£i dSl xue.    have to learn in a lot of areas.

A: B<i yao kěqi, bd guSn shi shezmie    Don¹1 "be polite. No matter vhat

jishu věntl, rliguS shi w5 kěyi    the technical problem, if it，s some-

bang m&ngde Jii qlzxg gāosu vo.    thing I can help with, please let me

lcnov.

B: Tili xiexie nln le. Shangcl nln    Thank you so much. Remember you

bti shi shu5 xlSng du5 canguan Jīge    said last time that you vould like to

gSogyequ ma?    visit more industrial regions?

A: Shi &, ySu měiyou kSněng?    Right. Does it look possible?

B: YSu, llngdXo zheng z&l anpai.    Yes, my superiors are arranging it

Nln f&ngadCn l>a!    right nov# Don't vorry!

A: Tai xiexie nlmen le.    Thank you so much.

B: Shljian "bii zSo le, vSmen zhunběi    It^fs almost time. Let’s get ready

shflLng chě ba!    to "board the train.

A: HSo, zSu!    All right, let¹ s go!

Unit 5， Tape 2 Workbook

Exercise 1

This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker vill say a sentence in English, folloved by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker vill confirm your ansver.

All sentences from the Reference List vill occur only once. You may vant to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.

Exercise 2

In this exercise, a Chinese engineer meets an American guest in the First Heavy-Duty Machine Factory in FulaerJI, Heilongjiang.

The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, you,11 probably vant to rewind the tape and ansver the questions belov as you listen a second time.

Here are the nev vords and phrases you vill need to understand this conversation：

rang nln Jiu deng le    I^fve kept you vaiting

zSnggongchSngshl    chief engineer

Jianlt    to establish

Suli&n    Soviet Union

hu£    to spend, to escpend

ch&Qg    factory

Questions for Exercise 2

Prepare your answers to these questions 'in Chinese so that you vill be able to give them orally in class.

1.    What does Mr. Sun write about?

2.    When vas the factory founded?

3.    Hov much money did the government spend on the factory?

U.    When did Mr. Sun vork there?

5.    What prediction does Mr. Sun make about the factory?

After you have answered these questions yourself, you may vant to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also vant to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.

Note: The translations used in these dialogues axe meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.

Exercise 3

In this conversation, an American visitor talks to a young Chinese technician in his B?ijīng Hotel room.

Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second time through, look belov and ansver the questions.

Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this conversation:

ZhSnghuĀ Reziznln &onghegu6    the People¹ s Republic of China

guomln JingJi    national econony

genzhe    along vith, in the vake of

Jiu n£. Sichuan l£l shu5    take Sichuan, for example

Questions for Exercise 3

Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you vill be able to give them orally in class.

1.    Why did the American visitor vant to talk to the Chinese technician?

2.    Hov have light and heavy industry changed since 19“9?

3.    What is the policy vith regard to agricultural modernization?

k. What economic problem did Sichuan face In the seventies? Why?

After you have ansvered these questions yourself, you may vant to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also vant to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers vhich you have prepared.

Exercise h

This dialogue takes place in ShanghSi^fs Industrial Exhibition Hall.

An American talks to an exhibit guide about light and textile industry.

Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then revlnd the tape and listen ag&ln. On the second time through, ansver the questions.

You vill need the follovlng nev vords and phrases:

fSngzhī gSngye    textile industry

nll6ng    nylon

huaxian    synthetic fiber

něidi    interior region (of a country)

Jiangsu    (coastal province, formerly spelled

Kiangsu)

Questions for Exercise U

1.    What does the the exhibit guide say about the development of the textile industry?

2.    Where did China's light industry begin?

3.    What industry has developed in Jiangsu province?

U. What does the exhibit guide say vill occur in the next fev years?

After you have ansvered these questions yourself, you may vant to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also vant to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise    2

In the foreign visitors¹ reception room of the First Heavy-Duty Machine

Factory in F{lla2rjl, Heilongjiaxig, an American guest (A) is sitting on the sofa,

leafing through a copy of the magazine China Reconstructs. A Chinese engineer

(B) walks in, carrying a briefcase under his arm.

B: Duibuql, duituqi, rang nin ,1iu    I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I^fve kept you

deng le>    vaiting. •

A: Měi shenme, v5 liile tū dao shi-    That’s all right, I,ve been here

fen zh5ng. Nī Jiu shi Sun ZSng-    less than ten minutes. You must be

gSngchěngshī ba?    Chief Engineer Sun?

B: W5 Jill sbl.    That^Ts right.

A: Sun Xl&nsheng, hen zSo ylqian vo    Mr. Sun, I read your writings a ■

Jiu kanguo nlnde v$nzhang, nln dui    long time ago. Your research in the

Jlxiě gongyede yinjiū zai guovai    machine industry is very famous

shi hSn y5u mlngde• Jīntian n各ng    abroad. I*m very happy to be able

kindao nin, k&ndao nlmende chang,    to meet you today and see the

v5 hen gaoxing.    factory.

B: Xiexie nln. Zheige ching shi    Thank you. This factory of our丨

vǔshi ni&ndal chū •Uānlide.    vas founded in the early fifties,

A: Na shi Xīn Zhonggu6 chěngli yl-    Then it vasn^ too long after Nev

hou bi Jiude shi.    China vas established.

B: Shide, shi zai diyīge v5ni£n    Yes. It vas set up during the

J ihixazhong Jianlīde.    first five-yeeu: pl&n.

A: Shi Suli&n bang nlmen Jianshede    Did the Soviet Union help you

ma?    construct It?

B: Bfi. shi9 v&nqu&n shi Zhonggu6 rěn- No, it vas constructed completely

mln zljl Jianshede. Neige shihou    by the Chinese people themselves. At

zhengf& ySngle liūge yi lii Jian-    that time the government spent six

she zheige chSng.    hundred million to construct this

factory.

A: Liūge yi?    Six hundred million?

B: Liū. yi R8nm£rib$. Neige shihou.    Six hundred million People's Curren-

w8men hen qi6ng» Heil6ngjiang you    cy. At that time we vere very poor,

shi ylge bianjiang diqǔ, wSmen    &nd Heilongjiang being a "border region

zhen shi li&n qinide Jishu tiao-    on top of that, ve didn’t even have

Jian dou meiySu. KSshi zheige    the minimum technical conditions. But

ch&ng Jiii zai DSngde lingdlo hě    under the leadership of the Party and

dajiǎde nSli xia, f&zhSnqilai le.    vith the efforts of everyone, ve are

developing.

A: TīngshuS zai vushl niandai he    I understand that in the fifties

liūshl nl&ndai zheige chSng zai    and sixties this factory held an im-

ZhongguiSde zhong gSngyeli zhan hen    port ant place in China ^fs heavy indus-

zhdngy&ode divei. Něige shfhou,    try. Were you here at that time? nln z&l zheige chSng ma?

B: Zai. C6ng zheige chang chěnglide    Yes• I vas at this factory from

něi yitian yizhl dlo YI jiu liu liu    the day it was established up until

niSn， vS dou zai zheige chSng.    1966.

A: Yīhou nln likai le?    And then you left?

B: Shide• Yizhl dao Yī Jiū qī qī    Right. I didn’t come back until

ni&n vS cai hullai.    19了了•

A: TīngshuS neige sh£hou zheige    I hear that at that time this fac-

chSngde mafan bu shSo.    tory had a lot of trouble.

B: Heil6ngjiang suīran b<i suan mafan    Heil6ngjiang wasn^ one of the

zui duode dlqū, danshi YI Jiu qī ql    regions vith the most trouble, but

nlinde shihou zheige chSngde sheng-    in 19了了 this factory had to start

chin chabuduo shi cong ling kaishī.    production just about from scratch.

A: Na yio hua hen d&de liliang•    That must have taken a great effort.

B: Yidi&nr ye bil cuo, WSmen huale    Absolutely. We put a lot of effort

hen dade liliang Jianshe loiangqu,    into building up mining areas and this

he zheige chSng. Zai qltade věn雌    factory^ We also expended a lot of

tlshang vSmen yě yongle bii shaode    effort on other problems. liliang.

A: Shenmeyingde věntf ne?    What kinds of problems?

B: DlLjiade shenghu6 věntl, bifang    Problems of everyday living, for

shvS chi fin ventl, zhū f&ngzlde    example eating, housing* and so on. věntl shenmede•

A: Xiinzii zenmeying le?    And hov are things nov?

B: ZSngde l&l shu5 xl&nzii d5u gSo-    Generally speaking, things are

de b1i cud le. W8 xiang zti gu6    pretty good now. I think in another

shlnlin_v dio Jitishi ni&ndāl_t vSmen    ten years^ by the nineties, our

zheige chSng hut zki quingu6 g5ng-    factory vill occupy an even more

yě shezigchSnzhong zhan geng zhōng-    important position in the nation¹ s

yaode dtvei.    industrial production.

A: HSoJlie.    That^fs great.

B: Xiansai v5 Ji\i pěi nin qu can-    Why don¹1 I shov you around nov.

gnan ba, vSmen ytbian zou ytbian    We can talk as ve go，all right? t&n, hSo bu hSo?

A: Hao!    All right.

B: Qlng.    After you.

Dialogue and Tranalatlon for Exercise 3

An American visitor (A) is reading in his room at the Beijing Hotel vhen

a young Chinese technician (B) vho has    been accompanying the American¹s tour

group Icnocks at the door.

B: Kěyi jlnlai ma?    May I come in?

A: Qlng Jin, kuai qlng jinlai zuo.    Come in, please come in anjsit dovn.

B: Nln zhSo vo ySu shi?    Was there something in particular

you wanted to see me about?

A: YidiSnr xiSo shi, v5 xiang he    Just a small matter I wanted to

ni tantan. W8 k&nle nlmen zhěi-    talk vith you about. I^fve read that

plan venzhang, tlnru shi ^ffZhonghu£    article of yours called "Thirty Years

Rgmnfn Gonghegu6de Sanshiniin.    of the People¹s Republic of China*"

W5 xiSng Jlngguole zhei sanshiniin-    I think that after the last thirty

de Jianshe， Zhongguo JīngJi shui-    years of construction, China's econom*

ping y5ule hSn dide tigSo, bian-    ic level has risen a great deal. The

hua zhenshi bō. xlSo.    changes have been pretty Mg.

B: Blanhua shi bd xiSo, kěshi mū-    The changes are big， but at present

qian vSmende JingJi liliang hai    our economic pover is still much veak-

shi bl xuduS xianjin gu6jia ruode    er than many advanced countries. We

du5, hti ySu hen du5 gongzuo yao    still have a lot of vork to do. zub.

A: Wenzhangll shu5, c6ng shēngchSn-    In the article it says that from the

shang kan, YI Jiu si Jiu niande    point of view of production, in 19^9

qlng zhdng gongye z&i gu6mln .līng*    light and heavy industry only occupied

Jill zhl zh^n b&lfenzhī s&nshi,    thirty percent in the national economy,

xiinzii yljīng zh^n ^,bXifen2hI ql-    lout nov they occupy seventy-five per-

shivS. Zheiyang fazbSnxi^q^» n6ng-    cent. If things keep developing this

ye, qīng gSngye, zhdng gongyede    vay, vhat vill happen to the relation霸

gu&nxi z$nnieySng ne?    ship between agriculture, light industry, and heavy industry?

B: ZheiyldlXn, vSmen hSn fangxīn.    We¹re not at all worried about that,

Xi&nzc^t gSohXo Sige Xi&idāihuS    Right nov, doing a good Jo"b of the

shi qu&ngu6 renmlnde zhongxīn    Four Modernizations is the central

gongzud. Zil Sige Xiatndiihuali,    task of the people of the vhole coun-

n6ngyě xlanddihud shi diyljian di    try. In the Four Modernizations,

shi.    agricultural modernization is the

first big Job.

A: Zheige zhengce shi duide. Jin    That policy is right. It has only

JlnlSa l&i nongyě ySule fazhǎn,    been because there has been develop-

qlng gongye, zhdng gongye cai neng    ment in agriculture in the last fev

genzhe fazhSn. Nōngyě xiandaihui    years that light and heavy industry

shi yfge JīngJi qiangguǒ zui qīma- have been able to develop along vith de ti&ojian.    it. Agricultural modernization is

the minimum requirement for an economic pover.

B: Shi a! Jiū n£ Sichuan lai shuo, ThaVs right. Take Sichuan, for zīyuan name duo, kěshi zai qlshi example. It^fs so full of resources, niandai, gongye shengchSn Jiū shi yet in-the seventies, industrial shangbuqil, hai "bu shi yīnvei nong- production Just couldn^t go up: again, yě shengchSu you vent I.    it vas on account of problems vith

agricultural production.

A: Shi ma. Sichuan rěnkou zai quan- Sure. The population of Sichuaji is guo zhan dlylvěi, chī fan věntl    in first place in the vhole country,

shi ge da věntl.    The food problem is a big one.

B: Jin Jīnian, Sichuan qingkuang    In recent years there have been big

bianhua hen da. Nln zhěici y5u    changes in the situation in Sichuan«

Jīhui qu Sichuan ma?    Will you have the chance to go to

Sichuan this trip?

A: Y8u, nln ne, nln y<5n meiyou sbl- Yes, and you? Do you have the Jian qi?    time to go?

B: LīngdSo h&i mei shuo, biiguo vS    The leadership hasn’t said yet, but

xlSng d^gāi y8u jīhui, c6ngqian v5    I think I^fll probably have the chance,

zai Sichuan gongzuoguo liSjagni&n,    I once worked in Sichuan for tvo

yexu v5 kěyi gei nlmen Jiěshao    years. Maybe I could fill you in on

Jieahao.    it,

B: Na tai gSnxie le. Guanyl vS    We^fd be so grateful if you could,

gangc&i k&nde n^ipian v^nzhang,    About that article I Just read: I

vS Juěde hen y5u yisi, biiguo    find it very interesting, but I often

ch&zigch&ng y5u xlSode věntl» del    have lit/tle questions 工 have to

m&fan nlmen.    bother you vith.

B: Mei věntl, v3 hen gaoxing hi nin That's no problem. It^s my pleasure duo tintan.    to talk vith you.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise k

This coznrersatiozi takes place In the ShanghSi Industrial Exhibition

Hall. An American (A) visiting the Hall of Light Industry and Textile Industry

talks vith one of the exhibit guides (B).

B: Nln h&l y5u shenme věntl ma?    Do you have any more questions?

A: Y5u ylge xiSo věntl. Sh&nghSide I have one small question. When did iīqi fSngzhī gSngye shi shenme    ShanghSi^fs machine textile industry

shihou klishlde?    first come into being?

B: Hen zSo yīqi£n Jiu youle.    It started a long time ago.

A: Name_t zheme duo al&n lii₉ zai    Well, over all these years, has the

jishu fangmlonde fazhSn shi bu shi    technological development been very

hSn Ini&l ne?    rapid?

B: W5 xiSng cbuintSng fSngzhī gong-    I^fd say the traditional textile

yě fazh&nde Td<i man, kěshi Dil6ng>    industry has developed rather rapidly,

huaxian yllěide, fazh&nde bti gou    but such things as nylon and synthet-

kuai.    ic fibers haven^f t developed fast

enough.

A: W5 tlngshuo, Zbonggu6de qīng    I understand that China’s light

gongye guoqū dou zii yanhai, xiang    industry used to be all on the coast,

Tianjin, Sb&nghSl, Gu&ngdong yldai.    for example in the region of Tianjin,

Xianzai něidtde qlzigxlng shi *bu    ShanghSi, and GuSngdong. Has the

shi di&nhua ye hěn da le ne?    situation in the interior also changed

a great deal nov?

A: Shide» gedi qlngkuljig bu t6ng,    Yes. The situation differs from

bllgud y5u ylge qlngkuaLng shi gědi    place to place, but there^fs one thing

dou ySude.    that^f s the same everyvhere.

A: Shenme qingkuang?    What^fa that?

B: C6ngqian shi nongyeqūde dlfang,    A lot of places that used to be

xianzai y5u hen duo dou fāzh&n-    agricultural regions have nov started

qilai le, ySule qīng gongye, ySude    to develop_f and have light industry,

hfii youle zhong gongye.    or even heavy industry.

A: Shi a! Jiangsu y? shi ylying ma，    Yea! Jiangsu is the same. A large

dade Jīnshu gSngye ye fazhǎnqilai    metal industry has developed there, le.

B: Zai gud J Ini an hSivan shlyou    In another few years the gulf oil

gongye da fazhSn» Shanghai, Tian-    industry vill develop greatly. Then

Jin, Gu&ngdSng, GuSngxī yldai Jiii    ShanghSi» Tianjin, Guangdong, and

geng renao le.    GuSngxī vill be even busier.

A: Zhende, dao neige shihou, Shang-    Really, vhen that time comes, Shanghai Jiu geng pi&oli&rxg le. W5    hSi vill be even prettier. I have to yiding yao z&i l&l canguan,    come back to visit it again.

B: HSo a! Huaxqrlzig nln zai lai!    Fine! You* 11 be most welcome!

Unit 6, Reference List

1.    a： h&i fttza, xueqilai    Chinese is very complicated-. It

dig&i hSn ninTl    must be very difficult to study?!

B: Fangxln ba! WS xiangxin    Don't worry! I’m convinced you

nl kěyi xuede hen h£o.    can learn it very veil.

2.    A: Zhongdongde YIsIlSnJiao he    Is the Islam of the Middle East

Xīnjiǎngde Yīsīlinjiao    very different from the Islam

shi bu shi hSn bū ylyaLng?    of Xinjiang?

B: Zhei shi ylge xiangdang    This is a very difficult question,

fuzade vent!, vSmen kěyi    We can discuss it. tSolun tSolun.

3.    A: Xinjiang he neidi shi    When vas Xinjiang united vith the

shenme shihou tSngyTde?    interior?

B: Ng...diyīci tSngyl chabuduo    Uh...the first time they were

shi g5ngyu6n ql£n liilshi-    unified vas in about 60 B.C. ni£nde shihou.

U. A: Ji?fing ZhsLnzhengcLe shihou,    During the War of Liberation,

Jjgfangjun Jiefingle    the PLA liberated Xinjiang,

XīnJiang» shi bu shi?    right?

B: Xinjiang shi hoping Jiefitag-    Xinjiang vas peacefully liberated,

de, Ji2fingjūn shi siJiu-    The PLA went to Xinjiang in

ni^n diio Xinjiang qide.    19^9.*

5.    A: WSge zizhigude shSnghu6    Are living conditions in the five

qingkuang he něidi cha    autonomous regions very different

hSn duS ma?    from those in the interior?

B: Ng, zhiSyao shi 3l5ot5ng b{j    Well, it^fs mainly that transporta-

fangbiEn. Biede shenghu6    tion is difficult. As for other

fangmian me, y? chai    aspects of daily life, they¹ re

yldlSzir.    somevhat "belov standard too.

6.    A: TSaen 丨hi dlo ShinghSi qtl    Did they go to ShānghSi on

chu chai ma?    "business?

B: Bi, bd shi fang jia le ma?    No. We*re on vacation nov,

YSude ganbude Jia zki    remember? Some of the cadres¹

ShanghSi, tamen huf jia    families are in ShanghSi, so

qil k&nkan.    they vent home to visit.

•The tapes for this unit incorrectly give the date as 1950. The PLA entered Xinjiang In October 19“9, and the vhole province vas "liberated" by April 1950.

了. A: Tz! Zhěitiao ditSa zhen    Ah! This carpet is just beauti-

m吝i! Shi WěivHer dltSn ma?    ful! Is it a Uygur carpet?

B: Shi. Jiū 8hi z&l nī zuotian    Yes. It vas made in the factory

cangu&nde nelge gongchSng    you visited yesterday, zuode.

8.    A: Nl kan, tiǎn gang liang,,    Look, it Just got light and the

Wěivděr n6ngw^Ti Jiu kāishl    Uygur peasants have already

g5ngzu3 le.    started to vork.

B: Gězň rěnmln dou zai da g5o    Sure, the people of all national-

shehuizhǔyi ma!    ities are going all out vith

socialism!

9.    A: Tīngshuo Jīvěi gSngren Jiao    工 hear that some workers handed a

gei zhengfǔ jlben hen laode    fev very old books over to the

shū, nlmen kanguo le ma?    government. Have you seen them?

B: Kanguo le. Dou shi guanyii    Yes, They¹ re about racial and

zhSngzti věntl, lishl    historical problems• They¹ re

ventlde, hen y5u yisi.    very interesting.

10.    A: Zheige diqude xiknaye name    ThilB- region¹ s livestock farming

fSdfi!    is so veil developed!

B: Suoyi vSmen zai zhěr bajile    That^fs vhy ve^fve set up a lot of

hSojlge dit&nch&ng.    carpet factories here.

11.    A: Nlmende věnzi nfimc n&n!    Your system of writing is so hard!

GSo věnhua Jiaoliil du6 bū    It makes cultural exchange so

r6ngyi•    difficult!

B: Shěi shuode, vSmende věnzi    Says vho! Aren’t ve changing

bň shi zai g&i ma? Yue    our writing? The more ve

gSi yue Ji&ndan ma!    change it the simpler it is.

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on tape)

12.    bianjiang    border area; borderland; frontier;

frontier region

Unit 6, Vocabulary List

bianjiang    border area; borderland; drontier;

frontier region

cha    to differ; to be inferior, to be

poor, to be not up to standard

chSng    factory, plant

chū chai    to go avay on business

fang Jill    to have vacation

fuzī. (fǔza)    to be complicated

ganbu    cadre

gongchSng    factory, mill, plant， works

gongren    worker

gongyuan    the common era; A*D•

gongyu^nhou    A • D •

gongyu^nqi&n    B.C.

Hanyu    the Chinese language

heplng    peace; to be peaceful

jiao    to hand over, to give

-Jiao    religion, church (bound form)

Jiaoliti    to exchange; exchange

JiaotSng    traffic; transportation; travel

Jiefangjūn    (People^fs) Liberation Army, P.L.A.

liang    to be light, to be bright

me (ma)    (pause marker)

mei    to be beautiful

něidi    interior (of a country)

n6ngmln    peasant

shamo    desert

tSoliin    to discuss

tian liing    daybreak, dawn; to become light

tSngyl    to unite, to unify

Tz!    Tsk (clicking sound vith several

different uses: disappointment, admiration, hesitation, etc.)

Weivlier    the Uygur (Uighur) nationality

věnzi    writing, script

xiangxin    to believe (in); to trust, to

be convinced (that)

xumuyě    livestock fanning, animal husbandry

Yīsīlanjiao    the Islamic religion, Islam

ztianzhěng    ^var

Zhejiang (Zhejiang)    (province in eastern China,

formerly spelled Chekiang) Zhongdong    the Middle East

zhSngsli    race

-zbuyt    -ism, principle (bound form)

zlzhiqū    autonomous region

nationality (bound form)

Unit 6, Reference Notes

1.    A: Hagyu h?n fSza, xuěqilai    Chinese is very complicated. It

dagai hSn nīn?!    must be very difficult to study?!

B: Fangxīn ba! WS xiangxin    Don^ft worry! I^fm convinced you

nl kěyi xuede hěn hSo,    can 'learn it very veil.

Notes on No, 1

Hanyǔ: ^ffChinese language” This is more formal than Zhongvěn.

Shuo Zhongguo hua bU tai n&n,    It isn't too hard to speak Chinese,

keshi yao xuehSLo Hanyfl Jiu    but if you vant to master the

biji&o nin le.    Chinese language, it is more dif

ficult.

WS li&ngdlXn zhong y8u HanyS kě. I have Chinese class at tvo.

fttzĀ: ⁿto be con^licated, to be con^lex” Also pronounced fňzfi.

Nil shi ylge f&z£de vent!.    That^fs a complicated question.

xlSnmdn: (1) "to believe in, to have faith in"

Ta xiangxin yfge hSn qlgu&lde    He believes in a very strange

zongjlao•    religion•

W5 bu xiangxin!    I don^ft believe it!

YTqiin renmen bu xiangxin zhěi- People didn^ft used to believe in zhSng shuofS, xlitnz^l xiang*    this explanation, but nov they

xln le.    do.

(2) (&s used in IB) "to be convinced, to be certain, to trust that •. •ⁿ

W5 xiSngadn ta yfding zuode    I^fm certain that he will do a good

hSo.    Job.

2.    A: Zh5ngd5ngde Ylsllin^iao h各    Is the Islam of the Middle East

xtnjlinisde Yīsīlanjiao    very different from the Islam

shi bu shi hěn bu ylyang?    of Xinjiang?

B: Zhěi shi ylge xiangdang    This is a very difficult question,

f&z&de věntl, vSmen keyi    We can discuss it.

t&olxlD tSolūn.

Notes on No. 2

ZhongdSng: ^wthe Middle East"

ZhongdSng dlqu y8u hSn duo    The Middle East region has many

gufijil dōu dfill le.    countries vhich have become

independent.

Ylallttillio-? "Islam” -Jiao, ”religion,” goes on the end of vords for different religions. The follovlng examples are for comparison, not for mesorination:

TiSnzhiljiio    Catholicism

(ⁿheaven-lord-religion^w)

XīnJ iio (” Nev-religion 丨丨)    Protestantism

yfiutaljiao    Judaism

Pfijilo    Buddhism

D^oJiiLo    Taoism (the popular religion, not

the philosophy)

XlnJiSng: The XīnJiang Uygur Autonomous Region, formerly knovn as Slnklazig or Chinese Turkestan, is China*s vestemmost area. The largest of the country^ autonomous regions and provinces, Xinjiang makes up one sixth of China’s total area. In this vast land of great natural beauty and sharp geographical contrasts, plentiful resources make conditions ideal for the development of industry, agriculture, and livestock farming,

Xinjiang has held an Important place in China^fs politics and econosor since ancient times. In the days before the large-scale n&rlg&tion of the seas, Xinjiang vas crossed by the famous ”Silk Road，ⁿ by vhich economic and cultural ties vere maintained betveen China and other Asi&n and European countries. During the Western H&n period over tvo thousand years ago, incursions by the Xiongnfl (Hslungnu) led the Chinese central government to a policy of occupying the oasis cities of southern XlnJiSng as garrison posts.

XīnJ iang h&s been Intimately connected vith China ever since that time, although their rel&tio&fl have often been turbulent • The Qlng dynasty made a proTlnce of XInJiing (the name means ”the New Dominion”）in l88U, From the Chinese revolution in 19U until 19^9* Xinjiang remained under authoritarian Chinese control at the same time that local nationalist forces vere also at vork. Communist Chinese forces "liberated” XīnJ Iang from late 191*9 until the spring of 1950. Xinjiang became an autonomous region on October 1, 1955.

XīnJ iang is surrounded ty mountains: the Altay In the north; the Kunlun in the soxrth and vest; and the Tianshan Range, over 200 kilometers vide, vhich cuts across the center from east to vest. Betveen these mountain r&nges are b&Bins of TSTTlng Biz籲露• Soutbern Xlnjlaxig h&s the Tarim Basin and northern Xinjiang the Dcnngarlan Basin. In addition there are smaller basins such as the HmH and Turf an Basins. All are veil-suited to agriculture and livestock farming. XīnJling fi&e*vool sheep and Ylll horses are famous throughout China. Despite a harsh seven-month winter, the north has its herdsmen vho put their horses and sheep to graze on the vide grasslands for the brief summer. In the arid south, too, livestock herding Is a major occupation.

In agricultural areas, the dry climate makes irrigation indispensable; a full ninety percent of XīnJiang¹s farmland is irrigated. The areas around Turpan and Haml are famous for their ^karez¹¹ (kSnrjlng) irrigation, a system for conveying water from sources under mountain slopes to farmland by means of man»made underground channels. Crops Include winter and spring vheat» cotton,

corn* rice and sHkvorma. But Xinjiang is most celebrated for its fruits—

rm丨(hSffiiguS) from Shanshan and seedless grapes from Turpan are available la season in B?ijlng's markets. The Tianshan and Altay Mountains, covered-vl他 evergreen forests» are rich in wildlife and in precious herbs vhich go-into the making of Chinese medicines. XīnJiang has important deposits of petroleum (especially at Karamay CKelamSylD) • coal, iron, gold, Jade, and uranium (in the Altay Mountains) • The main industries are petroleum, metallurgy, coal, electric pover, chemicals, construction materials, textiles, and sug&r refining.

About half the population of Xinjiang is of the Uygur (Uighur) nationality (see the note on Wěiv^?r, ^Uygur，’，under number 了），and over forty percent are HSn Chinese. The rest of the population belongs to one of these ethnic groups： Kazak (Kazakh), Hui (Chinese Moslem), Mongol, Kergez (Kirghiz), Xi'bo (Sibo), Tajik (Tadzhik), Uzbek, Manchu, Daur (Tahur), and Tartar (Tatar). There are also several hundred Russians. In the north of XīnJ iang there is a Han majority, and in the south, a Uygur majority. The capital Orumqi (WnlSniňql), vith a population of 800,000 (1980, est.), is the region's center for industry, commerce, and transportation. Xinjiang University in Orfimqi has departments of Chinese, government, history, foreign languages» math, physics, chemistry» biology, and geography. Kashgar (Chinese Kaahl)• anclenH gatevay of the silk trade_f is still a commercial and craft center. KuldJ& (Chinese Ylnfng) is a commercial center vhich produces leather and tobacco₉ and also has metallurgical and textile industry. Other cities of note are Kuytun (Chinese Kultūn), Hotan (Hěti£p), Shfhězi, and Yarkand (Shache).

tSolūn: A vert, "to discuss,” or a noun, "discussion."

RSnmen cbSngchSng tSolilzi shi_    People often discuss some very intcr-

Jiěshang ylxle y5u ylside    esting questions about the world,

věntf» kSshl shěi y5 bū zhī-    but no one knovs of vhat use this

āix> zheizhSng tSolīiii ySu    kind of discussion Is. shixmt ydng.

Neige rěn bti ki shuo hua,    That person doesn't like to talk.

c6ngl&i bil can Jia tXol\in.    He never takes part in discussion.

T&ol\jphui (ⁿdl8CU88ion«meetingⁿ) is a "synposi皿•"

3. A: Zlnjiing něidi shi    When vas XlnJiSng united vith the

fthfaoM shihou tSngyldet    interior?

B: Hg...diyīci tSngyl chabuduo Uh...the first time they vere shi gongyu£n qian liClshf-    unified vas in about 60 B.C.

nl&nde shihou.

Notes on No. 3

něidt: ⁿthe intericrⁿ of & country; modifying a noun, neldi can be translated as "inland•” e.g., neidi chěngshi, "inland city•”

From the point of viev of Xinjiang, a "border region, něidi refers to China proper; but from the point of view of B?ijlng, ShanghSi, or GuingzhSu，

neidi refers to Inland regions such as Sichuan.

Zhonggu6 dJtbilfen něidi cheng-    In most inland cities of China,

shide gSngjre meiyou yinhSi    industry is not as developed ad

chezigsbide name fad£.    in the coastal cities.

tSngyl： As a process verb, "to become united":

Yuěnan xianzai tSngyī le.    Vietnam has nov been united.

As an action vert), ”to unite, to unify, to integrate”：

Qln Shīhu&ng tSngylle Zh5nggu6. Qfn Shīhuang united China.*

g5ngyu£n and gSngyuĀn qi£n: ”A.D.” and ”B.C." Literally, g5ngyu£n is ^,,common"™era^īr™smd gōngynňn ql£n ^before the common era•”

gozigyu&n qi&n erbSiershiemiSn 222 B.C.

g5ngyu&n s{l)Sisansbiliūnian    A• D• U36

gongyn&n cbu    the "beginning of the Christian era

U. A: Ji?f&ng Zhanjhengde shihou, During the War of Liberation,

JjgfangJun Ji?fangle    the PLA liberated XīnJIang,

Xlnjiangi shi bu shi?    right?

B: Xlnjiang shi hoping Jiefang- XīnJIang was peacefully liberated, de, Ji8fiLngJūn shi sijiS-    The PLA went to Xīnjl&ng in

ni&n dio Xinjiang qūde.    19^9.

Notes on Ho, U

Jiefangjūn： "the Liberation Arny," short for Zh5nggu6 Rěnmln Ji?fang.1un> the Chinese People¹s Liberation Army, which in English is usually called the PLA.

heplng: ^f,peace^ft (For the first example, you need to know 过，a formal word for "ājid*")

Zh&nzheng ytt Hfolng shi yfben Var and Peace is a very good novel.

~hSn hSode zlXoshuS.

Shijiě heplzigde went! shi gěguo World peace is a question of concern rěmnfn gu&nxīnde vent!.    to the people of all nations.

In some idioms_f hěp£ng can be used to modify a noun or a verb, Hěpfng ,1l?fang. ”peacefully liberate, is an example.

•In 221 B.C.

5 ‘ A: Wugc shenghu8    Are living conditions in the five

qlngkuaLng he neidi cha    autonomous regions very different

hfc duo ma?    from those in the interior?

B:- Rt sfaQyao shi .U&otSng *bū    Well, it¹ s mainly that tranaporta-

fangbian. Biěde shenghuo    tion is difficult. As for other

fangmian me, y? cha    aspects of daily life, they¹ re

yidiXnr.    somevhat belov standard too.

ITotes on ITo. 5

zizhiqu: ^autonomous region^

Zhongguo dalxl y5u vǔge zlzhlqu.    The Chinese mainland has five

autonomous regions.*

Zlzhlqude remain dabufen shi    The people of the autonomous

shSoshii mlnzū.    regions are mostly minority

nationalities•

cha: (1) (as used in 5A) "to differ,” as in

B^lJīng shi Jian gen Niǔ Yue    Beijing time aad New York time

shljl&n cha shlsǎnge zhongtSu.    differ by thirteen hours.

(2)    (as used in 5B) "to "be inferior, to    "be poor, to "be not up to standard”：

WSde Hanytt fayln *bl tade fayln    My Chinese pronunciation is a little

cha yidlSn.    vorse than his.

Zhlliang cha yidiin, b1i shi    It¹ s not our responsibility that the

vSmende zěrěn.    quality is inferior.

孜eige difangde qlnglm&ng zher    Conditions in that place are much

chade duo.    vorse than here.

WSmende gongzuS h£i cbada yuSn    Our work is a long way from vhat it

ne.    should be.

(3)    "ta lack"

B6 gdtt_f b&l chi sange.    There arenH enough. There are still

three too fev.

•The five autonomous regions (AR) are

Neim?nggfi Zizhlqū    the Inner Mongolia (or Nei Monggol) AP

līlngxla Hulzli Zlzhiqǔ    the Nlngxl^ Hul AR

Xinjiang WeiwfiSr Zizhiqǔ    the Xinjiang Uygur AR

Gu&ngxI Zhuangzd Zlzhlqu    the GuSngxI Zhuang AR

Xīzeuig Zizhiqu    the Tibet AR

JiaotSng; "traffic," "transportation”

Zhilide jliotSng bū anquan,    The traffic here isn’t safe. There

qichS til duS, kilde tai    are too many cars, and they go •

leuii-    too fast.

Qlng nl zhSo ylge Jlaotong    Please go get a traffic officer,

i^ngctik l&l.

zhuvao shi• • •: "it’s mainly that...,ⁿ or ”it’s mainly "because.

Zhuyao shi Zhongguode l^ngdSo    It^fs mainly because China's leaders

rěn bi dSng JīngJi, gongye    do not understand economics that

fazh&n c&i nime man.    industrial development has been

so slov.

me (also pronounced ma): ”as for,” ”•.veil,••.ⁿ This colloquial vord marks a pause and sets off the topic of a sentence. It is often used vhen the speaker is hesitating about exactly vhat to comment on the topic.

Ta zai v&ixue fangmian me. • •    In the area of literature. • «he can

kěyi shuo hSn bil cuo, kSshl    be said to be quite good, but he^fa

sh^xuě fangmian kS zhen cha.    really poor in mathematics•

Zhonggu6de zhdng gongye Jianshe As for China's heavy industrial me.•.zhei jXni&n h£i suan    Construction.••it has not been

keyl le.    too bad the past fev years.

RtlguS ta bū yuanyi me, na Jiň If he's unvilling, veil, then let the suan le.    matter drop.

6. A: Tamen shi dao ShanghSi qi    Did they go to ShanghSi on

chu chai m&?    business?

B: Bū, Wi shi fang Jia le ma?    No. We^fre on vacation nov,

YSude ganbude Jia zai    renenberT Some of the cadres¹

Shfaighll, tazaen huf Jia    families are in ShanghSi₉ so

qi luLnkan.    they went home to visit.

Note8 on Ho, 6

chu chil; ”to go/be avay on official business” （For this exaiqjle, you need to knov Su^Hfaig, an abbreviation for Suzhou and H&ngzh5u.)

Dajia d5u zXhuan chu chai qū    Everyone likes to go on business to

Su*H&ng yldil, kěyi duo yixie the SūzhSu^HjLngzhou region, (because) Jīhui y6ulSn.    one can have more opportunities to

do sightseeing.

fang jlaL； "to let out for vacation" or ⁿto have vacation, to *be on vacation Here are examples of the first meaning:

Nlmen zuexlib n?itian fang Jia? What day does your school let out

for vacation?

Fin* Jii le, nl zSrmie hai qu    Vacation has started; vhy are you

slAng bin?    still going to work?

Here are examples referring to the state of teing on vacation:

Zheige lī*bai vSmen zai fang jia    This veek we are on vacation, ne.

Fang Jiade shihou vSmen cfii neng    We can only "be together when we are

z&l yiql.    on vacation.

The length of time the vacation lasts is expressed "by a time phrase modifying the object Jia:

Qiinl&n vSmen fangle sange li-    Last year ve had three veeks of

baide Jia, Jīnni&n zhl f&ng    vacation, but this year ve only

liSngge Itbil.    have two veeks•

Shlyue yīhio₉ xuexiao f^zig    Schools have one day of vacation

yitian    on October 1.

bfi shi.• .ma?; This has both a literal and a rhetorical uae. In 6B you see the rhetorical use.

(1)    Literal use: "isn’t".?, don’t."?,” etc.

(2)    Rhetorical use: ⁿyon know, you vill recall, remember" Use this to remind the listener of a fact you knov he is aware of (although he may have forgotten it).

Contrast the literal and rhetorical use of this pattern:

LITERAL: NX Wi shi y5u ylge melmei    Don^ft you have a younger sister

zki ShanghSi ma?    in ShānghSl? (CHECKING IHFORMATION)

RHETORICAL: W8 "Wi 丨hi ySu ylge melmei    You¹11 recall that I have a younger sil ShiLnghXi ma? sister in ShanghSi• (REMINDING)

Further ezaaiples:

(LITERAL)

Nt bti shi shu5 yao qi m&7 ZSnme Didn,t you say you vere going to go? ySu bH qd le ne?    Hov come you aren^ft going nov?

(RHETORICAL)

WS tti shi yljīng xievanle ma?    I,ve finished writing it, you know.

Weishezsne b&i ring wo xle?    Why do you still vant me to write?

vS "bfi shi gen nl sbuoguo ma?    Haven’t I told you? I have a meeting

W8 xiivtt yio kil hui, mei    this afternoon and don^ft have time, shljian*

Xiale diantl, ving you z8u, WS    When you get off the elevator and go

shi y?5u. ge canting ma? WSmen    to the right, there¹ s a restaurant,

jixi zai nar Jian mi an, h&o    you knov? We¹11 meet there, okay? bu hXo?

Btl shi ma? may also be put onto the end of a sentence:

WSmen fāng iii le, Wi shi ma?    We¹re on vacation, remember?

了. A: Tz! Zheitiio dītSn zhen    Ah! This carpet is Just beauti-

m答i! Shi W^ivtx^r dlt&n ma? ful! Is it a Uygur carpet?

B: Shi. Jiīl shi z盔i nl zu6tian Yes. It vas made in the factory cǎnguande neige gSngch&ng    you visited yesterday,

zudde.

Notes on No. T

Tz! t Thin sound Is Just like the clicking of the tongue sometimes vritten in English as ”Tsk•” As In English, it can .be used to express disappointment or chiding, "but in Chinese it c&n also "be used to express admiration，as vhen describing a beautiful house, a dish of food, or a smartly dressed person.

m<6i: ”to *be beautiful^w

Xi& dJk xuS le» nl k&n vailjian    It has snoved a lot. Look at hov

du6 io2i*    beautiful it is outside.

Zhaopiinshaog ta zhen mSl.    She looks beautiful in the photograph.

VeivH^rt The Uygur, or Uighur, a Turkic people vho, vith & population of six million₉ constitute one of China's largest national minorities• Their early history, like that of other peoples of central Asia, Is unrecorded.

Some scholars have hypothesized that their origins vere Indo-European rather than Turkic. At ujr rate, they emerge into the light of history in the Tfing dynasty. At that tise, they vere a nomadic people veil knovn to the Chinese; in fact, they helped the T&ng overthrow a hostile Turkic empire in Mongolia in 7UU. The Ujgors, in turn, established an einpirc in the area, but this lasted only until 8U0, vhen the vild Kergez sacked their capital and killed their khan. A portion of their population then migrated vestvard to the oases of the Tarim B&sin. There, they mixed vith the local Turkic population, and although the Uygur racial strain dominated» they adopted the Turkic language and no longer called themselves Uygurs. Gradually* their occupation shifted from nomadic herding to farming. The resulting stability alloved a great development in their literature and arts, especially song &nd dance. In the tenth century, closer contact vith merchants, travelers_f and settlers from the Middle East stimulated their conversion to Islam, a process vhich took several centuries to complete.

Modern times have vltness«d the emergence of Uygur nationalism, reflected in their official readoptlon of the historical name ^gur" earlier in this century, Uygur leaders have often resisted control "by outside povers, and eren attenqpted to establish an independent republic in the region. Under Chinese authority today, the Uygurs, vho remain for the most part a farming people living and marrying vlthln the village unit, have a limited degree of regional autonomy and are guaranteed cultural freedom and linguistic rights by the PRC Constitution.

8. A: Nl kin, tian gang liSng,    Look, it Just got light and the

WeivH?r nongmln Jiu kaishi Uygur peasants have already gongzuo le.    started to vork.

B: Gězfi renznln dou zai da g&o    Sure, the people of all national-

3hehulzh5yi ma!    ities are going all out vith

socialism!

Notes op Ho* 8

liang: "to be "bright, to    be light" or "to be shiny”

Zheige deng liang le.    This light won't go on.

Nlde xīn chezl zhen liang    a!    Your nev car Is really shiny!

Tian lleLng means "to get light    out” or ⁿdaybreak, dawn”：

Tian lleLng yXh6u_f jiSshang Jiu After it got light out, the streets re'naoqllal le.    started to liven up.

Tl&n lleLng ylqi&i neng die ma? Can ve get there before davn?

• • • •lid. • •: ⁿJust (hardly). • .and already.. .ⁿ

TS gang dixa^ tiyě Jiii āio    He vent to the Northwest vhen he

XTb?i qū le.    had Jtist graduated from college.

Zheige h&iti gang l&i M!igu6    It h&s been tarely three months

sange yud, Jld hui shu5 tū    since this child ^ame to the U.S.,

shlo TXngven le.    &nd already she can speak & lot

of English.

Zhdige xuiql gang kaishi, vSmen    The semester had barely started vhen

Jii Ju^de hSoxi^ng guSle hSn    ve felt as if & long time had

ch&ng shljian le*    already p&ssed.

n6ngnln: "peasant,” as contrasted vith non_ideological terms like nfinRfu, ⁿfarmer," or n6ngye gSngren, ^wagricultxir&l worker•”

Zhonggu6de n6ngmln zhan qn&ngdS China's peasants make up 80 percent renk5ude Taiifenzhl bashi*    of the population of the vhole

country.

"nationality,” &s in VeivfiSrzti, ^the Uygur nationality,” Hānzfi, ⁿthe Ean nationality,^rt MfaggSzH, "the Monggol (Mongolian) nationalityT"~

-zhuyj： ”doctrin•” or "-isa,” as in GSngch&nzhgyi, "Communism”； hepfnezh^¥, ”pacifism”； mlnzlazhuyi• ^wnationalism¹¹; D存rv爸nzhOyl, ⁿDarvinism.ⁿ

di g^o shehulzhSyi: ”go all out vith socialism; engage in socialism in a big vayⁿ The adjectival verb da, ^,fto be large," is used here as an adverb.

CAdverbs modify verbs or other adverbs. 1 When so used, it means ^f,in a big vay” or "go all out vith (doing something)":

Jlehūnde shihou y? b<i yao da    Even vhen one gets married, one

chi da he.    shouldn^ put on & great feast.

”DS BcLq NSngyě.ⁿ    ^Make Great Efforts to Develop

Agriculture.ⁿ (slogan)

9. A: TīngshuS Jlvei gSngren Jiao I hear that some workers handed & gSl zhengfH Jtben hSn l&ode few very old books over to the shu, nlmen kanguo le m&?    government• Have you seen themt

B: Kanguo le. Dou shi guānyll Yes, They^fre about racial and zhSngzil vcrrti^ lishl    historical problems • They¹ re

ventlde, hSn y8u yisi.    very Interesting.

Notes on No. 9

gongren: This is the general term for "worker” in the sense of a vage-* earning laborer. (GcngzudzhS, vhich you learned in Unit does not imply manual labor; it sljnply means someone vbo vorks in a particular field, such as education or archeology.) Examples: shiy6u gSngren, "oil worker"; nfingye gSngren, "agricultural vorker," for example, a vage霉earning worker on a state farm;    gSngren^ "railroad worker."

Jiao： "to hand over, to give" Jiao qiĀn is "to p町” (a fee or bill, especially one vhich is due regularly)•

WJ5 h&i mfii Jiao zheige sruede    I haven't paid this month's rent

f&ngzu.    yet.

Jiao g^i v8me& ba! Hi fangxln Leave it to us! Don't vorry about hSo le!    it! (Here Jiao refers to turning

over a task to someone.)

zhSngzfi: ”race" or "racial” Examples' are HufcigzhSngrěn. "people of the yellov (Oriental) race,” Hei2h8ngren> "people of the black race," and BiizhSng-rěn, "people of the white race.

10.    A: 22ieige dlqūde xumuye nSmc    This region's livestock farming

fidtī    is so veil developed!

B: Sufijrl vSmen zai zhěr banle That^fs why ve^fve set up a lot of bXojlge dtt&nch&ng.    carpet factories here.

Notes on No. 10

Su6yi • • • : Notice that vhen stressed ut the beginning of a sentence, su6yl is translated as ”That^f3 vhy • • • •”

ch塞and g5ngchSn>g: G5ngch&ng (introduced in No. 7 above) is the generic term for a factory or plant. If you vere talking about the installations in an area and wanted to say that there were schools» factories, and hospitals, you vould use gōngch&ng. ChSng• on the other hand, is only used in specific contexts. If you are talking about a specific factory, you can say    for ⁿin the factory.A worker can say vgmen chSn^ for ⁿour fac-

toryT^You can also use chSng in certain compound nouns vhich specify vhat the factory makes, as in dit&nch&ng.

11.    A: Nlmende vepzt name nfin!    Your system of writing is so hard!

GXo venhua .liaoli仓 du6 *b{l It makes cultural exchange so r6ngyl.    difficult!

B: Shei shuSde， vSmende venzi Says vbo! Aren^ft ve changing bū shi zai gSi ma? Yuě    our writing? The more ve

gSl yu« JiSndan na!    ch&zige it the simpler it Is.

Notes on No. 11

venzi： "writing,” "vritten language,” "script," ⁿsystem of writing"

For example, a member of China's Cossnlttee for Reform of the Written Language vould be a venzi g5ngzu5zh8, "written language vorker.^w

Jlaoim； "to exchange" or "an exchange "interchange" This is only used to refer to a back-aad-forth flov of culture, technology, experience, thought₉ and so forth. ⁿTo exchange" one thing for another is huan Cor •1 lSohnan In formal contexts sǔcb as the exch&nge of vievs or of prisoners].

shěi shuSde: "Says vho!” This is strictly informal and could be taken as hapollt^ If used in an inappropriate context •

^win the process of changing"

b<l shi . . . ma?: This is another example of the rhetorical use of this pattern (see the Notes on No. 6):    changing our writing, aren,t ve?!”

ADDITIOHAL RE9JIBED VOCABULARY

12. biSnJiin*    border area; "borderland; frontier;

frontier region

bianjiang: "frontier region, "border region" This refers to the area inside the border. Bian.1ie refers more specifically to the border or boundary itself.

Unit 6, Revlev Dialogue

In a soft berth car on the express train from Beijing to Orūmqi (Wulu-nriql) ia the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, an American ethnologist, Gall Griffith (O) _f is standing in the corridor looking out the vindov at the passing scenery. Ll Ming (L)，a cadre in the Ministry of Foreign Trade, steps out of the neighboring compartment, a glass of tea in his hand.

L: Zaoshang hSo!    Good morning!

G; ZSo shang hSo! Nln guixing?    Good morning! May I ask your name?

L: WS xing Ll, zai Beijing wS Jian- My name is Ll. I met you in Beijing, guo xiln.

G: Zai B?ijīng? Shenme difemgr?    In Běijīng? Where?

L: Qlyuě eihko vSnsbang, zai MeiguS On the evening of July fourth, at DashiguSn.    the American Embassy.

G: A! Qlyuě sfh&o, něitian y5u name Ah! July fourth. There vere so duo ren_f v5 bfi jide le. Nln zai many people that day, I don’t nSr gSngzud a?    ber. Where do you work?

L: V&lmEobil. Nělti&n, Walm^obūde    The Ministry of Foreign Trade. That

ginbu qūle bil shSo, nln bii hid    day, a lot of cadres from the Ministry

jide le. W5 hSoxlang Jide nln    of Foreign Trade vent; you vouldn^ft

shi gSo yǔy&nxuede.    remember. I seem to remember that you

are in linguistics.

G: Bd zhX shi yǔy&nxue, vS h£i ySn-    Not only linguistics. I also study

Jiū lolnzli věntl» zhSngzIl věntl.    national and racial issues•

L: 0! Dio XīnJ iang qi yinj iu mlnzii Oh! Are you going to Xinjiang to ventl ma?    do research on nationalities?

G: B讧,vS shi yiSng duo liSoJie    No. I vant to get a better under-

yidiSnr Wěivfier věnhul he Zhong* standing of the relationship betveen dong venhuade guanzi.    Uygur culture and Chinese culture.

L: 0! Zb^i kS shi ylge fǔz&de věn- Oh! That^fs certainly a complex tl, v8 bii shi lishl xuějia, guanyll question, I,m not a historian. On zhdlge se> vS zhldaode bii til duo. that topic.. .1 don^ft knov very much.

G: Nlmen s2ng bl vSmen zhīdaode du5, But you knov more than ve do, in Jiii qlng nln JiSngJiang ba.    any case，so please tell me about it.

L: W5 zhīdao cSrxgqian Weivuer rěn    I know that the writing vhich the

yongde venzi shi Zh5ngdongde, yizhi    Uygurs used to use vas Middle Eastern.

diLo xianzai, z&i XīnJ iǎng Weiwuer    Even nov, they still teach the Uygur

Zlzhiqūde xuexlcudU haishi Jiao    language in the schools in the Xīn-

Wěivfierwen.    Jiang Uygur Autonomous Region.

G: Najne ySu duoshSo WeivtlSr rěn dSzig    Then hov many Uygurs understand

HinyS net    Chinese?

L: Di^&l bl dla bXlfenzhl ěrshl.    Probably fever than tventy percent.

G: Ng, hěn y8u yisi, nňme zhengfǔ    Em, very interesting. Then is the

zai zizhiqūde zhengce he něidi hěn    government^f s policy in the autonomous

bii t6ng ma?    region very different from In the

interior?

L: Wěivlěr ren dabufen xiangxin YI-    Most Uygurs believe in Islam. China

sīlfin Jiao. Zh5nggu6 ye shi zong-    is a country vith freedom of religion,

Jiao ziy6ude guňjia, suSyl zai    too. So in the area of policy, some

zhengcěshang hui y5u yixie he něi-    ways of doing things are different

dl bO. t6ngde banfS.    from in the interior.

G: Ng, vSmen zai hul dao venzi wen-    Mm. Could ve go back to the ques儀

tlshang hSo bu hSo?    tion of the writing?

L： HSo a!    Sure!

G: TīngshuS xlcLnzeLi Wěivliervěn ySule    I understand that the Uygur language

xīn venzi le.    now has a nev orthography.

L: YSu, xīn věnzl shi YI Jiu ql vu    Yes, the nev orthography began to be

• nl&c kaishi ydngde. ZheizhSng xīn    uaěā in 1975. It^fs easier to write,

věnzl xiěqil&i rfingyl, c6ng    and for people vho come to XīnJ iang

neidi lfii Xlnjiangde ren xueqilai    from the interior, it^fs much easier to

ye rfingyide duo.    learn.

G: YSule xīn venzi ylhěu Weiviierzti    What do the Uygur people think nov

ren Juede zSnmeyang? Tamen hSn    that they have the nev orthography?

gaoxizig m&T    Are they very happy?

L: Zhoziggu6 shi ylge du5 mlnziide    China is a socialist family of many

shehulzhuyi di jiatlng, Wěivū^r    nations. The Uygurs vant to be uni-

rěnmfn y? shi yio tSzigyīde ma!    fied, too! With the nev orthography,

YSule xīn venzi, HdnzH hi shSoshoi    cultural exchange 'between the Hans and

mlnzHde věnliud JiaoliH y? rfingyi-    the minority nationalities has also

du5 le    'become much easier!

G: Nl shuSde yBa dioli. Dut le, nl    You are right. Oh yes—can you tell

kS tu kiyl gibsu Xinjiang rěn-    me about the population of Xinjiang? k5ude qln^oxiagr

L: XlinzflU. Xinjiang ySu JiǔbSivin    Xinjiang now has approximately nine

rěn xuSydu, yiliSu hut geng duo.    million people, and there vill 'be even

more in the future.

G: ShSoshu lolnzli ySu duSshao ne?    How many of that number are minority

nationalities?

L: Ch&budu5 qlbSlduo van, ěrcie zhěi    Somewhere over seven million. And

q.rblidu5 van renll y8u shlsǎnge    among these seven million people there

mliizlL.    are thirteen nationalities.

G: 5u. . Xinjiang sh&oshii mlnzli gen    Oh. Hov long has there been inter-

H&nzlide Jiaollii ySu du6 Jiu le?    change betveen the minority nationalities of Xinjiang and the Han people?

L: Xinjiang diqū he něidide JīngJi    Economic interchange betveen the

Jiooliti yljīng y5u Jlqi&nniinde    Xinjiang region and the interior has

lishl le, yong venzi xiexialaide    been going on for several thousand

JīngJi venhua Jiaoliu shi cong    years. Economic and cultural inter-

gSnoruAn qiin liubSi nian zu5-    change vhich vas put dovn in writing

you kāishīde. Gongyuan qiln liu-    began around 600 B.C. In 60 B.C.,

shf nian Jlngguě Jlci zhajizheng yi-    after several vars, Xinjiang vas united

hou Xinjiang he něidi tSngyl le,    with the interior, and there began to

venhua, yishude Jiaoliu ye Jiu yuě    be more and more cultural and artistic

lt± yue du5 le.    interchange.

G: W8 tīng8hu5 Jiefang ylhou ySu    I understand that many people have

hen du5 ren ban dao Xinjiang lai    moved to Xinjiang since liberation. zhyi le.

L: YI Jiu vu llzig niin, Xinjiang he-    In 1950, Xinjiang vas peacefully

ping JiSfingJun daole    liberated. After the PLA arrived here,

zheli ylhou Jii he zheige difangde    they carried on economic construction

n6ngmln yiql gSo JingJi Jiinshe.    with the peasants. Since 1962, every

YI Jiu lid ěr nian ylhou meiniin    year, a lot of young people have come

dou ySu hen duo nlinqīng ren dao    here. Back then, life In the border

zheli 1 玫i, nei shihou biāzijlangde    region vas nmch vorse than in the

shenghu6 bl neidi chelde du5, xiin-    interior; but now, construction has

zai Jianshede bd cuo le.    been pretty veil carried out.

G: Nime zheixie Jianshe bianjiangde    And vhere have all these young

ni&nqīng rěn dou shi c6ng nSr lii-    people vho are carrying on the con-

de ne?    struction of the borderlands come

from?

L: Duobinr shi TiSnJīn, BSiJIsg,    Most of them are youth from Tianjin,

Sh^ngb&l, ZhěJi&ngde qīngnl&i.    Běijīng, Shanghii, and ZheJiang.

G: TSaen keyi hul āk chengshi    Can they still go back to the big

ma?    cities?

L: XiaBflil Jiaotong fangbiBLzi, fang-    Now, transportation is convenient,

Ji&de shihou tamen keyi hul l&ojia    so irtien they have vacation, they can

k&nkan. DuobaLnrde nianqīng rěn    go back to visit their original home.

zil zheli Jiele hūn, y8ule h&izi    Most of the.young people have married

tamen yljīng shi Xinjiang rěn le!    here and have children; they have

already become XīnJiang natives!

G: Tamen zai zhěli zuo shezune? Jiii    What do they do here? Just farming? gSo n6ngye ma?

L: O! Bxl dou 8hi gSo'n6zxgye• r?    Oh^ not all of than. Some axe vork-

yStxde ahl gortcren_f y? ySude gSo    ers, some do cultural and educational

věnhui Ji&QTiL gongzud, h&l ySude    vork, and some do livestock farming. gSo xilnujre...

G: Dul le, suīr&n Xinjiang ySu hSn    Oh, yes; although Xinjiang has a big

dade ahaind^ kSahl xdzsuye h£i shi    desert, livestock farming is still

hen fadfide.    very veil developed.

L: NĪ Jianguo Xlnjiangde ditSn    Have you ever seen Xinjiang carpets? meiyou?

G: Zai zhfalSnhulshang Jianguo. Tz!    At an exhibition. Gee! They're

Zhen mei! Du6 meide ditSn!    really beautiful! Such beautiful

carpets!

L: MSiniSn Xinjiang diqū Jiao gei    Every year the XīnJiang region

gu6ji£ b\l shlo dltSn. Tamende    hands over quite a fev carpets to

shěngchfa qingkuang b(i cuo, sh\i-    the state. They axe doing veil in

liang bū shSo» zhZllang ye hen    production; they produce quite &

gSo, vfltlguo pěngyou hSn xlhuan mSi«    number of c&rpets, and the quality

is also very high. Foreign friends love to buy them,

G: A! W8 zhīdao le, nS shi dao    Ah! Now I knov: I bet you're

Xinjiang qu chuch&ide ba!    goj.ng to Xinjiang on business!

L: Dul le. Q\1 he Jlge ditSnchSng    Right. I丨m going to discuss next

tSolūn mlngni&nde shezigchSn Jihua,    year's production plan vith a fev

carpet factories.

G: Zheixie ditSnchXng kS bu keyi    Can one visit these carpet factories? canguan na?

L: ZSnzne b\l kěyi? Hu&z^lng huan-    Of course! You are very welcome

ylng! Nln he Lflxlngshe t&oyit&n,    to visit! Talk to the Travel Ser-

tamen hui ǎnpaide•    vice about it, and they'll make the

arrangements•

G: DutbuqJ, nlde biSo zl&iz&l JldlSn    Excuse me—vhat time do you have?

le? V8de MSo hSoxlang lcuai le ma.    My watch seeoa to be fast.

L: ZhSngvS 8httrdi8p.    Twelve noon.

G: W8 zSnne JttiSde tian liangle bū.    How come I feel as if it's only

Ji2 a.    been light out for a little while?

L: Nln tie wing le, zhěrde shljian    Don^ft forget₉ there¹s a four-hour

he BSiJIng chā sige zhongtou ne!    time difference between here and

Beijing!

G: ZSzsoe cha sige zhongtSu?    How is that?

L: Zil BSiJīng qīdlSn zhong tian Jiu In B?iJIng it gets light at seven

liaog le_f z&l zher Beijing shljian    o'clock. Here, it doesn't get 11曲t

shlyldiXn tian cii liang nei    until eleven o'clock BSiJIng time!

G: Duile, dulle...ou, qu&nguo d5u    I see, I see...hm, Beijing time is

tSngylde yong B?iJIng shljian ma?    used throughout the country? That's

Zhei hi M?igu6 bū ylyang, Meiguo    different from America. America has

y5u slge shljian ne....    four times....

Xianzai vSmen yljīng zai huSchē-    Nov ve¹ve already spent seventy

shang guole qlshige zhōngtou le!    hours on the train! What time vill

Shenme shihour kěyi dao Wūliinūql    ve get to Orumqi? ya?

L: Hfii y5u b&ge zhSngtou ne. H&o    We still have another eight hours,

le, zb&nlei le ba, v5 gai hulqu    Well, you must "be tired of standing

xiūxi yihulr le. Hul tour Jiaii!    up. I should go back and rest a "bit.

See you later 1

G: Hul t6ur Jian, Ll Xiǎnsheng.    See you later, Mr. Ll•

Unit 6, Tape 2 Workbook

Exercise 1

This exercise is a reriev of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker vill say a sentence in English， folloved by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker vill confirm your ansver.

All sentences from the Reference List vill occur only once. You may vant to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.

Exercise 2

In this exercise, an American visits the Central Nationalities Institute in B2ijīzig and talks vith a Uygur student.

The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, you¹11 probably vant* to revind the tape and ansver the questions belov as you listen a second time.

Here are the nev vords and phrases you vlU need to understand this conversation:

xueyuan    ac&demy, institute

Tfierql    Turkey, Turltish

Alab6    Arab, Arabic

Lading zimS    Latin (Roman) alphabet

slxlSng    thought ₉ ideas

xln Jiao    to believe in a religion

zud llbai    to worship; to attend a religious

service

qlngzhensi    mosque

Questiona for BcTcifle 2

Prepare your ansver，to these questions in Chinese so that you vill be able to give them orally in class.

1. Are the minority nationality languages used in schools in Xinjiang?

2« What does the Uygur student say his native language is like?

3. Do more Uygurs understand Chinese or Russian?

U. What is the Uygur student¹s religious background?

5. Nov that she is in Beijing, is the Uygur student able to attend religious services?

After you have ansvered these questions yourself, you may vant to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also vant to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.

Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.

Exercise 3

In this conversation, an American tourist talks vith a China Travel Service worker on the train from Beijing to Hohhot, Inner Mongolia.

Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second time through_f look belov and anaver the questions.

Here are the new vords and phrases you vill need to understand this conversation:

Jlnlng (Jtnlng)    (city In Inner Mongolia)

san bxi    to go for a valk

huĀngtu gaoyxi£n    loess plateau (see map at the end of

this unit)

mlnzH zhljian    betveen nationalities

XlfSng    the West

yaoqiH    to require

gSlsh&n    to improve

Dat6ng    (city In Shanxi province)

chezlinc    car (of a train)

Questiona for Exercise 3

Prepare your ansvers to these questions In Chinese so that you vill be able to give them orally in class.

1.    In history, vas the Jlnlng region a peaceful one?

2.    What is the China Travel Service worker¹s attitude toward the national minorities of China?

3, Hov might you respond to questions about racial difficulties in the U.S.? (Use several sentences from the dialogue₉ or prepare ansvers In your own vords •)

After you have ansvered these questions yourself, you may vant to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also vant to listen to the conversation again to help you practice saying the ansvers you have prepared.

Exercise k

This ia a conversation betveen an American tourist and a young Chinese voman vho meet at the Museum of Chinese History in BSiJīng.

Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then revlnd the tape and listen again. On the second time through, ansver the questions*

You vlU need the follovlng nev words and phrases:

n&k&l    to take avay, to move (something)

out of the vay

gudiLlshZ    ancient history

hufi&gdi    emperor

QlnghSl    (name of & province)

dang    to act as» to be

h&nshduban    correspondence course

kSosh&ng    to pass (an eraml,nation)

zixue    to study by oneself

cmshl    on time

zudye    homework

chenggong    to succeed

Questions for Eterciae k

1.    Why ia the young woman taking dovn notes?

2.    How are living conditions in QlnghSl?

3- What does the young voman do for a living in ^Qīngh&i?

U. What other kinds of vork has she done before?

5. Why does she vant to rc to college?

After you have ansvered these questiona yourself, you may vant to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also vant to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your ansvers correctly.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2

An American (A) visits the Central Nationalities Institute in Beijing and

talks vith & Uygur student (U).

U: Nln hXo! Hiianylng nin l&i vSmen    Hello! Welcome to the Institute, xueyuan canguan>

A: Nlde Hanyu hěn hSo ma, shi zai    Your Chinese is very good! Did you

Beijing xuede ma?    learn it in Beijīng?

U: Zhuy£o shi zii Beijing xuede,    Mainly, but I vasn’t in Beijing

keshl bti shi zai B?ijīng kaishi    when I started learning it. xuede.

A: d, zai XīnJ iang Veivfier Zlzhiqūde    Oh. They teach Chinese in schools

xuexiaoll ye Jiao Sknyu₉ shī bu    in the XīnJiang Uygur Autonomous

shi?    Region, do they?

U: Zkl zizhiqūde zhong- xlSoxueli    Except for the H^n nationality

chUle H&nzli xuexiao yīviii dou Jiao    schools, secondary &nd primary schools

8hXo8hū mlazū venzi ₉ tebiě shi Věi-    in the autonomous region teach the

vdSr venzi.    minority nationality languages» especially the Uygur language•

A: WeiwdSr v^nzi he ZhongdSngde věn-    Is the Uygur language related to

zi ySu shenme guanxl ma?    the languages of the Middle East?

U: Y5u, Wěiwfieryu hi TtS&rqfyS bl-    Yes. Uygur is rather close to Tur-

JlSo Jln₉ lie Veiw(i?rven Jlbenshang    klsh. The old Uygur writing system

shi Ālab6ven> xīn venzi yongde shi    vas basically an Arabic writing system.

Lading ziaS.    The nev writing system uses the Roman

alphabet•

A: Ncuae xlāng ^wG3tigchSndXng,^{n n}Shě-    Well, how do they handle vords like

iiuizhSyi” zheixie zi zSnzne b&n ne?    ^wthe Coamunist Party" and "socialism”？

U: Zheixie zide fSyln du5b&n xiāog    The pronunciation of words like that

Hanyii» hudzhS xling 岛ril.    is mostly like Chinese, or like Russian.

A: Duitbuql, Weivfi&r ren dSng HiLnyǔde    I’m sorry: Do more Uygurs understand

duo ne, hilshi dSng Ěy\ide duo ne?    Chinese or Rxissian?

U: Y^Snde l&l shu5, h&l shi dSng    Generally speaking» there are still

Ěvende ren du5.    more vho understand Russian.

A: Dui le~nl gangc&l lōix shi shu5    Oh—you Just said that you didn^ft

nlde Hanyǔ "bii shi zii B?ijlng kai-    begin studying Chinese in BSlJīng»

shi xuede ma?    right?

U: WSmen l&l BSiJīng nian debcuede    All of us minority students vho

shXoshū minzū xuesheng d5u keyi    come to Beijing to attend college can

zil zizhiqude HinzH xuexlioli xian    take a year of Chinese language before-

xue yinl&n Hanyǔ. Zii xue Hanyǔ    hand in a Han nationality school in

yjqiin, vS ll£n.ylge H&nzl dou "bū    the autonomous region. Before I

zhīdao.    started studying Chinese, I didn^ft

even know one Chinese character.

A: HaiQnl ahl hSn fǔz&de, xue qilai    Chinese is very complicated. It

d&gal h5n n&n.    must "be very hard to study.

U: Bu Jǔede zěnme tai nan, xuele    I don’t find it terribly difficult.

ylnian ylhou vSmen he narde Hajizll    After one year, we didn’t have any

gSngren, ganbu, ySng Hanyu tSolun    problem having discussions and commnn-

wentl, JiǎolHi slxlSng dou meiyou    icating ideas in Chinese vith the

shenme věntl le.    Chinese workers and cadres there.

A: Tz! Na zhen "bti cuS. Dui le~    Gee, that^fs really great. Oh yes--

vS h£i ySu zuih3u yige xiao věntl.    I have one last small question. Do

Nlmen xin jiao ma?    you profess a religion?

U: WSmende fihnu, zufumu dou xlang^n    Our parents and grandparents "believe

Ylsllinjiik).    in Islam.

A: Nlmen zijl ne?    What about you yourselves?

U: VSmen zijī me, ySude xin, ySude    We ourselves.. .veil, some of us

"bti tai zin, v8 hii shi xl&ngxinde.    "believe, and some of us don^ft really

"believe. I still "believe.

A: Zai BSiJīng ye kěyi zuo l^bai ma*?-    Can you worship in BSiJIng?

U: Keyi. Zher ySu hen dade qlng~    Yes. There¹ s a "big mosque here,

zhensii w5 měige xīngqī dou qu7    I go every week.

A: Tai xiexie nl le， gei vo Jiěshao-    Thank you so much for telling me

le zheme duo y8u yiside qingkuang.    about so many interesting things.

U: HSn gaoxing nln lai canguan>    It vas nice to have you here.

Zai Jian.    GoocL-'bye.

A: Zaijl&n.    Good-bye.

Dialogue and Tranalatlon for Exercise 3

On the train from Beijing to Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, an American tourist

(A) t&lkB vith & China Travel Service vorker (B).

B: Tian gang li&ng nln Jiū qilai le?    You¹ re up so soon after dawn? Dor^t

duo shui ylhulr?    you vant to get some more sleep?

A: Bol xlSng shui le. Xiamlan ylzhan    I don^|at feel like sleeping. What¹ s

shi n&r le?    the next stop?

B: Jining> zhei shi ylge da zh&n,    Jlnlng. It^fs a Mg stop. The train

huSche z&i zher ting ěrshifen    vill stop there for twenty minutes•

.zhong# WSmen kěyi dio zhfiLnt&l-    We can go out for & walk on the plat-

sha&g qtx a ana an    form.

A: Jinlug^ yldil ahi ylge zhongy^ode    The Jlnlng area is an important

dlqu.    region.

B: C6ng dizlngahang kin, Jlnlng b5i-    As far as terrain is concerned, to

tianr shi āk sbazoo, n&n'biāzir sbl    the north of Jlnlng is a big desert,

hu&ngtu gaoyuan. Gongyuan qlachou    and to the south is the loess plateau,

zaizheige diqū zhīdao ySuguo    Before and during the Christian era

duoshSo ci zhijizheng.    there have been I-don^ft-know how many

wars in this region.

A: XiiLnzai heplng le, bianjiang he    But nov it’s at peace. The border

neidi b1i hui y8u zhan zheng le.    regions and the interior von^f t have

any more vars,

B: Nin shuode dui, Zhongguo shi ylge    That's right. China is a unified

duo mlnzilde, tSngyīde shěhuizhiSyt    socialist family made up of many xiation-

da Jiatlzig» mlnzd zhljiande zhan-    alities. War betveen these groups is

zheng dou yljlng^ahl lishi le.    already & thing of the past. I hear

Tīngshuo₉ ziS XlfSng* zhSngzlS v&n-    that in the West, racial and ethnic

tl, ventl hti shi hSn m&fande    problems are still very troublesome*

ventl a? ShXoshil mlnzūde shenghu6    and that the living conditions and

he divei h&l hSn chS?    status of minorities are still very

inferior.

A: W5 xiSng zki yībSlnlin ylqiinde    I think that the race problen vas

shihou* zhSngzIl ventl shi ylge bl-    bigger a hundred years ago. The

JiSo d^de venti ₉ xl^nzii qlngkuaLng    situation has already changed quite a

yljīng ySule hSn d«lde gSibiiui.    lot.

B: Shi ma?    Is that so?

A: WSmende zhezigfS yaoqiii zhengffi    Our government requires that their

gongzuo renyuin del ySu yldtng shi-    es^iloyees include & certain number

li&ngde ahSoshū mlnzll. Zil vSmende    of minority individuals. In our

xuexlSLoli dui shSoshū rnlnz^S yS y5u    schools minorities are also given

tebiede bangzbu.    special help.

B: NeLme nX xlXng zii Jidoyu shul*    Then as far as levels of education,

ping, gongzud jZhul, 8henghu6 shui-    Job opportunities, and standard of

ping fangmian shlost^ mlnzlide qlng-    living are concerned, do you think

ku&ng d5u g&lslAi le?    that the minority situation haa

improved in &11 these areas?

A: W8 xiSng mlnzH v^ntl₉ zhSngztl    I think that ethnic and racl&l prob-

věntl ySu lishlde yuanyln, ye ySu    lems have historical causes, as veil

zhengzhi₉ JīngJi, venhua gefang-    as political* economic, and ctoltural

^#Speaker A on the tape says Jinln£_f vhich is another pronunciation. The

dictionary pronunciation is Jlnfng>

mlande yuinyīn, xuduo guojia d5u    ones. Many countries still have this

hii y8u zheizhSng ventl. Zai Mei-    kind of problem. In America, our

gu6, vSmende zhěngfu he rěnmln d3u    government and people are making an

zai r这飞I tlgSo shĒo8hu mlnzlide di-    effort to raise the status of our ml-

vei. Shloahtl mlnzude qingkuang    norities. The situation i3 sure to

yiding huf yuě lfii yuě hSo.    get better and better for them.

B: HXoJlle. VSmen dou xīvāng gě    Great. We all hope that life vill

mlnxilde shenghuo yuě guo yuě h&o.    improve for all peoples. We've

Jlnlng zhan d&o le, vSmen xiaqu    arrived at Jlnlug station. Let’s get

k&nk&n bal    off and have a look around.

A: H&ode. Zhěr yljīng shi Něi Meng- All right. This is already Inner gǔ le, bl Datong lengde duo, vo qii Mongolia, and it’s much colder than chu&n Jian maoyī Jiū lai.    Dating. I'm going to go put on a

sweater and I'll be right back.

B: HSode, v5 xai chexiǎng měnkou    Okay. I¹11 wait for you at the

deng ni.    door of this car.

Di&logue and Translation for Exercise U

At an exhibition on general Chinese history in Beijlng^?s Museum of

Chinese History, a young voman (B) is sitting on a bench taking some notes*

When an American tourist (A) walks "by, the young voman gets up to let him

have her seat.

A: Nl zSi xle d5ngxi, kuSi qlng zu5- You^?re writing, please sit dovn. xia, b1i yao keqi.    Don^ft be polite,

B: W8 l&l bS zhěi Jlben shu n^kai•    I^?ll move these books avay and you

nln zuoxla xlǔxlxluxi.    can sit dovn and rest.

A: Zbeibenr Zhonggu6 GudaishI shi    Is this History of Ancient China

nīde ma?    yours?

B: Shi vSde. ZheibSn shūli guǎnyū    Yes, it is. There are some differ-

ylvei Tingchio huSngdide giishl he ences between the version of a story zheige zhSnl&nhuishang shuode bō. about a Ting dynasty emperor in this tii ylying，sufiyl v5 bS ta xi?xia- book and the version given in the lai dāihnlqu kinkan.    exhibit, so I'm writing it dovn to

take home and read.

A: Nl shi BSifang rěn ma?    Are you from the north?

B: WS lSoJla zai Zhejiang, xlanz&i    Originally I^fm from Zhejiang, but

sal QlnghSl gozigzuo, zhěici shi l£l nov 工 vork In QInghSi. This time I'm Beijing chūcbaide.    in B?ijīng on lousiness.

A: QlnghSide xQmuyě her. fadfi ba?    QInghSi^fs livestock farming is very

developed，isn^ft it?

B: Xihnuyedc qingkuang bū cu3, "bti-    Livestock farming is doing veil, "but

gud meiyou N^lnuSng, Xinjiang name    the situation isn't as good as in

hSo.    Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang.

A: Renmlnde 8hen^iu6 shulping zěn-    Hov is the people's standard of

meyang?    living?

B: Chide cha yidianr, zhuyao shi    The food is rather poor, "but the

Jiaotong bū fangbian, biěde sheng-    main thing Is that transportation is

huo fangmian me, ye meiyou něidi    difficult. As for other aspects of

hSo.    life, veil, they aren't as good as in

the interior either.

A: Nl zai Qīngh&i gongzud, zuo    What is your vork in Qīngh&i? shenme ne?

B: Dangguo n6ngmln, ye dangguo Ji?-    Vve been a peasant and I^fve 'been

fangjūn, xi&nzai zai ylge Jianzhu    in the P.L.A. Nov I^fm a worker in a

c&iliaoch&ng dang gongren.    construction materials factory.

A: Ng_t nl zuSguo bil shSode shiqing.    Mm, you’ve done a lot of things.

B: XiflLnz&i bxl shSo nianqing rěn dou    These days a lot of young people

shi zheiy&ngrde« KSshi vS zui ySu    are like that. But I^fm still most

xlngqude h&i shi llshl«    interested in history•

A: Nl yao shang dixuě ni&n lishl ma?    Do you vant to go to college to

study history?

B: Yao. Dui le, nln kan ZhSngven    Yes, I do« Oh, do you read the

'b^o ma?    Chinese newspapers?

A: Kan.    Yes.

B: Zhei liSngtiande Renmfn R^bao nin    Have you been reading the People¹s

kangiio ma?    Dally the last couple of days?

A: Kanguo le« B^oshang shuo hěn du5    Yes. It said in the paper that a

d&xue yib beLn h&nshōuban le.    lot of colleges are going to start

correspondence courses.

B: Dul le, 8U67I w8 zii zher zhun-    Right, so I*m preparing to take

bei kXoshi.    the exams here.

A: ZheizhSng dixai zSnme nian ne?    Hov do you go about attending these

colleges?

B: K&oshangle ylhou, xuexiao Ji gei    After ve pass the exam, the school

vSmen shū he biede xuexl cailiao,    sends us the books and other study

vSmen zijl ^zixue, anshl ba zuoyě    materials， and ve study on our ovn,

he kSoshi Jiao gei xuexiao. G5ng-    turning in our homework and tests vhen

chSng ting Jiade shihou vo keyi hul    required. When I have vacation from

lSoJia qu kan fiinrS, hai keyi qu da-    the factory, I c&n go back to my home-

xue xiang lSoshī qīngjiao.    town to visit my parents, and I can

also go to the college to ask. for help from the teachers.

A: Na bii cuo ma, zheiyang nian shū    That^fs pretty good. By going to

yě keyi y8u dibcue biyěde shulping school like that can you reach the ma?    level of a college graduate?

B: Kěyi. Zhongguo gudaishl shi hěn Yes, you can. Ancient Chinese his-y8u yiside， vS yldlng yao hSohaor tory is very interesting. I^fm deter-nian.    mined to study hard.

A: Hǎo, zhū nl chěnggSngl    Good, I vlsh you success.

.    VJ s__j _ __ j t    rm________t

Loess is a fine-grained, chalky soil between silt and clay, actually a deposit of windblown sand. China's loess deposits are the most extensive in the world; they cover most of Shdnxǐ and Shānxī provinces, and the better part of G3nsǔ, and extend into Hibi\ and Hěnńn as well. Because it holds moisture well, loess makes good farming ground when irrigated. Loess is buff to gray in color (the Chinese word for loess, huńngtǔ, means literally, * yellow soil") and it is loess that gives the Yellow River its distinctive yellowish appearance.

Unit T, Reference List

1.    A: C6ng gongBhe dao chěngli h^i    It^!s such a long vay from the coimune

zhen yuS&₉ sheyiSsmen Jin    into town, isn^ft it kind of incon-

cheng dSngxi ySu diSnr    venient for the commune members to

b1i tai fangbian ba?    go into tovn to shop?

B: Nln mei kanjian, yan2he gonglu    Didn’t you see, a lot of little stores

banle hSoJIge xlSo shangdian,    have been set up along the highway•

m&i dongxi h&i suan fangbian.    It¹s fairly convenient to shop there.

2.    A: Ti?lilshang fasheng shenme věn-    Has some problem come up on the rail-

tl le ma? Weishěnme zhěibǎn    road? Why is this express even

těloiai bl m^nche h£i man?    slower than a slow train?

B: Nln biě ,1^nzhang, vS ye měi    Don^ft get nervous. I didn^ft expect

xiXngdāo ySu zheige qlng-    this either. I¹11 go try to find

ku&ng, vS xliLnzāl Jiu qu    out about it right nov. vemrenq Ingchu •

3.    A: Z&i m&ng v5 ye dSi hulqu yi-    No matter hov busy I am I have to go

ting, gang mSihSode li&ixg-    back there. I left both the things

ying dongxi₉ quan wang zai    I Just bought in the store! shangdl&nli le!

B: H&isbi m&fap d&oy6u hulqu zhSo    It would be "better to trouble the

一yftSig ba! Nln tie qu le.    guide to go back and look for them,

Don^ft you go.

li. A: Shljian tai Jin, ySude difang    I^fm too pressed for time, so there are

vS Jiu bfi qil le, bifang shuo    some places I,m not going. The kin-

youěryxian ba! Ylhou zai qu    dergarten, for example—I¹11 visit

c&nguaji ba!    there another time.

B: HSo. WSmen xu&n Jlge yao-    All right. Let^fs choose a fev

jlnde difang canguan hSo le.    important places to visit,

5. A: C6ng chlnliilngsh&ng kan,    From the point of viev of yield, the

Ch^ngJI^pg ytn&nde n6ngyě    agricxxltural production situation

shengchXn qingkuang zhen bti    south of the Yangtze River is really

cuo.    good.

B: ChSngJiang ylnan yor.sr shuo    For the area south of the Yangtze that

le, Jixi shi Chang Jian a： ylbSi    goes vithout saying, but even north

sbengch&n qingkuang ye gSn-    of the Yangtze the level of produc-

shanfflfil la!    tion is catching up!

6.    A: Sh2udu Gangtl^ Gongsīde gong-    Do all the workers in the Capital Iron

ren d5u z&l zheige shlting    and Steel Company eat in this dining

ghf fan ma?    hall?

B: 0u_t vSmen gongsī ySu hSoJīvan    Oh, our company has tens of thousands

zhfgong, Jiǎahu, ySu bū sbSo    of staff and workers and their fam-

de da shlting ne!    ilies. There are lots of large

dining halls!

7.    A: Sh&ngcī vS canguan qiche zhl~    It seems to me I sav him someplace the

zaoch&ngde shihou hXoxiang    time I visited the automobile plant,

zai n&r Jianguo ta, tā shi    Isn't he a staff member or worker

narde zhīgong ba?    there?

B: Hin gSocuo le, ta shi women    You’re mistaken. He*s one of our

Luxlngshěde gongzuo rěnyuan.    Travel Service personnel.

8.    A: Nlmen ch&ng ylbanr ylshangde    At your factory, over half of your

gSngren siishě dou shi xīnde    workers¹ living quarters are nev! ma!

B: Nei Jlniin, sushě běi gSode    During those few years, the living

lti&nqrbazao, zhl hSo gal    quarters vere wrecked up₉ ve had no

xīnde le.    choice but to build new ones.

9.    A: L&i! BX zhei Jīge JiSozi dou    Come on. Polish off [literally,

xlaomlě le!    ⁿexterminate*’] these .dinzrpllngs!

B: ^rtXiaomieⁿ Ji&ozi? W5 dao mei    ”Polish off” dumplings? I^fve never

tīngguo zheige shu5f&r!    heard that expression before!

10.    A: W5 faxi^n nlmende gongzud    I find that your work is proceeding

•1 inylngde bii cuo ma! Bū    very veil. I don^ suppose you need

xuyao shljl&n le ba?    any more time.

B: Nl shuSde dio rSngyi! Nl    That¹s easy for you to say. You don^t

zhīdao vSmen yongle duoshSo    knov hov much of our time after

yeyii shljl&n!    hours ve used!

11• A: ChXog llngdXo h£ozhao quin-    The leadership of our factory made an

chSng gSngren zheige yuě    appeal to the workers of the vhole

duS 8hengch&n sibSibi    factory to produce four hundred more

qiche.    cars this month.

B: Bū cud a! Na zheige yuěde    That's great! Then this month's

chSnll&ng chabuduS děngyu    output is about equal to one and

shangge yuěde yiběi ban la!    a half times last month¹ s!

Unit 了《 Vocabulary List

an    according to

-'bei    time, -fold

bei    (passive marker)

-bū    (counter for automobiles,

machines, etc.)

ChangJiang    Yangtze River

dao    yet, on the contrary, neverthless

dSoy6u    (tour) guide

dengyti    to equal, to be equal to

fāsheng    to happen, to occur

fǎxlan    to discover

gangtie    iron and steel

g&2i8h&ng(l£i)    to catch up

gSocud    to do wrong; to be wrong (zolst&ken)

gonglil    highway

b&ishi    it would be better to

baozh&o (haozhao)    to call, to appeal

Jiashu    family members, (family)

dependents

Jin    to be tight

Jinxing    to carry on, to conduct; to be

jlnzhǎng    to be nervous* to be tense

Jiūsbi.. .ye..•    even (if)

kuai y&o    vill soon

qingchu (-chu)    to be clear, to be distinct

rěnyuan    personnel, staff

sheyuan    commune member

shlt&ag    mess hall, dining room

sushě    living quarters; dormitory

tield    railroad

xi&omie    to eliminate₉ to abolish, to

exterminate, to vipe out

xuSn    to choose

-yang    kind (bound form)

yinzhe    along(side)

yeyix    spare time, after hours, eunateur

(used "before direction vords to mark direction vith reference to a point)

ylshiLng    above, over (on amount)

ylxia    under (an amount)

youeryuBn    kindergarten

zhlgong    staff and workers; worker or

staff member

zhizao    to manufacture

zhizaochang    manufacturing plant， factory

REFERENCE NOTES

1. A: C6ng gCngsh^ d&o cb^ngll hfii It’s such a long vay from the commune 2hen yuSn, shgyiifcmen Jin    into tovn, isn’t it kind of incon-

ch^ng JoSLi dongxi ySu dlSnr    venient for the commune menters to

b1i tki fSngblan ba?    go into town to shop?

B: Nfn mil kanjian, y£nzhe gSnglū Didn’t you see, a lot of little stores baale hXoJīge xlSo shingdiin, have been set up along the highvay. m&l dongxi b&i suan fSngbian, It’s fairly convenient to shop there.

Notes on No, 1

h£l zhen yvKn: H£l, "still,” In this sentence may go untranslated; it expresses surprise at hov far it is into tovn. In this meaning, hti Is often used before zhen, ⁿreally,ⁿ

Nl h&l zhen b<i pi l&g, zheme You really don’t mind ("aren’t afraid lSngde tl&n chuin zheme shXo!    of”） the cold; you wear so little

in such cold veather!

Sheyuan« "commune member,^w includes working members and their non-working family m&ńbeTB. The ending -yu£n is used in. various compound vords to mean ”member":

DXngyu&n    Party member

Tu&nyu&n    (Communist Youth) League member

huiyufin OR cbengyu&n    member

ygu dilnr tii ffagtlan: "a little inconvenient * kind of inconvenient" You are familiar vith the phrasing ygu dlinr fangbian > Here you see that use bii til Instead of Just bū.

YSnzhe, ”along, alongsideis used for longer distances than pingMSn, ’’side"?¹

Q^cbe y&czbe zbdltlio lū kalle The car drove along this road a

hSn Jitt c4i kinjlon ylge rfa.    long time before they sav & person.

Y&nzhe f^ngsl stbilnr zhdngle    A lot of flovers vere planted along

hSodu6 hui.    the four sides of the house (i.e.,

all around the house).

BUT:

Fingzl p&ngblln zhdngle hSoduS A lot of flowers vere planted along-hua.    side the house (on the side or sides).

gonglū: ^public-road,^w i.e., "highvay" ^wExpressvay^w is gaosū gSnglū, ⁿhigh-speed putlic-road, (As of this vriting, mainland China has no expressways; Taivan has one* vhich goes from the north to the south of the Island.).

hii suan: ^wcan still be considered to be...ⁿ This Is an Idiom for ”fairly •”Coīnpare the use of h£i for ”fairly" vhich you learned in the Society module, for example, 5^1 hSo， "Fairly good."

Ta suan ventl sh&ode xuě-    He can be considered a student vith

sbeng₉ bl^de ren věntf geng duo. relatively fev problems; the others

have even more pro"bleins •

Na h&i suan xlSo shi.    Thatfs no big thing (”a small matter”）.

2. A: Tielūshang fasheng shenme věn- Has some problem come up on the rail-tf le ma? Weishenme zhěiban road? Why is this express even těkuai bl manchě hai man?    slower than a slow train?

B: Nfn biě ^Ynzhǎng, v5 y? měi    Don't get nervous. I didn’t expect

xlSngd&o ySu zheige qfng-    this either. I^fll go try to find

ku&ng, vS xianzai Jiū qū    out about it right nov, venvenqīngchS >

Notes on No> 2

tijiū: "railroad,” literally, "iron-road"

XTb?ide    *bxi duo, erqi? ySu There aren^ft many railroads in the

bū shXo shi gang xiūde.    Northwest, and many of them vere

Just built.

W8 y8u yfge gege zai ti?lushang I have an older "brother vho vorks on gSngzuo.    the railroad.

fSshēng: ^wto happen,ⁿ "to occ'or” The event vhich happens often follovs fSaheng in the sentence (just u in sentences vith ySu, "there is，" the thing that exists often follovs ySu):

Bū zhīd&o fashSngle sh系nine ahl- I wonder what has happened that so qlng, l&lle zheme du5 rěn.    many people have come here,

Zhel JltlSn fSshengle hlojlJiSn The laat fev days, a lot of strange qlguilde shi.    things have been happening.

Nei shihou fSshengde sht, v8    The things that happened then aren^ft

d5u bā z?nme qlngchfl le.    very clear in my mind anymore•

Shei dou bfi jide zhěijian shi shi No one remembers vhen that event took shěnme shihou fāshēngde le.    place anymore.

nAnche h^i man: ^f,even slower than a slow train^M Here, hai is used as "even.”

ZuStiSn l?ng, jīnti"r. bl zu6tian It vas cold yesterday, Cbxrt) today is h&l lSng.    even colder than yesterday.

.Itnzh&ng： "to be nervous," "to be    tense"

Zai zheli kal che zh5n JlnzhSng,    It^fs really nerve-racking to drive bil zhīdao shěnae ahfhou hul here. You don^ft knov vhen you -might zhuangdAO ren. nrn into someone.

venvenqlngchtt: ⁿto inquire until clear，" i.e.，^lfto try to find out the true situation.”Notice that you can reduplicate a verb (here, ven) even vhen the verb is folloved by a resultative ending (here, qingchu): Other examples: Q^ng n? bS shiqing shuoshuoqingchfl, "Please explain this more clearly"; BS zhuōzi cac&gin.ling, ^Wipe the table clean."

3_ A: Zai mSng v8 y? d?i hufqu yf- No matter hov busy I am I have to go tang, gang mSihSode li&ng-    back there. I left both the things

yang dongxi, qu£n vang zki    I Just bought in the store!

shangdlanil le!

B: HĀishi mifan dloy6u hufqu zhSo It vould be better to trouble the

yftang ba! Nfn biě qū le.    guide to go back and look for them*

Don^ft you go.

Notes on No. 3

zai m^ng.. .y甚..二: ”no matter hov busy...^M The zai in this pattern (meaning literally, ^ffmore, additionally”）must be given extra-heavy stress:

ZAI m&ng v8 ye d8i hulqu. Ye here means "still, even so,

ZhSngven ZAI non v5 y? ySo xue. No matter hov hard Chinese is, I’m

still going to study it.

«tang: This counter for trips need not be translated here. Used vith verbs like lĀi. q(i, hullai• hufgu, etc., *tang simply counts the number of times someone goes someplace. Other examples:

Ta shingge xīngqī āko Sh&nghXi Last veek he made a trip to qvlle yftang.    ShanghSi.

W8 JīntiSn yljIng vXzig tS n&r    I’ve already made tvo trips to

pXole lllnfting le.    his place today.

*y&ng: "kind, sort¹¹ You have learned the vord -zhSn£, "kind, sort，

type. These vords axe slightly different in usage;    sometimes *yang should

not be translated literally as "kind," but Just left    out of the translation (see the third_t fourth* and fifth examples).

Zhěi Jlying dongxi vS dcu měi    I^fve never seen these kinds of

konjl&nguo, h?n qfguai.    things. They¹re very strange.

Nl kindechūl£l zhel liSn^ang    Can you tell vhat¹ s different about

dongxi ySu shenme bū yiyang ma? these tvo kinds of things?

WSmen jīntian vXnshang ySu    Hov many dishes are ve having tonight

Jlying cai?    Cfor dinner]?

Ta dao shangdian q'ňle Jlcl y?    He vent to the store several times,

mei mXihui yiyang d5ngxi lai.    but didr^t come back vith a single

thing.

W8 zhěr hfii y5u liSngyang shui- I still have tvo fruits here.,.one guS...yige pingguS yfge J^zi.    apple and one tangerine/orange.

haishi: ^Mit vould be better to —^!! This is another meaning for the vord vhich you first learned as meaning "still,

W8 bu shufu, haishi shSo chī    I^!m not feeling veil. I,d better

di&nr ba.    not eat too much.

Hiishi Ouyang LSoshl yige rěn    It vould be better if Teacher Ouyang

qū, nīmen dou liu zai zhěr ba. vent alone; the rest of you Just

stay here.

Also used in the pattern haishi . . . h&o:

Haishi nl qu hSo.    It vould be better if you vent.

U. A: ShfJian tSi J_In> ySude difang    I,m too pressed for time, so there are vS Jiu bti qu le, blfang shuo some places rm not going. The kin-youěryu&n ta! Ylhou zSi qū dergaxten, for example~I^tll visit canguaii bal there another time.

B: fiSo. WSmen xu&n Jlge yao-    All right. Let’s choose a fev

Jlnde dlfang cangu&n hXo le. important places to visit.

Notes on No. ^

•l?n: ⁿto be tight ,ⁿ in both literal and figurative senses.

ZhelshuSng xli tkl Jin.    These shoes are too tight.

BX men gu&njln.    Shut the door tight.

WSde shfjian Snpalde h?n Jin.    I have a very tight schedule.

tTfang shu5., .ba: Ba can be used at the end of a bīf&nK shu5 phrase. Compare the use of shown in unit 5.

youerytiSn: ⁿkindergarten,ⁿ literally,，’young-child-gardenⁿ In Taivan, the vord youzhiyuĀn is used instead.

xuXn: ⁿto chooae,” ”to select¹¹; ^wto elect¹¹

Tamen zuln v8 zu5 daitiSode* shf- When they elected me as representative, hou, vS hln *b立 hSo yisi.    I vas very embarrassed.

Ta zai shSngdlanll zSule bantian She walked around the store for a y? mei xuXndao ta xlhuande    long time but didn^ft find anything

dongxi.    she liked- (XuSn is often used

for "selecting’¹--buying--items at a store,)

5. A: Cong chXnliSlngshang kan.    From the point of viev of yield，the

ChĀng.Hang ySfn^nde n6ngyě    agricultural production situation

shengchin qingkuang zhen b1a south of the Yangtze River is really cuō.    good.

B: Cbingjl&ng ylnin bta yong shu5    For the eLrea south of the Yangtze that

le, .1 ill shi Ch£ngji£ng y3Tb?i    goes vithout saying, but even north

shengchXn qingkuang y? g&n-    of the Yangtze the level of produc-

sh&ngl&i la!    tion Is catching up!

Notes on No, 5

c6ng ch&nliSngshang kan: "from the point of viev of yield" Other examples of this pattern: c$ng shilllangshang kan_t "from the point of viev of numb ers / quant ityⁿ; cong fazhSn    shang kan, "from the point of viev

of developing the econony/¹ —

Ch&ng.U&ng: ”Long_River," the Yangtze, nov called the Ch&ngJi&ng in PRC publications. China^fs longest river (6,300 kilometers)_f the ChangjIang Is an important artery of vater transportation, passing through the cities of Ch6ngqing, WtJhan, N&njlng, and ShanghSi.

• • .ytnfci: "to the south of…"YTbgl is "to the north of."

Jtazi zhong z&l Ch&ngjl&ng ylnin Tangerines grown south of the Chang-shl tl&nde, diole Ch&ngji£ng    Jiang are sveet, but north of the

jrTb8i Jifi ch^ngle kttde le.    Changji&ng, they become bitter.

.1iu shl> • > •: Cl) ^weven..(2) "even If ... ¹¹

(1) Jiii shi v5 y8 zhīdao.    Even 1^ knov that.

Jiii shi xuězh? y? bii dSng zheige Even scholars do not understand venti•    this prob1em•

Zhěige āk pfngguB shi v8 tětiě I picked this "big apple out especially xuXnchulal g?i nlde.    for you.

*daitiS£, ”representative, delegate” （TVL， Unit 8)

(2) Ta shu5 Jiūflhi nl qu zuo y?    He said that even if you did it,

zuSbuhXo. 一    you vouldn^ft do it right.

Nl Jiiiahi nXile v8 y? bū chi.    Even if you bought it I wouldn’t

eat it.

b亡 yong shu5 X，,1iu shi Y y蒌•••： This three-part pattern means ’’For X, that goes vithout saying, but even Y is....ⁿ Sometimes in English ve mention the parts X and Y in the reverse order: ”Even Y is • . . , not to mention X.”

Něige difang zhen hSověnr,    That place is really f\in. Even

yong shuo xiSohair, Jiū shi    grovn-ups have a great time there,

daren y? zai nar v^nrde hen    not to mention children.

gaoxing.

For yong shu5t you can often substitute bC yao shu5* For ,1iū shi, you can substitute lijLn. For ye, you can substitute dou.

When the clause after has tū or m|l, you can translate yong shu5 as "much less":

Bt! yong shu5 zhongxuesheng₉ Jiū Even graduate students cannot under-shi yinjiūsheng ye kānbudSng    stand this article, much less high

zhelplan venzhǎng.    school students.

W8 bli yong shuo xi?, liSn ting I couldn^ft even keep up listening to y? lfiitujI.    it, much less write it dovn.

Bli yao shuo qū kan di any Ing, v8 I don^ft even have time to eat ₉ much lifin chi f&nde sh^Jifin d5u    less go to the movies,

meiyou.

gfashanglai: ⁿto catch up” hurrying CgSn means "to burry”）

Ta sulrin bizigle hSoJItlan, k?shi Although he has "been sick, for quite xuexf hfiishl gSnsbanglal le,    a fev days, he has caught up vith

his schoolvork.

W8 ySu dlXnr shi, nlmen xl£n zSu I have something I have to do. You ba! Ding ylhulr v8 Jiu gSn-    go on ahead. I^f11 catch up vith

shanglal.    you in & minute.

6. A: ShSudū G&ngti? gongsīde gong- Do all the workers in the Capital Iron ren d5u zai zheige shftfcig    and Steel Company eat in this dining

chi fan ma?    hall?

B: Ou, vSmen gSngs! ySu h5oJIvan 0h» our company has tens of thousands zhfgSng. .1 iashu, y5u bū    of staff and workers and their fam-

shSode da shltěng ne!    ilies. There are lots of large

dining halls 1

Notes on No« 6

g£ngti8: Literally, "steel-iron," tut usually translated as "iron and steel (The usual order of paired vords in Chinese and English is ofteir the same, tut somettmes differs. Other examples are tata mama, "mom and dad”； yeye nXinal. "grandma and grandpa.ⁿ)

shftang: "dining hall,” "cafeteria,” "mess hall"

zhfgSng: ⁿstaff and vorkersⁿ; "staff member or worker¹¹

Zheige chSngde zhigong dabufen The staff and workers of this shi nude.    factory are mostly vomen.

Zheige zhfgǒng xuexiao ySu bū    This staff and worker school has shSo hSn h&ode iSoshī, tSmen a lot of good teachers vho are d5u āui zhfgong Jiaoyu hen very interested and enthusiastic rěxln. toward staff and vorker education.

ZhfgSng shlt&ng ch^ngch£ng mai Staff and worker dining halls often lSng tin*    sell cold food.

.liaahtt: "family members,^{11 n}(family) dependents"

Guibude JiSshtt ch&ngch&ng shoudao The families of cadres often teti^de zhSogu.    receive special care.

Daqingde gongren JiSahi! h?n duo Many families of workers at Daqing d5u shi n6ngmfp.    are peasants.

NOTE: Although In context .jiashfl may be translated as "family, as in the sentence above, it is different from ,1i5tfng. Jiatfng refers to the family unit, the household. Jiashfl refers collectively to the family members other than the head of household.

y8u bū sh&ode d&shltfcig ne!: On this use of ne, see Unit 3 Reference Notes_y Notes on No. 5•    —

7. A: ShcLngci v8 cfcigufa qiche zht- It seems to me I sav him someplace the zaoch^ngde shfhou hSoxl&ng    time I visited the automobile plant.

zSfnSjiSiiguo t&₉ tfi shi    Isn*t he a staff member or vorker

narde zhfg5ng "ba?    there?

B: Nfn gXocuo le, tS shi vSmen You're mistaken. He¹ a one of our LmcZngahěde gongzud rěnyuan. Travel Service personnel.

Botes on Ho. T

zhtzao: "to manufacture，” as in ZhSngguo zhizao, "Made in China." zhtzaoch&ng, "plant,” ”fury"

zai nlr .Hanguo ta: "have seen him somevhere” NSr, like other question vorda used in statements, becomes an indefinite pronoun here: "somevhere•”

WS jlde v8 sal nSr chīguo zheige I remember having this dish 'somewhere cai.    "before.

gSocuo: "to get (something) wrong” or "to do (something) wrong”

Biě gSocud le, zheige zi h?n    Don’t get it wrong; this character

fttzfi ne!    is very complicated!

0, w8 gSocuo le, ta "bfi shi w8    Oh, I'm mistaken. She isn't the

yao zhSode nelge nShfiizi.    young woman I^fm looking for.

T5 "bS zheige věntf gSocuo le,    He has misunderstood this problem,

meiyou name    It¹ s not that complicated.

Compare other verbs that have the resultative ending ending -cuo:

Nl niancuo le ba, zheige zi    You've read it vrong, haven¹1 you? I

hSoxlang bti nl&n Ifie, nl&n    don't think this character Is read

lie.    lilě; it's read lie.

XlSoxIn, bii ySo zSucuS.    Careful, don^ft go the wrong vay.

rěnyn^n: "personnel,” "staff" Often used in gSngzuo rěnyuan, "working personnel," ”staff member.ⁿ

Zheli suSySude gongzud rěnyuin All the personnel here have d5u shangguo daxuě.    attended college.

WSmen xianzai xuyao h?n duo    We nov need a lot of scientific

dSng Ylngyflde kejt rěnya£n.    and technical personnel vho

understand English.

8. A: Nlmen chSng yfbinr ylshangde    At your factory, over half of your

gongren sushě dou shi xīnde    workers^f living quarters are nev! ma!

B: Nei Jlniin, sūshe běl gXode    During those fev years, the living

luinqfbazio, zhl hSo gal    quarters vere wrecked up, ve had no

xīnde le.    choice but to build nev ones.

Notes on No. 8

yfban ytshang: ’’over half" Ytshang and ylxia are used after quantities to mean, respectively, ’’ever” and "under an amount.

Zhěrde y£nj iusheng, sǎnshisui    Not many of the graduate students here

ylxiade bii tai due.    are under thirty.

Zai B?ijlng, vSceng l6u ylshang- In B?iJIng, only buildings over five de dilfiu cii ySu diantl.    stories high have elevators.

BXifen zhl tSshfvS ylshangde    Over eighty-five percent of the popula-

Zh5nggu6 renkSu shi n6ngznfn.    tion of China is made up of peasants.

sūshě: "living quartersⁿ; ⁿdormitory^rt This can either refer to the kind of quarters ve think of as dormitories, vith many people living and sleeping in each large room, or it can mean housing provided by an institution for its workers, vith each family living in separate quarters.

Zhěi difangr shi gangtiSch£ngde This place is the vorkers^f quarters gSngren sushe.    of the iron and steel plant•

Waijiaobiide sushě bJ biěde "būde The Foreign Ministry living quarters sushe dou pleLollang.    are better-looking than those of

any other ministry.

nei jlpiSn: ”those fev years” This is currently a vay of referring to the period of the Cultural Revolution.

bei: This is a prepositional verb vhich Indicates the DOER of the action, similar to the English    in passive sentences (like ”John vas hit by Bill”）•

In sentences vith bei, the subject of the sentence is the receiver of the action and the object of bei is the doer of the action:

W5de zidiSn bei r^n JiězSu le. My dictionary vas borroved by

someone.

Nei Jlnifin, zhSngge shehui bei Those fev years, the vhole society Jlge ren gSode luanqrbazao,    vas messed up by a fev people;

zhen měi bānfS shuo.    it is really sad.

Unlike most prepositional verbs, bei can be used vithout an object, as in sentence 8B. Here is another example:

WSde xīn qiche "be't zhuang le.    My nev car vas hit.

9. A: L&l! Bl zhel Jlge JlXozl d5u Come on. Polish off Cliterally, xi&omle le!    "exterminate"] these dumplings!

B: ^Xiaomie" JlXozl? W5 dao mei "Polish off” dumplings? I丨ve never tīngguo zheige shuofSr!    heard that expression before!

Notes on No* 9

LĀi!; Notice that l£i does not necessarily mean "come here," but can also mean ^come on^w and do some action.

L£l, z£nznen gan yibei!    Come on, let^fs empty a glass

together!

L&l "ba, vSmen sh&ng kě "ba, "bu    Came on, let^fs get on vith class and

shu8 bl^de le.    stop talking about other things.

Lil lfii l£i, v8 l£i g?i nlmen    Nov everyone, let me introduce

jieahao v8 gen nlmen shuoguode Professor Li£ng, vhom I’ve told Llfing Jiaoahou,    you about before.

xiāomlě: ⁿto extermlnate/elimlnate/vlpe out/stamp out” bad things such as landlords, the enemy, illness, poverty, illiteracy, rats, flies, etc. In sentence 9， it is used humorously,

bS.•.xiaomiě le!: You long ago learned le, the marker of completion. Here, indicates that the action of the verb gets rid of something in one fell svoop. Here are other examples for comparison:

BS zheige zhuozi maile ba,    Sell this table. It*s of no use

měi yěng le.    anymore.

BS dlanshi guānle, v5 bū    Turn off the T.V. I don^ft vant to

k&n le.    vatch any more.

BX ylfu tu5le ba, zhěr tai re. Take off your coat; it^fs too hot

here.

This use of Le is especially frequent vith the adverb dou, "all”:

Dou mSlle ba!    Why not buy all of them!

Dou hele ba!    Drink the vhole thing!

dao: ”yet, nevertheless, on the contrary” This is a very common adverb vith one "basic idea to it--the idea of contrasting one element vith another. Depending on the context, the translation into English vill differ. Here are examplea of the main contexts In which you vill encounter dao:

(1)    One particular element in the sentence is contrasted vith something previously mentioned, about to be mentioned, or understood. (The contrasted elements are underlined in the follovlng examples.)

A: Ni xiSng diSn sb^nine?    Vhat vould you like to drink?

B: W8 bti xlSng shenme, v8    I don^ft feel like having anything to

dio xlSng chī dlSn sh^nzne.    drink. I would like something to

eat, though.

Xia yttde shihou nl dal s&n, On rainy days you don^ take an 一.llntl&n bfi xift y5 nī dao dal    umbrella vith you, but today, vhen

sSn!    it isn^ft raining, you do take one

vith you!

(2)    The vhole situation expressed by the sentence contrasts vith another particular set of circumstances previously mentioned, about to be mentioned, or understood.

B&nsbang zui hSode xLiěsheng zhěi- The best student in the class did the ci dao kiode zui bu h5o.    worst on the exam this time.

A: Jlnnifin dSngti&n zhSn lfaigl    It¹8 really cold this vlnter!

B: Sheng bingde r^n dao shXo le.    Fever people have been getting sick,

though.

A: Zhě fingxl rJinm xllo, you    This house/apartment is so small,

name gul.    and so expensive.

B: K?shl nl shang b£n du6 f£ng-    But it^fs so convenient for you to

Man!    go to work.

A: Na d&o shi.    Well, that¹ s true.

WS daoshi xlSng bang m£ng, Jiu I did vant to help, it¹ s Just that I shi měi shfjlan.    didn’t have the time.

Shlqing d&oshl guoqu le, h?n    It vas over with, but we couldn^rt

ch&ng shfji&n y? vangbuliSo.    forget about it for a long time.

Na dao mei guanxi, zhl yao ta bfl That doesn’t matter. As long as he Jieyi Jiū suan le.    doesn^ft mind, then let it go at that.

(3) The vhole sentence contrasts with expectations• In these cases, dao

sometimes implies satisfaction vith the state of affairs, sometimes

dissatisfaction, and sometimes Is neutral. In addition, it sometimes

h&s an ironic meaning, as in the last three examples belov.

YSu zhelyangde shi! VS dao    Is that so! Why, I didn’t knov!

bū zhīdao!

Aiya! W8 dao *bS zhei Jian shi    Oh no! I forgot about that!

vang le!

S&nahlkuflLl? Na dao bil gui.    Thirty dollars? That^fs not so

expensive. (Dao Implies "I vould have expected it to "be more.ⁿ)

EUguS zhen shi zheiyang, dao h£i If that¹s really true, then there¹s ySu xīvang.    still hope after all.

Hng, nī dio zhen JiXng chī a!    Well! Quite the gourmet aren’t you!

(.1i&ig»to "be meticulous about)

Hng! Nl dlo shuSde hXotlng!    Hnzph! You make it sound easy! Let's

Nl zud zuo kan.    see you do it!

Ta shuo v8 bū gii zhěme zud,    He says I shouldn’t have done this,

vS d&o xlSng zhld&o ta shi v8 "but I’d like to knov vhat he vould zSzme zud!    have done if he were me!

10.    A: WS faxian nlmende gSngzuo    I find that your vork is proceeding

Jinxlngde "bti cuo zaa! Bu    very veil. I don^Tt suppose you need

xuyao shfJian le ba?    any more time.

B: Nl shuSde dao r6ngyi! Nl    That^?s easy for you to say. You don't

zhīdao vSmen yongle duoshSo knov hov much of our time after yěyu shfjian!    hours ve used!

Notes on No, 10

f&xi&n: "to discover," "to find out”； ”discovery”

WS daole y6ujli cěi faxian    I didn’t discover I had forgotten to

vang dai xin le.    "bring the letters vith me until I

was at the post office•

H?n duo ylxue da faxian dou fa- Many great medical discoveries vere shěng zai gongye geming ylhou. made after the industrial revolution.

The phrase V8 faxian • • • is often used to preface an observation made about & person, or & fact that has Just come to one’s attention:

WS fSxikn nī h?n n^ng chi!    I see you have quite a big appetite!

.linxlng: ⁿto carry on»^{n w}to conduct ₉^{n n}to proceed"

Zhelide tSolūn Jinxfngde "bti cuo, The discussion here Is proceeding veil; věntf kuSi shangllanghSo le.    the problem has almost "been resolved.

yěyfi: ^wspare-time,^w ”after hours,” "amateur” NOTE: ”Spare time” as a noun must be translated as yeyH shfjlan*

YeyH shljian w8 xlhuan kan    I like to read fiction in my spare

xlXoshuǒ.    time.

TS shi yěyli y\Jy£nxuěji5.    He is an amateur linguist.

11.    A: ChXng llngdXo hetozhSo qufin- The leadership of our factory made an

chXng gongren zheige yue    appeal to the vorkers of the vhole

du5 ahengchSn sfbXltū    factory to produce four hundred more

qichS.    cars this month.

B: Bd cuo a! Na zheige yuěde That¹s great! Then this month¹s

chSnllang chabuduo dfagyiS    output is about equal to one and a

shangge yuěde yf*běi ban la! half times last month¹ s!

Notes on No, 11

Haozhao or haozhg.c -eans to Issue an official appeal to engage in some activity:

Zhengft! b&ozhao nianqīng ren    The government calls on young people

n&li xu&cl kexue zhlsbl.    to vork hard to acquire scientific

knovledge.

Yīnggfil hiozbCo dijiS xletng ta We should call on everyone to learn xaixl.    from her.

Chuntian lai le, you haozhao    Spring is here; they¹ re issuing calls

zhong shū le.    to plant trees again.

LlngdXode haozhao zSng shi yi Appeals from the leaders are alvays kǎlsh! h?n duo rěn ting,    folloved "by many people in the

houlfii Jiū měi rěn 2hūyi le.    beginning, then later people stop

paying attention to them.

-bū: This Is an extremely common and useful counter. It is used for cars, buses, machines, movies, and long books.

Zhel shi yfbū JlXng huaxue    This is a movie about chemical

zhknzhengde difinylng.    warfare.

d?ngy(i; "to "be equal to”

ěr Jia er d?ngyti si.    Two plus tvo equals four.

D^pgyfi is more often used In a non-mathematical sense:

Ta zheiyang zu5, d?ngylS bfi nl    By doing this, he is in effect

zudde quin dou gSl le.    changing everything you have done.

(Literally, ”For him to do this is equal to changing all you have done.”）

»bel: "times,^w ”-fold,” as in

sfinbei    three times/threefold

shfběl    ten times/tenfold

yibXitei    one hundred times/hundredfold

Amounts vith -bei can be used in tvo different patterns, and the type of pattern used Influences the meaning* as follovs:

EQUIVALENCE PAOTSUI (A ■ x times y)

expresses equivalence "betveen tvo amounts —uses the verb shi, y8u> or dfagyfl

Examples:    Llii shi erde sanbel.    Six is three times tvo.

Tade shu y5u v5de sfběi. He has four times as many

books as I.

Jlnniande shourū d?ngylS This year*s income is qūniande llSngbei.    twice last year¹ s.

COMPARISON PATTERN (A is x times more than y)

一■expresses comparison "betveen tvo ainouzits _usm bl_f ^compared to,” ^wthan"

一nxsnber 'before -~běi must he translated into English as one more than the Chinese number

EXAMPLES:    Liu "bl ěr du5 liSngtei, Six is three times as

much as tvo.

Tade shū bl v5de duo    He has four times as

sanbei.    many books as I.

JlnniSnde shouru bl    This year¹s income is

quniln duo yi'běi.    tvice last year' s.

As you see, if you use liSngběi， "tvo times,¹¹ in a comparison sentence, the meaning comes out to ⁿthe base amount plus tvo times the base amount. I.e., three tines the "base amount. Likewise, if you use yfběi, ^Mone time_f^w the meaning is ⁿthe base amount plus one time the base amount₉¹¹ or in other vorda, tvice the base amount.

Unit 了， Revlev Dialogue

This convepsation takes place on one of the China Travel Service tour

buses. The bus is on its vay to the Capital Iron and Steel Company in Liaoning

province. Jane Colihan (A)， an American economist, talks vith Lfng Li (B) of

the China Travel Service.

B: K&lahan Nūshi, nln haishi gSnhui- Ms. Colihan, you made it back after lai le!    all!

A: Shljian zai Jin, v5 ye děi gan-    No matter hov pressed I vas for

huilai canguan ShSudū GǎngtiS gong- time, I had to get "back in time to sī a!    visit the Capital Iron and Steel Com

pany!

B: W5 xiang, nlmen zhěici dao Dong- I thought there vere so many places bei canguan, yao qūde difang name you vanted to go on this trip to Man-du5, shlji&n ylcilng hSn Jīnzhang, churia that you vould be very rushed dAgai zhei li&ngtian h&i hulbulii. and vouldn 嘗t be able to get back by Mei xlSngdao, anpaide h£i tu cuō. today or tomorrov. I’m surprised it

vas so veil arranged.

A: Ng, CSngbSi fangmian gSode h5n    Yeah. The people in Manchuria did

h&o, vSmen canguǎnde difang Jiao-    quite a good Job. Every place ve

t5ng dou hěn fangbian. Yanzhe    visited, transportation vas convenient.

g5ngl旮，ylzhan ylzhan can-    Visiting each stop along the railroad

guangudau, zheme duo rende canguan-    and highvay, vith a tour group of that

tuān, shenme ventl d5u měiyou fa-    size, no problems came up, and everyone

sheng, dajia dou hěn mSnyi, zhen    was very pleased. It vas really veil

shi giode bfi cuo.    handled.

B: Nln t&i keqi le.    It^fs so nice of you to say that.

A: Bti shi keqi, zhei shi zhende.    I，m not Just saying it, it^fs the

Dui le, zheicī lilxlng, w5 hfii fa- truth! Oh yes, I found out something xianle yljian hěn y8u yiside shir* very interesting during the trip.

5: Shenme shir a?    What?

A: Pěi vSmen cSnguSnde jrlvěi n3 gong-    A voman on the staff that accompanied

zuo r6nyu£n_f c6ngqi&n zai ylge ren-    us on the trip used to be & coznznune

mln gongshe zud eheyixin₉ hotilāi    member, then became & worker in a fac-

hai zai ylge gongchSng 2UO gongren,    tory, and then started to vork in the

liSngnifiň ylqifin k&ishl zai Luxlng-    (China) Travel Service tvo years ago.

she gongzud, ta zhen shi ylvei hSo    She’s really & great guide. dSoyōu.

B: Ta shi bu shi HeilSngJiang rěn?    Is she a native of Heil6ngjiang?

A: B<i shi, ta b<i shi Heilongjiang    No, she's not & native of Heilfing-

rěn, k?shl ta dui narde qlnglcuang    Jiāng, but she really knovs the place

h&l zhen ahllxl. Lishl, venhua,    veil. History, culture, industry,

gSngye» n6ngyě, shenme ta dou zhi-    agriculture, you name it. She^fs very

dao. Ting ta t&nqilai zhen you    interesting to listen to. yisi.

B: W5 zhīdao ta shi shei le, ta c6ng-    I knov vho she is. She used to "be

qi&n shi qiche zhizaochǎngde gong-    a vorker in an automobile manufacturing

ren, xianzai shi Luxlngshěde xian-    plant， and now she's one of the Travel

Jin gongzudzbe. Ta Jiao Jin XiSo-    Service^fs advanced vorkers, Her name

měi.    is Jīn XiSoměi.

A: Dul le, dui le. N? zhě yi shuo    Right, right. That reminds me, one

v5 dao xiSngqilal le, you yitian    day our "biiB broke dovn, and everyone

vSmen zuode něibxi qiche huaile,    vas very worried. We didn't think ve

dajia dou hen dǎnxīn, vSmen xl&ng    could possibly make it in time for our

vSmen yiding gSnbushang canguan    tour. But that advanced worker worked

le. K^shi něivei xianjin gongzuS-    under the bus for a vhlle vith some

zhe he Jlge ren zai qiche xie^i&nr    other people, and in less than ten

m&ngle ythuīr, bti dao shlfen zhong    minutes the bus vas fixed! ba, che Jiu xiuhao le!

B: Suoyi neitian nlmen hiishi &n    So that day, you still made it to

yfixilXn Jihua, yao qūde dlfang dou    all the places you were supposed to go,

qii le?    according to your tour schedule?

A: Shi a. W5 ySu shihour Jiū xl&ng,    Yes. Sometime8 I think to myself,

zheivei Jin XiSomei zhen shi xiang-    this Jin XiSoměi is really quite a

dSng cSngmingde ren, tā zSmne bti qū    smart person, why doesn^ft she go to

sh&ng dflLxue ne? Shi bu shi Wenhua    college? Did she do something wrong

Da Gemingde shihou ySu shenme shi-    during the Cxiltural Revolution? qing gSocud le?

B: 6, mei shenme shlqing. Xianzai    Oh, no. Now, no matter vhere you

bū guSn zai ix&r gongzud d5u ySu    vork, you have a lot of opportunities

hen duo Jīhui ni&n shū.    to study.

A: 6, shi ma?    Oh, really?

B: Shi a_v bifang shu5, vSmen Jin-    Sure. For example, the iron and

tiǎn yio canguande zheige gǎngtiě    steel company that we're going to

gongsī ba* llngdSo haozhao zhlgong    visit today: the leaders appeal to

zai yeyfi shljian xuexl jishu.    the workers and staff to study technology in their spare time.

A: YSu hen du5 rěn canjia ma?    Are there a lot of people taking

part?

B: YSu. Jlnnifin zai yědaxue xuSn    Yes. The number of staff and vork-

kede zhlgSng dengyū V/enhua Da Gě-    ers taking [lit., ”selecting”] class-

mlng ylqiSnde liang- san'běi.    es at evening universities this year

is equal to tvo or three times the number before the Cultural Revolution.

A: Qlngku&ng h?n hio a! Name Wen-    That¹s good! And vhat about during

hua Da G&ningde shihou ne? Y5u    the Cultural Revolution? Were there

meiyou yed&zuS a?    evening universities then?

B: Něi shihou, zhengger guojia dou    Back then, the vhole country vas

bei gǎode luanqrbazao le, hai ySu    messed up. Evening universities?

shenme yědaxue a!    Hardly!

A: Xianzai iAo le.    Nov it^fs better.

B: Xi&nzai hloduo le, gongsī ySu    Much better. The company has dining

shltang, y5u youěryuan, nianqīng    halls and kindergartens. Not only

gongren bū yong shuo le, jiu shi    young vorkers, even staff and workers

ySu b&izide zhlgong ye ySu tiao-    vith children are able to take (evening)

jian shang daxuě la!    university courses.

A: Zěome， gongsīde zhlgong d5u zhu    What? The staff and workers of the

zāl gongsī sūshell ma?    company all live in company housing?

B: ShSudū Gāngtie Gongsī bl ylge    The Capital Iron and Steel Cosrpany

xlSo cheng h&l da, bilfen zhī qī-    is even bigger than a tovn. More than

bashi yl8hflLngde zhlgong he Jiashu    seventy or eighty percent of the staff

d5u zhū z&i gSngsīde sūshěli,    and workers and their families live in

shang» x±i ban fāngbian, shenghuo    company housing. It makes it more

fāngMan.    convenient to go to vork. and to get

home from vork, and makes daily life more convenient.

A: Nā hSo, na zhen kěyi y5u shljian    That^fs good. Then they really have

nian yidiSnr shū le.    time to study.

B: Su6yl cSngmingde， nSll xuexl de    So the smart young people vho vork

nianqīngrěn yiding ySu banfS nian    hard are assured of the chance to

8hūde.    go to school.

A: Dui. Ng, vS h£i ySu yfge věntl.    Right. Uh, I have another question.

B: Shenme věntl?    What?

A: W5 hSozliLng sal bSoshang haishi    I remember seeing an article, I think

zai nSr kiLnJi«nguo yipian věnzhang,    in the nevspaper or somevhere, that

shuo Ch&ngjlang ffijln, 3, Chang-    said that in the Yangtze River area,

Jiang yln&n y? ySu ylge xiar.dai-    no, to the south of the Yangtze, there

hu&de gangtiS gongsī, bl Shoudu    is another modern iron and steel com-

Gǎngtie Gongsī h£i dl.    pany that^f s even larger than the

Capital Iron and Steel Company*

B: Shi a.    Right.

A: ChfingjiSng ylnan shi 2hor^-：.*aode    The area to the south of the Yangtze

nfingyěqū, c6ng fa^hSn JīngJish&ng    is an importajat agricultural area,

kin, bXoxiang y5u yldlinr tai    from the point of view of economic

heshl.    development it doesn^ft seem to 'be

too appropriate.    •

B: Dul, gongye vurSn dui nongyě fa-    Right• Industrial pollution isn¹1

zhan meiyou hSochu, vSmen zai    good for agricultural development•

xi&ng banf&. ShSudū gangtie gōng-    We're working on it. The Capital Iron

sī ye ySu vūrSnde věntl* nl zhīdao,    and Steel Company also has a pollution

zhong gongye dui shSudǔ lai shu5    problem. Heavy industry isn^ft very

ke bū tai heshi.    appropriate for a capital city, you

knov.

A: Name nlde yisi shi, Beijing bu    Then you mean that Bei Jīng isn't

zhǔnběl zai fazhSn zhong gongye    planning to develop their heavy indus-

le.    try any further?

B: Dul, zhei yidlSn, zhěngfǔde Juě-    Right. On this point, the govern-

ding ahi hSn qīngchude* vSmen del    ment¹s decision Is very clear. We

"bX BSlJīng Jianshecheng ylge y5u    should build Běijīng into a cultural

venhua* shenghu6 f&ngbiem» JingJi    city, convenient to live in, eco-

fadi, yōu fSichfing gǎnjingde    nomically developed—and very clean, chengshi.

A: 成o, vS xiSng v5 xianzai bīji&o    Okay, I think I understand better

qingchu le.    nov.

B: Ei, KSlahan Nushi, v8 2her h£i    Oh, Ms. Colihan, I still have &

ySu li&ngyang shnīguS, vSmen bX ta    couple of fruits here, let¹s polish

xlaomle le *b&!    them off!

A: ^wXiaomie^w le? HSo, hSo. WS dao    ”Polish them off?" Ohhh. That^fs

shi diyīci tlngjian zheige shuof&r.    the first time I^fve ever heard that

expression.

B: Kuai yalo dao le, shuXguS qing    We¹ re almost there• The fruit is

ne, canguande shihou n£zhe ta du6    kind of heavy. It vould be a bother

lei ya, h£ishl xiinzal bX ta chile    to carry it around while ve tour. It

hSo.    vould *be better to eat it nov.

A: BXo₉ ni Jiu xiexie le.    All right, then thank you.

Unit T* Tape 2 Workbook

Exercise 1

This exercise is & review of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker vill say a sentence in English, folloved by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker vill confirm your ansver.

All sentences from the Reference List vill occur only once• You may vant to revlnd the tape and practice this exercise several times.

Exercise 2

Iň this exercise, an American visiting the Běijīng Wristvatch Factory talks vith the responsible person of the workers¹ family living quarters.

The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, you,11 probably vant to revind the tape and ansver the questions belov as you listen a second time.

Here are the new vords and phrases you vill need to understand this conversation:

-dSng    (counter for buildings)

yedaoue    evening universi ty

-men    (counter for school courses)

yaoburin    otherwise

Questions for Exercise 2

Prepare your ansvers to these questions in Chinese so that you vill be able to give then orally in class.

1. What is the factory's family housing like?

2* What problem do the staff, vorkers, and technical personnel vho live in the cities have?

3. What activity may vorkers participate in? Hov many vorkers do this?

After you have answered these questions yourself, you may v&nt to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also vant to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your ansvers.

Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents :、rr the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.

Exercise 3

In this conversation, an American tourist visiting a train engine factory in the north of China stops in at the kitchen of the factory ^fs dining hall and talks vith the chef.

Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second time through> look belov and ansver the questions •

Here are the nev vords and phrases you vill need to understand this conversation:

d& shlfu    chef

chang    to taste

lingvai    other

dongbū    the eastern part of a country

Wūxl    (city in Jiangsu province)

Jiangn&n    the area south of the lower

reaches of the Yangtze River

bū shi ti&nde Jiū shi lade    if it isn’t sveet, then it^fs hot

nSngch&ng    farm

yuch&ng    fishery

Questioas for Exercise 3

Prepare your ansvers to these questions in Chinese so that you vill be able to give them orally in class.

1.    Was the chef expecting a visitor? Hov can you tell?

2.    Where is the chef from? (Give both the city, and vhere it is situated.)

3.    Vhat kinds of food do people from that area like?

U* Where does the chef get his vegetables?

5. What happened to the factory*s food supply during the Cultural Bevolution? What appeal did the factory’s leadership make in 1977* and vhat vas the result?

After you have ansvered these questions yourself, you may vant to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also vant to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the ansvers vhich you have prepared.

Exercise k

In this exercise, you vill hear a conversation between an American student and a young man in B?ijlng.

Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then revind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, ansver the questions.

You vill need the folloving nev vords and phrases:

zbai huar    ".o pick flovers

Huingzhuang    (name of a commune)

zSng shour^    total income

fSlnzheng    anyvay

tuī    to push

waihul    foreign exchange

gaozhong    senior high school

-duS    (counter for flowers)

Questions for Exercise U

1.    Where does the young man live?

2.    How is his production brigade doing? How does he know about these things?

3.    What does his father like to do?

U. What are the young man's plans for the future?

After you have ansvered these questions yourself, you may vant to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation ag&ln to help you pronounce your ansvers correctly.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2

An American visiting the BeiJīng Wristvatch Factory talks vith the

responsible person of the vorkers^f family living quarters.

A: Nlmen chXngde Jiashu sūshe d5u    Your factory's family housing is all

h?n ginjing, yě dou hen xīn ma!    very clean and very nev!

B: WSmen chXngde sushě hai suan tū    Our factory’s housing is pretty good,

cuo, ch&ng līngd&o shu5 hfii yao    The factory's leadership says that a

zai gai JI dong xīn sushě ne!    fev more buildings are going to "be

"built, too.

A: Sushe h£i bu gou ma?    Isn't there enough housing yet?

B: Bū gou, vSmen chang ll chěngli    No. Our factory is very fax from

zhen yuSn, zhū zai chěnglide zhl-    the city. It's really pretty incon-

gong shang xia ban hai zhen shi    venient for the staff and workers vho

y5u di&nr bi fangbian.    live in the city to get to and from

vork,

A: Xl&nz&l hfii ySu hen du5 gongren    Are there still a lot of vorkers

zhū zai chěngli ma?    living in tovn?

B: YSu, hfii ySu bū shSo Jishu rěn-    Yes, and there are also a lot of

yuan y5 zhū zai chěngli, Tětie shi    technical personnel living in tovn.

nelxie bii zai ylge chang gongzuode    Especially for those working couples

shu&zigzhigong_t shang xia ban Jl    vho don^ft work in the same factory,

gSnggong qiche, bl shang ban hfil    wrestling vith the buBes before and

lei, shljian chingle zenme xlng ne?    after vork is even more tiring than

Su3yl vSmen zai mang ye del kuii    vork itself. How can you expect them

yldi&nr du5 gal Jldong zhlgong    to keep that up very long? So no

sushe.    matter hov busy ve are, ve have to

put up a few nev 'buildings for staff and vorkers.

A: Rang tamen dou b&n dao chengv^i    And have them &11 move from the

l£i zhū?    tovn out here?

B: Bxl, taaen k^yl zhxi ?ai stlsheli,    No, they can 9tay in the dormitories

mSige Xlngqlliū hul Jia Jiu xlng    here, but go home every Saturday,

le. Zhěiyaagr, Xīngqīyī dao Xlng-    That way, from Monday to Friday, they

qī\nidm yiyfi shljiin tamen Jiu kěyi    can take courses after work at our

zil vSmb chXngde yědaxue xuSn ke,    factory¹s evening university, vhich

na du6 hSo!    vould be great.

A: Xianzai zai yedaxuě nian shǔde    Are there a lot of workers taking

gongren du5 ma?    classes at the evening university nov?

B: B立 shSo₉ chabuduo you ylban yi-    Quite a few. Roughly over half

shangde qīngnl&n gongren d5u xuXn    of our ycrnng workers take one or tvo

yiměn, liSngmen ke. Ting lSoshl-    courses. According to the teachers,

men shuo, xianzai xueshengde shui-    the students¹ level has practically

ping dou kuai yao gǎnshang Wěnhua    caught up vith the pre-Cultural Rev-

Da Geming ylqiande xuěsheng laj    olution level.

A: K&d vSde shlji&n anp&ide tai    It¹9 too "bad that I have such a

Jin, yaoturin v8 had zhen xiSng    tight schedule, otherwise I'd really

z&i yedaxue tīngting kě ne.    like to sit in on some evening university classes.

B: Nln mei shiJi£n ting ke, qu he    If you don’t have time to sit in on

ye daxuede l&oshl tintan ye bāo    any classes, vhy not go talk vith some

ma.    of the evening university^fs teachers?

A: Ng， keyi ting tSmen Jieshao Jiě- Mm, I could get some information

shao qlngku&ng.    about the university from them.

B: Z5u, women dao bangongshl qu,    Let^fs go to the office and ask the

qXng d&oyou tongzhi xianzai Jiu    guide to accompany us right now. pel nlmen qil yltang.

A: HSo, zSu.    Okay, let’s go.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3

An American tourist (A) visiting a train engine factory in the north of

China stops in at the kitchen of the factory dining hall and talks vith the

chef (B).

A: Pi shlfu, m£ngzhe na?    You must be very busy, chef.

B： B\l m&ng, bū m&ng, Jinlai zuo, v5 No, no, come in and sit dovn. I

gei nlmen chSole liSngge xiSo cai,    made a couple of little stir-fried

qlng nlmen ch&ngchang•    dishes for you. Please try them.

A： WSmen zeLi l^ngv&i yige shlt&ng    We*ve already eaten in another

chīguo fflin le, chide h!&o *bXo.    dining hall. We*re very full.

B: Z&i bSo y? dSi ch&ngchazig, zhei    No matter hov full you are you must

shi t£ngciide, v5 zhīdao n!Cmen xl-    try them. This one is sveet and sour,

huan chi.    I know you people like that.

A: WS Jide v5 xiLi nSr chīguo, dut    工 remember having this somevhere.

le, shi z^l Hu&shengd^bade ylge    Oh yes, it vas in & Chinese restaiirant

Zhonggu6 finguXnrli, xoSici qai v5    in Washington. Whenever I vent there

dou qlng tases zud zheige.    I used to ask them to make this.

B: Xihuan chī Jiu ta dou chile    If you like it, then eat it all!

ba! Nl gange4i shuode neige fan-    Is the restaurant you Just mentioned

guSnr shi Sbacgh&i feLnguSnr ma?    & ShSngh&i - style restaurant?

A: Shi. Hdul£i v5 llk&i d5ngb& Jiu Yes. Later I left the east and

z^i y? mei chīguo ndxoe hSochlde    never had such delicious food again, c在i le.

B: L&i, bS. ta dou xlaomlele, v5n-    Come on, polish it off. Tonight

shang vS zai gSi nlmen zuo biede.    I^fll make you some other things.

A: Xiexie nln, da shlfu. Nln bň    Thank you. Chef, you're not from

shi zherde ren ba?    this area, are you?

B: Bfi ahl» v8 ahl Wňxl rěn.    No, I’m from W1ixl.

A: Zai Chang Jiang yfbSi?    North of the Yangtze River?

B: ǒu_t nl gSocuo le, Chlngjiang    Oh, you've got it vrong, south of

yinan!    the Yangtze!

A: W5 faxlin Jiangnan rěn xīhuan    I notice that people from Jiangnan

tl&nde hě lade.    [the area south of the lover reaches

of the Yangtze〕 like sveet foods and hot foods.

^VB: Zhěi dao shi duide. WSmen Jiang- That¹ s true enough. When ve people n&n rěn zud cai bti shi tiinde jiu from Jiangnan cook, if it isn't sveet shi lade.    then it’s hot.

A: Nlmen shltang meitian yong zhěme You use so much food here in your du5 cai, dou shi c6ng fujin gSngshe dining hall, do you buy it all from mSide ma?    the neighboring cosnsunes?

B: Nili?! Venhua DS Geming ylqifin    Oh, no! Before the Cultural Revo-

vSmen zheige zhizaochSng he biede    lution our factory h&d its own farm,

da chSng ylyang, dou y5u zijlde    vegetable plots, and so on, as other

n6ngch&ng> caidī shenmede. Da    large factories did. Of course, ve

shlt&ngde cai bū yong shu5 le, jiū    grew the food used in the large dining

shi youeryuin hiizimen chide shui-    halls, but ve even grew all the fruits

gu5 shenmede y? d5u shi zijl    and things the children in the kinder-

zhdngde.    gartens ate.

A: Houlii ne?    And then?

B: Hdul&i₉ Venhua Da Geming le,    Then it vas the Cultural Revolution,

n6ngch&zig₉ caidi d5u bei gSode    and the farm and vegetable plots were

luanqlbazao, chide dSngxi zhen    ruined. Food vas in very short supply.

Jlnzhang, yfi a, roude bū yong shuo    Fish and meats vere of course tight,

le, li&n cii dou bū gou chī le.    but there veren^ft even enough vegetables .

A: Xi^nsil hXo le.    Nov it^fs better.

B: YI Jifi ql ql nl&n, chSng llngdSo In 1977, the factory leadership

haothSo qu£nchSng gongren gaohSo    appealed to all the factory's workers

shenghu6₁ n6ngchSng a, yilchSng a,    to improve daily living conditions,

you banqilai le, qlngxing jiu hSo-    We started the farm and the fishery

duo le« Nl kan₉ zenme du5 c盔i,    again₉ and things vere much better.

^#The reason for the phrasing of this sentence is that the food used in the large dining halls (that is, where the workers eat) is of relatively low quality, vhile the fruits and foods for the kindergarten children are of a fancier grade. The chef thus means₉ ^fVe didn’t Just grow lov quality foods, ve even grev fancy things,¹¹

chiTbuduS dou shi zljl shengcbSnde, See all these vegetables, ve produced you pianyl you xlzixlan* duo h&o! almost all of them ourselves. They’re

inexpensive, and fresh, too. What could be better.

A: Shljian trU zSo le, an jihua vSmen It's getting late, and according to h&i del qu canguan yili&ngge difang our schedule ve，re supposed to visit ne!    another couple of places!

B: HXq， hul tour Jian.    All right. See you later.

A: Hul t6ur Jl&n.    See you later.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise k

An American student in China (A) is walking from BeiJīng University into tovn one weekend. (Not many people vould do this, "because it is a tvo-hour valk,) Near the People’s University (Rěnmln Daxuě) on H&ldlan Lū₉ she stoops dovn to pick a flover on the side of the road. A "boy holding a hoe calls out to her.

B: Wei! Bie zhai tie zhai! Zhe    Hey! Don¹t pick thoseI .Don’t pick

hvSr bu neng au^bi&n zhai ya!    those! Those flowers aren^ft for pick

ing!

A: Dulbuql. Zheixie huar dou shi    I^fm sorry. Did you plant these

nlmen zhongde zna?    flovers?

B: Shi, y&nzhe zhěitlio gonglil yizhl Yes. We planted all the flowers dao dongvuyuan, liībianrshangde huar along the side of the highvay &U the d5u shi vSmen zhongde.    vay to the zoo.

A: Nī shi Rěnmln Dixuede gongren?    Are you a vorker from the People¹ s

University?

B: Bii shi, vS sbi Hu&ngzhuang    No, I^fm a cosmrune member from

Daduide sheyu&n.    Hxiljigzhuang Production Brigade.

A: Nl Ji&lide ren d5u z&i Hu£ng-    Is your vhole family in Hu&ngzbuang? zhuang ma?

B: Zai Hu^zigzhuing Jld y8u vS fumu    In Hu&ngzhnang there are only my

gin vS,    parents and myself.

A: Nl ySu xlongdi Jieinel ma?    Do you have brothers and sisters?

B: Y8u, v8 y5u ylge gege zai tieli- Yes, I have an older brother vho

shang gongzuo₉ shi huSche sljī.    vorks on the railroad. He^fs an en-

Y5u ylge gege zai ShSudū Gangtie    gineer. And I have an older "brother

Gongsī gongzuo, tīngsbuS tanen    vho vorks at the Capital Iron and

zhizaode dongxi y5u bu shao hai    Steel Company. I understand that a

chu gu6 ne!    lot of the things they manufacture

go abroad.

A: Nlmen diduide shengchSn Jinxing-    Hov is your brigade*s production

de zSzuneyong a?    going?

B： W8 tin* v8 fiqin shuo, c6ng ch&n-    My father says that from the point

liangBliang kin, vSmen d&diiide qlng-    of view of yield, our brigade is doing

leuang bfi cuS. Jlnniin v3men dadui-    veil. This year the total income of

de zSng shSur^ dengyii Wěnhua Da Gě-    the "brigade is equal to one time the

ming shini&n shourude ylběi!    income over the ten years of the Cultural Revolution!

A: He! Zhei sbi zhende?!    Wov! Is that true?!

B: WS ma ye neoae shu5, Wěnhua Da    My mother says the same thing. I

Geming něi shihou v5 hāi xiao, da-    vas still young during the Cultural

duili fashengde shir, v5 d5u bū    Revolution, and I don’t knov very

zSrune qingchu. W5 Jiū Jide něi    veil vhat vent on in our brigade. I

shihou tiantian kai hui, nl shuo    just remember that during that time

d&renmen mfing ba, hSoxiang ye bū    there vere meetings every day. But

2?nme m&ng, f&n2hěng shi kan tamen    were the grown-ups really busy?一not

zSngshi bū tai gaoxing.    really. In any case, they never

looked very happy.

A: Xi&nzai nl Jiāli rěn dou gaoxing    But now everybody in your family

ba?    is happy, aren^ft they?

B: Gaoxing₉ těbiě shi vo mS, yl dao    Yes. Especially my mother. Every

Xlngqltian Jiu tulsh&ng ylbii xiSo    Sunday she goes to the free market,

che, shazig ziyou shichang le. Ta    pushing a little cart、She often

chang gen vS shuo, haishi zhěihulr-    says to ne that the [government’s]

de zhengce hSo a!    policy is much better nov.

A: Nl ztjl zSnzneyang a? Y5u shenme    What about yourself? Do you have

d&su&n meiyou a?    any pl&ns?

B: Y5u, vS fūqin zhong huarde jishu    Yes, ny father is a real expert

kě gao la! Ta zhdngle ylběizi    at growing flovers ♦ He^f s been grovlng

huar. Ta gen vS shu5 zinmen zhěr    flowers all his life. He told me

shi fengjlngqū, z£nmen bX hu&r    that this is a scenic area, and if ve

zhonghXole, neng gei gu6jia zhuan    planted flovers, ve could bring in a

vaihui ya!    lot of foreign exchange for the state.

A: Nl Jīiml&n shljl le?    Hov old are you this year? [pre-

sumlng him to be a teenager]

B: Shis! le. W8 fiqin hai zhSol&i    Fourteen. My father even got a book

ytb?n shū, shi guanyu zhong huarde,    on flover growing. I left it at home

v5 Jīntian vang zai Jiǎli le, xia-    today, but the next time you pass by

ci nl Jīnggud zhěr vo zai gei ni    here I^fU shov it to you. My father

kan. W5 fňqin shu5 r.a shi kexuě    says that it^f s scientific flover grov-

zhǒng huar, rang vo haohaor xue.    ing and told me to study it hard.

A: Nl xi&ng bu xiSng 3'r.a.ng daxuě?    Do you want to go to college?

B: XiSng shazig! Hounian v5 Jiū gao*    Yes! The year after next I graduate

zhSng tiye le, v8 kSo Nongyě Daxue,    from high school and I^fm going to take

jiii rue ihSng huar.    the exam for Agricultural University.

I^fm going to study flover grovlng.

A: HSo! Zaljl&n!    Great! So long!

B: Zaiji&n! Biě Jl, vo gei ni zhai    So long! Hold on, let me pick

liangduS huax.    you a couple of flowers.

A: Xiěxle ni.    Thanks.

Unit 8， Reference List

1.    A: Zai GuXngzhou Jiaoyihnishang    Do they only do export business at the

Jii zu3 chukSude mSlmai ma?    GuSngzhou Trade Fair?

B: Bň Jiū shi chūkSu, ye y5u hen    Not Just export business. Many people

duo ren zai nar t£n .llnkSu    also do import trade there, maoyi•

2.    A: Zhěi Jlge .1 Ing.1 i těqu yue lai    These special economic zones are

yuě fanrong le.    getting more and more prosperous.

B: Shi a! JinchūkSu maoyi, jia-    Yes! Import-export trade and the

gong gongye yuě gSo yuě du5    processing industry are on the

le,    upsving.

3.    A: Gi^g.1 laohuisheuigde dongxi    Hov are the prices at the GuSngzhou

Jiaqlan zenmeyang?    Trade Fair?

B: Jiaqian dou hii b1i cuo, vSigxiS    The prices are pretty good. It’s very

sh^ngyen hen shSo ySu kon£-    seldom that a foreign businessman

shSu hufqude •    goes home empty-handed.

A: JingJi těqūde Zh5nggu6 gongren    Since the income of Chinese vorkers

sh5ur^ bijiao gāo, na hul "bu    in the special economic zones is

hul chuxiiLn yige xīnde    higher, is it possible a nev

Měii ne?一    class vill appear?

B: Meiyou name y&nzhong! Geji    It^fs not that serious! Every level

zhěngffi hua an zhěngce bande.    of the government vill go according

to policy.

5.    A: Zhonggu6 zhengfQ. shi bu shi    Does the Chinese government restrict

xlanzhi xlaofělplnde jlnkSu?    consumer-good imports?

B: pSjhuyy v8 gSi nln nfi ylfenr    I^f11 bring you some materials in a

—cZUl&o, nln ll k&n    vhile. As soon as you read them

qingchu le.    you^f11 knov the ansver.

6.    A: Zai ylge gongch&ngli, gongzuo •    In a factory only vorkers vith high

xlSolfl gaode gongren cai    efficiency can get a pay raise,

neng tlg&o gSngzI, dul ta?    right?

B: Dul a! DuS lap du5 dě ma!    Right! More pay for more vork, you

knov!

7.    A: LSo Zhang, Jīntian kai shenme    LSo ZhSng, vhat¹s the farewell meeting

huansonghui?    for today?

B: H”霣nsSng Ouzhoude lushl    We’re sending off the European

~dallsi&otuiD*    delegation of lawyers.

8.    A: YSule Zh5ng-Mei hSi^iln tiao^ue    Since the Sino-American sea transport-

yihou, yanhSi yldai jiu geng    ation treaty, the coastal region

rěnao le.    has become even busier.

B: Shi a， kanqllal ylhoude shf-    Yes. It looks as if these large ports

nlin, zhěi Jlge da hǎigSng    vill experience tremendous grovth

hul ySu da gulmode fāzhan.    in the next decade.

9.    A: Nl tlngd&o xiaoxi le meiyou?    Have you heard the uevs? Some very

Jīntian vSnshang ySu hěn    important people are coming tonight, zhongyaode rěn lai.

B: JIntiande vSnhui yiding hěn    Tonight¹s party is sure to be inter垂 y5u yisi, qianvan biě v&n le. esting. You mustnH be late!

10.    A: WS yao canguan Jiaoxuě shěběi,工 v^nt to see the educational equipment.

B: Jiaoxuě sbebei dou .11 zhSng    The educational equipment is. all to-

zai zheige d&tlngli le,    gether in this large hall. You¹re

huanylng canguan.    welcome to see it.

11.    A: Zhong-Měi llSnggu6 věile zai    China and America have made a lot of

gef&ngmi&n Jinxing hezuo    plans to cooperate in various fields. dlnghSole bū shSo Jihuī7

B: Sg. Gang yiin dao Ftijiande    Mm. The equipment vhich vas Just

zheixie shekel Jiu shi    shipped to Fijian is a part of

něixie jīhuade ylbilfen.    those plans.

Unit 8, Vocabulary List

chukSu    to export

chǔxian    to appear

dai"biaotn£n    delegation, mission

dai huīr    in a vhile, later

dating    (large) hall

ding    to draw up (a plan); to agree on;

to conclude (a treaty)

duo lěo du5 dě    more pay for more vork

finr6ng    to be flourishing, to be prosperous ,to "be "booming

FGjian    (a province in south China)

gSngzī    vages

GuXngJiaohixi    GuSngzhou (Canton) Trade Fair

guīm6    scale, scope, dimensions

hSigSng    harbor, seaport

hezaio    to cooperate; cooperation

hixansong    to see off, to send off

hixansonghui    farewell/send-off meeting

or party

-Jl    level, rarik, grade, stage, degree

jiogong    to process, to finish (a product)

Jiaoyihixi    trade fair

Jiaqian    price

JiěJi    (social) class

JinchukSu    import-export

JīngJi těqu    special economic zone (SEZ)

JinkSu    to import

Jlzhong    to concentrate, to centralize

kongshSu    empty-handed

lūshl    lavyer, attorney

mitojri    trade

qianvfta    without fail, "be sure to

shangren    'businessman/'businessvoman; merchant

9hěběi    equipment,.facilities, installation

tifioyue    treaty

vSnhui    evening party; evening of entertainment

xlanzhi    to restrict, to limit; restriction, limitation

xiāofěipln    consumer goods

xi&olQ,    efficiency

xiaoxi    nevs

yanzhong    to be serious, to be grave

yl"_Jiū…    as soon as

yun    to transport, to ship

REFEEENCE NOTES

1. A: Zai GuSngzhou Jlaoyihuishang Do they only do export business at the Jiū zud chǔkSude mKimai ma? GuSngzhSu Trade Fair?

B: Bil Jiū shi chūkSu, y? ySu hSn Not Just export business. Many people duo ren zai nar t£n .1 inkSu    also do import trade there,

mftoyi.

Notes on No. 1

.li&oythui: ⁿtrade fair” Jiaoyi means ’’business, trade, transaction, and hui Is the same vord you knov from kai hui, ’’to have a meeting.^w The full name of the GuSngzh5u Trade Fair is ZhSngguo ChukSu Shangpln JiSoyihui. the Chinese Export Commodities Fair (CECF). Since the first CECF in 95īT every spring and autumn GuSngzhSu is inundated vith businessmen and people of all v&lks of life connected vith trade~more than 25,000 at each Fair. Chinese agricultural and industrial products are displayed in the Fairground 'buildings and open areas, located on HSizhū GuSngchSng (Haizhu Square) 'betveen the railroad station and the D6ngf&ng BīziguSn (Dongf&ng Hotel). The Pair is held from April 15 to May 15 and from October 15 to November 15.

As the name Implies, the CECF^fs main purpose is to assist China¹ a state trading corporations in exporting goods, "but some large import contracts are signed there each year as veil.

ChukSu, ^wto exportⁿ and JlnkSu, "to import'

RtbSn meini£n chǔkSu hSn du5    Japan exports a lot of cars every

qiche.    year.

WS zhen "bū dSng veishemne ZhSng- I really don’t understand vhy the gu6 chūkSude dSngxi zSng shi    things China exports are alvays

tl gu6net m&lde hEo.    "better than those it sells domes隹

tically.

maoyi: ”trade,” as In gu6nel maoyi, ^wdomestic trade”； maoyi zhSngxīn.

”trade center”； maoyi fSng, trade vlnd.ⁿ

ZhfelUlngge gu6jla zui Jin jlni&n It is only in the past fev years c&l kSlahZ jtnxlng mioyi.    that these tvo countries have

started have trade (vith each other).

Tin Is used in the sense of ^negotiate¹¹ in such phrase丨 as tin m&oyi, ’’do trade Cnegotiating) tan shengyt, ⁿdo "business ,^tf etc.

2. A: Zhei Jlge .|Ing.1i teqǔ yue l&i These special economic regions are yuě f^rireng le,    getting more and more prosperous.

B: Shi a! JtnchukSu maoyi, Jia- Yes! Import-export trade and the g5ng gongye yue gSo 3rue duo processing industry are on the • le.    upswing.

Notes on No, 2

.1 Ing.11 těqū; Literally, "economic special-district，,’ translated as ^f,spe-cial economic zones,and abbreviated as SEZ. SEZs are designated areas similar to the export processing zones (EPZs) vhich have been extremely successful in places such as Taivan. China established SEZs to bring in the foreign capital needed to create Jobs and modernize the national economy. In these zones, foreign investors¹ assets, profits, and other rights and interests are legally protected, and their operations enjoy tax and duty exemptions •

Proposed investment projects are examined and approved by the Provincial Administration of the SEZ, which also draws up its own development plans and organizes their implementation. The SEZs compete vith each other for foreign investment Ab of 1981, GuSngdong province bad three SEZs—Shenzhen, Zh5h&l (near M&cao), and Shant6u—and other SEZs had been established in Ffijian province and 成infin Island. A vide variety of enterprises have already been set up.

f&nr6ngt ^wto "be flourishing/prosperous/boomingⁿ

Rfb?nde shSngye hSn finr6ng.    Japan’s commerce is flourishing.

Shlni&n ylhSu, zheige dtfang hui Ten years from nov, this place vill tianāe geng f&nr6ng le.    become even more prosperous.

C6ng zheige zh8nl&nhulshangde    From the things in this exhibition,

dSngxi₉ ni keyi k&ndao fĀn-    you can see the flourishing

r6ngde MSigu6 venhull.    American culture.

FSnrong can also mean ^wto make something prosper¹¹:

Ban JiSoyJhutde mQdl Jiū shi yao The purpose of holding trade fairs f£nr6ng JingJi.    is to promote economic prosperity.

.jlagSng: (1) "to finish" a product, i.e., to vork on a half-finished or finished article to make it more perfect or finer; (2) ^,fto process" a rav material into a finished product.

3. a：    1 iSohutahangde dSngxi    Hov are the prices at the GuXngzhou

JlSqian zfameyang?    Trade Fair?

B: Jiaqian dou hfii tfi cuo, vaigu6 The prices are pretty good. . It^fs very ^hlnprren h?n shSo ySu k5ng» seldom that a foreign "businessman ahSuhufqude.    goes home empty-handed.

Notes op No* 3

Gu&ngji&ohul: This is an abbreviation of GuSngzhSu Jiaoyihui.

.Ilaqian: ⁿpriceⁿ

Zheige plngguS shenme Jiaqian? Hov much are these apples?

TSznende dSngxi hSn hSo, Jiaqian Their things are very good, and the y? "bū cuo.    prices are pretty good, too.

JlSng jiaqian means "to bargain, to haggle”：

ZclI Zhongguode shangdlanll* "bū You cannot taxgB.in in stores In China, kSyl JiXng Jiaqian, danshi    "but you can in the free markets.

zai ziyfiu shichSngshang keyi.

k5ngsh8u: "empty-handed" K5ne» means "to "be empty," as In

Zheige xlSngzi shi kongde.    This case is empty.

KSngshSu Is used adverbially:

W8 "bū hSo yisi kSngshSu dao    I vould "be embarrassed to go to

tS JiS qu.    his house enpty-handed.

k. A: JingJi tequde Zhonggu6 gSngren    Since the income of Chinese vorkers 8h6urd 'bXjiao gao, net hui "bu In the special economic regions is hui chu3dSn yfge xīnde higher, is it possible a nev i jgjīTneT~ class vill appear?

B: Meiyou name yin zhong! GěJlC It’s not that serious! Every level

shdngftl hux an zhengce "binde. of the government vill go according

to policy.

Notes on No» k

chuxlan: ^rtto appear" As vith fasheng, "to happen,” which you learned in the previous unit, chuxian is often folloved in the sentence by the thing that appears, vhereas in English the thing usually precedes ⁿappear^w (^ill a nev class appear?^w).

Zheige ventl a^l gazig chuxlande    When this problem first    appeared,

shfhou_f nilyou rin fSxlan,    no one discovered it.    Nov that

xianzai yljīng tai    ve^fve found out about    it, it*a too

vXn le.    late.

Taiyang chuxlan zai d5ngfSngde When the sun appears in the east, shfhou, Jiū sbi xīnde yitian    it means that a new day is

kalshl le.    beginning. CteLiyang, "sun”]

Zheige shihou, qlinml&n chūxlac At this moment, a large river yiti£o dl h爸,sbl v8 měi    appeared up ahead, something I

xl&ngdaode.    had not expected.

JieJl: "(social) class” In the PRC, this vord enters into many special phrases such as    ,1iaoyu, ¹¹ class education” (which consists of recounting

the difficult past to schoolchildren and younger vorkers).

Shijieshcuxg meiyou ylge meiyou There is no society in the world JiSjide shěhuǐ*    which is vithout classes•

y£nzhong: ^wto be serious, to be grave

Zheige qingkuang xlāzigdang    This situation Is quite serious,

y&nshong.

Zh5nggu6 ySu yinshdngde rěnkSu China has a serious population ventl.    problem.

Zheige věntf b<S shi yfinzhong dao This problem is not so serious that yiding yao qīng līngdSo l&l    ve have to ask our leader to

Jueding.    decide it.

Nl h£l m^l kacchu shelge ventlde You still haven’t discerned the y&nzhdngxing*    seriousness of this problem.

-,1i: "level，rank，stage, grade, degree"

Zhei yijl lXngd&o h£l bti neng This level leader cannot decide Juedtng zSsme ban_f nl d?i    vhat to do. You must go to an

zhSo shfagji lXngdSo•    upper-level leader.

Ganbu yfgdng y8u drshlllū Jf,    Altogether, there are twenty-six

Bhiii ylshjtngde k&n    grades of cadres. Those above

yizbSng pfitSng rin kanbudaode    grade ten may read a nevspaper

baozhl.    that ordinary people cannot read«

(The CanlcSo Zlllao^ "Reference Materials” 厂 ~

NX zhe xle zhen gaojl!    These shoes of yours ore really

classy!

5. A: Zh5nggu6 zhengfQ shi bu shi Does the Chinese government restrict xiapzhl xlaofelplnde jinkSu? consumer-good imports?

B: DRlhuIr v5 gSl nfn n£ yffěnr I^f11 bring you some materials in a ~ciilīao, nfn yi kui Jiū    vhile. As soon as you read them

qingchu le.    you¹11 knov the ansver.

Notes on No. 5

xlanzhi: "to restrict, to limit" or ’’restriction, limitation”

W8 airen xlanzhi v5 m?ige yuě    My spouse limits me to smoking

chou qlkuai qi£nde yǎn.    seven dollars¹ worth of cigarettes

a month.

Welle xlanzhi renmlnde ziy6u,    The government has set up a lot of.

zhěngftt dingle bū shSo gulju,    rules to restrict the people¹s

freedom.

Z&i gSosū gonglūshamgy bS qiche- It is rather appropriate to limit de sūdu xlanzhi zai wttshivǔ-    the speed of cars on the express-

yīngll ylxla shi blJiSo heshide. vay to fifty-five miles an hour.

YSu bū shSo xlanzhi zhen rang    There are many restrictions that

rěn gXobudSng věishěnme yao    leave one at a loss as to vhy

zheme zuo.    one has to do it that vay,

Yīnvei shfJiande xlanzhi, v8    Because of time restrictions, I vas

měi neng zuodao w3 kěyi zuode    not able to do as veil as I could

name hSo.    have.

Xlanzhi is often used in the phrase shou xlanzhi, "to be restricted" (liter-ally, ⁿto receive restriction”）：

Zai něige gu6jia, vaiguo rěn    In that country, foreigners are

luxlng shoudao hSn da xlanzhi. very restricted vhen they travel.

xl&ofěl: ⁿto consume"

Zheige gSngchXzig yiti£n xlaofěi How much coal does this factory duSshKo mSlttn?    consume a day?

YrqiSn BSiJīng Jiu shi yfge    Běijīng used to be Just a consumer

xlSofěi chengshi, shenme y?    city; it didn't produce a thing,

tū shengchSn.

XiSofěizhS is a ⁿconsumer.^M

dlihutr: A B?ijlng expression equivalent to d?ng ylhulr in the sense of "in (after) a vhile^v：

Diihulr vS song ni huiqu.    In a little vhile, I^f 11 take you

back.

VS xianzai xian qū y5u di&nr    Let me first go and take care of

sht, dilhulr Jiū l£l.    something I have to do; I^fll be

back In a minute.

yj. • • •: "as soon as..." You already knov that jiu means "then” in the sense of immediately thereafter, e.g.,

TS shuov£n Jiū zSu le.    He left right after he finished

speaking.

When using the adverb ^ī, ,,as soon as,” is often used in the follovlng clause.

Ta yi dao, vSmen Jii keyi zSu le. We can leave as soon as he gets

here.

Ti&n yi. liāngt ta Jiii qilai kai- As soon as it gets ligbt out, he shi gSngzud.    gets up and starts to vork.

W8 yi k&n Jiū mlng'b&i le.    I understood as soon as I looked

at it (OR read it).

TS yi ting zhěiJiJ hua Jiū Jf le. He got anxious (upset) u soon u

he heard this sentence.

WS yi faxian hxizhao dlu le, inS- As soon &s I discovered that I had shang Jiū dao līngshigu&i qū    lost my passport, I Immediately

le.    vent to the consulate.

Tfi zSzmie yi qū Jiū shi běntian? What^fs taking him so long?

Sometimes yf, • “1iū_ • • is used in the sense of ⁿevery    or ”vheaeverⁿ

(i.e,, once certain conditions come about, something is sure to happen):

W8 dui zherde Id hii bū sWi, yt I^fm still not very familiar vith the b<i zhiljrl Jiū hui z5ucuo.    roads here. I go the vrong vay

whenever I'm not paying attention.

pfngchfing ta hSn m£ng, k?shi yl Usually he Is very busy, but vhen dao XlngqltiSn* tS Jiū yao kai Sunday comes he alvays goes out in chS chūqu v&ir.    his car to have fun.

W8 yi h§ Jitt jiū tfiu yūn.    I get dizzy whenever I drink.

TS milci ji jrBu věntf Jiū xiSng- He thinks of me whenever he has a dio wB, mei věntfde shfhou    problem, but never remembers me

congl£l bfi Jizhe w8.    vhen he doesn^ft have any problems.

Yī is sometimes used vithout Jiū in a follovlng clause, as in

W8 gSng yi ting hSoxlSng bu dui, When I first heard it, it didn*t sound hěulfii yt xiSng, dul le.    right, "but then after I thought about

it, CI realized] it vas right.

6.    A: Zai ylge gSngchSngli₉ g6ngzuo In a factory only vorkers vith high

xiitolň gSode gSngren cfii    efficiency can get a pay raise,

nSgtigao gSngzī, dui "ba?    right?

B: Dui a! Dug lio du5 de ma!    Right! More pay for more vork, you

knov!-

Notes on No* 6

xiaol^: Efficiency”

TSde xuexl xiaolū h5n gǎo， yi-    He is very efficient in his studies.

tiazi neng kan "bū shSo shu, h£i    He can read a lot in one day and

neng jizhu bu shSo.    can remember a great deal too.

Welle tfg£o shfjian xlāolū, vSmen We must pool our forces in order to bixJi j£zhong liliang.    increase our efficiency. (Shl.liSn

xiěold Just means efficiency vithin a certain period of time.)

ctl: You have seen c&l meaning ”only vhen, not until" (Ta mlngtian c&l dao, "He i8n^ft coming until tomorrow”）and meaning "only in that case, not unless" (Zheiyang Zh5nggu6 vgphua c&i neng bSochixlSqii, "Only in this vay can Chinese culture be preserved^). In sentence ēĀ, the necessary condition Is g5ngzu5 xi&olū gSo, Since c&L is an •aidvert, it must alvays precede the verb {here, neng). Pereas in English, ⁿonlyⁿ precedes vhatever it refers to (here, the Doun phrase ”vorkers vith high efficiency").

7.    A: LXo Zhang, jīntiān k5i ahěnrae LSo Zhang, vhat⁹s the farewell meeting

hu&naonghui?    for today?

B: Huansong Ouzhoude l^shl    We're sending off the European

~d&ī/blaotti£n,    delegation of lawyers.

Hotes on Ho. 7

huSnaōng; Literally, "Joyously send off,” this is a formal vord for "to give someone a send-off.^ff The ordinary word is Just s8ng>

dalbllo; ”to represent, to stand for” or a "representative, delegate”

VSmen bi neng d5u qū. Nl    We can^ft all go. Why don't you

dSllDiSo, hSo bu h5o?    stand in, okay?

Nl diltiSo shei?    Whom do you represent?

TS dilbilo ta g5ngsr qū canjia He vent to the trade fair representing nelge JiSoyihut.    his company *

As a prepositional verb, daibiSo can be translated as "on behalf of" or ^f,in the name ofⁿ:

VS daibiSo Lfixfngshede t6ngzhi I thank you on tehalf of the comrades xiěxle ni.    at the China Travel Service•

8,    A: YSule Zh8ng-M?i h&iyrlD ti£oyue Since the Sino-American sea transport-

ylh8u, yfinhSi yiāki Jiū geng ation treaty, the coastal region renao le.    has become even busier.

B: Shi &, kanqilai ylhoude shf- Yes. It looks as if these large ports ni£n, zhel Jlge da hSlgSng vill experience tremendous grovth hui ySu dk gulm6de fazh&n7    in the next decade.

Notes on Ho* 8

hKiyun ti&oyue: ^wse& transportation treaty" The vord tiioyue, ”treaty,"

”pact，" Is used loosely here, for it vas technically an ¹¹ agreement^ff (xled^ng) vhich vas signed betveen the U.S. and China on Septem'ber 17. 1980. The maritime transport agreement stipulates that the U.S. open all its porta to China and China open specified porta to the U.S. (some Chinese ports do not have atifficient facilities). One third of the commercial shipping is to be handled by Chinese or American vessels.

gulm6: "acope, scaleⁿ

Zheige gSngchXngde gulmo bū xiSo，    The scope of this factory is quite

Jiū ahl jiahu liliang tai ru6    large, it’s Just that its technical

le.    capability is too veak.

Zh5nggu6 d& guImSde gal gSngjrCl It is only in the past fev years that dil6u, zheljlnl£n h£lshi diyīci. China has started to build high-rise

apartment buildings on a large scale.

9.    A: Nl tīngdao xlSoxl le meiyou? Have you heard the nevs? Some very

JīntiSn vSnshang ySu h?n    important people are coming tonight •

zhdngyatode rěn l£l.

B: JIntlSnde vXnhut yiāing h?n Tonight^fa party is sure to be inter-y8u ytai, ql&nvan Me vSn le. esting. You mustn’t be late!

Notes on No* 9

xlSoxl: "nevs¹¹ This has a fev meanings: (1) ⁿnews^,f betveen people--"tidings¹¹; (2) "nevs" reported in a nevspaper₉ nevs periodical, or newscast (this meaning is shared in conmcr. vith xlnven); (3) ⁿinformation¹¹ in the sense of "intelligence*" "nevs" about someone or something (e.g., ”Is this information reliable?¹¹).

Y8u shenme xiaoxi?    What information is there?

V8 gaosu nl ge hSo xiaoxi!    Let me give you some good nevs!

H?n ch&ng shfJian meiyou tade    We haven¹1 heard from him

xlSoxl le.    (OR about him) for a long time,

qiSpvan; ”under any circumstances; *by no means; *be sure”

Qianvan yao xiSoxīn, tian hei le,    Be sure to *be careful. It^fs dark out,

lu *bu hSo z5u.    so it^fs difficult to travel•

Nl daole ylhSu qianvan lfii ge    When you arrive, *be sure to call. dianhua.

Qianvan *b1i yao vangji bS něi*b?n    Make sure you don*t forget to bring

shū dailai, v8 mlngtian yao    that book; I need it for tomorrow, yong.

Zhěijian shi, qianvan *bū neng    He must absolutely not find out

rang ta zhīdao.    about this •

10. A: W5 yao canguan Jiaoxuě sheběi*    I vant to see the educational eq.uipment.

B: Jlāoxuě shěběi dou zh5ng    The educational eq.uipment is all to-

zal zheige datlngli le,    gether In this large h&ll. You¹ re

huanylng canguan,    welcome to see it.

Notes on No. 10

shěběi : ⁿequipment; facilities; installation¹¹

YSude chSng suīrfin sh^bel h?n    In some factories, although the

hSo, danshi shengchSn h£ishl    equipment is very good, production

globuhSo.    is still poor.

C6ng Děgu6 jinkSude shelxle she-    Most of this equipment imported from

bei ā&byiten shi ylxuě ffing-    Germany is for use in medicine, ml&nde.

Zheige gSngyilde shěběi bl zhě    The facilities in this apartment

ftljtnde bi^de gongyi d5u hlo.    building are better than those of

any other in the area.

.11 zhSng: "to concentrate; to centralize; to put together"

BX liliang Jfzhong zāl xue Zhong-    It von^ft do to concentrate all your

věnahang shi bu xfngde, yīnvei    effort on studying Chinese, because hii y5u xttduS biěde shi yao zuo. you have many other things to do.

Zhelplan venzhang JfzhSngle Jlge    This article assembles the opinions

rende kanfS, suoyi kanqilai    of several people, so it is very

hSn y8u yisi.    interesting to read.

Zil rěnk3u jl2hongde da chengshi It is very interesting to live in zhii h2n y8u yisi.    a big city vith a concentrated

population.

WXnhutflhang xuy&ode dSngxi d5u The things that will be needed at⁴ yao zhSng f&nghSode.    the evening party should all be

put together in one place.

Zheixie dongxi fang zai zheli    Wouldn’t it 'be better to put those

JI zhong xie "bū hSo ma?    things here, all together in one

place?

11. A: Zh5ng-M?i llSnggu5 věile zai China and America have made a lot of

gefangmian jtnxlng hězuo    plans to cooperate in vaxioua fields.

dingh&ole bfi shSo jthuaT

B: Ňg. GSng y\in d&o Ftijifinde Mm. The equipment vhich vas Juat zheixie shěběi jiii shi    shipped to Flijian Is a part of

nelxie jihuade yfbilfen,    those plans.

Notes on No. 11

ZhSng-Mgl liSnggix6: ^wChina and America, the tvo countriesⁿ This is &

formal vay of saying Zh5nggu6 he Mgigu6.

hezuo: ^wtogether-do,^w I.e., ⁿto cooperate^

VSmen d?i h^zuo zhěijian shi cfii We must vork together on this if ve něng 'bande hSo.    are to do it veil.

TS "bii yao gen vB h^zud.    He doesn't vant to cooperate vith me.

Xlanzāi Zhonggu6 vaiguo shang* China is having more and more coopera-rende hězuS yuě l&i yuě duo le. tion vith foreign merchants.

He- can also be used before other one-syllable verbs₉ for example,

ZhelbSn shū shi vSmen h^xlSde. We wrote this book together.

ding; "to a^ree on; to drav up (& plan); to conclude (a treaty)ⁿ

Z&zunen ding ge xaixi jthua ba! Let's put together a study plan! Zheiyang zl&qu_t shenme y? xue- We von^ft learn & thing if ve keep buddo.    on like this.

Y^bXlduǒnlin qifin, Qlngch£o    More than a century ago, the Qlng zhengffi hi vilgu6 dingle bū Dynasty government concluded many shSo dui Zb5nggu6 hSn tū hSode treaties vith foreign countries that tlfioyuS. vere very bad for China.

yun： ⁿto carry, to transport"

Ta qii Zhonggnfide shfhou "bS tade    When he vent to China, he shipped his

qich? y? yunqu le.    car over too•

Zheixie dongxi feichang zhong,    These things are extremely heavy, and

yiinqilai "bu fangbian.    are difficult to transport.

Zhěme duo dongxi, haiyūn "bl    Vith -so many things，it vould be

kǒngyūn pi^nyide duo.    much cheaper to ship them "by sea

than "by air.

Unit 8, Reviev Dialogue

Near the Gu&ngzhou Export Commodities Trade Fair, Miss Sarah Pearson (A)，

an American lawyer, spots Chen Gu6qiang (B), of the China Travel Service.

Chen is carrying a shopping "bag.

A: Ěi, XiSo Chen, mǎi dongxi qu    Hey, Xiao Chen, have you been out

la?    shopping?

B: Slii a, lai GxmngzhSu, bu neng    Yes. Vhen one comes to GuangzhSu,

kongshSu hulqu, vo gěi vo airen    one can’t go back empty-handed. I

maile    chěnshān.    "bought a shirt for my wife.

A: He! H&o gǎojlde chěnshǎn! Jia- Well! Vhat a classy shirt! The

qian ye bū cuo. Dai huǐr wS yě qū    price is also pretty good. Later,

mai liangjian. Zhěizhong chěnshān    I’ll go buy a couple, too. Is this

shi GuSngzhou shingchSnde ma?    kind of shirt produced in GuSngzhSu?

B: Bū shi, shi SūzhSu shengchande.    No, it^rs produced in SūzhSu,

A: WSmen zai SuzhSude shihou měi    We didn’t see any vhen ve were in

Jianguo! Kanqilai Zh5ngguode hao    Sūzhōu! Apparently, all of China^rs

dongxi dou Jlzh5ng dao Guangzhou    good things come together in GuSng-

lai le!    zhōu!

B: GuSngJiaohuishangde Jlqi ya，    The machines and consumer items at

xiāofěipln la, dou shi cong qu^n-    the Guangzhou Trade Fair are shipped

gu6 y^nliide, zh&nlSn yihou Jiū    here from all over the country, and

zai Gu&ngzh5u mai, su6yi zhěr    after being exhibited, are sold right

shǎngdl&zili maide dSngxi you duo    here in Gmngzhōu, so the stores here

you hSo.    sell a lot of different items, and of

good quality.

A: XiSo Chen, wS xi&ng gen ni dS-    XiSo Chen, I wanted to find out

ting ylxiār ne, GuSngzhou fǔjinde    from you how the processing industry

Jiǎgong gSngye xianzai fazhSnde    in the vicinity of GuǎngzhSu is devel-

zěnmeyang le?    oping?

B: Jin niin lfii, fazhSnde bu man.    In recent years, it has been devel-

Zhuyao shi zheixie gSngchSng ySu oping rather quickly. The main thing vaigu6 gongaī canjia, su6yl tamen- is that there are some foreign com-de shengchSn hěn y5u tedlSn.    panics participating in these factor

ies ,so their production is very distinctive.

A: W5 Jīntian zai baozh^shang kan-    I saw a story in the paper today

dao ylge xiaoxi, shu5 zai Jlge    that said that "special economic

difang chěnglile "JīngJi těqǔ•”    zones” have been established in

several places•

B: Shi. Zai GuǎngdSng, Fujian,    Yes. There are already special

ShanghSi ₉ dou yJ J Ing ySu zheiyang- zones like this in Guangdong, FlijiSn, de těqǔ. Ylhou dagai hii hui    and Shanghai. In the future， there

geng duo.    vill probably be even more of them.

A: YSu meiyou tebiede f&lu guSn    Are there special lavs governing

zheixie dlqūde JīngJi qingkuang?    the situations in these special

economic zones?

B: YSu. WSmen ySu Zhongvende, ye    Yes. We have the Chinese and the

ySu Yīngvěnde, nī xuyao ma?    English (versions). Do you need it?

A: Xuyao a!    Yes!

B: 0, dui le, nl sbi lushl a!    Oh, right: you’re a lavyer! Of

DangrCn xvyio le. WS mSshang jiu    course you need it. I^fll go get it

qū zh&o. Nl y&o ZhSngvěnde haishi    right avay. Do you vant the Chinese

Yingvěnde?    or the English?

A: W5 d5u yilo.    Both.

B: H&Ot Luxlzigshe, fandianli dou    Okay. The Travel Service and the

ySu₉ deng ylxiar hufqu vS gei ni    hotel both have it. Later, vhen ve

Ō! Dui le, kěněng Jiāoyihul-    go back, I¹11 get it for you. Oh,

li ye ySu₉ v5 qu gei ni věnven.    right--maybe they also have it at the

trade fair. I¹11 go &sk them for you.

A: HSo ba! WSmea yiql qu, yibian    All right! Let^fs go together, and

z5u ytbian liioliao.    chat on the vay.

B: d^gāl tlngshuō le，    Okay!.. .YouWe probably heard that

xlanzāi iinchuk5ude xi&nzbi bī-    nov there are fewer restrictions on

JiSo shSo le, v5men you he x&duo    imports and exports, and ve have also

gu6jla dingle mlbyi tiaoyue, kai-    concluded trade treaties vith many

shi g&o JīngJi hezud. Suoyi zui-    countries, and are starting to engage

Jin zheixie niande Jiaoyihxil tě-    in economic cooperation. So the trade

biě rěnao.    fair has been particularly lively the

past fev years.

A: Zhěi yidlSn v5 ye zb^yid^o le,    I^fve noticed that myself. Nov, as

xi&nzii yt zSuJin Jiaoyihxil dl-    soon as you valk into the hall of the

ting, ySnJing Jiu bii gōu yong le,    trade fair, your eyes can^ft take every-

zhen shi yuě b在n yuě hSo le, w8    thing in. It^fs really getting better

hii tlngshuo xiinzii biede dlfang    and tetter. And 工 hear that nov there

ye y5u xllo guīm6de JiSoyithui le,    are small-scale trade fairs in other

hSn duo viiguo dilbiSotuan qu    places, vhich a lot of foreign dele-

cSnJii, shi ma?    gations attend. Is that so?

B: Sbl* TSbii shi ySule ZhongMel    Yes. Especially since the Sino-

hSiy^n ti&oyue ylhou, Jlge dit hSi-    American sea transportation treaty,

gSng geng f&orong le. Zai zheixie    the larger ports have become even more

hSiging, hii y5u B?ijlng, xianzai    prosperous. In these ports and in

dou ySu xlSo guīmSde Jiāoylhul,    BSiJIng, there are nov small-scale

ySu xuduo v&iguo shangren zai n&r    trade fairs vhere many foreign mer-

zuo mXlmai.    chants do 'business.

A: Dui, dul, dul. Wo tīngshuo le.    Oh, yes. I’ve heard that. So I

Suoyi v5 xiSng ylhou yānhSi yldai    think the coastal region vill develop

hui y5u hen dade fazhǎn.    greatly in the future.

B: V5 ye zenme xiSng.    I think so, too.

A: W5 hai y5u ylge věntl, zai Jīng-    工 have another question: Do the.

Ji těqūli gongzudde gongren, gong-    vorkers in special economic zones

zl shi sbi gao yidi&nr ne?    have higher vages?

B: W5 xiSng gao yidiSnr.    I believe so.

A: Na tū shi hui chūxian yige xīnde    Then might not a new class arise? JieJi ma?

B: Měi name yanzhong!    It¹s not that serious!

A: Weishenme?    Why?

B: Yuande lfii shu5, y5u vaiguo    Generally speaking, in factories

gongsī cǎnjiade g5ngch&ng, suīran    that have the participation of foreign

gongzī gao yidiSnr, keshi gongzuo    companies, although the vages are

xlaolu ye bīji&o gao a. ^,?Du6 lěo    higher, the efficiency is also higher.

du5 de^,f shi shehuizhSyide JingJi    "More pay for more work” is the eco-

zhengce ma!    nomic policy of socialism， you see!

A: "Duo ito du5 dě”！ ZHeige zheng-    ^lfMore pay for more vorkⁿ!' That*8

ce "bfi cud.    & good policy.

B: 0, dui le, nī bie wangle, Jīn-    Oh, right一don't forget that ve have

tian vSnsheuag v5men zai fandianli    a party in the restaurant tonight. y5u ylge vSnhui.

A: W&nhui? Duibuqī，w5 "bl Jlde le.    Party? Excuse me, but 工 dor^t

rememter.

B: Zuotian gei nl songqude qīng-    The invitation was sent over to you

tie. Nl v&ng le?    yesterday. Have you forgotten?

A: 0, dul le, shi huansSnghui!    Oh, yes: it¹s a farewell party!

B: Shi, shi Zhonggu6 Luxlngshe    Yes. It’s being given by the China

bande. Shi huans5ng» y? shi hu&n-    Travel Service. It¹s to send you off,

ylng.    but also to welcome you.

A: Huanylng?    Welcome?

B: Huanylng nlmen z&l l&i ya!    To welcome you to come again!

A: Cangrin, vSmen yiālng hul zai    Of-course. We’ll "be sure to come

l&i.    again.

B: Nī qianvin "biě wangle. W&nshang    You mustn’t forget. Seven-thirty

qīdlSn 'b&n!    in the evening!

A: HSo，v8 yiding l&i!    ^rkay, I’ll "be sure to come!

Unit 8_t Tape 2 Workbook

Exercise 1

This exercise is a reriev of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker vill say a sentence in English, folloved by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker vill confirm your ansver.

All sentences from the Reference List vill occur only once. You may vant to revind the tape and practice this exercise several times.

Exercise 2

In this exercise， an American reporter talks vith the director of the Gu&ngzhou Trade Fair at a press conference.

The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, you¹11 probably vant to revind the tape and ansver the questions belov as you listen a second time.

Here are the nev vords and phrases you vill need to understand this conversation:

-Jiě    session

vaishang    foreign businessman

yaoqiC.    request, demand

Jianyi    suggestion, proposal

plngsi    bottle

reng    to throw avay

baozhuang    packaging

Questiona for Exercise 2

Prepare your ansvers to these questions in Chinese so that you vill be able to gire them orally in class.

1.    What is the American reporter¹ s suggestion? What tvo reasons does he give?

2.    Have the Chinese been able to follow this suggestion? Why?

3.    Hov does the reporter suggest the Chinese might raise their bottling efficiency?

After you hare acsvered these questions yourself, you may vant to take a look at the tranalatioa for this conversation. You may also vant to listen to the dialogue ag&ln to help you practice saying your answers•

Note: The translations used In these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.

Exercise 3

In this conversation, an American reporter talks to a leading cadre from an industrial commercial organization.

Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second time through, look belov and answer the questions.

Here are the nev vords and phrases you vill need to understand this conversation:

zic6ng    ever since

cuowu    to be mistaken, to be vrong

zhījlan    betveen

vaishang    foreign "businessman

fangxiang    direction

changqī    long term

Questions for Exercise 3

Prepare your ansvers to these questions In Chinese so that you vill be able to give them orally in class.

1.    What Interesting things does the American say have come about in special economic zones like Ffizhou? How does he think the situation might develop?

2.    What doea the Chinese say vas one mistake of the Cultural Rev-olutlonT

3， What does he say is the relationship betveen socialism and the policy of "more pay for more work"?

U. What does he ask the American to tell his friends about China¹s dlrectionT

After you have ansvered these questions yourself, you may vant to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also vant to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the ansvers vhich you have prepared.

TVL, Unit 8 Exercise U

yia exercise is a conversation "between two employees at the GuSngzhou Tr&de F&lr.

Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then revind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, ansver the questions.

You vill need the folloving nev words and phrases:

"bSi zhuSzi    to set a table

vaishang    foreign businessman

zSTben    capital

bSozheng    to assure, to guarantee

kSn    to be willing

Questions for Exercise U

1.    Who is being given a send-off?

2.    Why does the voman say China needs lawyers?

3.    Why is the farevell meeting not going to be an ordinary one?

U. What kind of vork do these tvo vorkers do at the Trade Fair?

After you have ansvered these questions yourself, you may vant to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also vant to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your ansvers correctly.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2

At & press conference in the GuSngzhou Trade Fair, an American reporter

(A) talks vith the director of the Trade Fair (B).

B: Gěvei hfii y8u shenme ventf ma?    Do you have any more questions?

A: Y3u y£ge hSn xiSode věntf, v8    One small question. The last fev

xl&ng zuiJin JlJiě Jiaoyihui kan-    trade fairs have all looked very suc-

qilai dou gSode h?n bfi cuo, vaiguo    cessful. Foreign businessmen have

shangren h?n shXo y3u kongshSu hul-    rarely gone home empty-handed. But

qude, b(iguo y5u xie qlngxing nlmen    couldn't you change certain things a

neng bu neng gSide kuai yidiSnr ne?    little faster?

B: DangrSji, vaiahangaen tlchulaide    Of course, ve alvays consider sug-

yaoqiu vSmen zSngshi yao kSolude.    gestions from foreign businessmen.

Ban GuSzigJiaohuide mūdl Jiū shi    The purpose of holding the Gu&ngzh5u

yao f£nr6ng JinchukSu ma!    zh5u Trade Fair is to make foreign

trade prosper!

B: W8 zhl ySu ylge Jianyi» Nlmende    I Just have one suggestion. Could

pfjitt p£ngzl k? bu kěyi gSl xlSo    you make your beer bottles smaller?

yidlXnr ne? WSmen hSn xihuan    We like the beer that CMna exports,

Zhonggu6 chūk5ude pi Jitt, k2shi hSn    b\it ve don't like those big bottles

bi xīhuan něixie xleLug Ji&ngyou-    that look like soy sauce "bottles,

pfng ylyingde āk plngzi. Yunqi-    They*re difficult to ship. Besides,

lai bi fangbian, Ěrqi? Xīngqīliii，    on weekends ve like to go out on

Xlngqīti&n vSmen xihuan chǔqu 111-    trips. It's so convenient to have

xlng, xlSo ping piJiS hewan Jii    small bottles vhich you can throv out

reng, duome fangbian•    vhen you're finished.

B: Xlexle al. Zheige J ianyi tide    Thank you. That^f s a very good sug-

h?n hSo. Sh&ngci XlĀnggfag maoyi    gestion. It vas already made by a

dcLibiSotuin l£i zhelide shihou yl-    trade delegation from Hong Kong vhen

Jīng tlchulai le. Dai huīr vSmen    they came here. Later, ve can shov

Jiu kěyi qlng gevei k&n ylxiir v3-    you our smaller-bottle beer, but at

mende xiSo ping p£jiu₉ 'bH gud zhei-    present this kind of beer cannot yet

zhSng pi Jiu hai bi neng da    be produced on a large scale. Our

gulmo shengcbXn₉ vSmende shebei    equipment still has many limitations, hii y5u hSn du3 xlanzhi.

A: Yěxi zki xhiifangnilan vSmen M?i-    Perhaps some of our American compan-

guo gongaī kfiyl hi Zhongguo fang-    ies might be able to cooperate with

mi&n hezud» tlgao baozhu&ngde xiao-    China in this area and raise your

lii.    bottling efficiency•

B: Zheige věntl blJiXo fdza, vomen    This is a rather complicated ques-

dei yanjiu yanjiu, v5 xlvang bu    tion vhich ve will have to look into.

Jitt, vSmen Jiu keyi gSi nl y£ge    I hope that ve will be able to give

mSnyide huldi.    you a satisfactory ansver before long.

A • m'vA m n4 _    ThftnV vnu.

B: E&i y8u shezune biěde věntf ma?    Any more questions?

A: Xi&nz&i meiy5u le.    No.

B: HSo, name vSmende zhaodaihui Jiū    All right, then ve^!11 end the press

kai dao zheli, v8 yao xiěxle gěvěi    conference here. I^fd like to thank

xlnven.liě pengyoude bangzhu he    all of you friends from the press for

Jianyi, xiěxle dajia.    your help and suggestions, and thank

all of you.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise    3

An American reporter (A) and a leading cadre (B) frgm an industrial

commercial organization talk,

A: Liū Xiǎnsheng, nfn hao, hSo Jiu    Hello, Mr. Liū, I haven¹t seen you

b1l Ji&n.    in a long time.

B： HSo JiS bil Ji&n. Hen mang ba?    Yes, it^fs been a long time. Have

you been busy?

A; Meiyou name m£ng, Jiū shi lei    Not so busy, I’m Just tired.

yidiSnr.

B: Zui Jin you dao nSr qu le?    Where have you been to again lately?

A: Ftijian. Flizhou fujin y5u yfge    Flljian, Near Fdzhou there¹ s a very

hSn d&de JīngJi teqū, vo zai nar    large special economic zone where I

zhule Jlti&n, Juěde hen you yisi.    stayed a fev days* I found it very

interesting.

B: Shi a. Zlc6ng he nlmen dingle    Yes. Ever since ve concluded the

hSiyun tiaoyue ylhou, Jlge da h5i-    sea transport treaty vith you, our big

g&zig d5u shi yuě gSo yuě finrōng    ports have been getting more and more

le.    prosperous.

A: B1l Jiu shi zheixie, Fuzhou hai    Not only that, but some very inter-

chūxlinle yixie hSn you yiside    esting things have come about in F<1-

zh5u*

B: Nl 8hu08hu0 k&n ne?    What¹ s that?

A: Z&i JīngJi těqu g5ngzu5de ZhSng-    Chinese vorkers vho live in special

gu6 gongren_y tamende shouril blJiao    economic zones have larger incomes,

duo, tamen bljiSo rongyi maid&o    and it¹s easier for them to get higher

zhlliang blJiSo hǎode xiāofěipln.    quality consumer goods. What do you

Nln zSiuneyang? Zai J IngJ i    think: Will a nev class appear in

těqu hui bu hul chūxian xīnde Jie-    the special economic zones? Will

Jl, zai zhengzhishang hui bu hui    a nev political situation develop? chūxl&n xīnde qfngkuar.g ?

B: Nl qianvan bii yao name xiSng.    You mustn^ft think like that. Dur-

Qianxie nian, v5men zhl gao 2hěng-    ing those fev years, ve vere mistaken

zhi b立 gSo JīngJi shi cuovude•    to engage only in politics and not

Erqie zhl gio zhengzhi_t zhengzhi    in economics. Moreover, ve didn¹^

ye meiyou gSohSo ma!    even handle the politics veil.

A: Niane, nl xiSng zheige qingkuang    So you don，t think that there vill

he shehuizhǔyide gongzī zhengce    be any big problems betveen this

zhijian bu hui you shenme da věntf    situation and the socialist vage

le?    policy?

B: Nl fang xīn hao le，^,fduo lao du5    You can rest assured a'bout that.

dě” shi vSmende zhengce. Zheige    ”More pay for more vork” is our pol-

zhěngcě shi bfi hui gaide. G5o yi-    icy, and it von’t change. Socialism

tian shěhnizhuyi Jiu del shixing    and the policy of ”more pay for more

yitian ”du5 lfio duo dě”de zhengce.    vork" must go hand in hand. Most of

Zai JingJi těqūde gongsī, gong-    the companies and factories in special

chSng, duotanr ySu vaishang can-    economic zones have foreign mer-

Jia, Ehetei tiaojian hSo yidianr,    chants participating• They have bet-

gSngzuS xiaolū gao yidi&nr, g5ng-    ter facilities and higher efficiency,

ren gSngzī duo yidl&nr shi yīng-    It^fs right that their vorkers have

gaide. Qlngkxxang tfi hui y£nzhong-    higher pay* The situation could

dSo chūxian y£ge xīnde JieJi.    never become so serious that a nev

class vould appear.

A: HXoJlle, xiexie nin*    Wonderful. Thank you,

B: Bii keqi, qlng ni gaosu nlde    Not at all. And please tell your

pěngyoumen, da gSo S丨ge Xiandaibud    friends that going all out vith the

shi vSmende f&ngxliLng, fanr6ng    Four Modernizations is our direction.

JingJi shi zheige da fangxlangde    Maying our economy prosper is one part

yltufen, shi vSmen ch|aggīde    of that big direction, and it^fs our

zhengce, t1i hui sul'bian gSide,    long-term policy. We von^ft change it

qīng gefangioiande pěngyou fingxīn.    arbitrarily. Ask our friends In all

spheres to rest assured.

A: HSo, vS yiding zhuSngao tamen.    All right, I^fll be sure to pass the

message on to them.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise k

This is & conversation tetveen tvo    employees at the GuSngzhou Trade

Fair.

A: Dātlnglide zhuozl dou tSihao le    Have all the tatles in the large

meiyou?    hall teen set?

B: B&ihSo le. Jīntian you shi    Yes. Who Is it that is being given

huansdng shěi ya?    a send-off today?

A: Huansong y£ge Xianggang laide    A delegation of lawyers from Hong

ldshī dailDiSotuan.    Kong.

B: L^ahl? FSlft gong zuo zh? gen    Lawyers? What connection do legal

GuSngJiiohui y8u shenme gu&nxi?    workers have with the GuXngzhSu Trade

Fair?

A: Xi&nzii Zh5nggu6 he vaishangde    China is cooperating more and more

hezud yuě lSi yuě duo le. Zhong-    vith foreign merchants• If China

gu6 yao JtnkSu shěběi, yao gSo    wants to import equipment, to do pro-

Jiagōng gongye, huoshi yao gSo biě-    cessing or finishing of products, or

de JīngJi hězuo, d5u xuyao fSlu a!    have any other economic cooperation,

they need lavyers!

B: W5 h£ishi Juěde ySu yidiSnr ql-    I still think that^fs kind of strange,

gnai, bu z2nme qingchu, wS conglai    I don^ft really understand. I never

měi xiSngdlo fSlu he JīngJi hai    thought that lav had anything to do

y5u guānxi.    vith economics.

A: Waigu6 sh&ngren ma, Jiaqian na,    Foreign merchants, you knov. They

zlbgn na， shenmede, dou yao y3ng    have to write out clearly their prices

filfl xleqīngchude, yaoburan, tamen    and capital in legal terms» otherwise

z 豸nine zhīdao t So zheng keyi zhuan    hov can they knov for sure that they are

qi&n ne? Bil keyi zhu&n qi&n, ta-    guaranteed to make money? And if they

men veishemne yao hi wSmen zuo    can’t make any money, why would they

mSla&i ne?    vant to do business vith us?

B: A! Nfn zhěi yi shuo v5 Jiu qing-    Oh! When you put it that vay,工

chu le. YSule fSlu bSozhěng, vSi-    understand. Foreign merchants are

shang c£i ken zud mSimai.    only villing to do business if they

they have legal guarantees.

A: H&o le_t z&i qū kankan» vSohui-    Okay, go back and take a look. The

shang zūy&ode dongxi dou yio j£-    things we^fll need during the b&nquet

zhozig fanghSode.    should all be put together in one

place.

B: Hao, Jide le.    All right, I von't forget.

A: Hai y5u, nl tīngdao xlSoxl le    And another thing: Have you heard

meiyou?    the nevs?

B: Meiyou a₉ shenme -xiaoxi?    No, vhat nevs?

A: Jīntlin vXnsh&ngde hu&nsonghui    Tonight^fs farevell meeting isn’t

bii til plngching.    going to be an ordinary one.

B: ZSnme bū pingchang ne?    Hov^fs that?

A: GuXngdSng shSng, GuangzhSu shi    All levels of the people¹s govern-

gějf remain zhengfil dou yao pai    ment of GuSngdong province and the

hen zhongyaode rěn lai. Y5u h!n    city of Gu&ngzh5u are sending very

du5 hSn zhdngy&ode shi yao zai    important people. They¹11 be talking

zhěr tan_t v5men del ba shenme d5u    about a lot of important things here.

yibeihio* rang līngdXo f&ng xīn. We should prepare everything veil and

put the leadership at ease.

B: Měi ventl, vS zai qū JiSnch£    That von’t be any problem. I^fll go

yfci. Nln dai huīr kS dSi zai l£i back and check once more. But later . k&n ylxiar a!    you have to go look things over once

yourself!

A: HSo, dai huīr vo Jiu lai.    Okay, I^fll be right there.

APPENDIX:

WORD USAGE EXERCISES

TRANSLATION EXERCISE

I.    Choose between cāngruān, fǎngwěn and kin in translating these sentences.

1.    What places did you visit when you went to China?

2.    I don't even have time to visit my friends.

3.    This is not a formal (zhěngshi) visit. Don't be

nervous (jǐnzhāng).

II.    shǎoshń, hěn shǎo

1.    There are very few people who will not help others.

2.    Only a small number of students make (chū) that kind of

mistake.

III.    Choose between direction names with -fang, -bū, and -biān (for example, běifāng, běibu, and běibiān).

1.    Northerners like to eat foods made from wheat (mianshi),

and Southerners like to eat rice (mifan).

2.    There are several famous universities in the eastern

United States.

3.    Hāngzhōu is southwest of Shanghai.

4.    New York is in the northeast.

5.    Inner Mongolia is west of Manchuria.

6.    People from northern Taiwan have a different accent

from southerners•

IV.    dong, liaojiě, zhīdao, tīngshuo, tīngdǒng

1.    If you understood that I wasn't going to come, why did

you still stand there waiting for two hours?

2.    I could understand everything he said, although he

spoke with a very heavy (zhong) accent (kduyīn).

3.    Such a weird (guāi) guy is really impossible to

understand.

4.    I understand you're going to school this summer. Is

that true?

5.    I can understand the Shanghai dialect, but I can't

speak it very well.

V.    gao, nong, zud

1. Doing these sentences drives me crazy ("gives one a headache").

2.    It was very difficult to do scientific experimentation

{kēxuě shiyan) under such circumstances.

3.    What are you doing there, you naughty child!

TRANSLATION EXERCISE

I.    Choose -zhong, -lei, or -yang to translate these sentences：

1.    How could you think that he was that kind of person?

2.    She'll eat any kind of food.

3.    What breed of dog (gou) is this?

4.    We should research these questions by category.

II.    mūqiin, xianzai, zhěihuīr

1.    Where is he now?

2.    At present the international situation (gfuōji xingshi )

is complicated.

3.    I'm leaving right now.

4.    It is now 9:26 Běijīng time.

III.    nūli, yōnggōng, shi ("to try")

1.    Try doing it this way. If it doesn't work, we'll see

what we can do about it later.

2.    All the students here are hardworking.

3.    China is hard at work on modernization, and we want to

help.

4.    I tried his office three times today, but no one

answered the phone.

IV.    pūbian, pǔtōng, pingchang, liūxing

1.    That’s a popular saying.

2.    In Shanghai, for men and women to hold hands (shōu lā

shōu) is a very common thing.

3.    How much does an ordinary worker here make a month?

4.    Frisbees (fěipan) are now very common in Běijiing.

V.    wanquan, quan, zhěngge

1.    The room was filled with smoke (yin).

2.    His idea (xiǎngfě) was completely wrong.

3.    I'm afraid he completely misunderstood what I meant.

4.    The whole article was about how bad their planning had

been.

5.    His whole family came.

VI.    qūbiě, chābiě, bū yiykng

1.    There aren't many differences between the big cities of

.the northeastern United States and those of Western Europe (Xī^r5u).

2.    I could hardly tell the difference between the twins

(zhědui shuāngbāotāi、.

3.    Would you explain the difference between these two

terms (mingci)?

VII.    rěnwěi, yiwěi, xiang, juěde

1.    He thought that it was an hour earlier than it really

(shijishang) was.

2.    I think the best way to study a foreign language (wěiipj)

is to live in the country where it is spoken.

3.    What do you think of Běijīng?

4.    Why do you consider him such a dangerous person?

5.    A: Has he already gone back?

B: I think so, but 1¹m not sure.

VIII.    shǒuxian, xian, diyī

1.    First I stayed in a small town (xiiozhěn) for a month

and then came here.

2.    In his office_r he is always the first to arrive.

3.    You have to first get the pronunciation right in order

to get the spelling (pīnxiě) right.

IX.    tiaojian, qingkuang

1.    Why don't you apply yourself to your studies? You have

such excellent conditions.

2.    He can¹t stand (shdubuliāo) the situation any longer.

3.    Under the circumstances, he had no choice but to agree.

4.    How are business conditions in China these days?

5.    Conditions have changed greatly in rural China in the

past thirty years.

6.    Working conditions there are better now than the last

time I visited.

TRANSLATION EXERCISE

I.    Choose mianji, diqu, -dai, -qū■ -bū, or būfen in translating these sentences.

1.    This area is very dirty.

2.    This area of the city isn't safe.

3.    The area of this room is nine square meters (jiǔ

pingfāng mi).

4.    In the northeastern area of China, there is a lot of

industry.

5.    This kind of rice is produced in the Jiāngnǎn area.

6.    The southwestern part of the United States has a very

distinctive natural environment.

7.    I don't get the chance to come to this part of town very

often.

8.    This kind of architecture is very popular in these

parts.

II.    daozi, ml, fan

1.    His father grows ride.

2.    This is fried rice, not plain ("white") rice.

3.    This rice is grown {chūchěn) only in Guāngdōng.

III.    fāzhan, zhǎng

1.    Your rice is growing pretty well!

2.    China's economy has grown slowly during the past two

decades.

3.    The kids are growing so fast.

4.    Our company has grown quickly.

5.    Over the past one hundred years, Shantou has grown into

an important industrial city.

IV.    jiā, jilting, jiā(li)rěn, -hu

1.    There are no boys in their family.

2.    Xiǎo Ping's whole family went to the seashore on Sunday.

3.    Such a family is rare {bū chang jian) in America.

4.    Thirty years ago there were only twenty-odd families in

this town (xiiozhěn).

5.    Next Saturday I'm going up to Běijīng to see my family.

6.    Almost every family has a television in our country.

Some families have more than one.

V.    jīql, jīxie

1.    Our country * s machine industry is still young.

2.    The application (yingyong) of large machines started

three hundred years ago.

3.    Agricultural machinery is badly needed in China.

4.    Shall I take you to see our new machinery now?

VI.    -kǒu, -ge, ~wěi

1.    Will the seven of us fit (in the car)?

2.    Those three professors all graduated from Harvard

(Hafd).

3.    How many people are there in your family?

4.    (When entering a restaurant for dinner)

Headwaiter: How many?

You：    Four.

VII.    pingjūn, ylban

1.    The average height {gǎodū) of the students in this class

is about 1.6 meters (yimi liu).

2.    The average person can eat fifteen to twenty-five

jiiozi.

3.    On an average day, I can write five pages (yě).

VIII.    rěn, rěrmin, renmen, rěnjia

1.    The people would surely not like to keep (bioliū) such a

thing in the constitution (xianfě).

2.    There isn't much difference between the two brothers (in

personality).

3.    Friendship involves at least two people.

4.    I've heard people say that they're going to build (gai)

a hotel at that intersection.

5.    People naturally prefer to live in a quiet place rather

than in the busy downtown area {něoshi, "busy downtown area¹').

6.    People are people; she's no different from anyone else.

IX.    tǔpiňn, zhaopiǎn, hua(r)

1.    I think that picture is of her mother, but it must have

been taken many years ago.

2.    Where did you get so many pictures of China?

3.    The picture that old man (liotouzi) is drawing is really

ugly!

TRANSLATION EXERCISE

I.    Choose gai, xiū, jianzhu, or jianshě in translating these sentences：

1.    This highway was three years'in construction. (It took

three years to finish building this highway.)

2.    Are those workers building new dormitories?

3.    Is this how you intend to build a powerful country?!

4.    Many city walls (chěngqiǎng) built in ancient times were

destroyed (huǐle) during wars.

5.    No one may build in this district.

6.    How long did it take to build this bridge (zhěizud qiio)?

II..    kě, zhēn, yiding, dāngran, shi ("to be," emphatic)

1.    He is going to go, but he hasn't decided when yet.

2.    When^-you tell him, he's sure to be happy.

3.    That sure was an interesting movie.

4.    He sure has a lot of friends!

5.    Drugs (dǔpin)that’s certainly not something to mess

with.

6.    A： Can you tell me why your government didn't send

anyone to take part?

B： Sure I can tell you. It¹s like this:...

7.    A： Would he know the answer (di'an) to this question?

B： I*m sure he would.

8.    They want to concentrate on only a portion of the work；

that just won't do!

III.    In each sentence, "how old" requires a different translation.

1.    How old is this building?

2.    How old are you? (tō a young person)

3.    How old is your boy?

4.    How old is your grandfather?

5.    How old is China?

6.    How old is this movie?

7.    How old are these shoes of yours?

8.    How old are these magazines?

9.    How old is this chicken soup? (How long since it was

made?)

10.    How old is this bean curd? (How long since it vas

bought?)

IV.    gū,    gūdai

1.    That•s an ancient building.

2.    Man already knew how to cook in ancient times.

3.    He likes to study (cfǔ) the ancient books.

4.    XI'ān is an ancient city.

V.    chuǎngud, jīnggud, gud, gudqu

1.    Ten years have passed, and she's still just as young and

pretty (as before).

2.    Cross the street and wait for me in front of that

building.

3.    I pass there every day on my way to work (shang

bande shihou).

4.    Time passes so quickly!

5.    The train passed several stations without stopping.

6.    When I'm in a hurry, I cut. through the park.

7.    After a month had passed, he felt much better.

8.    Through the efforts of many people, we have been able to

set up (kāibān) an elementary school here.

TRANSLATION EXERCISE

I.    bang, bingzhū, bāngmang

1.    Would you help me?

2.    I don't need this kind of help.

3.    He came to help.

4.    Would you hold this for me for a second?

5.    I'll help you write the report {baogao).

6.    We can help each other.

II.    gě-, měi-, yī- ("one")

1.    Each person has his own ideas. How can he make you do

it this way?

2.    Each year we have many excellent students.

3.    Each state has some laws of its own.

4.    These apples are a dime each.

5- Each book he writes is better than the last.

III.    guan, guanxīn, jiěyi

1.    Although she says little, she actually (shijishang)

cares deeply.

2.    If you don't mind, I'd like to ask you a few questions.

3.    People didn't care a bit about those pitiful {kěliande)

children.

4.    Who cares what you do?!

5.    Don't mind him!

IV.    qitā, biěde, ling(wai), yī-, něi~

1.    These sentences are pretty good; the others are too

colloquial (tu).

2.    Well, you can say he*s right about this point, but how

about the other questions?

3.    One is too weak, the other is too fat (pang).

4.    When you're taking the test, don't think about other

things.

5.    This vase is not bad, but the other one is even

prettier.

6.    Do you want to know the other reasons?

7.    Put your other hand here.

V.    -wěi, dlwii

1.    I don't like to talk with those who are in high

positions.    _