STANDARD CHINESE

A Modular Approach

OPTIONAL MODULE:

Personal Welfare

This publication is to be used primarily in support of training military personnel as part of the Defense Language Program (resident and nonresident). Inquiries concerning the use of materials, including requests for copies, should be addressed to:

Defense Language Institute

Foreign Language Center

Nonresident Training Division

Presidio of Monterey, CA 93944-5006

Topics in the areas of politics, international relations, mores, etc., which may be considered as controversial from some points of view are sometimes included in language training for DLIFLC students, since military personnel may find themselves in positions where clear understanding of conversations or written material of this nature will be essential to their mission. The presence of controversial statements—whether real or apparent—in DLIFLC materials should not be construed as representing the opinions of the writers, the Defense Language Institute, or the Department of Defense.

Actual brand names and businesses are sometimes cited in DLIFLC instructional materials to provide instruction in their pronunciation and meanings. The selection of such proprietary terms and names is based solely on their value for instruction in the language and does not constitute endorsement of any product or commercial enterprise nor is it intended to invite a comparison with other brand names and businesses not mentioned.

In DLIFLC publications, the words '‘he," "him" and "his" denote both masculine and feminine genders. This statement does not apply to translations of foreign language texts.

PREFACE

Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach originated in an interagency conference held at the Foreign Service Institute in August 1973 to address the need generally felt in the U.S. Government language training community for improving and updating Chinese materials to reflect current usage in Taipei and in Peking.

The conference resolved to develop materials which were flexible enough in form and content to meet the requirements of a wide range of government agencies and academic institutions.

A Project Board was established consisting of representatives of the Central Intelligence Agency Language Learning Center, the Defense Language Institute, the State Department’s Foreign Service Institute, the Cryptologic School of the National Security Agency, and the U.S. Office of Education, later joined by the Canadian Forces Foreign Language School. The representatives have included Arthur T. McNeill, John Hopkins, and John Boag (CIA); Colonel John F. Elder, III, Joseph C. Hutchinson, Ivy Gibian, and Major Bernard Muller-Thym (DLl); James R. Frith and John B. Ratliff, III (FSl); Kazuo Shitama (NSA); Richard T. Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE); and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozoriz (CFFLS).

The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project in 197^ in space provided at the Foreign Service Institute. Each of the six U.S. and Canadian government agencies provided funds and other assistance.

Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a planning council was formed consisting of Mr. Kok, Frances Li of the Defense Language Institute, Patricia O’Connor of the University of Texas, Earl M. Rickerson of the Language Learning Center, and James Wrenn of Brown University. In the Fall of 1977» Lucille A. Barale was appointed deputy project coordinator. David W. Dellinger of the Language Learning Center and Charles R. Sheehan of the Foreign Service Institute also served on the planning council and contributed material to the project. The planning council drew up the original overall design for the materials and met regularly to review their development.

Writers for the first half of the materials were John H. T. Harvey, Lucille A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry, who worked in close cooperation with the planning council and with the Chinese staff of the Foreign Service Institute. Mr. Harvey developed the instructional formats of the comprehension and production self-study materials, and also designed the communication-based classroom activities and wrote the teacher’s guides. Lucille A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry wrote the tape scripts and the student text. By 1978 Thomas E. Madden and Susan C. Pola had joined the staff. Led by Ms. Barale they have worked as a team to produce the materials subsequent to Module 6.

All Chinese language material was prepared or selected by Chuan 0. Chao, Ying-chi Chen, Hsiuo-jung Chi, Eva Diao, Jan Hu, Tsung-mi Li, and Yunhui C. Yang, assisted for part of the time by Chieh-fang Ou Lee, Ying-ming Chen, and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang. Anna Affholder, Mei-li Chen, and Henry Khuo helped in the preparation of a preliminary corpus of dialogues.

Administrative assistance was provided at various times by Vincent Basciano, Lisa A. Bowden, Beth Broomell, Jill W. Ellis, Donna Fong, Judith J. Kieda, Renee T. C. Liang, Thomas Madden, Susan C. Pola, and Kathleen Strype.

The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M. Ramirez of the Foreign Service Institute Recording Studio. The Chinese script was voiced by Ms. Chao, Ms. Chen, Mr. Chen, Ms. Diao, Ms. Hu, Mr. Khuo, Mr. Li, and Ms. Yang. The English script was read by Ms. Barale, Ms. Barry, Mr. Basciano, Ms. Ellis, Ms. Pola, and Ms. Strype.

The graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign Service Institute Audio-Visual staff, under the general supervision of Joseph A. Sadote, Chief of Audio-Visual.

Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach was field-tested with the cooperation of Brown University, the Defense Language Institute, the Foreign Service Institute, the Language Learning Center, the United States Air Force Academy, the University of Illinois, and the University of Virginia.

The Defense Language Institute printed the preliminary materials used for field testing and has likewise printed this edition.

Dames R. Frith, Chairman

Chinese Core Curriculum Project Board

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface

Optional Modules

Objectives for the Personal Welfare Module

Unit 1: Weather and Terrain Part 1    Winter and Summer

Part II   Spring and Fall

Part III Terrain

Unit Vocabulary List

Unit 2: Clothing Part I Buying Clothes

Part II Buying Clothes

Part III Having Clothes Made

Unit Vocabulary List

Unit 3: Hair Care Part I At the Barber

Part II At the Hairdresser

Unit Vocabulary List

Unit U: In the Home Part I Personal Belongings..............

Part II   Parts of the Home

Part II   Taking Care of Children

Unit Vocabulary List

Unit 5: Minor Physical Complaints Part I    Colds and Fevers

• Part II Stomach Ailments

• Part III Taking Temperatures and Blood Pressure ....

Unit Vocabulary List

Unit 6: Accidents and Difficulties Part I    Losing a Driver's License

• Part II A Motorcycle Accident

• Part II I  Crossing into a Restricted Area

Unit Vocabulary List

Appendices: 1. Parts of the Body

2. Medical Conditions and Illnesses

3. Furniture and Household Items

U. Parts of a House

Module Vocabulary List

OPTIONAL MODULES

Why some modules are optional

Optional modules present situations which some of our users will find necessary and others dispensable. For instance, college students rarely take cars with them to China. People serving in the military may have no need of finding hotel accomodations or housing. People working for the government may rarely use the local postal system. You may choose to study one, some, all or none of the optional modules, basing your decision on factors such as the amount of time available in your curriculum and the relevance of these topics to your goals. We hope you will find that these optional modules add flexibility to your use of the course.

Format of optional modules

Optional modules "look" different from core modules. A unit is divided into two or three parts, each with its own reference list, reference notes, and dialogues. There is only one tape, not five, per unit. The unit tape combines the C-l and P-1 formats you have used in the core modules. Most of the explanation for the new material is not found on the tape, however, but in the reference notes in the text.

When to use an optional module

Since each unit introduces more vocabulary but less new grammar than «a core module, you can use an optional module when you see the need to enrich your vocabulary.

You don’t have to go all the way through an optional module at once.

You may use a unit at a time for variety while working on a core module, or several units as a break between core modules.

How to work through an optional module tape

You may have found that you could work through the C-l and P-1 tapes of a core module unit just once, perhaps going back over a few sections twice. With optional module tapes, however, you will probably want to work through more than once, frequently stopping to read the notes and rewinding to listen

Optional Module: Personal Welfare

The Personal Welfare Module (WLF) will provide you with the skills needed to take care of a variety of personal needs and handle yourself in a number of possibly difficult situations.

Before starting Unit 1 of this module, you should have at least completed the Money Module (MON); and before starting Unit 3, you should have at least completed the Transportation Module (TRN).

OBJECTIVES

When you have finished this module, you will be able to:

• 1. Describe the weather in all four seasons for your present locale, a Chinese city, and your hometown.

• 2. Describe the location, geographical setting, population, and air quality of the three areas in No. 1.

• 3. Give the names of five or more items of clothing.

1+. Get your hair cut or styled.

• 5. Describe several items you ordinarily carry with you when traveling.

• 6. Give the names of and describe the different rooms in a house.

• 7. Give simple directions to a babysitter.

• 8. Ask and answer questions about the common cold and its symptoms.

.Offer advice on what to do for a simple ailment. Understand the use of kāishuǐ, ’’boiled water.”

• 9. Describe what takes place during a visit to the doctor. Know how to give normal body temperature in Celsius and in Fahrenheit. Tell ’’where it hurts” (using a list of the parts of the body, if necessary. )

• 10. Describe accidents where injuries occur, and tell someone to call an ambulance.

• 11. Report the loss of a passport to the appropriate officials. Find out where to go to report the loss and be able to determine whether adequate translation facilities will be available.

• 12. Use the words for "danger" and "caution" in grammatical, situationally appropriate sentences. Describe how someone entered a restricted area and how and for what reasons he was escorted out.

Personal Welfare Module, Unit 1

REFERENCE NOTES ON PART I

Jìntiān tiānqi hěn hǎo: Notice that the time word Jìntiān "today" is placed before the subject, not directly before the verb here. Most time words of more than one syllable may come either before or after the subject, but in either case before the verb. Examples:

Qùnián wo hái bú huì xiě zì.       Last year I still couldn’t write

characters.

Wǒ xiànzài hui xiě yìdiǎn le.      Now I can write a little.

qìhòu: "climate" Also pronounced qìhòu (with hou in the neutral tone).

Dōngtiān hěn lěng.: "it's cold in winter" The adverb hěn is not translated here. Often hěn adds little or nothing to the intensity of the adjectival verb, and doesn’t need to be translated by "very." Later, you may notice that sometimes we translate the hěn literally and sometimes we choose to omit it from the translation. It is not a matter of right and wrong; it is more a matter of feeling, and may be, we admit, a somewhat arbitrary decision.

chángcháng: "often, frequently, usually" An alternate form of this word is cháng.

Tā chángcháng qù Xianggang.        She often goes to Hong Kong.

Tā cháng kàn bàozhì.               He often reads the newspaper.

The phrase "very often" is NOT formed by using hen with cháng; instead, Just use cháng or chángcháng. If you must stress that something happens very often, use a phrase like "every few days."

xià xuě: "to snow" or more literally "(there) falls snow." The subject xuě "snow" normally follows the verb xià "to descend." This reversal of subject and verb is the rule, not the exception, in weather expressions.

Ou, xià xuě le.

Xià xuě ma? Bu xià.

You méiyou xià xue? Méiyou.

Xià xuě le meiyou?

Méiyou.

Jīntiān xià xuě bu xià xuě?        Is it going to snow today?

Xiànzài bu xià xuě le.             It's not snowing anymore.

tiān: "heaven, sky, day."

Aiya, wǒde tiān na!                Oh my heavens!

Tiān zhǐdao!                        Heaven only knows!

qíng: "to be clear, to clear up" In the sentence Tiān qíng le, the marker le tells us that a change has taken place. The meaning is not simply that the sky is clear, but that the sky is clear NOW, or rather, the sky has cleared up.

Juéde "to feel" Here Juéde is used to mean "to feel, to think, to have an opinion about something." It can also mean "to feel" in a physical way, as in "to feel sick." Nǐ Juéde . . . zěnmeyàng? can be well translated as "How do you like . . . ?

hěn shǎo: "it seldom snows in Shanghai in the winter." The adjectival verb shǎo "to be few" is used here as an adverb "seldom," and as such comes before the verb. Notice that hěn shǎo, "seldom," and chángcháng, "often," are used as opposites.

English is no more logical when it comes to weather expressions: it uses the meaningless subject "it," as in "it snows."

Jīntiān zhèrde tiānqi hen liángkuai: ’’Today the weather here is very cool.¹’ Again, it is not necessary to translate hěn as ’’very’’ in this sentence; the meaning depends on the speaker’s intonation and emphasis.

NOTES ON THE DIALOGUE

Juéde: "to feel" This may mean "to feel (physically)" or "to feel (emotionally), to think." It is often used, as in the Reference List sentence, to preface a statement of opinion. Wǒ Juéde ... may sometimes be translated as "l think that ..."

Wǒ juéde tā kéyi zuò.               I think he can do it.

And here are some examples using juéde to mean "feel (physically )":

Wǒ juéde hěn rè.                    I feel hot.

Wǒ juéde bù shūfu.                  I don't feel well. (Literally, "l

feel not-well.")

Nī Juéde Běijīng zěnmeyang?: "How do you like Běijīng?" or "What do you think of Běijīng?" More literally, "You feel Běijīng is how?"

tài lěng le: "it’s been too cold" The marker le is the marker for new situations. It is often used to reinforce the idea of "excessive." Another example is Tài guì le! "it’s too expensive!"

SECOND DIALOGUE FOR PART I

An American woman is talking with a Chinese man in Taipei.

• 11. Dōngtiān chángcháng guā fēng.

• 12. Sānyuè jiù kāishì nuǎnhuo le.

• 13. Chūntiān hěn duǎn.

1U. Xiatian yǒude shíhou xià yǔ.

• 15. Qiūtiān zuì hǎo.

• 16. Nǐ shi shénme shíhou líkāi Běijīngde?

• 17. Wō zhēn xiǎng Jiāzhōu.

• 18. Xiàtiān bú shi hěn cháoshí.

• 19. Tīngshuō Táiwān chángcháng guā taifēng.

• 20. cháng

It’s often windy in the winter.

By March it is already starting to get warm.

Spring is very short.

It sometimes rains in the summer.

Fall is the best (season).

When did you leave Běijíng?

I really miss California.

It's not very humid in the summer.

I hear that Taiwan often has typhoons.

to be long

WS zhēn xiǎng Jiāzhōu: "I really miss California” The verb xiǎng, translated here as ”to miss," is the same verb as "to think" ("I really think of California Cwith ncstalgial").

xiàtiān bú shi hěn cháoshí: "it’s not very humid in the summer." The shi is not obligatory in the sentence. It would also be correct to say bù hěn cháoshí.

táifěng: "typhoon" The Chinese word táifēng was borrowed into the English language as "typhoon."

FIRST DIALOGUE FOR PART II

An American woman is talking with a Chinese man in Hong Kong:

NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE

Nǐ líkāi zhème Jiu: "it’s been so long since you left" You have seen jiǔ, which means "to be long in time," in the phrase duo Jiǔ, "how long (a time)"

SECOND DIALOGUE FOR PART II

An American woman is talking with a Chinese man in Taipei:

Is your home in the city or in the country?

There are mountains and forests there and lakes, too.

The scenery is very nice and the air is fresh.

What’s the country like where you're from?

What's the population of your hometown?

There are about five thousand people.

There's no air pollution there.

The seashore is very quiet.

Are there any rivers in this area?

city

REFERENCE NOTES ON PART III

chengli: "in the city," literally "inside the city wall."

xiāngxià: "country" Also pronounced xiāngxià (with neutral tone xià).

fùjin: "vicinity" Also pronounced fǔjìn.

huānjìng: "environment, surroundings," In No. 2U the phrase"nǐ lǎojiā fùjìnde huānjìng is literally "the environment of the vicinity of your original home."

nǐ lǎojiā nèige dìfang: "your hometown" Lǎojiā by itself only means "original home."To get the meaning "hometown," you must refer to the place (nèige dìfang) where yoúr "original home" (lǎojiā) is. Notice the different phrasing in the following sentences:

Nǐ lǎojiā nèige dìfang you         What's the population of your

duōshǎo renkǒu?                    hometown?

Nǐ lǎojiā nàr you meiyou shān? Are there mountains where your original home is?

Nǐ lǎojiā zài xiāngxià ma?         Is your original home in the country?

shān, hū, he: ’’mountain, lake, river” These three words are used with

Shandong       east of the (Tàiháng) mountains

Shānxǐ         west of the (Tàiháng) mountains

Hebei          north of the (Yellow) river

Henan          south of the (Yellow) river

Húběi          north of the (Dòngtíng) lake

Hunan          south of the (Dòngtíng) lake

NOTES ON THE DIALOGUE

nèige xiǎo chěng: ’’that little town” You’ve learned that chěngli means ”in the city.’* One word for ’’city” by itself is cheng Eanother is chěngshì3.

Nǐ shuōde shi něige Huáshèngdùn? Which Washington are you talking Shi zhóu háishi chěng?             about? The statè or the city?

SECOND DIALOGUE FOR PART III

An American woman is talking with a Chinese man in Taipei:

NOTES ON THE DIALOGUE

Wǒ líkāi nàli yījīng you wǔnián le: "(Since) I left there it has been five years.’’ The marker le at the end of the sentence is new-situation le, and is necessary here. It shows that the duration stated (five years) is as of the present moment ("so far"). Another point to bear in mind is that Le is used at the end of most sentences containing yījīng.

Zhānghuà, "Changhua," is the name of a city and a county on the west coast of central Taiwan. T’ienchung (Tiánzhōng) is a village in southeastern Changhua county.

REFERENCES MOTES ON PART 1

chuān: "to put on, to don" (clothes, shoes) Notice that Chinese uses an action verb, "to put on," where English uses a state verb, "to wear." You have to adjust your thinking a bit in order to use this verb correctly. When you want to say "She's NOT WEARING her coat," you actually say "She PIDN’T PUT ON her coat," Ta měi chuān dàyT.

Here are some example sentences using chuān ”to put on."

Wǒ chuānle yìshuāng hong xié.

Wǒ méi chuān xié.

Ní chuān bái xié ma?

Wǒ bù chuān bái xié.

Chuān is not the only verb verb dài which is used for ments, Jewelry, and gloves.

xūyào: "to need " This word may be used as a main verb or as an auxiliary verb. In either usage, it is always a state verb. It is, therefore, negated with bù.

-Jiàn: This is the counter for articles of clothing, as well as for things (dǒngxi, shìqing), and suitcases.

dayI: "overcoat" literally "big clothes"

Jiù; "to be old, to be worn" This is the word to use when describing things, whether concrete or abstract, but never people. CFor people, use lāo: Tā lāo le. "She’s gotten old."l

Na shi wǒde Jiù dìzhl.             That’s my old address.

Tā háishi chuān Jiù ylfu.          She’s still wearing old clothes.

māi (yí)jiān xínde: The number yí- before a counter may be omitted when it directly follows a verb.

yào: "to need" In sentence No. h, you see a new usage of yào (nǐ yào mǎi hòu yidiǎnrde "you need to buy a heavier one"). In addition to meaning "to want", yào has many uses as an auxiliary verb. The meaning "to need" is one of the more common ones.

hòu: "to be thick" In sentence No. U (...nǐ yào mǎi hòu yidianrde...), hòu is translated as "heavier." The basic meaning of hòu is "to be thick."

Zhèiběn shū hěn hòu.               This book is very thick.

Yeli xiàde xuě hěn hòu.             The snow that fell last night is

very deep.

Báo "to be thin, to be flimsy (of cloth, paper, etc.)," is often the opposite of hòu.

tuōxié: "slipper," literally "drag-shoes." In most households in Taiwan shoes are not worn into the house, so plenty of pairs of slippers are kept at the front door. This custom, established by Japanese influence, has the practical value of keeping the floors dry, which would otherwise be difficult given Taiwan's rainy climate. (in mainland China, shoes are worn into the house.)

huai: This verb has a different meaning depending on whether it is a state verb or a process verb. As a state verb, huài means "to be bad," as a process verb, "to go bad, to break."

As a state verb:

FIRST DIALOGUE FOR PART I

The couple in this dialogue have recently moved to Taipei from Kaohsiung (Gāoxióng) in southern Taiwan. Here they are taking a walk in downtown Taipei. (Xiao Hua is their daughter.)

M: Wǒ yě xūyào mǎi yíjiàn                I also need to buy a shirt, and

chènshān, wǒ hái xiǎng mǎi            I’d like to buy a cadre suit,

yítào gànbufū.                          too.

PART II

REFERENCE LIST

REFERENCE NOTES ON PART II

nèiyī, nèikù: Nèi means ’’inner." Nèikù means ’’underpants" (kù as in kùzi)~ Nèiyī means "underclothes" in general, but when contrasted with nèikù takes on the specific meaning "undershirt." The yī means "clothing, garment," as in yīfu.

Jiākè: "jacket," a word borrowed from English. Jiākè refers only to Jackets cut above the waist; a suit Jacket would be wàitào (see note below). Also pronounced Jiakè. In Beijing, this word has an -r~ ending.

nílong: "nylon," another borrowing from English.

dài: "to put on, to don" a hat, wristwatch, gloves, glasses, Jewelry or other things which are not necessary to one’s apparel. As with the verb chuān which you learned in Part I, when you use dài you have to adjust your thinking from the idea of "to wear" to the idea of "put on." For "Do you wear glasses?" you would say "Do you put on glasses?’’: Nī dài bu dài yǎnjìng?* For "She’s not wearing glasses" you would say "She didn’t put on glasses": Tā méi dài yǎnjìng. Contrast

-ding: The counter for màozi, "hat. ’’ Literally, -ding means "top."

"yǎnjìng: "glasses" (counter: -fù)

pò: "to be broken/damaged/torn/worn out” In pò màozi, ’’old/ worn/ tattered hat,” pò stands before a noun to modify it. Pò is also frequently used as a process verb, ”to break, to become damaged/torn/worn out.”

Wǒ kànkan, nǐde jiākè shì bu Let me have a look,-has your shi pò le?                          jacket been torn/worn through?

In Part I you learned huài, ”to go bad, to break.” Huài means that something becomes unusable or stops working, while pò means that something develops a tear, cut, split, hole, break, etc. Jiù in Part I had for one possible translation ”to be worn,” but jiù and pō are quite different: jiù le means to have changed color or shape after a long period of time or use, whereas pò le means that the thing is no longer intact, whether the damage is caused by time, use, or accident.

gòu: "to be enough" This adjectival verb is only used as the main verb of a sentence, never (like English "enough") before a noun. You must therefore recast English sentences with "enough" into the Chinese pattern when you translate, e.g.

wàitào: This word has two meanings: (1) "coat, overcoat," and

(2) a "jacket" which extends below the waist, like a suit jacket. (A Jacket cut above the waist is jiākè.)

zìjī: "oneself; myself, yourself, himself, etc." This is a special pronoun. It can be used by itself, or it can follow another pronoun like nī, wǒ, tā, etc. Here are some examples. (For the first, you need to know -zhǒng, "kind," and for the last, you need to know zuò, "to make.")

pixie: Western-style "leather shoes," a word commonly used where we would just say "shoes," since traditional Chinese shoes (bùxié) are made of cloth.

shuìyi: "pajamas,” literally, "sleep-garment” This word can use two different counters, depending on the type of pajamas referred to. 1) For two-piece pajamas, that is, a shirt and pants, the counter is -tào, "set." (Although we say "a pair of pajamas" in English, you cannot use the counter -shuāng in Chinese. -Shuāng is only for things that match, like shoes.) 2) Old-style one-piece pajamas take the counter -Jiàn.

shūbāo: "tote bag, carryall," literally, "book-sack." Although still used with the original meaning of a student’s "bookbag," shūbāo has now come to have a more general meaning, since bookbags are often used to carry things other than books. EThere are other words for "tote bag," but shūbāo is so useful that you should learn it first. 3

máoyí: "sweater," literally, "woolen-garment."

Nà, "in that case, then," is always used at the very beginning of a sentence, for example,

Nà, wǒmen shénme shíhou qù?        Then, when shall we go?

Nà ni děi qù mǎi xīnde le: The Inhere is optional. It stresses that having to go buy a new sweater is a new situation.

FIRST DIALOGUE FOR PART II

Tianjin. In the home of two senior cadres, a husband (M) and wife (F) discuss shopping plans. (They live together with the wife's older sister.)

F: Ni zuétiān bú shi shuō xiǎng        Didn't you say yesterday that

qù mǎi nèiyi, nèikù ma?             you wanted to go buy undershirts

and underpants?

M: Shi a! Wǒ hái xiǎng mǎi Jiàn Yes! I also want to buy an wàitào.                                overcoat.

NOTES ON THE DIALOGUE

wǒde shūbāo ne?: Questions with ne frequently ask for the whereabouts of something or someone; thus the sentence may be translated, "Where is my tote bag?"

SECOND DIALOGUE FOR PART II

Taipei. Conversation between a husband

F: Yīngmíng, xǐhuan wǒ jintiān gěi nǐ maide zhèdīng màozi ma?

M: Duōshǎo qián maide?

F: Bu guì a! Nǐ bù xǐhuan?

M: Ou, hěn hǎo kàn. Nǐ shàngwǔ qù mai dōngxi la?

F: Duì le.

M: Ní hái mǎile shénme le?

F: Wǒ gěi nǐ mǎile liǎngjiàn chènshān. Wǒ kàn nǐ nàjiàn lán yánsède máoyī pole, hái gěi ni mǎile liǎngjiàn máoyī.

Yíjiàn shi huángde, yíjiàn shi lude. NǏ kàn. Xǐhuan ma?

M: í5g, hěn hǎo kàn. Xièxie ni.

F: Wǒ hái gěi Xiǎo Ming mǎile nèiyī, nèikù, he Jǐshuāng wàzi.

M: Nǐ gěi zìjī mǎi shénme le?

F: Wǒ zìjī mǎile yíjiàn Jiākè, yíjiàn wàitào, hái mǎile yìshuāng xié, yìshuāng hong yánsède píxié.

M: Hái yǒu méiyou?

F: Mm . . . méiyou le.

M: Nà nǐ wàngle gěi wo mǎi shuìyī le ba?

F: Ou! Wǒ wàng le! Wǒ míngtiān qù mǎi, hǎo bu hao?

M: Hǎo.

and wife. (Xiǎo Ming is their son.)

Yīngmíng, do you like the new hat

I bought for you today?

How much did you pay for it?

It wasn't expensive! You don't like it?

Oh, it's nice. You went shopping this morning?

Right.

What else did you buy?

I bought you two shirts. And since I saw that that blue sweater of yours is worn through, I also bought two sweaters for you. One is yellow and one is green. Look. Do you like them?

They're very nice, Thank you.

I also bought a few undershirts and underpants and a few pairs of socks for Xiǎo Ming.

What did you buy for yourself?

I bought myself a jacket and an overcoat, and I also bought a pair of shoes, a pair of red leather shoes.

Anything else?

Um . . . no.

Then you forgot to buy pajamas for me, didn't you?

Oh! I forgot! I'll go buy them tomorrow, all right?

All right.

REFERENCE LIST

22. Nǐ yào zuò shénmeyàngde yǐfu?

23. A: Wǒ yào zuò yíjiàn qipao.

B: Nǐ yào zuò shénme liàozide?

• A: Nǐ shuō yòng shénme liàozi hǎo?

• B: Women zhèli you hěn duō zhǒng liàozi, nín xǐhuan nǎyizhǒng?

2k. A: Nǐ yào zuò shénme yàngzide?

• B: Wǒ xǐhuan wo shēnshang chuānde zhèijiàn.

• B: Nǐ kě bu kéyi zhào zhèige yàngzi zuò?

• 25. Wǒ gěi nín liáng chǐcùn, hǎo bu hǎo?

• 26. Nǐ kànkan zhèijiàn miǎn *ǎo héshì bu héshì.

• 27. xīzhuāng

What kind of clothing do you want made?

I want to have a cheongsam made.

What material do you want it made from?

What material do you think would be best to use?

We have many different kinds of material here; which kind do you prefer?

What style do you want it?

I like the one I have on.

Could you make it in this style?

I’ll take your measurements, all right?

See if this cotton-padded jacket fits you.

Western-style clothes; Western-style suit

REFERENCE NOTES

zuò: "to make," but in the Reference List sentence it is used for "to have made." Zuò yǐfu has two possible meanings: "to make clothes" or "to have clothes made." The context will usually make clear which is meant.

shénmeyàng: ’’what kind, like what”

Nǐde dìtān shénmeyàngr?            What is your carpet like?

Laide rén shénmeyàngr?             What did the person who came look

like?

Nǐ yàode dìtān shi shénmeyàngde? What kind of carpet is it that you want?

Nǐde péngyou shi shénmeyàngde What kind of person is your friend? rén?

qipao: A close-fitting woman’s dress with high Chinese collar and slit side, now called in English a ’’cheongsam,” from the Guangdong dialect name. Qí refers to the Manchurian nationality; páo means a Chinese-style long gown. Thus the name qipao comes from the fact that the ancestor of the modern cheongsam was originally worn hy Manchurian women.

liàozi; ’’cloth, fabric, material”

Nǐ shu5...: Literally, ’’You say...,” but often used as in this question to mean, "In your opinion" or "Do you think..."

-zhSng: "kind, sort"

chǐcùn: "measurements," literally, "feet-inches." Also pronounced chǐcun (with cun in the neutral tone).

mián'ǎo: "Chinese-style cotton-padded Jacket"

FIRST DIALOGUE FOR PART III

Běijǐng. A man (A) goes to a tailor shop to have some clothes made.

• (B) is the tailor.

• A: Wǒ yào zuò Jǐjiàn yīfu.              I'd like to have some clothes made.

  B: Xing a. Nín yào zuò shénme-yàngrde yǐfu?

  • A: Eng, wǒ yào zuò liǎngtào xīzhuāng, yítào chūntian chuānde, yítào dongtian chuānde.

  • B: Hǎo. Women zhèr you hěn duō zhǒng liàozi. Nín xǐhuan zuò něizhǒng liàozide? Zhèizhǒng liàozi zuò chūntian chuānde xīzhuāng hěn hǎo kàn. Nín kànkan nín xǐhuan hu xǐhuan.

  • A: 0, hěn hǎo kàn. Jiù zuò yítào zhèizhǒng liàozide ba.

  • B: Nín kàn, zhèizhǒng liàozi zuò dōngtiān chuānde xīzhuāng zěnmeyàng? Bú cuò ba? Hěn nuǎnhuo.

  • A: Liàozi hěn hǎo, kěshi wǒ bu tài xǐhuan zhèizhǒng yānsè. Nín you lǎn yánsède ma?

  • B: You lǎn yánsède. Zhèige zěnmeyàng?

  A: Hǎo. Zhèige wǒ hěn xǐhuan. Xièxie ni.

  
  

  Okay, what kind of clothes do you want to have made?

  I’d like to have two Westernstyle suits made, one to wear in the spring and one to wear in the winter.

  All right. We have many kinds of cloth here. What kind of cloth do you like to wear? This kind of cloth would look very good as a spring suit. Take a look and see if you like it.

  Oh, it's very attractive. Make one suit of this cloth.

  What do you think of this cloth for the winter suit? Nice, isn’t it? It's very warm.

  
  

  The cloth is very good, but I don't like this color very much. Do you have this in blue?

  
  

  Yes, I do. How is this?

  
  

  Good. I like this very much.

  
  

  Thank you.

  
  

SECOND DIALOGUE FOR PART III

'hàn; A common pronunciation in Taiwan for the character he, "and" or "with."

• B: Qípáo yào zuò chángde háishi duǎnde?

• A: Yào zuò chángde.

• B: Wo kànkan nǐde liàozi you duōshǎo ba. Zhèikuài kéyi zuò chángde. Nèikuài zhǐ kéyi zuò duande.

A: Nà Jiù yòng nèikuài zuò mián’ǎo, yòng zhèikuài zuò qípáo. Kéyi ba?

B: Kéyi, kéyi. Nèikuài liàozi zuò mián’ǎo hěn héshì. Qípáo yào zuò shénme yàngzide?

A: Wo xǐhuan wǒ shēnshang chuānde zhèijiàn. Ní kě bu kéyi zhào zhèijiànde yàngzi zuò?

M: Kéyi. Xiànzài wǒ gěi ni liáng chlcùn, hǎo bu hǎo?

Do you want the cheongsam long or short?

Long.

Let me have a look at how much material you have. With this piece you can make a long one. With that piece you can only make a short one.

Then use that piece to make the cotton-padded coat and use that piece to make the cheongsam. Will that be all right?

Sure. That piece of material is very suitable for making a cotton-padded coat. What style do you want the cheongsam?

I like the one I have on. Can you make it according to the style of this one?

Yes. Now I’ll take, your measurements, okay?

REFERENCE NOTES ON PART I

you shi: "to be occupied, to have something to do," literally, "to have business."

Nǐ xiànzài you shì ma? Mei shì.

jian: "to cut (with a scissors), to clip, to trim" Chinese has several different words for English "to cut" depending on the method of cutting. Jian only refers to cutting with a scissors or clipper.

bú yào: "don’t" In Transportation Module, Un t 3, you learned bié for "don’t" in negative commands. Bu yào means the same thing.

liǎngbiān: "two sides, both sides" In English it is enough to say just "the sides" and to add "two" or "both" seems superfluous, but liǎng is necessary in Chinese. Perhaps this is because Chinese has no way of indicating plural, as does the £ in English, "the sides_."

Gou duǎn le: "it’s short enough now" There are two things to notice in this short sentence: (1) In English we say "short enough," but in Chinese you say literally "enough short"; in other words, gòu is used as an adverb to modify the adjectival verb duǎn. (2) le here indicates a new state of affairs: before, the hair wasn’t short enough, but now it is. Thus le can be rendered into English by the word "now."

xǐ tóu: "to wash the hair" Tóu is literally "head," but in many cases actually refers to the hair. In most Chinese barbershops a shampoo after the haircut is standard procedure, and you would not have to specify that you want one. (Xǐ tou is translated as "to shampoo." Liquid shampoo is called xǐfàjǐng, "wash-hair-essence.")

Notice that Wǒ yào xǐ tóu has been translated idiomatically as "I want a shampoo," although literally xǐ tóu is a verb-object "to wash the head." Many Chinese phrases made up of a verb plus object are ambiguous as to who performs the action. You might have been tempted to translate Wǒ yào xǐ tóu as "I want to wash the hair," but in this context the sentence actually means "I want to have (my) hair washed," that is, by someone else (the barber). The context should tell you which meaning is intended. Another example:

Usually you won’t have any trouble deciding which the speaker means; the situaticr. or other things the speaker says will make it clear.

you: Literally, "oil," this word may be used in a looser sense to refer to all sorts of liquid preparations applied to the hair by hand (e.g., Vitalis). The specific word for "hair oil" is fàyóu or tóuyóu.

Hai you tóufa...: This is the sentence to say when the barber leaves bits of hair on your neck. The average person would gesture to his neck and say this sentence.

shūfu: ”to be comfortable; to feel good"

Zhèige yìzi zhēn shūfu.            This chair is really comfortable.

Zhèige xiǎo fēng hǎo shūfu a! This breeze ("little wind") feels so good

Bù shūfu can either mean "to be uncomfortable" or "not to be well," that is, to feel ill.

nòng: An extremely versatile verb because it has such a general meaning: "to do/manage/handle/make." Nòng often substitutes for a more specific verb. Also pronounced long or nèng.

But in the Reference List sentence, nòng is used in an even more common way, meaning "to make (someone/someth!ng a certain way)" or "to get (someone/ something into a certain condition)." Other examples:

nònggānjing: "to make/get something clean"

nònghuài: "to break, to put out of order, to ruin"

nòngpò: "to tear, to break"

guā húzi: "to shave", literally, "to scrape the beard." The verbobject phrase guā húzi, like xl tóu in Reference List Sentence No. 5, may be translated in either of two ways depending on the context: either "to shave (someone)" or "to have someone shave oneself."

gěi wS guā húzi: "shave me" Gěi is the prepositional verb meaning "for."When you have a verb-object phrase like guā húzi you indicate the person upon whom the action is performed by using a gěi phrase.

chuí bèi: "to pound (someone’s) back" as in massage. Farbers in China often provide this service after the haircut. Here once again, chuí bèi is a verb-object phrase with the same ambiguity as xǐ tou and guā húzi: it may mean "to pound someone’s back" or "to have one’s back pounded. Again, the context determines the interpretation. When the barber asks you Nǐ yào chuí bèi ma?, you can safely assume that he is offering to pound your back rather than asking you to pound his.

ànmó: This is the noun "massage." In recent years, an increasing number of barbershops in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and a few in the TRC have added massage to their list of services. Chinese medical clinics and hospitals also give therapeutic massage.

cā pixie: "to shine shoes/to have one’s shoes shined" (Cā is literally, "to wipe, to rub.") Once again, there is potential ambiguity as to who is the performer of the action. Also note that Chinese must use the verb-object; there is no noun corresponding to English "a shoeshine." The translation of the Reference List sentence using "a shoeshine" is idiomatic. Literally the sentence means, "is there someone who shines shoes here?" Cā píxiéde is a noun phrase meaning "someone who shines shoes, a shoeshiner."

liú húzi: "to grow a beard," literally liú, "to leave, to let be," and húzi "beard, mustache."

FIRST DIALOGUE FOR PART I

Taipei. A Chinese man (A) walks into a barbershop and sits down in a

NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE

Liangbiān me.■.: me indicates hesitation, indecision or consideration. It is translated here by the words "as for."

SECOND DIALOGUE FOR PART I

A barbershop in Běijīng. An American goes into a medium-sized barbershop. After sitting for a while in the waiting area, his number is called, he pays his fee to the cashier, and then sits down in a barber's chair. Since the American has been here three times before, the barber and he are already acquainted.

B: Hèi! Nín zhè tóu³ gòu chángde le!

A: Zhèiliǎngge yuè tài máng, méi shíjiān na! Duǎn yidiǎnr ba!

B: Xing a!

Hey, this hair of yours is getting awfully long!

I've been two busy the past couple of months, I haven't had any time! Cut it short for me, okay?

Sure!

B: Zhèi hòubianr gòu duǎn le, liǎngbiānr zěnmeyàng? Duo liú yidiǎnr hao bu hǎo?

• A: Bu yào liú le, nín jiù jian ba.

• B: Xiàr.zài zěnmeyàng?

• A: Bu cuò.'⁴

• B: Nà, dào nèibianr zuò, wǒ gěi nín xī tóu.

• A: Hǎo.

• B: Yào diǎnr you ma?

• A: Bu yào, bú yào.

• B: Guāgua húzi ba?

• A: Bú yòng le, duo xiè nín, húzi wo zìjī guā ba! Nín gěi wo bǎ tóufa nònggānjingle jiu xíng le.

• B: Hao. Xiànzài shūfu le ba?

• A: Shūfu duo le. Xièxie nín!

• B: Bú kèqi.

It's short enough in back. How about the sides? How about leaving them a little long?

Don't leave them long, just cut them.

How is it now?

Pretty good!

Then, have a seat over there and I'll give you a shampoo.

All right.

Want some oil?

No, I don't.

How about a shave?

That's not necessary, thank you.

I'll shave myself! Just clean up the hairs for me and that will be all right.

Okay, does that feel better?

Much better. Thank you!

You're welcome.

• PART II

REFERENCE LIST

• 15. A: Míngtiān w3 yào zuò toufa, wǒ xūyào yùyuē ma?

B: Bù xūyào, wǎnshàng bādiǎn zhōng yīqián lái jiù méi wèntí.

• 16. A: NǏ yào jiǎn duōshǎo?

• B: Wǒ yào jiǎn wufēn.

• 17. Hǎishi you diǎn chang.

• 18. Yào bu yao shìyishi liu cháng yidiǎn? Wǒ xiǎng yídìng hǎo kàn.

• 19. Wǒ xiǎng tàng toufa.

• 20. A: Nī yào juǎn toufa ma?

• B: Bu yào, chuīgǎn Jiù kéyi le.

• 21. shū tóu

I want to have my hair done tomorrow; do I need to make an appointment?

No. If you come before eight in the evening there won’t be any problem.

How much do you want cut off?

I want five fēn cut off.

It’s still a little long.

Do you want to try leaving it a little longer? I’m sure it will look good.

I’d like to get a permanent.

Do you want to have your hair curled?

No, Just blow-dry it and that will be fine.

to comb/brush one’s hair

problem,” méi wèntí can also "be used to assure someone that you are extending a favor gladly.

fēn: A Chinese unit of length equal to 1/3 of a centimeter, or slightly more than 1/8 of an inch. Fēn originally meant ’’one tenth.” You have also seen it meaning "one cent" (1/10 of a dime, mao). As a unit of length, fēn is one tenth of a Chinese inch (cùn). We have drawn a ruler marking off cùn ("inches”) and fēn so that you can contrast it with our American (British) inch.

cùn

fēn

2                    3

■J------------- English inches

you diǎn: Used before a state verb, you (yì)diǎn means "a little, slightly," as in:

you yìdiǎn rè                 a little hot

you yìdiǎn nan                a little difficult

The use of you yìdiǎn deserves your special attention, since English speakers learning Chinese tend to make the mistake of saying yìdiǎn nan (which is incorrect) for "a little difficult" instead of the correct form ySu yìdiǎn nan. Remember to put in that you.*

shìyishi: "to try, to give it a try" Shì is "to try” in the sense of "to experiment." It does not mean "try" in the sense of "to make an effort" to do something.

yídìng: "certainly, surely, for sure, definite(ly)” Literally, sentence 18 means ”ī think it will surely be good-looking," which can be translated more smoothly as "I’m sure it will look good." The phrase "I’m sure ..." will often translate into Chinese as Wǒ xiǎng . . . yídìng . . . , for example:

Wǒ xiǎng nǐ yídìng xǐhuan.         I’m sure you’ll like it.

Wǒ xiǎng tā yídìng lai.            I’m sure he’ll come.

tàng toufa; "to get a permanent” The use of the verb tàng for ”to get a permanent” has an interesting background and shows how Chinese adapts words already in the language rather than borrow from other languages. Tàng originally meant (and still does) ”to scald” or ”to apply heat to" something. For example, tàng yǐfu means "to iron clothes." The earliest methods for giving a permanent wave used heated curlers; in fact, today in Beijing (as in other parts of the world) electrically heated curlers are still used in one type of permanent called diàn tàng, "electric permanent." After the introduction of chemical permanents, the verb tàng continued to be used, even though no heat is applied in the new process. Chemical permanents are called lěng tàng, "cold permanent."

juǎn: "to curl, to roll up" You will find this verb used in many contexts, not Just in the area of hair styling. It is the all-purpose word for rolling or curling ribbons, paper, pastry, and building materials. CCurly hair is Juǎnfà, straight hair is zhífà.1

chuǐgān: "to blow-dry" Chui is "to blow, to puff" and gān is the adjec-tival verb "to be dry." These two verbs used together to form a compound which indicates both the action and the result: "to blow until dry" or "to blow with the result that (something) becomes dry."

Chuǐgān and the English word "blow-dry," look as if they are exactly parallel, but they are not. In English you can leave off the word "blow" and Just say "to dry someone's hair," whereas in Chinese you cannot use gān to mean the action of drying something, only the state of being dry. You always need to use another verb with gān in order to tell the action which caused the drying. For example, cāgān means "to wipe (something) dry."

FIRST DIALOGUE FOR PART II

A Canadian woman (C) walks into the Beijing Hotel hairdresser's. First she talks with the cashier in front (A). Later the hairdresser (B) calls her.

C: Jintiān rén zhème duo, wǒ míngtiān zài lai ba. Qǐng wen, wǒ kě bu kéyi yùyuē?

A: Bu bì yùyuē, nín děng shífēn zhōng Jiù you dìfang le.

There are so many people today. I'll just come back tomorrow. May I ask, can I make an appointment?

No need to, there will be a seat if you Just wait ten minutes.

B: Qǐng zuò. Nín xiang zěnme zuò? Yào bu yao Jian duan yidiǎnr?

Have a seat, please. How would you like it done? Do you want it cut a little shorter?

C: Wǒ xiǎng wǒde toufa you yidiǎnr cháng le, zuì hǎo JiǎnyiJiǎn.

B: Jiǎn duōshao? Wǔfēnr gòu bu gou?

C: Wǔfēnr? ’’Wǔfēnr" shi shénme yìsi?

B: 0, wǔfēnr jiù shi zhème yidiǎnr.

C: Ou, jiǎn wǔfēnr hǎo.

B: Hǎo, women xiān gěi nín xǐ tǒu, Jiǎnduǎn, ránhòu zài zuò.

C: Hǎode.

B: Nín yào tàng háishi yào Juǎn?

B: Wǒ bù xǐhuan tàng, jiù juǎn-yijuǎn hǎo le.

B: Hǎo, jiù juǎnyijuǎn, chuīgǎn. You shihour tàng toufa ye hěn hǎo kàn. Xiàyicì nín kéyi shìyishi.

C: Hǎo, xiàcì wǒ shìyishi.

I think my hair is a little long, I’d better have it cut a little.

How much? Is five fen enough?

Five fen? What does ’’five fen” mean?

Oh, five fen is this much. (Holds her thumb and index finger five fen apart.)

Oh, (it would be good to) cut off five fen.

All right, first we’ll give you a shampoo and cut, and then set it.

Fine.

Do you want to have a permanent or do you want to have it curled?

I don’t like permanents. Just curl it a little.

Okay, I’ll just curl it and blow-dry. Sometimes a permanent looks very good, too. Next time you can try . one.

Okay, next time I’ll give it a try.

(Afterwards, the woman gets up and the the front of the shop.)

B: Xǐ tóu yíkuài qián, jiǎn tǒu yíkuài wǔ, Juǎn fà wǔ kuài wǔ, chuīgǎn yíkuài wǔ, o, yígòng shi jiǔkuài wǔmáo qián.

C: Zhèr shi shíkuài, bú yòng zhǎo le.

B: Bù, zhǎo nín wǔmáo qián.

C: Zàijiàn.

B: Zàijiàn.

barber takes her to the cashier at

A dollar for a shampoo, a dollar and a half for a cut, five fifty for the set, a dollar and a half for blow drying, urn, altogether that’s nine fifty.

Here’s ten dollars, keep the change.

No, here’s fifty cents change.

Good-bye.

Good-bye.

NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE

Tipping is not permitted in the PRC. This is why the barber insists on giving the woman her change.

SECOND DIALOGUE FOR PART II

A: Bu kèqi.                              You’re welcome.

NOTES ON THE DIALOGUE

hěn hǎo kànde: The -de here means "that's how it is." This usage is typical of southern dialects.

yìdiǎndiǎn: "a very little bit", less than yìdiǎn.

Personal Welfare Module, Unit U In the Home

PART I

REFERENCE LIST

“REFERENCE NOTES ON PART I

yanjìng; ’’eyeglasses" Don’t mix this up with yǎnjìng, "eye." In Běijīng speech these words are pronounced yǎnjìngr ("eyeglasses") and yǎnjing ("eye"), keeping them even more distinct from each other.

zhipiàoběn: ’’checkbook" Zhípiào is a "check," literally "pay-ticket." Běn(r) is a booklet.

dài: "to bring" This word sounds exactly like another you learned in Unit 2, dài, "to wear, to put on (glasses, gloves, a hat, a wristwatch, jewelry, etc.)." They are different words, however, written With different characters ( for "to bring" and for "to wear"). The translation of the first Reference List sentence is idiomatic; we would say "l have . . . with me" or "ī have ... on me" when Chinese says literally, "l have brought w

xiǎoběnzi: "notebook," literally "small book." In Reference List sentence No. 2, xiǎoběnzi is translated specifically as "address book." Actually the word is more neutral in meaning ("notebook, booklet"), but picks up the specific translation from the context.

xiāngzi: "box, trunk, case" Xiāngzi corresponds to the English "suitcase, " while xíngli is the equivalent of "luggage."

shēnbàodān: "declaration form" Shēnbào is the verb "to report to a higher body, to declare something at customs. ’’ Dan is the noun meaning "bill, list, note."

xiě zai shēnbàodānshang: "write it on the deci'- .icn form" Notice that the place phrase (zài . . . shang) is placed alter the verb here, rather than in its usual place before the verb. When the location tells where the result of the activity is supposed to end up, that location phrase may appear after the verb (a position where other "results" also show up). Compare these two sentences:

Zài zhuōzishang xiě zì.             Write (with paper) on the desk.

Bu yào xiě zai zhuōzishang!        Don’t write on the desk! (Said to a

child making marks on the table.)

fùnu: "women& womankind" This the term for "women" in the general sense. The term nurén is less polite and more biological: "female." (in Taiwan, fùnú refers only to married women. Nude may be used for "women, woman. ’’)

Wo zhidao hen duo Zhongguo funu bu dai shoushi, suoyi wo ye mei dai shǒushi lai: The first verb dài means "to wear," and the second verb dai is "to bring with one."

bǎ xiāngzi dǎkai gěi wo kànkan: "open the suitcase for me to take a look" or "open the suitcase and let me take a look." You have learned gěi as a main verb "to give" and as a prepositional verb meaning "for" (Qìng ni gěi wo huànhuan, "Please change it for me"). In Reference List sentence No. 9 you see gěi used in a longer type of sentence. Compare the following

examples:

bǎ xiāngzi dǎkai gěi wǒ kànkan open the suitcase for me to take a look

niàn gěi women tīngting            read it aloud for us to listen

mai nèidíng màozi gěi tā dài       buy that hat to give to her to wear

zuò nèige diǎnxīn gěi háizi chī    make that pastry for the child to eat

When gěi comes after the verb, it can mean either "to give" or "for, let." For example, Bǎ nèiběn shǔ náchulai gěi wo kànkan could mean either "Take out the book and (actually) give it to me to look at,"  OR "Take out the

book for me to see (show it to me, not necessarily hand it to me)."  The

context will help you decide which is meant; often, only one will make sense.

CAUTION: Although gěi is sometimes idiomatically translated as "to let,"

you should not take this to mean that English "to let" may always be trans

lated into Chinese with gěi. There is a very limited correspondence between "let" and gěi. Usually you will translate "to let" as rang, which is introduced in Unit 6, Part III, of this module.

Méi shi le: "Everything is all right now" OR "There's no further business." Here, this means "Now that I’ve looked over your suitcase I find that there isn't anything further we need to take up."

yùbeihǎo le: "prepared" You have already learned the word zhǔnbèi, "to prepare, to get ready" or "to plan to." Yùbei is a close synonym.

Yùbeihǎo or zhùnbèihǎo both mean "to get all ready." The ending -hǎo on certain verbs indicates bringing something to a satisfactory conclusion.

SECOND DIALOGUE FOR PART I

NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE

*zhào xiàng: ’’to take photographs’’ (WLF 6)

PART II

REFERENCE NOTES FOR PART II

gōngyù: "apartment building," literally "public residence" In the PRC, the word gōngyù is seldom used (only in the names of some buildings, and in technical contexts), but in Taiwan it is widely used. "Apartment building" may be translated as either gōngyù or gōngyùlōu. Gōngyù is sometimes used for an "apartment."

Nǐmende gōngyù you jíjiān          How many rooms does your apartment

fángjiān?                          have?

But you would use dānyuán, "unit,” not gōngyù, for ’’apartment” in

Zhèige gōngyùlóu you duō-          How many apartments are there

shao dānyuán?                      in this apartment building?

Although an apartment-dweller will usually refer in English to his ’’apartment,” in everyday conversation, Chinese usually just speak of their fángzi. In other words, any type of residence—house or apartment—can be called a fángzi. Use the word gōngyù when you need to distinguish clearly between ’’apartment" and "house.

-Jiǎn: This is the counter for rooms. Don’t confuse it with the falling tone -jian, the counter for articles of clothing, which you learned in WLF 2.

dài: This is the verb you learned meaning "to bring (along), to take (along).’’ Here it is used with the extended meaning of "to take" or "lead" someone to a place.

I’ll take you there.

zūchuqu: "to rent out" The verb zū by itself means "to rent" in the opposite direction, that is, to rent something from the owner. Contrast:

kètīng: "living room," literally, "guest-hall."

dào kètīng zuò yíxià: "go to the living room and sit a while" This is roughly the equivalent of dào kètīng qù zuò yíxià. The verb qù is sometimes omitted after a dào phrase when the meaning of "go" does not need to be emphasized.

hē chá: "to drink tea" This is not an involved ritual as the Japanese have, but it is not simply the taking of a beverage, either. Hē chá, in a social setting means talking and relaxing while sipping tea. Books have been written on tea in China, its social significance, and the art of serving it. We cannot do justice to the topic in this small note. Let us Just leave you with two tips:

1. Except with close friends, don’t turn down

a cup of tea when offered. It is as much a gesture of friendship and a means of communication as it is a beverage.

2. Don’t ask for sugar, lemon or milk. Unless you are in a restaurant ordering it, lemon and milk will most likely be unavailable. It is a double embarrassment to your host, who may not keep lemon and milk on hand, and who hates to see someone defile the good taste of pure tea.

hǎoxiàng; ”to seem, it seems as if” Use this word as an adverb, placing it before the verb phrase.

He seemed not to understand. OR He didn’t seem to understand.

Hǎoxiàng is sometimes used merely to express that the speaker thinks a situation is so, but cannot confirm his suspicion. In such sentences, hǎoxiàng is best translated as "it seems to me that . . ."or "l think . . ."or "l seem to remember . . . ." Notice that the word order in Chinese stays the same.

gǎo wèishēng: "to. clean," literally "to do sanitation" This is an expression used in the PRC. The verb gǎo, "to do," originally a word found in southern dialects of Mandarin Chinese, is now widely used in Standard Chinese, even in Běijǐng. In Taiwan, gǎo does not have as wide a usage as in the PRC, where many new expressions have been created since 19^9 using this ve¹ b.

máfan: "to be troublesome, to be a nuisance, to be inconvenient" In the Money module, you learned the verb máfan for "to bother, to incon-venience (someone)," as in Mafan nǐ le, "Sorry to trouble you." Here you learn máfan as an adjectival verb.

What a bother.

pingcháng: "usually, generally, ordinarily" Like other two-syllable time words, pingcháng may come before or after the subject, but always before the verb.

Pingcháng women dōu zài kètīng

kàn diànshì.                      We usually watch television in

Women pingcháng dōu zài kètíng       the living room,

kàn diànshì.

Wǒ pingcháng Jiǔdiǎn zhong cái I don’t usually get off work xià ban.                             until nine o’clock.

shōushi: "to straighten up, to tidy up (a place)" or "to put away, to put in order, to clear away (things)." Use shōushi when you’re talking about neatening up a place, use gǎo wèishēng when you’re talking about soap and water cleaning in the PRC land gǎo qingjié "to (soap and water) clean" in Taiwan!.

wūzi and fángjiān: Both of these words means "room, chamber." Wūzi is seldom used in Taiwan, however. For rooms in public places, like hotels, use fángj iān rather than wūzi.

fànting: "dining room," literally "meal-hall."

chi fàn: "to eat," literally "eat food." Fan is literally, "cooked rice," but in the expression chi fàn it refers to food in general or a meal. This is another example of a verb plus general object, like niàn shū, "to study" or shuō huà "to speak." (See BIO, Unit 7.) This verb chí may, of course, be followed by a specific object such as pingguǒ, "apples," as in:

Wǒ chile yíge píngguǒ.              I ate an apple.

But if you mean "eat" in the sense of "to eat food" or "to have a meal," then you should use the general object fan:

Nǐ chi fan le meiyou?              Have you eaten? (Have you eaten

a meal?)

Tā zuì ài chi fan.                  He loves to eat most of all.

zuò fan: "to cook," literally "to make food." This is another verbgeneral object combination. As with chi fan, the verb alone may be used with more specific objects.

chúfáng: "kitchen," literally "kitchen-room."

xǐzǎofáng: "bathroom" This is a room for taking a bath, and not necessarily a room with a toilet. Xǐzǎo, which is introduced in Part III of this unit, means "to take a bathT” Remember, if you want to ask where there is a toilet, ask for the cèsuǒ, "toilet;" or use the polite Westernized term, xǐshǒujiān, "washroom." In rural areas, you would ask where the cèsuǒ is.

In Taiwan, modern houses and apartments usually have the toilet in the same room as the bathtub. In the PRC, apartment buildings built during the 1950’s may have a room with a bathtub in the apartment. Apartment buildings built since then usually only include a toilet and sink in each apartment, and no bathtub.

You should usually lower your voice to ask where the bathroom is. Many people even consider it polite to put one’s hand in front of the mouth when asking Cèsuǒ zài náli? Another polite way to ask is Wǒ keyi yòng yixià nǐmende cèsuǒ ma? "May I use your toilet?"

shūfáng: "study," literally "book-room."

wòfáng: "bedroom," literally "sleeping-room." Wòfáng and wòshì are both used for "bedroom."

FIRST DIALOGUE FOR PART II

A Chinese woman (Fl) has been invited to dinner at the home of an American couple in Taipei.

Fl: You! Nǐmen Jiā hěn piàoliang, Oh, your house is lovely, so neat shǒushide zhēn gānjìng!            and clean!

F2: Xièxie ni. Wǒmen xiān dào         Thank you. Let’s first go and sit

kètīng zuò yíxià hē diǎn chá. in the living room a while and and drink some tea.

NOTES AFTER THE DIALOGUE

Wǒ xiānshēng you shi dào Táizhōng qu le: "My husband has gone to T’aichung on business." More literally, "My husband had some business and went to T’aichung."

SECOND DIALOGUE FOR PART II

An American man (M) is talking with a Chinese women (F) in Běijīng.

F: Nǐde jiā zài Měiguo shénme          Where is your home in America?

dìfangr?

NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE

hái kéyi: Literally "still okay," this phrase actually means "isn’t too bad."

FART III

REFERENCE LIST

REFERENCE NOTES FOR PART III

xǐng: "to wake up" This is a process verb. It describes the change from sleep or unconsciousness to waking or consciousness: "to become awake, to become conscious, to become sober." In completed affirmative sentences, you will see the marker le; in negative sentences you will see mei (not bù— this is not a state verbTT Some of the quirks you faced with a verb like bìng ("to get sick," not "to be sick"), you also face here. When you are thinking in English of "He IS NOT awake," you should think "He HAS NOT awakened" in Chinese.

Jiào: "to ask, to order, to tell (someone to do something)" This is a prepositional verb, which means that it and its object precede the verb.

Fùqin Jiao hàizimen huílai.        The father told the children to

come back.

Nǐ Jiao ta guòlai.                  Ask him to come over.

shuì Jiào: "to sleep, to go to bed"

Tā bādiǎn zhōng Jiù shuì Jiao le. He went to bed at eight o’clock (already).

Nǐ Jǐdiǎn zhōng shuì Jiào?         What time do you go to bed?

Tā měitiān shuì bāge zhōngtóu.     He sleeps eight hours a night.

Nǐ shuìde hao bu hǎo?              Did you sleep well?

N? shuìhǎole ma?                   Did you sleep well?  OR  Have you

finished sleeping?

shuā yá: "to brush teeth" Besides brushing teeth, you can shuā yǐfu, "brush clothes," and shuā xie, "brush (off) shoes." Do not use shuā for use for brushing hair, however Lsee shū tou "to comb or brush one’s hair, WLF, Unit 3). CThe noun for a "brush" is shuāzi.J

niúnǎi: Literally, "cow-milk," and used only to refer to cow's milk. The word nǎi by itself does not specify the kind of milk.

bào: "to embrace, to hug" people, or "to hold in one's arms" a child, package, etc.

Lái, baba gěi ni bàobao.            Come, papa will hold you. (said to

child as he is handed from mother to father)

Ayí: "auntie" This is a term of address used by children for friends of the family, not blood relatives.

shuì wǔjiào: "to take an afternoon nap," literally, "sleep noon-nap." The wǔjiào, a nap after lunch, is very popular in China. Many institutions, factories, and schools give time off every day for this purpose.

shǎo: "to heat, to cook" (Another meaning is "to burn.") Since the verb shǎo by itself means to put heat to something, a resultative ending is needed when you want to indicate "boiling" or "heated up."

Wo qù shāo diǎnr shuī.              I'll go put some water on (the

stove).

Re shuǐ shāohǎo le.                The hot water has been heated up.

Shuǐ yījīng shāokāi le.            The water is already boiling.

mǎlù: ’’paved road.” This is the word usually used for paved city streets. Mǎlù is literally "horse-road,” that is, a road on which horses and people can go. A theory has also been advanced that the mǎ is a transliteration of the first syllable of "macadam" (a road made with layers of rolled broken stones, with a tar or asphalt base).

xiǎoxln: "to be careful," literally "small-heart."

É, xiǎoxln diǎnr!                  Hey, be a little more careful!

shūshu: "uncle" This is a term of affection used by children for older male friends of the family.

FIRST DIALOGUE FOR PART III

SECOND DIALOGUE FOR PART III

In Taipei on a Sunday afternoon, a young mother (Huìmīn) and father (Tíngsōng) are at home:

M:   Huìmǐn, wo xiǎng hē diǎn chā, Huìmǐn, I want some tea, do you?

nǐ yào bu yào?

F: Yào, dànshi rè shui meiyou le. Yes, but there’s no more hot water. Wǒ qù shāo.                          I’ll go put some on.

M:   Bú yào, bú yào, wǒ zìjī qù.        No, no, I’ll go myself.

F:   Hǎo, wǒ qù kànkan Xiǎo Bǎo         Okay, I’ll go check if Xiǎo Bǎo (the

xǐng le meiyou.                     baby) is up yet.

(They both leave the room. Later when Huìmǐn (the wife) returns, TÍngsōng is sitting on the sofa.)

F: Ting,* Xiǎo Bǎo xingle. Nǐ bào Ting, Xiǎo Bǎo is up. You hold him yíxià. Wǒ qù bǎ niúnǎi             for a minute. I’m going to go

nònghǎo.                             get his (cow’s) milk ready.

M:   (To the baby) Lai, ràng bàba Here, let daddy hold you.

bàobao.

(Huìmǐn comes in with a bottle and hands it to TÍngsōng.)

M: Nǐ kàn, shuì wǔjiào yǐhòu, tā Look, he’s so hungry after his nap. zhēn è.

F:   Shi, tā měicì dōu shi zhèiyang. Yes, he’s like this every time. ^5 6

Personal Welfare Module, Unit 5 Minor Physical Complaints

PART I

REFERENCE LIST

REFERENCE NOTES ON PART I

téng: "to hurt, to ache" When talking about body aches and pains, you use a topic-comment pattern. For example "I have a headache," in Chinese is literally "As for me, the head hurts":

gǎnmào: "to catch a cold; a cold" This may be used either as a verb or as a noun. CTo say "to have a bad cold," use gǎnmào hěn lìhai, lìhai meaning "severe."]

I’ve caught a cold.

Nǐde gǎnmào hǎo yidiǎn le ma? Is your cold a little better now?

fāshāo: "to have a fever," literally, "develop-fever" This may be used as a state or a process:

STATE

Wǒ fāshāo.

Wǒ bù fāshāo.

Wo you diǎn fāshāo.

PROCESS

Wǒ fāshāo le.

Wo méi fāshāo.

Wǒ fāshāo yǐhòu jiu bù xiǎng chi dōngxi le.

chī diǎn zhèige yào: "take some of this medecine," literally, "eat medicine," is the way to say, "to take medicine." Of course, for liquid medicines you could also say hē, "to drink," but one still usually says chǐ.

kàn dàifu: "to see a doctor" Also kàn yǐshēng.

I have to go see a doctor.

Nǐ kàn shénme?: In another context, this could mean "What are you looking at?"Here, however, kàn is used in the sense of "to have (a medical complaint) treated" or "diagnosed" by a doctor.

késou: "to cough"

nèikē: (1) "department of internal medicine" (of a hospital), or (2) "internal medicine" (as a field). Nèi means "internal" and kē means either (1) "department, section" or (2) "branch (of a study)."

yishēng: "doctor," literally, "heal-er." In Beijing, dàifu is the more conversational word and yishēng the more formal. In Taiwan, however, dàifu is not used much.

nèikē yishēng: "physician"

wàikē: (1) "department of surgery" (of a hospital), or (2) "surgery," (the branch of medicine).

wàikē yishēng: "surgeon"

tong: "to hurt, to ache," another pronunciation for těng.

āsipilín: "aspirin" Also pronounced āsipilín, àsipilíng, àsipǐlíng.

FIRST DIALOGUE FOR PART I

A man from Shànghài (A) is visiting his classmate (B) in Beijing.

SECOND DIALOGUE FOR PART I

In Beijing, a parent drops in on a neighbor to talk about his daughter’s illness:

• A: Nǐ zhǎo wo you shénme shir a?       Are you looking for me for something

in particular?

• B: Xiǎo Huá gǎnmàole, késoule yíge Xiǎo Hua caught a cold and has been xīngqī le, jìntiān fāshāo fāde coughing for a week. Today she hěn gāo, houlong yě hěn téng.       has a very high temperature and

her throat hurts a lot.

• A: Zhèi méiyou shénme. Jìntiān        This is nothing. Today have Xiǎo Huá

ràng Xiǎo Huá duō xiūxi xiuxi.      get a lot of rest. Tomorrow I can

Dàgài míngtiān jiu kéyi qǐng        probably ask a doctor to treat it

dàifu gěi ta kàn le.                 for her.

NOTES AFTER THE DIALOGUE

rang: ”to let, to allow, to have (someone do something)’’ This is a prepositional verb which you will see more of in Unit 6.

...duō xiūxi xiuxi: ’’rest a lot” The adjectival verb ”to be many, to be much, to be a lot" is used here as an adverb modifying the verb "to rest", xiūxi. As an adverb, duō may mean "a lot," "more," or "too much," depending on the context. In duō xiūxi xiuxi it obviously means "a lot" or "more."

Some students get into the bad habit of always translating duō as "more." Remember that the adverb duō can also mean either "a lot" or "too much." Thus, if someone invites you to dinner, even before you have started to eat, the host may say to you Duō chǐ yidiǎnr! Since you haven’t yet touched the food this sentence cannot mean, "Have some more"; it simply means "Eat amply." We might say in English, "Have as much as you like," or "Help yourself." Here are some more examples showing duō does not always mean "more."

Contrast Duō láile yíge rén, "One person too many came," with You láile yíge rén, "One more person came."

PART II

REFERENCE LIST

REFERENCE NOTES FOR PART II

dùzi: "belly, lower abdomen" This has often been translated as "stomach," but actually when sonieone Bays Wǒ dùzi těng or Wǒ dùzi bu shūfu, they are most often referring to lower abdominal or intestinal pains. Nevertheless, you may sometimes want to translate it as "stomach," in the looser sense of "belly," for example:

Nèige rénde dùzi hěn dà.            That man has a big stomach/belly.

Wǒ dùzi è le.                       I'm hungry. (Literally, "My

stomach is hungry.")

A colloquial expression for "to be pregnant" is dùzi dà le, literally, the abdomen has become big," or dà dùzi le.

xiè dù: "to have diarrhea" There are several expressions for "diarrhea" in Chinese; xiè dù is a good choice to use when talking to your doctor, since it is neither too informal not too technical. (See also lā dùzi, below.)

yūn: "to be dizzy" Often used after tóu, "head": tóu yūn. Pronounced with the Falling tone, yùn, this word is used in the expressions yùn chē, "to be carsick/trainsick," yùn chuan, "to be seasick," and yùn fēijǐ, "to be airsick."

(In this sentence, dōu doesn't mean "all," but "even, to such an extent that." This type of dōu is always used with le at the end of the sentence.)

tù: "to vomit" Xiang tù, literally "to feel like vomiting," means "to feel nauseous."

tíwēn: "body temperature" Only used for the temperature of a body. CThe general word for "temperature" is wēndù, which is presented in Part 3 of this unit.3 CTǐwēnbiāo is a medical thermometer.3

-dù: "degree" This noun does not take a counter.

wèibìng: "stomach trouble; gastric disease," literally, "stomach illness."

dàbiàn bù tōng: "to be constipated" Dàbiàn (literally "major-convenience) means "to have a bowel movement" or "feces.” (Xiǎobiàn, "minor-convenience," means "to urinate" or "urine.") Bù tōng means "doesn’t go through, is blocked up."

tang: "to lie, to recline" Notice that the zài phrase goes after the verb tang in the sentence Qǐng ni tang zài zhèr. This is because the zài phrase shows the result of the verb tang: you end up being here (zài zhèr) as a result of the action of lying (tang) ■ Tāngxià or tSng xiàlái means ^Hto lie down." In some of the following sentences, notice that tang corresponds to "be in bed."

shàngyǐ: "upper garments" CAlso sometimes means "coat."3

tu5: "to take off" (clothes, shoes) This is the opposite of chuān, "to put on."

Kuài bǎ dàyī tuōxialai.            Come on and take off your coat.

Tā zhèng tuózhe yīfu, jìnlai Right when he was taking off yige ren.                            his clothes, someone came in.

Qǐng ni tuōle xié zài jìnqu.       Please remove your shoes before

going in.”

*This is said by the host to a guest when he arrives. You might have thought that the use of the word kuài, usually translated as "hurry up and ..." sounds impatient and impolite. Actually, it is the exact opposite. Here, kuài indicates the host’s concern that the guest, although wanting to take his coat off, would be too polite to do so immediately.

”ln Taiwan, most households have kept the Japanese custom of removing shoes before entering the living areas. (Guests, though, are not in every case expected to take off their shoes, especially for short visits during dry weather.)

kāi: You have seen kāi meaning "to open." Here it means "to write out" a prescription, list, receipt, check, etc.

happen.

Jīnnián chūntiān shēng bìngde rén hěn duō.

Tā shēng bìng shēngle liǎngge xǐngqī le, hāi méi hǎo.

Nǐ hāi shēngzhe bìng ne, zěnme kéyi chūqu?.'

Tā shēngde shi shénme bìng?

Lots of people are getting sick this spring.

He has been sick for two weeks now and hasn’t recovered yet.

You’re still sick; how can you go out ?.'

What illness is it that he has?

lā dùzi: "to have diarrhea," improper, word for xiè dù.

a more colloquial, but not at all

Tā lā dùzi lāde hěn lìhai.

He has a bad case of diarrhea.

FIRST DIALOGUE FOR PART II

A man in Taipei calls a doctor’s office his wife’s illness.

A: Wéi.

• B: Wéi, qīngwèn Zhang Yishēng zài bu zài?

• A: Zhang Yishēng xiànzài zài kàn bìng. Qīngwèn ni y3u shì ma?

• B: W3 tàitai shēng bìng le, bìngde hěn lìhai. Tā cóng zuótiān kāishí tóu yūn, fāshāo. Zuótiān tāngle yìtiān, jīntiān zāoshàng hái fāshāo, dùzi yě hěn bù shūfu, hái tù.

• A: Tā xiè dù ma?

• B: Xièle jīcì.

• A: Tāde tīwēn shi duōshǎo?

• B: N, sānshibādù wǔ.

• A: Nī gěi tā chī shénme yào le ma?

• B: Tā bù néng chī yào, měicì chile dōngxi jiù tù.

• A: Nà nī mashang bǎ ta song dao zhèli lái.

• B: Hǎo. Wǒmen mǎshàng jiù lái.

to ask what he should do for

Hello.

Hello, is Dr. Zhāng there, please?

Dr. Zhāng is seeing patients now.

What can I do for you?

My wife is very sick. Yesterday she began to be dizzy and to run a fever. Yesterday she stayed in bed all day, but this morning she still had a fever, and she has abdominal pains, and she’s even vomiting.

Does she have diarrhea?

She’s had it a few times.

What’s her temperature?

Uh, 38.5 degrees.

Have you given her any medicines?

She can’t take medicines, every time she takes any food or drink she vomits.

In that case bring her here right away.

All right. We’ll be there right away.

SECOND DIALOGUE FOR PART II

In Běijīng, a young man (A) visits a

N: Èrbǎiwǔshíhào!

A: Shì w5•

N: Qing j in.

D: Nī zěnme bù shūfu a?

A: W8 tou yūn, xiǎng tù, zǎoshang wě kāishī dùzi teng.

D: Ou. Xiè dùzi ma?

A: Bú xiè, hái yěu diǎnr dàbiàn bù tong.

D: Ng? Qīng nín bǎ shàngyī tuōle, tǎng zài zhèr, w3 tīngting. Zhèr teng ma?

A: Bù teng.

D: Zhèr ne?

A: Aiyòu! Zhèr hen teng.

D: Nī congqiǎn y3u wèibìng ba?

A: Xiǎode shihou you, kěshi hěn duo niǎn méiyou téngguo le. Zu6-tiān wǎnshàng yèu kǎishī bù shūfu le. Yèli shuì jiào yě shuìde bù hǎo, xīngle hǎo jīcì.

D: Hǎo, w3 gěi ni kǎi ge yàofāng. Chile yào, xiūxi xiuxi, yàoshi bù hǎo, xiàge xfngql zài lái kànkan.

A: Hǎo, xièxié ni!

What’s the matter with you?

I’m dizzy, nauseaous, and since this morning my ’’stomach" has been upset.

Oh. Any diarrhea?

No, I'm even a bit constipated.

Oh? Undress down to the waist, please, lie down here, and I'll have a listen. Does it hurt here?

No.

How about here?

Ouch! It hurts there!

Have you ever had stomach trouble before?

When I was a child I did, but I haven't had any pain for many years. Last night it began to feel bad again. During the night I slept very poorly, too. I woke up several times.

All right. I’ll write you a prescription. After you take the medicine, get some rest, and if it doesn't get better, come and see me again next week.

Okay, thank you.

PART III

REFERENCE NOTES ON PART III

liáng: "to measure” You first saw this verb in the context of taking measurements for clothing. Here you see it used for taking temperatures. It can also be used for measuring a piece of land or the dimensions of a room.

tǐwēn and wēndù: Both of these are translated as ’’temperature” in the sentences above, but they should be distinguished. Tǐwēn is literally ’’body temperature” and thus is used when talking about taking human temperatures. Wēndù is literally "temperature degree” and is generally used in measuring heat or cold.

Nǐ wūzilide wēndù shi duōshǎo? What’s the temperature in your room?

EThere is another word qìwén, literally "air temperature," used, for example, used in weather reports.!

wēndù bù gǎo: "the temperature is not high" Normal body temperature (98.6’ F) is 37Celsius. Each additional degree Celsius is 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit.

kāishuǐ: ’’boiled water" This is water that has been boiled, but is not necessarily hot. Often kāishuǐ is served as a hot beverage, however. The Chinese commonly believe that ice cold beverages are not good.

xuěyā: "blood pressure," literally "blood pressure." Xuěyā gāo is "high blood pressure," and xuěyā dǐ is "low blood pressure."

zhēnjiū: "acupuncture and moxibustion" Also pronounced zhēn.1 iǔ. Acupuncture is a practice of traditional (but not necessarily orthodox) Chinese medicine where parts of the body are pierced with needles to treat disease or relieve pain. This is based on the idea that the body’s energy (qì) forms an integral system which must be maintained for good health. This is done by applying pressure or releasing pressure to restore the balance of qì. Moxibustion (traditionally more important than acupuncture) involves the smoldering of herbs on certain body points. In some cases the herbs are placed directly on the skin and lit with a stick of incense; at other times, a slice of ginger is first placed on the skin and the herbs burned on top.

Nǐ xiǎng bu xiang zhSo zhēnjiū dàifu gěi ni kànkan?: This has been translated on the Reference List as "Do you want to seean acupuncturist?" which is the conversational English equivalent. A translation more revealing of the structure of the question might be: "Do you want to look for an acupuncture doctor to give you treatment?"

liúxíngxìng gǎnmào: "influenza, flu," literally "epidemic cold." Liúxíng: the verb "to be prevalent, to be popular, to be common." -Xing means "quality, characteristic," and when used as a suffix corresponds to "-esque" in "picturesque," or "-like" in "childlike." Liúxíngxìng is then "having the characteristic of being prevalent," specifically "epidemic."

kāi dāo: "to operate; to be operated on," literally "to open or operate the knife."

DIALOGUE FOR PART III

In Beijing a worker pays a return visit to a health clinic.

NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE

*kesou yishēng: Literally, "cough one sound." -Sheng is the counter for utterances.

REFERENCE NOTES ON PART I

zāogāo: "too bad, oh darn, how terrible, what a mess," literally, "rotten-cake." This is used as an exclamation of dismay. It is often equivalent to "Oh no!":

Zāogāo! Wǒ wàngle dài fēijǐ- Oh, no! I forgot to bring the piào le!                            plane tickets!

As an adjectival verb, zāogāo means "to be in a mess, to be in a bad state," as in:

Nàrde qíngxing hěn zāogāo.         The situation there is a mess.

Zhèiběn shū xiěde zhēn zāogāo. This book is terribly written.

Tā hěn zāogāo.                       He's in a very bad way.

Yàoshi zhèige bìngrén láide zài If this patient had come any later wān yidiǎnr jiù zāogāo le.         than he did, he would have been

in a real mess (in big trouble).

diū: "to lose" You can analyze the sentence Wode hùzhào diū le this way:

In some areas of China (including Taiwan) you would hear the word diào instead of diū: Wode hùzhào diào le.

fānyì: "to translate, to interpret; translator, interpreter" Also pronounced fānyi (with a neutral-tone yi).

shìqing: "matter, affair, business, thing." Shìqing refers to abstract things, while dōngxi refers to concrete things.

jiàshǐ zhízhào: "driver's license" Jiàshǐ is "to drive (a vehicle)."

Zhízhào is a "license, permit."

fāxiàn: "to discover, to find, to find out"

Wǒ zài zhèr fāxiànle yige          I've discovered a problem here,

wèntí.

Zhèi shi gāng fāxiànde yìzhǒng This is a new kind of medicine xǐnde yào.                          which has Just been discovered.

The object of fāxiàn may also be a clause:

Wo huílaile yǐhòu Jiu fāxiàn When I came back I discovered that tā yǐjīng zǒu le.                  he had already left.

The expression Wǒ fāxiàn . . . can often be translated as "I notice that . . ."or "I find that . ì It often prefaces a personal observation, as in:

cái: "then and only then, not until" This adverb should be used when an event happens relatively late: "not until this morning." Cái is the opposite of jiù, the word for "then" when something happens sooner or earlier. When a sentence using cái describes a completed action, the verb will hardly ever take the ending -le; notice that fāxiàn in sentence 6 cannot have -le. Here is another example:

kuài yidiǎnr: "a little more quickly," or as in No. 7, "soon." Kuài yidiǎnr gives the impression of being even sooner than zǎo yidiǎnr. Both mean "soon."

lǐng: "to receive, to get, to pick up, to collect" something that is issued or given (a prize, salary, materials, passport, etc.)

yàoburán: "otherwise," literally "if-not-thus." Like kěshi "but" and dànshi "but, however," yàoburán always comes at the front of the clause in which it occurs.

zhào xiàng: "to take a picture," literally, "illuminate-image." You already learned zhàoxiàngjǐ, "camera," in WLF Unit h, Part I. The counter for xiàng "-pictures" is -zhāng (the same one as for tables, sheets of paper and other flat things). Zhào jǐzhāng xiàng thus means "to take a few pictures." (When NOT using the word xiàng as the object of zhào, however, you should use zhàopiàn or xiàngpiàn for "photograph.")

Like many verb-object expressions, zhào xiang has the potential ambiguity of meaning either "to (verb) an (object )’* or "to have an (object) (verb)-ed": "to take a picture" or "to have one's picture taken." You saw this with several verb-object expressions in Unit 3‘-

For example, in the case of zhào xiang, a photographer might say Wo qù zhào xiàng, "I am going to take pictures"; but a person going to a photographer’s studio might say the same sentence, Wǒ qù zhào xiàng, meaning "I am going to have my picture taken."

The fact that such sentences may mean either of two things rarely causes any misunderstandings in practice. The context almost always makes it perfectly clear which meaning is intended.

With these verb-object expressions, if you want to specify the person on whom the action is performed, you have to use a gěi phrase (you can’t make the person the direct object because the verb already has a direct object). For example, to say "I’m going to take a picture of you," say:.

Tā tàitai gěi ta jian tóufa.       His wife cuts his hair.

’Although misunderstandings are rare, they are not impossible. Here is a short exchange illustrating how zhào xiàng might be misunderstood and how the misunderstanding might be cleared up. (For this example you need to know zhàopiàn, "photograph," and zhàoxiàngguǎn, "photography studio.")

Here "A" meant by his first sentence "Today I went to have my picture taken." but "B" understood him to mean "Today I went to take pictures."

wàishì Jǐngchá: "foreign affairs policemen," those who Heal with foreign national:’..

DIALOGUE FOB PAKT I

A foreign official in Běijǐng talks with a Chinese colleague.

NOTES ON THE DIALOGUE

Zài nǎr diūd'a?: "Where did you lose it?" d'a is a contraction of de and a. The whole sentence would be Nǐ shi zài nǎr diūde a?

REFERENCE LIST

REFERENCE NOTES FOR PART II

shéi: "someone” The question word shéi "who" can also be used to mean "someone."

bèi: This is the prepositional verb which indicates the doer of the action, similar to the English "by" in passive sentences. In sentences with bèi it is the subject (tā in sentence 12) which received the action and the object of bèi (qǐchē in sentence 12) which did the action.

Wode zìdiǎn bèi xuésheng           My dictionary was taken by a

názǒu le.                            student.

Tā bèi rén dǎsǐ le.                 He was beaten to death by someone.

(dǎsǐ is literally "hit to death)

Bèi has a special characteristic other prepositional verbs do not share: it can occur WITHOUT AN OBJECT. Its passive meaning is still evident in the rest of the sentence:

mashàng: ’’immediately, right away,” literally ”on a horse”

dǎ diànhuà: ”to make a phone call,” literally ”to hit electric-speech.” To indicate who you are calling, use the prepositional verb gěi ’’for, to.”

Nǐ gěi shéi dS diànhuà?            Who are you calling?

Lao Wáng you gěi ni da diàn- Lao Wáng called you again, huà le.

The noun diànhuà by itself can mean either ’’telephone” or ’’telephone call.”

Nǐ hái méiyou diànhuà ma?          Are you still without a phone?

You nǐde diànhuà.                  There’s a call for you.

Sometimes you can use diànhuà where English would have ’’telephone number”: Nǐde diànhuà shi duōshao?

zhǎo Jí: ”to get upset, to get excited with worry, to feel anxious”

Nǐ tài zhāojí. Women zhèr         You’re too anxious/worried. We

méiyou shénme wèntí.               don’t have any problems here.

kān: ”to look after (something)” The verb kàn ”to look, to see” changes tones when it means ”to look after something.”

Nǐ qù Xiānggāngde shíhou, shéi Who’ll be looking after your house gěi ni kān fángzi?                 when you go to Hong Kong?

Shéi gěi ni kān háizi?             Who looks after the children (OR

babysits) for you?

-zhe: This is the marker of DURATION. It may be added to an action or process verb to indicate that the action lasts for some amount of time. In the sentence Wo zài zhèr kānzhe ta ”1’11 stay here and look after him,” the speaker is saying that he will do this and CONTINUE it for some time. -Zhe can be used whether the time is past, present or future.

He’s not calling for his mother; this is a moan.

A: Nín . . . nín kuài qù ba! Xièxie You . . . you go quickly! Thank you. nín le!

REFERENCE LIST

granting or withholding permission.

yóuyǒng: ”to swim”

Nǐ huì bu huì yóuyǒng?             Can you swim?

Wǒ youyǒng youde bú tài hǎo. I don't swim too well.

wéixiǎn: "to be dangerous, to be perilous" Also pronounced wéixiǎn.

Zài Táiběi qí mōtuōchē tài        It's too dangerous to ride a motorcyle

wéixiǎn le.                         in Taipei.

Tā bú pà wéixiǎn, tā shénme dōu He's not afraid of danger. He'll yào zuò.                             do anything.

gùyì: "intentionally, willfully, on purpose"

Tā gùyì bǎ nèixie shū diū le. She lost those books on purpose.

Duìbuqǐ, wǒ bú shi gùyì (zuò)de. I'm sorry, I didn't do it on purpose.

ràng: "to let, to allow, to cause (someone to do something)." This is a prepositional verb, i.e. ràng and its object both precede the main verb.

Tā bú ràng wo zǒu.                 She won't let me leave.

Nǐ zěnme kéyi ràng tā zenme        How could you make her so unhappyI

bù gāoxìng?

NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE

zhǐdao le: "now I know," or "I understand" This is the marker le for new situations.