1. The “--的” structure:
The “--的” structure is one in which the structua
l particle 的 is
used to indicate possession or other qulities and is attached to:
1) a noun; eg. 这本 书 是 我 哥 哥 的 。
Zhè běn shū shì wǒ gē gē de .
This book is my older brother's.
2) a noun phrase; eg. 这 台 电 脑 是 东 亚 图 书 馆 的 。
Zhè tái diàn nǎo shì dōng yà tú shū guǎn de .
This computer is the East Asian Library's.
3) an adjective; eg. 那 儿 有 红 的 车 。 红 的 不 好 。
Nàr yǒu hóng de chē . Hóng de bù hǎo .
There is(are) a red car(s) over there. Red one(s) is(are) not good.
4) a pronoun; eg. 他 们 的 阅 览 室 很 大 。 我 喜 欢 他 们 的 。
Tā men de yuè lǎn shì hěn dà . Wǒ xǐ huān tā men de .
Their reading room is huge. I like theirs
The “"--的” structure functions as a noun phrase in the sentence.
In all the above examples, the noun is understood and would be tedious to repeat,
but a check can be made by supplying it:
5) 这本 书 是 我 哥 哥 的（ 书 ) 。
6) 这 台 电 脑 是 东 亚 图 书 馆 的(电 脑 )。
7) 那 儿 有 红 的 车 。 红 的 (车 )不 好。
8) 他 们 的 阅 览 室 很 大 。 我 喜 欢 他 们 的(阅 览 室 )。
If the noun is not supplied, the structure may be used in the generalized sense;
eg.:
9)大 的 不 一 定 好 。
Dà de bù yī dìng hǎo .
(The) big ones are not necessarily good.
2. The proposition 从 ：
The preposition 从 usually take words which denote locality as objects.
For example:
10)从 宿 舍 cóng sùsh from the dorm
11)从 我 家 cóng wŏji from my home
A propositional phrase such as 从 我 家 ,从 宿 舍 can funtion as adverbial
adjunct indicating direction. The position of an adverbial adjunct always
precedes the verb it modifies.
For example:
12)我 从 我 家 来 。
Wǒ cóng wǒ jiā lái .
I come from my home.
13)古 老 师 从 哪 儿 去 ？
Gǔ lǎo shī cóng nǎr qù ？
From where is Teacher Gu going ?
Nouns or pronouns denoting persons cannot be used independently as the
object of the proposition 从 to indicate locality.
They must also take 这 儿 or 那 儿 :
14)我 从 我 妈 妈 那 儿 来 。
Wǒ cóng wǒ mā mā nàr lái .
I came from my mom's place.
15)他 从 你 这 儿 去 。
Tā cóng nǐ zhèr qù .
He went/left from your place.
The negative form of a sentence with 从 prepositional phrase is:
16) 妈 妈 不 从 这 儿 去 。
Tā cóng nǐ zhèr qù .
Mom won't go/leave from here.
Note that the position of 不 is before the prepostional phrase.
3. The expression of “太 +adj./v. + 了”:
The expression of “太 +adj./v.+ 了” indicates that something has
gone to the extreme, and that some limit has been passed.
In short, it shows “excessiveness”. For example:
17) 这 条 裤 子 太 小 了 。
Zhètiáo kùzi tài xiăo le.
The pants are too small.
18) 那 个 人 太 老 了 。
Nàge rén tài lăo le.
That guy is too old.
19) 他 太 喜 欢 他 的 孩 子 。
Tā tài xǐ huān tā de háizi .
He likes his kids too much. (He spoils his kids.)
The expression of “太 +adj.+ 了” does not always carry a negative tone.
It can also be use to show admiration. For example:
20) 古 老 师 的 书 法 太 漂 亮 了 。
Gǔ lǎo shī de shū fǎ tài piào liàng le .
Teacher Gu’s calligraphy is wonderful.
4. The adverb 就：
The adverb 就 is often placed before the main verb to indicate emphasis
of different implication.
For example:
*as 'precisely', 'exactly':
21) 那 就 是 图 书 馆 。
Nà jiù shì tú shū guǎn .
THAT is the library.
22) 她 就 是 东 亚 馆 的 古 老 师 。
Tā jiù shì dōng yà guǎn de gǔ lǎo shī .
SHE is Teacher Gu of East Asian Library.
*As ‘only’:
23) 我 们 系 就 有 一 个 阅 览 室 。
Wǒmen xì jiù yǒu yī gè yuè lǎn shì .
There is ONLY one reading room in our department.
*As ‘immediately’:
24)我 就 去 语 言 实 验 室 。
Wǒ jiù qù yǔyán shí yàn shì .
I WILL go to the language lab RIGHT AWAY.
The adverb 就 usually does not have a negative form.
Only when indicating “absolutely not”, can it take negative form.
For example:
25)她 就 不 是 古 老 师 。
She is DEFINITELY NOT Teacher Gu.
26)我 就 不 去 语 言 实 验 室 。
I am ABSOLUTELY NOT going to the language lab.
27)我 们 系 就 没 有 阅 览 室 。
There DEFINITELY ISN’T Any reading room in our department.
5. Reduplication of verbs:
Reduplication of verbs such as “看 看 ， 等 等” tends to stress the
“tentative effect” of the verb and to minimize the action. It is
often used (A) to describe modestly to one’s own activities.
For example:
28) 我 看 看 你 的 书 ， 好 吗 ？
Wǒ kàn kàn nǐ de shū ， hǎo ma ？
May I have a look at your book?
(B) to form a mild imperative, or to make a suggestion. For example:
29) 你 看 看 这 本 书 吧 。
Nǐ kàn kàn zhè běn shū ba .
Take a look at this book.
30)喝 喝 这 茶 吧 。 真 好 。
Hē hē zhè chá ba . Zhēn hǎo .
Have a sip of the tea. (It is) really good.
The rules for the redublication of verbs are:
(A) In a verb-object structure, only the verb and not the object, is
redublicated. For example:
喝 茶 --喝 喝 茶 问 王 老 师 --问 问 王 老 师
(B) When a monosyllabic verb is reduplicated, "一 " can come
between the verb and its reduplicate:
喝 茶 --喝 喝 茶 --喝 一 喝 茶 看 地 图 --看 看 地 图 --看 一 看 地 图
(C) To a disyllabic verb is simply repeat the whole word:
学 习 汉 语 --学 习 学 习 汉 语 帮 助 他 --帮 助 帮 助 他
Note that "一 " cannot come between the disyllabic verb and its redublicate.
6. The adjective 好 as an adverb:
The adjective 好 often can function as an adverb to modify a verb. When 好
works as an adverb, it means roughly "good to" or "easy to". For example:
31) 汉 语 很 好 学 。
Hànyǔ hěn hǎo xué .
Chinese is easy to learn.
32) 外 语 学 院 很 好 找 。
Wài yǔ xué yuàn hěn hǎo zhǎo .
The Foreign Language Institute is ease to locate.
In some cases, 好 + V. is taken as a set-phrase, and is considered to have
the status of a word, which can function as an adjective. For instance:
33) 这 条 裙 子 很 好 看 。
Zhè tiáo qún zi hěn hǎo kàn .
The skirt is really nice to look at.
HENCE: The skirt is really nice-looking (pretty).
34) 这 是 一 本 很 好 看 的 书 。
Zhè shì yī běn hěn hǎo kàn de shū .
This is a nice to read book. / This is an interesting (good) book.
7. The preposed object:
Sometimes, a verb can have a list of objects. For example:
35) 我 有 汉 语 书 ， 英 语 书 ， 和 日 语 书 。
wǒ yǒu hàn yǔ shū ， yīng yǔ shū ， hé rì yǔ shū .
I have Chinese books, English books, and Japanese books
In a case like this, a Chinese speaker likes to change the word-order,
and prepose the list of objects in the way like this:
汉 语 书 ， 英 语 书 ， 日 本 书 ， 我 都 有 。
Hàn yǔ shū ， yīng yǔ shū ， rì běn shū ， wǒ dōu yǒu .
Notice that when the list is preposed, the adverb "dōu" is present, and
its positition in the sentence is right ahead of the verb. “Dōu” must
always follow its referent, a requirement that works well with this
construction. must One more examples:
36) 茶 ， 咖 啡 ， 酒 ， 他 都 喝 。
Chá ， kā fēi ， jiǔ ， tā dōu hē .
He drinks tea, coffee, and wine.
