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Grammar notes

[.wav]?

One of the most common ways of forming a question in Chinese is to add 嗎 [.wav] at the end of a statement. Hence 你好 [.wav]! (Hi!) becomes 你好嗎 [.wav]? (How are you?)

你呢 [.wav]?

This is to be used to redirect the question originally addressed to you. Its meaning is equivalent to "and you?" "what about you?" or "how about you?"
A: 你好嗎 [.wav]?
How are you?
B: 我很好 [.wav], 你呢 [.wav]?
I am fine, and you?

A: 你忙嗎 [.wav]?
Are you busy?
B: 我不忙 [.wav], 你呢 [.wav]?
I am not busy, what about you?

[.wav], 也 [.wav], 都 [.wav]

All three are adverbs, which should be placed before what they modify in Chinese. E.g., 很好 [.wav], 也好 [.wav], 都好 [.wav].

Sometimes 很 [.wav] is not really employed to mean "very" if it is modifying a monosyllabic adjective such as 好 [.wav]. It is simply because to say 我好 [.wav] is a bit abrupt and hence awkward with only a monosyllabic adjective as the predicate of the sentence. Therefore people usually add 很 [.wav] before 好 [.wav] to make the sentence sound natural: 我很好 [.wav] in this case does not necessarily mean "I am very well", it may simply convey the meaning of "I am fine".

The order of these words: If all three adverbs occur in the same sentence, their order is 也 [.wav] -- 都 [.wav] -- 很 [.wav]:

我很好 [.wav].
我也很好 [.wav].
我們也都很好 [.wav].
N.B. 都 [.wav] (both/all) is only used to refer to the items to the left of it. Hence it is wrong to say 都他們很好 [.wav] ("all of them are fine"). One should say 他們都很好 [.wav].

都不 [.wav] vs. 不都 [.wav]

都不 [.wav] indicates a complete negation whereas 不都 [.wav] shows a partial negation:
他們都不忙 [.wav]
None of them is busy.
他們不都忙 [.wav]
Not all of them are busy.

我們都不是大夫 [.wav]
None of us is a doctor.
我們不都是大夫 [.wav]
Not all of us are doctors.

[.wav]

As an auxiliary word, 的 [.wav] is used to indicate possession. It comes between the subject and the noun it modifies: 我的書 [.wav], 我媽媽的車 [.wav] etc.

In the case of kinship or as a reference to people, however, the possessive marker 的 [.wav] can be omitted. Otherwise it cannot.

e.g. 你弟弟 [.wav] = 你的弟弟 [.wav], 我爸爸 [.wav] = 我的爸爸 [.wav]

我很好 [.wav] -- Adjectival sentence without verb "to be".

Unlike English, Chinese sentences can sometimes go without a verb. In the sentence 我很好 [.wav], the adjectival phrase 很好 [.wav] serves as the predicate for the sentence. No verb "to be" is needed as in English (I am very well). This is generally true of a sentence that has an adjective as its predicate, even in negative sentences.
e.g. 他們很忙 [.wav], 我們不忙 [.wav]
They are very busy, we are not.
Notice that in other types of sentences, however, verb 是 [.wav] should still be retained:
他是我朋友 [.wav]
He is my friend.

我不是她的哥哥 [.wav]
I am not her elder brother.

Proper Response

Study the following two dialogues:
A: 你媽媽是大夫嗎 [.wav]?
Is your mother a doctor?
B: 是 [.wav], 她是大夫 [.wav].
Yes, she is a doctor.

A: 你媽媽忙嗎 [.wav]?
Is your mother busy?
B: 忙 [.wav], 她很忙 [.wav].
Yes, she is very busy.
To respond positively to a yes/no question, we often repeat the verb -- in the above case 是 [.wav] and 忙 [.wav] respectively -- as an equivalent to the English "yes" before making the statement itself. Note therefore that the response is not always 是 [.wav].

Questions with interrogative words 誰 [.wav], 哪 [.wav], 什麼 [.wav]

Unlike English which has to move such interrogative words as "what", "when", "who" etc to the beginning of the sentence to form a question, Chinese leaves the word order unchanged when forming questions using such interrogative words as 誰 [.wav], 哪 [.wav], 什麼 [.wav], etc:

  1. 他是我弟弟 [.wav]. (He is my younger brother.)
    他是誰 [.wav]? (Who is he?)
  2. 他是我們老師 [.wav]. (He is our teacher.)
    誰是你們老師 [.wav]? (Who is your teacher?)
  3. 他是中國人 [.wav]. (He is Chinese.)
    他是哪國人 [.wav]? (What is his nationality?)
  4. 這是中國地圖 [.wav]. (This is a map of China.)
    這是什麼地圖 [.wav]? (What map is this?)
  5. 那是書 [.wav]. (That is a book.)
    那是什麼 [.wav]? (What is that?)
  6. 這是她的車 [.wav]. (This is her car.)
    這是誰的車 [.wav]? (Whose car is this?)
As is obvious, one simply replaces the relevant words, which are what one wants to ask about, with the interrogative words to form questions. No change of word order takes place.

Asking a person's name

There are several ways of asking a person's name, depending on who that person is.

  1. 您貴姓﹖ [.wav]

    This is a very polite way of asking someone's name, literally "What is your honourable surname?". It is usually used to address one's elders or superiors, or someone of one's own age but to whom one wants to be polite. Notice, however, that the expression 貴姓 [.wav] cannot be used when asking about a third person's name, or when referring to oneself.

    A: 您 [.wav]/你貴姓﹖ [.wav]
    What is your name?

    B: 我姓丁。 [.wav]
    My name is Ding.
  2. 你叫什麼﹖ [.wav]

    This is a plain form of asking a person's name. It is usually used to address people of one's own age or younger, or one's inferiors. If one wants to be a bit polite, 請問 [.wav] can be added to the question:

    請問﹐你叫什麼﹖ [.wav]
    May I ask, what's your name?
    Unlike 貴姓 [.wav], which is only used in the second person, 叫什麼 [.wav] can be employed for all persons:
    她叫什麼﹖我們叫什麼﹖我哥哥叫什麼﹖ [.wav]etc.

When asked 你姓什麼﹖ [.wav]you are supposed to give your last name first, and then as an option you can add your full name afterwards. But when asked 你叫什麼﹖ [.wav]you can give either your given name or your full name.

Word usage: 學習﹐ [.wav][.wav]

Both words mean "to study" or "to learn". Whereas 學習 [.wav] can be used both transitively and intransitively, 學 [.wav] is normally reserved for transitive use.

e.g. 我學 [.wav](習 [.wav])漢語﹐她學 [.wav](習 [.wav])法語。 [.wav]
I study Chinese, she studies French.
我學習﹐我弟弟不學習。 [.wav]
I study, my younger brother doesn't study.
In the second sentence, the word 習 [.wav] cannot be omitted.

Grammar notes

  1. [.wav] (to be at/in...) functions as a verb.

    To express the location or existence of something or somebody, use the following pattern:

    S + 在 [.wav] + place/location word or phrase
    e.g. A: 你的地圖在哪兒﹖ [.wav]
    B: 我的地圖在那兒。 [.wav]

    A: 你爸爸媽媽在哪兒﹖ [.wav]
    B: 他們在中國。 [.wav]
    If the location or place is known or obvious, it can be omitted:
    A: 古波在嗎﹖ [.wav]
    Is Gubo in [or: here]?

    B: 他不在﹐他在學生宿舍。 [.wav]
    He is not here. He is at the students' dormitory.

  2. Nouns / personal pronouns + 這兒 [.wav]/那兒 [.wav] as place words.
    e.g. A: 地圖在哪兒﹖ [.wav]
    B: 在我這兒。 [.wav](or 在我那兒 [.wav])

    A: 你的車在哪兒﹖ [.wav]
    B: 我的車在學生宿舍那兒。 [.wav]
    The choice of 這兒 [.wav] and 那兒 [.wav] depends on the distance between the object and the speaker. If it is close to the speaker, use 這兒 [.wav]; if not, use 那兒 [.wav].
  3. The word order for Chinese place words

    Unlike English, Chinese place words start with the larger ones and proceed to the smaller ones. Hence the sentence "She lives in room 423, 4th floor at the student dorm at the college" will be 她住學院學生宿舍四層四二三號。 [.wav] Notice the exactly reverse order here, which is applicable to the address used when writing letters as well.

  4. To live (stay) at a place

    Most often one uses 住 [.wav] to indicate that one lives or stays at a certain place. There are several patterns for the use of 住 [.wav]. For example, to say "I live here", one can have the following:

    S + 住 [.wav] + place word (我住這兒 [.wav])
    S + 住在 [.wav] + place word (我住在這兒 [.wav])
    S + 在 [.wav] + place word + 住 [.wav] (我在這兒住 [.wav])
    All three sentences have the same meaning.
  5. Reading numbers for phone, room, building, ID, etc

    Unlike English, these sorts of Chinese numbers are read out digit by digit:

    English: # 1452 (number fourteen fifty-two)
    Chinese: # 1452 (一四五二號 [.wav])

The use of 還 [.wav] (to return something to someone)

When using 還 [.wav] to indicate "return", use the following pattern:

S + 還 [.wav] + (sb.) + sth.
e.g. 我還他畫報 [.wav]
你還丁云的車。 [.wav](Notice here sb. is omitted.)
This pattern is only used for simple objects, i.e. the object to be returned is not a complex one such as 她媽媽的日本車 [.wav], etc. Notice in the second example above, sb. is omitted because it would be awkward to say 你還丁云丁云的車 [.wav], although grammatically it is correct. We will later learn the ways to express something more complicated.

用一下兒 [.wav]

In this phrase, 用 [.wav] is a verb which can be used both transitively and intransitively (i.e. it can be used either with or without an object). 一下兒 [.wav] is an adverbial of time indicating "a short while, a little while". If an object is to be used for 用 [.wav] in the above phrase, it should be placed after 一下兒 [.wav]:

我用一下兒你的書﹐好嗎﹖ [.wav]
Is it all right for me to use your book for a short while?
他們用一下兒你爸爸的車。 [.wav]
They want to use your dad's car for a little while.

Time Word 現在 [.wav]

Time words in Chinese are normally placed in one of two positions in a sentence: before or after the subject.

現在她去學院還書。 [.wav]
Now she is going to the college to return books.
or 她現在去學院還書。 [.wav]

[.wav] and 常常 [.wav]

[.wav] in the sense of "often" can often be reduplicated as 常常 [.wav] without a change of meaning. Thus, 他常喝茶 [.wav] = 他常常喝茶 [.wav], 我們常去看書 [.wav] = 我們常常去看書 [.wav].

In making negative sentences, however, 常 [.wav] is normally not reduplicated. Hence 他不常喝茶 [.wav], 我們不常去看書 [.wav].

Affirmative-Negative questions

An alternative way of forming a question is to juxtapose the affirmative and negative forms of the predicative verb or adjective:

她是中國人嗎﹖ [.wav]becomes 她是不是中國人﹖ [.wav]
你忙嗎﹖ [.wav]becomes 你忙不忙﹖ [.wav]
你認識他嗎﹖ [.wav]becomes 你認識不認識他﹖ [.wav]
  1. If the verb or adjective is composed of a single word, then repeat the single word; if two or more words, then repeat them all:
    忙不忙 [.wav], 認識不認識 [.wav], 介紹不介紹 [.wav]
  2. If the predicative verb takes an object, it is usually only the verb that gets repeated, not the noun following it:
    你喝不喝茶﹖ [.wav]
    你去不去中國﹖ [.wav]
  3. Sometimes if the object of the verb is not long, one can use the form of "V + object + 不 [.wav] + V ?" as well, although this is not as common:
    你喝茶不喝茶﹖ [.wav]
    她去中國不去﹖ [.wav]
  4. As in questions with interrogative words (誰 [.wav], 什麼 [.wav], etc), affirmative-negative questions do not take 嗎 [.wav] at the end.
  5. If an adverb such as 常 [.wav], 都 [.wav], 也 [.wav] or 很 [.wav] comes before the predicative verb or adjective, do not use the affirmative-negative form but use 嗎 [.wav] instead:
    你們都去中國嗎﹖ [.wav]
    but not 你們都去不去中國﹖ [.wav]

    他常喝咖啡嗎﹖ [.wav]
    but not 他常喝不喝咖啡﹖ [.wav]
    Notice, however, that this rule applies only when those adverbs come before the predicative verbs or adjectives. Compare:

    1. 她很忙嗎﹖ [.wav] but not 她很忙不忙﹖ [.wav]
    2. 她是很好大夫嗎﹖ [.wav] 她是不是很好的大夫﹖ [.wav]
    The second instance is acceptable because 很 [.wav] comes after the predicative verb 是 [.wav].
  6. If there is more than one verb in a sentence, usually only the first verb gets the affirmative-negative form in the question:
    你去商店買紙嗎﹖ [.wav]becomes 你去不去商店買紙﹖ [.wav]
    他們歡迎我來嗎﹖ [.wav] becomes 他們歡迎不歡迎我來﹖ [.wav]

[.wav] and 都 [.wav]

In Chinese, 和 [.wav] as a conjunction is normally used to connect two words or phrases, never two clauses or sentences:

中國和美國 [.wav]
我的爸爸和媽媽 [.wav]
她學習漢語和英語。 [.wav]
你認識我爸爸和弟弟嗎﹖ [.wav]
but not 我弟弟是學生﹐和我哥哥也是學生。 [.wav]
nor 你學習法語﹐和我也學習法語。 [.wav]

The adverb 都 [.wav] is placed between the subject and the predicative verb or adjective. It governs only the elements before it:

我們都去中國。 [.wav] (All of us go to China: 都 [.wav] modifies 我們 [.wav].)
but not 都我們去中國。 [.wav]

This is also wrong:

我都學漢語和法語。 [.wav]
because 都 [.wav] modifies 我 [.wav] and not 漢語和法語 [.wav]. If "both Chinese and French" is intended in the above sentence, the objects 漢語和法語 [.wav] should be placed before 都 [.wav]:
我漢語和法語都學。 [.wav]
or 漢語和法語都我學。 [.wav]

The verb 有 [.wav] expressing possession and existence

The verb 有 [.wav] in Chinese can mean both possession and existence, like the English "to have" and "there is" or "there are":

她有漢語詞典。 [.wav]
She has a Chinese dictionary.
我們學院有多外國學生。 [.wav]
There are a lot of foreign students in our college.

N.B.:

  1. To negate 有 [.wav], one uses 沒 [.wav] instead of 不 [.wav]:
    我有哥哥﹐我沒有姐姐。 [.wav]
    I have an elder brother, but no elder sister.
  2. Informally in a negative sentence, 有 [.wav] can sometimes be omitted:
    我朋友沒 [.wav](有 [.wav])書﹐也沒 [.wav](有 [.wav])筆。 [.wav]
    My friend does not have books, nor pens.
    現在我們的宿舍沒 [.wav](有 [.wav])人。 [.wav]
    There is no one in our dorm now.
  3. The affirmative-negative question form is "... 有沒有 [.wav] ... ?"
    她有沒有妹妹﹖ [.wav]
    呢﹐你們的宿舍有沒有人﹖ [.wav]

    Sometimes, if the object of 有 [.wav] is not long, one can use the form "... 有 [.wav] + object + 沒有 [.wav] ?" as well, although this form is not as common as the previous one.

    她有妹妹沒有﹖ [.wav]
    這宿舍有人沒有﹖ [.wav]

Prepositional construction with 在 [.wav] (in, at) and 給 [.wav] (for, to)

The object of 在 [.wav] is often a place-word and the object of 給 [.wav] is often the beneficiary of the action expressed by the predicative verb. In Chinese, a prepositional construction comes before the verb it modifies:

他在銀行工作。 [.wav]
She works in a bank.
but not 她工作在銀行。 [.wav]

我給你們介紹一下兒。 [.wav]
Let me introduce you to one another.
but not 我介紹一下兒給你們。 [.wav]

To form a negative sentence, 不 [.wav] is placed before the prepositional construction:

他不在銀行工作。 [.wav]
我不給你們介紹。 [.wav]
I am not going to introduce you.

Adverbs such as 常 [.wav], 都 [.wav], 也 [.wav] are also placed before the prepositional construction:

我們都在 [.wav] City Lit 學院學習漢語。 [.wav]
We all study Chinese at the City Lit.
你常給你媽媽信嗎﹖ [.wav]
Do you often write to your mother?
我爸爸也常給我寫信。 [.wav]
My dad also often writes to me.

Word usage: 想 [.wav]

The word 想 [.wav] in Chinese carries various meanings:

  1. [.wav] + noun/noun-phrase = to miss somebody/something:
    丁雲很想家。 [.wav]
    Ding Yun misses her family very much.
    我很想我的爸爸媽媽。 [.wav]
    I miss my parents very much.
    你不想你的男朋友嗎﹖ [.wav]
    Don't you miss your boyfriend?
    你想不想她﹖ [.wav]
    Do you miss her?
  2. [.wav] + verb/verb-phrase = to want to do something:
    A: 你想去商店嗎﹖ [.wav]
    Do you want to go to the shop?
    B: 我不想去。 [.wav]
    I don't want to go.

    A: 你想不想學法語﹖ [.wav]
    Do you want to study French?
    B: 我也想學法語。 [.wav]
    I also want to study French.
  3. [.wav] + clause = to think/suppose something:
    我想她是中國人。 [.wav]
    I think she is Chinese.
    我想她爸爸媽媽都是大夫。 [.wav]
    I think her parents are both doctors.
    N.B. to negate a sentence with 想 [.wav] in this capacity, put the negative adverb in the subordinate clause, not in the main clause as in English:
    我想她 [.wav]不是 [.wav]中國人。 [.wav]
    I don't think she is Chinese.
    but not 我不想她是中國人。 [.wav]

N.B. 想 [.wav] as a verb can use the affirmative-negative question form only in senses 1 and 2 above, not in 3.

Word usage: 告訴 [.wav]

告訴 [.wav] means "to tell". In English, the verb "tell" can mean to tell somebody something, or to tell somebody to do something. The Chinese verb 告訴 [.wav] can only be applied to the first of these patterns.

e.g. 她告訴我她的工作。 [.wav]
She told me her work.
我告訴媽媽你是我的好朋友。 [.wav]
I'll tell mother you are a good friend of mine.
but not 我告訴他給我寫信。 [.wav]
I told him to write to me.

Notice the element following the indirect object (i.e. 我 [.wav], 媽媽 [.wav]) of 告訴 [.wav] in the first and second sentences is either a noun, a noun-phrase or a clause, but never a verb-phrase. The last sentence is wrong because it uses the pattern "to tell somebody to do something" and hence uses a verb-phrase for its direct object. In this case, we should use 叫 [.wav] or 請 [.wav] in place of 告訴 [.wav] to make a correct sentence:

我請他給我寫信。 [.wav]
I asked him to write to me.

The Numbers in Chinese

For Arabic numerals 0 to 10, the Chinese equivalents are:

[.wav] (or 零 [.wav]), 一 [.wav], 二 [.wav], 三 [.wav], 四 [.wav], 五 [.wav], 六 [.wav], 七 [.wav], 八 [.wav], 九 [.wav], 十 [.wav]
Further on, they are:
十一 [.wav] = 11, 十二 [.wav] = 12, 十九 [.wav] = 19
二十 [.wav] = 20, 二十一 [.wav] = 21, 二十八 [.wav] = 28
三十 [.wav] = 30, 四十 [.wav] = 40, 九十 [.wav] = 90, 九十九 [.wav] = 99

一百 [.wav] = 100
一百零一 [.wav] = 101, 一百十 [.wav] = 110, 一百十一 [.wav] = 111
三百二十七 [.wav] = 327, 九百零九 [.wav] = 909

一千 [.wav] = 1000
一千零一 [.wav] = 1001, 五千零四十 [.wav] = 5040, 八千七百二十五 [.wav] = 8725

一萬 [.wav] = 10,000
四萬零八百零一 [.wav] = 40,801

一億 [.wav] = 100,000,000

N.B.:

  1. Numbers like 15 are written e.g. 十五 [.wav], not 一十五 [.wav].

  2. A zero is pronounced or written when sandwiched by two digits: 101 is 一百零一 [.wav], and 3020 is 三千零二十 [.wav]. Notice the last zero in 3020 is not pronounced because it is not between two other digits.

    If there are two or more zeroes in succession between two non-zero digits, as in 1001, only one is pronounced: 一千零一 [.wav]. However, if the two or more zeroes are separate and also sandwiched, as in 40,801, each is read as normal: 四萬零八百零一 [.wav].

Grammar notes

  1. Measure words

    In Chinese, when a noun is modified by numerals, demonstrative pronouns such as 這 [.wav] or 那 [.wav], or interrogative pronouns such as 哪 [.wav] or 幾 [.wav], a specific measure word should be placed between the noun and its modifier(s):

    三本書 [.wav], 十五個學生 [.wav], 那個老師 [.wav], 哪個圖書館 [.wav], 幾本詞典 [.wav]
  2. [.wav] and 多少 [.wav]

    Both of these can be used to mean "how many" or "how much". Whereas 幾 [.wav] should be used with a measure word, 多少 [.wav] can be used either with or without a measure word for the noun it modifies.

    你有幾本詞典﹖ [.wav]
    你有多少 [.wav](本 [.wav])詞典﹖ [.wav]

    The measure word 本 [.wav] is a must for the first sentence, but only optional in the second.

    Also, when 幾 [.wav] is used, the expected answer is usually under 10, whereas 多少 [.wav] can be used whether one expects a large or small answer.

    你們大學有多少學生﹖ [.wav]
    你家有幾個人﹖ [.wav]
  3. Chinese verbs that take direct and indirect objects

    As in English, some verbs in Chinese can take two objects: direct object (usually a thing) and indirect object (usually a person).

    王老師教我們語法。 [.wav]
    In this sentence, 教 [.wav] is a verb that takes 我們 [.wav] as the indirect object and 法語 [.wav] as the direct object. Generally the indirect goes before the direct object. Some other verbs that work the same way include 還 [.wav], 告訴 [.wav] and 問 [.wav].

    Not all Chinese verbs can take two objects: it would be wrong to say 他買我一本書 [.wav] (He bought me a book), or 她寫我一封信 [.wav] (She wrote me a letter). The correct way of saying these would be to use 給 [.wav], as in 他給我買一本書 [.wav] and 她給我寫一封信 [.wav].

  4. Adjectives as modifiers

    When an adjective modifies a noun, it is placed directly before the noun as in English:

    新書 [.wav]
    new book
    好朋友 [.wav]
    good friend
    However, when the adjective modifier is made up of two or more syllables, the particle 的 [.wav] is usually inserted between the modifier and the noun it modifies:
    很新的書 [.wav]
    very new book
    很好的朋友 [.wav]
    very good friend

Word usage: 也 [.wav] and 還 [.wav]

[.wav] is used to mean "the same" as the previous statement. Hence the relationship between the statement introduced by 也 [.wav] and the previous one is a parallel relationship. 還 [.wav], on the other hand, introduces an additional element to the previous statement.
e.g. 你有一個問題﹐我也有一個問題。 [.wav]
You have a question; I also have a question. The two are parallel here.
我還有一個問題。 [.wav]
I have already had some questions, but I still have one more. This is in addition to the previous ones.
Under certain circumstances, 也 [.wav] and 還 [.wav] are interchangeable, but with different emphasis:
王老師教我們漢字和語法﹐他還教我們口語。 [.wav]
王老師教我們漢字和語法﹐他也教我們口語。 [.wav]
Although both sentences can be roughly translated as "Professor Wang teaches us Chinese characters and grammar; he also teaches us conversation", their emphasis is different: the first sentence stresses the fact that Wang teaches conversation in addition to the other subjects he teaches, whereas the second simply enumerates the three subjects he teaches without prioritization.

Grammar notes

  1. [.wav] construction

    A modifier (normally either a noun, a pronoun, a verb or an adjective) with the word 的 [.wav] can function as a noun or noun-phrase in a sentence, and can stand by itself if the context is clear:

    這條裙子是我姐姐的。 [.wav]
    This skirt is my sister's. Noun + 的 [.wav])
    哪本詞典是你的﹖ [.wav]
    Which dictionary is yours? Pronoun + 的 [.wav]
    你爸爸的車是白的嗎﹖ [.wav]
    Is your father's car a white one? Adjective + 的 [.wav]
    你喝的是什麼茶﹖ [.wav]
    What sort of tea do you drink? Verb + 的 [.wav]
    These constructions normally involve the verb 是 [.wav] (or 不是 [.wav]).
  2. Usage of 從 [.wav]

    [.wav] + place word + 去 [.wav] = to go from; 從 [.wav] + place word + 來 [.wav] = to come from.

    e.g. 你從哪兒來﹖ [.wav]
    Where did you come from?
    我從圖書館來。 [.wav]
    I came from the library.
    我們晚上從我家去劇場。 [.wav]
    We are going from my home to the theatre tonight.
  3. Noun/Pronoun + 這兒 [.wav] / 那兒 [.wav] = over here/there at ...'s place

    When a noun or pronoun is added to 這兒 [.wav] or 那兒 [.wav], they function as a place word or expression. Since one cannot say 我去她 [.wav] (I went to her), one can say instead 我去她那兒 [.wav] (I went to her place), because 她那兒 [.wav] is now regarded as a place expression. Similarly one cannot say 你的裙子在我 [.wav] (Your skirt is with me), but one can say 你的裙子在我這兒 [.wav] (Your skirt is with me). More examples:

    你的書在他那兒。 [.wav]
    Your book is at his place.
    我們都去姐姐那兒。 [.wav]
    We all went to my sister's place.
    老師來我這兒找她。 [.wav]
    The teacher is coming to my place to look for her.
    As is obvious, if the place or the person is away from the speaker, use 那兒 [.wav]; if the place is near the speaker or refers to the speaker himself or herself, use 這兒 [.wav].
  4. [.wav] + adjective + 了 [.wav]

    This pattern is often used for emphatic purposes. An adjective is used between 太 [.wav] and 了 [.wav]:

    太忙了﹗ [.wav]
    Too busy!
    太大了﹗ [.wav]
    Too big!

    The expression 太好了﹗ [.wav], however, has a positive meaning, expressing satisfaction or admiration.

Word study: 二 [.wav] vs. 兩 [.wav]

These both mean "two", and are used as follows.

  1. When "2" is followed by a measure word, use 兩 [.wav]:
    兩個人 [.wav], 兩本書 [.wav], 增加了兩倍 [.wav], 去了兩次 [.wav]
  2. [.wav] should be used in a number greater than 10, even if it is followed by a measure word:
    二十二 [.wav], 一百零二次 [.wav], 十二個人 [.wav], 五千八百六十二元 [.wav]
    There are some more restrictions, though:

    1. Only 二 [.wav] can be used before the character 十 [.wav]; before the character 百 [.wav], 二 [.wav] is usually employed but 兩 [.wav] may also be used:
      二十 [.wav], 二百二十五 [.wav], 二百五十元 [.wav] or 兩百五十元 [.wav]
    2. For numbers like 千 [.wav], 萬 [.wav] or 億 [.wav], 兩 [.wav] is used more often than 二 [.wav]:
      兩千元 [.wav] (also 二千元 [.wav]), 兩萬三千八 [.wav], 兩億人口 [.wav]
    3. If the number is greater than 百 [.wav], 千 [.wav], 萬 [.wav], i.e. if there are more digits before 百 [.wav], 千 [.wav] or 萬 [.wav], then put 二 [.wav] instead of 兩 [.wav] in front:
      四億二千萬 [.wav], 三萬二千人 [.wav], 五千二百元 [.wav]

Time

The following are ways of telling the time in Chinese:

A: 現在幾點﹖ [.wav]
B: 現在 [.wav]...
兩點 [.wav]2:00
十點半 [.wav] (or 十點三十分 [.wav])10:30
三點一刻 [.wav] (or 三點十五分 [.wav])3:15
十二點三刻 [.wav] (or 十二點四十五分 [.wav])12:45
兩點差五分 [.wav] (or 差五分兩點 [.wav])1:55
五點二十分 [.wav]5:20
六點零五分 [.wav]6:05
七點三十五分 [.wav]7:35
Some notes:
  1. When zero is flanked by two digits, it is normally read as 零 [.wav], as in 三點零八分 [.wav] (3:08) or 十二點零三分 [.wav] (12:03).
  2. When the minutes are greater than 10, the word 分 [.wav] is optional:
    七點十五 [.wav] or 七點十五分 [.wav]
  3. "This morning" is 今天上午 [.wav], not for example 這個上午 [.wav]; "every afternoon" is 每天下午 [.wav], not 每下午 [.wav].

Placement of time-words

A time-word or -expression is normally placed either after the subject or at the beginning of a sentence:

我們十點半上中文課 [.wav]
十點半我們上中文課 [.wav]
Some notes:
  1. A time-word does not take a preposition:
    我三點下課 [.wav]
    but not 我在三點下課 [.wav]
  2. A time-word should not be placed at the end of a sentence:
    她晚上來 [.wav]
    She came in the evening.
    or 晚上她來 [.wav]
    but not 她來晚上 [.wav]
  3. If you have more than one time-word, the bigger unit goes before the smaller:
    今天晚上八點 [.wav]
    at 8 o'clock this evening
  4. If you have both time-word and place-word, usually the time-word goes first:
    我晚上八點在圖書館等你 [.wav]
    你哥哥現在在哪兒工作﹖ [.wav]
    明天你幾點在哪兒上課﹖ [.wav]
    When and where are you going to have your class tomorrow?
  5. Time-word + 的 [.wav] + noun (time-words modifying nouns)
    A: 你想看幾點的電影﹖ [.wav]
    What show do you want to see? literally What time's film do you want to see?
    B: 我想看中午十二點半的 [.wav](電影 [.wav])。 [.wav]
    I want to see the film at 12:30 at noon.

    A: 這是今天的報嗎﹖ [.wav]
    Is this today's paper?
    B: 不是今天的報﹐是昨天的。 [.wav]
    It isn't today's paper, it's yesterday's.

The use of the time-words 以前 [.wav] and 以後 [.wav]

When used by itself, 以前 [.wav] means "previously" or "before" and 以後 [.wav] means "later", "afterwards" or "in the future":
我以前是學生﹐現在是老師。 [.wav]
I was a student before; now I am a teacher.
你以前在哪兒工作﹖ [.wav]
Where did you work before?
以前我不住宿舍﹐現在住宿舍。 [.wav]
I did not live in a dormitory before, but now I do.

When used together with a time-word or verb phrase, 以前 [.wav] means "before..." and 以後 [.wav] means "after...":

十點以前我不回家。 [.wav]
I won't go home before 10.
回家以前我在閱覽室看書。 [.wav]
I read books in the reading-room before I go home.
來美國以後他在這兒工作。 [.wav]
He has been working here after he came to America.
十點半以後你在宿舍作什麼﹖ [.wav]
What do you do in your dorm after 10:30?

N.B. When 以前 [.wav] or 以後 [.wav] is used together with a time-word or verb phrase to mean "before" or "after", the word order is exactly the opposite of the English equivalent:

四點以前 [.wav]
before 4 o'clock
下課以前 [.wav]
before the class is over
明天晚上以後 [.wav]
after tomorrow evening (or night)
回宿舍以後 [.wav]
after returning to the dormitory

A 跟 [.wav] B (一起 [.wav]) + verb/verb-phrase

[.wav] as a preposition means "with", and 一起 [.wav] means "together". This pattern is used to indicate that A and B do something together. Here 跟 [.wav] can be replaced with 和 [.wav] without changing the meaning; and the phrase 一起 [.wav] is optional.

e.g. 我跟 [.wav] (or 和 [.wav]) 她去看電影。 [.wav]
I go to see a film with her.
我跟她一起去看電影。 [.wav]
She and I go to see a film together.)
晚上你們跟誰一起去劇場﹖ [.wav]
With whom are you going to the theatre tonight?

A: 晚上你有事兒嗎﹖跟我一起去看京劇﹐好嗎﹖ [.wav]
Do you have anything to do tonight? Come with me to the Beijing opera!
B: 我不想跟你去﹐我想跟我男朋友一起去。 [.wav]
I don't want to go with you, I want to go with my boyfriend.

N.B. This pattern of A 跟 [.wav] B (一起 [.wav]) is always placed before the main verb in the sentence. Hence the following sentence, with English word order, is wrong:

我想去跟我男朋友一起。 [.wav]
I want to go together with my boyfriend.

Alternative Questions using 還是 [.wav]

In Chinese, an alternative question is formed by using 還是 [.wav] to connect two choices, which can be nouns, noun phrases, verbs, verb phrases, or clauses:

你喜歡紅茶還是綠茶﹖ [.wav] (nouns)
這本書是你的還是她的﹖ [.wav] (noun phrases)
下午你來還是不來﹖ [.wav] (verbs)
你要聽古典音樂還是聽現代音樂﹖ [.wav] (verb phrases)
今天晚上你來我這兒還是我去你那兒﹖ [.wav] (clauses)
Note:
  1. the two items connected by 還是 [.wav] are normally parallel in structure; and
  2. as with affirmative-negative questions and questions with interrogative words, alternative questions do not have 嗎 [.wav] at the end.

Pivotal Sentences with 請 [.wav], 讓 [.wav], 叫 [.wav]

In Chinese a sentence can contain several verbs. A pivotal sentence is one in which the object of the first verb is at the same time the subject of the following verb. This object therefore functions as a pivot, connecting the two verb clauses in the sentence.

The first verb in a pivotal sentence is often a causative verb (to cause something to happen) such as 請 [.wav], 讓 [.wav] or 叫 [.wav]. All three carry the meaning of asking somebody to do something. Of the three, 請 [.wav] is the most polite; 讓 [.wav] is less so, and 叫 [.wav] is the least polite. So watch out for the occasions when these verbs can be used appropriately. Observe:

學生請王老師介紹中國音樂。 [.wav]
The students asked Professor Wang to introduce Chinese music.
老師讓學生每天寫漢字。 [.wav]
The teacher asked students to write Chinese characters every day.
爸爸叫孩子學中文。 [.wav]
Dad asked his child to study Chinese.

Notice that although the English equivalents all employ "to ask", the Chinese sentences use different words to indicate various degrees of politeness.

Note:

  1. Besides the use of 請 [.wav] above (meaning "to ask someone to do something"), 請 [.wav] can also be used to mean "to invite":
    我們請他來吃晚飯。 [.wav]
    We invited him to dinner.
    你想請他今天晚上去看電影嗎﹖ [.wav]
    Do you want to invite him to a movie tonight?
  2. To negate a pivotal sentence, put the negative adverb 不 [.wav] before the first verb:
    我的大夫不讓我喝酒。 [.wav]
    My doctor doesn't let me drink alcohol.

    他們不叫我去看電影。 [.wav]
    They did not invite me to go to the pictures.

Word usage: 別 [.wav] and 不要 [.wav]

[.wav] and 不要 [.wav] both mean "do not". They can be used in negative imperative sentences with or without a subject. They are placed between the subject (if present) and the verb or adjective:
(你 [.wav]) 別 [.wav] (or 不要 [.wav]) 告訴他﹗ [.wav]
別喝酒﹗ [.wav] 別去那兒﹗ [.wav]
不要吸煙﹗ [.wav] 下午不要去﹗ [.wav]

Neither of these can be used to indicate negation in declarative sentences. It is wrong to say 爸爸別請他走 [.wav]. One can say instead 爸爸不請他走 [.wav].

Expressions for the date, week, month and year

  1. [.wav], year
    1. 去年 [.wav] = last year; 今年 [.wav] = this year; 明年 [.wav] = next year
    2. 一九九七年 [.wav], 一九九八年 [.wav], ...
    3. 一年 [.wav] = one year; 兩年 [.wav] = two years (not 二年 [.wav]); 三年 [.wav] = three years
      每年 [.wav] = every year; 五年半 [.wav] = five-and-a-half years
  2. [.wav], month
    1. 上個月 [.wav]= last month; 這個月 [.wav] = this month; 下個月 [.wav] = next month
    2. 一月 [.wav] = January; 二月 [.wav] = February (not 兩月 [.wav]); ... 二十月 [.wav] = December
  3. 星期 [.wav], week
    1. [.wav] (個 [.wav]) 星期 [.wav] = last week; 這 [.wav] (個 [.wav]) 星期 [.wav] = this week; 下 [.wav] (個 [.wav]) 星期 [.wav] = next week
    2. 星期一 [.wav] = Monday; 星期二 [.wav] = Tuesday; ... 星期六 [.wav] = Saturday; 星期日 [.wav] or 星期天 [.wav] = Sunday
    3. [.wav] (個 [.wav]) 星期 [.wav] = one week; 兩 [.wav] (個 [.wav]) 星期 [.wav] = two weeks (not 二 [.wav] (個 [.wav]) 星期 [.wav]); 三 [.wav] (個 [.wav]) 星期 [.wav] = three weeks; 四個半星期 [.wav] = four-and-a-half weeks; ... 每 [.wav] (個 [.wav]) 星期 [.wav] = every week
  4. [.wav] / 號 [.wav] / 天 [.wav] date

    Use 日 [.wav] or 號 [.wav] for a specific date. Usually 日 [.wav] is used in written and formal language and 號 [.wav] is used in conversation. The word 天 [.wav] should be used in counting the number of days:

    1. 作天 [.wav] = yesterday; 今天 [.wav] = today; 明天 [.wav] = tomorrow
    2. 一號 [.wav]; 二號 [.wav] (not 兩號 [.wav]); ... 三十一號 [.wav]
      四月六號 [.wav]; 十月二十五日 [.wav]; ...
    3. 一天 [.wav] = one day; 兩天 [.wav] = two days (not 二天 [.wav]); ... 半天 [.wav] = half a day; 每天 [.wav] = every day

Some notes:

  1. When there are several units, the bigger comes first and the calendar date comes before the day of the week:
    一九九六年十一月二十五號星期一 [.wav]
    一七八九年七月十四日 [.wav]
  2. Notice the following special ways of expressing the date and month:
    今年五月 [.wav]
    the May of this year (whether it has passed or not)
    去年八月 [.wav]
    the August of last year
    明年二月 [.wav]
    the February of next year

    [.wav] (個 [.wav]) 星期五 [.wav]
    the Friday of this week (whether it has passed or not)
    [.wav] (個 [.wav]) 星期一 [.wav]
    the Monday of last week
    [.wav] (個 [.wav]) 星期四 [.wav]
    the Thursday of next week

    Note the English phrase "last Monday" may therefore be rendered as 這個星期一 [.wav], if Monday has already passed and the phrase is therefore referring to Monday of this week. The same applies for future days, and for months.

Verb or verb-phrase as a modifier for a noun

Two points need to be observed when using a verb or verb-phrase as a modified to form a relative clause:

  1. Unlike in English, all modifiers go before the element they modify in Chinese:
    他喝的水不很乾淨 [.wav]
    這是我朋友送我的禮物 [.wav]
  2. The word 的 [.wav] has to be inserted between the modifier and the element it modifies:
    我下午看的電影很有意思。 [.wav]
    The film I saw this afternoon was very interesting.
    給你開門的那個人是我妹妹。 [.wav]
    The person who opened the door for you was my younger sister.
    跟他跳舞的姑娘是我的同學。 [.wav]
    The girl who danced with him was my classmate.

Other grammar notes

  1. Sentences with an adjectival predicate

    The verb 是 [.wav] is not normally used in the predicate for a sentence where the main element of the predicate is an adjective:

    我們今天很高興。 [.wav]
    她的絲線衫太小。 [.wav]
    那個服務員非常年輕。 [.wav]

    In an affirmative sentence of this type, if the adjective is not preceded by adverbs such as 真 [.wav], 太 [.wav], 非常 [.wav] or 更 [.wav], it is usually qualified by the adverb 很 [.wav]. In such cases, 很 [.wav] does not really mean "very"; 他很忙 [.wav] and 他忙 [.wav] mean virtually the same.

    Also, adverbs such as 很 [.wav], 常 [.wav], 也 [.wav], 非常 [.wav], 太 [.wav] or 更 [.wav] cannot be used in affirmative-negative sentences of this type:

    你高興不高興﹖ [.wav] but not 你很高興不很高興﹖ [.wav]
    她年輕不年輕﹖ [.wav] but not 她非常高興不非常高興﹖ [.wav]
    你去不去﹖ [.wav] but not 你也去不去﹖ [.wav]
  2. 祝你 [.wav] vs 祝賀你 [.wav]

    In general, 祝你 [.wav] is used to extend well-wishes in advance whereas 祝賀你 [.wav] is used to congratulate someone on something already accomplished:

    祝你生日好﹗ [.wav] (One can say this on the day, or in advance.)
    祝賀你﹗ [.wav] (Say this only when something has already been accomplished.)
  3. Reduplication of verbs

    To indicate that an action is only of a short duration or to soften the tone of a sentence in order to make it less formal, a verb can be repeated:

    我給你們介紹介紹。 [.wav] (Notice the pattern is ABAB, not AABB.)
    你們想去看看她嗎﹖ [.wav]
    讓我想想。 [.wav]
    In the case of a monosyllabic verb, the character 一 [.wav] can be inserted:
    讓我想一想。 [.wav]
    我們都想看一看她。 [.wav]
    Repeating a verb has the same effect as using the adverb 一下兒 [.wav] after the verb:
    用一下兒 [.wav] = 用用 [.wav] = 用一用 [.wav]
    看一下兒 [.wav] = 看看 [.wav] = 看一看 [.wav]
    介紹一下兒 [.wav] = 介紹介紹 [.wav]

Position words

Words such as 上邊 [.wav], 左邊 [.wav], 前邊 [.wav], 中間 [.wav], 對面 [.wav] are position words. Some of the basic syllables are:

 [.wav] - up 
[.wav] - left [.wav] - middle 右 [.wav] - right
 [.wav] - down 
 
[.wav] - front  裡 [.wav] - in
[.wav] - back  外 [.wav] - out

Usually, add 邊 [.wav] to make "on the left", "above", "outside" etc.

Position words can be used in two ways. Compare:

  1. Noun (+ 的 [.wav]) + position word:
    [.wav](的 [.wav])外邊 [.wav]
    outside the car
    房子 [.wav](的 [.wav])後邊 [.wav]
    behind the house
    桌子 [.wav](的 [.wav])對面 [.wav]
    opposite the table
  2. Position word + 的 [.wav] + noun (here the 的 [.wav] is mandatory).
    外邊的車 [.wav]
    the car outside (i.e. the car which is outside)
    後邊的房子 [.wav]
    the house behind (the house which is behind)
    對面的桌子 [.wav]
    the opposite table (the table which is opposite / across the way)

Notes:

  1. When 上邊 [.wav], 下邊 [.wav], 裡邊 [.wav] and 外邊 [.wav] are modified by other nouns, the character 邊 [.wav] can be omitted:
    房子 [.wav](的 [.wav])裡 [.wav](邊 [.wav])
    inside the house
    桌子 [.wav](的 [.wav])上 [.wav](邊 [.wav])
    on the table
    教室 [.wav](的 [.wav])外 [.wav](邊 [.wav])
    outside the classroom
  2. Do not use 裡邊 [.wav] in the following two cases:

    1. After geographical names such as 中國 [.wav], 北京 [.wav] etc:
      她在北京學習漢語。 [.wav]
      She studies Chinese in Beijing.
      but not 她在北京裡邊學習漢語。 [.wav]

      美國有很多大學。 [.wav]
      There are many universities in America.
      but not 美國裡邊有很多大學。 [.wav]
    2. In a phrase of the form "在 [.wav] + place, building or organisation":
      我在銀行工作。 [.wav]
      I work in a bank.
      but not 我在銀行裡邊工作。 [.wav]

      他們在閱覽室看書。 [.wav]
      They are reading books in the reading-room.
      but not 他們在閱覽室裡邊看書。 [.wav]

Patterns for Location

There are three ways to indicate the location of something, using 在 [.wav], 有 [.wav] and 是 [.wav] respectively and with different meanings:

  1. To show that there is something in a certain place: 有 [.wav]

    Position word + 有 [.wav] + indefinite noun:

    後邊有什麼﹖ [.wav]
    What is behind?
    後邊有一個車房。 [.wav]
    There is a garage behind.
    我們家對面有一個公園。 [.wav]
    Across from our home, there is a park.
  2. To show that certain things exist in certain places: 在 [.wav]

    Definite noun + 在 [.wav] + position word:

    花園在哪兒﹖ [.wav]
    Where is the garden?
    花園在我們家後邊。 [.wav]
    The garden is behind our house.
    花園在車房 [.wav] (的 [.wav]) 右邊。 [.wav]
    The garden is to the right of the garage.
  3. To identify something that is known to exist at a certain place: 是 [.wav]

    Position word + 是 [.wav] + definite/indefinite noun:

    你們家後邊是什麼﹖ [.wav]
    What's behind your house?
    我們家後邊是一個花園。 [.wav]
    Behind our house is a garden.
    他們家前邊是學院的圖書館。 [.wav]
    In front of their house is the college library.

Progressive aspect of an action

To show an action which is, was or will be going on, use one of the following patterns:

她在休息。 [.wav]
She is resting.
她正休息。 [.wav]
她正在休息。 [.wav]

她休息呢。 [.wav]
她在休息呢。 [.wav]
她正休息呢。 [.wav]
她正在休息呢。 [.wav]

Notes:

  1. All the above sentences mean the same, stylistic differences excepted.
  2. The progressive aspect can be applied not only to the present, but also to past and future actions:
    她現在正在休息。 [.wav]
    She is resting now. present progressive
    我去的時候﹐她正在休息。 [.wav]
    When I went there, she was resting. past progressive
    我明天去看她的時候﹐她一定正在休息。 [.wav]
    When I go to see her tomorrow, she will surely be resting. future progressive
  3. As shown above, either 在 [.wav], 正 [.wav] or 正在 [.wav] can be placed before a verb to indicate the progressive aspect of an action.
  4. Alternatively, 呢 [.wav] can be placed at the end of the sentence to perform the same function. Sometimes 呢 [.wav] can be used together with 在 [.wav], 正 [.wav] or 正在 [.wav].
  5. The negative form of the progressive aspect is indicated by 沒有 [.wav], not 不 [.wav], before the verb; and it can be shortened to 沒 [.wav] alone if it is not at the end of a sentence or a short answer. Otherwise the full form of 沒有 [.wav] must be used:
    她沒 [.wav](有 [.wav])休息﹐她在看報。 [.wav]
    她在休息嗎﹖沒有﹐她在看報。 [.wav](or simply 沒有 [.wav])
  6. If both the 在 [.wav] of the progressive aspect and the 在 [.wav] of location exist in a sentence, only one should be used:
    她正在房間里休息。 [.wav]
    but not 她正在在房間里休息。 [.wav]

Subject-predicate constructions as modifiers

An entire subject-predicate construction (a sentence or clause) such as 我給她打電話 [.wav], 他今天買 [.wav], 我們去北京參觀 [.wav] can be used as a modifier for a noun. When used this way, there must be a 的 [.wav] inserted between the construction and the noun it modifies:

我給她打電話的時候﹐她正在吃飯。 [.wav]
When I called her, she was eating.
他今天買的花兒很漂亮。 [.wav]
The flowers he bought today are very pretty.
請你們看我們去北京參觀的照片。 [.wav]
Please take a look at the pictures we took while visiting Beijing.
這是誰給你寫的信﹖ [.wav]
Who wrote this letter to you?

The subject-predicate construction always goes immediately before the 的 [.wav], which goes immediately before the noun to be modified.

Word usage: 參觀 [.wav] vs. 訪問 [.wav]

Both terms can be translated as "to visit" in English. However, while 參觀 [.wav] implies 觀 [.wav] (to see), 訪問 [.wav] stresses 問 [.wav] (to ask). Hence 參觀 [.wav] really implies observation while visiting and 訪問 [.wav] means to visit people with specific purpose such as interviews. 參觀 [.wav] can be followed by places but not people; whereas 訪問 [.wav] can take either, but most commonly people.

參觀 [.wav]/訪問學校 [.wav]
訪問他 [.wav]/這個國家的總統 [.wav]

Grammar Notes

  1. Measure word 些 [.wav]

    [.wav] is a measure word showing indefinite quantity. It is usually used after demonstrative pronouns such as 這 [.wav], 那 [.wav], 哪 [.wav] and after the numeral 一 [.wav]:

    一些 [.wav]
    some
    這些 [.wav]
    these
    那些 [.wav]
    those
    哪些 [.wav]
    which (plural)

    Don't attempt to mix 些 [.wav] with definite measures. It is wrong to say 這些三本詞典 [.wav] (these three dictionaries); one can only say 這三本詞典 [.wav].

  2. [.wav] . . . 的 [.wav] construction

    Earlier we saw the construction with simple nouns, pronouns or adjectives:

    這本書是中文的。 [.wav]= 這本書中文的書。 [.wav]
    那條裙子是妹妹的。 [.wav]= 那條裙子是妹妹的裙子。 [.wav]
    姐姐的大衣是黑的。 [.wav]= 姐姐的大衣是黑的大衣。 [.wav]
    But the 是 [.wav] . . . 的 [.wav] construction can also be used with prepositional phrases and even whole verbal constructions:
    那些點心是給丁雲的。 [.wav]= 那些點心是丁雲的點心。 [.wav]
    Those pastries are for Ding Yun.
    這束花兒是我給她買的。 [.wav]= 這束花兒我給她買的花兒。 [.wav]
    This bunch of flowers is the one I bought for her.
    這本書是我在大學的圖書館借的。 [.wav]= 這本書是我在大學的圖書館借的書。 [.wav]
    This book is the one I borrowed from the university library.

The use of the Complement of Degree

What is a complement?

A complement is a word or phrase attached after a verb to explain or complete the meaning of the action. Complements are used to show duration, extent, quantity, degree, result, direction or possibility of an action. Complements always appear after the verbs they modify.

We know that in Chinese modifiers are generally placed before the words they modify; so why do complements appear after? It's because Chinese word order often observes the time sequence in which an action occurs. Notice, for example:

昨天晚上我們從書店去電影院。 [.wav]
Yesterday evening we went to the cinema from the bookshop.
Since one has to leave the bookshop before going to the cinema, the Chinese sentence follows this time sequence. Similarly, since a verbal action has to take place first, before one can see its extent or result, the complement placed after the verb observes this time sequence.

The complement of degree

This is used to show the extent or degree of an action. Normally adjectives are used for the complement, and the structural particle 得 [.wav] is used to connect the verb and its complement:

他學習得怎麼樣﹖ [.wav]
How is he studying?
他學習得很好。 [.wav]
He's studying very well.
The basic patterns for the complement of degree are as follows:

  1. Verb without object: V + 得 [.wav] + adjective
    你工作得不錯。 [.wav]
  2. Verb with object: V + O + V + 得 [.wav] + adjective
    我妹妹唱民歌唱得很好。 [.wav]
  3. Verb with preposed object: O + V + 得 [.wav] + adjective
    他們中文學得很好。 [.wav]
Place 不 [.wav] before the adjective to make the negative:

  1. V + 得 [.wav] + 不 [.wav] + adjective
    她歌唱得不好﹐ [.wav] 舞也跳得不好。 [.wav]
Questions are formed as follows:

  1. . . . 得 [.wav] adjective 不 [.wav] adjective?
    你開車開得快不快﹖ [.wav]
  2. . . . 得怎麼樣﹖ [.wav]
    你中文學得怎麼樣﹖ [.wav]
  3. . . . 得 [.wav] adjective 嗎﹖ [.wav]
    你游泳游得好嗎﹖ [.wav]
Note that the complement of degree cannot be used with verbs such as 有 [.wav], 在 [.wav] or 是 [.wav], since those verbs normally do not denote actions.

The difference between 呢 [.wav] and 吧 [.wav] as sentence-ending particles

Either term can be used to soften the tone when placed at the end of a question. However, they differ in usage.

In questions

[.wav] is primarily used to indicate a mood of enquiry. It may appear in questions with interrogative words such as 什麼 [.wav] or 哪兒 [.wav]; affirmative-negative questions such as 有沒有呢﹖好吃不好吃呢﹖ [.wav]; or alternative questions with 還是 [.wav], such as 吃面包還是火腿呢﹖ [.wav]

[.wav], on the other hand, is employed at the end of a question to indicate a mood of uncertainty or speculation on the part of the speaker: 在這兒停車吧﹖ [.wav] 你不知道吧﹖ [.wav]

In affirmative statements

[.wav] in this case is used to indicate the progressive aspect of an action (e.g. 她學中文呢 [.wav]), or to affirm some fact, sometimes with exaggeration (e.g. 晚上電影九點才開始呢。 [.wav] 從這兒去要走三天呢。 [.wav])

[.wav] is often added at the end of an imperative sentence to soften the tone, as in 我們走吧。 [.wav] 你再想想吧。 [.wav]

The use of optative verbs

Optative or auxiliary verbs are those placed before other verbs to express intention, wishes, possibility etc.
  1. To express subjective wish, desire or request:

    1. [.wav] + verb = to want to
      我要喝橘子水。 [.wav]
    2. [.wav] + verb = would like to
      你想看電影嗎﹖ [.wav]
  2. To express objective necessity:

    1. [.wav] + verb = to have to (especially in questions)
      我明天要來嗎﹖ [.wav]
      Do I have to come tomorrow?
      我們要去了。 [.wav]
      We have to go.
    2. 不用 [.wav] + verb = don't have to
      你明天不用來。 [.wav]
      You don't have to come tomorrow.
  3. To express ability or skill acquired:

    1. [.wav] + verb = can, be able to
      你現在能看中文報紙嗎﹖ [.wav]
    2. 可以 [.wav] + verb = can, be able to
      你們一個星期可以學幾課﹖ [.wav]
    3. [.wav] + verb = can, be able to
      他們都會游泳嗎﹖ [.wav]
  4. To express ability depending on circumstances:

    1. [.wav] + verb = can, be able to
      你明天能來嗎﹖ [.wav]
    2. 可以 [.wav] + verb = can, be able to
      你今天晚上可以 [.wav]1給他打電話嗎﹖ [.wav]
    Note, in both cases use 不能 [.wav] for negative sentences.
  5. To express permission:

    1. [.wav] + verb = may, be permitted to
      我能在這兒停車嗎﹖ [.wav]
      你不能 [.wav] (or 不可以 [.wav]) 在這兒停車。 [.wav]
    2. 可以 [.wav] + verb = may, be permitted to
      我可以在這兒吸煙嗎﹖ [.wav]
      你不可以 [.wav] (or 不能 [.wav]) 在這兒吸煙。 [.wav]
  6. To express possibility or probability:

    1. [.wav] + verb = be likely to, will probably
      你明天會再來嗎﹖ [.wav]
      今天晚上不會下雨。 [.wav]
  7. To express need arising from moral or factual necessity:

    1. 應該 [.wav] + verb = should, ought to
      你們學得不錯﹐應該去中國。 [.wav]
      他們不應該翻譯那本書。 [.wav]
Note:
  1. To make a negation, put the negative word 不 [.wav] or 沒有 [.wav] before the optative verb:
    他們不想給圖書館打電話。 [.wav]
  2. To form an affirmative-negative question, alternate the optative verb instead of the main verb in the sentence:
    你會不會唱中國民歌﹖ [.wav]
    but not 你會唱不唱中國民歌﹖ [.wav]
  3. It is possible to use more than one optative verb in a sentence:
    你是北京人﹐應該會唱京劇。 [.wav]

The use of adverbs 就 [.wav] and 才 [.wav]

[.wav] and 才 [.wav] are often used before the main verb to indicate the speaker's attitude as to whether the action expressed by the main verb is earlier (就 [.wav]) or later (才 [.wav]) than expected:
他們三點就來了﹐可是你們現在才來。 [.wav]
They came as early as 3 o'clock, but you came as late as now.
我們是老朋友﹐我們十年前就認識了。 [.wav]
We are old friends, and we came to know each other as early as ten years ago.
她不是我的同學﹐我上個星期才認識她。 [.wav]
She is not a classmate of mine. I just got to know her a week ago.
Compare the following sentences:
今年我們就想去中國學習。 [.wav]
(The speaker indicates their eagerness in going to China as soon as this year.)
今年我們才想去中國學習。 [.wav]
(The speaker indicates that, although going to China this year, they should have gone earlier.)
As shown in the above sentences, when there is a time-word in a sentence, 就 [.wav] and 才 [.wav] should be placed after it; when there is an optative verb, on the other hand, 就 [.wav] and 才 [.wav] should be placed before it. Here is the pattern:
Time-word + 就 [.wav]/才 [.wav] + optative verb + main verb
她今年就可以去中國﹐我明年才可以去中國。 [.wav]
他們今天下午三點就能出發﹐我們要晚上八點才能走。 [.wav]

Word usage: 或者 [.wav], 還是 [.wav]

Both of these conjunctions can be translated as "or" in English, but they differ in usage: in general, 或者 [.wav] is used in non-interrogative sentences to indicate a choice:
我妹妹想研究音樂或者文學。 [.wav]
還是 [.wav], on the other hand, is more often than not reserved for alternative questions:
你上午去﹐還是下午去﹖ [.wav]
It can also be used in subordinate clauses with verbs such as 知道 [.wav], 告訴 [.wav] etc:
請告訴我這個人是老師還是學生﹖ [.wav]
我不知道她是老師還是學生。 [.wav]
In cases in which both 或者 [.wav] and 還是 [.wav] can appear in questions, there are some subtle differences in their anticipations and tones:
  1. A: 你想去中國還是日本﹖ [.wav]
    B: 我想去中國。 [.wav]
  2. A: 你想去中國或者日本嗎﹖ [.wav]
    B: 我想去﹐我兩個地方都想去。 [.wav]
In dialogue 1, A asks an alternative question which anticipates a choice from the answer. The two terms with 還是 [.wav] are mutually exclusive. In dialogue 2, the question is a general one using 嗎 [.wav] at the end. It does not anticipate a strict choice from the answer, so B can give a general answer: 我想去 [.wav] -- yes, I do -- and then add his more specific thought: 我兩個地方都想去 [.wav]. The two items with 或者 [.wav] in the question are therefore not mutually exclusive.

Sometimes, however, 還是 [.wav] can also be used in a non-interrogative sentence. For instance:

去看朋友﹐還是去看電影﹐他一時 [.wav](??)不定主意。 [.wav]
Notice in the sentence the tone is still somehow interrogative, compelling 他 [.wav] to make a choice. In contrast, 或者 [.wav] in this case can only convey a sort of explanatory note:
你去﹐還是她來﹐你明天一定要作決定。 [.wav] (interrogative)
或者你去﹐或者她來﹐沒有其他選擇。 [.wav] (explanatory)

了解 [.wav], 知道 [.wav], 認識 [.wav] and 懂 [.wav]

The meanings of the four terms here overlap.

Both 了解 [.wav] and 知道 [.wav] can mean "to know". However, 了解 [.wav] implies some level of understanding and comprehension of what one knows. Therefore 了解 [.wav] can be understood as a deeper or better knowing than 知道 [.wav]. Compare:

你了解 [.wav] (or 知道 [.wav]) 這個學校嗎﹖ [.wav]
我不知道他是誰的孩子。 [.wav](Here one can not use 了解 [.wav].)

認識 [.wav] is used to indicate that one can recognise this as this and not others. It can also involve the process of acquiring such an ability.

A: 哦﹐我認識她﹗ [.wav]
Oh, I know her!
B: 你是在哪兒認識她的﹖ [.wav]
Where did you get to know her?

[.wav], on the other hand, is a direct equivalent of "to understand". Its definition is not as broad as that of 了解 [.wav] (to know and understand) and is different from that of 知道 [.wav] (to know).

1. 你懂他說的漢語嗎﹖ [.wav]
2. 你知道他叫甚麼名字嗎﹖ [.wav]
3. 你了解他嗎﹖ [.wav]
Of these, sentence 3 wants to know more detailed information about him than sentence 2, and sentence 2 wants more detailed information than sentence 1.

The use of the Perfect Aspect

Basic concept

The aspect particle 了 [.wav] is added to the end of a verb to indicate the completion of an action. In general, Chinese perfect aspect is equivalent to perfect tenses (present perfect, past perfect or future perfect) in English. So, the completion of an action can take place in the past or in the future. For instance:

A: 你下了課去哪兒﹖ [.wav]
B: 我下了課去圖書館。 [.wav]
On the other hand, a past action is not always followed by the aspect particle 了 [.wav], if it is a simple statement or a habitual action and there is no need to emphasise its completion:
去年他常常去書店。 [.wav]
以前我住在學生宿舍。 [.wav]

Basic patterns

  1. Affirmative sentence
    Subject + verb + 了 [.wav] (+ object)
    e.g. 電影開始了。 [.wav] 我買了兩本書。 [.wav]
  2. Negative sentence (note 了 [.wav] is dropped here)
    Subject + 沒 [.wav](有 [.wav]) + verb (+ object)
    or subject + 還沒 [.wav](有 [.wav]) + verb (+ 呢 [.wav])
    e.g. 我沒有買書。 [.wav] 電影還沒開始呢。 [.wav]
  3. Interrogative sentence
    Subject + verb + 了 [.wav] (+ object) + 沒有﹖ [.wav]
    or Subject + verb + 了嗎﹖ [.wav]
    or Subject + verb + 沒 [.wav] + verb (+ object)﹖ [.wav] (here the verb is usually monosyllabic)
    e.g. 你今天買了詞典沒有﹖ [.wav] 她來了嗎﹖ [.wav] 你們談沒談這個問題﹖ [.wav]

Notes

  1. If the verb has an object and there is no adverbial in the sentence, the object should normally carry some modifiers (e.g. numeral + measure-word or other attributives). Otherwise the sentence sounds incomplete:
    我買了三本書。 [.wav]
    我在書店里買了書。 [.wav]
    but not simply 我買了書。 [.wav]
  2. If a sentence carries several verbs and the actions indicated by those verbs are related, then the perfect aspect particle 了 [.wav] is usually placed after the last verb.
    a. 我用中文給媽媽寫了一封信。 [.wav]
    b. 他們昨天進城買了一些中文詞典。 [.wav]
    In sentence a, "write" is related to "use" because the letter is written by using Chinese; in sentence b, similarly, "buy" is related to "enter the city" because the purpose of entering the city is to buy the dictionaries. Compare the above sentences with the following, with a different structure:
    我下了課去圖書館。 [.wav]
    Here "class is over" (下課 [.wav]) and "go to the library" are unrelated. They are contained in the sentence simply to indicate their sequence. Hence it is wrong to say
    我下課去了圖書館。 [.wav]
  3. When the verb is reduplicated, the perfect aspect particle 了 [.wav] is placed before the reduplicated verb:
    我試了試那條裙子﹐真漂亮﹗ [.wav]

[.wav], 再 [.wav] and 還 [.wav]

All three of these adverbs indicate the repetition of an action, like the English "again". They differ in usage, however:

Whereas 又 [.wav] indicates a repetition of an action that has already taken place, 再 [.wav] implies a repetition of an action in the future. Also, 再 [.wav] is only used in declarative sentences, plus questions ending in 好嗎 [.wav]:

昨天他來晚了﹐今天他又來晚了。 [.wav]
(repetition in the past)
你今天來晚了﹔明天再來晚﹐我們就不讓你進來了。 [.wav]
(repetition in the future)
你再喝一點兒橘子水﹐好嗎﹖ [.wav]
Also, 又 [.wav] can be used for the repetition of a periodic action or occurrence, even though it has not yet taken place:
明天又是星期一﹐我們又要上課。 [.wav]
新年又要來了。 [.wav]
[.wav], on the other hand, usually expresses a future repetition:
你明天還來嗎﹖ [.wav]
It can also be used in an interrogative or declarative sentence with an optative verb. In this situation, it is placed before the optative verb and an optional 再 [.wav] can be placed after:
A: 你明年還能 [.wav](再 [.wav])教我們嗎﹖ [.wav]
B: 我明年還可以 [.wav](再 [.wav])教你們。 [.wav]

Use of the modal particle 了 [.wav]

Basic concept

The modal particle 了 [.wav] is placed at the end of a sentence to indicate that the event referred to took place in the past. The difference between 了 [.wav] as modal particle and 了 [.wav] to indicate perfect aspect is that the latter only shows the completion of the verb, whereas the former shows the completion of the whole sentence or event, implying some change of situation.

他買了書了。 [.wav]
The first 了 [.wav] in the sentence above indicates only the completion of the action of 買書 [.wav], whereas the second 了 [.wav] marks some change of situation on the part of 他 [.wav] as a result of the completion of the book-buying process: originally he did not have the book, but now he has.

Basic patterns

(Please compare against the patterns for the perfect aspect in the previous section.)

  1. Affirmative sentence
    Subject + verb (+ object) + 了 [.wav]
    e.g. 他們看足球賽了。 [.wav]
  2. Negative sentence (note 了 [.wav] is dropped here)
    Subject + 沒 [.wav] (有 [.wav]) + verb (+ object)
    e.g. 他們沒看足球賽。 [.wav]

  3. Interrogative sentence
    Subject + verb + object + 了沒有﹖ [.wav]
    or Subject + verb + object + 了嗎﹖ [.wav]
    or Subject + verb + 沒 [.wav] + verb + object﹖ [.wav] (here the verb is usually monosyllabic)
    e.g. 他們看足球賽了沒有﹖ [.wav]
    他們看足球賽了嗎﹖ [.wav]
    他們看沒看足球賽﹖ [.wav]

Notes

  1. As is obvious, when there is no object, one cannot tell the perfect aspect 了 [.wav] from the modal particle 了 [.wav]. In such a case, 了 [.wav] can be regarded as fulfilling both functions:
    她來了。 [.wav] 我們懂了。 [.wav]
  2. A simple statement about events that happened in the past does not require a 了 [.wav] at the end of the sentence:
    我昨天下午看足球賽﹐晚上沒出去。 [.wav]

Sequential actions

To indicate that two actions take place, one immediately after the other, we use the pattern
Subject + verb + 了 [.wav] (以後 [.wav]) 就 [.wav] + verb ...
e.g. 我們辦了簽証 [.wav](以後 [.wav])就回家。 [.wav]
明天吃了早飯 [.wav](以後 [.wav])我們就出發。 [.wav]
The above pattern can be used for future actions as well. To indicate that both actions took place in the past, the particle 了 [.wav] has to be inserted at the end of the sentence:
我們辦了簽証以後就回家了。 [.wav]
他們早上沒吃早飯就走了。 [.wav]


Word list
嗎 ma3 / ma5 morphine / (question tag)
你好 ni3hao3 hello, how are you
你 ni3 you
呢 ne5 / ni2 (question particle) / woolen material
我 wo3 I, me, myself
很好 hen3hao3 well
忙 mang2 busy
不忙 bu4mang2 theres no hurry, take ones time
很 hen3 very, extremely
也 ye3 also, too
都 dou1 / du1 all, both (if two things are involved), entirely (due to)each, even, already / (surname), metropolis, capital city
好 hao3 / hao4 good, well / be fond of
我們 wo3men5 we, us, ourselves
他們 ta1men5 they
他們都 ta1men5dou1 all of them
不 bu4 (negative prefix), not, no
不是 bu2shi4 (n) blame or fault
大夫 dai4fu5 doctor
是 shi4 is, are, am, yes, to be
的 de5 / di2 / di4 (possessive particle), of / really and truly / aim, clear
我的 wo3de5 my, mine
書 shu1 book, letter
媽媽 ma1ma5 mama, mommy
車 che1 / ju1 car, a vehicle, machine, to shape with a lathe / vehicle on land
弟弟 di4di5 younger brother
爸爸 ba4ba5 (informal) father
他 ta1 he, him
朋友 peng2you5 friend
她 ta1 she
哥哥 ge1ge5 older brother
誰 shei2 / shui2 who / who
哪 na3 / na5 / nei3 / nei3 how, which / (final part. preceded by N) / which (followed by M or Num) / which (followed by M or Num)
什 shi2 tenth
麼 me5 / mo2 (interrog. suff.) / dimi.
老師 lao3shi1 teacher
你們 ni3men5 you (plural)
中國人 zhong1guo2ren2 Chinese person, Chinese people
國 guo2 country, state, nation
人 ren2 man, person, people
這 zhe4 / zhei4 this, these / this, these
中國 zhong1guo2 China, Chinese
地圖 di4tu2 map
那 na3 / na4 / nei4 how, which / that, those / that, those
您 nin2 you (formal)
貴姓 gui4xing4 what is your name?
姓 xing4 surname, family name, name
丁 ding1 (surname), 4th heavenly stem, a Chinese surname
叫 jiao4 to (be) call(ed)
請問 qing3wen4 may I ask...
學習 xue2xi2 to learn, to study
學 xue2 learn, study, science, -ology
習 xi2 to practice, to study, habit
漢語 han4yu3 Chinese language
法語 fa3yu3 French (language)
不學 bu4xue2wu2shu4 have neither learning nor skill, be ignorant and incompetent
在 zai4 (located) at, in, exist
哪兒 na3er5 where
那兒 nar3 / nar4 where / there
古波 gu3bo1 Gubo (a personal name)
不在 bu4zai4 not be in, be out
學生 xue2sheng5 student
宿舍 su4she4 dormitory, living quarters
這兒 zher4 here
住 zhu4 to live, to dwell, to reside, to stop
學� /  xue2yuan4 college, educational institute, school, faculty
� /  si4 four
層 ceng2 a measure word for layers, laminated, repeated, floor, story (of a building), layer
二 er4 two
三 san1 three
號 hao2 / hao4 roar, cry / day of a month, (suffix used after) name of a ship, (ordinal) number
在這 zai4zhe4qi1jian1 during time, in this time
兒 er2 / er5 son / non-syllabic dimi. suff.
一 yi1 one, single, a(n)
五 wu3 five, 5
二號 er4hao4 2nd day of the month
還 hai2 / huan2 also, in addition, more, still, else, still, yet, (not) yet / (surname), pay back, return
畫報 hua4bao4 pictorial (magazine)
云 yun2 say
日本 ri4ben3 Japan, Japanese
用 yong4 to use
一下兒 yi2xiar4 a little bit, a little while
現在 xian4zai4 modern, current, present, at present, now, nowadays
去 qu4 to go, to leave, to remove
常 chang2 always, ever, often, frequently, common, general, constant
常常 chang2chang2 frequently, usually, often
喝 he1 / he4 my goodness, to drink / shout applause
茶 cha2 tea, tea plant
看 kan1 / kan4 to look after, to take care of, to watch, to guard / it depends, think, to see, to look at
是不是 shi4bu4shi4 is or isnt, yes or no, whether or not
認識 ren4shi5 be acquainted with (a person), to know, to be familiar with, to recognize
介紹 jie4shao4 to present, introduction, to introduce
咖啡 ka1fei1 coffee
商店 shang1dian4 store, shop
買 mai3 buy
紙 zhi3 paper
歡迎 huan1ying2 to welcome, welcome
來 lai2 to come
不歡 bu4huan1er2san4 part on bad terms, (of a meeting, etc, ) break up in discord
迎 ying2 to welcome
和 he2 / he4 / huo2 / huo4 and, together with, with, peace, harmony, union / cap (a poem), respond in singing / soft, warm / mix together, to blend
美國 mei3guo2 America, American, United States, USA
英語 ying1yu3 English (language)
有 you3 to have, there is, there are, to exist, to be
詞典 ci2dian3 dictionary
多 duo1 many, much, a lot of, numerous, multi-
外國 wai4guo2 foreign (country)
沒 mei2 / mo4 (negative prefix for verbs), have not, not / drowned, to end, to die, to inundate
沒有 mei2you3 havent, hasnt, doesnt exist, to not have, to not be
姐姐 jie3jie5 older sister
筆 bi3 pen, pencil, writing brush, to write or compose, the strokes of Chinese characters
妹妹 mei4mei4 / mei4mei5 (informal) younger sister / younger sister
沒有人 mei2you3ren2 nobody
有人 you3ren2qing2 humane
給 gei3 / ji3 to, for, for the benefit of, to give, to allow, to do sth (for sb), (passive particle) / to supply, provide
銀行 yin2hang2 bank
工作 gong1zuo4 job, work, construction, work, task
信 xin4 letter, true, to believe, sign, evidence
寫信 xie3xin4 to write a letter
想 xiang3 to think, to believe, to suppose, to wish, to want, to miss
丁雲 ding1yun2 Ding Yun (a personal name)
想家 xiang3jia1 homesick
男朋友 nan2peng2you5 male friend, boyfriend
告訴 gao4su5 to tell, to inform, to let know
好朋友 hao3peng2you5 good friend
請 qing3 to ask, to invite, please (do sth), to treat (to a meal, etc), to request
零 ling2 remnant, zero
六 liu4 six
七 qi1 seven, 7
八 ba1 eight, 8
九 jiu3 nine, 9
十 shi2 ten
十一 shi2yi1 eleven
十二 shi2er4 12, twelve
十九 shi2jiu3 nineteen
二十 er4shi2 twenty, 20
二十一 er4shi2yi1 twenty-one
二十八 er4shi2ba1hao4 28th day of the month
三十 san1shi2 thirty, 30
� / 十 si4shi2 forty, 40
九十 jiu3shi2 ninety
一百 yi1bai3 a hundred
三百 san1bai3 three hundred
二十七 er4shi2qi1 twenty-seven
百 bai3 hundred
一千 yi1qian1 one thousand
一千零 yi1qian1ling2wu3shi2yi4 105 billion
五千 wu3qian1dun1 5000 tons
八千 ba1qian1 eight thousand, 8000
七百 qi1bai3wan4 seven million
二十五 er4shi2wu3 twenty five
一萬 yi1wan4 ten thousand
萬 wan4 (surname), ten thousand, a great number
一億 yi1yi4 1 00 million
十五 shi2wu3 fifteen
三千 san1qian1wu3bai3 3 500
幾 ji1 / ji3 almost / how much, how many, several, a few
本 ben3 roots or stems of plants, origin, source, this, the current, root, foundation, basis, (a measure word)
個 ge4 (a measure word), individual
那個 nei4ge4 that one
哪個 na3ge5 which, who
圖書館 tu2shu1guan3 library
多少 duo1shao3 how much, how many, which (number)
大學 da4xue2 university
家 jia1 -ist, -er, -ian, home, family, a person engaged in a certain art or profession
幾個 ji3ge5 several
王 wang2 king, Wang (proper name)
教 jiao1 / jiao4 teach / religion, teaching
語法 yu3fa3 grammar
問 wen4 to ask
寫 xie3 to write
封 feng1 to confer, to grant, to seal, (a measure word)
新書 xin1shu1 new book
新 xin1 meso- (chem.), new, newly
有一 you3yi1xie1 somewhat, rather
問題 wen4ti2 problem, issue, topic
漢字 han4zi4 Chinese character
口語 kou3yu3 spoken language
條 tiao2 measure word for long, thin things (i.e. ribbon, river, etc.), a strip, item, article
裙子 qun2zi5 skirt
白 bai2 white, snowy, empty, blank, bright, clear, plain, pure, gratuitous
從 cong1 / cong2 / zong4 lax, yielding, unhurried / from, obey, observe, follow / second cousin
晚上 wan3shang5 in the evening
劇場 ju4chang3 theater
找 zhao3 to try to find, to look for, to call on (sb), to find, to seek, to return, to look for
太 tai4 highest, greatest, too (much), very, extremely
了 le5 / liao3 (modal particle intensifying preceding clause), (past tense marker) / to know, to understand, to know
太忙 tai4mang2 too busy
大 da4 / dai4 big, huge, large, major, great, wide, deep, oldest, eldest / doctor
太好了 tai4hao3le5 very good
兩 liang3 both, two, ounce, some, a few, tael
兩個 liang3ge4zhong1guo2 two-China (policy)
增加 zeng1jia1 to raise, to increase
倍 bei4 (two, three, etc) -fold, times (multiplier), double, to increase or multiply
兩次 liang3ci4 twice
二十二 er4shi2er4hao4 22nd day of a month
二次 er4ci4da4zhan4 World War Two
個人 ge4ren2 individual, personal, oneself
六十 liu4shi2 sixty, 60
元 yuan2 (dynasty), dollar, primary, first
二百 er4bai3 two hundred, 200
五十 wu3shi2 fifty
兩百 liang3bai3 two hundred
千 qian1 thousand
億 yi4 a hundred million, calculate
兩千 liang3qian1 two thousand
人口 ren2kou3 population
千萬 qian1wan4 ten million, millions and millions, very many
三萬 san1wan4 30 thousand
點 dian3 (downwards-right convex character stroke), oclock, (a measure word), point, dot, (decimal) point)
兩點 liang3dian3shi2jiu3fen1 2 :1 9 (time of day)
半 ban4 half, semi-, incomplete, (after a number) and a half, half
分 fen1 / fen4 to divide, minute, (a measure word), (a unit of length = 0.33 centimeter) / part
刻 ke4 quarter (hour), (a measure word), to carve, to engrave, to cut, oppressive
五分 wu3fen1mei3jin1 nickel
差 cha1 / cha4 / chai1 / ci1 difference, error, discrepancy, to differ, to err, to make a mistake, to lack / different, short of, poor, to lack / send, a messenger, a mission, to commission / uneven
六點 liu4dian3liu4 6.6
七點 qi1dian3er4 7.2
三十五 san1shi2wu3yi4 3.5 billion
八分 ba1fen1yin1fu2 quaver, eighth note
三分 san1fen1zhi1yi1 one third
今天 jin1tian1 today, at the present, now
上午 shang4wu3 morning
這個 zhe4ge4 this
每天 mei3tian1 every day, everyday
下午 xia4wu3 afternoon
每 mei3 each, every
上 shang4 on, on top, upon, first (of two parts), previous or last (week, etc.), upper, higher, above, previous, to climb, to go into, above, to go up
中文 zhong1wen2 Chinese language
課 ke4 / ke4 subject, class, lesson / class, lesson
下課 xia4ke4 class is over
等 deng3 class, rank, grade, equal to, same as, wait for, await, et cetera, and so on
明天 ming2tian1 tomorrow
上課 shang4ke4 to attend class
電影 dian4ying3 movie, film
中午 zhong1wu3 noon, midday
報 bao4 to announce, to inform, report, newspaper, recompense, revenge
昨天 zuo2tian1 yesterday
以前 yi3qian2 before, formerly, previous
以後 yi3hou4 after, later, afterwards, following, later on, in the future
不住 bu2zhu4 repeatedly, continuously, constantly
住宿 zhu4su4 lodging
舍 she3 / she4 to abandon, to give up / residence
回家 hui2jia1 homeward
閱覽室 yue4lan3shi4 reading room
美國以 mei3guo2yi3wai4 outside of the U.S.
後 hou4 back, behind, rear, afterwards, after, later
半以 ban4yi3shang4 more than half
作 zuo4 to regard as, to take (somebody) for, to do, to make
回 hui2 (a measure word for matters or actions) a time, to circle, to go back, to turn around, to answer, to return, to revolve
跟 gen1 to follow, to go with, heel, with, and
一起 yi4qi3 together
事兒 shir4 business, thing
京劇 jing1ju4 Beijing opera
還是 hai2shi4 or, still, nevertheless
喜歡 xi3huan5 to like, to be fond of
紅茶 hong2cha2 black tea
綠茶 lu:4cha2 green tea
要 yao1 / yao4 demand, ask, request, coerce / important, vital, to want, to be going to, must
聽 ting1 / ting4 listen, hear, obey / let, allow
古典音樂 gu3dian3yin1yue4 classical music
現代音樂 xian4dai4yin1yue4 modern music, contemporary music
讓 rang4 to ask, to let, permit, have (someone do something), to yield, to allow
音樂 yin1yue4 music
孩子 hai2zi5 child
吃 chi1 / ji2 eat, eradicate, destroy, receive / stammer
晚飯 wan3fan4 supper
酒 jiu3 wine, liquor, spirits
別 bie2 / bie4 leave, depart, separate, distinguish, classify, other, another, do not, must not, to pin / contrary, difficult, awkward
不要 bu4yao4 dont!, must not
吸煙 xi1yan1 to smoke
走 zou3 to walk, to go, to move
年 nian2 year
去年 qu4nian2 last year
今年 jin1nian2 this year
明年 ming2nian2 next year
一九九七 yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2 the year 1997
一九九 yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2 the year 1997
八年 ba1nian2 eight years
一年 yi1nian2ban4 a year and a half
三年 san1nian2 three years
每年 mei3nian2 every year, each year, yearly
五年 wu3nian2ji4hua4 Five-Year Plan
月 yue4 moon, month
上個月 shang4ge4yue4 last month
這個月 zhei4ge4yue4 this (current) month
下個月 xia4ge4yue4 next month
一月 yi1yue4 first month, January
二月 er4yue4 February, second month
星期 xing1qi1 week
下 xia4 under, second (of two parts), next (week, etc.), lower, below, underneath, down(wards), to decline, to go down, latter
星期一 xing1qi1yi1 Monday
星期二 xing1qi1er4 Tuesday
星期六 xing1qi1liu4 Saturday
星期日 xing1qi1ri4 Sunday
星期天 xing1qi1tian1 Sunday
� / 個 si4ge4xiao3shi2 four hours
日 ri4 Japan, day, sun, date, day of the month
天 tian1 day, sky, heaven
一號 yi1hao4 first day of the month
� / 月 si4yue4 April, fourth month
六號 liu4hao4 6th day of the month
十月 shi2yue4 October
一天 yi1tian1 one day
半天 ban4tian1 half of the day, a long time, quite a while
十一月 shi2yi1yue4 eleventh month, November
八九 ba1jiu3bu4li2shi2 pretty close, very near, about right
七月 qi1yue4 July, seventh month
十� /  shi2si4 fourteen, 14
五月 wu3yue4 May, fifth month
八月 ba1yue4 eighth month, August
星期五 xing1qi1wu3 Friday
星期� /  xing1qi1si4 Thursday
水 shui3 water, river
不很 bu4hen3 not very
乾淨 gan1jing4 clean, neat
送 song4 to deliver, to carry, to give (as a present), to present (with), to see off, to send
禮物 li3wu4 gift, present
有意思 you3yi4si5 interesting
開門 kai1men2 open (the) door
跳舞 tiao4wu3 to dance
姑娘 gu1niang5 girl
同學 tong2xue2 (fellow) classmate
高興 gao1xing4 happy, glad, willing (to do sth), in a cheerful mood
絲 si1 silk, thread, trace
線 xian4 thread, string, wire, line
衫 shan1 Chinese gown (unlined)
小 xiao3 small, tiny, few, young
服務員 fu2wu4yuan2 waiter, waitress, server
非常 fei1chang2 unusual, extraordinary, extreme, very, exceptional
年輕 nian2qing1 young
真 zhen1 real, true, genuine
更 geng1 / geng4 to change / more, even more, further, still, still more
祝 zhu4 invoke, pray to, wish, to express good wishes
祝賀 zhu4he4 to congratulate, congratulations
生日 sheng1ri4 birthday
上邊 shang4bian5 upside
左邊 zuo3bian1 left
前邊 qian2bian1 (n) the area in front of sth
中間 zhong1jian4 betwixt, intermediate, mid, middle
對面 dui4mian4 opposite
左 zuo3 left
中 zhong1 / zhong4 within, among, in, middle, center, while (doing sth), during, China, Chinese / hit (the mark)
右 you4 right (-hand)
前 qian2 before, in front, ago, former, previous, earlier, front
裡 li3 li, a Chinese unit of length = 1, 2 kilometer, village, within, inside
外 wai4 outside, in addition, foreign, external
邊 bian1 side, edge, margin, border, boundary
外邊 wai4bian5 (n) outside, (n) exterior surface, (n) place other than ones home town
房子 fang2zi5 house
後邊 hou4bian1 behind
桌子 zhuo1zi5 table, desk
下邊 xia4bian1 (n) under
教室 jiao4shi4 classroom
北京 bei3jing1 Beijing (capital of mainland China)
很多 hen3duo1 very many, very much, great (quantity)
房 fang2 house
公園 gong1yuan2 a public park
花園 hua1yuan2 garden
在車 zai4che1 aboard
右邊 you4bian1 right (as opposed to left)
一個 yi1ge4 a, an
休息 xiu1xi5 rest, to rest
正 zheng1 / zheng4 Chinese 1st month of year / just (right), main, upright, straight, correct, principle
正在 zheng4zai4 in the process of (doing something or happening), while (doing)
的時候 de5shi2hou4 when, during, at the time of
一定 yi1ding4 surely, certainly, necessarily, fixed, a certain (extent, etc.), given, particular
房間 fang2jian1 room
里 li3 Chinese mile, neighborhood
打電話 da3dian4hua4 to make a telephone call
參觀 can1guan1 to look around, to inspect, visit and observe
吃飯 chi1fan4 to eat a meal
花兒 huar1 flower
漂亮 piao4liang5 pretty, beautiful
照片 zhao4pian4 photograph, picture
訪問 fang3wen4 pay a visit (to), to access, to interview
觀 guan1 / guan4 to look at, to watch, to observe, to behold / Taoist monastery
學校 xue2xiao4 school
國家 guo2jia1 country, nation
總統 zong3tong3 president (of a country)
些 xie1 some, few, several, (a measure word)
一些 yi1xie1 some, a few, a little
這些 zhe4xie5 these
那些 na4xie1 those
哪些 na3xie1 which, who, what
大衣 da4yi1 overcoat, topcoat, cloak
黑 hei1 black, dark
點心 dian3xin1 light refreshments, pastry
束 shu4 bunch, (a measure word), to bind, to control
在大 zai4da4duo1shu4qing2kuang4xia4 in most instances
借 jie4 to lend, to borrow, excuse, pretext, by means of
書店 shu1dian4 bookstore
電影� /  dian4ying3yuan4 cinema, movie theater
得 de2 / de5 / dei3 obtain, get, gain, proper, suitable, proud, contented, allow, permit, ready, finished / a sentence particle used after a verb to show effect, degree or possibility / to have to, must, ought to, to need to
怎麼樣 zen3me5yang4 how about, (used in the negative)(not) so good
得很 de5hen3 very (much, good etc.)
得不 de2bu4dao4 cannot get, cannot obtain
錯 cuo4 mistake, error, blunder, fault, cross, uneven, wrong
唱 chang4 sing, to call loudly, to chant
民歌 min2ge1 folk song
歌唱 ge1chang4 sing
舞 wu3 to dance, to wield, to brandish
跳 tiao4 jump, hop, skip (a grade), to leap, to bounce, to beat
開車 kai1che1 to drive a car
開 kai1 open, operate (vehicle), start
快 kuai4 fast, quick, swift
不快 bu4kuai4 be unhappy, be displeased, be in low spirits, be indisposed, feel under the weather, be out of sorts
游泳 you2yong3 swim
游 you2 to walk, to tour, to roam, to swim, to travel
吧 ba1 / ba5 (onomat.), dumb / (modal particle indicating polite suggestion), ...right?, ...OK?
好吃 hao3chi1 tasty, delicious
不好 bu4hao3 no good
面 mian4 fade, side, surface, aspect, top, face, flour, noodles
包 bao1 to cover, to wrap, to hold, to include, to take charge of, package, wrapper, container, bag, to hold or embrace, bundle, packet, to contract (to or for)
火腿 huo3tui3 ham
停車 ting2che1 to stop, to park
不知 bu4zhi1 unknowing(ly)
道 dao4 direction, way, method, road, path, principle, truth, reason, skill, method, Tao (of Taoism), a measure word, to say, to speak, to talk
才 cai2 ability, talent, endowment, gift, an expert, only (then), only if, just
開始 kai1shi3 begin, beginning, start, initial
三天 san1tian1 three days
再 zai4 again, once more, re-, second, another
橘子 ju2zi5 orange
不用 bu4yong4 need not
能 neng2 can, may, capable, energy, able
報紙 bao4zhi3 newspaper, newsprint
可以 ke3yi3 can, may, possible, able to
� /  hui4 / kuai4 can, be possible, be able to, to assemble, to meet, to gather, to see, union, group, association / to balance an account, accounting
不能 bu4neng2 cannot, must not, should not
不可 bu4ke3 cannot, should not, must not
以 yi3 to use, according to, so as to, in order to, by, with, because
不� /  bu4hui4 improbable, unlikely, will not (act, happen, etc, ), have not learned to, be unable to
下雨 xia4yu3 rainy
應該 ying1gai1 ought to, should, must
翻譯 fan1yi4 translate
� / 不� /  hui4bu4hui4 (posing a question: whether someone, something) can or not, is able to or not
中國民 zhong1guo2min2hang2 General Administration of Civil Aviation of China (CAAC)
歌 ge1 song
北京人 bei3jing1ren2 person from Beijing, Peking Man (Sinanthropus pekinesis)
就 jiu4 at once, then, right away, only, (emphasis), to approach, to move towards, to undertake
可是 ke3shi4 but, however
老 lao3 (a prefix used before the surname of a person or a numeral indicating the order of birth of the children in a family to indicate affection or familiarity), old (of people)
十年 shi2nian2 ten years
上個星期 shang4ge4xing1qi1 last week
出發 chu1fa1 to start out, to set off
才能 cai2neng2 talent, ability, capacity
或者 huo4zhe3 or, possibly, maybe, perhaps
研究 yan2jiu1 research
文學 wen2xue2 literature
知道 zhi1dao5 know, be aware of
地方 di4fang5 area, place, local
一時 yi4shi2 temporary, momentary
不定 bu4ding4 indefinite, adventitious, indeterminate
主意 zhu3yi5 plan, idea, decision
一定要 yi1ding4yao4 must
決定 jue2ding4 to decide (to do something), to determine, to resolve
其他 qi2ta1 other, else
選擇 xuan3ze2 to select, to pick, to choose, to make a choice
了解 liao3jie3 understand, come to understand, find out
懂 dong3 to understand, to know
哦 e2 / o2 to chant / oh is that so
說 shui4 / shuo1 persuade (politically) / to speak, to say
甚麼 shen2me5 what
名字 ming2zi5 (a persons) name
談 tan2 to speak, to talk, to converse, to chat, to discuss, (surname)
進 jin4 advance, enter, to come in
城 cheng2 city walls, city, town
試 shi4 to test, to try, experiment, examination, test
又 you4 (once) again, also, both... and..., again
晚 wan3 evening, night, late
進來 jin4lai2 (v) come in
一點兒 yi1dianr3 a bit, a little
新年 xin1nian2 New Year
足球 zu2qiu2 football (British English), soccer (American English)
賽 sai4 to compete, competition, match
出去 chu1qu4 (v) go out
辦 ban4 to do, to manage, to handle, to go about, to run, to set up, to deal with
簽 qian1 sign ones name
証 zheng4 (translation unavailable)
早飯 zao3fan4 breakfast
早上 zao3shang5 early morning
沒吃 mei2chi1mei2chuan1 (idiom) to be without food and clothing; be very poor
隊 dui4 squadron, team, group
贏 ying2 to beat, to win, to profit