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Show </p>
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<td style="border: 1px double #808080; padding: 0.05cm"><p>characters<br/>
pinyin,
zhuyin<br/>
translations</p>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>Link characters to online
dictionaries<br/>
Only treat the first occurrence of each
word<br/>
Include links to
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<h2 class="western">Grammar notes</h2>
<h3 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a></span></font>?</h3>
<p>One of the most common ways of forming a question in Chinese is to
add <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>
</span></font></font>at the end of a statement. Hence <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你好</a></span></font></font>!
(Hi!) becomes <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a></span></font></font>?
(How are you?)
</p>
<h3 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a></span></font>?</h3>
<p>This is to be used to redirect the question originally addressed
to you. Its meaning is equivalent to "and you?" "what
about you?" or "how about you?"
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a></span></font></font>?</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
How are you?
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a></span></font></font>?</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
I am fine, and you?
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a></span></font></font>?</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Are you busy?
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不忙</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a></span></font></font>?</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
I am not busy, what about you?
</dd></dl>
</dl>
<h3 class="western">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a></span></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a></span></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a></span></font></h3>
<p>All three are adverbs, which should be placed <em>before</em> what
they modify in Chinese. E.g., <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a></span></font></font>.
</p>
<p>Sometimes <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a>
</span></font></font>is not really employed to mean "very"
if it is modifying a monosyllabic adjective such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a></span></font></font>.
It is simply because to say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a>
</span></font></font>is a bit abrupt and hence awkward with only a
monosyllabic adjective as the predicate of the sentence. Therefore
people usually add <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a>
</span></font></font>before <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a>
</span></font></font>to make the sentence sound natural: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a>
</span></font></font>in this case does not necessarily mean "I
am <em>very</em> well", it may simply convey the meaning of "I
am fine".
</p>
<p><em>The order of these words:</em> If all three adverbs occur in
the same sentence, their order is <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a>
</span></font></font>-- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a>
</span></font></font>-- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a></span></font></font>:
</p>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a></span></font></font>.<br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a></span></font></font>.<br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a></span></font></font>.</blockquote>
<p>N.B. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a>
</span></font></font>(both/all) is only used to refer to the items to
the <em>left</em> of it. Hence it is wrong to say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a>
</span></font></font>("all of them are fine"). One should
say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladccb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a></span></font></font>.
</p>
<h3 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
</span></font>vs. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a></span></font></h3>
<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
</span></font></font>indicates a complete negation whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a>
</span></font></font>shows a partial negation:
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladccb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不忙</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
None of them is busy.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Not all of them are busy.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大夫</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
None of us is a doctor.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大夫</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Not all of us are doctors.</dd></dl>
</dl>
<h3 class="western">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></h3>
<p>As an auxiliary word, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
</span></font></font>is used to indicate possession. It comes between
the subject and the noun it modifies: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a>
</span></font></font>etc.
</p>
<p>In the case of kinship or as a reference to people, however, the
possessive marker <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
</span></font></font>can be omitted. <em>Otherwise it cannot</em>.
</p>
<blockquote>e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7cca7cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">弟弟</a>
</span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7cca7cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">弟弟</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a>
</span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a>
</span></font></font>
</blockquote>
<h3 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a>
</span></font>-- Adjectival sentence without verb "to be".</h3>
<p>Unlike English, Chinese sentences can sometimes go without a verb.
In the sentence <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a></span></font></font>,
the adjectival phrase <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a>
</span></font></font>serves as the predicate for the sentence. No
verb "to be" is needed as in English (I <em>am</em> very
well). This is generally true of a sentence that has an <em>adjective</em>
as its predicate, even in negative sentences.
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不忙</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
They are very busy, we are not.</dd></dl>
</dl>
<p>
Notice that in other types of sentences, however, verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
</span></font></font>should still be retained:
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">朋友</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
He is my friend.</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadf4adf4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哥哥</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
I am not her elder brother.</dd></dl>
</dl>
<h3 class="western">
Proper Response</h3>
<p>Study the following two dialogues:
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大夫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a></span></font></font>?</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Is your mother a doctor?
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大夫</a></span></font></font>.</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Yes, she is a doctor.</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a></span></font></font>?</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Is your mother busy?
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a></span></font></font>.</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Yes, she is very busy.</dd></dl>
</dl>
<p>
To respond positively to a yes/no question, we often repeat the verb
-- in the above case <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a>
</span></font></font>respectively -- as an equivalent to the English
"yes" before making the statement itself. Note therefore
that the response is not always <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a></span></font></font>.
</p>
<h2 class="western">Questions with interrogative words <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a></span></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪</a></span></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a></span></font></h2>
<p>Unlike English which has to move such interrogative words as
"what", "when", "who" etc to the
beginning of the sentence to form a question, Chinese leaves the word
order unchanged when forming questions using such interrogative words
as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a></span></font></font>,
etc:
</p>
<ol>
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7cca7cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">弟弟</a></span></font></font>.
(He is my younger brother.)<br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a></span></font></font>?
(Who is he?)
</p>
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a></span></font></font>.
(He is our teacher.)<br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a></span></font></font>?
(Who is your teacher?)
</p>
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國人</a></span></font></font>.
(He is Chinese.)<br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">人</a></span></font></font>?
(What is his nationality?)
</p>
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ab9cf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">地圖</a></span></font></font>.
(This is a map of China.)<br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ab9cf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">地圖</a></span></font></font>?
(What map is this?)
</p>
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a></span></font></font>.
(That is a book.)<br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a></span></font></font>?
(What is that?)
</p>
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a></span></font></font>.
(This is her car.)<br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a></span></font></font>?
(Whose car is this?)
</p>
</ol>
<p>As is obvious, one simply replaces the relevant words, which are
what one wants to ask about, with the interrogative words to form
questions. No change of word order takes place.
</p>
<h2 class="western">Asking a person's name</h2>
<p>There are several ways of asking a person's name, depending on who
that person is.
</p>
<ol>
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1z', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">您</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6Qa9m', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">貴姓</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</p>
<p>This is a very polite way of asking someone's name, literally
"What is your honourable surname?". It is usually used to
address one's elders or superiors, or someone of one's own age but
to whom one wants to be polite. Notice, however, that the expression
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6Qa9m', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">貴姓</a>
</span></font></font>cannot be used when asking about a third
person's name, or when referring to oneself.
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1z', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">您</a></span></font></font>/<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6Qa9m', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">貴姓</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
What is your name?</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9m', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">姓</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4B', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">丁</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
My name is Ding.</dd><li><p>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</p>
<p>This is a plain form of asking a person's name. It is usually
used to address people of one's own age or younger, or one's
inferiors. If one wants to be a bit polite, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0b0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請問</a>
</span></font></font>can be added to the question:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0b0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請問</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
May I ask, what's your name?</dd><p>
Unlike <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6Qa9m', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">貴姓</a></span></font></font>,
which is only used in the second person, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>
</span></font></font>can be employed for all persons:
</p>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadf4adf4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哥哥</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖</span></font></font>etc.
</blockquote>
</ol>
<p>When asked <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9m', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">姓</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖</span></font></font>you
are supposed to give your last name first, and then as an option you
can add your full name afterwards. But when asked <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖</span></font></font>you
can give either your given name or your full name.
</p>
<h2 class="western">Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a>﹐
<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a></span></font></h2>
<p>Both words mean "to study" or "to learn".
Whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a>
</span></font></font>can be used both transitively and
intransitively, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a>
</span></font></font>is normally reserved for transitive use.
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">e.g.
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">習</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">習</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
I study Chinese, she studies French.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7cca7cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">弟弟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3bec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">習</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
I study, my younger brother doesn't study.</dd></dl>
</dl>
<p>
In the second sentence, the word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">習</a>
</span></font></font>cannot be omitted.
</p>
<h2 class="western">Grammar notes</h2>
<ol>
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
</span></font></font>(to be at/in...) functions as a verb.
</p>
<p>To express the location or existence of something or somebody,
use the following pattern:
</p>
<blockquote>S + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
</span></font></font>+ place/location word or phrase<br/>
e.g. A:
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ab9cf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">地圖</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
B:
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ab9cf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">地圖</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>。</span></font></font><br/>
<br/>
A:
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
B:
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>。
</span></font></font>
</blockquote>
<p>If the location or place is known or obvious, it can be omitted:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5jaai', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">古波</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Is Gubo in [or: here]?</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不在</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
He is not here. He is at the students' dormitory.</dd><blockquote>
</blockquote>
<li><p>Nouns / personal pronouns + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a></span></font></font>/<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>
</span></font></font>as place words.
</p>
<blockquote>e.g. A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ab9cf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">地圖</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
B:
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a>。</span></font></font>(or
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a></span></font></font>)<br/>
<br/>
A:
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
B:
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>。
</span></font></font>
</blockquote>
<p>The choice of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a>
</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>
</span></font></font>depends on the distance between the object and
the speaker. If it is close to the speaker, use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a></span></font></font>;
if not, use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a></span></font></font>.
</p>
<li><p>The word order for Chinese place words
</p>
<p>Unlike English, Chinese place words start with the larger ones
and proceed to the smaller ones. Hence the sentence "She lives
in room 423, 4th floor at the student dorm at the college" will
be <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b0|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學院</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbch', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">層</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">號</a>。
</span></font></font>Notice the exactly reverse order here, which is
applicable to the address used when writing letters as well.
</p>
<li><p>To live (stay) at a place
</p>
<p>Most often one uses <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a>
</span></font></font>to indicate that one lives or stays at a
certain place. There are several patterns for the use of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a></span></font></font>.
For example, to say "I live here", one can have the
following:
</p>
<blockquote>S + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a>
</span></font></font>+ place word (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a></span></font></font>)<br/>
S
+ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
</span></font></font>+ place word (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兒</a></span></font></font>)<br/>
S
+ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
</span></font></font>+ place word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a>
</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a></span></font></font>)</blockquote>
<p>All three sentences have the same meaning.
</p>
<li><p>Reading numbers for phone, room, building, ID, etc
</p>
<p>Unlike English, these sorts of Chinese numbers are read out digit
by digit:
</p>
<blockquote>English: # 1452 (number fourteen fifty-two)<br/>
Chinese:
# 1452 (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Gb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二號</a></span></font></font>)
</blockquote>
</ol>
<h2 class="western">The use of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a>
</span></font>(to return something to someone)</h2>
<p>When using <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a>
</span></font></font>to indicate "return", use the
following pattern:
</p>
<blockquote>S + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a>
</span></font></font>+ (sb.) + sth.<br/>
e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5eb3f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">畫報</a></span></font></font><br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4B', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">丁</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4aa', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">云</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a>。</span></font></font>(Notice
here sb. is omitted.)</blockquote>
<p>This pattern is <i>only</i> used for simple objects, i.e. the
object to be returned is not a complex one such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e9a5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">日本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a></span></font></font>,
etc. Notice in the second example above, sb. is omitted because it
would be awkward to say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4B', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">丁</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4aa', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">云</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4B', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">丁</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4aa', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">云</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a></span></font></font>,
although grammatically it is correct. We will later learn the ways to
express something more complicated.
</p>
<h2 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a></span></font></h2>
<p>In this phrase, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a>
</span></font></font>is a verb which can be used both transitively
and intransitively (i.e. it can be used either with or without an
object). <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a>
</span></font></font>is an adverbial of time indicating "a short
while, a little while". If an object is to be used for <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a>
</span></font></font>in the above phrase, it should be placed after
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a></span></font></font>:
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Is it all right for me to use your book for a short while?
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
They want to use your dad's car for a little while.</dd></dl>
</dl>
<h2 class="western">
Time Word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a></span></font></h2>
<p>Time words in Chinese are normally placed in one of two positions
in a sentence: <i>before</i> or <i>after</i> the subject.
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b0|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學院</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Now she is going to the college to return books.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b0|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學院</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
</dl>
<h2 class="western">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a>
</span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`b1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常常</a></span></font></h2>
<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a>
</span></font></font>in the sense of "often" can often be
reduplicated as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`b1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常常</a>
</span></font></font>without a change of meaning. Thus, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">茶</a>
</span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`b1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">茶</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>
</span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`b1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a></span></font></font>.</p>
<p>In making negative sentences, however, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a>
</span></font></font>is normally <i>not</i> reduplicated. Hence
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">茶</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a></span></font></font>.</p>
<h2 class="western">Affirmative-Negative questions</h2>
<p>An alternative way of forming a question is to juxtapose the
affirmative and negative forms of the predicative verb or adjective:
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國人</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font>becomes
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacOa4a3acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是不是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國人</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font>becomes
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不忙</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font>becomes
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt></dl>
</dl>
<ol>
<li><p>
If the verb or adjective is composed of a single word, then repeat
the single word; if two or more words, then repeat them all:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不忙</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a></span></font></font></dt><li><p>
If the predicative verb takes an object, it is usually only the verb
that gets repeated, not the noun following it:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">茶</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
Sometimes if the object of the verb is not long, one can use the
form of "V + object + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
</span></font></font>+ V ?" as well, although this is not as
common:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">茶</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">茶</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
As in questions with interrogative words (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a></span></font></font>,
etc), affirmative-negative questions do not take <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>
</span></font></font>at the end.</p>
<li><p>If an adverb such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a>
</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a>
</span></font></font>comes <i>before</i> the predicative verb or
adjective, do not use the affirmative-negative form but use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>
</span></font></font>instead:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9@b0d8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">咖啡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9@b0d8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">咖啡</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><p>
Notice, however, that this rule applies only when those adverbs come
<i>before</i> the predicative verbs or adjectives. Compare:</p>
<ol>
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
</span></font></font>but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不忙</a>﹖</span></font></font></p>
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大夫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacOa4a3acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是不是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大夫</a>﹖</span></font></font></p>
</ol>
<p>The second instance is acceptable because <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a>
</span></font></font>comes <i>after</i> the predicative verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a></span></font></font>.</p>
<li><p>If there is more than one verb in a sentence, usually only
the <i>first</i> verb gets the affirmative-negative form in the
question:
</p>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d3a9b1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">商店</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafc8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">紙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font>becomes
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d3a9b1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">商店</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafc8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">紙</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5waaef', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">歡迎</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
</span></font></font>becomes <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5waaef', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">歡迎</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3c5w', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不歡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaef', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">迎</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>﹖</span></font></font></blockquote>
</ol>
<h2 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a>
</span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a></span></font></h2>
<p>In Chinese, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a>
</span></font></font>as a conjunction is normally used to connect two
words or phrases, <i>never</i> two clauses or sentences:
</p>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacfcb0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">美國</a></span></font></font><br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a></span></font></font><br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEad^bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">英語</a>。</span></font></font><br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7cca7cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">弟弟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></blockquote>
<blockquote>but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7cca7cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">弟弟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadf4adf4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哥哥</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a>。</span></font></font><br/>
nor
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
<p>The adverb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a>
</span></font></font>is placed between the subject and the
predicative verb or adjective. It governs only the elements <i>before</i>
it:
</p>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>。
</span></font></font>(All of us go to China: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a>
</span></font></font>modifies <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a></span></font></font>.)<br/>
but
not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
<p>This is also wrong:
</p>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
<p>because <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a>
</span></font></font>modifies <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a>
</span></font></font>and not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a></span></font></font>.
If "both Chinese and French" is intended in the above
sentence, the objects <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a>
</span></font></font>should be placed before <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a></span></font></font>:
</p>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a>。</span></font></font><br/>
or
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
<h2 class="western">The verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a>
</span></font>expressing possession and existence</h2>
<p>The verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a>
</span></font></font>in Chinese can mean both possession and
existence, like the English "to have" and "there is"
or "there are":
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
She has a Chinese dictionary.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b0|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學院</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">多</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5~b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">外國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
There are a lot of foreign students in our college.</dd></dl>
</dl>
<p>
N.B.:
</p>
<ol>
<li><p>To negate <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>,
one uses <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a>
</span></font></font>instead of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a></span></font></font>:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadf4adf4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哥哥</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ja9j', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">姐姐</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
I have an elder brother, but no elder sister.</dd><li><p>
Informally in a negative sentence, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a>
</span></font></font>can sometimes be omitted:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">朋友</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5a7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">筆</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
My friend does not have books, nor pens.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">人</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
There is no one in our dorm now.</dd><li><p>
The affirmative-negative question form is "... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>
</span></font></font>... ?"
</p>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9fa9f', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">妹妹</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3a4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有人</a>﹖</span></font></font></blockquote>
<p>Sometimes, if the object of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a>
</span></font></font>is not long, one can use the form "... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a>
</span></font></font>+ object + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>
</span></font></font>?" as well, although this form is not as
common as the previous one.
</p>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9fa9f', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">妹妹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3a4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有人</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>﹖</span></font></font></blockquote>
</ol>
<h2 class="western">Prepositional construction with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
</span></font>(in, at) and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a>
</span></font>(for, to)</h2>
<p>The object of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
</span></font></font>is often a place-word and the object of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a>
</span></font></font>is often the beneficiary of the action expressed
by the predicative verb. In Chinese, a prepositional construction
comes <i>before</i> the verb it modifies:
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbc8a6e6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">銀行</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
She works in a bank.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbc8a6e6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">銀行</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Let me introduce you to one another.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a>。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
</dl>
<p>
To form a negative sentence, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
</span></font></font>is placed <i>before</i> the prepositional
construction:
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbc8a6e6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">銀行</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
I am not going to introduce you.</dd></dl>
</dl>
<p>
Adverbs such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a>
</span></font></font>are also placed <i>before</i> the prepositional
construction:
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
</span></font></font>City Lit <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b0|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學院</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
We all study Chinese at the City Lit.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabH', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">信</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Do you often write to your mother?
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcgabH', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">寫信</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
My dad also often writes to me.</dd></dl>
</dl>
<h2 class="western">
Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a></span></font></h2>
<p>The word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>
</span></font></font>in Chinese carries various meanings:
</p>
<ol>
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>
</span></font></font>+ noun/noun-phrase = to miss
somebody/something:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Bb6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">丁雲</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Qaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想家</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Ding Yun misses her family very much.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
I miss my parents very much.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8kaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">男朋友</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Don't you miss your boyfriend?
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Do you miss her?</dd><li><p>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>
</span></font></font>+ verb/verb-phrase = to want to do something:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d3a9b1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">商店</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Do you want to go to the shop?
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
I don't want to go.</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Do you want to study French?
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
I also want to study French.</dd><li><p>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>
</span></font></font>+ clause = to think/suppose something:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國人</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
I think she is Chinese.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大夫</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
I think her parents are both doctors.</dd><p>
N.B. to negate a sentence with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>
</span></font></font>in this capacity, put the negative adverb in
the <i>subordinate clause</i>, not in the main clause as in English:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()"><i>不是</i></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國人</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
I don't think she is Chinese.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國人</a>。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
<p>N.B. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>
</span></font></font>as a verb can use the affirmative-negative
question form <i>only</i> in senses 1 and 2 above, not in 3.
</p>
<h2 class="western">Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a></span></font></h2>
<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a>
</span></font></font>means "to tell". In English, the verb
"tell" can mean to tell somebody something, or to tell
somebody <i>to do</i> something. The Chinese verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a>
</span></font></font>can only be applied to the first of these
patterns.
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
She told me her work.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6naaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好朋友</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
I'll tell mother you are a good friend of mine.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcgabH', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">寫信</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
I told him to write to me.</dd></dl>
</dl>
<p>
Notice the element following the indirect object (i.e. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a></span></font></font>)
of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a>
</span></font></font>in the first and second sentences is either a
noun, a noun-phrase or a clause, but never a verb-phrase. The last
sentence is wrong because it uses the pattern "to tell somebody
to do something" and hence uses a verb-phrase for its direct
object. In this case, we should use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a>
</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a>
</span></font></font>in place of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a>
</span></font></font>to make a correct sentence:
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcgabH', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">寫信</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
I asked him to write to me.</dd></dl>
</dl>
<h2 class="western">
The Numbers in Chinese</h2>
<p>For Arabic numerals 0 to 10, the Chinese equivalents are:
</p>
<blockquote>○ (or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a></span></font></font>),
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">六</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4C', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">七</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">九</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a></span></font></font></blockquote>
<p>Further on, they are:
</p>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十一</a>
</span></font></font>= 11, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十二</a>
</span></font></font>= 12, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十九</a>
</span></font></font>= 19<br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十</a>
</span></font></font>= 20, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十一</a>
</span></font></font>= 21, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十八</a>
</span></font></font>= 28<br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三十</a>
</span></font></font>= 30, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|a4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四十</a>
</span></font></font>= 40, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ea4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">九十</a>
</span></font></font>= 90, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ea4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">九十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">九</a>
</span></font></font>= 99</blockquote>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一百</a>
</span></font></font>= 100<br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a>
</span></font></font>= 101, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a>
</span></font></font>= 110, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十一</a>
</span></font></font>= 111<br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4C', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十七</a>
</span></font></font>= 327, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">九</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">九</a>
</span></font></font>= 909</blockquote>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一千</a>
</span></font></font>= 1000<br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4db9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一千零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a>
</span></font></font>= 1001, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|a4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四十</a>
</span></font></font>= 5040, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ka4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ca6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">七百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十五</a>
</span></font></font>= 8725</blockquote>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一萬</a>
</span></font></font>= 10,000<br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">萬</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a>
</span></font></font>= 40,801</blockquote>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@bbf5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一億</a>
</span></font></font>= 100,000,000
</blockquote>
<p>N.B.:
</p>
<ol>
<li><p>Numbers like 15 are written e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十五</a></span></font></font>,
not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十五</a></span></font></font>.</p>
<li><p>A zero is pronounced or written when sandwiched by two
digits: 101 is <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a></span></font></font>,
and 3020 is <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十</a></span></font></font>.
Notice the last zero in 3020 is <i>not</i> pronounced because it is
not between two other digits.
</p>
<p>If there are two or more zeroes in succession between two
non-zero digits, as in 1001, only one is pronounced: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4db9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一千零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a></span></font></font>.
However, if the two or more zeroes are separate and also sandwiched,
as in 40,801, each is read as normal: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">萬</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a></span></font></font>.</p>
</ol>
<h2 class="western">Grammar notes</h2>
<ol>
<li><p>Measure words
</p>
<p>In Chinese, when a noun is modified by numerals, demonstrative
pronouns such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a>
</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那</a></span></font></font>,
or interrogative pronouns such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪</a>
</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a></span></font></font>,
a specific measure word should be placed between the noun and its
modifier(s):
</p>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十五</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfeadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a></span></font></font></blockquote>
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a>
</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ha4d6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">多少</a>
</span></font></font>
</p>
<p>Both of these can be used to mean "how many" or "how
much". Whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a>
</span></font></font>should be used with a measure word, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ha4d6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">多少</a>
</span></font></font>can be used either with or without a measure
word for the noun it modifies.
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ha4d6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">多少</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><p>
The measure word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a>
</span></font></font>is a must for the first sentence, but only
optional in the second.
</p>
<p>Also, when <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a>
</span></font></font>is used, the expected answer is usually under
10, whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ha4d6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">多少</a>
</span></font></font>can be used whether one expects a large or
small answer.
</p>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4jbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ha4d6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">多少</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4Xadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">人</a>﹖</span></font></font></blockquote>
<li><p>Chinese verbs that take direct and indirect objects
</p>
<p>As in English, some verbs in Chinese can take two objects: direct
object (usually a thing) and indirect object (usually a person).
</p>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">王</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbyaak', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">語法</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
<p>In this sentence, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教</a>
</span></font></font>is a verb that takes <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a>
</span></font></font>as the indirect object and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a>
</span></font></font>as the direct object. Generally the indirect
goes before the direct object. Some other verbs that work the same
way include <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a>
</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">問</a></span></font></font>.
</p>
<p>Not all Chinese verbs can take two objects: it would be wrong to
say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>
</span></font></font>(He bought me a book), or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcg', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">寫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">封</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabH', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">信</a>
</span></font></font>(She wrote me a letter). The correct way of
saying these would be to use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a></span></font></font>,
as in <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>
</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcg', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">寫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">封</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabH', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">信</a></span></font></font>.
</p>
<li><p>Adjectives as modifiers
</p>
<p>When an adjective modifies a noun, it is placed directly before
the noun as in English:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7saed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">新書</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
new book
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6naaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好朋友</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
good friend</dd><p>
However, when the adjective modifier is made up of two or more
syllables, the particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
</span></font></font>is usually inserted between the modifier and
the noun it modifies:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">新</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>
</span></font></font>
</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
very new book
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">朋友</a>
</span></font></font>
</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
very good friend</dd></ol>
<h2 class="western">Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a>
</span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a></span></font></h2>
<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a>
</span></font></font>is used to mean "the same" as the
previous statement. Hence the relationship between the statement
introduced by <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a>
</span></font></font>and the previous one is a <i>parallel</i>
relationship. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a></span></font></font>,
on the other hand, introduces an <i>additional</i> element to the
previous statement.
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">e.g.
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0ddc3D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">問題</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0ddc3D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">問題</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
You have a question; I also have a question. The two are parallel
here.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0ddc3D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">問題</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
I have already had some questions, but I still have one more. This
is <i>in addition to</i> the previous ones.</dd></dl>
</dl>
<p>
Under certain circumstances, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a>
</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a>
</span></font></font>are interchangeable, but with different
emphasis:
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">王</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~a6r', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢字</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbyaak', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">語法</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4fbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">口語</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">王</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~a6r', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢字</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbyaak', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">語法</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4fbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">口語</a>。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
</dl>
<p>
Although both sentences can be roughly translated as "Professor
Wang teaches us Chinese characters and grammar; he also teaches us
conversation", their emphasis is different: the first sentence
stresses the fact that Wang teaches conversation <i>in addition to</i>
the other subjects he teaches, whereas the second simply enumerates
the three subjects he teaches without prioritization.
</p>
<h2 class="western">Grammar notes</h2>
<ol>
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
</span></font></font>construction
</p>
<p>A modifier (normally either a noun, a pronoun, a verb or an
adjective) with the word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
</span></font></font>can function as a noun or noun-phrase in a
sentence, and can stand by itself if the context is clear:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">條</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8c8a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裙子</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ja9j', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">姐姐</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
This skirt is my sister's. Noun + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Which dictionary is yours? Pronoun + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
</span></font></font>
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5d5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">白</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Is your father's car a white one? Adjective + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
</span></font></font>
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">茶</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
What sort of tea do you drink? Verb + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font></dd><p>
These constructions normally involve the verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
</span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不是</a></span></font></font>).
</p>
<li><p>Usage of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">從</a>
</span></font></font>
</p>
<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">從</a>
</span></font></font>+ place word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>
</span></font></font>= to go from; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">從</a>
</span></font></font>+ place word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>
</span></font></font>= to come from.
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">從</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Where did you come from?
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">從</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
I came from the library.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">從</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbc@b3f5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">劇場</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
We are going from my home to the theatre tonight.</dd><li><p>
Noun/Pronoun + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a>
</span></font></font>/ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>
</span></font></font>= over here/there at ...'s place
</p>
<p>When a noun or pronoun is added to <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a>
</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a></span></font></font>,
they function as a place word or expression. Since one cannot say
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a>
</span></font></font>(I went to her), one can say instead <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>
</span></font></font>(I went to her place), because <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>
</span></font></font>is now regarded as a place expression.
Similarly one cannot say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8c8a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裙子</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a>
</span></font></font>(Your skirt is with me), but one can say
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8c8a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裙子</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a>
</span></font></font>(Your skirt is with me). More examples:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Your book is at his place.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ja9j', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">姐姐</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
We all went to my sister's place.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">找</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
The teacher is coming to my place to look for her.</dd><p>
As is obvious, if the place or the person is away from the speaker,
use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a></span></font></font>;
if the place is near the speaker or refers to the speaker himself or
herself, use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a></span></font></font>.
</p>
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">太</a>
</span></font></font>+ adjective + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
</span></font></font>
</p>
<p>This pattern is often used for emphatic purposes. An adjective is
used between <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">太</a>
</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a></span></font></font>:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d3a6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">太忙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>﹗</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Too busy!
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">太</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4j', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>﹗</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Too big!</dd><p>
The expression <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d3a6na4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">太好了</a>﹗</span></font></font>,
however, has a positive meaning, expressing satisfaction or
admiration.
</p>
</ol>
<h2 class="western">Word study: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a>
</span></font>vs. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a></span></font></h2>
<p>These both mean "two", and are used as follows.
</p>
<ol>
<li><p>When "2" is followed by a measure word, use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a></span></font></font>:
</p>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2add3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">人</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcWa5[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">增加</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadbf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">倍</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2a6b8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩次</a>
</span></font></font>
</blockquote>
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a>
</span></font></font>should be used in a number greater than 10,
even if it is followed by a measure word:
</p>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十二</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga6b8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二次</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3a4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個人</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4bba4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">六十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">元</a>
</span></font></font>
</blockquote>
<p>There are some more restrictions, though:</p>
<ol>
<li><p>Only <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a>
</span></font></font>can be used before the character <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a></span></font></font>;
before the character <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">百</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a>
</span></font></font>is usually employed but <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a>
</span></font></font>may also be used:
</p>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十五</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">元</a>
</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2a6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">元</a>
</span></font></font>
</blockquote>
<li><p>For numbers like <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">千</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">萬</a>
</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">億</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a>
</span></font></font>is used more often than <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a></span></font></font>:
</p>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2a4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">元</a>
</span></font></font>(also <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">元</a></span></font></font>),
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">萬</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">億</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ha4f', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">人口</a>
</span></font></font>
</blockquote>
<li><p>If the number is greater than <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">百</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">千</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">萬</a></span></font></font>,
<i>i.e.</i> if there are more digits before <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">百</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">千</a>
</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">萬</a></span></font></font>,
then put <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a>
</span></font></font>instead of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a>
</span></font></font>in front:
</p>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">億</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4db8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">千萬</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Tb8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三萬</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">人</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">元</a>
</span></font></font>
</blockquote>
</ol>
</ol>
<h2 class="western">Time</h2>
<p>The following are ways of telling the time in Chinese:
</p>
<blockquote style="margin-bottom: 0cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
B:
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a></span></font></font>...</blockquote>
<dl>
<dd>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="6">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2c2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩點</a></span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>2:00</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">半</a>
</span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">分</a></span></font></font>)</p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>10:30</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">刻</a>
</span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十五</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">分</a></span></font></font>)</p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>3:15</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">刻</a>
</span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|a4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五分</a></span></font></font>)</p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>12:45</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2c2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaet', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">差</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五分</a>
</span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaet', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">差</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五分</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2c2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩點</a></span></font></font>)</p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>1:55</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">分</a></span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>5:20</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4bbc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">六點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五分</a></span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>6:05</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Cc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">七點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三十五</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">分</a></span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>7:35</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</dl>
<p>Some notes:
</p>
<ol>
<li><p>When zero is flanked by two digits, it is normally read as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a></span></font></font>,
as in <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ka4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八分</a>
</span></font></font>(3:08) or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三分</a>
</span></font></font>(12:03).</p>
<li><p>When the minutes are greater than 10, the word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">分</a>
</span></font></font>is optional:
</p>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Cc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">七點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十五</a>
</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Cc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">七點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十五</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">分</a></span></font></font></blockquote>
<li><p>"This morning" is <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wa4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上午</a></span></font></font>,
not for example <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wa4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上午</a></span></font></font>;
"every afternoon" is <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Ca4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">每天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下午</a></span></font></font>,
not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8C', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">每</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下午</a></span></font></font>.</p>
</ol>
<h2 class="western">Placement of time-words</h2>
<p>A time-word or -expression is normally placed either after the
subject or at the beginning of a sentence:
</p>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">半</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">課</a></span></font></font><br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">半</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">課</a></span></font></font></blockquote>
<p>Some notes:
</p>
<ol>
<li><p>A time-word does not take a preposition:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ubdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下課</a></span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ubdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下課</a></span></font></font></dt><li><p>
A time-word should not be placed at the end of a sentence:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>
</span></font></font>
</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
She came in the evening.</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a></span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a></span></font></font></dt><li><p>
If you have more than one time-word, the bigger unit goes before the
smaller:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a>
</span></font></font>
</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
at 8 o'clock this evening</dd><li><p>
If you have both time-word and place-word, usually the time-word
goes first:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5a5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">等</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a>
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadf4adf4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哥哥</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wbdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上課</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
When and where are you going to have your class tomorrow?</dd><li><p>
Time-word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
</span></font></font>+ noun (time-words modifying nouns)
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
What show do you want to see? <i>literally</i> What time's film do
you want to see?
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中午</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">半</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
I want to see the film at 12:30 at noon.</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">報</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Is this today's paper?
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">報</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacQa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">昨天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
It isn't today's paper, it's yesterday's.
</dd></ol>
<h2 class="western">The use of the time-words <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a>
</span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a></span></font></h2>
<p>When used by itself, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a>
</span></font></font>means "previously" or "before"
and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a>
</span></font></font>means "later", "afterwards"
or "in the future":
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
I was a student before; now I am a teacher.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Where did you work before?
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不住</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6edb1J', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住宿</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">舍</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
I did not live in a dormitory before, but now I do.</dd></dl>
</dl>
<p>
When used together with a time-word or verb phrase, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a>
</span></font></font>means "before..." and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a>
</span></font></font>means "after...":
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6^aea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">回家</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
I won't go home before 10.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6^aea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">回家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbe5cc4fdabc7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">閱覽室</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
I read books in the reading-room before I go home.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacfcb0eaa5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">美國以</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
He has been working here after he came to America.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ba5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">半以</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">作</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
What do you do in your dorm after 10:30?</dd></dl>
</dl>
<p>
N.B. When <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a>
</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a>
</span></font></font>is used together with a time-word or verb phrase
to mean "before" or "after", the word order is
exactly the opposite of the English equivalent:
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
before 4 o'clock
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ubdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下課</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
before the class is over
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
after tomorrow evening (or night)
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6^', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">回</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
after returning to the dormitory</dd></dl>
</dl>
<h2 class="western">
A <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a>
</span></font>B (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a></span></font>)
+ verb/verb-phrase</h2>
<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a>
</span></font></font>as a preposition means "with", and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a>
</span></font></font>means "together". This pattern is used
to indicate that A and B do something together. Here <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a>
</span></font></font>can be replaced with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a>
</span></font></font>without changing the meaning; and the phrase <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a>
</span></font></font>is optional.
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a>
</span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a></span></font></font>)
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
I go to see a film with her.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
She and I go to see a film together.)
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbc@b3f5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">劇場</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
With whom are you going to the theatre tonight?
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8c6a8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">事兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8cabc@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">京劇</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Do you have anything to do tonight? Come with me to the Beijing
opera!
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8kaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">男朋友</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
I don't want to go with you, I want to go with my boyfriend.</dd></dl>
</dl>
<p>
N.B. This pattern of A <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a>
</span></font></font>B (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a></span></font></font>)
is always placed <i>before</i> the main verb in the sentence. Hence
the following sentence, with English word order, is wrong:
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8kaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">男朋友</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
I want to go together with my boyfriend.</dd></dl>
</dl>
<h2 class="western">
Alternative Questions using <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a></span></font></h2>
<p>In Chinese, an alternative question is formed by using <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a>
</span></font></font>to connect two choices, which can be nouns, noun
phrases, verbs, verb phrases, or clauses:
</p>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dfc5w', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喜歡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacf5aff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">紅茶</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbaf1aff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">綠茶</a>﹖
</span></font></font>(nouns)<br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>﹖
</span></font></font>(noun phrases)<br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下午</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>﹖
</span></font></font>(verbs)<br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5a5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">聽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ja8e5adb5bcd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">古典音樂</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5a5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">聽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a5Nadb5bcd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現代音樂</a>﹖
</span></font></font>(verb phrases)<br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>﹖
</span></font></font>(clauses)</blockquote>
<p>Note:</p>
<ol>
<li><p>the two items connected by <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a>
</span></font></font>are normally parallel in structure; and</p>
<li><p>as with affirmative-negative questions and questions with
interrogative words, alternative questions do not have <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>
</span></font></font>at the end.
</p>
</ol>
<h2 class="western">Pivotal Sentences with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a></span></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">讓</a></span></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a></span></font></h2>
<p>In Chinese a sentence can contain several verbs. A pivotal
sentence is one in which the object of the first verb is at the same
time the subject of the following verb. This object therefore
functions as a pivot, connecting the two verb clauses in the
sentence.
</p>
<p>The first verb in a pivotal sentence is often a causative verb (to
cause something to happen) such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">讓</a>
</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a></span></font></font>.
All three carry the meaning of asking somebody to do something. Of
the three, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a>
</span></font></font>is the most polite; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">讓</a>
</span></font></font>is less so, and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a>
</span></font></font>is the least polite. So watch out for the
occasions when these verbs can be used appropriately. Observe:
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">王</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadb5bcd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">音樂</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
The students asked Professor Wang to introduce Chinese music.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">讓</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Ca4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">每天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcg', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">寫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~a6r', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢字</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
The teacher asked students to write Chinese characters every day.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabc4a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">孩子</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Dad asked his child to study Chinese.</dd></dl>
</dl>
<p>
Notice that although the English equivalents all employ "to
ask", the Chinese sentences use different words to indicate
various degrees of politeness.
</p>
<p>Note:</p>
<ol>
<li><p>Besides the use of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a>
</span></font></font>above (meaning "to ask someone to do
something"), <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a>
</span></font></font>can also be used to mean "to invite":
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6Y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吃</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfb6ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚飯</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
We invited him to dinner.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Do you want to invite him to a movie tonight?</dd><li><p>
To negate a pivotal sentence, put the negative adverb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
</span></font></font><i>before the first verb</i>:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大夫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">讓</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">酒</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
My doctor doesn't let me drink alcohol.</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
They did not invite me to go to the pictures.</dd></ol>
<h2 class="western">Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">別</a>
</span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3adn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不要</a></span></font></h2>
<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">別</a>
</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3adn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不要</a>
</span></font></font>both mean "do not". They can be used
in negative <i>imperative</i> sentences with or without a subject.
They are placed between the subject (if present) and the verb or
adjective:
</p>
<blockquote>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a></span></font></font>)
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">別</a>
</span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3adn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不要</a></span></font></font>)
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a>﹗</span></font></font><br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">別</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">酒</a>﹗
<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">別</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>﹗</span></font></font><br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3adn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7lb7cf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吸煙</a>﹗
<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下午</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3adn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹗</span></font></font></blockquote>
<p>Neither of these can be used to indicate negation in declarative
sentences. It is wrong to say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">別</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ab', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">走</a></span></font></font>.
One can say instead <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ab', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">走</a></span></font></font>.
</p>
<h2 class="western">Expressions for the date, week, month and year</h2>
<ol>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年</a></span></font></font>,
year
</p>
<ol type="a">
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ha6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去年</a>
</span></font></font>= last year; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今年</a>
</span></font></font>= this year; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明年</a>
</span></font></font>= next year</p>
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ea4Ea4C', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一九九七</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ea4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一九九</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ka6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八年</a></span></font></font>,
...</p>
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一年</a>
</span></font></font>= one year; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年</a>
</span></font></font>= two years (not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年</a></span></font></font>);
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三年</a>
</span></font></font>= three years<br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Ca6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">每年</a>
</span></font></font>= every year; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">半</a>
</span></font></font>= five-and-a-half years</p>
</ol>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">月</a></span></font></font>,
month
</p>
<ol type="a">
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wadd3a4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上個月</a></span></font></font>=
last month; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oadd3a4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這個月</a>
</span></font></font>= this month; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Uadd3a4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下個月</a>
</span></font></font>= next month</p>
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一月</a>
</span></font></font>= January; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二月</a>
</span></font></font>= February (not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">月</a></span></font></font>);
... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">月</a>
</span></font></font>= December</p>
</ol>
<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a></span></font></font>,
week
</p>
<ol type="a">
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上</a>
</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a>
</span></font></font>= last week; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a>
</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a>
</span></font></font>= this week; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下</a>
</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a>
</span></font></font>= next week</p>
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期一</a>
</span></font></font>= Monday; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期二</a>
</span></font></font>= Tuesday; ... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期六</a>
</span></font></font>= Saturday; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期日</a>
</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期天</a>
</span></font></font>= Sunday</p>
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a>
</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a>
</span></font></font>= one week; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a>
</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a>
</span></font></font>= two weeks (not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a>
</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a></span></font></font>);
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a>
</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a>
</span></font></font>= three weeks; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|add3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">半</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a>
</span></font></font>= four-and-a-half weeks; ... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8C', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">每</a>
</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a>
</span></font></font>= every week
</p>
</ol>
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">日</a>
</span></font></font>/ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">號</a>
</span></font></font>/ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">天</a>
</span></font></font>date
</p>
<p>Use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">日</a>
</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">號</a>
</span></font></font>for a <i>specific</i> date. Usually <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">日</a>
</span></font></font>is used in written and formal language and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">號</a>
</span></font></font>is used in conversation. The word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">天</a>
</span></font></font>should be used in <i>counting</i> the number of
days:
</p>
<ol type="a">
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">作</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">天</a>
</span></font></font>= yesterday; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a>
</span></font></font>= today; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a>
</span></font></font>= tomorrow</p>
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一號</a></span></font></font>;
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Gb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二號</a>
</span></font></font>(not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">號</a></span></font></font>);
... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一號</a></span></font></font><br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|a4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四月</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4bbb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">六號</a></span></font></font>;
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十月</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十五</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">日</a></span></font></font>;
...</p>
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一天</a>
</span></font></font>= one day; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">天</a>
</span></font></font>= two days (not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">天</a></span></font></font>);
... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ba4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">半天</a>
</span></font></font>= half a day; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Ca4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">每天</a>
</span></font></font>= every day</p>
</ol>
</ol>
<p>Some notes:
</p>
<ol>
<li><p>When there are several units, the bigger comes first and the
calendar date comes before the day of the week:
</p>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ea4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一九九</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">六</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4@a4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十一月</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十五</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">號</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期一</a></span></font></font><br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4C', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">七</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ka4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八九</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ca4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">七月</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十四</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">日</a></span></font></font></blockquote>
<li><p>Notice the following special ways of expressing the date and
month:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五月</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
the May of this year (whether it has passed or not)
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ha6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ka4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八月</a>
</span></font></font>
</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
the August of last year
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二月</a>
</span></font></font>
</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
the February of next year</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a>
</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期五</a>
</span></font></font>
</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
the Friday of this week (whether it has passed or not)
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上</a>
</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期一</a>
</span></font></font>
</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
the Monday of last week
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下</a>
</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期四</a>
</span></font></font>
</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
the Thursday of next week</dd><p>
Note the English phrase "last Monday" may therefore be
rendered as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期一</a></span></font></font>,
if Monday has already passed and the phrase is therefore referring
to Monday of this week. The same applies for future days, and for
months.
</p>
</ol>
<h2 class="western">Verb or verb-phrase as a modifier for a noun</h2>
<p>Two points need to be observed when using a verb or verb-phrase as
a modified to form a relative clause:
</p>
<ol>
<li><p>Unlike in English, all modifiers go <i>before</i> the element
they modify in Chinese:
</p>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4f4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">水</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3abdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0aeb2b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">乾淨</a></span></font></font><br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">朋友</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0e', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">送</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2a7aaab', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">禮物</a></span></font></font></blockquote>
<li><p>The word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
</span></font></font>has to be inserted between the modifier and the
element it modifies:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下午</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3b7Nabe4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有意思</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
The film I saw this afternoon was very interesting.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6}aaf9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">開門</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">人</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9fa9f', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">妹妹</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
The person who opened the door for you was my younger sister.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f5bbR', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跳舞</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9haeQ', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">姑娘</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6Pbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">同學</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
The girl who danced with him was my classmate.</dd></ol>
<h2 class="western">Other grammar notes</h2>
<ol>
<li><p>Sentences with an adjectival predicate
</p>
<p>The verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
</span></font></font>is not normally used in the predicate for a
sentence where the main element of the predicate is an adjective:
</p>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0aabfb3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">高興</a>。</span></font></font><br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">絲</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdu', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">線</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadm', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">衫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">太</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4p', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">小</a>。</span></font></font><br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaAb0c8adfb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">服務員</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabDb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">非常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~bbb4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年輕</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
<p>In an affirmative sentence of this type, if the adjective is not
preceded by adverbs such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafu', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">真</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">太</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabDb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">非常</a>
</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7f3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">更</a></span></font></font>,
it is usually qualified by the adverb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a></span></font></font>.
In such cases, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a>
</span></font></font>does not really mean "very"; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a>
</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a>
</span></font></font>mean virtually the same.
</p>
<p>Also, adverbs such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabDb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">非常</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">太</a>
</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7f3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">更</a>
</span></font></font><i>cannot</i> be used in affirmative-negative
sentences of this type:
</p>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0aabfb3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">高興</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0aabfb3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">高興</a>﹖
</span></font></font>but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0aabfb3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">高興</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3abdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0aabfb3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">高興</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~bbb4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年輕</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~bbb4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年輕</a>﹖
</span></font></font>but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabDb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">非常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0aabfb3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">高興</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabDb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">非常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0aabfb3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">高興</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹖
</span></font></font>but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹖</span></font></font></blockquote>
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafac', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">祝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a>
</span></font></font>vs <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafacb6P', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">祝賀</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a>
</span></font></font>
</p>
<p>In general, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafac', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">祝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a>
</span></font></font>is used to extend well-wishes <i>in advance</i>
whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafacb6P', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">祝賀</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a>
</span></font></font>is used to congratulate someone on something
<i>already accomplished</i>:
</p>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafac', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">祝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5cda4e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">生日</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a>﹗
</span></font></font>(One can say this on the day, or in
advance.)<br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafacb6P', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">祝賀</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a>﹗
</span></font></font>(Say this only when something has already been
accomplished.)</blockquote>
<li><p>Reduplication of verbs
</p>
<p>To indicate that an action is only of a short duration or to
soften the tone of a sentence in order to make it less formal, a
verb can be repeated:
</p>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a>。
</span></font></font>(Notice the pattern is ABAB, not
AABB.)<br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">讓</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
<p>In the case of a monosyllabic verb, the character <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a>
</span></font></font>can be inserted:
</p>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">讓</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>。</span></font></font><br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
<p>Repeating a verb has the same effect as using the adverb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a>
</span></font></font>after the verb:
</p>
<blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a>
</span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a>
</span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a></span></font></font><br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a>
</span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a>
</span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a></span></font></font><br/>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a>
</span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a></span></font></font></blockquote>
</ol>
<h2 class="western">Position words</h2>
<p>Words such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上邊</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5aac3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">左邊</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabec3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">前邊</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b6a1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中間</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9efadb1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">對面</a>
</span></font></font>are position words. Some of the basic syllables
are:
</p>
<center>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p> </p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上</a>
</span></font></font>- up</p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5aa', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">左</a>
</span></font></font>- left </p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中</a>
</span></font></font>- middle</p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p> <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5k', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">右</a>
</span></font></font>- right</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p> </p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下</a>
</span></font></font>- down</p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">前</a>
</span></font></font>- front</p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p> </p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p> <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裡</a>
</span></font></font>- in</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後</a>
</span></font></font>- back</p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p> </p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p> <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">外</a>
</span></font></font>- out</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
<p>Usually, add <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a>
</span></font></font>to make "on the left", "above",
"outside" etc.
</p>
<p>Position words can be used in two ways. Compare:
</p>
<ol>
<li><p>Noun (+ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)
+ position word:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5~c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">外邊</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
outside the car
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9d0a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">房子</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後邊</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
behind the house
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaee0a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">桌子</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9efadb1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">對面</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
opposite the table
</dd><li><p>
Position word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
</span></font></font>+ noun (here the <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
</span></font></font>is <i>mandatory</i>).
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5~c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">外邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
the car outside (i.e. the car which is outside)
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9d0a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">房子</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
the house behind (the house which is behind)
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9efadb1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">對面</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaee0a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">桌子</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
the opposite table (the table which is opposite / across the way)
</dd></ol>
<p>Notes:</p>
<ol>
<li><p>When <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上邊</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Uc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下邊</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a>
</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5~c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">外邊</a>
</span></font></font>are modified by other nouns, the character <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a>
</span></font></font>can be omitted:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9d0a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">房子</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裡</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a></span></font></font>)</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
inside the house
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaee0a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">桌子</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a></span></font></font>)</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
on the table
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0abc7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教室</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">外</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a></span></font></font>)</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
outside the classroom</dd><li><p>
Do <i>not</i> use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a>
</span></font></font>in the following two cases:</p>
<ol>
<li><p>After geographical names such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5_a8ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">北京</a>
</span></font></font>etc:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5_a8ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">北京</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
She studies Chinese in Beijing.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5_a8ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">北京</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacfcb0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">美國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很多</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4jbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大學</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
There are many universities in America.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacfcb0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">美國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很多</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4jbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大學</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
In a phrase of the form "<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
</span></font></font>+ place, building or organisation":
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbc8a6e6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">銀行</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
I work in a bank.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbc8a6e6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">銀行</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbe5cc4fdabc7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">閱覽室</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
They are reading books in the reading-room.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbe5cc4fdabc7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">閱覽室</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
</ol>
<h2 class="western">Patterns for Location</h2>
<p>There are three ways to indicate the location of something, using
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a>
</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
</span></font></font>respectively and with different meanings:
</p>
<ol>
<li><p>To show that there is something in a certain place: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a>
</span></font></font>
</p>
<p>Position word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a>
</span></font></font>+ indefinite noun:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
What is behind?
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">房</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
There is a garage behind.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9efadb1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">對面</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4bdb6e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">公園</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Across from our home, there is a park.
</dd><li><p>
To show that certain things exist in certain places: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
</span></font></font>
</p>
<p>Definite noun + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
</span></font></font>+ position word:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaae1b6e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">花園</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Where is the garden?
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaae1b6e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">花園</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後邊</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
The garden is behind our house.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaae1b6e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">花園</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ba8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在車</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">房</a>
</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5kc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">右邊</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
The garden is to the right of the garage.
</dd><li><p>
To identify something that is known to exist at a certain place: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
</span></font></font>
</p>
<p>Position word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
</span></font></font>+ definite/indefinite noun:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
What's behind your house?
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@add3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaae1b6e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">花園</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Behind our house is a garden.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabec3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">前邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b0|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學院</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
In front of their house is the college library.
</dd></ol>
<h2 class="western">Progressive aspect of an action</h2>
<p>To show an action which is, was or will be going on, use one of
the following patterns:
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
She is resting.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt></dl>
</dl>
<p>
Notes:
</p>
<ol>
<li><p>All the above sentences mean the same, stylistic differences
excepted.
</p>
<li><p>The progressive aspect can be applied not only to the
present, but also to past and future actions:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
She is resting now. <i>present progressive</i>
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabaaec9add4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的時候</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
When I went there, she was resting. <i>past progressive</i>
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabaaec9add4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的時候</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a9w', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一定</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
When I go to see her tomorrow, she will surely be resting. <i>future
progressive</i>
</dd><li><p>
As shown above, either <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正</a>
</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a>
</span></font></font>can be placed before a verb to indicate the
progressive aspect of an action.
</p>
<li><p>Alternatively, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>
</span></font></font>can be placed at the end of the sentence to
perform the same function. Sometimes <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>
</span></font></font>can be used together with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正</a>
</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a></span></font></font>.
</p>
<li><p>The negative form of the progressive aspect is indicated by
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a></span></font></font>,
not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a></span></font></font>,
before the verb; and it can be shortened to <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a>
</span></font></font>alone if it is not at the end of a sentence or
a short answer. Otherwise the full form of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>
</span></font></font>must be used:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">報</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">報</a>。</span></font></font>(or
simply <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a></span></font></font>)
</dt><li><p>
If both the <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
</span></font></font>of the progressive aspect and the <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
</span></font></font>of location exist in a sentence, only one
should be used:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9d0b6a1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">房間</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8bd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">里</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9d0b6a1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">房間</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8bd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">里</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt></ol>
<h2 class="western">Subject-predicate constructions as modifiers</h2>
<p>An entire subject-predicate construction (a sentence or clause)
such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b4b9qb8dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">打電話</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5_a8ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">北京</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d1c6[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">參觀</a>
</span></font></font>can be used as a modifier for a noun. When used
this way, there must be a <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
</span></font></font>inserted between the construction and the noun
it modifies:
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b4b9qb8dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">打電話</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabaaec9add4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的時候</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6Yb6ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吃飯</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
When I called her, she was eating.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaae1a8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">花兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba}abG', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漂亮</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
The flowers he bought today are very pretty.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5_a8ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">北京</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d1c6[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">參觀</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7d3a4f9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">照片</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Please take a look at the pictures we took while visiting Beijing.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcg', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">寫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabH', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">信</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Who wrote this letter to you?
</dd></dl>
</dl>
<p>
The subject-predicate construction always goes immediately before the
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>,
which goes immediately before the noun to be modified.</p>
<h2 class="western">Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d1c6[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">參觀</a>
</span></font>vs. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3Xb0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">訪問</a></span></font></h2>
<p>Both terms can be translated as "to visit" in English.
However, while <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d1c6[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">參觀</a>
</span></font></font>implies <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc6[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">觀</a>
</span></font></font>(to see), <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3Xb0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">訪問</a>
</span></font></font>stresses <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">問</a>
</span></font></font>(to ask). Hence <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d1c6[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">參觀</a>
</span></font></font>really implies observation while visiting and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3Xb0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">訪問</a>
</span></font></font>means to visit people with specific purpose such
as interviews. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d1c6[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">參觀</a>
</span></font></font>can be followed by places but not people;
whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3Xb0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">訪問</a>
</span></font></font>can take either, but most commonly people.
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d1c6[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">參觀</a></span></font></font>/<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3Xb0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">訪問</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7aed5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學校</a>
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3Xb0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">訪問</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a></span></font></font>/<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0eaaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">國家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1`b2ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">總統</a>
</span></font></font>
</dt></dl>
</dl>
<h2 class="western">
Grammar Notes</h2>
<ol>
<li><p>Measure word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">些</a>
</span></font></font>
</p>
<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">些</a>
</span></font></font>is a measure word showing indefinite quantity.
It is usually used after demonstrative pronouns such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪</a>
</span></font></font>and after the numeral <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a></span></font></font>:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一些</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
some
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這些</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
these
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那些</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
those
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪些</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
which (plural)
</dd><p>
Don't attempt to mix <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">些</a>
</span></font></font>with definite measures. It is wrong to say
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這些</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a>
</span></font></font>(these three dictionaries); one can only say
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a></span></font></font>.
</p>
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
</span></font></font>. . . <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
</span></font></font>construction
</p>
<p>Earlier we saw the construction with simple nouns, pronouns or
adjectives:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>。</span></font></font>=
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">條</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8c8a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裙子</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9fa9f', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">妹妹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>。</span></font></font>=
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">條</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8c8a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裙子</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9fa9f', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">妹妹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8c8a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裙子</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ja9j', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">姐姐</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja6e7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大衣</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6c2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">黑</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>。</span></font></font>=
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ja9j', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">姐姐</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja6e7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大衣</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6c2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">黑</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja6e7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大衣</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><p>
But the <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
</span></font></font>. . . <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
</span></font></font>construction can also be used with
prepositional phrases and even whole verbal constructions:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那些</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2Ia4df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點心</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Bb6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">丁雲</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>。</span></font></font>=
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那些</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2Ia4df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點心</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Bb6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">丁雲</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2Ia4df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點心</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Those pastries are for Ding Yun.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7f4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">束</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaae1a8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">花兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>。</span></font></font>=
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7f4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">束</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaae1a8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">花兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaae1a8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">花兒</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
This bunch of flowers is the one I bought for her.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ba4j', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在大</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadc9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">借</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>。</span></font></font>=
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ba4j', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在大</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadc9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">借</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
This book is the one I borrowed from the university library.
</dd></ol>
<h2 class="western">The use of the Complement of Degree</h2>
<h3 class="western">What is a complement?</h3>
<p>A complement is a word or phrase attached after a verb to explain
or complete the meaning of the action. Complements are used to show
duration, extent, quantity, degree, result, direction or possibility
of an action. Complements always appear <b>after</b> the verbs they
modify.
</p>
<p>We know that in Chinese modifiers are generally placed before the
words they modify; so why do complements appear after? It's because
Chinese word order often observes the time sequence in which an
action occurs. Notice, for example:
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacQa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">昨天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">從</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1a9b1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書店</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcvb0|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影院</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Yesterday evening we went to the cinema from the bookshop.
</dd></dl>
</dl>
<p>
Since one has to leave the bookshop before going to the cinema, the
Chinese sentence follows this time sequence. Similarly, since a
verbal action has to take place first, before one can see its extent
or result, the complement placed after the verb observes this time
sequence.
</p>
<h3 class="western">The complement of degree</h3>
<p>This is used to show the extent or degree of an action. Normally
adjectives are used for the complement, and the structural particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a>
</span></font></font>is used to connect the verb and its complement:
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe7bbf2bccb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">怎麼樣</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
How is he studying?
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1oabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
He's studying very well.</dd></dl>
</dl>
<p>
The basic patterns for the complement of degree are as follows:
</p>
<ol>
<li><p>Verb without object: V + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a>
</span></font></font>+ adjective
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1oa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">錯</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
Verb with object: V + O + V + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a>
</span></font></font>+ adjective
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9fa9f', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">妹妹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0db', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">唱</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5c1baq', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">民歌</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0db', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">唱</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1oabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
Verb with preposed object: O + V + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a>
</span></font></font>+ adjective
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1oabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a>。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
<p>Place <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
</span></font></font><i>before the adjective</i> to make the
negative:
</p>
<ol start="4">
<li><p>V + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a>
</span></font></font>+ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
</span></font></font>+ adjective
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbaqb0db', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">歌唱</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1oa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a>﹐
<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbR', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">舞</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跳</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1oa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt></ol>
<p>Questions are formed as follows:
</p>
<ol>
<li><p>. . . <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a>
</span></font></font>adjective <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
</span></font></font>adjective?
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6}a8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">開車</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6}', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">開</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7d6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">快</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a7d6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不快</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
. . . <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe7bbf2bccb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">怎麼樣</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe7bbf2bccb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">怎麼樣</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
. . . <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a>
</span></font></font>adjective <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4e5aaa', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">游泳</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">游</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt></ol>
<p>Note that the complement of degree cannot be used with verbs such
as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a></span></font></font>,
since those verbs normally do not denote actions.
</p>
<h2 class="western">The difference between <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>
</span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7a', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吧</a>
</span></font>as sentence-ending particles</h2>
<p>Either term can be used to soften the tone when placed at the end
of a question. However, they differ in usage.
</p>
<h3 class="western">In questions</h3>
<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>
</span></font></font>is primarily used to indicate a mood of enquiry.
It may appear in questions with interrogative words such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>
</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a></span></font></font>;
affirmative-negative questions such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>﹖<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6na6Y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好吃</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6Y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吃</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>﹖</span></font></font>;
or alternative questions with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a></span></font></font>,
such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6Y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吃</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadb1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">面</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">包</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4f5bbL', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">火腿</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</p>
<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7a', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吧</a></span></font></font>,
on the other hand, is employed at the end of a question to indicate a
mood of uncertainty or speculation on the part of the speaker:
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0b1a8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">停車</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7a', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吧</a>﹖
<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3aabe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不知</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">道</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7a', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吧</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</p>
<h3 class="western">In affirmative statements</h3>
<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>
</span></font></font>in this case is used to indicate the progressive
aspect of an action (e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a></span></font></font>),
or to affirm some fact, sometimes with exaggeration (e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">九</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6}a9l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">開始</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>。
<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">從</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ab', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">走</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>。</span></font></font>)
</p>
<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7a', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吧</a>
</span></font></font>is often added at the end of an imperative
sentence to soften the tone, as in <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ab', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">走</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7a', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吧</a>。
<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7a', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吧</a>。
</span></font></font>
</p>
<h2 class="western">The use of optative verbs</h2>
<p>Optative or auxiliary verbs are those placed before other verbs to
express intention, wishes, possibility etc.
</p>
<ol>
<li><p>To express <i>subjective wish</i>, <i>desire</i> or <i>request</i>:
</p>
<ol type="a">
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a>
</span></font></font>+ verb = to want to
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbeefa4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">橘子</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4f4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">水</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>
</span></font></font>+ verb = would like to
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt></ol>
<li><p>To express <i>objective necessity</i>:
</p>
<ol type="a">
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a>
</span></font></font>+ verb = to have to (especially in questions)
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Do I have to come tomorrow?
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
We have to go.
</dd><li><p>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不用</a>
</span></font></font>+ verb = don't have to
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不用</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
You don't have to come tomorrow.</dd></ol>
<li><p>To express <i>ability</i> or <i>skill acquired</i>:
</p>
<ol type="a">
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">能</a>
</span></font></font>+ verb = can, be able to
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">能</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3f8afc8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">報紙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a>
</span></font></font>+ verb = can, be able to
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@add3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">課</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">會</a>
</span></font></font>+ verb = can, be able to
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladccb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">會</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4e5aaa', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">游泳</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt></ol>
<li><p>To express <i>ability depending on circumstances</i>:
</p>
<ol type="a">
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">能</a>
</span></font></font>+ verb = can, be able to
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">能</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a>
</span></font></font>+ verb = can, be able to
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a></span></font></font>1<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b4b9qb8dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">打電話</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt></ol>
<p>Note, in both cases use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3afe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不能</a>
</span></font></font>for negative sentences.
</p>
<li><p>To express <i>permission</i>:
</p>
<ol type="a">
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">能</a>
</span></font></font>+ verb = may, be permitted to
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">能</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0b1a8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">停車</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3afe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不能</a>
</span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a5i', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不可</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以</a></span></font></font>)
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0b1a8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">停車</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><li><p>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a>
</span></font></font>+ verb = may, be permitted to
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7lb7cf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吸煙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a5i', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不可</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以</a>
</span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3afe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不能</a></span></font></font>)
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7lb7cf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吸煙</a>。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
<li><p>To express <i>possibility</i> or <i>probability</i>:
</p>
<ol type="a">
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">會</a>
</span></font></font>+ verb = be likely to, will probably
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">會</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3b7|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不會</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4UabB', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下雨</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt></ol>
<li><p>To express <i>need arising from moral or factual necessity</i>:
</p>
<ol type="a">
<li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc0b3b8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">應該</a>
</span></font></font>+ verb = should, ought to
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1oa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">錯</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc0b3b8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">應該</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc0b3b8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">應該</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2bdc4b6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">翻譯</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
</ol>
<p>Note:
</p>
<ol>
<li><p>To make a negation, put the negative word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
</span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>
</span></font></font>before the optative verb:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b4b9qb8dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">打電話</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
To form an affirmative-negative question, alternate the optative
verb instead of the main verb in the sentence:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7|a4a3b7|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">會不會</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0db', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">唱</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa5c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國民</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbaq', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">歌</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">會</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0db', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">唱</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0db', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">唱</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa5c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國民</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbaq', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">歌</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
It is possible to use more than one optative verb in a sentence:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5_a8caa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">北京人</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc0b3b8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">應該</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">會</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0db', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">唱</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8cabc@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">京劇</a>。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
<h2 class="western">The use of adverbs <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a>
</span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a></span></font></h2>
<p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a>
</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a>
</span></font></font>are often used before the main verb to indicate
the speaker's attitude as to whether the action expressed by the main
verb is earlier (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a></span></font></font>)
or later (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a></span></font></font>)
than expected:
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5iacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
They came as early as 3 o'clock, but you came as late as now.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">朋友</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">前</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
We are old friends, and we came to know each other as early as ten
years ago.
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6Pbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">同學</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wadd3acPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上個星期</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
She is not a classmate of mine. I just got to know her a week ago.
</dd></dl>
</dl>
<p>
Compare the following sentences:
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
(The speaker indicates their eagerness in going to China as soon as
this year.)
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
(The speaker indicates that, although going to China this year,
they should have gone earlier.)
</dd></dl>
</dl>
<p>
As shown in the above sentences, when there is a time-word in a
sentence, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a>
</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a>
</span></font></font>should be placed after it; when there is an
optative verb, on the other hand, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a>
</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a>
</span></font></font>should be placed before it. Here is the pattern:
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Time-word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a></span></font></font>/<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a>
</span></font></font>+ optative verb + main verb
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下午</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">能</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Xb5o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">出發</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~afe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才能</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ab', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">走</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt></dl>
</dl>
<h2 class="western">
Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a></span></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a></span></font></h2>
<p>Both of these conjunctions can be translated as "or" in
English, but they differ in usage: in general, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a>
</span></font></font>is used in non-interrogative sentences to
indicate a choice:
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9fa9f', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">妹妹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEace3a8s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">研究</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadb5bcd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">音樂</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e5bec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">文學</a>。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
</dl>
<p>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a></span></font></font>,
on the other hand, is more often than not reserved for alternative
questions:
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wa4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上午</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下午</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt></dl>
</dl>
<p>
It can also be used in subordinate clauses with verbs such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabeb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">知道</a></span></font></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a>
</span></font></font>etc:
</p>
<dl>
<dt><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">人</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3aabe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不知</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">道</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a>。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
<p>
In cases in which both <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a>
</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a>
</span></font></font>can appear in questions, there are some subtle
differences in their anticipations and tones:
</p>
<ol>
<li><blockquote>A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e9a5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">日本</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
B:
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
<li><blockquote>A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e9a5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">日本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
B:
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2add3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6aa4e8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">地方</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
</ol>
<p>In dialogue 1, A asks an alternative question which anticipates a
choice from the answer. The two terms with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a>
</span></font></font>are mutually exclusive. In dialogue 2, the
question is a general one using <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>
</span></font></font>at the end. It does not anticipate a strict
choice from the answer, so B can give a general answer: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>
</span></font></font>-- yes, I do -- and then add his more specific
thought: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2add3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6aa4e8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">地方</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a></span></font></font>.
The two items with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a>
</span></font></font>in the question are therefore not mutually
exclusive.
</p>
<p>Sometimes, however, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a>
</span></font></font>can also be used in a non-interrogative
sentence. For instance:
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">朋友</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@aec9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一時</a></span></font></font>(??)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a9w', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不定</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Db7N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">主意</a>。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
</dl>
<p>
Notice in the sentence the tone is still somehow interrogative,
compelling <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a>
</span></font></font>to make a choice. In contrast, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a>
</span></font></font>in this case can only convey a sort of
explanatory note:
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a9wadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一定要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">作</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Ma9w', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">決定</a>。
</span></font></font>(interrogative)
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e4a5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">其他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbfefbedc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">選擇</a>。
</span></font></font>(explanatory)</dt></dl>
</dl>
<h2 class="western">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了解</a></span></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabeb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">知道</a></span></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a>
</span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc0b4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">懂</a></span></font></h2>
<p>The meanings of the four terms here overlap.
</p>
<p>Both <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了解</a>
</span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabeb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">知道</a>
</span></font></font>can mean "to know". However, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了解</a>
</span></font></font>implies some level of understanding and
comprehension of what one knows. Therefore <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了解</a>
</span></font></font>can be understood as a deeper or better knowing
than <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabeb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">知道</a></span></font></font>.
Compare:
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了解</a>
</span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabeb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">知道</a></span></font></font>)
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7aed5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學校</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3aabe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不知</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">道</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabc4a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">孩子</a>。</span></font></font>(Here
one can not use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了解</a></span></font></font>.)
</dt></dl>
</dl>
<p>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a>
</span></font></font>is used to indicate that one can recognise this
as this and not others. It can also involve the process of acquiring
such an ability.
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEae@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哦</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a>﹗</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Oh, I know her!
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
Where did you get to know her?
</dd></dl>
</dl>
<p>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc0b4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">懂</a></span></font></font>,
on the other hand, is a direct equivalent of "to understand".
Its definition is not as broad as that of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了解</a>
</span></font></font>(to know and understand) and is different from
that of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabeb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">知道</a>
</span></font></font>(to know).
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">1. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc0b4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">懂</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbba1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">說</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
2. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabeb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">知道</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacc6bbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">甚麼</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6Wa6r', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">名字</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
3. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了解</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</dt></dl>
</dl>
<p>
Of these, sentence 3 wants to know more detailed information about
him than sentence 2, and sentence 2 wants more detailed information
than sentence 1.
</p>
<h2 class="western">The use of the Perfect Aspect</h2>
<h3 class="western">Basic concept</h3>
<p>The aspect particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
</span></font></font>is added to the end of a verb to indicate the
completion of an action. In general, Chinese perfect aspect is
equivalent to perfect tenses (present perfect, past perfect or future
perfect) in English. So, the completion of an action can take place
in the past or in the future. For instance:
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">課</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">課</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt></dl>
</dl>
<p>
On the other hand, a past action is not always followed by the aspect
particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a></span></font></font>,
if it is a simple statement or a habitual action and there is no need
to emphasise its completion:
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ha6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`b1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1a9b1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書店</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt></dl>
</dl>
<h3 class="western">
Basic patterns</h3>
<ol>
<li><p>Affirmative sentence
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + verb +
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
</span></font></font>(+ object)
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6}a9l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">開始</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。
<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
Negative sentence (note <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
</span></font></font>is dropped here)
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>)
+ verb (+ object)
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
or subject + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>)
+ verb (+ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a></span></font></font>)
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。
<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6}a9l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">開始</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><li><p>
Interrogative sentence
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + verb +
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
</span></font></font>(+ object) + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
or Subject + verb + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
or Subject + verb + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a>
</span></font></font>+ verb (+ object)﹖ (here the verb is usually
monosyllabic)
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>﹖
<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdcd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">談</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdcd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">談</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0ddc3D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">問題</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</dt></ol>
<h3 class="western">Notes</h3>
<ol>
<li><p>If the verb has an object and there is no adverbial in the
sentence, the object should normally carry some modifiers (e.g.
numeral + measure-word or other attributives). Otherwise the
sentence sounds incomplete:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1a9b1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書店</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8bd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">里</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
but not simply <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><li><p>
If a sentence carries several verbs and the actions indicated by
those verbs are related, then the perfect aspect particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
</span></font></font>is usually placed after the <i>last</i> verb.
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">a. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcg', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">寫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">封</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabH', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">信</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
b. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacQa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">昨天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6i', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">進</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabb0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">城</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一些</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><p>
In sentence a, "write" is related to "use"
because the letter is written by using Chinese; in sentence b,
similarly, "buy" is related to "enter the city"
because the purpose of entering the city is to buy the dictionaries.
Compare the above sentences with the following, with a different
structure:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">課</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><p>
Here "class is over" (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ubdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下課</a></span></font></font>)
and "go to the library" are unrelated. They are contained
in the sentence simply to indicate their sequence. Hence it is wrong
to say
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ubdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下課</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><li><p>
When the verb is reduplicated, the perfect aspect particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
</span></font></font>is placed <i>before</i> the reduplicated verb:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8d5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">試</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8d5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">試</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">條</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8c8a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裙子</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafu', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">真</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba}abG', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漂亮</a>﹗
</span></font></font>
</dt></ol>
<h2 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">又</a></span></font>,
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a>
</span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a></span></font></h2>
<p>All three of these adverbs indicate the repetition of an action,
like the English "again". They differ in usage, however:
</p>
<p>Whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">又</a>
</span></font></font>indicates a repetition of an action that has
already taken place, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a>
</span></font></font>implies a repetition of an action in the future.
Also, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a>
</span></font></font>is only used in <i>declarative</i> sentences,
plus questions ending in <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a></span></font></font>:
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacQa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">昨天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">又</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
(repetition in the past)
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>﹔<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">讓</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6ia8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">進來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
(repetition in the future)
</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@c2Ia8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一點兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbeefa4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">橘子</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4f4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">水</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</dt></dl>
</dl>
<p>
Also, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">又</a>
</span></font></font>can be used for the repetition of a periodic
action or occurrence, even though it has not yet taken place:
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">又</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期一</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">又</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wbdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上課</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7sa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">新年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">又</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt></dl>
</dl>
<p>
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a></span></font></font>,
on the other hand, usually expresses a future repetition:
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt></dl>
</dl>
<p>
It can also be used in an interrogative or declarative sentence with
an optative verb. In this situation, it is placed before the optative
verb and an optional <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a>
</span></font></font>can be placed after:
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A:
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">能</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a>。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
</dl>
<h2 class="western">
Use of the modal particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a></span></font></h2>
<h3 class="western">Basic concept</h3>
<p>The modal particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
</span></font></font>is placed at the end of a sentence to indicate
that the event referred to took place in the past. The difference
between <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
</span></font></font>as modal particle and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
</span></font></font>to indicate perfect aspect is that the latter
only shows the completion of the verb, whereas the former shows the
completion of the whole sentence or event, implying some <i>change of
situation</i>.
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
</dl>
<p>
The first <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
</span></font></font>in the sentence above indicates only the
completion of the action of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a></span></font></font>,
whereas the second <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
</span></font></font>marks some change of situation on the part of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a>
</span></font></font>as a result of the completion of the book-buying
process: originally he did not have the book, but now he has.
</p>
<h3 class="western">Basic patterns</h3>
<p>(Please compare against the patterns for the perfect aspect in the
previous section.)
</p>
<ol>
<li><p>Affirmative sentence
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + verb
(+ object) + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8acb2y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">足球</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1c9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">賽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
Negative sentence (note <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
</span></font></font>is dropped here)
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a>
</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>)
+ verb (+ object)
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8acb2y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">足球</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1c9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">賽</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
Interrogative sentence
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + verb +
object + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
or Subject + verb + object + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
or Subject + verb + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a>
</span></font></font>+ verb + object﹖ (here the verb is usually
monosyllabic)
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8acb2y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">足球</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1c9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">賽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8acb2y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">足球</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1c9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">賽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8acb2y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">足球</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1c9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">賽</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt></ol>
<h3 class="western">Notes</h3>
<ol>
<li><p>As is obvious, when there is no object, one cannot tell the
perfect aspect <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
</span></font></font>from the modal particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a></span></font></font>.
In such a case, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
</span></font></font>can be regarded as fulfilling both functions:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。
<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc0b4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">懂</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
A simple statement about events that happened in the past does not
require a <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
</span></font></font>at the end of the sentence:
</p>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacQa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">昨天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下午</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8acb2y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">足球</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1c9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">賽</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Xa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">出去</a>。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
<h2 class="western">Sequential actions</h2>
<p>To indicate that two actions take place, one immediately after the
other, we use the pattern
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + verb
+ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
</span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a></span></font></font>)
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a>
</span></font></font>+ verb ...
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbfec', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">辦</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3b1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">簽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">証</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6^aea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">回家</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6Y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吃</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6adb6ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">早飯</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Xb5o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">出發</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt></dl>
</dl>
<p>
The above pattern can be used for <i>future</i> actions as well. To
indicate that both actions took place in the past, the particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
</span></font></font>has to be inserted at the end of the sentence:
</p>
<dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbfec', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">辦</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3b1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">簽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">証</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6^aea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">回家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ada4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">早上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6Y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒吃</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6adb6ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">早飯</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ab', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">走</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。
</span></font></font>
</dt></dl>
</dl>
<div id="cEa5ba5H" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa6edb1J" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEacPb4c1a4d1" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEb6}a9l" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa5jaai" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa8Ca4d1" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4ada6~" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa6d1" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEb0ddc3D" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa6~" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEc5fd" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEb1q" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEabb0" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa8acb2y" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEacPb4c1a4e9" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEacPb4c1a4bb" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEb6R" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa9@b0d8" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
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<div id="cEbbc8a6e6" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
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<div id="cEc2a7aaab" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa5aac3e4" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa9d0a4l" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
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<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEb8c8a4l" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
</tr>
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<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
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<div id="cEa5~b0ea" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
</tr>
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<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
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<div id="cEa8e0" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
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<div id="cEa4@" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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<p><br/>
<br/>
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<div id="cEabe7bbf2bccb" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
<br/>
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<div id="cEa7f3" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
<br/>
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<div id="cEa4E" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
<br/>
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<div id="cEa4j" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<div id="cEacPb4c1a4ad" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
<br/>
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<div id="cEa4Tb8U" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
<br/>
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<div id="cEa4jbec7" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
<br/>
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<div id="cEbeefa4l" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
<br/>
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<div id="cEa4a4b0eaa5c1" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
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<div id="cEa4Ga6b8" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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<p><br/>
<br/>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
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<div id="cEa4@a9wadn" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
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</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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<p><br/>
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</div>
<div id="cEb0db" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEadfeadd3" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
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<p><br/>
<br/>
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<div id="cEa4d3" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
<br/>
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<div id="cEa4e9" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
<br/>
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<div id="cEa5iacO" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
<br/>
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<div id="cEa4Ta4Qa4ad" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
<br/>
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<div id="cEa4Ubdd2" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
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<div id="cEb3oadd3a4eb" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
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<div id="cEa4Ha4f" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<div id="cEb8cc" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
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<div id="cEa6o" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
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<div id="cEabc4a4l" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
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<div id="cEacf5aff9" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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<p><br/>
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<div id="cEa4@a6~" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
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<div id="cEa6Wa6r" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
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</div>
<div id="cEacfcb0ea" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
<br/>
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</div>
<div id="cEa4T" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
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</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa5H" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa7@" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4a3adn" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4Ca4eb" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4Wa4c8" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEabdca6h" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEbec7" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa5ja8e5adb5bcd6" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEb7d3a4f9" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEb4Xadd3" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa8e2c2I" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa8Ca6~" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</table>
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</p>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<br/>
</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
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<div id="cEb0ea" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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</table>
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</p>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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</table>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</table>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</table>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</table>
<p><br/>
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<div id="cEa4@a9w" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</table>
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<div id="cEa5~" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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</table>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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<tr>
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</table>
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</p>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<tr>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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<tr>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
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</p>
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</tr>
</table>
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<div id="cEa4Wadd3acPb4c1" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
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</tr>
</table>
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</div>
<div id="cEc0b4" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<div id="cEa4@c2Ia8e0" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
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<div id="cEa5kc3e4" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<div id="cEa4Ka6~" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<tr>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<div id="cEa4~afe0" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<tr>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
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<div id="cEacPb4c1" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</table>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<div id="cEa1Q" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<div id="cEabca" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<div id="cEa4b8" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<div id="cEbff9" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<div id="cEa4a4a4c8" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</tr>
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<div id="cEb0d1c6[" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
</tr>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa8C" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
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<div id="cEa4a3a9w" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</tr>
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</p>
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<div id="cEabDb1`" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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<div id="cEa4b0" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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<p><br/>
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<div id="cEa4Ca6ca" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
</tr>
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<p><br/>
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<div id="cEaabeb9D" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<div id="cEa4W" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEbcgabH" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
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</tr>
</table>
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<div id="cEa5h" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<div id="cEa4Qa5|" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEafac" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEad^bby" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<div id="cEa1M" dir="ltr">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<div id="cEadf4adf4" dir="ltr">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<div id="cEa6ca" dir="ltr">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa7Aadcc" dir="ltr">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<div id="cEa4Cc2I" dir="ltr">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<div id="cEb0eaaea" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<div id="cEb5b9" dir="ltr">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEaabaaec9add4" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<div id="cEa9O" dir="ltr">
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEb6a4" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</tr>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa6ba4j" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</tr>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4a3a5i" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
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</tr>
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<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4eb" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
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</tr>
</table>
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<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4f4" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4a3a7d6" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
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</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa5_a8caa4H" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
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</tr>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEadd3a4H" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4@aec9" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
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</tr>
</table>
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<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa6ba8ae" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4Ta4c0" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa7a" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa5|a4Q" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa6aa4e8" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEace3a8s" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa9M" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa6Yb6ba" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4@a4Ua8e0" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEb8b9" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEb0aeb2b" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4c0" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4ada4d" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
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</tr>
</table>
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<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEb6}" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4a3b7|" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa6^" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4ada4eb" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEaaba" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4Bb6b3" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa5f0aea7" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa5ia5H" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa6n" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEb4e5" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa8ba" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa5bfa6b" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa8baadd3" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4Ga4eb" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa6ada4W" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4fd" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEb6dc" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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<tr>
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</table>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
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</table>
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</p>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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<p><br/>
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</p>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
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</p>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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</table>
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</p>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
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</table>
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</p>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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<tr>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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</table>
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<tr>
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</table>
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<tr>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<tr>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<tr>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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<tr>
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</p>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<div id="cEbec7b2df" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
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<div id="cEa4bb" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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<div id="cEb9qbcvb0|" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEaakbby" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4fbby" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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</table>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa6^aea" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4@a4d1" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEb4X" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4@a4Ea4E" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa7lb7cf" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEadfe" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4Uc3e4" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4@a8c7" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4a3" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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<tr>
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</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
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<tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<tr>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<tr>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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</table>
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</p>
</div>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
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</tr>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
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</p>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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<tr>
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</p>
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</tr>
</table>
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</p>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa6b3b7Nabe4" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
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</table>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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<tr>
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</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4a4b0eaa4H" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
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</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
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</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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<tr>
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</p>
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</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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<tr>
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</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
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</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
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</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4a3aabe" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEc2Ia4df" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEb2{a6b" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEc1d9acO" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4]" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEb0s" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa8Sa6b3" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEb0dd" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
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<div id="cEa6b3a4@" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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<tr>
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</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
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<div id="cEa4ad" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
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<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
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<div id="cEa5aa" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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<p><br/>
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</p>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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<p><br/>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa5bf" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
<br/>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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<p><br/>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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</table>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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<p><br/>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
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</td>
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</table>
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</p>
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<div id="cEa4Qa4@a4eb" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</table>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
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</table>
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</p>
</div>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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<tr>
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</table>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
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</table>
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</p>
</div>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
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</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
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</p>
</td>
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</table>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
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</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
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</table>
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</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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</table>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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</table>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
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</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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<p><br/>
<br/>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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<p><br/>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4db8U" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEabH" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4d3a6na4F" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4a3a6n" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa8kaaBa4cd" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa8Sa6Y" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEbdcd" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa5cda4e9" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEbch" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<br/>
</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEc4b9" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4@a4db9s" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa9faa6~" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4Ua4c8" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa8e2a4d" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
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</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEb9D" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4bbb8b9" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEabe" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
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</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa9ja9j" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
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</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa8S" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEc1d9" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4ua7@" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
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</p>
</td>
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</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEbec7b0|" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
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</table>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
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</table>
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</div>
<div id="cEbfec" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4Qa4E" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4a3abdc" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa5Ladccb3a3" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa6a3" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa7Aa6n" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa7e4" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4a3bec7" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEb0aabfb3" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEbbR" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa1S" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEafe0" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa5~c3e4" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4Ka4c0" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEacQa4d1" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4G" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa1C" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEb1`" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4Ta6~" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4@bbf5" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa8e2a6b8" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa8Sa6b3a4H" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEb1dfb6ba" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa6bb3o" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4Wadd3a4eb" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4@a4Ea4Ea4C" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEb8U" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEb1dfa4W" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEb4e5aaa" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa7O" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
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</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
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<div id="cEa4K" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
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</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEbcWa5[" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</table>
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<br/>
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<div id="cEa4~" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
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<div id="cEa4a3a6a3" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<div id="cEa9fa9f" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
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<div id="cEc0b3b8d3" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<div id="cEa4Uadd3a4eb" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<br/>
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<div id="cEadc9" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
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<div id="cEbdd0b0dd" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<div id="cEa4Gb8b9" dir="ltr">
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<div id="cEb6ia8d3" dir="ltr">
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
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<div id="cEa5ha6~" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
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<div id="cEa9ceaacc" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
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</div>
<div id="cEa4F" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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<p><br/>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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</table>
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<div id="cEadm" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
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<div id="cEa5Db7N" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<div id="cEacPb4c1a4@" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<div id="cEa4Qa6~" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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<tr>
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</table>
<p><br/>
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</div>
<div id="cEaed1a9b1" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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<p><br/>
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<div id="cEa6na6Y" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
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<div id="cEbec7a5cd" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<div id="cEbdd0" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<div id="cEb0d3a9b1" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<div id="cEa4Ta4d1" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<div id="cEb2{a5Nadb5bcd6" dir="ltr">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
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<div id="cEb1d0" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<div id="cEb1oabdc" dir="ltr">
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<div id="cEa4Ka4eb" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<div id="cEc3e4" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
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<div id="cEa8baa8c7" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
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<div id="cEabdca6n" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
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<div id="cEa4bdb6e9" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
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<div id="cEa4b5a4d1" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
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<div id="cEb7sa6~" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
<br/>
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<div id="cEa5ba4d1" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
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<div id="cEb3dc" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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<p><br/>
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<div id="cEaae1b6e9" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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<p><br/>
<br/>
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<div id="cEa5L" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
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<p><br/>
<br/>
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<div id="cEc6[" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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<p><br/>
<br/>
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<div id="cEb1oa4a3" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<p><br/>
<br/>
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<div id="cEb3oa8c7" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
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<div id="cEb9qbcv" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<br/>
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<div id="cEa4S" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<div id="cEadfea8c7" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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<br/>
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<div id="cEb1`b1`" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
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</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</td>
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<p><br/>
<br/>
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</div>
<div id="cEafu" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEc1`b2ce" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEae@" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4Ga4Qa4@" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
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</table>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa5ce" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEb2df" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</div>
<div id="cEb7Q" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
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</table>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
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</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
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</table>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
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</table>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
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</table>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
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</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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</p>
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</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
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<tr>
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</p>
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</table>
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</p>
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<div id="cEaea" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
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</table>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4a3a6b" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa8e2" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEbaf1aff9" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4Q" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa9m" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4@a6ca" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEaad9" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa8baa8e0" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4ada4c0" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEaet" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa5Habe1" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa6adb6ba" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa8Ma9w" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa8cabc@" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa7da" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEc5a5" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEadb5bcd6" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa5|" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa8e4a5L" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa5bb" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4Ka4E" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br/>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEa4Ta6ca" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</p>
</div>
<div id="cEb3Xb0dd" dir="ltr">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
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