[No data] Measure Words For Nouns What are measure words? When and where to use measure words 1. Between a numeral and a noun. 2. Between a demonstrative pronoun (zhè 这 this, nà 那 that) and a noun, when the numeral is yī 一 (one), yī 一 (one) has been omitted. Note that when used before numeral and measure words zhè 这 and nà 那 are often pronounced as zhèi 这 and nèi 那 in spoken Chinese. 3. Between the interrogative pronoun nǎ/něi 哪 (which) and a noun, when the numeral is one but has been omitted. 4. Between the interrogative pronoun jǐ 几 (how many; how much) and a noun. Jǐ 几 is used for numbers smaller than ten. Jǐ 几 also means 'several', 'a few' 'some' or 'a couple of ' and it requires a measure word before the noun. If the number is expected to be greater than ten, the interrogative pronoun should be duō shǎo 多少 (how many; how much), which does not take a measure word. Creating an emphasis on each individual Measure words substituting for nouns to avoid repetition Some commonly used measure words Change of State le 了 What is the change-of-state le 了? Change-of-state le 了 used in sentences with different predicates le 了 at the end of a sentence with a noun predicate. le 了 at the end of a sentence with a stative verb predicate. le 了 at the end of a sentence with a verb predicate. le 了 at the end of a sentence with a verb predicate in which an optative or modal verb occur before the main verb. le 了 at the end of a shì 是 sentence. le 了 at the end of a yǒu 有 sentence. The change-of-state le 了 in negative sentences Question forms Change vs. no change Perfective – le 了 Vs Particle le 了 Aspect versus tense Perfective aspect particle le 了 (or verb-suffix le 了) Modal particle le 了(or sentence-end le 了) III. Modal particle le 了 (or sentence-end le 了) Sentence Pattern: Where verb suffix –le 了 is not used 'Shì ... de' (是 ... 的) Construction The answers to these questions would be: Circumstantial elements that the 'shì 是 ... de 的 ' construction highlights. Focusing on manner (in what manner the action took place) Directional Complements Simple Directional Complements Compound Directional Complements Extended meaning of some directional complements The Complement Of Degree The Complement Of Result The Potential Complement Bǎ “把” Construction The elements after the predicate verb