B1 grammar points

"B1" (Intermediate) is the third level as defined by the European Common Framework. It is roughly equivalent to HSK Levels 3-4.

There are 147 total grammar points in the list below.

Contents

Parts of Speech

Adjectives

Adverbs

Adverbs with Adjectives

Auxiliary Words

Conjunctions

Nouns

Particles

Prepositions

Verb phrases

Verbs

Grammatical Structures

B1 Core Patterns

Basic/Simple Sentence Patterns

Comparison Patterns

Complements

Complex Sentence Patterns

Noun Phrases

Comparisons

Adverbs

Auxiliary Verbs

Conjunctions

Nouns

Prepositions

Time Words

See also

Parts of Speech

Adjectives

Grammar Point (English) | Pattern | Examples
Adjectives with "-ji le" | Adj. + 极了 | 这个 主意 好 极了。
Expressing "not very" with "bu zenme" | 不怎么 + Adj. | 这里 的 菜 他不怎么 好吃！
Indicating the whole with "quan" | 全 + Noun | 我们全家 都 去 旅游 了。
Reduplication of adjectives | Adj. + Adj. | 你 应该慢慢地 走。
Turning adjectives into adverbs | Adj. + 地 + Verb | 你 要 认真地学习。

Adverbs>

Grammar Point (English) | Pattern | Examples
Coincidence with "zhenghao" | Subj. + 正好 + Verb Phrase | 他正好问 了 我 想 问 的 问题 。
Continuation with "hai" | Subj. + 还在 + Verb / Adj. | 你还在看 书 ？
Emphasis with "jiushi" | 就 (是) + Verb | 我 父母就是不 让 我 一个人 去 。
Emphasizing negation with "you" | 又 + 不 / 没 + Verb | 又没 下雨 ，带 伞 干吗 ？
Expressing "about to" with "jiuyao" | 还有 + Time Period + 就要 + Verb Phrase + 了 | 还有五 天就要放假了。
Expressing "again" in the future with "zai" | 再 + Verb | 我 下 次再来。
Expressing "again" in the past with "you" | 又 + Verb + 了 | 你又迟到了。
Expressing "all along" with "yuanlai" | Subj. + 原来 + Predicate | 原来昨天 那个 人 是 你 啊 。
Expressing "all at once" with "yixiazi" | Subj. + 一下子 + Verb + 了 | 天气一下子变 冷了。
Expressing "almost" using "chadian" | Subj. + 差点(儿) + (就) + Predicate + 了 | 我 今天差点儿迟到了。
Expressing "already" with "dou" | 都 + Time + 了 | 都九点了，快点 起床 ！
Expressing "always" with "conglai" | 从来 + 都 + Verb | 我从来 都是 一个人，已经 习惯了。
Expressing "as a result" with "jieguo" | Reason / Condition ，结果 + Result / Ending | 他 没 好好 复习 ，结果没 通过 考试。
Expressing "each other" with "huxiang" | 互相 + Verb Phrase | 互相帮助
Expressing "enough" with "gou" | Subj. + 够 + Predicate (+ 了) | 我们 买 了 很 多 菜 ，够吃了。
Expressing "finally" with "zhongyu" | Subj. + 终于 + Predicate + 了 | 你终于到了。
Expressing "had better" with "haishi" | 还是 + Verb | 我们还是先 吃饭 吧。
Expressing "had better" with "zuihao" | Subj. + 最好 + Predicate | 你最好先 休息 一下 。
Expressing "in this way" with "zheyang" | Condition ，这样 + Result / Purpose | 这样做 不 对 。
Expressing "one by one" with "yi" | 一 + Measure Word + 一 + Measure Word | 宝宝一>天一天 在 长大 。
Expressing "small quantity" with "jiu" | 就 + Subject + Predicate | 这 件 事就我 一 个 人 知道 。
Expressing duration of inaction | Duration + 没 + Verb + 了 | 他已经一 个 星期没>洗澡了。
Expressing earliness with "jiu" | Subj. + Time + 就 + Verb + 了 | 我 昨晚 八 点 半就睡觉了。
Expressing lateness with "cai" | Subj. + Time + 才 + Verb-Obj. | 他 二十五 岁才上 大学 。
Sequencing with "xian" and "zai" | 先⋯⋯ ，再⋯⋯ | 先洗 手 ，再吃饭 。
The opposite of "cha hen duo" is "chabuduo" | Subj. + 差很多 | 中国 文化 和 西方 文化差 很 多。
Using "always" as a complaint with "laoshi" | Subj. + 老是 / 老 + Verb | 你 怎么老是加班 ？
Using "cai" for small numbers | 才 + Number + Measure Word + Noun | 这 个 班才两 个 学生 。
Using "ye" and "dou" together | 也都 + Verb / Adj. | 他们也 都是 法国 人 。

Adverbs with Adjectives

Grammar Point (English) | Pattern | Examples
Adjectives with "name" and "zheme" | 那么 / 这么 + Adj. | 你 怎么那么忙 ？
Expressing "quite" with "ting" | 挺 + Adj. + 的 | 你 男朋友挺帅的。
Expressing "rather" with "bijiao" | Subj. + 比较 + Adj. | 这个 问题比较简单 。

Auxiliary Words

Grammar Point (English) | Pattern | Examples
Ending a non-exhaustive list with "shenme de" | Noun 1, Noun 2 + 什么的 | 明天 去 野餐 ，我们 要 不 要 买 一些 水果 ，零食什么的。
Expressing "stuff like that" with "zhileide" | 像 ⋯⋯ 之类的 + Category | 你 喜欢《星球大战》之类的电影 吗 ？
Non-exhaustive lists with "dengdeng" | ⋯⋯ 等 / 等等 | 长城、故宫等地方 都 是 北京 有名 的 景点 。

Conjunctions

Grammar Point (English) | Pattern | Examples
A softer "but" with "buguo" | ⋯⋯ ，不过 ⋯⋯ | 他 的 汉语 口语 不错 ，不过不 认识 汉字 。
Expressing "how about" with "yaobu" | Reason / Situation，要不 + Sugeestion + 吧 | 下雨 了，要不明天 再 去 吧 。
Expressing "in addition" with "haiyou" | ⋯⋯ ，还有 ，⋯⋯ | 你 需要 吃 药 。还有，要 多 休息 。
Expressing "in addition" with "lingwai" | ⋯⋯ ，另外 ，⋯⋯ | 希望 你 不要 再 迟到 了。另外，你 应该 穿 得 正式 一点 。
Expressing "in addition" with "zaishuo" | ⋯⋯ ，再说 ，⋯⋯ | 这么 晚 ，别 走 了 。再说，外面 还 在 下雨 。
Expressing "then…" with "name" | 那么⋯⋯ | 他 不 听 ，那我 应该 怎么办 ？
Using "lai" to connect two verb phrases | 通过 / 用 + Agent + 来 + Verb Phrase | 用这 种 方法来赚钱 ，真 丢人 。

Nouns

Grammar Point (English) | Pattern | Examples
Expressing "before" and "after" with "zhiqian" and "zhihou" | Event + 之前 / 之后 ，⋯⋯ | 出国之前，他 和 女朋友 分手了 。
Expressing "ever since" with "yilai" | Time / Event + 以来 ，⋯⋯ | 今年 八月以来，这里 一直 没 下 过 雨 。
Expressing "when" with "shi" | Verb / Adj. + 时 ( ，) + Predicate | 考试时不要 说话 。
Sequencing past events with "houlai" | ⋯⋯ ，后来 ⋯⋯ | 开始 他 不 同意， 但后来同意了。

Particles

Grammar Point (English) | Pattern | Examples
Advanced yes-no questions with "ma" | ⋯⋯吗? | 你 要 什么吗?
Aspect particle "zhe" | Verb + 着 | 我 读 ，你 听着。
Expressing the self-evident with "ma" | Statement + 嘛 | 大家 有 话 就 说嘛。
Reviewing options with "ba" | Option 1吧 ，⋯⋯ ；Option 2 吧 ，⋯⋯ | 不 说吧，他 还 会 做 错 ；说吧，他 肯定 不 高兴 。
Using "de" (modal particle) | ⋯⋯的 | 我 不 会 骗 你的。

Prepositions

Grammar Point (English) | Pattern | Examples
Expressing "about" with "guanyu" | 关于 + Obj. ，⋯⋯ | 关于中国 历史 ，我 知道 的 不 多 。
Expressing "all the way until" with "zhidao" | 直到 + Time / Event ，Subj. + 才 ⋯⋯ | 直到十二 点 半 ，我 才 做 完 作业 。
Expressing "for" with "gei" | Subj. + 给 + Recipient + Verb Phrase | 妈妈 在给孩子 们 做饭 。
Expressing "for" with "wei" | 为 + Person + Predicate | 为人民 服务 ！
Expressing "less than" with "budao" | 不到 + Number + Measure Word + Noun | 我 女儿不到三 岁 。
Expressing "toward" with "wang" | 往 + Direction Word | 往 + Direction / Place + Verb
Expressing "towards" with "xiang" | 向 + Direction / Person + Verb | 你 必须向他 道歉！
Idiomatic phrases with "zai" | 在 + Topic + 上 ，Subj. ⋯⋯ | 在美国 历史上，最重要 的 总统 是 谁 ？
Using "dui" with verbs | Subj. + 对 + Person + Verb | 宝宝对我 笑 了。
Verbs preceded by "gei" | Subj. + 给 + Target + Verb + Obj. | 现在 不要给他 打 电话 。

Verb phrases

Grammar Point (English) | Pattern | Examples
Complement with "dao" | Verb + 到 + Time / Event | 我 昨天 晚上 工作到十二 点 半 。
Doing something less with "shao" | 少 + Verb | 请少放 点 盐 。
Doing something more with "duo" | 多 + Verb | 多吃 点 。
Expressing "must" with "dei" | 得 + Verb | 我们得走 了 。
Expressing "not often" with "bu zenme" | 不怎么 + Verb | 我 儿子不怎么吃 零食 。
Expressing actions in progress (full form) | 正在 + Verb + 着 + 呢 | 我正在吃饭呢。
Measure words for verbs | Verb + Number + Measure Word | 做三次。读两>遍 。
Separable verb | Verb-Obj. | 我们见 过 面。

Verbs

Grammar Point (English) | Pattern | Examples
Appearance with "kanqilai" | 看起来⋯⋯ | 这 家 餐厅看起来不错 。
Causative verbs | Subj. + Causative Verb + Person + Predicate | 你 为什么 不让我 去 ？
Expressing "after" with "jingguo" | 经过 + Event / Time ，⋯⋯ | 经过自己 的 努力 ，她 考上 了 北京 大学 。
Expressing "don't need to" with "buyong" | Subj. + 不用 + Verb Phrase | 不用担心 。
Expressing "it depends" with "kan" | 这 / 那 + 要看 / 得看 + Unclear Situation | 这得 看你 的 时间 。
Expressing "it seems" with "haoxiang" | 好像⋯⋯ | 他好像是 英国 人 。
Expressing "mistakenly think that" with "yiwei" | 以为⋯⋯ | 我以为你 不 是 我的 朋友。
Expressing "through" with "tongguo" | 通过 + Agent / Method ，⋯⋯ | 我们 是通过他 的 朋友 找到 他 的 。
Expressing "to come from" with "laizi" | Subj. + 来自 + Place | 我来自美国。
Making judgments with "suan" | Subj. + 算 + Adj. + 的 | 在 我们 公司 ，我算年轻 的 。
Using "lai" as a dummy verb | (让 +) Subj. + 来 | 让 我来吧。
Verbs followed by "gei" | Subj. + 把 + Obj. + Verb + 给 + Somebody | 他送给我 一 束 花 。

Grammatical Structures

These following are grammatical structures that do not correspond to one particular part of speech.

B1 Core Patterns

Grammar Point (English) | Pattern | Examples
The "shi... de" construction for emphasizing details | 是⋯⋯ 的 | 你是怎么 来的？
The "shi... de" construction for indicating purpose | 是⋯⋯ 的 | 我是来 上海 旅游的。
The "shi... de" patterns: an overview | 是⋯⋯ 的 | 你是哪个 学校的？
Topic-comment sentences | Topic，Comment | 那 部 电影，看 过 的 人 都 喜欢 。
Using "ba" sentences | Subj. + Obj.+ Verb Phrase | 我把 书看 完 了。
Using "bei" sentences | Subj. + 被 + Doer + Verb Phrase | 我被他骗 了 。

Basic/Simple Sentence Patterns

Grammar Point (English) | Pattern | Examples
Alternative existential sentences | Place + Verb + 着 + Noun Phrase | 桌子 上 放着一 本 书 。
Expressing "as one likes" with "jiu" | 想 + Question Word + 就 + Question Word | 想去哪儿就去哪儿。
Expressing "double negation" | Subj. + 不是 + 不 / 没 + Predicate | 我不是不知道 怎么 做 。
Expressing "even" with "lian" and "dou" | 连 + Subj. + 都 (+ 不 / 没) + Verb | 你连>小狗都怕 ？
Expressing "every time" with "mei" and "dou" | 每次 + Event 1 + 都 + Event 2 | 为什么每次 我 来 他都不 在。
Expressing "every" with question words | Question Word + 都 + Predicate | 谁都可以 进 。
Expressing "how often" | Subj. + 多长时间 + Verb + 一次 (+ Obj.) | 你多长时间剪一 次头发 ？
Expressing "more and more" with "yuelaiyue" | Subj. + 越来越 + Adj. + 了 | 天气越来越冷 了。
Expressing "multiples" with "bei" | A + 是 + B + 的 + Number + 倍 | 他 现在 的 工资是两 年 前 的 三倍。
Expressing "not at all" with "yidianr ye bu" | Subj. + 一点 + 也 / 都 + 不 + Adj. | 你一点 也 不胖 。
Expressing "not… but…" with "er shi" | Subj. + 不是⋯⋯ ，(而)是⋯⋯ | 我觉得 这不是麻烦 ，而是机会 。
Expressing "some" with question words | 在哪儿 + Verb + 过 | 这个 人 我在哪儿见 过 。
Expressing not knowing how to do something using "hao" | Subj. + 不知道 + Verb Phrase + 好 | 我 真的不 知道怎么办才好。
Expressing purpose with "weile" | 为了 + Purpose + Verb | 为了钱 ，他 什么 都 愿意 做 。
Phrases using "laishuo" | 一般 来说 | 一般 来说，私立 学校 都 比较 贵 。

Comparison Patterns

Grammar Point (English) | Pattern | Examples
Expressing "compared with" using "gen" | 跟 + A + 比 (起来) ，⋯⋯ | 跟上海比，北京 的 冬天 比较 干 。
Expressing "even more" with "geng" or "hai" | Noun 1 + 比 + Noun 2 + 更 / 还 + Adj. | 他比姚明还高 。
Expressing "much more" in comparisons | Noun 1 + 比 + Noun 2 + Adj. + 多了 | 拼音比汉字 容易多了。
Expressing comparable degree with "you" | A 有 B + Adj. + 吗？ | 他有我 帅 吗 ？

Complements

Grammar Point (English) | Pattern | Examples
Degree complement | Verb + 得⋯⋯ | 你 做得 不错。
Direction complement | Verb (+ Direction) + 来 / 去 | 我们 走过去吧 。
Direction complement "-qilai" | Verb / Adj.+ 起来 +了 | 天气 热起来了。
Potential complement | Verb + 得 / 不 + Complement | 做得完 / 做不完
Result complement "xiaqu" | Verb + 下去 | 这个 故事 太 无聊 了 ，我 听不 下去了。
Result complements | Verb + 好 | 我们 吃好了 。

Complex Sentence Patterns

Grammar Point (English) | Pattern | Examples
Conceding a point with "shi" | Adj. + 是 + Adj.， 但是⋯⋯ | 这个 东西 好是好 ，就是太 贵 了 。
Events in quick succession with "yi... jiu..." | Subj. + 一 + Event 1，就 + Event 2 | 他一到 家 ，就去 洗澡 了 。
Expressing "although" with "suiran" and "danshi" | 虽然⋯⋯ ，但是 / 可是⋯⋯ | 虽然渴 了，但是不 想 喝 啤酒。
Expressing "either... or..." with "yaome" | 要么⋯⋯，要么⋯⋯ | 要么你 去，要么他 去 。
Expressing "except" and "in addition" with "chule… yiwai" | 除了 ⋯⋯ (+ 以外) ，Subj. + 都 ⋯⋯ | 除了他 ，我们都去 过 。
Expressing "if" with "ruguo... dehua" | 如果⋯⋯ (的话) ，(就) ⋯⋯ | 如果明天 下雨的话，我们就不 去 了 。
Expressing "if..., then..." with "ruguo..., jiu..." | 如果 ⋯⋯ ，就 ⋯⋯ | 如果有 困难 ，就给 我 打 电话 。
Expressing "no wonder" | Reason ，怪不得 / 难怪 + Observation | 小张 请假 了，难怪今天 没有 看到 他。
Expressing "not only... but also" | 不但⋯⋯，而且⋯⋯ | 他不但聪明，而且勤劳。
Expressing "when" with "dengdao" | 等(到) + Time / Event ，Subj. + 再 / 就 ⋯⋯ | 等到大学 毕业 ，我 就 不 住 在 学校 了。
Expressing good luck with "haihao" | 还好 + Lucky Incident ，不然 + Bad Outcome | 还好有 你 在 ，不然我 真 不 知道 怎么办 。
Expressing various aspects with "yi fangmian" | 一方面⋯⋯，一方面⋯⋯ | 一 方面他 很 喜欢 这 份 工作 ，一 方面他 又 觉得 工资 太 低 。

Noun Phrases

Grammar Point (English) | Pattern | Examples
Expressing "all" with "suoyou" | 所有 (+ 的) + Noun | 我 喜欢 吃所有我 妈妈 做 的 菜 。
Expressing "one of" with "…zhi yi" | ⋯⋯之一 | 你 是 我 最 好 的 朋友之一。
Expressing "the other" with "lingwai" | 另外 + Number + Measure Word + Noun | 我 有 两 个 手机 ，一 个 是 小米 ，另一 个 是 iPhone 。
Expressing fractions with "fenzhi" | Denominator + 分之 + Numerator | 在 我们 班 ，外国 学生 占 三分 之一 。
Indicating a number in excess | Number + 多 | 三 十多岁

Comparisons

Adverbs

Grammar Point (English) | Pattern | Examples
Comparing "changchang" and "jingchang" | 常常 vs. 经常 | 我不 常运动 ，我 需要经常运动 。
Comparing "gang" and "gangcai" | 刚 vs. 刚才 | 你刚才去 哪儿 了？我刚回来 。
Comparing "youdian" and "yidian" | 有点 vs. 一点 | 这 衣服有点贵 ，便宜一点吧。

Auxiliary Verbs

Grammar Point (English) | Pattern | Examples
Comparing "hui" "neng" "keyi" | 会 vs. 能 vs. 可以 | 我会跳舞 。这里 不能跳舞 。我可以请 你 跳舞 吗 ？

Conjunctions

Grammar Point (English) | Pattern | Examples
Comparing "haishi" and "huozhe" | 还是 vs. 或者 | 我们 明天 见还是后天 见 ？明天或者后天 都 可以 。

Nouns

Grammar Point (English) | Pattern | Examples
Comparing "renjia" and "bieren" | 人家 vs. 别人 | 因为人家喜欢 你 啊 。我 不 在乎别人怎么 说 。
Comparing "zhijian" and “zhongjian" | 之间 vs. 中间 | 八 点 到 十 点之间我 都 有空 。客厅 的中间有 一 个 沙发 。

Prepositions

Grammar Point (English) | Pattern | Examples
Comparing "li" and "cong" | 离 vs. 从 | 从明天 开始，我 不 抽烟 了。

Time Words

Grammar Point (English) | Pattern | Examples
Comparing "yihou" and "de shihou" | 以后 vs 的时候 | 打 篮球的 时候会 出 了 很 多 汗 ，所以 打 完 篮球以后我 要 洗澡 。

See also

Grammar Points by Level

This list in French: Grammaire chinoise niveau B1

Expressing "small quantity" with "就" "jiù"

就 (jiù) is often translated simply as "just" or "only," but there are some nuances to how it is used.

Contents

1 Used as "Only"

1.1 Used before Subject

1.1.1 Structure

1.1.2 Examples

1.2 Used before the Predicate

1.2.1 Structure

1.2.2 Examples

2 Used as "Only Have"

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

4.2 Dictionaries Used as "Only"

就 can also be used to express one person or thing, similar to how we say in English "just one person" or "just one left." It is often paired with 一个 or similar in order to emphasize the small quantity.

Used before Subject

Structure

就 + Subj. + Predicate

The predicate part of the pattern can be a verb or an adjective.

Examples

这 件 事 就 我 知道 。 Zhè jiàn shì jiù wǒ zhīdào. I'm the only person that knows about this.

我们 都 忘 了 ，就 他 还 记得 。 Wǒmen dōu wàng le, jiù tā hái jìde. We all forgot. Only he still remembers it.

大家 都 下班 了 ，就 老板 还 没 走 。 Dàjiā dōu xiàbān le, jiù lǎobǎn hái méi zǒu. Everyone finished work and left. Only the boss hasn't left.

所有 的 菜 都 很 好吃，就 这 两 个 菜 有点 咸 。 Suǒyǒu de cài dōu hěn hǎochī, jiù zhè liǎng gè cài yǒudiǎn xián. All the food is delicious. Just these two dishes are a little salty.

你 觉得 别人 都 是 傻子 吗？就 你 聪明 ？ Nǐ juéde biérén dōu shì shǎzi ma? Jiù nǐ cōngming? Do you think everyone is an idiot? That only you are smart?

In this case, the 就 comes before the verb, and what's being emphasized as "small quantity" comes after the verb, either as an object or some other kind of small quantity.

Used before the Predicate

Structure

Subj. + 就 + [Verb Phrase]

Examples

我 就 去 过 一 次 。 Wǒ jiù qù guo yī cì. I've only been there once.

我 早饭 就 吃 了 一 片 面包。 Wǒ zǎofàn jiù chī le yī piàn miàn bāo. I only had a piece of bread for breakfast.

你 就 点 了 两 个 菜 ？ Nǐ jiù diǎn le liǎng gè cài? You ordered only two dishes?

他 的 事 ，我们 就 知道 一点点 。 Tā de shì, wǒmen jiù zhīdào yīdiǎndiǎn. We only know a little about his business.

她 在 我们 公司 就 工作 了 两个 月。 Tā zài wǒmen gōngsī jiù gōngzuò le liǎng gè yuè. She has worked at our company for only two months.

Used as "Only Have"

In this case, 就 means "only have," similar in meaning to 只有. (In these cases, however, 就有 would not be correct. Just use 就.)

Structure

Subj. + 就 + Number + [Measure Word] + Noun

Examples

这里 就 一 个 厕所 ？ Zhèlǐ jiù yī gè cèsuǒ? Does this place only have one bathroom?

你们 家 就 一 个 孩子 吗 ？ Nǐmen jiā jiù yī gè háizi ma? Does your family only have one child?

我 就 一 个 哥哥 。 Wǒ jiù yī gè gēge. I only have one brother.

他 在 上海 就 一 个 朋友 。 Tā zài Shànghǎi jiù yī gè péngyou. He only has one friend in Shanghai.

我们 公司 就 三 个 员工 。 Wǒmen gōngsī jiù sān gè yuángōng. There are only three employees in our company.

See also

Comparing "cai" and "jiu" Events in quick succession with "yi... jiu" Expressing earliness with "jiu" Expressing indifference with "jiu" Limiting scope with "jiu" "If…, then…" with "ruguo…, jiu…" Sources and further reading

Books

现代汉语虚词例释 (pp. 315) →buy Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 175-6) →buy New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) (pp. 120) →buy A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法) (pp. 570) →buy Dictionaries

现代汉语词典（第5版） (p. 733) →buy

Expressing duration of inaction

Saying how long you have done something is pretty simple in Chinese. Saying how long you have not done something is just as easy.

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books Structure

Structure

Expressing how long something has not been done is slightly different to expressing the Expressing ongoing duration with double "le".

Subj. + 已经 + Duration + 没 + Verb + 了

So now the duration comes right after the subject and 了 is at the end of the sentence. The verb has to be negated with 没, as the action hasn't happened.

Note that 已经 can be omitted.

Examples

他们 已经 两 天 没 吃 东西 了 。 Tāmen yǐjīng liǎng tiān méi chī dōngxi le. They have gone two days without eating anything.

我们 已经 十 年 没 见 了。 Wǒmen yǐjīng shí nián méi jiàn le. It's been ten years since we last met.

他 已经 一 个 星期 没 洗澡 了 。 Tā yǐjīng yī gè xīngqī méi xǐzǎo le. He has already gone a whole week without showering.

你 多 长 时间 没 刮胡子 了 ？ Nǐ duō cháng shíjiān méi guā húzi le? How long has it been since you last shaved?

她 半 个 月 没 出门 了 。 Tā bàn gè yuè méi chūmén le. It's been half a month since she last left the house.

你们 多久 没 回家 了 ？ Nǐmen duōjiǔ méi huíjiā le? How long has it been since you returned home?

你 多久 没 休假 了 ？ Nǐ duōjiǔ méi xiūjià le? How long has it been since your last vacation?

买 吧 ，你 已经 一 年 多 没 买 新 衣服 了 。 Mǎi ba, nǐ yǐjīng yī nián duō méi mǎi xīn yīfu le. Just buy it. It's been more than one year since you last bought new clothes.

你 好像 很久 没 这么 开心 了 。 Nǐ hǎoxiàng hěnjiǔ méi zhème kāixīn le.

It seems like it's been a long time since you were this happy. In English, we may say something like, "I haven't eaten since 9:00 this morning" or "I haven't been to China since the year 2000."

Note that the Chinese do not tend to say somebody hasn't done something since a certain point in time. Instead, you should either express it as a duration of time that one hasn't done something (as in the above examples), or you can say "the last time somebody did something was [a certain point in time]."

我 已经 二十 年 没 来 中国 了 。 Wǒ yǐjīng èrshí nián méi lái Zhōngguó le. It's been 20 years since I came to China last time.

我 上次 来 中国 是 二十 年 前 。 Wǒ shàngcì lái Zhōngguó shì èrshí nián qián. The last time I came to China was twenty years ago.

See also

Expressing duration Expressing ongoing duration with double "le" Uses of le

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 231-2) →buy

Expressing earliness with "jiu"

Just as 才 (cái) can express lateness, 就 (jiù) can be used to indicate that something happened earlier or sooner than expected. It can also be used in the near future to indicate something will happen very soon.

Contents

1 Used as "Right Away" (in the Future)

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Used as "Early" (in the Past)

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 Colloquial Saying 早就

4 See also

5 Sources and further reading

5.1 Books

5.2 Websites Used as "Right Away" (in the Future)

When something happens "right away," you're talking about "very soon" in the future.

Structure

The pattern is as follows:

Subj. + Time + 就 + Verb

Examples

我 马上 就 来 。 Wǒ mǎshàng jiù lái. I'll be there in a second.

米饭 二十 分钟 就 好 。 Mǐfàn èrshí fēnzhōng jiù hǎo. The rice will be ready in 20 minutes.

你们 现在 就 出门 吗 ？ Nǐmen xiànzài jiù chūmén ma? Are you leaving the house right now?

他们 一会儿 就 到 。 Tāmen yīhuìr jiù dào. They will be here in a few minutes.

老板 明天 就 回来 。 Lǎobǎn míngtiān jiù huílái. The boss will be back tomorrow.

Note that it can sometimes be hard to translate the feeling of "soonness" into English, but in every one of these examples, the time given in the sentences feels "soon" to the speaker.

Used as "Early" (in the Past)

Structure

In English this use of 就 might be expressed with "as early as," but usually it's not specifically marked.

Subj. + Time Point + 就 + Verb + 了

Examples

我们 九点 上课 ，他 八点 就 来 了 。 Wǒmen jiǔ diǎn shàngkè, tā bā diǎn jiù lái le. We have class at nine, but he came in at eight.

飞机 十点 起飞 ，他 六点 就 到 机场 了 。 Fēijī shí diǎn qǐfēi, tā liù diǎn jiù dào jīchǎng le. The plane left at ten, but he arrived at the airport at six.

我 昨晚 八 点 半 就 睡觉 了 。 Wǒ zuówǎn bā diǎn bàn jiù shuìjiào le. I went to bed at eight thirty last night.

她 十八 岁 就 大学 毕业 了 。 Tā shíbā suì jiù dàxué bìyè le. She graduated from college when she was only 18 years old.

Not only can 就 emphasize "time point," but can also emphasize "time period," indicating "very fast."

Subj. + Time Period + 就 + Verb + 了

A few examples:

你 一 个 晚上 就 看 完 了 ？ Nǐ yī gè wǎnshang jiù kàn wán le? It only took you just one night to finish reading it?

他 十 分钟 就 做完 了 。 Tā shí fēnzhōng jiù zuò wán le. It only took him ten minutes to finish doing it.

From the example sentences it is clear that 了 naturally occurs with a verb used after 就. This is because verbs following 就 generally have the feeling of being completed.

Colloquial Saying 早就

早就 means "long ago," and is usually used to express a kind of impatience or surprise on the part of the speaker. It comes before the verb.

我 早就 知道 了 ！ Wǒ zǎo jiù zhīdào le! I knew that long ago!

她 早就 结婚 了 。 Tā zǎo jiù jiéhūn le. She got married a long time ago.

他们 早就 分手 了 。 Tāmen zǎo jiù fēnshǒu le. They broke up a long time ago.

我们 早就 毕业 了 。 Wǒmen zǎo jiù bìyè le. We graduated a long time ago!

我 早就 跟 你 说 过 ，他 不 是 好人 。 Wǒ zǎo jiù gēn nǐ shuō guo, tā bù shì hǎo rén. I told you a long time ago that he's not a good guy.

See also

Comparing "cai" and "jiu"

Events in quick succession with "yi... jiu"

Expressing indifference with "jiu"

"If…, then…" with "ruguo…, jiu…"

Expressing lateness with "cai"

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (pp. 181-2) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 102-3) →buy 40

Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (pp. 239) →buy

Websites

East Asia Student: 就 and 才 in Mandarin: as early as, not until

Expressing lateness with "cai"

To express that something happened later than expected, you can use 才 (cái). In English this might be expressed with "as late as" or "not until." This form is often used with a time of some sort, like a specific time of day, age, etc.

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Structure

Subj. + Time + 才 + Verb

Examples

我 昨天 晚上 十一 点 才 到 家 。 Wǒ zuótiān wǎnshang shíyī diǎn cái dào jiā. I didn't arrive at home until eleven o'clock last night.

他 二十 五 岁 才 上 大学 。 Tā èrshí-wǔ suì cái shàng dàxué. He didn't go to college until he was 25.

她 四十 岁 才 结婚 。 Tā sìshí suì cái jiéhūn. She didn't get married until she was forty.

我 女儿 昨天 十二 点 才 睡觉 ，作业 太 多 了 。 Wǒ nǚ'ér zuótiān shí'èr diǎn cái shuìjiào, zuòyè tài duō le. My daughter didn't go to bed until 12 o'clock yesterday. Too much homework.

你 九 点 上班 ，八 点 半 才 起床 ？ Nǐ jiǔ diǎn shàngbān, bā diǎn bàn cái qǐchuáng? You get up at 8:30 when you need to show up at work at nine?

飞机 刚刚 才 起飞 ，晚点 了 两 个 小时 。 Fēijī gānggāng cái qǐfēi, wǎndiǎn le liǎng gè xiǎoshí. The flight just took off. It was delayed for two hours.

电影 七 点 半 开始 ，可是 因为 堵车 ，我们 八 点 才 到 。 Diànyǐng qī diǎn bàn kāishǐ, kěshì yīnwèi dǔchē, wǒmen bā diǎn cái dào. The movie began at 7:30, but we didn't arrive until eight because of traffic.

You can use 才 alone with the verb to indicate the lateness when the context is clear:

你 怎么 才 吃 晚饭 ？已经 十 点 了 。 Nǐ zěnme cái chī wǎnfàn? Yǐjīng shí diǎn le. How come you are eating dinner now? It's 10 pm.

你 怎么 才 来 ？我们 等 了 半 个 多 小时 。 Nǐ zěnme cái lái? Wǒmen děng le bàn gè duō xiǎoshí. How come you came here so late? We've waited for more than half an hour.

Note that verbs following 才 should not take 了.

我 昨天 晚上 十一 点 才 到 家 了 。 Wǒ zuótiān wǎnshang shíyī diǎn cái dào jiā le.

她 四十 岁 才 结婚 了 。 Tā sìshí suì cái jiéhūn le.

See also

Expressing earliness with "jiu" Using "cai" for small numbers

Comparing "cai" and "jiu"

Sources and further reading

Books

Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 117-8) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 139) →buy

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (pp. 239) →buy

Sequencing with "xian" and "zai"

The word 再 (zài) actually has a lot of uses, beyond just "again." 先⋯⋯，再⋯⋯ (xiān..., zài...) is a pattern used for sequencing events, much like "First..., then..." in English. This pattern can also include 然后 (ránhòu) meaning "and after that."

Contents

1 Basic Usage

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Colloquial Usage with 再说

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 "and then..." with 接着

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Basic Usage

In the pattern below, 再 has a meaning of "then" or "and then."

Structure

先 ⋯⋯ ，再 ⋯⋯

Examples

先 洗 手 再 吃。 Xiān xǐ shǒu zài chī. Wash your hands first, and then eat.

我 喜欢 先 洗澡 ，再 睡觉。 Wǒ xǐhuan xiān xǐzǎo, zài shuìjiào. I prefer to take a bath before I go to bed.

请 你 先 买 票 再 进。 Qǐng nǐ xiān mǎi piào zài jìn. Please buy a ticket before you enter.

你 要 先 做 作业 ，再 看 电视。 Nǐ yào xiān zuò zuòyè, zài kàn diànshì. First you need to do your homework, and then you can watch TV.

我 想 先 找 工作 ，再 搬家 。 Wǒ xiǎng xiān zhǎo gōngzuò, zài bānjiā. I want to find a job first, and then move to a new place.

Colloquial Usage with 再说

You may have learned that 再说 can mean "in addition." Well, this usage of 再 is a more literal combination of 再说, fitting into the 先⋯⋯再⋯⋯ pattern.

So in this usage, 再说 doesn't really mean "in addition." Rather, it most literally means "and then we'll talk." In other words, "let's just do this now," and then after we see the result, we can talk some more about next steps. There's kind of a "let's see how this goes first" feeling to the expression.

Structure

Note that in the pattern below, the sentence normally ends with 再说.

先 + [Verb Phrase] + 再说

Examples

先 吃饭 再 说 。 Xiān chīfàn zài shuō. Let's eat first, then we'll talk.

先 休息 一下 再说 。 Xiān xiūxi yīxià zàishuō. Let's rest a little first, then talk.

你 先 看 完再说 。 Nǐ xiān kàn wán zàishuō. Finish reading first, and then we can talk.

我 先 问 一下 老板 再说 。 Wǒ xiān wèn yīxià lǎobǎn zàishuō. I'm going to ask the boss first.

你们 先 讨论 一下 再说 。 Nǐmen xiān tǎolùn yīxià zàishuō. You guys discuss a little first, then we'll talk.

"and then..." with 接着

When describing a series of actions, steps, or consecutive events, your Chinese will sound more natural if you can diversify your conjunctions. 然后 (ránhòu) is most commonly used, a conjunction which means "and then." Alternatively, you can use 接着 (jīezhe), as a conjunction that means "next," or "afterwards."

A longer example to help you understand how they can all work together:

今 早 我 起床 以后 先 准备 早饭 ，再 叫 孩子们 起床 ，接着 我们 一起 吃早饭 ，然后 我 送 他们 去 学校 。 Jīn zǎo wǒ qǐchuáng yǐhòu xiān zhǔnbèi zǎofàn, zài jiào háizi men qǐchuáng, jiēzhe wǒmen yīqǐ chī zǎofàn, ránhòu wǒ sòng tāmen qù xuéxiào. After I got up this morning, I first prepared breakfast, and then I woke up the kids. Afterwards, we ate breakfast together. After that, I took them to school.

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 258-9) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 19-20) →buy

卓越汉语－公司实战篇 (pp. 172) [ →buy]

The opposite of "cha hen duo" is "chabuduo"

You might be used to thinking of 差不多 (chàbùduō) as a single word, and that's totally OK. But if you want to negate the whole idea of rough equivalency, then you need to think of it as a phrase and use 差很多 (chà hěn duō). Not surprisingly, it's a little less versatile than 差不多 (chàbùduō).

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

4.2 Dictionaries

Structure

When 差不多 (chàbùduō) is a predicate, it literally means "the difference is not much." The opposite, then, would be 差很多 (chà hěn duō), which literally means "the difference is very great." Less literally, if 差不多 (chàbùduō) means "more or less the same," then 差很多 (chà hěn duō) means "not the same at all" or "very different."

Subj. + 差很多

A + 跟 / 和 + B + 差很多

Examples

中 西方 的 文化 差 很 多 。 Zhōng xīfāng de wénhuà chà hěn duō. Chinese culture and western culture are quite different.

这 两 个 词 的 意思 差不多，但是 用法 差 很 多 。 Zhè liǎng gè cí de yìsi chàbùduō, dànshì yòngfǎ chà hěn duō. The meanings of these two words are basically the same, but their usages are very different.

她 和 她 老公 的 年龄 差 很 多 。 Tā hé tā lǎogōng de niánlíng chà hěn duō. There is a big difference between her age and her husband's age.

公司 今年 的 收入 跟 去年 差 很 多 。 Gōngsī jīnnián de shōurù gēn qùnián chà hěn duō. The company's income for this year is a lot less than last year.

这个 服务员 和 经理 的 服务 态度 差 很 多 。 Zhège fúwùyuán hé jīnglǐ de fúwù tàidu chà hěn duō. There is a big difference in the attitude between this waiter and his manager.

我 的 生活 习惯 跟 我 父母 差 很 多 。 Wǒ de shēnghuó xíguàn gēn wǒ fùmǔ chà hěn duō. My life habits are very different from my parents'.

两 个 老师 都 很 好 ，不过 他们 的 学历 差 很 多 。 Liǎng gè lǎoshī dōu hěn hǎo, bùguò tāmen de xuélì chà hěn duō. They are both great teachers, but their education are very different.

老 版本 跟 新 版本 的 功能 差 很 多 。 Lǎo bǎnběn gēn xīn bǎnběn de gōngnéng chà hěn duō. There are huge differences in the features between the old version and the new one.

这 两 件 衣服 看起来 差不多 ，但是 质量 差 很 多 。 Zhè liǎng jiàn yīfu kànqǐlái chàbuduō, dànshì zhìliàng chà hěn duō. These two pieces of clothing look pretty much the same, but their quality is very different.

他们 是 双胞胎 ，但是 两 个 人 的 性格 差 很 多 。 Tāmen shì shuāngbāotāi, dànshì liǎng gè rén de xìnggé chà hěn duō. They are twins, but their personalities are very different.

See also

Approximations with "chabuduo" Expressing "almost" using "chadian mei" Expressing "almost" using "chadian" Sources and further reading

Books

现代汉语八百词（增订本） (pp. 111) [ →buy]

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 54-5) →buy

Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 116) →buy

Dictionaries

现代汉语词典（第5版） (pp. 145) →buy

Using "always" as a complaint with "laoshi"

We have a few ways to say "always" in Chinese, and one of them is to use the word 老是 (lǎoshì).

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Websites

4.2 Dictionaries

Structure

老是 is an adverb, usually translated into English as "always." It expresses that an action or a condition constantly repeats or continues. 老是 also has an unsatisfied or frustrated tone and can be interchanged with the word 总是. You can also use 老 instead of 老是.

老是 + Predicate

The predicate part of the pattern can be a verb or an adjective.

When 老是 is used together with an adjective, 老是 is usually followed by an adverb such as 不, 很, 非常, 这么, 那 etc.

Examples

你 怎么 老是 加班 ？ Nǐ zěnme lǎoshì jiābān? Why do you always work late?

那个 孩子 老 说 脏 话 。 Nàge háizi lǎo shuō zāng huà. That kid always says bad words.

你 怎么 老是 不 高兴 ？ Nǐ zěnme lǎoshì bù gāoxìng? How are you always unhappy?

你 儿子 上课 的 时候 老是 说话 。 Nǐ érzi shàngkè de shíhou lǎoshì shuōhuà. Your son talks all the time in the class.

这个 老师 老是 这么 严肃 。 Zhège lǎoshī lǎoshì zhème yánsù. This teacher is always so serious.

别 老是 抱怨 。 Bié lǎoshì bàoyuàn. Stop complaining all the time.

这个 机器 老 出 问题 。 Zhège jīqì lǎo chū wèntí. There is always something wrong with this machine.

他 经常 迟到 ，还 老是 找 借口 。 Tā jīngcháng chídào, hái lǎoshì zhǎo jièkǒu. He's always late. And he always makes excuses.

奶奶 老是 忘 带 钥匙 。 Nǎinai lǎoshì wàng dài yàoshi. My grandma forgets to take her keys all the time.

你 老是 这么 凶 干吗 ？ Nǐ lǎoshì zhème xiōng gànmá? Why are you always so mean to me?

他 真 讨厌 ，老是 跟 朋友 借钱 。 Tā zhēn tǎoyàn, lǎoshì gēn péngyou jièqián. He's such a nuisance. He borrows money from his friend very often.

See also

"Always" with "conglai" "Never" with "conglai"

Sources and further reading

Websites

Qingwen: Always in Chinese: 总是 (zǒngshì) and 老是

Dictionaries

现代汉语词典（第5版） (pp. 145) →buy

Using "cai" for small numbers

The character 才 (cái) can be used to emphasize that a number is small, or less than expected.

Contents

1 Used as a Verb

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Used with a Verb

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and Further Readings

4.1 Books

Used as a Verb

Structure

In this case, 才 means "is only" or "only have."

才 + Number + [Measure Word] + Noun

In English, we often express this by using "only" or "just" to emphasize that the number is small.

Examples

你 才 二十 岁 ？ Nǐ cái èrshí suì? You're only twenty?

这 个 班 才 两 个 学生 。 Zhège bān cái liǎng gè xuéshēng. This class only has two students.

你 的 工资 才 两 千 ？ Nǐ de gōngzī cái liǎng qiān? Your salary is only two thousand RMB?

这 顿 饭 才 二十 块 ，太 便宜 了 ！ Zhè dùn fàn cái èrshí kuài. Tài piányi le! This meal only cost twenty kuai. It's too cheap!

你 才 一百 斤 ，还 要 减肥 ？One "jin" = 500g Nǐ cái yī bǎi jīn, hái yào jiǎnféi? You're only 100 jin and you still want to lose some weight?

Used with a Verb

Structure

才 + Verb + Number + Measure Word + Noun

In this pattern, adding a 了 after the verb is optional.

Examples

她 才 来 了 两 个 月 。 Tā cái lái le liǎng gè yuè. She's been here for only two months.

这 家 店 关门 了 ？可是 它 才 开业 一 个 星期 。 Zhè jiā diàn guānmén le? Kěshì tā cái kāiyè yī gè xīngqī. This shop is out of business? But it's only been one week since it opened.

已经 两天 了 ，你 才 看完 一 页 ？ Yǐjīng liǎngtiān le, nǐ cái kàn wán yī yè? It's been two days and you only finished reading one page?

我们 才 玩 了 一会儿 ，再 玩 一会儿 吧 ？ Wǒmen cái wán le yīhuìr, zài wán yīhuìr ba? We've only played for a short while. Can we play a little bit longer?

他们 结婚 了 ？他们 才 认识 三 个 月 ！ Tāmen jiéhūn le? Tāmen cái rènshi sān gè yuè! They got married? They've only knew each other for three months!

See also

"Just" with "jiu" Comparing "cai" and "jiu" Expressing lateness with "cai" Sources and Further Readings

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 302) →buy

Using "ye" and "dou" together

If you are trying to draw similarities amongst a group, you will want to pair two key words together. You will want to use 也 (yě) first followed by 都 (dōu) to express that a group of people have something in common.

Contents

1 Positive Form

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Negative Form

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Positive Form

Structure

If you're using 也 (yě) and 都 (dōu) in the same sentence, remember to put 也 (yě) first:

Subj. + 也都 + Predicate

The predicate part of the pattern can be a verb or an adjective.

Examples

我 很 好 ，我 的 家人 也 都 很 好 。 Wǒ hěn hǎo, wǒ de jiārén yě dōu hěn hǎo. I'm good. So is my family.

大人 很 喜欢 这个 餐厅 ，孩子 们 也 都 很 喜欢 。 Dàren hěn xǐhuan zhège cāntīng, háizi men yě dōu hěn xǐhuan. Both adults and children like this restaurant.

我 老板 是 美国 人 ，很 多 客户 也 都 是 美国 人 。 Wǒ lǎobǎn shì Měiguó rén, hěn duō kèhù yě dōu shì Měiguó rén. My boss is American. Lots of our clients are also Americans.

他 很 高 ，他 的 两 个 弟弟 也 都 比较 高 。 Tā hěn gāo, tā de liǎng gè dìdi yě dōu bǐjiào gāo. He's tall. So are his two younger brothers.

老板 加班 ，你们 也 都 要 加班 吗 ？ Lǎobǎn jiābān, nǐmen yě dōu yào jiābān ma? The boss works late, but do you all need to work late too?

Negative Form

Structure

If you're using 不(bù) or 没(méi) with 也都 (yě dōu) in the same sentence, remember to put 不(bù) or 没(méi) after 也都 (yě dōu):

Subj. + 也都 + 不 / 没 + Predicate

Examples

我们 也 都 没 吃饭 ，一起 去 吧 。 Wǒmen yě dōu méi chīfàn, yīqǐ qù ba. We all haven't eaten. Let's go together.

这些 不 贵 ，那些 也 都 不 贵 。 Zhèxiē bù guì, nàxiē yě dōu bù guì. These are not expensive. Those aren't expensive, either.

我 不 喜欢 Trump ，我 的 朋友 也 都 不 喜欢 他 。 Wǒ bù xǐhuan Trump, wǒ de péngyou yě dōu bù xǐhuan tā. I don't like Trump. My friends don't like him, either.

你 觉得 你 不 容易 ？我们 也 都 不 容易 。 Nǐ juéde nǐ bù róngyì? Wǒmen yě dōu bù róngyì. You're saying it isn't easy for you? It isn't easy for us, either.

我 没 去 过 美国 ，我 的 家人 也 都 没 去 过 。 Wǒ méi qù guo Měiguó, wǒ de jiārén yě dōu méi qù guo. I've never been to America. My family has never been there, either.

See also

The "all" adverb The "also" adverb

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 31-2) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 1 (新实用汉语课本1) (pp. 88) →buy

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (pp. 73) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 53-4) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 1 (新实用汉语课本1) (pp. 88) →buy

Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 35) →buy

Adjectives with "name" and "zheme"

In English, the words "that" and "so" are often used to increase the extent of an adjective (ex. "he is so tall" or "this food is so good"). In Chinese, 那么 (nàme) and 这么 (zhème) serve the same function.

Contents

1 Structure 2 Examples 3 When to use which one 4 See also 5 Sources and further reading 5.1 Books

Structure

All you have to do to use this grammar structure is put the 那么 or 这么 in front of the adjective.

Subj. + 那么 / 这么 + Adj.

Examples

他 说得 这么 快 ，你们 听 得 懂 吗 ？ Tā shuōde zhème kuài, nǐmen tīng de dǒng ma? He speaks so fast. Can you understand?

我 没 想到 这个 考试 这么 难 。 Wǒ méi xiǎng dào zhège kǎoshì zhème nán. I didn't expect this exam would be so difficult.

雨 这么 大，明天 再 去 吧 。 Yǔ zhème dà, míngtiān zài qù ba. It's raining so heavily. How about we go tomorrow?

你 那么 聪明 ，一定 能 猜到 。 Nǐ nàme cōngming, yīdìng néng cāi dào. You're so smart. You can guess this.

老板 那么 忙 ，肯定 没 时间 。 Lǎobǎn nàme máng, kěndìng méi shíjiān. The boss is so busy. He definitely won't have time for this.

今天 怎么 这么 冷 ？ Jīntiān zěnme zhème lěng? Why is it so cold today?

你 怎么 这么 没 礼貌 ？ Nǐ zěnme zhème méi lǐmào? Why are you so impolite?

这个 老外 怎么 会 了解 那么 多 中国 历史 ？ Zhège lǎowài zěnme huì liǎojiě nàme duō Zhōngguó lìshǐ? How come this foreigner knows so much about Chinese history?

中国 人口 这么 多 ，当然 会 有 很 多 社会 问题 。 Zhōngguó rénkǒu zhème duō, dāngrán huì yǒu hěn duō shèhuì wèntí. China has such a big population. Of course there will be many social problems.

科技 那么 发达 ，什么 都 是 有 可能 的 。 Kējì nàme fādá, shénme dōu shì yǒu kěnéng de. Science and technology is so developed. Nothing is impossible.

When to use which one

You might be thinking 那 and 这 have different meanings. How can they be used the same way?

Well, there are some differences.

这么 is used when the thing you are talking about is close by, when you would say "this" or 这个.

On the other hand, if the object is far away, you would use 那么.

Furthermore, this distance doesn't have to be physical; it can also refer to time, so you would use 那么 with things like "yesterday" or "tomorrow."

See also

The "zui" superlative Expressing "excessively" with "tai" Sources and further reading

Books

Short-term Spoken Chinese: Elementary (汉语口语速成基础篇) (pp. 15) [ →buy] Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 71 - 2) →buy New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) (pp. 103) →buy

Expressing "quite" with "ting"

挺 (tǐng) can be used before an adjective to mean "quite," "rather," or "pretty," as in "pretty good." This pattern is quite common in spoken Chinese.

Contents

1 Used with Adjectives

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Used with Verbs

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Used with Adjectives

Using 挺 with an adjective means "quite."

Structure

挺 + Adj. + 的

Examples

这个 老师 挺 年轻 的 。 Zhège lǎoshī tǐng niánqīng de. This teacher is quite young.

你 男朋友 挺 帅 的 。 Nǐ nánpéngyou tǐng shuài de. Your boyfriend is pretty handsome.

最近 大家 都 挺 忙 的 。 Zuìjìn dàjiā dōu tǐng máng de. We've all been quite busy lately.

这 件 衣服 大小 挺 合适 的 。 Zhè jiàn yīfu dàxiǎo tǐng héshì de. This piece of clothing fits pretty well.

他 家 不是 挺 有钱 的 吗 ？ Tā jiā bù shì tǐng yǒuqián de ma? Isn't his family rather rich?

Used with Verbs

In English, we're limited on what words come after the word "quite." Though Chinese is open to taking on verbs after 挺, these verbs are mostly psychological verbs.

Structure

挺 + [Verb Phrase] + 的

Examples

我 挺 喜欢 这 份 工作 的 。 Wǒ tǐng xǐhuan zhè fèn gōngzuò de. I quite like this job.

我 女儿 挺 怕 他 爸爸 的 。 Wǒ nǚ'ér tǐng pà tā bàba de. My daughter is quite afraid of his father.

那 件 事 我 挺 后悔 的 。 Nà jiàn shì wǒ tǐng hòuhuǐ de. I rather regret that incident.

我们 都 挺 想 你 的 。 Wǒmen dōu tǐng xiǎng nǐ de. We all quite miss you.

你 不 是 挺 爱 他 的 吗 ？怎么 分手 了 ？ Nǐ bù shì tǐng ài tā de ma? Zěnme fēnshǒu le? Don't you love him? How come you broke up?

See also

Expressing "excessively" with "tai"

Expressing "rather" with "bijiao"

Positive adjectives with "-ji le"

Expressing "a little too" with "you dian"

Sources and further reading

Books

Common Chinese Patterns 330 (汉语常用格式330例) (pp. 220) →buy

Expressing "rather" with "bijiao"

The word 比较 (bǐjiào) can be a verb which means "to compare." But it can also be an adverb (no "-ly" required!) meaning "comparatively" or "rather."

Contents

1 Used with Adjectives

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Used with Verbs

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Used with Adjectives

Structure

The adverb 比较 can be used to express "quite," "rather," or "relatively." It's a way of comparing one thing with a general idea instead of comparing two concrete things.

Subj. + 比较 + Adj.

Examples

这个 问题 比较 简单 。 Zhège wèntí bǐjiào jiǎndān. This question is quite easy.

我 觉得 这个 价格 比较 贵 。 Wǒ juéde zhège jiàgé bǐjiào guì. I think this price is rather expensive.

我 家 离 市中心 比较 近 。 Wǒ jiā lí shìzhōngxīn bǐjiào jìn. My place is relatively close to downtown.

大 城市 的 工作 压力 比较 大 。 Dà chéngshì de gōngzuò yālì bǐjiào dà. Jobs in big cities have quite a lot of pressure.

你 上班 坐 地铁 比较 方便 还是 骑车 比较 方便 ？ Nǐ shàngbān zuò dìtiě bǐjiào fāngbiàn háishì qíchē bǐjiào fāngbiàn? To get to work, is it more convenient for you to take the metro or to ride a bike?

Used with Verbs

比较 can also be used with psychological verbs.

Structure

Subj. + 比较 + [Verb Phrase]

Examples

我 比较 讨厌 男人 说 脏话 。 Wǒ bǐjiào tǎoyàn nánrén shuō zānghuà. I quite hate it when men use foul language.

你 比较 喜欢 用 Gmail 还是 Hotmail ？Note that for this phrase, the translation is a totally different verb. Nǐ bǐjiào xǐhuan yòng Gmail háishì Hotmail? Do you prefer to use Gmail or Hotmail?

我 父母 比较 反对 我 找 外国 男朋友 。 Wǒ fùmǔ bǐjiào fǎnduì wǒ zhǎo wàiguó nánpéngyou. My parents rather object to me seeking a foreign boyfriend.

民众 比较 支持 新 的 就业 政策 。 Mínzhòng bǐjiào zhīchí xīn de jiùyè zhèngcè. The public rather supports the new employment policy.

老板 通常 比较 关注 结果 ，不 是 过程 。 Lǎobǎn tōngcháng bǐjiào guānzhù jiéguǒ, bù shì guòchéng. The boss usually pays more attention to results and not process.

See also

Expressing "a little too" with "you dian"

The "zui" superlative

Special verbs with "hen"

Expressing "a bit too"

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 49-50) →buy

Ending a non-exhaustive list with "shenme de"

什么的(shénme de) is an informal way to express "etc." and is used to end a list of items when it is obvious to the listener what class of things the speaker is talking about. 什么的 can also be used after a single item if it is obvious enough what might follow.

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Structure

Noun 1, Noun 2 (+ Noun 3) + 什么的

Examples

我 奶奶 不 吃 肉 ，只 吃 蔬菜 、豆腐 什么的 。 Wǒ nǎinai bù chī ròu, zhī chī shūcài,dòufu shénme de. My grandma doesn't eat meat. She only eats vegetables, tofu, and so on.

养狗 很 麻烦 ，你 要 喂 它 ，给 他 洗澡 ，跟 它 玩 什么的 。 Yǎng gǒu hěn máfan, nǐ yào wèi tā, gěi tā xǐzǎo, gēn tā wán shénme de. Having a dog is too much trouble. You need to feed it, give it a bath, play with it, and so on.

数学 、物理 、化学 什么的 ，我 都 不 感兴趣 。 Shùxué, wùlǐ, huàxué shénme de, wǒ dōu bù gǎnxìngqù. Math, physics, chemistry, and so on. I'm not interested in any of them.

我 喜欢 实用 的 礼物 ，手表 、衣服 、书 什么的 。 Wǒ xǐhuan shíyòng de lǐwù, shǒubiǎo, yīfu, shū shénme de. I like practical presents, watch, clothes, books, and so on.

我们 见面 一般 就是 吃饭、聊天 什么的 。 Wǒmen jiànmiàn yībān jiùshì chīfàn, liáotiān shénme de. When we meet, we just eat and talk, and so on.

明天 去 野餐 ，我们 要 不 要 买 一些 水果 ，零食 什么的 ？ Míngtiān qù yěcān, wǒmen yào bu yào mǎi yīxiē shuǐguǒ, língshí shénme de? We are going on picnic tomorrow. Shall we buy some fruits, snacks, and so on?

跑步、游泳 、篮球 什么的 ，这些 运动 他 都 喜欢 。 Pǎobù, yóuyǒng, lánqiú shénme de, zhèxiē yùndòng tā dōu xǐhuan. Running, swimming, basketball, and so on. He likes all these sports.

长城 、故宫 什么的 ，都 是 北京 很 有名 的 景点 。 Chángchéng, Gùgōng shénme de, dōu shì Běijīng hěn yǒumíng de jǐngdiǎn. The Great Wall, Summer Palace, and so on. They're all very famous tourist attractions in Beijing.

一 个 人 住 ，洗衣服 、做饭 什么的 都 要 自己 做 。 Yī gè rén zhù, xǐ yīfu, zuòfàn shénme de dōu yào zìjǐ zuò. When you live alone, you need to do things all by yourself, doing laundry, cooking, and so on.

电视 、洗衣机 什么的 ，我 爸爸 都 会 修 。 Diànshì, xǐyījī shénme de, wǒ bàba dōu huì xiū. Television, washing machine, and so on. My father can fix many things.

It can be a little impolite to use 什么的 after a list of peoples names, in which case 等 can be used in place of 什么的. When referring to a list of friends in informal contexts there is no problem using 什么的.

See also

Listing Things with "a" Non-exhaustive lists with "dengdeng" "Stuff like that" with "zhileide"

Sources and further reading

Books

Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) (pp. 304-7) [ →buy]

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 121) →buy

卓越汉语－公司实战篇 (pp. 122-3) [ →buy]

Expressing "stuff like that" with "zhileide"

之类的 (zhī lèi de) can be translated as "and so on" or "and stuff like that." As in English, this grammar point is used to continue a list without explicitly mentioning further items within it.

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Structure

像 ⋯⋯ 之类的 + [Category]

The 像 can also be left out:

⋯⋯ 之类的 + [Category]

Examples

我 家 附近 有 很 多 像 KFC 之类的 快餐 店 。 Wǒ jiā fùjìn yǒu hěn duō xiàng KFC zhī lèi de kuàicān diàn. There are many fast-food restaurants in my neighborhood like KFC.

你 喜欢《星球大战》之类的 电影 吗 ？ Nǐ xǐhuan "Xīngqiú Dà Zhàn" zhī lèi de diànyǐng ma? Do you like movies like "Star Wars"?

我 没 看 过 像 吸血鬼 之类的 故事 。 Wǒ méi kàn guo xiàng xīxuèguǐ zhī lèi de gùshi. I haven't seen stories about vampires and stuff like that.

你们 公司 谁 负责 管理 之类的 工作 ？ Nǐmen gōngsī shéi fùzé guǎnlǐ zhī lèi de gōngzuò? In your company, who is in charge of management and stuff like that?

她 很 适合 做 像 市场 推广 之类的 工作 。 Tā hěn shìhé zuò xiàng shìchǎng tuīguǎng zhī lèi de gōngzuò. She's very suitable for jobs like marketing.

她 穿 的 衣服 都 是 Gucci、Chanel 之类的 名牌 。 Tā chuān de yīfu dōu shì Gucci, Chanel zhī lèi de míngpái. All the clothes she wears are all brands like Gucci and Chanel.

年轻 人 很 喜欢 用 像 支付宝 之类的 电子 支付 方式 。 Niánqīng rén hěn xǐhuan yòng xiàng Zhīfùbǎo zhī lèi de diànzǐ zhīfù fāngshì. Young people love using electronic methods of payment like Alipay.

很多 中国 老人 喜欢 广场舞 、太极 之类的 运动 。 Hěn duō Zhōngguó lǎorén xǐhuan guǎngchǎng wǔ, Tàijí zhī lèi de yùndòng. Many old Chinese people are fond of exercising like square dance, taiji.

我们 学校 很少 办 才艺 比赛 之类的 活动 。 Wǒmen xuéxiào hěnshǎo bàn cáiyì bǐsài zhī lèi de huódòng. Our school rarely holds activities like talent show.

中国 女孩 会 怎么 回应 像 “你 真 漂亮” 之类的 话 ？ Zhōngguó nǚhái huì zěnme huíyìng xiàng"nǐ zhēn piàoliang"zhī lèi de huà? How would Chinese girls respond to words like "You are beautiful?"

See also

Non-exhaustive lists with "dengdeng" Ending a

Non-Exhaustive List with "shenme de" Listing Things with "a"

Sources and further reading

Books

卓越汉语－公司实战篇 (pp. 105-6) [ →buy]

Non-exhaustive lists with "dengdeng"

等等 (děng děng) or simply 等 (děng), is just like saying “and so on” or “etc.” in English, but it's just a bit more formal. Both are placed after listing a series of items (generally with a list that exceeds two items).

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Structure

The basic structure is easy. Just make a list of things and add 等 (děng) or 等等 (děng děng) to the end of the list. It's the same as in English when we use "etc." at the end of a list.

A1，A2 ⋯⋯ 等 / 等等

Examples

西瓜、菠萝、葡萄、等等 ，我 都 喜欢 吃 。 Xīguā, bōluó, pútáo, děngděng, wǒ dōu xǐhuan chī. Watermelons, pineapples, apples, grapes, and so on, I like them all.

我 爸爸 很 喜欢 运动 ，比如 跑步、游泳、打羽毛球、等等 。 Wǒ bàba hěn xǐhuan yùndòng, bǐrú pǎobù, yóuyǒng, dǎ yǔmáoqiú, děngděng. My father likes different sports, for example, running, swimming, playing badminton, etc. Bruce Li、Jackie Chan、Jet Li

等 都 是 有名 的 功夫 明星 。 Bruce Li, Jackie Chan, Jet Li děng dōu shì yǒumíng de gōngfu míngxīng. Bruce Li, Jackie Chan, Jet Li, etc. are all famous Chinese martial arts stars.

我们 公司 有 市场部、设计部、技术部、 等等 。 Wǒmen gōngsī yǒu shìchǎng bù, shèjì bù, jìshù bù děngděng. Our company has marketing department, design department, technology department, etc.

联合国 的 工作 语言 有 英语、法语、西班牙语 等 。 Liánhéguó de gōngzuò yǔyán yǒu Yīngyǔ, Fǎyǔ, Xībānyáyǔ děng. The working languages of the UN are English, French, Spanish, etc.

等 (děng) can also be added to the end of a list and is followed by a noun that represents the list.

In this case, you can only use 等:

A1，A2 ⋯⋯ 等 + [Category] + Predicate

The predicate part of the pattern can be a verb or an adjective.

长城、故宫 等 景点 都 是 北京 有名 的 景点 。 Chángchéng, Gùgōng děng jǐngdiǎn dōu shì Běijīng yǒumíng de jǐngdiǎn. The Great Wall, the Forbidden City, etc. are all famous tourist attractions in Beijing.

北京、上海、广州 等 城市 的 经济 都 很 发达 。 Běijīng, Shànghǎi, Guǎngzhōu děng chéngshì de jīngjì dōu hěn fādá. Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and so on are economically developed cities.

牛津、剑桥 等 大学 是 英国 最 有名 的大学 。 Niújīn, Jiànqiáo děng dàxué shì Yīngguó zuì yǒumíng de dàxué. Oxford, Cambridge and so on are the most famous British Universities.

中国、印度、巴西 等 国家 都 是 发展中 国家 。 Zhōngguó, Yìndù, Bāxī děng guójiā dōu shì fāzhǎn zhōng guójiā. China, India, Brazil and so on are all developing countries.

食品安全、环保、和平 等 话题 都是 热点 话题 。 Shípǐn ānquán, huánbǎo, hépíng děng huàtí dōu shì rèdiǎn huàtí. Food safety, environmental protection, peace and so on are all hot topics.

See also

Ending a Non-Exhaustive List with "shenme de"

"Stuff like that" with "zhileide"

Sources and further reading

Books

Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) (pp. 304) [ →buy]

A softer "but" with "buguo"

Instead of just using 可是 or 但是, you can also use the softer and more informal 不过 (búguò).

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Structure

Just like its counterparts, 不过 is a conjunction that comes between two distinct clauses.

⋯⋯ ，不过 ⋯⋯

Examples

这 件 衣服 我 很 喜欢 ，不过 有点 贵 。 Zhè jiàn yīfu wǒ hěn xǐhuan, bùguò yǒudiǎn guì. I like this piece of clothing, but it's a little bit expensive.

这 家 餐厅 我 没 去 过 ，不过 我 听说 还 不错 。 Zhè jiā cāntīng wǒ méi qù guo, bùguò wǒ tīngshuō hái bùcuò. I've never been to this restaurant, but I heard it's pretty good.

这个 学生 很 聪明 ，不过 有点 懒 。 Zhège xuéshēng hěn cōngming, bùguò yǒudiǎn lǎn. This student is very smart, but he's a little lazy.

那儿 的 天气 不 太 好 ，不过 我们 玩 得 很 开心 。 Nàr de tiānqì bù tài hǎo, bùguò wǒmen wán de hěn kāixīn. The weather there was not very good, but we had a lot of fun.

他 是 东北 人 ，不过 他 没有 口音 。 Tā shì Dōngběi rén, bùguò tā méiyǒu kǒuyīn. He's from the Northeast, but he doesn't have the accent.

他 说 得 不错 ，不过 不 认识 汉字 。 Tā shuō de bùcuò, bùguò bù rènshi hànzì. He can speak well, but he doesn't know any Chinese characters.

我 的 钱包 丢 了 ，不过 没 丢 什么 重要 的 东西 。 Wǒ de qiánbāo diū le, bùguò méi diū shénme zhòngyào de dōngxi. I lost my wallet, but I didn't lose anything important.

刚 来 的 时候 很 想 家 ，不过 现在 习惯 了 。 Gāng lái de shíhou hěn xiǎng jiā, bùguò xiànzài xíguàn le. I was homesick when I first got here, but I'm getting used to it now.

你 可以 参加 ，不过 有 个 条件 。 Nǐ kěyǐ cānjiā, bùguò wǒ yǒu gè tiáojiàn. You can participate, but there is a condition.

我们 在 考虑 ，不过 还没 决定 。 Wǒmen zài kǎolǜ, bùguò hái méi juédìng. We're considering, but we haven't decided yet.

See also

Two words for "but" "Although" with "suiran" and "danshi"

Sources and further reading

Books

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 258) →buy

Short-term Spoken Chinese: Elementary (汉语口语速成基础篇) (pp. 23) [ →buy]

Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) (pp. 254) [ →buy]

Boya Chinese Lower Intermediate 1 (博雅汉语准中级加速篇) (pp. 12) [ →buy]

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 163) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 96) →buy

Expressing "how about" with "yaobu"

Colloquially, 要不 (yàobù) can be used for making suggestions, like how we use "how about" in English.

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 Multiple Meanings

4 See also

5 Sources and further reading

5.1 Books

Structure

要不 can be used as an indirect way of giving a suggestion, as the speaker is using 要不 to seek consent of the listener. When using 要不 in this way, it can come either at the beginning of the sentence or in the middle, after explaining the situation.

Reason / Situation ，要不 + Suggestion

or

要不 + Suggestion ，Reason / Situation

Examples

大家 都 有点 累 了，要不 休息 一会儿 吧 。 Dàjiā dōu yǒudiǎn lèi le, yàobù xiūxi yīhuìr ba. Everyone is a little tired. Let's rest for a while.

要不 我们 一起 去 吧 ，一个人 去 没 意思 。 Yàobù wǒmen yīqǐ qù ba, yīgèrén qù méi yìsi. How about we go together? It's no fun to go by myself.

这个 星期 我 比较 忙 ，要不 下 个 星期 见 ？ Zhège xīngqī wǒ bǐjiào máng, yàobù xià gè xīngqī jiàn? I'm pretty busy this week. How about we meet up next week?

要不 我们 换 个 地方 吧 ，这里 太 吵 了 。 Yàobù wǒmen huàn gè dìfang ba, zhèlǐ tài chǎo le. How about we go to somewhere else? It's too loud here.

要不 你 先 走 吧 ，我 还没 做完 。 Yàobù nǐ xiān zǒu ba, wǒ hái méi zuò wán. How about you go first? I haven't finished yet.

下雨 了，要不 明天 去 吧 。 Xiàyǔ le, yàobù míngtiān qù ba. It's raining. How about we go tomorrow?

这么 远 ，要不 我 开车 送 你 去 ？ Zhème yuǎn, yàobù wǒ kāichē sòng nǐ qù? It's so far. How about I drive you there?

Multiple Meanings

When 要不 (yàobù) is used to mean "otherwise,” it's a shortened form of 要不然 (yàobùrán), which literally means "if that's not the case."

Note 要不 (yàobù) can also be used to offer "either/or" choices to others, similar to 要么 (yàome).

Here are a few examples of 要不 used as "otherwise":

你 先 吃 吧 ，要 不然 饭 就 凉 了 。 Nǐ xiān chī ba, yàobùrán fàn jiù liáng le. You should eat; otherwise, the food gets cold.

打车 吧 ，要不 会 迟到 的 。 Dǎchē ba, yàobù huì chídào de. You should take a taxi; otherwise, you'll be late.

快 回家 吧 ，要不 你 爸妈 会 担心 的 。 Kuài huíjiā ba, yàobù nǐ bà mā huì dānxīn de. Hurry up. Go home, or your parents will start to worry.

See also

"Or" in statements Suggestions with "ba"

Expressing "had better" with "haishi"

Sources and further reading

Books

Home With Kids1 (家有儿女1) (pp. 50) →buy

BRIDGE (桥梁 实用汉语中级教程下) (pp. 187) →buy Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 123-4) →buy

卓越汉语－公司实战篇 (pp. 166-7) [ →buy]

HSK Standard Course 5上 (pp. 66) →buy

Expressing "in addition" with "haiyou"

还有 (háiyǒu) is used to express "in addition..." or "and also..." in a conversation. It is introducing new information to the topic the speaker is talking about, as an afterthought. While it's not the most challenging grammar structure, an important thing to keep in mind is that 还有 normally starts a completely new sentence or clause.

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Structure

It's as simple as using 还有 before the new clause or sentence. 还有 can also be used with a comma, similar to how we can say "in addition..." in English.

⋯⋯ ，还有 ，⋯⋯

Examples

你 需要 吃 药 。还有 ，要 多 休息 。 Nǐ xūyào chī yào. Háiyǒu, yào duō xiūxi. You need to take medicine. Also, you should get more rest.

我 要 大杯 ，不要 冰 ，还有 ，少 放 糖 。 Wǒ yào dà bēi. Bùyào bīng. Háiyǒu, shǎo fàng táng. I want a big cup. Don't put ice. Also, less sugar, please.

不要 一边 吃饭 一边 说话 。还有 ，别 吃 那么 快 。 Bùyào yībiān chīfàn yībiān shuōhuà. Háiyǒu, bié chī nàme kuài. Don't talk while you eat. Also, don't eat so fast.

考试 的 时候 不要 说话 。还有 ，不要 用 手机 。 Kǎoshì de shíhou bùyào shuōhuà. Háiyǒu, bùyào yòng shǒujī. Don't talk when you take a test. Also, don't use your cell phone.

他们 不 想 要 孩子 。还有 ，他们 也 没 时间 照顾 孩子 。 Tāmen bù xiǎng yào háizi. Háiyǒu, tāmen yě méi shíjiān zhàogu háizi. They don't want to have kids. In addition, they don't have time to look after kids (even if they had one).

酒店 谁 来 订？还有 ，机票 买 了 吗 ？ Jiǔdiàn shéi lái dìng? Háiyǒu, jīpiào mǎi hǎo le ma? Who's going to book the hotel room? In addition, did they buy the plane tickets?

下班 以后 早点 回来 。还有 ，回来 的 路上 买 点 水果 。 Xiàbān yǐhòu zǎo diǎn huílái. Háiyǒu, huílái de lùshang mǎi diǎn shuǐguǒ. Come back early after work. Also, buy some fruits on your way back.

今天 要 做 完 这个 报告 。还有 ，明天 开会 前 打印 三 份 。 Jīntiān yào zuò wán zhège bàogào. Háiyǒu, míngtiān kāihuì qián dǎyìn sān fèn. You need to finish this report today. In addition, print three copies before the meeting tomorrow.

入住 前 要 付 押金 。还有 ，不能 带 宠物 。 Rùzhù qián yào fù yājīn. Háiyǒu, bù néng dài chǒngwù. You need to pay the deposit when you check in. Also, you're not allowed to have pets here. 先生 ，这里 不能 抽烟 。

还有 ，请 你们 声音 小 一点 。 Xiānsheng, zhèlǐ bù néng chōuyān. Háiyǒu, qǐng nǐmen shēngyīn xiǎo yīdiǎn. Sir, you can't smoke in here. Also, lower your voice, please.

See also

"In addition" as "lingwai" "

In addition" with "zaishuo"

Expressing "not only… but also"

Sources and further reading

Books

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 252) →buy

Expressing "in addition" with "lingwai"

Contents

1 Using as a Conjunction

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Used as an Adverb

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Using as a Conjunction

Structure

⋯⋯ ，另外 ，⋯⋯

Note that 还 or 也 is often used after 另外.

Examples

这个 课文 太 难 了 ，我 不 想 学 。另外 ，我 也 没 准备 。 Zhège kèwén tài nán le, wǒ bù xiǎng xué. Lìngwài, wǒ yě méi zhǔnbèi. This lesson is too difficult and I don't want to read it. Besides, I didn't prepare for it.

希望 你 不要 再 迟到 了 。另外，你 应该 穿 得 正式 一 点 。 Xīwàng nǐ bùyào zài chídào le. Lìngwài, nǐ yīnggāi chuān de zhèngshì yīdiǎn. I hope you won't be late again. In addition, you should also dress a little more formally for work.

这个 航班 经常 晚点 。另外 ，他们 的 飞机 餐 也 很 难吃 。 Zhège hángbān jīngcháng wǎndiǎn. Lìngwài, tāmen de fēijī cān yě hěn nánchī. This flight is always delayed. In addition, their meal set is terrible.

我 没 时间 参加 这个 活动 。另外 ，我 也 不 太 感 兴趣 。 Wǒ méi shíjiān cānjiā zhège huódòng. Lìngwài, wǒ yě bù tài gǎn xìngqù. I don't have time to attend this activity. Besides, I'm not really interested.

幼儿园 提供 午餐 。另外 ，每天 下午 还 有 点心 和 水果 。 Yòuéryuán tígōng wǔcān. Lìngwài, měi tiān xiàwǔ hái yǒu diǎnxin hé shuǐguǒ. The kindergarten provides lunch. In addition, there are deserts and fruits every afternoon.

Used as an Adverb

Structure

另外 + [Verb Phrase]

Examples

今天 我 没 空 ，能 不 能 另外 安排 时间 ？ Jīntiān wǒ méi kōng, néng bu néng lìngwài ānpái shíjiān? I don't have time today. Can you schedule it another time?

在 我家 开会 不 方便 ，我们 另外 找 地方 吧 。 Zài wǒ jiā kāi huì bù fāngbiàn, wǒmen lìngwài zhǎo dìfang ba. It's not very convenient to have this meeting at my place. Let's find some other place.

这个 项目 他们 做 不 好 ，我 建议 你们 另外 找 人 来 做 。 Zhège xiàngmù tāmen zuò bu hǎo, wǒ jiànyì nǐmen lìngwài zhǎo rén lái zuò. They can't accomplish this project. I suggest you find some other people to do it.

这里 是 VIP 室 ，要 另外 付费 才 能 用 。 Zhèlǐ shì VIP shì, yào lìngwài fùfèi cái néng yòng. This is the VIP room. You will have to pay more in order to use it.

如果 学生 觉得 不 难 ，老师 可以 另外 加 一些 学习 内容 。 Rúguǒ xuéshēng juéde bù nán, lǎoshī kěyǐ lìngwài jiā yīxiē xuéxí nèiróng. If the students don't find the lesson difficult, the teacher can add more learning materials.

See also

Expressing "in addition" with "haiyou"

"In addition" with "zaishuo"

Expressing "not only… but also"

Sources and further reading

Books

Boya Chinese Upper Intermediate 1 (博雅汉语中级冲刺篇) (pp. 196) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 155-6) →buy

Expressing "in addition" with "zaishuo"

再说 (zàishuō) is used in a similar way as "In addition..." or "Moreover...," in that it is adding on additional information or reasons to the topic at hand.

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Structure

Just add 再说 to the beginning of the second clause of your sentence. Remember that both statements should be related to each other!

Note that 也 is often used in the second clause.

⋯⋯ ，再说 ，⋯⋯

Examples

这么 晚 ，别 走 了。再说 ，外面 正在 下雨 。 Zhème wǎn, bié zǒu le. Zàishuō, wàimiàn zhèngzài xiàyǔ. It's so late. Stay. Besides, it's raining outside.

他 喜欢 ，让 他 去 吧 。再说 ，他 在 家 也 没 事 干 。 Tā xǐhuan, ràng tā qù ba. Zàishuō, tā zài jiā yě méi shì gàn. He likes it. Let him go. Besides, he's got nothing to do at home.

那 件 衣服 太 贵 了 ，我 没 买 。再说 ，我 也 不是 很 喜欢 。 Nà jiàn yīfu tài guì le, wǒ méi mǎi. Zàishuō, wǒ yě bù shì hěn xǐhuan. That piece of clothing is too expensive. I didn't buy it. Besides, I didn't like it so much.

对不起 ，我 没 时间 。再说 ，我 也 没 兴趣 。 Duìbuqǐ, wǒ méi shíjiān. Zàishuō, wǒ yě méi xìngqù. Sorry, I don't have time for this. Besides, I'm not interested.

别 吃 了 ，你 已经 吃 了 五 个 了 。再说 ，我们 还 没 吃 呢 。 Bié chī le, nǐ yǐjīng chī le wǔ gè le. Zàishuō, wǒmen hái méi chī ne. Stop eating more. You've already eaten five. Besides, the rest of us haven't eaten yet.

住 我 家 吧 ，可以 省 点 钱 。再说 ，孩子 们 也 可以 一起 玩 。 Zhù wǒ jiā ba, kěyǐ shěng diǎn qián. Zàishuō, háizi men yě kěyǐ yīqǐ wán. You can stay with me. You can save some money. Besides, the kids can play together.

我 不 想 干 了 。 天天 加班 ，再说 ，我 在 这儿 也 没有 未来 。 Wǒ bù xiǎng gàn le. Tiāntiān jiābān, Zàishuō, wǒ zài zhèr yě méiyǒu wèilái. I want to quit. I work late every day. Besides, I don't really have a future here.

明天 去 买 吧 ，今天 太 累 了 。再说 ，超市 也 快 关门 了 。 Míngtiān qù mǎi ba, jīntiān tài lèi le. Zàishuō, chāoshì yě kuài guānmén le. Let's go and buy it tomorrow. I'm too tired today. Besides, the supermarket is about to close now.

别 怪 他 。不 是 他 的 错 。再说 ，这 也 不 是 什么 大 事 。 Bié guài tā. Bù shì tā de cuò. Zàishuō, zhè yě bù shì shénme dà shì. Don't be so mad. It's not his fault. Besides, it's not a big deal.

这个 项目 的 风险 太 大 了 。再说 ，现在 很 难 找到 投资 。 Zhège xiàngmù de fēngxiǎn tài dà le. Zàishuō, xiànzài hěn nán zhǎodào tóuzī. The risk of this project is too high. Besides, it's very hard to find investment now.

See also

"In addition" as "lingwai"

Expressing "in addition" with "haiyou"

Expressing "not only… but also"

Sources and further reading

Books

Common Chinese Patterns 330 (汉语常用格式330例) (pp. 297) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 154-5) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 17-8) →buy

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 252) →buy

Expressing "then…" with "name"

English speakers often like to connect sentences together with "so..." and also try to do this in Chinese with the word 所以 (suǒyǐ). In reality, they should mostly be using 那么 (nàme).

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Structure

When expressing "so...," you can use 那么 or 那 in order to begin a judgment or result from previous context. An example of this in English would be: "so, what should we do?"

Situation ，那么 + Suggestion / Decision

Examples

他 不 听 ，那 我 应该 怎么办 ？ Tā bù tīng, nà wǒ yīnggāi zěnmebàn? He wouldn't listen. So what should I do?

你 说 这个 办法 不行 ，那 你 有 别的 办法 吗 ？ Nǐ shuō zhège bànfǎ bù xíng, nà nǐ yǒu bié de bànfǎ ma? You said this idea is not going to work. So do you have any other ideas?

大家 都 到 了 ，那么 我们 开始 吧 。 Dàjiā dōu dào le, nàme wǒmen kāishǐ ba. Everybody is here, so let's begin.

雨 停 了 ，那 我们 走 吧 。 Yǔ tíng le, nà wǒmen zǒu ba. The rain has stopped, so shall we leave?

你 说 得 有 道理 ，那么 就 这么 办 吧 。 Nǐ shuō de yǒu dàolǐ, nàme jiù zhème bàn ba. What you said makes sense, so let's just do that.

他 学 过 十 年 中文 ？那 他 的 中文 说 得 很 好 吧 ？ Tā xué guo shí nián Zhōngwén? Nà tā de Zhōngwén shuō de hěn hǎo ba? He's studied Chinese for ten years? So he must speak Chinese really well, then?

他 表现 不错 ，那么 让 他 通过 吧 。 Tā biǎoxiàn bùcuò, nàme ràng tā tōngguò ba. He performed well, so let's let him pass.

会议 时间 已经 确定 了 ，那 你 快点 去 安排 吧 。 Huìyì shíjiān yǐjīng quèdìng le, nà nǐ kuài diǎn qù ānpái ba. The meeting time has been set, so please arrange it soon.

他们 没有 提前 通知 我们 ，那么 这 是 他们 的 责任 。 Tāmen méiyǒu tíqián tōngzhī wǒmen, nàme zhè shì tāmen de zérèn. They didn't notify us in advance, so this is their responsibility.

实现 这个 目标 应该 不 难 ，那么 我们 一起 努力 吧 。 Shíxiàn zhège mùbiāo yīnggāi bù nán, nàme wǒmen yīqǐ nǔlì ba. It shouldn't be difficult to reach this goal, so let's all really make an effort.

See also

Explaining results with "suoyi"

Cause and effect with "yinwei" and "suoyi"

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 104-5) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 51-2) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) (pp. 103) →buy

卓越汉语－公司实战篇 (pp. 122) [ →buy]

Using "lai" to connect two verb phrases

The word 来 (lái) can be used to connect two verb phrases, relating the actions to each other. It can be translated as "in order to" or "so that," and it can help in explaining reasoning.

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

Structure

Connecting two verb phrases is very straightforward. All you need to do is place 来 in between them. This has the meaning of doing the first verb to achieve the second verb and is often used with words expressing a way or a method, e.g. 通过 (tōngguò), 用 (yòng).

通过 / 用 + Agent + 来 + [Verb Phrase]

Examples

用 这 种 方法 来 赚钱 ，真 丢人 。 Yòng zhè zhǒng fāngfǎ lái zhuànqián, zhēn diūrén. It's shameful to earn money in this way.

很 多 年轻 人 用 手机 APP 来 点 外卖 。 Hěn duō niánqīng rén yòng shǒujī APP lái diǎn wàimài. A lot of young people like to use apps on their cell phones to order food .

父母 不 应该 经常 用 钱 来 奖励 孩子 。 Fùmǔ bù yīnggāi jīngcháng yòng qián lái jiǎnglì háizi. Parents shouldn't often use money to reward their children.

用 这个 APP 来 学 汉字 更 容易 。 Yòng zhège APP lái xué Hànzì gèng róngyì. It's easier to use this application to study Chinese characters.

你 可以 通过 微信 来 关注 我们 。 Nǐ kěyǐ tōngguò Wēixìn lái guānzhù wǒmen. You can follow us on WeChat.

很 多 人 都 是 通过 这个 网站 来 找 工作 的 。 Hěn duō rén dōu shì tōngguò zhège wǎngzhàn lái zhǎo gōngzuò de. A lot of people look for a job through this website.

商家 经常 通过 打折 来 吸引 顾客 。 Shāngjiā jīngcháng tōngguò dǎzhé lái xīyǐn gùkè. The sellers often attract customers through sales promotion.

你们 是 通过什么 平台 来 推广 新 产品 的 ？ Nǐmen shì tōngguò shénme píngtái lái tuīguǎng xīn chǎnpǐn de? What platform did you use to promote the new product?

我们 需要 通过 培训 来 提高 服务 质量 。 Wǒmen xūyào tōngguò péixùn lái tígāo fúwù zhìliàng. We need to improve our service quality through training.

双方 都 希望 通过 谈判 来 解决 问题 。 Shuāngfāng dōu xīwàng tōngguò tánpàn lái jiějué wèntí. Both sides hope to work out the issues through negotiation.

See also

Expressing purpose with "weile"

Facilitating an Outcome with "yibian"

Expressing Purpose with "hao"

Expressing "through" with "tongguo"

Sources and further reading

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 268) →buy

Expressing "before" and "after" with "zhiqian" and "zhihou"

The words "before" and "after" can be expressed using 之前 (zhīqián) and 之后 (zhīhòu). They are very similar to 以前 (yǐqián) and 以后 (yǐhòu). Don't forget that these two are talking about before and after in terms of time.

Contents

1 Used at the End of a Phrase

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Used as a Time Word

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 Slight Differences between 之前/之后 and 以前/以后

4 See also

5 Sources and further reading

5.1 Books

Used at the End of a Phrase

Structure

Event + 之前 / 之后 ，⋯⋯

Examples

来 中国 之前 ，我 的 汉语 很 一般 。 Lái Zhōngguó zhīqián, wǒ de Hànyǔ hěn yībān. Before I came to China, my Chinese was really mediocre.

下班 之后 给 我 打 个 电话 。 Xiàbān zhīhòu gěi wǒ dǎ gè diànhuà. Give me a call after you get off work.

吃 完 饭 之后 去 看 电影 吧 ？ Chī wán fàn zhīhòu qù kàn diànyǐng ba? What about going to the movies after eating dinner?

出国 之前 ，他 和 女朋友 分手了 。 Chūguó zhīqián, tā hé nǚpéngyou fēnshǒu le. Before he went abroad, he broke up with his girlfriend.

她 每天 放学 之后 都 要 去 上 钢琴 课 。 Tā měi tiān fàngxué zhīhòu dōu yào qù shàng gāngqín kè. She needs to go to piano class every day after school.

Used as a Time Word

Structure

⋯⋯ ，之前 / 之后 ⋯⋯

Examples

他 在 英国 读 完 了 大学 ，之后 回 上海 了 。 Tā zài Yīngguó dú wán le dàxué, zhīhòu huí Shànghǎi le. He finished university in England. Afterwards, he returned to Shanghai.

她 当 汉语 老师 四 年 多 了 ，之前 是 教 英语 的 。 Tā dāng Hànyǔ lǎoshī sì nián duō le, zhīqián shì jiāo Yīngyǔ de. She's been a Chinese teacher for more than four years. She used to be an English teacher.

老板 刚刚 回来 工作 ，之前 在 休假 。 Lǎobǎn gānggāng huílái gōngzuò, zhīqián zài xiūjià. The boss just came back to work. He was on vacation before.

我们 都 不 知道 ，他 之前 什么 也 没 说 。 Wǒmen dōu bù zhīdào, tā zhīqián shénme yě méi shuō. None of us knew. He didn't say anything before.

我 现在 去 吃饭 ，之后 去 见 客户 。 Wǒ xiànzài qù chīfàn, zhīhòu qù jiàn kèhù. I'm going to eat now. After that I will go meet a client.

Slight Differences between 之前/之后 and 以前/以后

One difference between the two pairs is that 之前/之后 feel more formal simply because they contain 之, which is a word common in classical Chinese. Both words are still used in everyday spoken Chinese, however.

In addition, while all four words can mean "before and "after" (referring to time), 之前/之后 also sometimes mean "in front of" or "behind" (referring to space). We haven't included examples of that usage here, because it's less common and more formal.

See also

Sequencing past events with "houlai"

Before a specific time

"Ever since" with "zicong"

Sources and further reading

Books

Home With Kids2 (家有儿女2) (pp. 167) →buy

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 93-4) →buy

Expressing "ever since" with "yilai"

There are a few ways to express "ever since" in Chinese. In English, we would say something like "ever since I came to Shanghai, my Chinese has improved a lot." In this article, we will first take a look at using 以来 (yǐlái) to mean "ever since." We will also take a quick look at using "ever since" with 来 (lái), which is similar but used in a somewhat different way.

Contents

1 Pattern with 以来

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Pattern with 来

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Pattern with 以来

To express "ever since," all one needs to do is put 以来 after a specific event or time. It expresses what has happened since the stated event until the time that the speaker talks (in other words, referring to a certain time period).

Structure

This grammar pattern is usually used to start a statement.

Time / Event + 以来 ，⋯⋯

When you need to use 以来 in a more formal or written context, you can add 自, 从, or 自从 (or other similar words) before the time or event.

自 / 从 / 自从 + Time / Event + 以来

Examples

今年 八月 以来 ，这里 一直 没 下 过 雨 。 Jīnnián Bāyuè yǐlái, zhèlǐ yīzhí méi xià guo yǔ. It hasn't rained since August.

结婚 以来 ，我们 没 吵 过 架 。 Jiéhūn yǐlái, wǒmen méi chǎo guo jià. We've never had a fight since we got married.

从 他 爸爸 去世 以来 ，他 一直 没 回 过 家 。 Cóng tā bàba qùshì yǐlái, tā yīzhí méi huí guo jiā. He hasn't returned home since his father passed away.

从 毕业 以来，她 一直 在 教 汉语 。 Cóng bìyè yǐlái, tā yīzhí zài jiāo Hànyǔ. She has been teaching Chinese since she graduated.

自 改革 开放 以来 ，中国 社会 发生 了 巨大 的 变化 。 Zì gǎigé kāifàng yǐlái, Zhōngguó shèhuì fāshēng le jùdà de biànhuà. Tremendous changes have been taking place in China since the reform and opening up to the outside world.

Pattern with 来

Using 来 to mean "ever since" is basically the same as 以来. However, there is one key difference: you can only use 来 after a time interval. In other words, it needs to be used with a certain number of years, months, days, hours, etc. In English, this would be like saying "Ever since three days ago, I've had a constant headache." It doesn't have to be a specific number either; it could be "a few" (几).

Structure

Time Interval + 来 ，⋯⋯

This form cannot be used with 自, 从, or 自从 (or other similar words).

Examples

十 年 来，房价 一直 在 涨 。 Shí nián lái, fángjià yīzhí zài zhǎng. In the past decade, housing prices have been going up.

几 年 来 ，我们 公司 的 收入 一直 在 增加 。 Jǐ nián lái, wǒmen gōngsī de shōurù yīzhí zài zēngjiā. Our company's income has been increasing over the past few years.

实习 几 个 月来 ，我 学到 了 很 多 。 Shíxí jǐ gè yuè lái, wǒ xuédào le hěn duō. I've learnt a lot from my internship during the last few months.

出国 几 个 月 来 ，她 一点 也 不 想 家 。 Chūguó jǐ gè yuè lái, tā yīdiǎn yě bù xiǎng jiā. She hasn't missed home at all since she went abroad a few month ago.

离婚 这 几 年 来 ，他 从 没 去 看 过 孩子 。 Líhūn zhè jǐ nián lái, tā cóng méi qù kàn guo háizi. He hasn't visited his child since he got divorced a few years ago.

See also

Before and after with "zhiqian" and "zhihou"

Expressing "ever since" with "zicong"

Sources and further reading

Books

New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) (pp. 203) →buy

Boya Chinese Elementary Starter 2 (博雅汉语初经起步篇) (pp. 25) →buy

现代汉语八百词 (pp. 616) →buy

卓越汉语－公司实战篇 (pp. 36) [ →buy]

HSK Standard Course 5上 (pp. 11) →buy

Expressing "when" with "shi"

By now you should now how to express "when" using "的时候" (de shíhou). But there's also a slightly shorter, more formal way to do it: simply use 时 (shí) all by itself. (No 的!)

Contents

1 Structure 2 Examples 3 See also 4 Sources and further reading 4.1 Books

Structure

Verb-Obj. + 时 ，Subj. ⋯⋯

As time words can appear before or after the subject, you can also place the Verb-Obj. + 时 after the subject.

There are two great examples of this pattern in the poem below:

你

一会儿看我

一会儿看云

你看我时很远

你看云时很近

Examples

考试 时 不要 说话 。 Kǎoshì shí bùyào shuōhuà. Don't talk when you take a test. 我 面试 时 经常 会 问 这个 问题 。 Wǒ miànshì shí jīngcháng huì wèn zhège wèntí. I often ask this question in a job interview. 会议 结束 时 老板 才 来 。 Huìyì jiéshù shí lǎobǎn cái lái. The boss didn't show up until the meeting was over. 我 生气 时 不 想 说话 。 Wǒ shēngqì shí bù xiǎng shuōhuà. I don't want to talk when I'm angry. 他们 大学 毕业 时 就 分手 了 。 Tāmen dàxué bìyè shí jiù fēnshǒu le. They broke up when they graduated from college. 飞机 起飞 时 ，他 关 了 手机 和 电脑 。 Fēijī qǐfēi shí, tā guān le shǒujī hé diànnǎo. When the plane took off, he turned off his cell phone and computer. 他 太太 提出 离婚 时 ，他 很 惊讶 。 Tā tàitai tíchū líhūn shí, tā hěn jīngyà. He was very surprised when his wife asked for a divorce. 他 去世 时 ，他 的 孩子 都 不 在 身边 。 Tā qùshì shí, tā de háizi dōu bù zài shēnbiān. His children weren't with him when he passed away. 我们 公司 成立 时 只有 三 个 人 。 Wǒmen gōngsī chénglì shí zhǐyǒu sān gè rén. There were only three people when this company was founded. 跟 别人 说话 时 不要 玩 手机 。 Gēn biérén shuōhuà shí bùyào wán shǒujī. Don't play with your cell phone when you talk with other people.

See also

Before a specific time In the future in general

Comparing "yihou" and "de shihou"

Sources and further reading

Books

Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 24-5) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 293-4) →buy

Sequencing past events with "houlai"

"⋯⋯, 后来⋯⋯" (..., hòulái...) is used to sequence past events in the same way that "Afterward..." is in English. Something very important to note is that 后来 can only be used with two events that have already occurred.

Contents

Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Structure

[Past Event 1] ，后来 ，[Past Event 2]

Examples

Here are some examples of this pattern in action:

他 说 他 会 来 ，后来 又 说 不 来 了 。 Tā shuō tā huì lái, hòulái yòu shuō bù lái le. He said he would come, but later he said that he's not coming.

他们 上周 吵架 了 ，后来 和好 了 。 Tāmen shàng zhōu chǎojià le, hòulái hé hǎo le. They had a fight last week, and they made up afterwards.

他 以前 是 厨师 ，后来 当 了 老板 。 Tā yǐqián shì chúshī, hòulái dāng le lǎobǎn. He used to be a chef. Afterwards, he became the owner.

我 昨晚 走 得 早 ，不 知道 后来 发生 了 什么 。 Wǒ zuówǎn zǒu de zǎo, bù zhīdào hòulái fāshēng le shénme. I left early yesterday evening, so I don't know what happened afterwards.

开始 我 父母 不 同意 ，后来 他们 同意 了 。 Kāishǐ wǒ fùmǔ bù tóngyì, hòulái tāmen tóngyì le. My parents disapproved in the beginning, but they approved later.

空调 我 上 个 月 修好 了 ，后来 又 坏了 。 Kōngtiáo wǒ shàng gè yuè xiū hǎo le, hòulái yòu huài le. I fixed the air conditioner last week, but it broke again after that.

他们 在 一起 差不多 三 年 ，后来 分手 了 。 Tāmen zài yīqǐ chàbuduō sān nián, hòulái fēnshǒu le. They had been together for about three years. But they broke up afterwards.

她 以前 是 兼职 老师 ，后来 做 了 全职 。 Tā yǐqián shì jiānzhí lǎoshī, hòulái zuò le quánzhí. She used to be a part time teacher. Afterwards, she became full time.

我 的 大学 老师 辞职 了 ，后来 去 上海 做 生意 了 。 Wǒ de dàxué lǎoshī cízhí le, hòulái qù Shànghǎi zuò shēngyi le. My college teacher quit his job. Afterwards, he went to Shanghai to do business.

北京 以前 叫 北平 ，后来 改成 了 北京 。 Běijīng yǐqián jiào Běipíng, hòulái gǎi chéng le Běijīng. Beijing used to be called Beiping and got changed into Beijing afterwards.

See also

Before and after with "zhiqian" and "zhihou"

Saying "ever since" with "yilai"

In the future in general

Comparing "houlai" and "ranhou"

Sources and further reading

Books

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 267) →buy

Advanced yes-no questions with "ma"

The question particle 吗 (ma) is a very simple way to convert it into a "yes/no question," and beginners will learn not to use 吗 with other question words, because it's redundant. More advanced students, however, will note that 吗 has some more complicated structures that do involve combining it with question words in order to ask very specific types of confirming questions.

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Structure

You'll remember that this is the simple pattern for yes/no questions:

Statement + 吗 ？

If you embed a question that uses a question word instead of a statement, you can create a more complex kind of "confirming" 吗 (ma) question:

[Question Word] + 吗 ？

Examples of common question words include 什么 (shénme), 谁 (shéi), and 哪里 (nǎlǐ).

Examples

Note that the following examples typically contains some kind of "verb of understanding" such as 知道 (zhīdào),了解 (liǎojiě), 明白 (míngbai), 认识 (rènshi), etc. Then "吗" (ma) can still be added at the end of the question, turning it into a kind of confirmation. For example:

这 是 什么 ？ Zhè shì shénme? What is this?

你 知道 这 是 什么 吗？ Nǐ zhīdào zhè shì shénme ma? Do you know what this is?

他 是 谁 ？ Tā shì shéi? Who is he?

你 知道 他 是 谁 吗？ Nǐ zhīdào tā shì shéi ma? Do you know who he is?

他 叫 什么 名字 ？ Tā jiào shénme míngzi? What is his name?

你 知道 他 叫 什么 名字 吗？ Nǐ zhīdào tā jiào shénme míngzi ma? Do you know what his name is?

她 住 在 哪儿 ？ Tā zhù zài nǎr? Where does she live?

她 说 过 她 住 在 哪儿 吗 ？ Tā shuō guo tā zhù zài nǎr ma? Did she say where she lives?

这个 标志 是 什么 意思 ？ Zhège biāozhì shì shénme yìsi? What does this sign mean?

你们 明白 这个 标志 是 什么 意思 吗？ Nǐmen míngbai zhège biāozhì shì shénme yìsi ma? Do you understand what this sign means?

我们 想 要 什么 ？ Wǒmen xiǎng yào shénme? What do we want?

他 问 过 我们 想 要 什么 吗？ Tā wèn guo wǒmen xiǎng yào shénme ma? Did he care to ask what we want?

你 的 问题 是 什么 ？ Nǐ de wèntí shì shénme? What is your question?

你 能 再 说 一 遍 你 的 问题 是 什么 吗 ？ Nǐ néng zài shuō yī biàn nǐ de wèntí shì shénme ma? Can you repeat what your question is?

他 是 什么 时候 开始 学 中文 的 ？ Tā shì shénme shíhou kāishǐ xué Zhōngwén de? When did he started to learn Chinese?

你 知道 他 是 什么 时候 开始 学 中文 的 吗 ？ Nǐ zhīdào tā shì shénme shíhou kāishǐ xué Zhōngwén de ma? Do you know when he started to learn Chinese?

这 是 在 哪儿 买 的 ？ Zhè shì zài nǎr mǎi de? Where did you buy this?

你 能 告诉 我 这 是 在 哪儿 买 的 吗 ？ Nǐ néng gàosu wǒ zhè shì zài nǎr mǎi de ma? Can I tell me where you bought this?

我 老板 的 孩子 多大 ？ Wǒ lǎobǎn de háizi duō dà? How old is my boss' child?

你 知道 我 老板 的 孩子 多大 吗？ Nǐ zhīdào wǒ lǎobǎn de háizi duō dà ma? Do you know how old my boss' child is?

See also

Tag questions with "ma" Affirmative-negative questions Questions with "ne"

Sources and further reading

Books

Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 138-40) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 29-30) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 1 (新实用汉语课本1) (pp. 21) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 1 (新实用汉语课本1)(2nd ed) (pp. 23, 250) →buy

Aspect particle "zhe"

The particle 着 (zhe) is one way of indicating the continuous aspect in Mandarin Chinese (another common way is using the adverb 在 in front of verbs). You may have heard that the Chinese particle 着 added onto the end of verbs is similar to the use of -ing in English. This isn't particularly helpful, however, because the use of 着 in Chinese is not nearly so frequent and can also be quite idiomatic.

Contents

1 Basic Usage

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Used for Manner or State in which an Action is Performed

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 Used for Continuous State

3.1 Examples

4 Colloquial Saying

5 See also

6 Sources and further reading

6.1 Books

6.2 Websites

Basic Usage

The idea here is that the action won't just happen and stop immediately; it will continue for a while.

Structure

Verb + 着

Examples

This basic pattern is often used with commands involving certain verbs where the action persists for a while.

我 读 ，你 听 着 。 Wǒ dú, nǐ tīng zhe. I'll read, and you will listen.

我们 做 ，你们 看 着 。 Wǒmen zuò, nǐmen kàn zhe. We will do it, and you will watch.

你们 坐 着 ，我 马上 回来 。 Nǐmen zuò zhe, wǒ mǎshàng huílái. Sit here. I'll be right back.

我 出去 一下 ，你 帮 我 看 着 行李 。 Wǒ chūqù yīxià, nǐ bāng wǒ kān zhe xíngli. I'll go out for a second, and you watch the luggage for me.

Used for Manner or State in which an Action is Performed

Structure

Verb 1 + 着 + Verb 2

Note that the first verb (followed by 着) describes the state; the second verb is the action verb. In this case, the "-ing" translation can be useful.

Examples

她 喜欢 站 着 吃饭 。"standing + eat = eating while standing" Tā xǐhuan zhàn zhe chīfàn.

他 笑 着 说 “对不起” 。"smiling + say = saying "I'm sorry" while smiling Tā xiào zhe shuō "duìbuqǐ".

孩子 抱 着 爸爸 哭 了 起来 。"hugging + cry = crying while hugging Háizi bào zhe bàba kū le qǐlái.

Note: If you want to make a sentence where both verbs are action verbs (neither is truly a state), then you don't want this pattern; you want 一边⋯⋯，一边⋯⋯.

Used for Continuous State

While it's true that the "full progressive pattern" can make use of 着, this is not a pattern you're going to want to use all the time. The most commonly used verbs are the ones below:

开 (kāi) alone can mean "to open" or "to turn on." Adding 着 allows one to express that something "is open" or "is on."

关 (guān) alone can mean "to close" or "to turn off." Adding 着 allows one to express that something "is closed" or "is off."

穿 (chuān) alone means "to wear." Adding 着 allows one to express that one "is wearing" or "has" something (on one's person).

戴 (dài) alone means "to wear." Adding 着 allows one to express that one "is wearing" or "has" something (on one's person).

躺 (tǎng) alone means "to lie on one's back." Adding 着 allows one to express that someone "is lying down."

Examples

公司 的 门 开 着 ，可是 没 人 在 。"Being on" is a state, so using 着 is natural.) Gōngsī de mén kāi zhe, kěshì méi rén zài. The company's door is open but no one is in there.

公司 的 门 在 开 ，可是 没 人 在 。"Being open" is not an action, so don't use 在.) Gōngsī de mén zài kāi, kěshì méi rén zài.

她 穿 着 一 条 小 黑 裙 。"Be wearing" is a state, so using 着 is natural.) Tā chuān zhe yī tiáo xiǎo hēi qún. She's wearing a little black dress.

她 在 穿 一 条 小 黑 裙 。"Be wearing" is not an action, so don't use 在.) Tā zài chuān yī tiáo xiǎo hēi qún.

躺 着 最 舒服 。"Lying here" is a state, so using 着 is natural.) Tǎng zhe zuì shūfu. It makes me most comfortable just lying there.

在 躺 最 舒服 。"Lying here" is not strictly an action, so don't use 在.) Zài tǎng zuì shūfu.

Colloquial Saying

Certain verbs tend to take 着 more frequently than others, and what the 着 exactly is doing might not be apparent at all. It's best to think of these usages as colloquialisms. You can even think of them as set phrases.

Examples of this usage:

听 着 ! "to listen and keep listening" Tīng zhe!

别 客气 ，拿 着 吧 。"to take and keep it" Bié kèqi, ná zhe ba.

你们 等 着 ! "to wait and keeping waiting" Nǐmen děng zhe!

There's also one colloquial usage of 着 that's been chosen by at least one textbook for special treatment, so we'll cover it here as well:

Subj. + 是 + Verb + 着 + 玩 + 的

This pattern may look like that "doing an action in a particular state" pattern already covered above, but in practice it doesn't really work that way. It just means "[Verb] for fun" or "[Verb] as a joke."

Examples of this usage:

你 不要 生气 ，我 是 说 着 玩 的 。 Nǐ bùyào shēngqì, wǒ shì shuō zhe wán de! Don't be mad. I was just joking.

我 听不懂 英文 歌 ，只 是 听 着 玩 的 。 Wǒ tīng bu dǒng Yīngwén gē, zhǐshì tīng zhe wán de. I don't understand English songs. I listen just for fun.

See also

Expressing actions in progress

Expressing actions in progress (full form)

Sources and further reading

Books

A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法) (pp. 414 - 423) →buy

Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 89) →buy

Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar (pp. 217 - 225) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 242-3) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 17) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2) (pp. 238-9) →buy

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (pp. 255) →buy

Websites

About.com:

Mandarin Chinese Aspect

ChinesePod: Qing Wen - The 着 (zhe) Chronicles: How We Verb (free content)

ChinesePod: Qing Wen - The 着 (zhe) Chronicles: Actions in Progress (free content)

ChinesePod: Qing Wen - The 着 (zhe) Chronicles: Verbs as States (free content)

Expressing the self-evident with "ma"

The particle 嘛 (ma) is a sentence-final particle identical in pronunciation to the simple "yes/no question" particle 吗 (ma) you learned back in the day, but with a rather different function. It can be used when the speaker feels what he is saying is obvious (from his point of view).

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

4.2 Websites

Structure

Statement + 嘛

Examples

你 妹妹 很 漂亮 嘛 。 Nǐ mèimei hěn piàoliang ma. Your sister is pretty.

他 家 挺 有钱 的 嘛 。 Tā jiā tǐng yǒuqián de ma. His family is pretty rich.

不 想 去 就 不要 去 嘛 。 Bù xiǎng qù jiù bùyào qù ma. If you don't wanna go, don't go.

你 别 太 谦虚 嘛 。 Nǐ bié tài qiānxū ma. Don't be too modest.

大家 有 话 就 说 嘛 。 Dàjiā yǒu huà jiù shuō ma. Guys, you should say whatever you want to say.

你 跟 他 很 熟 嘛 。 Nǐ gēn tā hěn shóu ma. You two know each other well.

开 慢点 ，安全 第一 嘛 。 Kāi màn diǎn, ānquán dìyī ma. Drive slowly. Safety first.

不用 塑料袋 更 环保 嘛 。 Bùyòng sùliàodài gèng huánbǎo ma. It's more environmentally friendly not to use plastic bags.

这个 老外 很 了解 中国 文化 嘛 。 Zhège lǎowài hěn liǎojiě Zhōngguó wénhuà ma. This foreigner know a lot about Chinese culture.

别 担心 ，一边 工作 一边 学 嘛 。 Bié dānxīn, yībiān gōngzuò yībiān xué ma. Don't worry. You can learn while you work.

See also

Marking a topic with "ma"

Sources and further reading

Books

Common Chinese Patterns 330 (汉语常用格式330例) (pp. 225) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 19) →buy

Intermediate Chinese - A Grammar and Workbook →buy

Websites

Three Simple Uses of the Other "Ma" on a Bag

Reviewing options with "ba"

When 吧 (ba) is used twice in a sentence, it is used to list two options that the speaker is debating. It gives the sentence an indecisive feel, as though the speaker doesn't know which one to choose. This construction often has a negative connotation, since the options usually are not ideal.

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Structure

Option 1 + 吧 ，⋯⋯ ；Option 2 + 吧 ，⋯⋯

If this structure doesn't seem clear to you, the examples will help.

Examples

冬天 去 吧 ，太 冷 ；夏天 去 吧 ，太 热 。 Dōngtiān qù ba, tài lěng; xiàtiān qù ba, tài rè. If we go in the winter, it's too cold. If we go in the summer, it's too hot.

早 点 去 吧 ，要 等 ；晚 点 去 吧 ，会 堵车 。 Zǎo diǎn qù ba, yào děng; wǎn diǎn qù ba, yòu dǔchē. If we go early, we'll have to wait. If we go later, there will be too much traffic.

穿 得 多 一点 吧 ，会 热 ；穿 得 少 一点 吧 ，会 冷 。 Chuān de duō yīdiǎn ba, huì rè; chuān de shǎo yīdiǎn ba, huì lěng. If I wear a little more, it will be hot. If I wear a little less, it will be cold.

去 吧 ，要 给 红包 ；不 去 吧 ，他 没 面子 。 Qù ba, yào gěi hóngbāo; bù qù ba, tā méi miànzi. I need to give a red envelope if I go early. If I don't go, he will lose face.

不 说 吧 ，他 还 会 做 错 ；说 吧 ，他 肯定 不 高兴 。 Bù shuō ba, tā hái huì zuò cuò; shuō ba, tā kěndìng bù gāoxìng. If I don't tell him, he will still do it wrong next time. If I do tell him, he will get upset.

回去 吧 ，机票 太 贵 ；不 回去 吧 ，家人 肯定 会 想 我 。 Huíqù ba, jīpiào tài guì; bù huíqù ba, jiārén kěndìng huì xiǎng wǒ. If I go back, the air ticket is too expensive. If I don't go back, my family will definitely miss me.

带 你 去 吧 ，你 总是 不 听话 ；不 带 你 去 吧 ，你 一个人 肯定 无聊 。 Dài nǐ qù ba, nǐ zǒngshì bù tīnghuà; bù dài nǐ qù ba, nǐ yīgèrén kěndìng wúliáo. If I take you with me, you will be naughty like always. If I don't take you with me, you will definitely be bored.

见面 吧 ，常常 吵架 ；不 见面 吧 ，还是 会 想 他 。 Jiànmiàn ba, chángcháng chǎojià; bù jiànmiàn ba, háishì huì xiǎng tā. If we see each other, we fight a lot. If we don't see each other, I miss him anyway.

不 说 真 话 吧 ，老婆 不 高兴 ；说 真 话 吧 ，老婆 也 不 高兴 。 Bù shuō zhēn huà ba, lǎopo bù gāoxìng; shuō zhēn huà ba, lǎopo yě bù gāoxìng. If I don't speak the truth, my wife will be upset. If I tell her the truth, my wife will also be upset.

这个 老 房子 ，卖 吧 ，怕 父母 不 同意 ；不 卖 吧 ，就 没 钱 买 新 车 。 Zhège lǎo fángzi, mài ba, pà fùmǔ bù tóngyì; bù mài ba, jiù méi qián mǎi xīn chē. If I sell this old house, I'm afraid my parents will disagree. If I don't sell it, I don't have money to buy a new car.

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Using "de" (modal particle)

The particle 的 (de) is most often a structural particle, but it can also be a sentence-final particle which indicates that the speaker is certain about what he is saying. When it serves this purpose, it's expressing a type of "mood" and thus is called a "modal particle."

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Structure

Statement + 的

Frequently, the statement will include 会 (huì) or 一定会 (yīdìng huì) to emphasize the speaker's certainty.

Examples

他 会 好 的 。 Tā huì hǎo de. He will get better.

你 可以 的 。 Nǐ kěyǐ de. You can do this.

她 一定 会 来 的 。 Tā yīdìng huì lái de. She's definitely coming.

我们 能 搞定 的 。 Wǒmen néng gǎodìng de. We can fix this.

他 不 会 道歉 的 。 Tā bù huì dàoqiàn de. He's not going to apologize.

这个 地方 我们 来 过 的 。 Zhège dìfang wǒmen lái guo de. We've been here before.

我 跟 你 说 过 的 ，你 不 记得 了 ？ Wǒ gēn nǐ shuō guo de, nǐ bù jìde le? I've told you this before. Do you not remember?

我 不 会 骗 你 的 。 Wǒ bù huì piàn nǐ de. I won't lie to you.

你们 会 成功 的 。 Nǐmen huì chénggōng de. You will succeed.

你 的 建议 我们 会 考虑 的 。 Nǐ de jiànyì wǒmen huì kǎolǜ de. We will consider your suggestion.

See also

Shi... de construction

Structural particle (part of speech)

De (structural particle)

Sources and further reading

Books

Expressing "about" with "guanyu"

关于 (guānyú) usually points to a range or scope, acting like the English word "about." It can be used in a few ways, often marking a topic of a statement or modifying a noun.

Contents

1 Used for Topic-Marking

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Used as Part of a Modifier

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 Unspoken 关于

4 See also

5 Sources and further reading

5.1 Books

Used for Topic-Marking

Structure

As an adverb/adverbial clause, it can only be placed at the beginning of the sentence.

关于 + Obj. ，⋯⋯

Examples

关于 中国 历史，我 知道 的 不多。 Guānyú Zhōngguó lìshǐ, wǒ zhīdào de bù duō. As for Chinese history, I don't know a lot.

关于 这 次 考试，我 还 有 几 个 问题 要 问。 Guānyú zhè cì kǎoshì, wǒ hái yǒu jǐ gè wèntí yào wèn. As for this exam, I still have a lot of questions that I need to ask.

关于 这个 问题，你们 还是 问 他 吧。 Guānyú zhège wèntí, nǐmen háishì wèn tā bā. As for this problem, you'd better ask him.

关于 你 的 建议，老板 还在 考虑 。 Guānyú nǐ de jiànyì, lǎobǎn hái zài kǎolǜ. As for your suggestion, the boss is still thinking it over.

关于 调查 结果，我们 也 不 太 清楚 。 Guānyú diàochá jiéguǒ, wǒmen yě bù tài qīngchu. As for the result of that research, we don't know much either.

Used as Part of a Modifier

As an attributive modifier, 关于 (guānyú) is placed before the noun phrase, and you should always add a 的.

Structure

关于 ⋯⋯ 的 + Noun

Examples

这 是 一 份 关于 中国 奢侈品 市场 的 报告 。 Zhè shì yī fèn guānyú Zhōngguó shēchǐ pǐn shìchǎng de bàogào. This is a report about the Chinese luxury market.

汉语 有 很 多 关于 饮食 的 成语 。 Hànyǔ yǒu hěn duō guānyú yǐnshí de chéngyǔ. There are lots of idioms about diet in Chinese.

我 昨天 看 了 一 部 关于 动物 保护 的 纪录片 。 Wǒ zuótiān kàn le yī bù guānyú dòngwù bǎohù de jìlùpiàn. I saw a documentary about animal protection yesterday.

网上 有 很 多 关于 这 件 事情 的 评论 。 Wǎngshang you hěn duō guānyú zhè jiàn shìqing de pínglùn. There are lots of comments about this matter online.

他 写 过 很 多 关于 男女 平等 的 文章 。 Tā xiě guo hěn duō guānyú nánnǚ píngděng de wénzhāng. He wrote many articles about gender equality.

Unspoken 关于

The word "about" often follows verbs in English, such as "talk about" or "ask about." In Chinese, however, this "about" meaning is built into the verb and no additional "about" word is needed, much like we don't say "discuss about" in English.

A few examples:

我们 聊聊 你 的 新 工作 吧 。 Wǒmen liáoliao nǐ de xīn gōngzuò ba. Let's talk about your new job.

今天 开会 要 说说 公司 下 个 月 的 培训 。 Jīntiān kāihuì yào shuōshuo gōngsī xià gè yuè de péixùn. Today, we need to hold a meeting about next month's company training.

See also

Comparing "dui" and "duiyu"

Comparing "guanyu" and "duiyu"

Comparing "duiyu" and "zhiyu"

Sources and further reading

Books

Expressing "all the way until" with "zhidao"

直到 (zhídào) can only be used to describe the past, acting like the English phrase, "all the way until." It can be used in an affirmative or negative form, expressing that something has taken a while or is late.

Contents

1 Affirmative Form

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Negative Form

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Affirmative Form

Structure

直到 + Time / Event ，Subj. + 才 ⋯⋯

This subject can also be place before 直到.

Examples

直到 十二 点 半 ，我 才 做 完 作业 。 Zhídào shí'èr diǎn bàn, wǒ cái zuò wán zuòyè. It wasn't until twelve thirty in the morning that I finished homework.

直到 半 个 月 以后 ，我 的 感冒 才 好 。 Zhídào bàn gè yuè yǐhòu, wǒ de gǎnmào cái hǎo. It took me half a month to recover from the cold.

她 直到 十八 岁 才 见到 亲生 父母 。 Tā zhídào shíbā suì cái jiàndào qīnshēng fùmǔ. It wasn't until she was eighteen that she met her biological parents.

我 直到 大学 毕业 才 开始 独立 生活 。 Wǒ zhídào dàxué bìyè cái kāishǐ dúlì shēnghuó. It wasn't until I graduated from college that I started living independently.

直到 去 了 北京 ，他 才 知道 一个人 在 大 城市 多 辛苦 。 Zhídào qù le Běijīng, tā cái zhīdào yīgèrén zài dà chéngshì duō xīnkǔ. It wasn't until he went to Beijing that he understood how hard it is to be alone in a big city.

Negative Form

Structure

直到 + Time / Event ，Subj. + 都 + 不 / 没 ⋯⋯

Examples

直到 他 死 ，我们 都 没 见 过 。 Zhídào tā sǐ, wǒmen dōu méi jiàn guo. We didn't meet until he passed away.

他们 是 同学 ，但是 直到 毕业 ，都 没 说 过 话 。 Tāmen shì tóngxué, dànshì zhídào bìyè, dōu méi shuō guo huà. They are classmates. But they had never spoken until they graduated.

直到 电影 结束 ，他 都 没 来 。 Zhídào diànyǐng jiéshù, tā dōu méi lái. He didn't show up until the movie was over.

直到 我 弟弟 上 大学 ，他 都 不 会 洗 衣服 。 Zhídào wǒ dìdi shàng dàxué, tā dōu bù huì xǐ yīfu. My younger brother couldn't wash clothes until he went to college.

我 认识 他 一年 多 了 ，直到 现在 ，我 都 不 知道 他 的 全名 。 Wǒ rènshi tā yī nián duō le, zhídào xiànzài, wǒ dōu bù zhīdào tā de quánmíng. I've known him for over a year, but I still don't know his full name.

See also

Expressing "when" with "dengdao"

Complement with "dao"

Sources and further reading

Books

Expressing "for" with "gei"

The preposition 给 (gěi) can mean "for," as in, "Everything I do, I do it for you." You can also think of it to mean "give," like to give a service or to give an Obj. In this case, the default position of the character is before the verb, although it sometimes comes after, depending on the verb.

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

4.2 Dictionaries

Structure

The meaning of 给 is very similar to 为 (wèi) in Chinese, but 给 is more informal than 为, and there are many cases where it's simply based on convention and general practice to decide to use one or the other.

Subj. + 给 + Recipient + [Verb Phrase]

Note that the "recipient" in the pattern above is usually a person but isn't necessarily a person. It could be an animal, company, or any number of other types of recipients.

Examples

给 客人 倒茶 。 Gěi kèrén dàochá. Pour a cup of tea for the guest.

妈妈 在 给 孩子 们 做饭 。 Māma zài gěi háizi men zuòfàn. Mom is cooking for the kids.

我 儿子 喜欢 给 小狗 洗澡 。 Wǒ érzi xǐhuan gěi xiǎogǒu xǐzǎo. My son likes to give a bath to our dog.

请 给 我 拿 一 双 筷子 。 Qǐng gěi wǒ ná yī shuāng kuàizi. Please give me a pair of chopsticks.

可以 给 我 买 一 杯 咖啡 吗 ？ Kěyǐ gěi wǒ mǎi yī bēi kāfēi ma? Could you please buy me a cup of coffee?

可以 给 我 拿 一下 行李 吗 ？ Kěyǐ gěi wǒ ná yīxià xíngli ma? Can you take my suitcase for me?

这个 周末 我们 给 儿子 开 生日 派对 。 Zhège zhōumò wǒmen gěi érzi kāi shēngrì pàiduì. We're going to hold a birthday party for our son this weekend.

我 没 带 钥匙 ，你 能 给 我 开 一下 门 吗 ？ Wǒ méi dài yàoshi, nǐ néng gěi wǒ kāi yīxià mén ma? I don't have the key. Could you please open the door for me?

你 想 让 我 给 你 打扫 房间 吗 ？ Nǐ xiǎng ràng wǒ gěi nǐ dǎsǎo fángjiān ma? Are you asking me to clean your room for you?

如果 你 来 中国 玩 ，我 给 你 当 导游 。 Rúguǒ nǐ lái Zhōngguó wán, wǒ gěi nǐ dāng dǎoyóu. If you come to visit China, I'll be your tour guide.

See also

Expressing "with" with "gen"

Verbs preceded by "gei"

Using "dui"

Expressing "for" with "wei"

Sources and further reading

Books

现代汉语虚词例释 (pp. 196) →buy

Dictionaries

现代汉语词典（第5版） (pp. 464) →buy

Expressing "for" with "wei"

When you work for a company or do other sorts of physical (and even mental) activities for another party, you're likely to use the Chinese preposition 为 (wèi). This character is often translated into English as "for," which is often unnatural or unnecessary, depending on the particular phrase. For example, the super common Mao-era phrase, 为人民服务 ("serve the people"), doesn't need the word "for" in English.

Don't confuse this preposition with 为了, which is a bit different.

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

4.2 Websites

Structure

为 + Party + Verb / Adj.

Examples

我们 都 为 你 高兴 。 Wǒmen dōu wèi nǐ gāoxìng. We are all happy for you.

谁 为 我 考虑 过 ？ Shéi wèi wǒ kǎolǜ guo? Is there anyone who's ever thought about me?

你们 可以 来 为 我们 加油 。 Nǐmen kěyǐ lái wèi wǒmen jiāyóu. You guys can come to cheer us on.

她 是 为 美国 政府 工作 的 。 Tā shì wèi Měiguó zhèngfǔ gōngzuò de. She works for the United States government.

这个 生日 蛋糕 是 为 你 准备 的 。 Zhège shēngrì dàngāo shì wèi nǐ zhǔnbèi de. This birthday cake is prepared for you.

父母 都 要 为 家庭 付出 很 多 。 Fùmǔ dōu yào wèi jiātíng fùchū hěn duō. Parents need to do a lot for their family.

你 不 为 自己 的 孩子 担心 吗 ？ Nǐ bù wèi zìjǐ de háizi dānxīn ma? Aren't you worried about your child?

谢谢 你 为 我们 提供 这么 多 资源 。 Xièxie nǐ wèi wǒmen tígōng zhème duō zīyuán. Thank you for providing us with so many resources.

他 为 公司 的 发展 贡献 了 很多 。 Tā wèi gōngsī de fāzhǎn gòngxiàn le hěn duō. He contributed a lot to the development of the company.

很多 人 都 在 为 那些 孩子 祈祷 。 Hěn duō rén dōu zài wèi nàxiē háizi qídǎo. Lots of people are praying for those children.

See also

Expressing purpose with "weile" Expressing "for" with "gei"

Sources and further reading

Books

Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) (pp. 238) [ →buy]

Practicing HSK Grammar (语法精讲精炼) (pp. 76) →buy

Boya Chinese Lower Intermediate 1 (博雅汉语准中级加速篇) (pp. 203) [ →buy]

HSK Standard Course 5上 (pp. 38) →buy

Websites

Yale Chinese Usage Dictionary: Uses of 为 and 为了

Expressing "less than" with "budao"

The word 到 (dào) means "arrive," but it can also mean "to reach" or "to get to" in an abstract sense. So in this pattern, 不到 (bùdào) means "to not reach (the amount of)," or, to put it another way, "to be less than."

Contents

1 Basic Pattern

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Advanced Pattern

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Basic Pattern

Structure

Subj. + 不到 + Number + [Measure Word] + Noun

Examples

我 女儿 不到 三 岁 。 Wǒ nǚ'ér bùdào sān suì. My daughter is less than three years old.

我 昨天 睡 了 不到 五 个 小时 。 Wǒ zuótiān shuì le bùdào wǔ gè xiǎoshí. Yesterday I slept for less than five hours.

这 件 衣服 花 了 不到 一 百 块 。 Zhè jiàn yīfu huā le bùdào yī bǎi kuài. This piece of clothing costs less than 100 RMB.

我 家 到 公司 不到 五 百 米 。 Wǒ jiā dào gōngsī bùdào wǔ bǎi mǐ. My house is less than 500 meters from the company.

在 美国 ，不到 21 岁 不 能 喝酒 。 Zài Měiguó, bùdào èrshí-yī suì, bù néng hējiǔ. In America, people under 21 can't drink alcohol.

Advanced Pattern

Structure

When 不到 (bùdào) is put before a time or a duration of time, it needs to be followed with 就 (jiù). This shows that something (usually referring to the past) has happened earlier than expected.

Subj. + 不到 + Time + 就 + Predicate + 了

Examples

她 的 病 不到 一个 星期 就 好 了 。 Tā de bìng bùdào yī gè xīngqī jiù hǎo le. It took less than one week for her to recover from her sickness.

他们 认识 不到 两 个 月 就 结婚 了 。 Tāmen rènshi bùdào liǎng gè yuè jiù jiéhūn le. They've known each other for less than two months and are already married.

李 医生 不到 55 岁 就 退休 了 。 Lǐ yīshēng bùdào wǔshí-wǔ suì jiù tuìxiū le. Dr. Li is less than 55 years old and he already retired.

爷爷 不到 60 岁 就 去世 了 。 Yéye bùdào liùshí suì jiù qùshì le. My grandpa was less than 60 years old when he died.

老板 不到 30 岁 就 有 白 头发 了 。 Lǎobǎn bùdào sānshí suì jiù yǒu bái tóufa le. My boss is less than 30 years old and already has white hair showing on his head.

For other similar uses of 就, see also expressing earliness with "jiu."

See also

Emphasizing quantity with "dou"

Referring to "all" using "suoyou"

Indicating a number in excess

Indicating the whole with "quan"

Sources and further reading

Books

Expressing "toward" with "wang"

Although 往 (wǎng) simply means "towards," it's not used an often as certain other prepositions and also has a few special use cases, so it warrants a little extra attention.

Contents

1 Used as "Towards"

1.1 Used before a Verb

1.1.1 Structure

1.1.2 Examples

1.2 Used after a Verb

1.2.1 Examples

2 往下 as "Keep Going"

2.1 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Used as "Towards"

往 (wǎng) is a preposition that means "towards" and precedes the verb it modifies.

Used before a Verb

Structure

Adding 往 (wǎng) with a location or placement word, expresses the direction of the action. Remember that the verb comes after this 往 phrase.

往 + Direction / Place + Verb

Examples

一直 往 前 走 。 Yīzhí wǎng qián zǒu. Go straight along.

往 左 拐 。 Wǎng zuǒ guǎi. Turn left.

往 上 看 。 Wǎng shàng kàn. Look up there.

那个 小偷 往 东 跑 了 。 Nàge xiǎotōu wǎng dōng pǎo le. That thief ran towards the east.

不要 往 楼下 扔 垃圾 。 Bùyào wǎng lóuxià rēng lājī. Don't throw trash downstairs.

不要 往 我 家 打电话 了 ！ Bùyào wǎng wǒ jiā dǎ diànhuà le! Stop calling my house!

Used after a Verb

In written language, 往 (wǎng) can also be used after a few monosyllabic verbs, which are then followed by location nouns.

Examples

开 往 北京 的 火车 Kāi wǎng Běijīng de huǒchē The train that goes to Beijing.

飞 往 纽约 的 飞机 Fēi wǎng Niǔyuē de fēijī The airplane that flies to New York.

运 往 国外 的 货物 Yùn wǎng guówài de huòwù The cargos that are shipped overseas. 往下 as "Keep Going"

往下 (wǎng xià) expresses "keep going," implying that the process has been interrupted before. The verbs that follow are usually communication or sensory verbs: speak (说), read (读), write (写), watch (看), and listen (听) are common.

Examples

往 下 说 。 Wǎng xià shuō. Keep talking.

往 下 读 。 Wǎng xià dú. Keep reading.

你 往 下 看 就 知道 了 。 Nǐ wǎng xià kàn jiù zhīdào le. Keep reading and you'll see.

See also

Using "dui" with verbs

Expressing "towards" with "xiang"

Comparing "chao" "xiang" and "wang"

Sources and further reading

Books

Expressing "towards" with "xiang"

向 (xiàng) is a preposition that means "towards" and is used often when expressing or referring to a certain point.

Contents

1 Used as "towards"

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Used as "from"

2.1 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Used as "towards"

Structure

When used as a preposition, "向" indicates an action that is performed towards a reference point but doesn't have any actual motion towards that point.

向 + Direction / Person + Verb

Examples

向 东 走 。 Xiàng dōng zǒu. Walk to the east.

向 前 看 。 Xiàng qián kàn. Look forward.

向 左 转 。 Xiàng zuǒ zhuǎn. Turn left.

老师 正 向 我们 走 来 。 Lǎoshī zhèng xiàng wǒmen zǒu lái. The teacher is walking towards us.

火车 已经 开 了 ，她 还在 向 我 招手 。 Huǒchē yǐjīng kāi le, tā hái zài xiàng wǒ zhāoshǒu. The train already took off. She kept waving towards me.

你 必须 向 他 道歉 ！ Nǐ bìxū xiàng tā dàoqiàn! You must apologize to him!

这 件 事 你 应该 向 老板 汇报 一下 。 Zhè jiàn shì nǐ yīnggāi xiàng lǎobǎn huìbào yīxià. You should report this to the boss!

Used as "from"

Whereas in English we would say "learn from someone," in Chinese this would be expressed as "learn toward someone," as in the following example (and famous propaganda slogan):

向 雷锋 同志 学习 ！ Xiàng Léi Fēng tóngzhì xuéxí! Learn from Comrade Lei Feng!

More examples:

我 不 喜欢 向 朋友 借钱 。 Wǒ bù xǐhuan xiàng péngyou jiè qián. I don't like to borrow money from my friends.

你 会 向 陌生人 求助 吗 ？ Nǐ huì xiàng mòshēngrén qiúzhù ma? Would you ask strangers for help?

我们 都 没 经验 ，是 来 向 你 请教 的 。 Wǒmen dōu méi jīngyàn, lái xiàng nǐ qǐngjiào de. None of us have experience. We're here to ask you for advice.

See also

Using "dui" Expressing "toward" with "wang" Expressing "with" with "gen"

Sources and further reading

Books

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 84) →buy

Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) (pp. 214) [ →buy]

Practicing HSK Grammar (语法精讲精炼) (pp. 77) →buy

Idiomatic phrases with "zai"

You probably already know how to express location with 在. In this article, we'll go more in depth as to how you can make idiomatic phrases using that construction. This kind of form is actually similar to some that we have in English, so it won't be too difficult.

Contents

1 Used with 上

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Used with 下

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 Used with 方面

3.1 Structure

3.2 Examples

4 See also

5 Sources and further reading

5.1 Books

Used with 上

This construction can be translated as "on the topic of" or "in regards to." It can be used to comment on an idea or concept. The examples below will help.

Structure

在 + Topic + 上 ，Subj. ⋯⋯

Note that the subject can also be put before 在.

Examples

在 这 个 问题 上 ，我们 的 看法 是 一样 的 。 Zài zhè gè wèntí shàng, wǒmen de kànfǎ shì yīyàng de. In regards to this problem, our opinions are the same.

在 美国 历史 上 ，谁 是 最 重要 的 总统 ？ Zài Měiguó lìshǐ shàng, shéi shì zuì zhòngyào de zǒngtǒng ? In regards to American history, who is the most important president?

这个 句子 在 语法 上 没 什么 问题 ，但是 不 太 自然 。 Zhège jùzi zài yǔfǎ shàng méi shénme wèntí, dànshì bù tài zìrán. This sentence is okay to say in terms of grammar, it's just not very natural.

南方人 和 北方人 在 生活 习惯 上 有 很多 差异 。 Nánfāng rén hé běifāng rén zài shēnghuó xíguàn shàng yǒu hěn duō chāyì. There are many differences between northern and southern people when it comes to living habits.

Used with 下

This construction can be translated (rather directly) as "under" and expresses conditions that affected the comment that comes after.

Structure

在 ⋯⋯ 下 ，⋯⋯

Examples

在 这样 的 环境 下 长大 ，孩子 会 快乐 吗 ？ Zài zhèyàng de huánjìng xià zhǎngdà, háizi huì kuàilè ma? Do you think kids will be happy growing up in this kind of environment?

在 这 种 情况 下 ，你们 会 怎么 做 ？ Zài zhè zhǒng qíngkuàng xià, nǐmen huì zěnme zuò? In this situation, what would you do?

在 紧急 情况 下 ，你 可以 这样 做 。 Zài jǐnjí qíngkuàng xià, nǐ kěyǐ zhèyàng zuò. In emergencies, you can do this.

在 那么 困难 的 条件 下 ，她 还是 坚持 让 孩子们 都 上学 。 Zài nàme kùnnan de tiáojiàn xià, tā háishì jiānchí ràng háizi men dōu shàngxué. Even under difficult financial constraints, she still insisted that the children should all go to school.

Used with 方面

This construction is similar to the 在⋯⋯上 above, which translates to "in relation to" or "on the topic of."

Structure

在 + Topic + 方面 ，Subj. ⋯⋯

Examples

在 事业 方面 ，我 老板 很 成功 。 Zài shìyè fāngmiàn, wǒ lǎobǎn hěn chénggōng. On the topic of career, my boss is very successful.

在 技术 方面 ，他 是 专家 。 Zài jìshù fāngmiàn, tā shì zhuānjiā. When it comes to technology, he's an expert.

在 管理 方面 ，你 比 我 有经验 。 Zài guǎnlǐ fāngmiàn, nǐ bǐ wǒ yǒu jīngyàn. When it comes to management, you have more experience than I do.

中 西方 文化 在 很多 方面 都 有 共同点 。 Zhōng xīfāng wénhuà zài hěn duō fāngmiàn dōu yǒu gòngtóngdiǎn. In certain aspects, Chinese and Western culture have a lot in common.

See also

Using "zai" with verbs "Zai" following verbs

Expressing existence in a place

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 191) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 264, 325) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) (pp. 40-1, 164-5, 185) →buy

卓越汉语－公司实战篇 (pp. 42, 145) [ →buy]

Using "dui" with verbs

When using 对 (duì) as a preposition, it is used to indicate "to" or "towards" an object or target. As with all prepositions, some care should be taken when using this particle, as usage of 对 doesn't always totally "make sense" or correspond to English at all.

Contents

1 Basic Usage

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Colloquial Saying

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 Special Usage

4 See also

5 Sources and further reading

5.1 Books

Basic Usage

Structure

Subj. + 对 + Person + Verb

Note that you shouldn't be plugging in just any old verb here.

Examples

宝宝 对 我 笑 了 。 Bǎobao duì wǒ xiào le. The baby smiled at me.

小狗 在 对 你 叫 。 Xiǎogǒu zài duì nǐ jiào. The dog is barking at you.

你 不 应该 这样 对 父母 说话 。 Nǐ bù yīnggāi zhèyang duì fùmǔ shuōhuà. You shouldn't talk to your parents this way.

他 总是 对 老师 撒谎 。 Tā zǒngshì duì lǎoshī sāhuǎng. He always lies to his teachers.

不要 对 孩子 发脾气 。 Bùyào duì háizi fā píqi. Don't lose your temper at the child.

Colloquial Saying

In English we say "to someone or for someone." In Chinese, the pattern is:

Structure

对 + Party + 来说 ，⋯⋯

The predicate part of the pattern can be a verb or an adjective.

Note that subject can be also placed before 对.

Examples

学好 中文 对 外国人 来说 不 容易 。 Xuéhǎo Zhōngwén duì wàiguórén lái shuō bù róngyì. For foreigners, it is not easy to learn Chinese well.

对 孩子 来说 ，这个 问题 太 复杂 了 。 Duì háizi lái shuō, zhège wèntí tài fùzá le. This question is too complicated for kids.

对 你 来说 ，家庭 重要 还是 工作 重要 ？ Duì nǐ lái shuō, jiātíng zhòngyào háishì gōngzuò zhòngyào? Is family or work more important to you?

Special Usage

Certain verbs, especially psychological verbs, are often used with 对, which means 对 is needed if you want to add an Obj. in the structure, such as 对...感兴趣 ("to be interested in..."). In this case, 对 means "in, on, about," etc. The short list below will give a few more verbs used with 对. Check it out!

对⋯⋯感兴趣 (gǎn xìngqù) to feel interested in

对⋯⋯负责 (fùzé) to be responsible for

对⋯⋯满意 (mǎnyì) to feel satisfied about

对⋯⋯好奇 (hàoqí) to feel curious about

对⋯⋯失望 (shīwàng) to feel disappointed about

Some examples:

我 儿子 对 学 外语 很 感 兴趣 。 Wǒ érzi duì xué wàiyǔ hěn gǎn xìngqù. My son is very interested in learning foreign language.

你 应该 对 自己 的 工作 负责 。 Nǐ yīnggāi duì zìjǐ de gōngzuò fùzé . You should be responsible for your job.

老板 对 你 不 太 满意 。 Lǎobǎn duì nǐ bù tài mǎnyì. The boss has not been very satisfied with you.

观众 对 比赛 结果 非常 失望 。 Guānzhòng duì bǐsài jiéguǒ fēicháng shīwàng. Everyone is very disappointed with the result of the game.

我 的 小 女儿 对 所有 动物 都 很 好奇 。 Wǒ de xiǎo nǚ'ér duì suǒyǒu dòngwù dōu hěn hàoqí. My younger daughter is curious about all the animals.

See also

Using "xiang"

Using "gen" "For…" with "eryan"

Comparing "gen" and "dui"

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 153) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 151) →buy

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 84, 88) →buy

Boya Chinese Elementary Starter 1 (博雅汉语初经起步篇) (pp. 198) →buy

Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) (pp. 313) [ →buy]

卓越汉语－公司实战篇 (pp. 11-2, 134) [ →buy]

Verbs preceded by "gei"

The word 给 (gěi) literally means "to give" but is frequently used in Chinese to indicate the target of a verb. The target is who or what the verb is aimed or directed at.

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 Alternative Structure

4 See also

5 Sources and further reading

5.1 Books

5.2 Websites

Structure

Subj. + 给 + Target + [Verb Phrase]

Examples

现在 不要 给 他 打 电话 。 Xiànzài bùyào gěi tā dǎ diànhuà. Don't give him a phone call now.

请 快点 给 我 回 邮件 。 Qǐng kuàidiǎn gěi wǒ huí yóujiàn. Please return my email soon.

他 说 他 会 给 我 写 信 的 。 Tā shuō tā huì gěi wǒ xiě xìn de. He said he would write letters to me.

你 可以 给 大家 读 一下 吗 ？ Nǐ kěyǐ gěi dàjiā dú yīxià ma? Could you please read it for everybody?

我 给 你 发 短信 了 ，你 怎么 不 回 ？ Wǒ gěi nǐ fā duǎnxìn le. Nǐ zěnme bù huí? I sent you a text. Why didn't you reply?

她 的 粉丝 常常 给 她 寄 礼物 。 Tā de fěnsī chángcháng gěi tā jì lǐwù. Her fans often send her gifts.

小时候 ，妈妈 每天 都 给 我 讲 故事 。 Xiǎoshíhou, māma měi tiān dōu gěi wǒ jiǎng gùshi. When I was young, my mother would tell me stories every day.

爸爸 应该 给 儿子 道歉 。 Bàba yīnggāi gěi érzi dàoqiàn. The father should apologize to his son.

谁 能 给 我 解释 一下 ？ Shéi néng gěi wǒ jiěshì yīxià? Who can explain this to me?

老板 让 我 明天 给 客户 介绍 我们 的 新 产品 。 Lǎobǎn ràng wǒ míngtiān gěi kèhù jièshào wǒmen de xīn chǎnpǐn. My boss asked to present our new product to the client tomrrow.

Chinese speakers use 给 in some interesting ways, similar to how English speakers use "to give," as in "to give someone a phone call" or "to give someone a reply."

Alternative Structure

Although the structure above is the best one to learn first, some verbs frequently use 给 but have the 给 coming after the verb, rather than before. It's best to think of these as exceptions to the rule above, and you can learn more about these exceptions by reading about Verbs followed by "gei".

See also

Verbs followed by "gei"

Expressing "for" with "gei"

Expressing "with" with "gen"

Using "dui" with verbs

Sources and further reading

Books

Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 170) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 154) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 1 (新实用汉语课本1) (pp. 143) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 1 (新实用汉语课本1)(2nd ed) (pp. 165) →buy

Websites

Chinesegrammar.info: When 给 (gěi) comes directly after verbs in Mandarin Chinese (verb-给 compounds) {{Similar|Using "dui" with verbs}

Complement with "dao"

One kind of complement in Chinese involves putting 到 after the verb. 到 (dào) is used to indicate that the action has obtained a goal or a certain state.

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Structure

Verb (+ 一直) + 到 + Time / Event

You will sometimes see 一直 (yīzhí) proceeding 到, which serves the purpose of the emphasis on the "ongoing duration."

Note that the verbs are mostly single-syllable verb.

Examples

你们 要 玩 到 几 点 ？ Nǐmen yào wán dào jǐ diǎn? When will you be done playing?

我们 在 酒吧 一直 聊 到 半夜 。 Wǒmen zài jiǔbā yīzhí liáo dào bànyè. We were chatting in the bar until midnight.

你 弟弟 要 在 我们 家 住 到 什么 时候 ？ Nǐ dìdi yào zài wǒmen jiā zhù dào shénme shíhou? How much longer is your younger brother going to stay in our house?

昨天 的 会 一直 开 到 晚上 九点 。 Zuótiān de huì yīzhí kāi dào wǎnshang jiǔ diǎn. Yesterday's meeting lasted until 9 pm.

我 邻居 今天 吵架 了 ，一直 吵 到 警察 过来 。 Wǒ línjū jīntiān chǎojià le, yīzhí chǎo dào jǐngchá guòlái. My neighbors had a fight today, which lasted until the police came.

我们 晚上 去 吃火锅 了 ，一直 吃 到 火锅店 关门 。 Wǒmen wǎnshang qù chī huǒguō le, yīzhí chī dào huǒguō diàn guānmén. We went to eat hotpot tonight, and we didn't finish until the place was closed.

他 昨天 一天 都 在 打游戏 ，一直 打 到 他 妈妈 回家 。 Tā zuótiān yī tiān dōu zài dǎ yóuxì, yīzhí dǎ dào tā māma huí jiā. He was playing computer games all day yesterday. He didn't stop until his mother came home.

If the is a verb phrase proceeding 到, use this structure:

[Verb Phrase] (+ 一直) + Verb + 到 + Time / Event

Some examples:

你 知 不 知道 我们 等 你 等 到 半夜 ？ Nǐ zhī bu zhīdào wǒmen děng nǐ děng dào bànyè? Do you know we waited for you until midnight?

我 女儿 昨天 晚上 写作业 写 到 十二 点 半 。 Wǒ nǚ'ér zuótiān wǎnshang xiě zuòyè xiě dào shí'èr diǎn bàn. My daughter didn't finish her homework until 12:30 last night.

她 给 男朋友 打电话 打 到 手机 没 电 。 Tā gěi nánpéngyou dǎ diànhuà dǎ dào shǒujī méi diàn. She called her boyfriend and they kept talking until her phone was out of battery.

See also

Verbs with gei

Expressing "from… to…" with "cong… dao…" "Zai" following verbs

Expressing "when" with "dengdao"

Expressing "all the way until" with "zhidao"

Sources and further reading

Books

New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2) (pp. 240) →buy

Chinese Grammar Without Tears (简明汉语语法学习手册) (pp. 93-95) [ →buy]

Doing something less with "shao"

少 (shǎo), means "to do less of something" and is often heard when scolding or giving advice (like when parents talk to children).

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 Colloquial Sayings

4 See also

5 Sources and further reading

5.1 Books

Structure

Just as you can use 多 to talk about doing something more, you can use 少 to talk about doing something less.

少 + Verb

Note that in English, we don't use the word "less" very much. For example, rather than saying "drink less water," we might say "don't drink so much water." In Chinese, though, using 少 is quite natural and common. Avoiding the negative command (telling someone not to do something) is also a subtle way of sounding less bossy and annoying.

Examples

请 少 放 点 盐 。 Qǐng shǎo fàng diǎn yán. Less salt, please.

少 吃 垃圾 食品 。 Shǎo chī lājī shípǐn. Eat less junk food.

少 买 点 ，吃 不 完 会 坏 的 。 Shǎo mǎi diǎn, chī bu wán huì huài de. Don't buy too much. It will go bad if we can't finish eating it all.

你 能 不 能 少 抽 点 烟 ？ Nǐ néng bu néng shǎo chōu diǎn yān? Can you smoke less?

快 期中 考试 了 ，少 玩 点 游戏 吧 。 Kuài qīzhōng kǎoshì le, shǎo wán diǎn yóuxì ba. You're going to take the mid-term exam. Stop playing so much video games.

少 喝 点 ，明天 还要 上班 呢 。 Shǎo hē diǎn, míngtiān háiyào shàngbān ne. Don't drink so much. You need go to work tomorrow.

少 看 点 电视 ，多 看书 。 Shǎo kàn diǎn diànshì, duō kànshū. Watch TV less. Read more.

少 吃 点 肉 ，多 吃 点 蔬菜 。 Shǎo chī diǎn ròu, duō chī diǎn shūcài. Eat less meat and eat more vegetables.

Colloquial Sayings

少 来 。 Shǎo lái. Stop it!

少 说 废话 。 Shǎo shuō fèihuà. Cut the crap.

少 管 闲事 。 Shǎo guǎn xiánshì. Stay out of other people's business.

See also

Doing something more with "duo"

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 39) →buy

Doing something more with "duo"

In China, you often hear you should do this or that more (eat more, drink more water, wear more warm clothing, etc.), and they often use the word 多 (duō). What's not intuitive to learners is that the word 多 should come before the verb.

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 Counter-Examples

4 See also

5 Sources and further reading

5.1 Books

Structure

This structure is often used in commands or suggestions. Note the position of 多:

多 + Verb

This structure is not used exclusively as a command, so you could also include a subject if you needed to.

Examples

In English we like to say things like "eat more," "drink more beer," and "I need to exercise more." Notice that in every one of these cases, the word "more" (equivalent to this use of 多) comes after the verb in English. In Chinese, it's more natural to put the 多 before the verb.

多 吃 点 。 Duō chī diǎn. Eat a little more.

多 放 点 辣 。 Duō fàng diǎn là. Put a little more spice.

多 拿 一点 。 Duō ná yīdiǎn. Take more.

爷爷 ，你 要 多 出去 走走 。 Yéye, nǐ yào duō chūqù zǒuzou. You need to go out and take a walk more often.

多 给 他 点 时间 吧 。 Duō gěi tā diǎn shíjiān ba. Give him a little more time.

我 想 多 陪陪 家人 。 Wǒ xiǎng duō péipei jiārén. I want to spend more time with my family.

感冒 的 时候 要 多 喝 水 。 Gǎnmào de shíhou yào duō hē shuǐ. Drink more water when you have a cold.

医生 让 我 多 运动 。 Yīshēng ràng wǒ duō yùndòng. The doctor told me to exercise more.

他 比 你 有 经验 ，你 应该 多 向 他 学习 。 Tā bǐ nǐ yǒu jīngyàn, nǐ yīnggāi duō xiàng tā xuéxí. He's more experienced than you. You should learn from him more.

想 提高 汉语 口语 ，就要 多 练习 。 Xiǎng tígāo Hànyǔ kǒuyǔ, jiùyào duō liànxí. If you want to improve your speaking Chinese, you need to practice more.

Counter-Examples

Just to be completely clear, the following uses of 多 are not as natural as the ones above. They'll be understood, and they might not be technically wrong, but you can do better!

吃 多 点。 Chī duō diǎn. 我 要 回家多点！ Wǒ yào huíjiā duō diǎn!

我 应该 运动 多 点。 Wǒ yīnggāi yùndòng duō diǎn.

The opposite of 多 is, of course, 少. It is further explained in the article doing something less with "shao".

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 39) →buy

发展汉语 中级汉语口语上 (pp. 72) [ →buy]

Expressing "must" with "dei"

Learning how to use 得 (děi) to mean "must" must be done by those wishing to master Chinese!

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Videos

4.2 Books

Structure

Normally, when you see 得, it's a particle and is pronounced "de." However, it can also be an auxiliary verb. In this case it's pronounced děi and means "must."

Subj. + 得 + [Verb Phrase]

Examples

我们 得 走 了 。 Wǒmen děi zǒu le. We have to leave.

时间 不 早 了，我 得 回家 了。 Shíjiān bù zǎo le, wǒ děi huíjiā le. It's getting late. I have to go home.

他 是 你 弟弟 ，你 得 帮 他 。 Tā shì nǐ dìdi, nǐ děi bāng tā. He is your younger brother. You must help him.

不 好意思 ，你 得 马上 离开 。 Bù hǎoyìsi, nǐ děi mǎshàng líkāi. Sorry, you have to get out of here right now.

在 学校 就 得 听 老师 的 话 。 Zài xuéxiào jiù děi tīng lǎoshī de huà. You have to listen to the teacher at school.

你 得 先 付钱 再 进 。 Nǐ děi xiān fù qián zài jìn. You need to pay before you come inside.

是 你 的 错 ，你 得 道歉 。 Shì nǐ de cuò, nǐ děi dàoqiàn. It's your fault. You must apologize.

他 没有 经验 ，你 得 教教 他 。 Tā méiyǒu jīngyàn, nǐ děi jiāojiao tā. He doesn't have experience. You must teach him.

明天 去 面试 ，你 得 穿 得 正式 一点 。 Míngtiān qù miànshì, nǐ děi chuān de zhèngshì yīdiǎn. You must wear something more formal for tomorrow's job interview.

你 病 得 太 厉害 了，得去 看 医生。 Nǐ bìng de tài lìhai le, děi qù kàn yīshēng. You are really sick, you must go see a doctor.

See also

"Would like to" with xiang Wanting to do something with yao Auxiliary verb Auxiliary verb "hui" for "will"

Sources and further reading

Videos

Yoyo Chinese: "Have to and Don't have to"

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 164-5) →buy

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册） (pp. 301) →buy

Expressing "not often" with "bu zenme"

You might be tempted to conclude that 不怎么 (bù zěnme) seems to mean "not how," but it actually means "not often" when used together with a verb.

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 Usage of 没怎么

4 See also

5 Sources and further reading

5.1 Books

Structure

When 不怎么 is used with a verb, it means that one does not put a lot of time or energy into doing it. In other words, the action is done "not often." When the verb is used with an object, it also means that the number (or quantity) is really small.

Subj. + 不怎么 + Verb

Examples

他 不怎么 爱 说话 。 Tā bù zěnme ài shuōhuà. He doesn't like talking too much.

我 老公 不怎么 运动 。 Wǒ lǎogōng bù zěnme yùndòng. My husband doesn't exercise very often.

我们 在家 不怎么 看 电视 。 Wǒmen zài jiā bù zěnme kàn diànshì. We don't watch a lot of television at home.

我 儿子 不怎么吃 零食 。 Wǒ érzi bùzěnme chī língshí. My son doesn't eat snacks very often.

老板 不怎么 来 办公室 。 Lǎobǎn bù zěnme lái bàngōngshì. My boss doesn't come to the office very often.

我 不怎么 在 网上 买 东西 。 Wǒ bù zěnme zài wǎngshàng mǎi dóngxi. I don't online shop very often.

他们 不怎么 跟 朋友 出去 玩 。 Tāmen bù zěnme gēn péngyou chūqù wán. They don't often go out and have fun with friends.

Usage of 没怎么

Note that the examples below use 没 instead of 不. This is because the verb uses or implies 有 and thus it uses the same the 有 negation rules.

我 没 怎么 复习 。 Wǒ méi zěnme fùxí. I didn't review much.

我 没 怎么 想 过 这个 问题 。 Wǒ méi zěnme xiǎng guo zhège wèntí. I didn't really think about this before.

昨天 我 肚子 不 舒服 ，没 怎么 吃 东西 。 Zuótiān wǒ dùzi bù shūfu, méi zěnme chī dōngxi. My stomach didn't feel well yesterday, so I didn't eat much.

Lastly, make sure to use 不怎么 with a verb if you want it to mean "not often." Using it with an adjective gives it a different meaning.

See also

How to do something with "zenme"

Asking why with "zenme"

"Not very" with "bu zenme"

Sources and further reading

Books

Short-term Spoken Chinese: Elementary (汉语口语速成基础篇) (pp. 139) [ →buy]

现代汉语八百词 (pp. 652) →buy

Expressing actions in progress (full form)

You may have learned that 在 (zài) and 正在 (zhèngzài) can be used before verbs to express that an action is ongoing or in progress. They are used to create the Mandarin equivalent of present continuous in English. But that pattern is actually a part of a longer, fuller pattern. It's rarely used in its full form, but bits and pieces of it are frequently used in everyday speech, so it's important to know the full form, even if you don't use it regularly yourself.

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

4.2 Websites

Structure

Subj. + 正在 / 正 / 在 + Verb + 呢

If it's a Separable verb, you need to put the 着 between the verb and the object, or you can just leave 着 out.

Subj. (+ 正) + Verb + 着 + Obj. + 呢

Subj. + Verb + Obj. + 呢

It's important to remember that virtually every part of the above pattern is optional, so you're going to see all sorts of variations of it (and rarely the full form). The most common variation is just the "在 + V" pattern that you probably already learned long ago. Another common variation is "正 + V" pattern.

Examples

我 正在 吃饭 。 Wǒ zhèngzài chīfàn.

我 正 吃 着 饭 呢 。 Wǒ zhèng chī zhe fàn ne.

我 吃 饭 呢。 Wǒ chīfàn ne. I'm eating now.

爷爷 正在 看 报纸 ，别 打扰 他 。 Yéye zhèngzài kàn bàozhǐ, bié dǎrǎo tā.

爷爷 在 看 报纸 呢 ，别 打扰 他 。 Yéye zài kàn bàozhǐ ne, bié dǎrǎo tā.

爷爷 看 报纸 呢 ，别 打扰 他 。 Yéye kàn bàozhǐ ne, bié dǎrǎo tā. Grandpa is reading newspapers now. Don't disturb him.

他 在 上厕所 。 Tā zài shàng cèsuǒ.

他 正 上 厕所呢 。 Tā zhèng shàng cèsuǒ ne.

他 上 厕所 呢 。 Tā shàng cèsuǒ ne. He's using the bathroom now.

我们 在 上 汉语 课 。 Wǒmen zài shàng Hànyǔ kè.

我们 正 上 汉语 课 呢 。 Wǒmen zhèng shàng Hànyǔ kè ne.

我们 上 着 汉语 课 呢 。 Wǒmen shàng zhe Hànyǔ kè ne. We're having a Chinese lesson now.

老板 在 开会，不 方便 接 电话 。 Lǎobǎn zài kāihuì, bù fāngbiàn jiē diànhuà.

老板 正 开 着 会 ，不 方便 接 电话 。 Lǎobǎn zhèng kāi zhe huì, bù fāngbiàn jiē diànhuà.

老板 开 着 会 呢 ，不 方便 接 电话 。 Lǎobǎn kāi zhe huì ne, bù fāngbiàn jiē diànhuà. The boss is in the middle of a meeting. It's not convenient for him to talk on the phone.

See also

Aspect particle "zhe" Expressing actions in progress

Sources and further reading

Books

Chinese Grammar Without Tears (简明汉语语法学习手册) (pp. 54-7) [ →buy]

Common Chinese Patterns 330 (汉语常用格式330例) (pp. 321) →buy

Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar (pp. 217-26) →buy

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 216-8) →buy I

ntegrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 106-7) →buy

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (pp. 157) →buy

Websites

ChinesePod: Qing Wen - The 着 (zhe) Chronicles: Actions in Progress (free podcast content)

Measure words for verbs

When a verb is done more than once, it also requires a measure word to accompany it. This way the measure word is acting as a way to count the frequency or re-occurrence of an action.

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Structure

Verb + Number + Measure Word

The grammar pattern is very similar to English. For example, "看三次" and "saw three times" mirror each other in structure. In Chinese sentences, these measure words can either come after the verb (as a complement) or before the word (as an adverb). You should also know that, like nouns, some verbs have special measure words to go with them. The basic verbal measure word, however, is 次.

Examples

再 说 一 遍 。 Zài shuō yī biàn. Say it again.

你 能 再 读 一 遍 吗 ？ Nǐ néng zài dú yī biàn ma? Could you please read it again?

这个 电影 我 看 过 两 遍 。 Zhège diànyǐng wǒ kàn guo liǎng biàn. I've seen this movie twice.

这个 故事 我 听 她 说 过 一 百 多 遍 了 。 Zhège gùshi wǒ tīng tā shuō guo yī bǎi duō biàn le. I've heard her tell this story more than one hundred times.

我们 去 过 两 次 。 Wǒme qù guo liǎng cì. We've been there twice.

我 问 了 他 很 多 次 ，可是 他 不 告诉 我 。 Wǒ wèn le tā hěn duō cì, kěshì tā bù gàosu wǒ. I've asked him about it many times, but he wouldn't tell me.

这个 问题 我们 讨论 过 几 次 。 Zhège wèntí wǒmen tǎolùn guo jǐ cì. We've discussed this a few times.

那个 红 头发 的 男孩 打 了 我 三 下 。 Nàge hóng tóufa de nánhái dǎ le wǒ sān xià. That red-haired boy hit me three times.

他 轻轻 地 拍 了 我 两 下 。 Tā qīngqīng de pāi le wǒ liǎng xià. He very lightly pat me twice.

你 没 听见 吗 ？我 敲 了 好 几 下 。 Nǐ méi tīngjiàn ma? Wǒ qiāo le hǎo jǐ xià. Did you not hear the door? I knocked quite a few times.

See also

Measure words for counting

Measure words to differentiate

Measure words in quantity questions

Sources and further reading

Books

Separable verb

Also known as: 离合词 (líhécí) and verb-object phrase. "Separable verbs" get their name from their ability to "separate" into two parts (a verb part and an object part), with other words in between. In fact, you could also simply call separable verbs "verb-object phrases."

Contents

1 What Are They

2 Why Use Them

3 Basic Usage

3.1 Common Examples

4 Where to put 了, 过, 着

4.1 Examples

5 Where to Put Measure Words

5.1 Examples

6 How to Reduplicate

6.1 Examples

7 Academic debate

8 Sources and further reading

8.1 Books

8.2 Websites

What Are They

Purely from the "separable" aspect, Mandarin's separable verbs have a counterpart in English: phrasal verbs (also called two-word verbs). While the grammatical components of English's phrasal verbs are different, the "separable" quality works in a very similar way. Take the phrasal verb "check out" for example:

Check out my new computer. Check my new computer out.

Do you see what happened there? The verb "check out" can split into two parts (a verb and a preposition), and other words can go in between those two parts. Separable verbs work much the same way in Chinese, except that the two parts are a verb and an object (a noun).

Let's look at a typical example in Chinese, using the verb 见面, meaning "to meet." 见 is the verb; 面 is the object, literally meaning "face."

我 想 见面 你 。 Wǒ xiǎng jiànmiàn nǐ.

我 想 见 你 。 Wǒ xiǎng jiàn nǐ.

我 想 跟 你 见面 。the prepositional phrase, literally "with you," comes before the verb Wǒ xiǎng gēn nǐ jiànmiàn.

Perhaps the most common examples of separable verbs that beginners struggle with are 见面 and 睡觉. For a more complete list, see the list of separable verbs.

Below we will introduce separable verbs in more detail, provide more examples, and also offer more specific cases of where separable verbs can get tricky.

Why Use Them

If separable verbs are simply verb-object phrases, then why the special name? It's because there are some special features of Chinese verb-object phrases worth special attention, and the name "separable verbs" helps call attention to this. Mastering separable verbs can be a little tricky and is an essential objective of the intermediate (B1) level learner of Chinese.

Separable verbs are just one of those things you can't avoid. Many extremely common verbs, such as "to sleep" (睡觉) or "to meet" (见面) are separable verbs, and until you understand which verbs are separable verbs and how they work, you'll forever be making mistakes with these verbs, even in very basic sentences.

Basic Usage

First, you need to understand the structure of separable verbs. Most separable verbs are a "Verb + Object" (the object is a noun) construct. One might wonder, then, why there needs to be a separate category called "separable verbs" instead of just thinking of them as a verb and an object. There are several reasons to think of them as special verbs:

Many separable verbs can't be easily translated into other languages in a way that makes both the verb and the object part clear. For instance, 见面 (to meet) and 结婚 (to get married) are such examples. In these examples, it's just not easy to think of the objects as an object.

The relationship between the verb and the object in a separable verb pair is very close; adding the object to the verb is sort of the "default form" of the verb, even if the verb part can be used without the object.

Separable verbs are a source of frequent errors from learners of Chinese. No matter how you think of them, it's good to give these "words" or "phrases" extra attention to make your Chinese more natural.

The key to using separable verbs correctly is to remember that they are "Verb + Object" constructs. The verb alone must be treated as a verb, and the object cannot be treated as a verb. It's from this essential relationship that the following principles flow:

Common Examples

帮忙 (bāngmáng) to help; to do a favor 帮 is the verb; 忙 is the object, meaning "a favor."

我们 可以 帮忙 你 。 Wǒmen kěyǐ bāngmáng nǐ.

我们 可以 帮 你 。 Wǒmen kěyǐ bāng nǐ. We can help you.

我们 可以 帮忙 。 Wǒmen kěyǐ bāngmáng. We can do (you) this favor.

If you want to ask someone to do you a favor, check this out:

你 可以 帮 我 一个 忙 吗 ？ Nǐ kěyǐ bāng wǒ yī gè máng ma? Can you do me a favor?

结婚 (jiéhūn) to get married

结 is the verb; 婚 acts as the object, meaning "marriage." However, 婚 cannot be used as a noun very much.

我 想 结婚 她 。 Wǒ xiǎng jiéhūn tā.

我 想 跟 她 结婚 。the prepositional phrase, literally "with her," comes before the verb Wǒ xiǎng gēn tā jiéhūn. I want to get married to her.

聊天 (liáotiān) to chat; to talk (about things in general) 聊 is the verb; 天 acts as the object.

他 很 喜欢 聊天 女生 。 Tā hěn xǐhuan liáotiān nǚshēng.

上班 时间 不要 聊天 。 Shàngbān shíjiān bùyào liáotiān.

他 很 喜欢 跟 女生 聊天 。the prepositional phrase, literally "with you," comes before the verb Tā hěn xǐhuan gēn nǚshēng liáotiān. He loves talking with girls.

Literally, 天 doesn't mean anything. The object needs to be something specific if you mean to be clear. An important note to keep in mind is that you don't need to translate "about" into 关于 in this scenario.

爸爸 不 喜欢 聊天 他 的 工作 。 Bàba bù xǐhuan liáotiān tā de gōngzuò.

爸爸 不 喜欢 聊 关于 他 的 工作 。 Bàba bù xǐhuan liáo guānyú tā de gōngzuò.

爸爸 不 喜欢 聊 他 的 工作 。 Bàba bù xǐhuan liáo tā de gōngzuò. My father doesn't like to talk about his work.

创业 (chuàngyè) to start up one's business 创 is the verb; 业 is the object.

我 想 创业 自己 的 公司 。 Wǒ xiǎng chuàngyè zìjǐ de gōngsī.

我 想 创业 。 Wǒ xiǎng chuàngyè. I want to start up my own business.

If you mean to say "to launch a company" or "to set up your business," use this sentence below:

我 想 开 公司 。 Wǒ xiǎng kāi gōngsī. I want to lunch my business.

Where to put 了, 过, 着

Examples

见面 (jiànmiàn)

我们 昨天 见 了 面 。separated, 了 inserted Wǒmen zuótiān jiàn le miàn. We've met yesterday.

我们 见 过 面 。separated, 过 inserted Wǒmen jiàn guo miàn.

We've met. 开会 (kāihuì)

我们 早上 开 了 会 。 Wǒmen zǎoshang kāi le huì. We had a meeting this morning.

你们 开 过 会 了 吗 ？ Nǐmen kāi guo huì le ma? Have you had the meeting yet?

我们 开 着 会 呢 。 Wǒmen kāi zhe huì ne. We're having a meeting right now.

吃饭 (chīfàn)

他 昨天 来 我 家 了 ，还 吃 了 饭 。 Tā zuótiān lái wǒ jiā le, hái chī le fàn. He came to my house yesterday and he ate a meal with us.

他 吃 过 饭 了 吗 ？ Tā chī guo fàn le ma? Has he eaten yet?

他 吃 着 饭 呢 。 Tā chī zhe fàn ne. He's eating a meal right now.

Note: unlike the particles 过 and 着, the particle 了 is especially tricky, and it can also appear after the object. So it can be correct in multiple places.

Where to Put Measure Words

Examples

见面 (jiànmiàn) 我们 见 个 面 吧 。 Wǒmen jiàn gè miàn ba. Let's meet.

我们 见 过 几 次 面。 Wǒmen jiàn guo jǐ cì miàn. We've met a few times.

吃饭 (chīfàn) 我们 一起 吃 过 几 次 饭 。 Wǒmen yīqǐ chī guo jǐ cì fàn. We've had several meals together.

老板 请 大家 吃 了 一 顿 饭 。 Lǎobǎn qǐng dàjiā chī le yī dùn fàn. The boss invited everyone to dinner. 睡觉 (shuìjiào)

晚安！睡 个 好 觉 。 Wǎn'ān! Shuì gè hǎo jiào. Good night! I hope you can have some good sleep.

昨晚 我 只 睡 了 两 个 小时 觉 。 Zuówǎn wǒ zhǐ shuì le liǎng gè xiǎoshí jiào. I only slept two hours last night.

How to Reduplicate

Reduplication is a way to express the casual nature of a verb or that it happens only briefly. When it comes to separable verbs, only the verb part reduplicates.

Examples

见 见 面 jiàn jiàn miàn

吃 吃 饭 chī chī fàn

聊 聊 天 liáo liáo tiān

吃 饭 吃饭饭 is the object; it should not be repeated.) chī fàn chīfàn

聊 天 聊天天 is the object; it should not be repeated. liáo tiān liáotiān

Note that separable verbs can't used with 一下 to express it happens briefly.

见面 一下 jiànmiàn yīxià

Academic debate

There is some debate as to how useful the concept of separable verbs really is. For our purposes, we're only concerned with whether or not separable verbs are a useful concept for the student of Mandarin Chinese. Many learners do, in fact, find the concept to be quite useful in helping them speak more natural Chinese.

Sources and further reading

Books

Chinese Grammar Without Tears (简明汉语语法学习手册) (pp. 208) [ →buy]

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 16-7) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 113) →buy

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (pp. 111) →buy

Websites

The Canadian TCSL Association: 离合词教学的理论与实践北京语言大学网络教育学院: 离合词及其教学百度百科: 离合词

Sinosplice.com: Syntactic Anguish of the Verb-Object-Modifier Variety

ChinesePod (free content): Qing Wen - Separable Verbs

Chinesegrammar.info: A look into the seperable verb 帮忙 by comparing it to 帮.

Mandarin Friend: “Separable Verbs” – A Misleading and Unnecessary Concept

Appearance with "kanqilai"

One of the most common ways to express "it looks like" is to use 看起来 (kànqǐlái). This is what we would use if we wanted to express something like, "She looks tired."

Contents

1 Used for Judgement

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Used for Analogy

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

4.2 Websites

4.3 Videos

Used for Judgement

Structure

Subj. + 看起来 ⋯⋯

Examples

蛋糕 看起来 很 好吃 。 Dàngāo kànqǐlái hěn hǎochī. This cake looks really tasty.

这 家 餐厅 看起来 不错。 Zhè jiā cāntīng kànqǐlái bùcuò. This restaurant looks good.

你 男朋友 看起来 很 成熟 。 Nǐ nánpéngyou kànqǐlái hěn chéngshú. Your boyfriend seems very mature.

老板 看起来 有点 不 高兴 。 Lǎobǎn kànqǐlái yǒudiǎn bù gāoxìng. The boss seems a little unhappy.

你们 看起来 差不多 高 。 Nǐmen kànqǐlái chàbuduō gāo. You two seem to be the same height.

Used for Analogy

Structure

Subj. + 看起来 + 像 ⋯⋯

Examples

你 妈妈 真 年轻 ！看起来 像 你 姐姐 。 Nǐ māma zhēn niánqīng! Kànqǐlái xiàng nǐ jiějie. Your mother is so young! She looks like your older sister.

我 看起来 像 不 像 大 老板 ？ Wǒ kànqǐlái xiàng bu xiàng dà lǎobǎn. Do I look like a big boss?

你们 俩 看起来 像 情侣 。 Nǐmen liǎ kànqǐlái xiàng qínglǚ. You two look like a couple.

他们 看起来 不 像 有钱 人 。 Tāmen kànqǐlái bù xiàng yǒuqián rén. They don't seem like rich people.

那 个 喝醉 的 男人 看起来 像 你 老公 。 Nà gè hēzuì de nánrén kànqǐlái xiàng nǐ lǎogōng. That drunk guy looks like your husband.

See also

Result complement "-qilai"

"It seems" with "haoxiang"

Expressing "as if" with "sihu"

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 241-2) →buy

Websites

Using 看 (kàn) and 看起来 (kàn qilai)

Videos

Yoyo Chinese: "You look Pretty"

Causative verbs

Causative verbs are used to cause or influence people to do things. In English, these are verbs like "make," "let," "have," and "get," as in "get Billy to eat dinner." The "get" is the causative verb.

The most common causative verbs in Chinese are:

让 (ràng)

叫 (jiào)

请 (qǐng)

使 (shǐ)

Contents

1 Structure

2 "Make" vs. "Let"

3 Examples

4 See also

5 Sources and further reading

5.1 Videos

5.2 Books

Structure

Make sure to take note of the different meanings and levels of formality. For example, 使 (shǐ) and 让 (ràng), when used as causative verbs, basically mean the same thing (to make), but 使 (shǐ) is used in more formal or written Chinese, while 让 (ràng) is used more in spoken Chinese.

Subj. + [Causative Verb] + Person + Predicate

The predicate part of the pattern can be a verb or an adjective.

"Make" vs. "Let"

It's worth noting that 让 is the most common causative verb in spoken Mandarin and is often translated into English as either "make" or "let." It may seem strange to speakers of English that these two very different words are the same word in Chinese. "Make" is kind of like forcing, and "let" is kind of like allowing, right? But in Chinese, the understood concept generally makes clear how willing the object of the causative verb is. It's just something that takes time to get used to.

Examples

你 为什么 不 让 我 去 ？ Nǐ wèishénme bù ràng wǒ qù? Why wouldn't you let me go there?

这 部 电影 让 人 很 感动 。 Zhè bù diànyǐng ràng rén hěn gǎndòng. This movie really moves people.

那个 老人 让 我 想到 了 我 爷爷 。 Nàge lǎorén ràng wǒ xiǎng dào le wǒ yéye. That old man makes me think about my grandpa.

他 不 听话 ，你 叫 我 怎么办 ？ Tā bù tīnghuà, nǐ jiào wǒ zěnmebàn? He wouldn't listen to me. What are you expecting me to do?

他 偷偷 约 别的 女孩 ，你 叫 我 怎么 想 ？ Tā tōutōu yuē bié de nǚhái, nǐ jiào wǒ zěnme xiǎng? He secretly asked other girls out. What are you expecting me to think?

你 儿子 在 学校 的 表现 叫 老师 很 头疼 。 Nǐ érzi zài xuéxiào de biǎoxiàn jiào lǎoshī hěn tóuténg. Your son's behaviors at school give the teacher a lot of headache.

我 想 请 你 帮 我 一 个 忙 。 Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nǐ bāng wǒ yī gè máng. I want to ask you to do me a favor.

能 不 能 请 你 明天 照顾 一下 我 的 狗 ？ Néng bu néng qǐng nǐ míngtiān zhàogu yīxià wǒ de gǒu? Can I ask you to look after my dog tomorrow?

他 的 演讲 使 听众 们 非常 激动 。 Tā de yǎnjiǎng shǐ tīngzhòng men fēicháng jīdòng. His speech made the audience very excited.

经济 危机 使 很多 公司 倒闭 了 ，也 使 很多 人 失去 了 工作 。 Jīngjì wēijī shǐ hěn duō gōngsī dǎobì le, yě shǐ hěn duō rén shīqù le gōngzuò. The financial crisis caused lot of company out of business, and many people lost their job because of this.

See also

Passive voice

Sources and further reading

Videos

Yoyo Chinese: The word "rang"

Books

Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 170-2) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 120-1) →buy

卓越汉语－公司实战篇 (pp. 19) [ →buy]

Expressing "after" with "jingguo"

When 经过 (jīngguò) is used as a verb, it means "to pass by" or "to pass through." It's like saying "I passed through downtown" or "I passed by the shop." 经过 can be also used as a preposition to mean "to experience something" or "going through a time."

Contents

1 Used as a Verb

1.1 Examples

2 Used as a Preposition

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 Used as Noun

3.1 Examples

4 See also

5 Sources and further reading

5.1 Books

Used as a Verb

Examples

我 每天 上班 都 经过 这里 。 Wǒ měi tiān shàngbān dōu jīngguò zhèlǐ. I pass by this place every day on the way to work.

我 坐 火车 回 老家 常常 经过 这个 城市 。 Wǒ zuò huǒchē huí lǎojiā chángcháng jīngguò zhège chéngshì. I usually pass by this city when I take the train back to my hometown.

你 经过 我 家 门口 的 时候 叫 我 一下 。 Nǐ jīngguò wǒ jiā ménkǒu de shíhou jiào wǒ yīxià. Call me when you pass by my door.

她 经过 这个 咖啡店 的 时候 就 会 想到 他 。 Tā jīngguò zhège kāfēidiàn de shíhou jiù huì xiǎngdào tā. She thinks about him when she walks past this cafe.

Used as a Preposition

Structure

As a preposition, 经过 is used to emphasize the process of that experience. If it is talking about "going through a time," it is usually talking about the past.

经过 + Event / Time ，⋯⋯

Examples

经过 自己 的 努力 ，她 考上 了 北京 大学 。 Jīngguò zìjǐ de nǔlì, tā kǎoshàng le Běijīng dàxué. After all of her hard work, she was admitted into Peking University.

经过 两 个 月 的 准备 ，他 顺利 地 通过 了 这 次 面试 。 Jīngguò liǎng gè yuè de zhǔnbèi, tā shùnlì de tōngguò le zhè cì miànshì. After two months of preparation, he successfully passed the job interview.

经过 这 几 年 的 发展 ，这个 城市 发生 了 很 大 变化 。 Jīngguò zhè jǐ nián de fāzhǎn , zhège chéngshì fāshēng le hěn dà biànhuà. After the last few years of development, this city has changed a lot.

经过 一 个 星期 的 调查 ，警察 认为 他 没有 罪 。 Jīngguò yī gè xīngqī de diàochá, jǐngchá rènwéi tā méiyǒu zuì. After one week of investigation, the police believes that he's innocent.

Used as Noun

As a noun, 经过 refers to the process of something.

Examples

谁 都 不 知道 事情 的 经过 。 Shéi dōu bù zhīdào shìqing de jīngguò. No one knows the actual course of this incident.

请 你 说说 他们 车祸 的 经过 。 Qǐng nǐ shuōshuo chēhuò de jīngguò. Please tell us the whole story about this car accident.

See also

Expressing "through" with "tongguo"

Sources and further reading

Books

Expressing "don't need to" with "buyong"

In Chinese, 要 (yào) has many meanings, one of which is "need to." However, when you want to express "don't need to", you actually use 不用 (bùyòng), not 不要 (bùyào).

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 Colloquial Saying

4 See also

5 Sources and further reading

5.1 Books

Structure

Subj. + 不用 + [Verb Phrase]

Examples

不用 谢 。 Bùyòng xiè. You don't need to thank me.

不用 担心 。 Bùyòng dānxīn. You don't need to worry.

孩子 不用 买 票 。 Háizi bùyòng mǎi piào. Kids don't need to buy tickets.

你 不用 过去 ，她 会 过来 的 。 Nǐ bùyòng guòqù, tā huì guòlái de. You don't need to go over there. She will come here.

今天 不用 加班 。 Jīntiān bùyòng jiābān. We don't need to work overtime today.

这 件 事 不用 跟 他 说 。 Zhè jiàn shì bùyòng gēn tā shuō. You don't need to tell him about this.

告诉 他 明天 不用 来 了 。 Gàosu tā míngtiān bùyòng lái le. Tell him that he doesn't need to come tomorrow.

买 吧 ，不用 考虑 价钱 。 Mǎi ba, bùyòng kǎolǜ jiàqian. Buy it. You don't need to worry about its price.

今天 人 少，不用 排队 。 Jīntiān rén shǎo, bùyòng páiduì. There aren't many people today. We don't need to wait in line.

你们 不用 都 来 ，我们 不 需要 这么 多 人 。 Nǐmen bùyòng dōu lái, wǒmen bù xūyào zhème duō rén. Not all of you need to come. We don't need that many people.

Colloquial Saying

In spoken Chinese, the rhetorical question, "这还用说(吗)?", indicates the speaker believes that the statement is obvious. It is equivalent to the speaker saying, "is that seriously a question?" or "do you really need to ask?" Often, "这还用说(吗)?" is said in an impatient tone of voice.

See also

Negative commands with "bie"

Auxiliary verb "yao" and its multiple meanings

Negative commands with "bu yao"

Sources and further reading

Books

Expressing "it depends" with "kan"

Although there are a number of ways to express "it depends" in Chinese, the most common ones in informal spoken Chinese involve the verb 看 (kàn). Some common expressions include 要看 (yào kàn) and 得看 (děi kàn). Both mean "(it) depends (on)." Literally, they would translate as "have to look at," so the logic is not hard to understand. If you're looking for more formal language, consider 取决于 (qǔjué yú), "to be dependent on."

Contents

1 Basic Pattern

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Advanced Pattern

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Basic Pattern

If you're answering a question with "it depends on..." then this is the pattern you want.

Structure

这 / 那 + 要看 / 得看 + [Unclear Situation]

Examples

Keep in mind that the "answers" below are meant to be an answer to some imaginary question that we don't include.

这 得 看 你 的 时间 。 Zhè děi kàn nǐ de shíjiān. This depends on when you are available.

这 得 看 天气 怎么样 。 Zhè děi kàn tiānqì zěnmeyàng. It depends on how the weather is.

那 得 看 考试 结果 。 Nà děi kàn kǎoshì jiéguǒ. That depends on whether the result of the test.

那 要 看 他 愿 不 愿意 。 Nà yào kàn tā yuàn bu yuànyì. That depends on whether he feels like it or not.

那 要 看 老板 怎么 想 。 Nà yào kàn lǎobǎn zěnme xiǎng. It depends on what the boss thinks.

Advanced Pattern

Structure

If you're going to write a full sentence explaining what "it" depends on, then you're going to need to lead off with some kind of explanation of the "unknown outcome" of what "it depends" on. So you'll start with the "unknown outcome" in the first part of the sentence (before 要看 / 得看) and then end up with what "it depends on" (after 要看 / 得看).

[Unknown Outcome] + 要看 / 得看 + [Unclear Situation]

The "unknown outcome" normally includes some kind of question word, meaning something like "whether or not x happens" or "what x does," etc.

Examples

去不去 得 看 我 的 心情 。 Qù bu qù de kàn wǒ de xīnqíng. Whether or not I go depends on my mood.

什么时候 去 要 看 公司 的 安排 。 Shénme shíhou qù yào kàn gōngsī de ānpái. Departure time depends on the company's arrangement.

学 音乐 还是 学 画画 要 看 孩子 的 兴趣 。 Xué yīnyuè háishì xué huàhuà yào kàn háizi de xìngqù. It depends on your child's interest when it comes to picking between studying music or painting.

能不能 留在 中国 要 看 我 能 不 能 拿到 签证 。 Néng bu néng liú zài Zhōngguó yào kàn wǒ néng bu néng nádào qiānzhèng. Whether or not I can stay in China depends on whether or not I can get a visa.

谁 当 总统 得 看 大选 的 结果 。 Shéi dāng zǒngtǒng děi kàn dàxuǎn de jiéguǒ. Who the next president will be depends on the result of the election.

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Common Chinese Patterns 330 (汉语常用格式330例) (pp. 168) →buy

Expressing "it seems" with "haoxiang"

To express "seems," the word 好像 (hǎoxiàng) can be used.

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Structure

Subj. + 好像 ⋯⋯

Examples

他 好像 是 英国 人 。 Tā hǎoxiàng shì Yīngguó rén. He seems to be British.

你 好像 不 是 本地 人 。 Nǐ hǎoxiàng bù shì běndì rén. You don't seem to be a local.

她 好像 生病 了 。 Tā hǎoxiàng shēngbìng le. It seems like she's sick.

你 好像 很 不 喜欢 她 。 Nǐ hǎoxiàng hěn bù xǐhuan tā. It seems that you dislike her a lot.

王 先生 好像 很怕 他 老婆 。 Wáng xiānsheng hǎoxiàng hěn pà tā lǎopo. Mr. Wang seems to fear his wife a lot.

他 一 个 人 坐 在 那儿 ，好像 在 想 事情 。 Tā yī gè rén zuò zài nàr, hǎoxiàng zài xiǎng shìqing. He's sitting there all by himself. It seems like he's thinking about something.

Note that if this structure is used without a subject, it has the meaning of "it seems like..." in English. This could then be followed by an entire statement.

好像 不 行 。 Hǎoxiàng bù xíng. It seems like it didn't work.

好像 要 下雨 了 。 Hǎoxiàng yào xiàyǔ le. It seems like it's going to rain.

好像 有 人 敲门 。 Hǎoxiàng yǒu rén qiāo mén. It seems like someone is knocking at the door.

好像 有 人 来 过 。 Hǎoxiàng yǒu rén lái guo. It seems like someone was here.

See also

Appearance with "kanqilai"

Expressing "as if" with "sihu"

Sources and further reading

Books

Practicing HSK Grammar (语法精讲精炼) (pp. 41) →buy

Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 101) →buy

Boya Chinese Elementary Starter 1 (博雅汉语初经起步篇) (pp. 157) →buy

Expressing "mistakenly think that" with "yiwei"

We often have mistaken beliefs about various topics. With this article, we learn how to express them in Chinese!

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Structure

In English, the verb "to think" can imply that the belief is incorrect, e.g. in "I thought it was legal here." Chinese has a specific verb for this kind of mistaken belief: 以为 (yǐwéi). Literally these two characters mean "take to be," i.e. someone takes one thing to be something else.

Subj. + 以为 ⋯⋯

The phrase will be a whole new statement that is actually incorrect.

Examples

我 以为 他 是 英国 人 。 Wǒ yǐwéi tā shì Yīngguó rén. I thought he was British.

我们 以为 你 不 在 家 。 Wǒmen yǐwéi nǐ bù zài jiā . We thought you weren't at home.

同事 们 都 以为 我 二十 岁 。 Tóngshì men dōu yǐwéi wǒ èrshí suì. My colleagues all thought I was twenty.

我们 都 以为 你 生气 了 。 Wǒmen dōu yǐwéi nǐ shēngqì le. We all thought you were angry.

老师 以为 学生 都 听懂 了 。 Lǎoshī yǐwéi xuéshēng dōu tīngdǒng le. The teacher thought all the students understood.

大家 都 以为 他 是 大 老板 。 Dàjiā dōu yǐwéi tā shì dà lǎobǎn. Everybody thought he was the big boss.

她 是 你 外婆 ？我 以为 是 你 妈妈 。 Tā shì nǐ wàipó? Wǒ yǐwéi shì nǐ māma. She's your grandma? I thought she was your mother.

你 去 吃 四川 火锅 了 ？我 以为 你 不 爱 吃 辣 。 Nǐ qù chī Sìchuān huǒguō le? Wǒ yǐwéi nǐ bù ài chī là. You went to eat Sichuan hotpot? I thought you don't like eating spicy food.

你们 分手 了 ？我 以为 你们 还 在一起 。 Nǐmen fēnshǒu le?

Wǒ yǐwéi nǐmen hái zài yīqǐ. You guys broke up? I thought you were still together.

我 看到 那 张 照片 ，以为 你 有 男朋友 了 。 Wǒ kàndào nà zhāng zhàopiàn, yǐwéi nǐ yǒu nánpéngyou le. I saw that picture and I thought you had a boyfriend.

See also

Result complement "-cuo"

Sources and further reading

Books

Short-term Spoken Chinese: Elementary (汉语口语速成基础篇) (pp. 106) [ →buy]

Contemporary Chinese 4 (当代中文4) (pp. 31) →buy

Expressing "through" with "tongguo"

The first meaning of 通过 (tōngguò) used as a verb is "to go through" a certain object, as in penetrating into and coming out of something. The second meaning is "to pass," which means someone goes through effort in order to reach acknowledgement or agreement.

Contents

1 Used as a Verb

1.1 Examples

2 Used as a Preposition

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Used as a Verb

Examples

从 我 家 到 那儿 要 通过 两 座 桥 。 Cóng wǒ jiā dào nàr yào tōngguò liǎng zuò qiáo. To get here from my house, you have to cross two bridges.

通过 那个 红色 的 大门 ，左拐 就 到 了 。 Tōngguò nàge hóngsè de dà mén, zuǒ guǎi jiù dào le. Go through that red door, turn left and you are there.

我 通过 了 这个 考试 。 Wǒ tōngguò le zhège kǎoshì. I passed this test.

他 没 通过 昨天 的 面试 。 Tā méi tōngguò zuótiān de miànshì. He didn't pass yesterday's job interview.

那个 穿 黑衣服 的 男人 没 通过 机场 的 安检 。 Nàge chuān hēi yīfu de nánrén méi tōngguò jīchǎng de ānjiǎn. That man in black didn't pass the security check at the airport.

Used as a Preposition

As a preposition, 通过 expresses using a certain method to achieve a desired outcome. It emphasizes the manner or method of doing something, and it can be placed before and after the subject.

Structure

通过 + Agent / Method ，Subj. ⋯⋯

Examples

我们 是 通过 他 的 朋友 找到 他 的 。 Wǒmen shì tōngguò tā de péngyou zhǎodào tā de. We found him via his friends.

通过 这个 调查 ，我们 发现 很多 人 都 支持 他 。 Tōngguò zhège diàochá, wǒmen fāxiàn hěn duō rén dōu zhīchí tā. Through this survey, we found that many people support him.

通过 这个 短片 ，我们 更了解 你们 公司 了 。 Tōngguò zhège duǎnpiàn, wǒmen gèng liǎojiě nǐmen gōngsī le. We've got a better understanding of your company through this short film.

通过 他 的 介绍 ，我 认识 了 我 现在 的 老板 。 Tōngguò tā de jièshào, wǒ rènshi le wǒ xiànzài de lǎobǎn. Through his introduction, I met my current boss.

通过 每 个 月 的 培训，我们 的 员工 更 专业 了 。 Tōngguò měi gè yuè de péixùn, wǒmen de yuángōng gèng zhuānyè le. Our employees are more professional through monthly trainings.

See also

Expressing "after" with "jingguo"

Using "lai" to connect two verb phrases

Sources and further reading

Books

Expressing "to come from" with "laizi"

来自 (láizì) is used to express where something or someone comes from. Its meaning is similar to "to come from" in English.

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 Sources and further reading

3.1 Books

Structure

Subj. + 来自 + Place

Examples

You can see that in some of the sentences below dealing with ideas and other abstract nouns, a translation like "originate from" may be more appropriate.

我 来自 中国 。 Wǒ láizì Zhōngguó. I come from China.

我 的 很 多 书 都 来自 日本 。 Wǒ de hěn duō shū dōu láizì Rìběn. I lot of the books I read come from Japan.

们 公司 的 客户 来自 美国 。 Wǒmen gōngsī de kèhù láizì Měiguó. Our company's clients come from the USA.

我的 这个 想法 来自 生活 。 Wǒ de zhège xiǎngfǎ láizì shēnghuó. This idea of mine originated from daily life.

这 是 来自 政府 的 报告 。 Zhè shì láizì zhèngfǔ de bàogào. This is a report from the government.

有 些 坏 习惯 来自 迷信 。 Yǒu xiē huài xíguàn láizì míxìn. There are some bad habits that originate from superstition.

小明 的 成功 来自 他的 努力 和 认真 。 Xiǎo Míng de chénggōng láizì tā de nǔlì hé rènzhēn. Xiao Ming's success stems from his hard work and earnestness.

听 了 来自 教授 的 建议 ， 我 决定 去 上海 。 Tīng le láizì jiàoshòu de jiànyì, wǒ juédìng qù Shànghǎi. After listening to the professor's suggestion, I decided to go to Shanghai.

我 和 Tom 虽然 来自 不同 的 国家 ， 但是 我们 是 好 朋友 。 Wǒ hé Tom suīrán láizì bùtóng de guójiā, dànshì wǒmen shì hǎo péngyou. Although Tom and I come from different countries, we're good friends.

我 设计 的 这 副 作品 来自 小王 的 启发 。 Wǒ shèjì de zhè fù zuòpǐn láizì Xiǎo Míng de qǐfā. This piece I designed was inspired by Xiao Wang.

Sources and further reading

Books

Anything Goes (无所不谈) (pp. 63, 107, 237) →buy

Making judgments with "suan"

The word 算 (suàn) has a number of uses which can be translated in a number of ways. None of these is particularly hard to understand, but for the sake of clarity, we've brought them all together in one place. The common theme is that 算 indicates some kind of judgment and may be thought of as "counts as" or "is considered to be."

Contents

1 Used with A Noun

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Used with An Adjective

2.1 Affirmative Form

2.1.1 Structure

2.1.2 Examples

2.2 Negative Form

2.2.1 Structure

2.2.2 Examples

3 Colloquial Sayings

4 See also

5 Sources and further reading

5.1 Books

Used with A Noun

Structure

Subj. (+ 不) + 算 + Noun

Examples

这 算 秘密 吗 ？ Zhè suàn mìmì ma? Do you consider this as a secret?

她 算 不 算 你 女朋友 ？ Tā suàn bu suàn nǐ nǚpéngyou? Can she be considered as your girlfriend or not?

美国 的 中国 菜 算 中国 菜 吗 ？ Měiguó de Zhōngguó cài suàn Zhōngguó cài ma? Can American Chinese food be considered as Chinese food?

我们 认识 ，但是 不 算 朋友 。 Wǒmen rènshi, dànshì bù suàn péngyou. We know each other, but we don't consider each other as friends.

Used with An Adjective

Affirmative Form

算 can also be used with an adjective. It has an implication of comparing.

Structure

Subj. + 算 (是) + Adj. + 的

Examples

这 家 店 的 东西 算 便宜 的 。 Zhè jiā diàn de dōngxi suàn piányi de. The things in this shop are pretty cheap.

我 女儿 算 听话 的 。 Wǒ nǚér suàn tīnghuà de. My daughter sorta does what she's told.

在 我们 公司 ，我 算 年轻 的 。 Zài wǒmen gōngsī, wǒ suàn niánqīng de. I'm pretty young in our company.

你 老板 算 大方 的 ，我 老板 更 小气 。 Nǐ lǎobǎn suàn dàfang de, wǒ lǎobǎn gèng xiǎoqì. Your boss is pretty generous. My boss is even more stingy.

Negative Form

Structure

Subj. + 不 + 算 (+ Adv.) + Adj.

Note that you don't need add a 的 here.

Examples

这 次 考试 不 算 难 。 Zhè cì kǎoshì bù suàn nán. This exam isn't that difficult.

三十 岁 结婚 不 算 晚 。 Sānshí suì jiéhūn bù suàn wǎn. Getting married when you're 30 can't be considered late.

他 才 一 米 七 五 ，不 算 高 。 Tā cái yī mǐ qī wǔ, bù suàn gāo. He's only 1.75 meters tall. He can't be considered very tall.

剪 个 头发 五十 块 ，不 算 贵 。 Jiǎn gè tóufa wǔshí kuài, bù suàn guì. Fifty kuai for a haircut. It can't be considered expensive.

Colloquial Sayings

A few common examples:

算 你 狠！ Suàn nǐ hěn! Well aren't you!

你 算 老几 ？ Nǐ suàn lǎojǐ? Who do you think you are?

这 不 算 什么 。 Zhè bù suàn shénme. It's no big deal.

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Using "lai" as a dummy verb

The verb 来 (lái) can be used as a "dummy verb," similar to the way "do" is used in English.

A scenario: Imagine you are with your some friends making dinner. There is a bottle of Chinese pickles that you want to open but can't because the lid is so tight. You start passing it around to see who can open it, and no one is able to, until your body-builder friend comes in and says, "我来!" He is saying, "Let me do it!"

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

4.2 Academic Articles

Structure

The structure for using 来 as a dummy verb is very basic. Usually it is a very short phrase, kind of like "your turn!," "let me give it a shot!," or "you do it!" in English. Usually it is used with 你 or 我 as the subject, and it ends with the 来. Sometimes it can end with a 吧.

(让 +) Subj. + 来

Examples

你 来 ！ Nǐ lái! You do it!

我 来 吧。 Wǒ lái ba. Let me do it.

让 他 自己 来 。 Ràng tā zìjǐ lái. Let him do it himself.

还是 你们 自己 来 吧 。 Háishì nǐmen zìjǐ lái ba. It's better that you do it by yourselves.

你 写 得 好看 ，你 来 吧 。 Nǐ xiě de hǎokàn, nǐ lái ba. You write well. You write it.

A few example dialogues:

A: 谁 能 读 一 下 这 段 话 ？ A: Shéi néng dú yīxià zhè duàn huà? Who can read this passage?

B: 老师 ，我 来 。 B: Lāoshī, wǒ lái. Teacher, let me read it.

A: 你 怎么 做 得 这么 慢 ？ A: Nǐ zěnme zuò de zhème màn? How come you do it so slowly?

B: 你 觉得 我 慢 ？你 来 ！ B: Nǐ juéde wǒ màn? Nǐ lái! You think I'm slow? You do it!

A: 这个 箱子 真 重 ！ A: Zhège xiāngzi zhēn zhòng! This box is so heavy!

B: 我 来 吧 。 B: Wǒ lái ba. Let me help.

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 54) →buy

Academic Articles

现代汉语形式动词研究 Research on Dummy Verb in Modern Chinese

現代漢語中的形式動詞 Dummy Verbs in Contemporary Chinese

Verbs followed by "gei"

Although it's standard practice to put a word or phrase that modifies a verb before the verb, there are, of course, exceptions. 给 (gěi) is one of those exceptions; it sometimes comes before the verb and sometimes after. This article is about when it comes after.

Contents

1 Basic Pattern

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Advanced Pattern

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 Academic Debate

4 See also

5 Sources and further reading

5.1 Books

5.2 Dictionaries

Basic Pattern

Structure

Note that the verbs that fit into this pattern are normally single-syllable verbs.

Subj. + Verb + 给 + Recipient + Obj.

or

Obj. + Subj. + Verb + 给 + Recipient

Examples

昨天 有 人 送 给 我 一 束 花 。 Zuótiān yǒu rén sòng gěi wǒ yī shù huā. Someone gave me a bouquet of flowers.

请 递 给 我 一 盒 纸巾 。 Qǐng dì gěi wǒ yī hé zhǐjīn. Please pass me a box of tissues.

这是 我们 送 给 你的 生日礼物 。 Zhè shì wǒmen sòng gěi nǐ de shēngrì lǐwù. This is your birthday present from us.

这 本 书 是 谁 借 给 你 的 ？ Zhè běn shū shì shéi jiè gěi nǐ de? Who lent you this book?

邮件 我 已经 发 给 你 了 。 Yóujiàn wǒ yǐjīng fā gěi nǐ le. I sent you that email already.

Advanced Pattern

Structure

Additionally, you can add 把 into this structure. This does not change the meaning of the sentence and when used in context can even add emphasis to what's being done and given.

Subj. + 把 + Obj. + Verb + 给 + Recipient

Examples

你 想 把 这个 礼物 送 给 谁 ？ Nǐ xiǎng bǎ zhège lǐwù sòng gěi shéi? Who are you going to give this present to?

请 把 那些 照片 都 发 给 我 。 Qǐng bǎ nàxiē zhàopiàn dōu fā gěi wǒ. Please send all of those pictures to me.

我 已经 把 车 卖 给 了 一 个 朋友 。 Wǒ yǐjīng bǎ chē mài gěi le yī gè péngyou. I've already sold my car to a friend of mine.

请 把 盐 递 给 我 ，谢谢 。 Qǐng bǎ yán dì gěi wǒ, xièxie. Please pass me the salt. Thanks.

可以 把 这 本 书 借 给 我 吗 ？ Kěyǐ bǎ zhè běn shū jiè gěi wǒ ma? Could you please lend me this book?

Note that the verb 嫁 (jià) cannot fit into the 把 pattern above; it's an exception.

她 嫁 给 了 一 个 有钱 的 老头 。 Tā jià gěi le yī gè yǒuqián de lǎotóu. She married a rich old man.

If you really want to make a 把 sentence, though, you can do this:

她 爸爸 把 她 嫁 给 了 一 个 有钱 的 老头 。 Tā bàba bǎ tā jià gěi le yī gè yǒuqián de lǎotóu. Her father married her off to a rich old man.

Academic Debate

Although 给 phrases should normally precede a verb like any other prepositional phrase, they sometimes come after. Why have it both ways? There is some academic debate over whether this 给 is actually a preposition, a type of verb (often called a "co-verb"), or even a type of complement.

This type of discussion is outside the scope of this article, however.

See also

Expressing "for" with "gei"

Verbs preceded by "gei"

Advanced uses of "ba"

Expressing "for" with "wei"

Expressing passive voice with "gei"

Sources and further reading

Books

现代汉语虚词例释 (pp. 196) →buy

Dictionaries

现代汉语词典（第5版） (pp. 464) →buy

The "shi... de" construction for emphasizing details

Also known as: 是⋯⋯的结构 (shì... de jiégòu), 是⋯⋯的 sentence and 是⋯⋯的 pattern. The 是⋯⋯的 (shì... de) construction is used to draw attention to certain information in a sentence. It's often used to ask questions that seek specific information, or to explain a situation by emphasizing a particular detail. While not strictly tied to any "tense," the 是⋯⋯的 construction is frequently used when asking or telling details about the past.

This use of 是⋯⋯的 (shì... de) is usually emphasized in textbooks over other uses, and therefore is sometimes called the "classic" 是⋯⋯的 construction.

Contents

1 When to use it

2 Affirmative Form

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 Negative Form

4 Used in a Question

5 Is 是 always optional ?

6 Position of 的

7 Completed Action

8 See also

9 Sources and Further Reading

9.1 Books

9.2 Websites

When to use it

Even if you understand that 了 is not used to mark "past tense" in Chinese, it's possible that you incorrectly use it that way sometimes. For example, what if you want to ask a question about something that happened in the past? Would you ever say one of the following sentences?

你 昨天 几点 到 了 ？ Nǐ zuótiān jǐ diǎn dào le? What time did you arrive yesterday?

你 跟 谁 去 了 ？ Nǐ gēn shéi qù le? Who did you go with?

他 用 什么 打 你 了 ？ Tā yòng shénme dǎ nǐ le? What did he use to hit you?

In each of these sentences above, 了 is not the right choice, because you're not asking if an event happened or not. You're asking about details of past events. When you are singling out details for emphasis--in a question or a statement--you need to use the 是⋯⋯的 construction.

A 是⋯⋯的 construction can pick out any detail that's related to a past event. Whatever comes immediately after 是 is emphasized. Check out this example:

A: 昨天 我 去 杭州 了。 Zuótiān wǒ qù Hángzhōu le. I went to Hangzhou yesterday.

B: 你 是 怎么 去 的 ？ Nǐ shì zěnme qù de? How did you get there?

A: 我 是 坐 火车 去 的 。 Wǒ shì zuò huǒchē qù de. I went by train.

Now let's revisit those other three sentences and ask the questions correctly with 是⋯⋯的:

你 昨天 是 几点 到 的 ？ Nǐ zuótiān shì jǐ diǎn dào de? What time did you arrive yesterday?

你 是 跟 谁 去 的 ？ Nǐ shì gēn shéi qù de? Who did you go with?

他 是 用 什么 打 你 的 ？ Tā shì yòng shénme dǎ nǐ de? What did he use to hit you?

Affirmative Form

是⋯⋯的 is not generally used for reporting new information but for adding important details that make the information clearer. You could think of 是⋯⋯的 as being equivalent to saying one of the following in English:

"The situation is that" "It's that... " "It was... that... "

Structure

Subj. + 是 + [Information to be Emphasized] + Verb + 的

This structure can be used to emphasize any detail, but most commonly it emphasizes time, manner, or place. Don't worry if this still seems a little confusing; lots of helpful examples are coming up!

Examples

A: 你们 是 什么 时候 到 的 ？Emphasizing "when" Nǐmen shì shénme shíhou dào de? When did you arrive?

B: 我们 是 昨天 到 的 。"Yesterday" is emphasized. Wǒmen shì zuótiān dào de. We arrived yesterday.

A: 你 是 在 哪儿 出生 的 ？"Where" is emphasized. Nǐ shì zài nǎr chūshēng de? Where were you born?

B: 我 是 在 香港 出生 的 。"In Hong Kong" is emphasized. Wǒ shì zài Xiānggǎng chūshēng de. I was born in Hong Kong.

Although this structure is called the 是⋯⋯的 construction, the 是 is nearly always optional. You will often hear this structure with 是 omitted, so be aware. The only time 是 is required in this construction is when it's being negated. Other than that, 是 is commonly omitted.

A: 你 骑 自行车 来 的 吗 ？Emphasizing "by bike" Nǐ qí zìxíngchē lái de ma? Did you come by bike?

B: 我 走 来 的 。Emphasizing "by foot" Wǒ zǒu lái de. I came by foot.

A: 谁 告诉 你 的 ？Emphasizing "who" Shéi gàosu nǐ de? Who told you?

B: 一 个 同事 告诉 我 的 。Emphasizing "a colleague" Yī gè tóngshì gàosu wǒ de. A colleague told me.

You might be wondering, "can I still say the same thing without the 是 and the 的?" The answer is that in most cases, no, not really. While the 是 can sometimes be dropped, these examples sound weird without the 的. It's just a part of learning to ask questions naturally in Mandarin. You don't have to learn a "past tense," but you do have to learn this way of asking for details about the past sooner or later.

Negative Form

是⋯⋯的 sentences can only be negated with 不, as 没 can not be used to negate 是.

Some examples:

他们 不是 在 网上 认识 的 。 Tāmen bù shì zài wǎngshàng rènshi de. They didn't meet online.

他 不是 跟 我们 一起 去 的 。 Tā bù shì gēn wǒmen yīqǐ qù de. He didn't go together with us.

我 不 坐 地铁 来 的 。 Wǒ bù zuò dìtiě lái de. I didn't come by metro.

我 不 在 中国 出生 的 。 Wǒ bù zài Zhōngguó chūshēng de. I wasn't born in China.

Note that negating a 是⋯⋯的 construction creates the implication that the action in the sentence was carried out, and only the detail emphasized by 是⋯⋯的 is being denied. So, in the second sentence, the implication is that 他 didn't go with 我们, but did go out with someone. So negative 是⋯⋯的 constructions would work nicely in the final scenes of detective dramas.

Used in a Question

是⋯⋯的 constructions can be made into questions in the usual three ways to form questions in Chinese:

With a question particle Within affirmative-negative questions With a question word

Some examples:

她 用 邮件 回复 的 吗 ？ Tā yòng yóujiàn huífù de ma? Did she reply by email?

你们 是 不 是 去年 认识 的 ？ Nǐmen shì bu shì qùnián rènshi de? Did you meet each other last year?

这个 东西 多少钱 买 的 ？ Zhège dōngxi duōshǎo qián mǎi de? How much did you buy this thing for?

Is 是 always optional ?

Generally, 是 can be omitted, and the meaning will not change. However, in a small number of cases, omitting 是 will make it unclear which part of the sentence is being emphasized. In these cases, 是 clearly indicates which words are being emphasized. Take a look at this example:

你 上周 和 他 去 北京 的 吗 ？ Nǐ shàng zhōu hé tā qù Běijīng de ma? Did you go to Beijing with him last weekend?

This sentence could emphasize 上周 (time), or 和他 (part of the subject). A simple 是 can make clear which one the speaker is emphasizing.

你 是 上周 和 他 去 北京 的 吗 ？上周 is emphasized Nǐ shì shàng zhōu hé tā qù Běijīng de ma?

你 上周 是 和他 去 北京 的 吗 ？

和他 is emphasized Nǐ shàng zhōu shì hé tā qù Běijīng de ma? Did you go to Beijing with him last weekend?

Position of 的

Until now we've said that the 的 appears at the end of the sentence in a 是⋯⋯的 construction. This is very often the case. However, it can actually appear in one of two places. Take a look at the examples below:

我们 是 用 Skype 开 会 的 。 Wǒmen shì yòng Skype kāi huì de. We had a meeting by Skype.

我们 是 用 Skype 开 的 会 。 Wǒmen shì yòng Skype kāi de huì. We had a meeting by Skype.

As you can see, when the verb is followed by an object, 的 can go before or after the object. Both sentences are grammatically correct, but the first the sentence could be referring to either a specific event in the past or habitual actions.

Take a look at these two sentences which remove the ambiguity by including a bit more information about the timeframe:

那次 我们 是 用 Skype 开 会 的 。 Nà cì wǒmen shì yòng Skype kāi huì de. That time we had the meeting by Skype.

我们 平时 是 用 Skype 开 会 的 。 Wǒmen píngshí shì yòng Skype kāi huì de. We usually have a meetings by Skype.

For the most part, you should be fine regularly putting 的 at the end of your 是……的 sentences. Just be aware that there is some potential for ambiguity in certain situations. If you don't want to move 的 around, then including a bit of extra information about time can keep things clear.

Completed Action

It's important to note that while the 是⋯⋯的 construction also indicates that an action has been completed, this is not the purpose of a 是⋯⋯的 construction. The completed action part is more like a prerequisite for using 是⋯⋯的. This means you shouldn't use 是⋯⋯的 just to indicate that an action is completed. Use the aspect particle 了 for that. Instead, use 是⋯⋯的 to draw attention to certain details of a completed action.

See also

的 (modal particle) Adding emphasis with "jiushi"

The "shi... de" patterns: an overview

The "shi... de" construction for indicating purpose

Sources and Further Reading

Books

A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法) (pp. 577-9) →buy

Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 54-5) →buy

Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 46-7, 173-80) →buy

Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) (pp. 319-22) [ →buy]

Contemporary Chinese 2 (当代中文2) (pp. 46) →buy Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 119-121) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 14-6) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 152-4) →buy

Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar (pp. 587-94) →buy Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 233-5) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2) (pp. 88-9, 153) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) (pp. 204-5) →buy

Short-term Spoken Chinese: Threshold Vol. 2 (汉语口语入门篇下) (pp. 66-8) [ →buy]

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册） (pp. 530) →buy

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (pp. 205) →buy

Websites

University website: de construction The shi... de construction

East Asia Student: The 是 … 的 construction in Mandarin

The "shi... de" construction for indicating purpose

There are many ways to explain why you are doing something or what an object is used for. One of the more natural ways just happens to involve 是⋯⋯的. This is a different usage from the "classic" 是⋯⋯的 pattern.

Contents

1 A Person as Subject

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 A Thing as Subject

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

A Person as Subject

Structure

If the subject is a person, there is often a 来 or 去 after the 是, indicating direction like "coming here" or "going there."

Person + 是 + 来 / 去 + Verb+ 的

Examples

我 是 来 旅游 的 。 Wǒ shì lái lǚyóu de. I came to travel.

我们 都 是 去 出差 的 。 Wǒmen dōu shì qù chūchāi de. We are all going on business trips.

他们 都 是 来 实习 的 。 Tāmen dōu shì lái shíxí de. They all came here to do an internship.

你 真的 是 来 帮 我们 的 吗 ？ Nǐ zhēnde shì lái bāng wǒmen de ma? Are you really here to help us?

我们 不 是 去 玩 的 ，是 去 做 调查 的 。 Wǒmen bù shì qù wán de, shì qù zuò diàochá de. We're not going there to hang out with people. Instead, we're there to do research.

A Thing as Subject

Structure

If the subject is a thing, 用来 is often used. Look at the examples below for some more clarification.

Thing + 是 + 用来 + Verb + 的

or

Thing + 是 + 给 + Person + Verb + 的

Examples

这 种 菜 是 用来 做 汤 的 。 Zhè zhǒng cài shì yònglái zuò tāng de. This kind of vegetable is for making soup.

这个 房间 是 给 客人 住 的 。 Zhège fángjiān shì gěi kèrén zhù de. This room is for our guest to live in.

这些 钱 是 给 孩子 上 大学 的 。 zhèxiē qián shì gěi háizi shàng dàxué de. This money is for our child's college education.

这些 礼物 是 给 客户 准备 的 。 Zhèxiē lǐwù shì gěi kèhù zhǔnbèi de. These presents are prepared for the clients.

钱 是 用来 花 的 ，不 是 用来 省的 。 Qián shì yònglái huā de, bù shì yònglái shěng de. Money is for spending, not for saving.

See also

The "shi... de" patterns: an overview

The "shi... de" construction for emphasizing details

Sources and further reading

Books

The "shi... de" patterns: an overview

An intermediate student of Chinese should be aware of the classic "shi... de" construction. It's important to learn and use. But don't be tempted to think that the "official" 是⋯⋯的 (shì... de) pattern is the only way that 是 and 的 can work together in a sentence! There are multiple ways to use 是 and 的 together, and they can be used for different purposes. This article helps break down the various uses of 是⋯⋯的 and tackle the confusion head-on.

Contents

1 Omitting a Noun with 的

2 Used with Distinguishing Words

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 The Classic Construction

3.1 Structure

3.2 Examples

4 Used for Indicating Purpose or Intent

4.1 Structure

4.2 Examples

5 Used for Talking about What People Do

6 Used for a Tone of Strong Affirmation

7 See also

8 Sources and Further Reading

8.1 Books

Omitting a Noun with 的

This is the most simple way to use 是 with 的: you drop the noun and let 的 represent it. This usage requires context; otherwise the other person won't know what noun you are referring to. Once that is established, however, this usage is really easy: having the 的 take the place of the noun is sort of like the way we say "one" or "it" in English. It's a basic substitution, but it's one that is very common and very helpful in everyday Chinese. Some people consider this just to be a version of "Adjective + 的 + Noun" that has dropped the noun, so the 的 has to take it's place. The structure without the noun might take a little practice, but once you get it, it's so easy you'll be using it all the time.

A: 你 也 是 大学生 ？你 是 什么 专业 的 ？ Nǐ yě shì dàxuéshēng? Nǐ shì shénme zhuānyè de? Are you also a college student? What's your major?

B: 我 是 中文 专业 的 。 Wǒ shì Zhōngwén zhuānyè de. My major is Chinese.

Used with Distinguishing Words

If you're a good student, you learned the classic pattern for simple sentences using adjectives long ago (you know, the 你很漂亮 type), and you know that you're not supposed to use 是 in these sentences. But then you may have later come across some sentence patterns--apparently using adjectives--where you have to use 是 (and also 的). These are sentences that use a special type of word (you might think of it as a special class of adjectives, if that helps) called distinguishing words.

Structure

Subj. + 是 + [Distinguishing Words] + 的

Examples

The bold words are the "distinguishing words," so pay attention to what sorts of things they describe.

这个 苹果 是 坏的。 Zhège píngguǒ shì huài de. This apple is bad.

你 错 了 ，那个 人 是 女的。 Nǐ cuò le, nàge rén shì nǚ de. You are mistaken. That person is a woman.

他 家 的 家具 都 是 中式的。 Tā jiā de jiājù dōu shì Zhōng shì de. The furniture in his house is all in Chinese style.

The Classic Construction

Structure

Subj. + 是 + [Information to be Emphasized] + Verb + 的

This classic pattern is the one for emphasizing certain details about events in the past. It's often used to ask pointed questions about past events, and then to answer those questions. Usually, the situation is already established, and the speakers are trying to get more specific clarification, such as when, where, or how the action took place. When this is the case, the phrase that follows the 是 is the part of the situation that is being emphasized. It is also important to know that you can't use "了" in this sentence. "了" only tells you that the action is completed, not any of the other details that this construction is looking for. Since it is already understood that the action took place, the "了" is unnecessary. A more complete explanation of this particular usage can be found here.

Examples

The examples below share the theme: 我在上海学了两年中文. The bolded words are the aspect of the situation that are being emphasized.

A: 你 是 什么 时候 开始 学 中文 的？ Nǐ shì shénme shíhou kāishǐ xué Zhōngwén de? A: When was it that you started studying Chinese?

B: 我 是 两 年 前 开始 学 中文 的。 Wǒ shì liǎng nián qián kāishǐ xué Zhōngwén de. It was two years ago when I started studying Chinese.

A: 你 是 在 哪里 学 的 中文？ Nǐ shì zài nǎlǐ xué de Zhōngwén? Where is it that you study Chinese?

B: 我 是 在 上海 学 的 中文。 Wǒ shì zài Shànghǎi xué de Zhōngwén. It's in Shanghai that I study Chinese.

In the example above, you might have noticed something funny with the object of the verb. In this construction, if the verb is transitive (it takes an object), then the object can be placed either before or after the 的 without affecting the meaning. Take a look at the example below:

A: 昨天 你 是 怎么 回 的 家 ？ Zuótiān nǐ shì zěnme huí de jiā? How did you come back yesterday?

B: 昨天 我 是 打车 回 家 的 。 Zuótiān wǒ shì dǎchē huíjiā de. I went home by taxi yesterday.

Used for Indicating Purpose or Intent

Structure

When explaining "what you came for" or "what you want to do," it's common to use yet another type of 是⋯⋯的 construction.

Person + 是 + 来 / 去 + Verb+ 的

When expressing a purpose, 是 and 的 are often used together with 用来, especially when the subject is a thing.

Thing + 是 + 用来 + Verb + 的

Examples

我 是 来 实习 的 。 Wǒ shì lái shíxí de. I came here to do an internship.

钱 是 用来 花 的 ，不 是 用来 省 的 。 Qián shì yònglái huā de, bù shì yònglái shěng de. Money is for spending, not for saving.

Used for Talking about What People Do

This pattern can also be used to talk about what kind of work people do:

A: 我 是 教 汉语 的 。你 是 做 什么 的 ？ Wǒ shì jiāo Hànyǔ de. Nǐ shì zuò shénme de? A: I teach Chinese. What kind of work do you do?

B: 我 是 送 外卖 的 。 Wǒ shì sòng wàimài de. B: I'm a take-out delivery guy.

Used for a Tone of Strong Affirmation

Sometimes you can use 的 to really add a kick to your responses, making them stronger. You might even hear Chinese people reply with just 是的 which means "That's right." This usage is similar to the way that English speakers might stress the word "is" in sentences like "It is my food." When used to express affirmation, 会, 能, and 可以 are often used as well. Again, the 是 is optional.

这个 东西 是 可以 吃 的 。 Zhège dōngxi shì kěyǐ chī de. This thing is edible.

我 会 去 的 。 Wǒ huì qù de. I will go.

我们 能 做到 的 。 Wǒmen néng zuòdào de. We can do it.

See also

Modifying nouns with phrase + de Expressing possession

The "shi... de" construction for emphasizing details

The "shi... de" construction for indicating purpose

Sources and Further Reading

Books

Structures of Mandarin Chinese for speakers of English 中文语法快易通：句型结构 (pp. 125) [ →buy]

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 233-5) →buy

Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 54) →buy

A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法) (pp. 222-5) →buy

Topic-comment sentences

In a topic-comment sentence, the usual word order is rearranged a bit, in order to emphasize a certain part of a sentence. The part that is to be emphasized becomes the topic and moves to the beginning of the sentence, with the comment on the topic coming after the topic has been stated.

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Structure

Topic ，Comment

Examples

Just make sure to put a comma after the topic if you are writing the sentence down!

水果 ，我 最爱 吃 草莓 。 Shuǐguǒ, wǒ zuì ài chī cǎoméi. Fruit, I like strawberries best.

不 好意思 ，咖啡 ，我 都 喝完 了 。 Bù hǎoyìsi, kāfēi, wǒ dōu hē wán le. I'm sorry. I finished all the coffee.

你好 ，票 ，还有 吗 ？ Nǐhǎo, piào, háiyǒu ma? Hello. Are there any tickets left?

这个 问题 ，你 一个人 没办法 解决 。 Zhège wèntí, nǐ yīgèrén méi bànfǎ jiějué. There is no way that you can solve this problem all by yourself.

那 部 电影 ，看 过 的 人 都 喜欢 。 Nà bù diànyǐng, kàn guo de rén dōu xǐhuan. People that have watched the movie like it.

这个 新 项目 ，公司 打算 让 我 来 负责 。 Zhège xīn xiàngmù, gōngsī dǎsuàn ràng wǒ lái fùzé. The company plans to let me take charge of this new project.

你 借 我 的 钱 ，还没 还 吧 ？ Nǐ jiè wǒ de qián, hái méi hái ba? You haven't returned the money you borrowed from me, right?

他 的 事 ，我 不 想 管 那么 多 。 Tā de shì, wǒ bù xiǎng guǎn nàme duō. I don't want to be so involved in his business.

明天 下午 要 开会 ，你 记得 吧 ？ Míngtiān xiàwǔ yào kāi huì, nǐ jìde ba? You have a meeting tomorrow afternoon. You remember, don't you?

我 的 笔 ，弟弟 弄坏 了 。 Wǒ de bǐ, dìdi nòng huài le. My younger brother broke my pen.

See also

Marking a topic with "de hua"

Marking a topic with "ma"

Sources and further reading

Books

Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 149-50) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 260) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 83-4) →buy

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 353-4) →buy

Using "ba" sentences

Also known as: 把字句 ("bǎ"zìjù), 把 construction, preposition 把, disposal construction and pre-transitive 把.

The 把 (bǎ) sentence is a useful structure for focusing on the result or influence of an action. It's really common in Mandarin but can feel a bit strange for English speakers at first.

Contents

1 What is a 把 sentence?

2 Notes about 把

3 把 Sentences with Two Objects

4 把 Sentences with Complements

5 Forming 把 Sentences

5.1 Negating 把 Sentences

5.2 Question Forms of 把 Sentences

5.3 Adverbs in 把 Sentences

5.4 把 Sentences with Aspect Particles

5.5 把 Sentences and Quantity Phrase

6 Verbs for 把 Sentences

7 Other Use of 把

8 See also

9 Sources and further reading

9.1 Books

9.2 Websites

What is a 把 sentence?

A basic sentence in Mandarin is formed with a subject-verb-object (SVO) word order, as in English:

Subj. + [Verb Phrase] + Obj.

A 把 sentence shakes things up a bit, and you get this structure:

Subj. + 把 + Obj. + [Verb Phrase]

Note that the object has moved, and is preceded by 把. You now have SOV word order.

This is all well and good, but most students of Chinese, on learning about 把 sentences for the first time, have the same reaction: "Why the hell would I ever use this structure? The SVO word order always works just fine, right?" The answer is: well, no... not always. It's true that 把 sentences are often used to achieve somewhat subtle differences in emphasis, but there are also very good reasons to use 把 sentences when a regular sentence just won't do. Take this sentence for example:

把 书 放 在 桌子 上 。"Put the book on the table." Bǎ shū fàng zài zhuōzi shàng.

How would you say this without the 把 construction? You might try this:

放 书 在 桌子 上 。 Fàng shū zài zhuōzi shàng.

The only problem is that the above sentence is not grammatical. You can't put an object right after a verb, and then put other modifiers of the verb after the object. Here are other examples of how to successfully use 把 and 放 in the same sentence.

她 把 我 的 手机 放 在 她 的 包 里 了 。 Tā bǎ wǒ de shǒujī fàng zài tā de bāo lǐ le. She put my phone in her bag.

他 把 脏 衣服 放 在 床 下面 了 。 Tā bǎ zāng yīfu fàng zài chuáng xiàmiàn le. He put his dirty laundry under his bed.

你 是 不 是 把 护照 放 在 行李箱 里 了 ？ Nǐ shì bu shì bǎ hùzhào fàng zài xínglixiāng lǐ le? Did you put your passport in your suitcase?

Notes about 把

The object is known. (It's already been mentioned or discussed previously.) 把字句 is often used to describe what happened to the object in some detail (it's not just a "bare" verb; there's "more stuff" after the verb).

It's not necessarily used in past tense. You also use 把字句 for making a request or asking for a favor.

把 Sentences with Two Objects

The usual structure for 把 sentences, as described above, puts the object right after 把 for certain verbs, however, you can have two objects in a 把 sentence. Their use in a 把 sentence will also involve prepositions.

They use the following structure:

Subj. + 把 + Obj. 1 + Verb + 给 + Obj. 2

Common verbs that take two objects include: 送 (sòng), 拿 (ná), 递 (dì), 卖 (mài), 借 (jiè), 还 (huán), 介绍 (jièshào).

Some examples:

Subject 把 Object 1 Verb Preposition Object 2 我们 把 礼物 送 给 客人 了 。把 盐 递 给 我 。他 把 房子 卖 给 谁 了 ？我 把 他 介绍 给 我 老板 了 。

把 Sentences with Complements

Because 把 sentences are all about disposal, and complements in Mandarin often handle this issue, it's good to be aware of how these two grammar features interact.

Result complements work particularly well in 把 sentences. When you consider that both structures deal with the result or outcome of an action, this makes sense. The majority of result complements (except for perception verbs) fit in very well in a 把 construction. For example:

我 把 作业 做 完 了 。 Wǒ bǎ zuòyè zuò wán le. I finished doing my homework.

老师 把 我 的 名字 读 错 了 。 Lǎoshī bǎ wǒ de míngzì dú cuò le. The teacher read my name wrong.

Direction complements also work well in 把 constructions, for similar reasons. For example:

请 把 客人 带 进去 。 Qǐng bǎ kèrén dài jìnqù. Please take the guests inside.

把 我 的 眼镜 拿 过来 。 Bǎ wǒ de yǎnjìng ná guòlái. Please bring my glasses over here.

Note that potential complements do not appear in 把 sentences. This is because they are hypothetical, whereas a 把 sentence must describe what actually happens.

Forming 把 Sentences

Negating 把 Sentences

To negate a 把 sentence, insert 不要 or 别 (present or future) or 没有 (past) directly in front of 把. You can't put it after 把, 'inside' the 把 construction, as this would break the rule about describing what happened to the object. It would be like saying "What happened to ... was nothing." It doesn't sound natural.

A few examples:

Subject Negative 把 Object Verb Phrase 阿姨 没有 把 房间 打扫 干净 。我 没 把 钱 借给 他 。你们 不要 把 这 件 事 告诉 她 。

Question Forms of 把 Sentences

You can make 把 sentences into questions in the usual three ways to form questions in Mandarin:

With a question particle With a question word With positive-negative verbs

Some examples:

你们 把 那个 问题 解决 了 吗 ？ Nǐmen bǎ nàge wèntí jiějué le ma? Did you solve that problem?

你 把 我 手机 放 在哪儿 了 ？ Nǐ bǎ wǒ shǒujī fàng zài nǎr le? Where did you put my cell phone?

他 把 钱 借 给 谁 了 ？ Tā bǎ qián jiè gěi shéi le? Who did he lend the money to?

你 能不能 把 你 房间 打扫 干净 ？ Nǐ néng bu néng bǎ nǐ fángjiān dǎsǎo gānjìng? Can you clean your room or not?

Be careful how you form questions with 把 sentences though. Remember that you have to have a definite object, and you have to describe the disposal of that object. A question form could easily get in the way of one of these conditions.

Adverbs in 把 Sentences

Adverbs can usually be placed before 把 or before the verb (the exception is negative adverbs, as described above). Adverbs in each of these positions can change the meaning in slightly different ways, as demonstrated with 都 in the examples below. In the first sentence, 我们都把作业做完了, 都 modifies 我们 to make "We all finished the homework." In the second sentence, 都 modifies 咖啡 to make "He finished all the coffee".

Some examples:

Subj. Adv. 把 Object Adv. Verb Phrase 我们 都 把 作业 做 完 了 。他 把 咖啡 都 喝 完 了 。他 已经 把 钱 还给 我 了 。我 可能 把 手机 忘 在 朋友 家 了 。

(Note the subtle difference in meaning between the first two sentences.)

把 Sentences with Aspect Particles

The particles 了 and 着 can both be used with 把 constructions, while 过 cannot. This is because the object of a 把 construction must be obvious, or 'present' in some way in the context. 过 indicates some kind of action in the past, which suggests that the object is no longer present in the context, so it's not suitable for a 把 construction.

了 and 着, though, can be used to indicate that the disposal of the object is complete or ongoing, respectively.

Some examples:

Subject 把 Object Verb Aspect particle 把 你 的 电脑 带 着 。把 门 开 着 。我 把 这件事 忘 了 。她 把 垃圾 扔 了 。

把 Sentences and Quantity Phrase

As mentioned above, the object of a 把 sentence must be something specific and definite. This might involve noun measure words, which will come after the 把 and before the object.

Some examples:

Subject 把 Quantity Phrase Noun Verb Phrase 我 把 那 两 件 脏 衣服 洗 干净 了 。他 把 最后 三 块 蛋糕 吃 完 了 。你 把 这 几 句 话 读 一下 。

Verb measure words are frequently used in 把 sentences and come at the end of a 把 sentence.

Some examples:

Subject 把 Object Verb Quantity Phrase 把 课文 读 一 遍 。她 把 这个 字 写 了 十 遍 。他 把 手机 摔坏 过 两 三 次 。

Note that in all of these sentences, the object is something specific and definite.

Verbs for 把 Sentences

Some verbs generally can't indicate what happened to the object. They only describe what the subject did. Here are some examples of verbs that do not generally work in 把 sentences:

Psychological verbs 爱 (ài) to love 喜欢 (xǐhuan) to like 想 (xiǎng) to miss 了解 (liǎojiě) to know 害怕 (hàipà) to fear 恨 (hèn ) to hate Perception verbs 看 (kàn) 听 (tīng) 闻 (wén) 像 (xiàng)

Other Use of 把

It's important to note that 把 has other uses. The most common is as a measure word for things with handles, or things that you hold. Examples include 一把伞, 一把枪, and 一把椅子. So, you've got to look at how 把 is being used in a sentence before you can understand its meaning.

To demonstrate the difference, here's a sentence with both kinds of 把 in:

请 你 把 那 把 伞 拿 给 我 。 Qǐng nǐ bǎ nà bǎ sǎn ná gěi wǒ. Please give me that umbrella.

See also

Result complement Direction complement Bei sentence Aspect particles

Sources and further reading

Books

A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法) (pp. 461-70) →buy

Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 53-4) →buy

Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 159-64) →buy

Chinese Grammar Without Tears (简明汉语语法学习手册) (pp. 167-81) [ →buy]

Common Chinese Patterns 330 (汉语常用格式330例) (pp. 3-5) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 142-4) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 225-7, 321-3) →buy

Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar (pp. 463-92) →buy

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 354-5) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2) (pp. 41-2, 88) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 15, 51, 101-2) →buy

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册） (pp. 369-70, 384, 398-9) →buy

Websites

Mandarin Essential Grammar (Yale): 把 Construction

CTCFL (Oxford): The 把 Construction

ChinesePod: Qing Wen - The Magic Word 把 (free podcast content)

ChinesePod: Qing Wen - 把 Humbug (free podcast content)

FluentU: The Definite Guide to the Chinese Ba Construction

Mandarin Online: 把字句 Just Learn Chinese (blog): Lesson 10 How to understand and use Chinese sentence pattern “…把…”?

Using "bei" sentences

Bei Sentences, which are called 被字句 (bèizìjù) in Chinese, are a key way to express the passive voice in modern Mandarin Chinese. In passive sentences, the object of an action becomes the subject of the sentence, and what would have been the subject of the normal (active voice) sentence, the "doer" of the action, becomes secondary and may or may not be included in the passive sentence.

Contents

1 What is a 被 sentence?

2 Why use them?

3 How to use them

3.1 Structure

3.2 Examples

3.3 Right or Wrong

4 Forming 把 Sentences

4.1 Negating 被 Sentences

4.2 Question Forms of 被 Sentences

4.3 被 Sentences with Aspect Particles

4.4 被 Sentences with Complements

4.5 Adverbs in 被 Sentences

5 See also

6 Sources and further reading

6.1 Books

6.2 Websites

What is a 被 sentence?

被 (bèi) sentences (被字句 in Chinese) are simply sentences which use a passive verb and the preposition 被. 被 sentences are not the only way to create the passive verb form in Chinese, but they are the most common and definitely the type to tackle first.

For the sake of clarity, take these sentences for example:

男孩 吃 了 热狗 。normal sentence in the active voice; note that "the hot dog" is the object of the verb "ate" The boy ate the hot dog. 热狗 被 男孩 吃 了 。"the hot dog" is now the subject, and "the boy" is the "doer" Règǒu bèi nánhái chī le. The hot dog was eaten by the boy. 热狗 被 吃 了 。passive voice with the "doer" omitted Règǒu bèi chī le. The hot dog was eaten. Why use them?

Passive sentences are used for several main reasons:

To indicate that one has been negatively affected. For example:

他 被 打 了 。 Tā bèi dǎ le. He got beaten up. To shift emphasis from the "doer" of the action to the one affected by that action. For example: 你 被 公司 炒鱿鱼 了 ？ Nǐ bèi gōngsī chǎo yóuyú le? You got fired by the company? To avoid having to mention the "doer" of the action, either because it is unknown, or for other reasons. For example: 我 家 被 偷 了 。 Wǒ jiā bèi tōu le. My house got stolen.

How to use them

Normal use of 被 has a few preconditions:

The verb to be used with 被 needs to have an object (this will become the new subject of the 被 sentence). Verbs that take objects are called transitive verbs.

If you're going to state who the verb was done by (the "doer"), then the subject doing the original action must be known.

The verb can't be too simple (for example, a one-character verb like 吃). Put simply, something needs to come after the verb. That "something" can be a particle, a complement, or sometimes even an additional object.

We're using the most basic 被 sentence pattern for example, so that it will be easier for you to understand well:

Structure

Subj. + 被 (+ Doer) + Verb + 了

Examples

被 sentence with a doer:

我 被 他 骗 了 。 Wǒ bèi tā piàn le. I got deceived by him.

他 被 警察 抓 了 。 Tā bèi jǐngchá zhuā le. He got arrested by the police.

他 被 父母 骂 了 。 Tā bèi fùmǔ mà le. He was scolded by his parents.

被 sentence without doer:

我 的 车 被 撞 了 。 Wǒ de chē bèi zhuàng le. My car got hit.

他们 做 的 坏事 被 发现 了 。 Tāmen zuò de huàishì bèi fāxiàn le. The bad things they've done were discovered.

文件 被 删 了 。 Wénjiàn bèi shān le. The files are deleted.

Right or Wrong

咖啡 被 我 喝 。 Kāfēi bèi wǒ hē. The coffee was drank by me.

咖啡 被 我 喝 了 。 Kāfēi bèi wǒ hē le. The coffee was drank by me.

咖啡 被 我 喝 完 了 。 Kāfēi bèi wǒ hē wán le. The coffee was finished by me.

他 被 打 。 Tā bèi dǎ. He got beaten up.

他 被 打 了 。 Tā bèi dǎ le. He got beaten up.

他 被 打 伤 了 。 Tā bèi dǎ shāng le. He got beaten up and he was wounded.

Forming 把 Sentences

Negating 被 Sentences

There's just one other complication. What if you want to make a sentence in the negative? To negate a 被 sentence, you need to insert 没 or 没有 (past) directly in front of 被. For the present and future, use 不.

Some examples: Doer Negative 被 Subject Verb Phrase 他 没有 被 打伤 。他 没 被 炒鱿鱼 。她 的 想法 不 被 父母 理解 。

Question Forms of 被 Sentences

You can make 被 sentences into questions in the usual three ways to form questions in Mandarin:

With a question particle With a question word With positive-negative verbs Some examples:

那些 书 被 借 走 了 吗 ？ Nàxiē shū bèi jiè zǒu le ma? Are those books borrowed? 他 被 谁 打 的 ？ Tā bèi shéi dǎ de? Who did he get beat up by? 你 是不是 被 公司 炒鱿鱼 了 ？ Nǐ shì bu shì bèi gōngsī chǎo yóuyú le? Did you get fired by the company or not? 被 Sentences with Aspect Particles

The particles 了 and 过 can both be used with 被 constructions, while 着 cannot. This is because the disposal of the object in 被 construction must be complete in some way in the context. 着 indicates an action is "ongoing," which is why it's not appropriate for a 被 construction.

Some examples: Subject 被 Object Verb Aspect particle 他 被 老师 打 过 。你 被 他 骗 了 ！我 的 车 被 撞 过 。她 被 男朋友 甩 了 。被 Sentences with Complements

Both Result complements and Direction complements work well in 被 sentences.

Some examples:

花瓶 被 摔 碎 了 。 Huāpíng bèi shuāi suì le. The vase was broken into pieces. 那个人 被 车 撞 死 了 。 Nàge rén bèi chē zhuàng sǐ le. That man got hit and killed by a car. 那个 男人 被 警察 赶 出去 了 。 Nàge nánrén bèi jǐngchá gǎn chūqù le. The man was kicked out by the policeman. 孩子 被 他 父母 带 回去 了 。 Háizi bèi tā fùmǔ dài huíqù le. The child was taken back by his parents. Adverbs in 被 Sentences

What if you want to include adverbs in your 被 sentence? Where should those go? They go in the same place as the negative adverb 没有, above. (Frequently you'll see the word "adverbial" or "adverbial adjunct" used in this case, because some words in Chinese, such as time words, act like adverbs but are technically nouns.) In the following example we'll use the adverb 刚, which is used to express that something just recently happened.

Some examples: Subject Adv. 被 Doer Verb Phrase 他 刚才 被 同学 打 了 。我们 都 被 老师 骂 了 。你 的 手机 又 被 偷 了 ？小偷 终于 被 抓住 了 ！

See also

Passive verbs with "shou"

Ba sentence

Result complement

Direction complement

Sources and further reading

Books

A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法) (pp. 470-7) →buy

Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 55) →buy

Boya Chinese Elementary Starter 2 (博雅汉语初经起步篇) (pp. 182) →buy

Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 164-6) →buy

Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) (pp. 362-4) [ →buy]

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 243-4) →buy

Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar (pp. 492-508) →buy

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 100-7) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2) (pp. 239-40) →buy

Short-term Spoken Chinese: Threshold Vol. 2 (汉语口语入门篇下) (pp. 168-70) [ →buy]

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册） (pp. 428-9) →buy

Websites

ChinesePod (free content): Qing Wen - Passive Verbs and 被 East Asia Student: Mandarin passive voice: grammar and usage

Alternative existential sentences

Expressing something's existence in a certain place or location is not just limited to 在 (zài) and 有 (yǒu). The word order may be a little different from what you are used to, but 着 (zhe) and 是 (shì) are also ways to make everyday statements such as, "There is a book lying on the desk."

Contents

1 Pattern with 着

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Pattern with 是

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and Further Reading

4.1 Books

Pattern with 着

Verbs that are paired with 着 are usually stative verbs, strong action verbs are not used in this case.

Structure

Place + Verb + 着 + [Noun Phrase]

Examples

桌子 上 放 着 一 本 书 。 Zhuōzi shàng fàng zhe yī běn shū . There is a book on the desk.

大厅 里 站 着 一些 警察 。 Dàtīng lǐ zhàn zhe yīxiē jǐngchá. There are several policemen standing in the hall.

教室 里 坐 着 两 百 多 个 学生 。 Jiàoshì lǐ zuò zhe liǎng bǎi duō gè xuéshēng. There are more than two hundred students sitting in the classroom.

地下室 里 堆 着 很 多 旧 东西 。 Dìxiàshì lǐ duī zhe hěn duō jiù dōngxi. The basement is piled with lots of old stuff.

楼下 停 着 几 辆 车 。 Lóuxià tíng zhe jǐ liàng chē. A few cars are parked downstairs.

Pattern with 是

The subject in the 是 sentence pattern indicates the location or area. The object behind 是 is the only thing in this area.

Structure

Place + 是 + [Noun Phrase]

Examples

洗衣机 里 是 一些 脏 衣服 。There is nothing in the washing machine other than the dirty clothes. Xǐyījī lǐ shì yīxiē zāng yīfu. There are dirty clothes inside the washing machine.

袋子 里 是 我 的 午饭 。The only thing in the bag is my lunch. Dàizi lǐ shì wǒ de wǔfàn. My lunch is in the bag.

墙 上 都 是 他 家人 的 照片 。His family's photos are all over the wall, and nothing else is on he wall. Qiáng shàng dōu shì tā jiārén de zhàopiàn. His family's photos are hanging on the wall.

盒子 里 是 你 的 礼物 。Other than your gift, there is nothing else in the box. Hézi lǐ shì nǐ de lǐwù. Your gift is in the box.

桌子 上 是 昨天 没 吃完 的 菜 。The food that was left over from yesterday is the only thing on the table. Zhuōzi shàng shì zuótiān méi chī wán de cài. The food that was left over from yesterday is on the table.

Note that 是 is used to describe a singular object existing somewhere, while 有 can refer to multiple objects/people.

See also

Indicating location with "zai" before verbs

Special cases of "zai" following verbs

Expressing existence in a place with "zai"

Sources and Further Reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 128) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 191) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 264, 325) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) (pp. 40-1, 164-5, 185) →buy

Expressing "as one likes" with "jiu"

When we want to express "to do something as one pleases," we can use the "想 verb 就 verb" form.

Contents

1 Basic Pattern

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Advanced Pattern

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

4.2 Dictionaries

Basic Pattern

This structure is similar to how we would say in English "Whatever I want to eat, I eat" or "Wherever I want to go, I go." What comes after the 想 and 就 are the same verb.

Structure

想 + Verb + 就 + Verb

Examples

想 吃 就 吃 。 Xiǎng chī jiù chī. If you want to eat, help yourself.

想 走 就 走 吧 。 Xiǎng zǒu jiù zǒu ba. Leave if you want to.

想 买 就 买 ，不用 问 我 。 Xiǎng mǎi jiù mǎi, bùyòng wèn wǒ. If you want to buy, go ahead. You don't need to ask me.

别 害怕 ，想 说 就 说 。 Bié hàipà, xiǎng shuō jiù shuō. Don't be afraid. If you want to say, say it.

想 做 就 做 ，考虑 那么 多 干吗 ？ Xiǎng zuò jiù zuò, kǎolǜ nàme duō gànmá? If you want to do it, do it. Why would you consider so much?

Advanced Pattern

You can also add in a question word, like 什么, 哪儿, or 怎么. When this is the case, the pronouns don't necessarily refer to anything specific. They can be seen more as words like "whatever" or "wherever." This way, question pronouns (什么,谁,什么时候,etc) serve as "indefinite references."

Structure

想 + [Question Word] + 就 + [Question Word]

Examples

想 去 哪儿 就 去 哪儿 。 Xiǎng qù nǎr jiù qù nǎr. You can go wherever you like to go.

想 请 谁 就 请 谁 。 Xiǎng qǐng shéi jiù qǐng shéi. You can invite whoever you like to invite.

想 什么 时候 来 就 什么 时候来 。 Xiǎng shénme shíhou lái jiù shénme shíhou lái. You can come whenever you like.

想 点 什么 就 点 什么 ，我 请客 。 Xiǎng diǎn shénme jiù diǎn shénme, wǒ qǐngkè. You can order whatever you like. I'm buying.

这些 钱 我 想 怎么 花 就 怎么 花 。 Zhèxiē qián wǒ xiǎng zěnme huā jiù zěnme huā. I will spend the money however I like.

See also

"If…, then…" with "ruguo…, jiu…"

Expressing "Anyway" as "fanzheng"

Conditions with "yao" and "jiu"

Expressing indifference with "jiu"

Sources and further reading

Books

现代汉语虚词例释 (pp. 305) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 272) →buy

卓越汉语－公司实战篇 (pp. 59, 104-5) [ →buy]

(Indefinite References) 40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册） (pp. 414) →buy

(Indefinite References)

Dictionaries

现代汉语词典（第5版） (pp. 145) →buy

Expressing "double negation"

There are two main methods for double negation. The simpler method is to use a double negative with modal verbs or predicate verbs. The more complicated method is to negate both the subject and the predicate.

Contents

1 Negation before a Negative Word

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Negation before Single Noun

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Negation before a Negative Word

Structure

Subj. + 不是 + 不 / 没 + Predicate

Subj. + 不 + 会 / 能 / 可能 + 不 / 没 + Predicate

The predicate part of the pattern can be a verb or an adjective.

Examples

他 不 会 不 来 的 。 Tā bù huì bù lái de. There is no way he's not coming.

她 不 可能 不 知道 。 Tā bù kěnéng bù zhīdào. There is no way she doesn't know about this.

她 太 害羞 了 ，不是 不 礼貌 。 Tā tài hàixiū le, bù shì bù lǐmào. She's too shy; It's not that she's not polite.

他 不是 没有 钱 ，是 不 想 乱 花 钱 。 Tā bù shì méiyǒu qián, shì bù xiǎng luàn huā qián. It's not that he doesn't have money; it's just he doesn't want to spend it recklessly.

我 知道 你 想 减肥 ，但是 不 能 不 吃 早饭 。 Wǒ zhīdào nǐ xiǎng jiǎnféi, dànshì bù néng bù chī zǎofàn. I know you want to lose weight, but you can't not eat breakfast.

Negation before Single Noun

This structure is used for referencing, often with topic comments. 没有一个人 is equivalent to 没有哪个人 or 没有谁.

Structure

(Topic +) 没有 + [Single Noun] + 不 / 没 + Predicate + 的

Examples

没有 一 个 人 不 讨厌 他 的 。 Méiyǒu yī gè rén bù tǎoyàn tā de. There is not one person who doesn't dislike him.

这些 菜 没有 一 个 不 辣 的 。 Zhèxiē cài méiyǒu yī gè bù là de. There is no single one that is not spicy among these dishes.

我们 公司 的 员工 没有 一 个 不 会 说 英语 的 。 Wǒmen gōngsī de yuángōng méiyǒu yī gè bù huì shuō Yīngyǔ de. Our company doesn't have a single employee who can't speak English.

他 的 女朋友 没有 一 个 不 漂亮 的 。 Tā de nǚpéngyou méiyǒu yī gè bù piàoliang de. None of his girlfriends were not beautiful.

我们 学校 的 学生 没有 一 个 没 参加 高考 的 。 Wǒmen xuéxiào de xuéshēng méiyǒu yī gè méi cānjiā gāokǎo de. There wasn't a single student who didn't take the college entrance exam in our school.

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Expressing "even" with "lian" and "dou"

连⋯⋯都⋯⋯ (lián... dōu...) is used similarly to how even is used in English and can emphasize certain surprising pieces of information (even shocking secrets!). The tricky part about using it is that you have to remember to use both parts of the pattern.

Contents

1 Used before the Subject

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Used before the Object

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 Avoidance

4 See also

5 Sources and further reading

5.1 Books

Used before the Subject

Structure

连 + Subj. + 都 (+ 不 / 没) + Verb

Sometimes 也 (yě) is used instead of 都 (dōu), and the two are interchangeable for this pattern, but 都 is more commonly used with 连 (lián), so it's the one we'll use exclusively here.

Examples

这个 问题 太 简单 了 ，连 三岁 小孩 都 知道 。 Zhège wèntí tài jiǎndān le, lián sān suì xiǎohái dōu zhīdào. This question is so easy that even a three-year-old kid knows the answer.

这个 汉字 太 难 了 ，连 我 的 中文 老师 都 不 认识 。 Zhège Hànzì tài nán le, lián wǒ de Zhōngwén lǎoshī dōubù rènshi. This Chinese character is so difficult that even my Chinese teacher doesn't know it.

他 很可怜 ，连 他 妈妈 都 不 管 他 。 Tā hěn kělián, lián tā māma dōu bù guǎn tā. He's such a poor child. Even his mother doesn't care about him.

她 什么 都 放 辣 ，连 汤 都 是 辣的 。 Tā shénme dōu fàng là, lián tāng dōu shì là de. She put spice in everything. Even the soup is spicy.

你们 算 什么 好朋友 ？他 连 结婚 都 没 请 你 。 Nǐmen suàn shénme hǎo péngyou, tā lián jiéhūn dōu méi qǐng nǐ. What kind of friend are you to him? He didn't even invite you to his wedding.

Note that 都 can't be omitted in any of these sentences. You really need both parts of the pattern.

这个 问题 太 简单 了 ，连 三岁 小孩 知道 。 Zhège wèntí tài jiǎndān le, lián sān suì xiǎohái zhīdào.

你们 算 什么 好朋友 ？他 连 结婚 没 请 你 。 Nǐmen suàn shénme hǎo péngyou? Tā lián jiéhūn méi qǐng nǐ.

Used before the Object

Structure

连 + Obj. + 都 (+ 不 / 没) + Verb

Examples

他 什么 都 吃，连 狗肉 都 吃 。 Tā shénme dōu chī, lián gǒu ròu dōu chī. He eats everything, even dog meat.

你 连 你 最好 的 朋友 都 不 相信 ？ Nǐ lián nǐ zuìhǎo de péngyou dōu bù xiāngxìn? You don't even trust your best friend?

你 连 麦当劳 都 吃 不起 吗 ？ Nǐ lián Màidāngláo dōu chī bu qǐ ma? You can't even afford a meal at McDonald's?

If the object behind 连 is a sentence, there must be a specific interrogative pronoun in the sentence.

你 连 她 叫 什么 都 没 问 ？ Nǐ lián tā jiào shénme dōu méi wèn? You didn't even ask what her name is?

你 怎么了 ？连 你 住 在 哪儿 都 不 记得 了 ？ Nǐ zěnme le? Lián nǐ zhù zàinǎr dōu bù jìde le? Are you OK? You can't even remember where you live?

她 是 你 女朋友 ？你 连 人家 姓 什么 都 不 知道 。 Tā shì nǐ nǚpéngyou? Nǐ lián rénjia xìng shénme dōu bù zhīdào. She's your girlfriend? You don't even know what her last name is.

Avoidance

If you're an intermediate learner and find yourself never using this pattern, you're not alone. That's fairly typical. And the truth is that you can get away with not actively using it for a pretty long time. Eventually you'll get more comfortable with it, but it probably won't come as naturally as some other patterns.

See also

Expressing "even" with "shenzhi"

Expressing "not even one"

Advanced uses of "lian"

Sources and further reading

Books

Common Chinese Patterns 330 (汉语常用格式330例) (pp. 152) →buy

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 356-7) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 136) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 204-5) →buy

Expressing "every time" with "mei" and "dou"

每次⋯⋯ 都⋯⋯ (měi cì... dōu...) is a pattern used to express "every time." Translating from English, you might feel that the only part really needed is 每次 (měi cì), since it literally means "every time." This is incorrect! Not only is the adverb 都 (dōu) required, but it's arguably more vital than the 每次 (měi cì)! So it's important to get used to using both parts.

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Structure

This pattern actually builds on the basic 每……都…… pattern, which you should already know. In this grammar structure, we go beyond just saying things like "every person" or "every day," and focus on what happens every time a certain action is done.

每次 + Event 1 + 都 + Event 2

Examples

她 每次 来 我 家 都 带 花 。 Tā měi cì lái wǒ jiā dōu dài huā. She brings flowers every time she visits me.

为什么 每次 我 来 他 都 不 在 ？ Wèishénme měi cì wǒ lái tā dōu bù zài? How come he's not here every time I come?

我 每次 玩 这个 游戏 都 输 。 Wǒ měi cì wán zhège yóuxì dōu shū. Every time I play this game, I lose.

你 怎么 每次 吃 火锅 都 拉肚子 ？ Nǐ zěnme měicì chī huǒguō dōu lādùzi? How come you have diarrhea every time you eat hotpot?

他 每次 迟到 都 说 因为 堵车 。 Tā měicì chídào dōu shuō yīnwèi dǔchē. Every time he's late, he would say it's because of traffic jam.

我 每次 经过 这 家 店 都 会 进去 看看 。 Wǒ měi cì jīngguò zhè jiā diàn dōu huì jìnqù kànkan. Every time I pass this shop, I go inside and take a look.

我 妹妹 每次 打针 都 哭 。 Wǒ mèimei měicì dǎzhēn dōu kū. My little sister cries every time she has to get a shot.

每次 遇到 生词 他 都 要 查 字典 。 Měi cì yùdào shēngcí tā dōu yào chá zìdiǎn. Every time he comes across a new word, he looks it up in the dictionary.

每次 编辑 都 要 保存 。 Měi cì biānjí dōu yào bǎocún. Every time you edit, you should save it.

爸爸 每次 出差 都 给 我 买 礼物 。 Bàba měi cì chūchāi dōu gěi wǒ mǎi lǐwù. My father buys presents for me every time he goes on business trips.

See also

Pronoun "mei" for "every"

Emphasising quantity with "dou"

Events in quick succession with "yi... jiu..."

Sources and further reading

Books

Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 87-8) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 267) →buy

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 284-5) →buy

Expressing "every" with question words

This grammar point is not about how to use 每 (měi) to mean "every," but rather how to combine question words with 都 (dōu) to make words and phrases like "everywhere" or "everyone." You may have learned this same pattern for expressing "everything," but now it's time to extend it.

Contents

1 "Everyone" with 谁 都

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 "Everywhere" with 哪儿 都

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 "Whenever" with 什么时候 都

3.1 Structure

3.2 Examples

4 "However Much" with 多少 都

4.1 Structure

4.2 Examples

5 "However" with 怎么 都

5.1 Structure

5.2 Examples

6 See also

7 Sources and further reading 7.1 Books

"Everyone" with 谁 都

谁 都 (shéi dōu) is a pattern used to express "everyone" (or possibly "anyone") in Chinese. The placement of the question word 谁 is very similar to the way 什么 (shénme) can be used to express "every", along with other question words like 哪儿 (nǎr) and 多少 (duōshǎo).

Structure

谁 + 都 + Predicate

The predicate part of the pattern can be a verb or an adjective.

Examples

谁 都 喜欢 美食 。 Shéi dōu xǐhuan měishí. Everyone likes delicious food.

谁 都 可以 进 。 Shéi dōu kěyǐ jìn. Everyone can come in.

谁 都 不 相信 他 说 的 话 。 Shéi dōu bù xiāngxìn tā shuō de huà. No one believes what he said.

"Everywhere" with 哪儿 都

This pattern also works with 哪儿 (nǎr).

Structure

哪儿 / 哪里 (+ Verb) + 都 + Predicate

Examples

他 的 房间 里 哪儿 都 是 脏 衣服 。 Tā de fángjiān lǐ nǎr dōu shì zāng yīfu. His dirty laundry is all over his room.

我 太 累 了，哪儿 都 不 想 去 。 Wǒ tài lèi le, nǎr dōu bù xiǎng qù. I'm too tired. I don't want to go anywhere.

在 哪里 见面 都 行 。 Zài nǎlǐ jiànmiàn dōu xíng. I'm fine with meeting anywhere.

"Whenever" with 什么时候 都

什么时候 (shénme shíhou) combines with 都 (dōu) to mean "whenever" or "anytime."

Structure

什么时候 (+ Verb) + 都 + Predicate

Examples

什么 时候 都 可以 。 Shénme shíhou dōu kěyǐ. Anytime is fine.

你什么 时候 来 都 欢迎 。 Nǐ shénme shíhou lái dōu huānyíng. You're welcome to come anytime.

什么 时候 开始 都 不 晚 。 Shénme shíhou kāishǐ dōu bù wǎn. It's never too late to start.

"However Much" with 多少 都

多少 (duōshao) also works with 都 in this case.

Structure

Verb + 多少 + 都 + Predicate

Examples

你 想 吃 多少 都 可以 。 Nǐ xiǎng chī duōshao dōu kěyǐ. You can eat however much you want.

这些 是 免费 的 ，我们 拿 多少 都 没 问题 。 Zhèxiē shì miǎnfèi de, wǒmen ná duōshao dōu méi wèntí. These are all free. We can take as much as we want.

我 跟 他 说 多少 遍 都 没有 用 。 Wǒ gēn tā shuō duōshǎo biàn dōu méiyǒu yòng. It doesn't matter how many times I tell him.

"However" with 怎么 都

怎么 (zěnme) also works with 都 in this case.

Structure

怎么 + Verb + 都 + Predicate

Examples

怎么 做 都 可以 吗 ？ Zěnme zuò dōu kěyǐ ma? Is it OK if I do whatever I want?

这些 钱 你 怎么 花 都 行 。 Zhèxiē qián nǐ zěnme huā dōu xíng. You can spend this money however you like.

别人 怎么 想 都 不 重要 。 Biérén zěnme xiǎng dōu bù zhòngyào. It's not important what other people think.

See also

Expressing "All" with "shenme dou"

Expressing "Every" with "mei" and "dou"

Sources and further reading

Books

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 286-8) →buy

Expressing "how often"

Asking "how often" is one of those things that seems so simple in English but relatively complicated in Chinese. The way to ask in Chinese is, literally, "how long of a time" (do something) "one time." So you'll need the phrases 多长时间 (duō cháng shíjiān) and 一次 (yī cì).

Contents

1 Asking about Frequency

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Talking about Frequency in General

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 When NOT to use this pattern

4 See also

5 Sources and further reading

5.1 Books

Asking about Frequency

Structure

Subj. + 多长时间 + Verb + 一次 (+ Obj.)

Examples

你 的 手机 多 长 时间 充电 一 次 ？ Nǐ de shǒujī duō cháng shíjiān chōngdiàn yī cì?

你 的 手机 多 长 时间 充 一 次 电 ？ Nǐ de shǒujī duō cháng shíjiān chōng yī cì diàn? How often do you charge your phone?

你 多 长 时间 剪 头发 一 次 ？ Nǐ duō cháng shíjiān jiǎn tóufa yī cì?

你 多 长 时间 剪 一 次 头发 ？ Nǐ duō cháng shíjiān jiǎn yī cì tóufa? How often do you cut your hair?

你 多 长 时间 刮 胡子 一 次 ？ Nǐ duō cháng shíjiān guā húzi yī cì?

你 多 长 时间 刮 一 次 胡子 ？ Nǐ duō cháng shíjiān guā yī cì húzi? How often do you shave?

Talking about Frequency in General

Structure

Subj. + [Length of Time] + Verb + Times (+ Obj.)

Examples

我 一 周 给 妈妈 打 两 次 电话 。 Wǒ yī zhōu gěi māma dǎ liǎng cì diànhuà. I give mom a call twice a week.

我们 公司 一 周 开 一 次 会 。 Wǒmen gōngsī yī zhōu kāi yī cì huì. Our company holds one meeting per week.

我 两 个 月 剪 一 次 头发 。 Wǒ liǎng gè yuè jiǎn yī cì tóufa. I cut my hair every two months.

我 的 手机 两 天 充 一 次 电 。 Wǒ de shǒujī liǎng tiān chōng yī cì diàn. I charge my phone every two days.

这 种 药 四 个 小时 吃 一 次 。 Zhè zhǒng yào sì gè xiǎoshí chī yī cì. Take this medicine every four hours.

你 应该 半 年 做 一 次 体检 。 Nǐ yīnggāi bàn nián zuò yī cì tǐjiǎn. You should have a physical examination every half of a year.

When NOT to use this pattern

The thing about using the pattern above is that it's expected that the activity is done regularly, as part of a habit. If it's not an activity that's regularly engaged in, it's weird to use the pattern. Consider the following examples:

你 多 长 时间 换 一 个 手机 ？ Nǐ duō cháng shíjiān huàn yī gè shǒujī? How often do you buy a new cell phone?

你 多 长 时间 加 一 次 班 ？ Nǐ duō cháng shíjiān jiā yī cì bān? How often do you work overtime?

你 多 长 时间 吃 一 次 牛油果 ？ Nǐ duō cháng shíjiān chī yī cì niúyóuguǒ? How often do you eat avocado?

In these cases, the speaker is trying to get any idea of how often the other person does something, regardless of how regular or habitual it is. In this case, just use 经常 (or similar) to ask about it.

你 经常 换 手机 吗 ？ Nǐ jīngcháng huàn shǒujī ma? Do you often buy a new cell phone?

你 经常 加班 吗 ？ Nǐ jīngcháng jiābān ma? Do you often work late?

你 很 少 吃 牛油果 吧 ？ Nǐ hěnshǎo chī niúyóuguǒ ba? You rarely eat avocado, right?

See also

Pronoun "mei" for "every"

Expressing "every time" with "mei" and "dou"

Sources and further reading

Books

Expressing "more and more" with "yuelaiyue"

越来越 (yuèláiyuè) is used frequently in Chinese to express that some quality or state is increasing with time and is often translated into English as "more and more." This is the simple form of this pattern, which uses 来, but there is also a more complex one (which uses two different adjectives/verbs).

Contents

1 Used with Adjectives

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Used with Verbs

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Used with Adjectives

This structure expresses that something is becoming more and more adjective over time, with the latter adjective changing with the verb. The most common structure is:

Structure

Subj. + 越来越 + Adj. + 了

Examples

天气 越来越 冷 了 。 Tiānqì yuèláiyuè lěng le. The weather is getting colder and colder.

你 女儿 越来越 漂亮 了 。 Nǐ nǚér yuèláiyuè piàoliang le. Your daughter is getting more and more beautiful.

你 说 得 越来越 好 了 。 Nǐ shuō de yuèláiyuè hǎo le. You speak better and better.

技术 越来越 发达 了 。 Jìshù yuèláiyuè fādá le. Technology is more and more developed.

空气 污染 越来越 严重 了 。 Kōngqì wūrǎn yuèláiyuè yánzhòng le. The air pollution is getting worse and worse.

Used with Verbs

Structure

Subj. + 越来越 + Verb + 了

Examples

我 越来越 喜欢 上海 了 。 Wǒ yuèláiyuè xǐhuan Shànghǎi le. I like Shanghai more and more.

你 越来越 了解 我 了 。 Nǐ yuèláiyuè liǎojiě wǒ le. You know me better and better.

我 越来越 理解 我 的 父母 了 。 Wǒ yuèláiyuè lǐjiě wǒ de fùmǔ le. I understand my parents more and more.

When the verb is negative in Chinese, a translation like "less and less" with a positive verb might be more appropriate in English than sticking with a "more and more" translation.

我 越来越 不 相信 他 了 。 Wǒ yuèláiyuè bù xiāngxìn tā le. I believe him less and less.

你 越来越 不 懂 我 了 。 Nǐ yuèláiyuè bù dǒng wǒ le. You understand me less and less.

See also

Expressing "the more... the more..." with "yue… yue…" "

Along with…" Using "suizhe"

Sources and further reading

Books

Common Chinese Patterns 330 (汉语常用格式330例) (pp. 295) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 153-4) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 288-9) →buy

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 238-9) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 185) →buy

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册） (pp. 340) →buy

Expressing "multiples" with "bei"

The word 倍 (bèi) is used to express the idea of multiples, as in "3 times as many" or "5 times more." Its usage can be a little tricky (different from English), so pay close attention to the pattern below.

Contents

1 Directly Expressing Multiples

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Expressing "More" with Multiples

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Directly Expressing Multiples

Structure

A + 是 + B + 的 + Number + 倍

Examples

他 现在 的 工资 是 两 年 前 的 四 倍 。 Tā xiànzài de gōngzī shì liǎng nián qián de sì bèi. His current salary is four times what it was two years ago.

公司 现在 的 规模 是 十 年 前 的 五 倍 。 Gōngsī xiànzài de guīmó shì shí nián qián de wǔ bèi. The company's current scope is five times what it was 10 years ago.

今年 的 产量 是 去年 的 两 倍 。 Jīnnián de chǎnliàng shì qùnián de liǎng bèi. This year's output is twice as big as last year.

Expressing "More" with Multiples

This pattern involves an adjective, one of the most common being 多. You'll see other adjectives related to quantity appearing in this pattern as well, such as 大 (big), 贵 (expensive), 高 (tall), 长 (long), etc. In Chinese, it is not common to use the "negative opposite" adjectives in these kinds of comparisons, so you won't normally see the words for small, cheap, short, etc. appearing in this pattern.

Structure

A + 比 + B + Adj. + Number + 倍

One very important language difference between English and Chinese to note here is that in Chinese, you're typically talking about how many multiples in addition to the original amount. So 多一倍 is "x + 1x," in other words "double" the original amount. Naturally, 多两倍 would be triple the original amount (x + 2x). This little detail is sometimes confusing even for native speakers, so if you're talking about multiples and 多 is involved, be sure to use actual numbers to confirm both sides are on the same page!

Examples

我 家 客厅 比 你 家 客厅 大 一 倍 。 Wǒ jiā kètīng bǐ nǐ jiā kètīng dà yī bèi. My house's living room is double the size of your house's living room.

这个 15 岁 的 男孩 比 一般 的 孩子 重 一 倍 。 Zhège 15 suì de nánhái bǐ yībān de háizi zhòng yī bèi. This fifteen-year-old kid weighs double what a normal kid at his age should weigh.

你 的 速度 比 我们 快 两 倍 。 Nǐ de sùdù bǐ wǒmen kuài liǎng bèi. Your speed is three times as fast as our speed.

他 现在 的 工资 比 两 年 前 多 了 三 倍 。 Tā xiànzài de gōngzī bǐ liǎng nián qián duō le sān bèi. His salary is four times higher now than what it was two years ago.

中国 人口 比 美国 人口 多 四 倍 。 Zhōngguó rénkǒu bǐ Měiguó rénkǒu duō sì bèi. China's population is five times as large as the USA's.

他 的 车 比 你 的 车 贵 十 倍 。 Tā de chē bǐ nǐ de chē guì shí bèi. His car is 11 times more expensive than your car.

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Expressing "not at all" with "yidianr ye bu"

Sometimes we may want to say something is "not even the least bit [adjective]." For example, we might say in English: "I am not at all hungry." In Chinese, we can use 一点(儿)也不 (yīdiǎnr yě bù) or 一点(儿)都不 (yīdiǎnr dōu bù) to express "not at all [adjective]."

Contents

1 Used with Adjectives

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Used with Verbs

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Used with Adjectives

The phrases 一点(儿)也不 and 一点(儿)都不 can both be used to express "not at all."

Structure

Subj. + 一点(儿) + 也 / 都 + 不 + Adj.

Examples

那个 问题 一点儿 也 不 难 。 Nàge wèntí yīdiǎnr yě bù nán. That question isn't difficult at all.

这个 菜 一点 都 不 好吃 。 Zhège cài yīdiǎn dōu bù hǎochī. This dish isn't tasty at all.

我 同事 一点 都 不 幽默 。 Wǒ tóngshì yīdiǎn dōu bù yōumò. My colleague is not humorous at all.

这个 笑话 一点 也 不 好笑 。 Zhège xiàohuà yīdiǎn yě bù hǎoxiào. This joke isn't funny at all.

Used with Verbs

This describes the Subj. as being "not at all adjective" or "not even slightly adjective." Psychological verbs can also appear in place of the adjective in this structure.

Structure

Subj. + 一点 + 也 / 都 + 不 + [Verb Phrase]

Examples

我 一点 也 不 喜欢 奶酪 。 Wǒ yīdiǎn yě bù xǐhuan nǎilào. I don't like cheese at all.

你 一点 也 不 会 说 吗 ？ Nǐ yīdiǎn yě bù huì shuō ma? You can't speak at all?

她 一点 都 不 知道 这 件 事 。 Tā yīdiǎn dōu bù zhīdào zhè jiàn shì. She doesn't know about this at all.

我 儿子 一点 都 不 爱 玩 游戏 。 Wǒ érzi yīdiǎn dōu bù ài wán yóuxì. My son doesn't like to play games at all.

The phrases "一点也没 " and "一点都没 " can also be used to express "not at all ." This is used when the statement uses or implies the verb negative form of 有 in the past.

我 一点 也 没 生气 。 Wǒ yīdiǎn yě méi shēngqì. I wasn't angry at all.

她 一点 都 没 准备 。 Tā yīdiǎn dōu méi zhǔnbèi. She didn't prepare at all.

作业 他 一点 都 没 做 ？ Zuòyè tā yīdiǎn dōu méi zuò? He didn't do his homework at all?

这个 菜 你们 怎么 一点 也 没 吃 ？ Zhège cài nǐmen zěnme yīdiǎn yě méi chī? Why didn't you eat this dish at all?

See also

Expressing "not even one"

Expressing "everything" with "shenme dou"

Sources and further reading

Books

Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 36-7) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (pp. 37- 9) →buy

Expressing "not… but…" with "er shi"

Sometimes you want to explain that an object, concept, or event isn't one thing, but in fact a different thing. 不是⋯⋯, (而)是⋯⋯ (bùshì..., (ér)shì...) is the perfect structure to convey that in Chinese. This is a useful phrase to use in arguments to overturn a point of view and state the opposite.

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Structure

An easy way to remember this pattern is that it roughly corresponds to the English, "Something is not X, it's Y."

Subj. + 不是⋯⋯ ，(而)是⋯⋯

Examples

我 觉得 这 不 是 麻烦，而 是 机会 。 Wǒ juéde zhè bùshì máfan, érshì jīhuì. I don't think it's a hassle. I think it's an opportunity.

她 不 是 不 想 买 ，而 是 买不起 。 Tā bù shì bù xiǎng mǎi, ér shì mǎi bu qǐ. It's not that she doesn't want to buy it, it's that she can't afford it.

我 没 说 不 是 想 骗 你 ，而 是 怕 你 不 高兴 。 Wǒ méi shuō bù shì xiǎng piàn nǐ, ér shì pà nǐ bù gāoxìng. The reason I didn't tell you isn't that I wanted to lie to you; it's that I was afraid you would be upset.

我 不 是 八卦 ，是 关心 你 。 Wǒ bù shì bāguà, shì guānxīn nǐ. I'm not gossiping. I'm concerned about you.

我 不 是 不 想 帮 你 ，而 是 没有 能力 帮 你 。 Wǒ bù shì bù xiǎng bāng nǐ, ér shì méiyǒu nénglì bāng nǐ. It's not that I don't want to help you, it's that I have no ability to help you.

重要 的 不是 你 的 外表 ，而是 你 的 内心 。 Zhòngyào de bù shì nǐ de wàibiǎo, ér shì nǐ de nèixīn. What's important is not how you look on the outside, but rather what's on the inside.

生活 中 不是 缺少 美 ，而是 缺少 发现 美 的 眼睛 。 Shēnghuó zhōng bù shì quēshǎo měi, ér shì quēshǎo fāxiàn měi de yǎnjing. It's not that life is lacking in beauty, but rather that we lack eyes that discover it.

You can also put 不是 in the second half. Note that 而 can't be used in this case.

Subj. + 是⋯⋯ ，不是⋯⋯

Some examples:

我们 是 来 办事 的 ，不是 来 玩 的 。 Wǒmen shì lái bànshì de, bù shì lái wán de. We're here to do our job, not to have fun.

你 这样 做 是 害 他 ，不是 帮 他 。 Nǐ zhèyàng zuò shì hài tā, bù shì bāng tā. By doing this you were hurting him, not helping him.

不好意思 ，我 是 不 小心 ，不是 故意 的 。 Bù hǎoyìsi, wǒ shì bù xiǎoxīn, bù shì gùyì de. I'm sorry. It was an accident. It wasn't on purpose.

See also

"On the contrary" with "fan'er"

Conceding a point with "shi"

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 277) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) (pp. 20) →buy

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册） (pp. 516) →buy

Expressing "some" with question words

The "some" we refer to is the vague, undefined "some," as in "somewhere," "someone," "something," or "sometime." Chinese question words can play this double role.

Contents

1 "Somewhere" with 哪儿

1.1 Examples

2 "Someone" with 谁

2.1 Examples

3 "Something" with 什么

3.1 Examples

4 "Sometime" with 什么时候

4.1 Examples

5 See also

6 Sources and further reading

6.1 Books

"Somewhere" with 哪儿

Examples

这个 人 我 在 哪儿 见 过 。 Zhège rén wǒ zài nǎr jiàn guo. I met this person somewhere.

这 首 歌 我 在 哪儿 听 过 。 Zhè shǒu gē wǒ zài nǎr tīng guo. I've heard this song somewhere.

这 篇 文章 我们 在 哪儿 看 过 。 Zhè piān wénzhāng wǒmen zài nǎr kàn guo. I've read this article somewhere.

"Someone" with 谁

Examples

你 让 谁 来 帮 我 一下 。 Nǐ ràng shéi lái bāng wǒ yīxià. Ask somebody to help me with this.

这 件 事 我 听 谁 说 过 。 Zhè jiàn shì wǒ tīng shéi shuō guo. I've heard someone say this before.

你 找 谁 带 你 进去 吧 。 Nǐ zhǎo shéi dài nǐ jìnqù ba. You should find someone to take you inside.

"Something" with 什么

Examples

我们 应该 做 点儿 什么 。 Wǒmen yīnggāi zuò diǎnr shénme. We should do something.

老大 ，你 不 说 点儿 什么 ？ Lǎodà, nǐ bù shuō diǎnr shénme? Boss, aren't you going to say something?

我 想 喝 点儿 什么 。 Wǒ xiǎng hē diǎnr shénme. I want to drink something.

"Sometime" with 什么时候

Examples

什么 时候 我们 见面 谈 吧 。 Shénme shíhou wǒmen jiànmiàn tán ba. Let's meet and talk about this sometime.

什么 时候 来 我 新 家 玩 吧 。 Shénme shíhou lái wǒ xīn jiā wán ba. You should come to my new house to hangout sometime.

我们 什么 时候 去 看看 他 吧 。 Wǒmen shénme shíhou qù kànkan tā ba. Let's pay him a visit sometime.

See also

Expressing "every" with question words

Advanced yes-no questions with "ma"

Sources and further reading

Books

Expressing not knowing how to do something using "hao"

不知道⋯⋯好 (bù zhīdào... hǎo) is an expression used to indicate and emphasize that the speaker does not know how to do something or at least does not know how to do something well.

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Structure

Subj. + 不知道 + [Verb Phrase] + 好

This verb phrase usually includes a question word, like 什么, 谁, 怎么, 哪个, 哪里, 什么时候, etc.

You will sometimes see the adverb 才 preceding the 好, which serves the purpose of emphasis.

Examples

我 真的 不 知道 怎么 办 才 好 。 Wǒ zhēnde bù zhīdào zěnme bàn cái hǎo. I really don't know what to do about this .

我们 都 不 知道 说 什么 好 。 Wǒmen dōu bù zhīdào shuō shénme hǎo. None of us knew what to say.

这 件 事 我 不 知道 跟 谁 说 好 。 Zhè jiàn shì wǒ bù zhīdào gēn shéi shuō hǎo. I'm not sure who to talk to about this matter.

老板 不 知道 怪 谁 好 。 Lǎobǎn bù zhīdào guài shéi hǎo. The boss wasn't sure who to blame.

他 的 短信 我 不 知道 怎么 回复 好 。 Tā de duǎnxìn wǒ bù zhīdào zěnme huífù hǎo. I don't know how to reply to his message.

这些 钱 他 不 知道 放 在 哪儿 才 好 。 Zhèxiē qián tā bù zhīdào fàng zài nǎr cái hǎo. He doesn't know where to put this money.

下雨天 我 不 知道 带 孩子 去 哪儿 玩 好 。 Xiàyǔ tiān wǒ bù zhīdào dài hāizi qù nǎr wán hǎo. On rainy days, I don't know where to take my kid to play.

都 很 漂亮 ，我 不 知道 买 哪 件 好 。 Dōu hěn piàoliang, wǒ bù zhīdào mǎi nǎ jiàn hǎo. They're all so pretty. I'm not sure which one to buy.

好吃 的 太 多 了 ，孩子们 不 知道 先 吃 哪个 才 好 。 Hǎochī de tài duō le, háizi men bù zhīdào xiān chī nǎge cái hǎo. There was so much delicious food that the children didn't know where to start eating.

我 想 问 ，可是 不 知道 什么 时候 问 才 好 。 Wǒ xiǎng wèn, kěshì bù zhīdào shénme shíhou wèn cái hǎo. I want to ask, but I'm not sure when to ask.

See also

Expressing lateness with "cai"

Expressing Difficulty with "hao (bu) rongyi"

Result complement "-hao"

Sources and further reading

Books

Boya Chinese Upper Intermediate 1 (博雅汉语中级冲刺篇) (pp. 77) →buy

Expressing purpose with "weile"

为了 (wèile) is most often used to indicate the purpose of an action or the person that will benefit from some act of kindness. In the "purpose" sense, it almost exactly corresponds to "in order to" or "for the purpose of" in English.

Contents

1 Basic Usage

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Expressing "The reason why"

2.1 Structure

2.2 Example

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

4.2 Websites

4.3 Podcasts

Basic Usage

When 为了 indicates the purpose of an action, it's usually acting as a preposition. In this role, the whole "为了 phrase" should come before the verb.

Structure

为了 ⋯⋯ ，Subj. ⋯⋯

Note also that 为了 is a single word; the 了 here is not serving its role as a particle in this case.

Examples

为了 钱 ，他 什么 都 愿意 做 。 Wèile qián, tā shénme dōu yuànyì zuò. He's willing to do anything for money.

为了 孩子 的 未来 ，他 决定 搬到 上海 。 Wèile háizi de wèilái, tā juédìng bāndào Shànghǎi. He decided to move to Shanghai for his children's future.

为了 这个 面试 ，他 买 了 一 套 很 贵 的 西服 。 Wèile zhège miànshì, tā mǎi le yī tào hěn guì de xīfú. He bought a very expensive suit for this job interview.

为了 找 灵感 ，那个 作家 搬到 了 农村 。 Wèile zhǎo línggǎn, nàge zuòjiā bān dào le nóngcūn. In order to find inspiration, that writer moved to the countryside.

五年 前 ，为了 女朋友 ，他 放弃 了 上海 的 工作。 wǔniánqián，Wèile nǚpéngyǒu, tā fàngqì le Shànghǎi de gongzuò. Five years ago he passed up a job in Shanghai for his girlfriend.

为了 奖励 大家 ，公司 明年 带 你们 去 日本 旅行 。 Wèile jiǎnglì dàjiā, gōngsī míngnián dài nǐmen qù Rìběn lǚxíng. In order to reward everyone, the company will take you all on a trip to Japan next year.

Expressing "The reason why"

Sometimes you will see 为了 following 是. In this case, 为了 mean "for." Note that 为了 and 因为 both have the character 为 in them, and they have sort of similar meanings.You will also see 因为 following 是, instead of 为了. It literally means "is because."

Structure

⋯⋯ 是 + 为了 / 因为 ⋯⋯

Example

你 学 中文 是 因为 你 的 中国 女朋友 吗 ？ Nǐ xué Zhōngwén shì yīnwèi nǐde Zhōngguó nǚ péngyou ma? Are you studying Chinese for your Chinese girlfriend?

我 这么 做 是 为了 帮 你 。 Wǒ zhème zuò shì wèile bāng nǐ. I did all this to help you.

他 做 兼职 是 为了 多 赚 点 钱 。 Tā zuò jiānzhí shì wèile duō zhuàn diǎn qián. The reason why he has a part time job is to make a little more money.

我们 之 所以 反对 是 因为 风险 太 大 。 Wǒmen zhī suǒyǐ fǎnduì shì yīnwèi fēngxiǎn tài dà. The reason why we disagree is because the risk is too high.

Note that 之所以 is a more difficult pattern, which means "the reason why" in a more formal way.

See also

Expressing "for" with "wei"

Expressing purpose with "hao"

Using "lai" to connect two verb phrases

Stating the effect before the cause

Sources and further reading

Books

Home With Kids1 (家有儿女1) (pp. 32) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) (pp. 40) →buy

卓越汉语－公司实战篇 (pp. 12) [ →buy]

现代汉语虚词例释 (pp. 484, 572) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 347-8) →buy

Websites

Yale Chinese Usage Dictionary: Uses of 为 and 为了

Podcasts

Chinesepod Qingwen 为 and 为了

Phrases using "laishuo"

Although the different phrases involving 来说 (láishuō) may seem pretty different, they do share a common structure: a word or short phrase at the beginning of a sentence, followed by 来说, sets the speaker's attitude or point of view before launching into the full comment.

Contents

1 Common Phrases

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Common Phrases

一般 来说 (yībān lái shuō) generally speaking

总的 来说 (zǒngde lái shuō) in general

相对 来说 (xiāngduì lái shuō) relatively

严格 来说 (yángé lái shuō) strictly speaking; technically

具体 来说 (jùtǐ lái shuō) specifically

Examples

一般 来说 ，私立 学校 都 比较 贵 。 Yībān lái shuō, sīlì xuéxiào dōu bǐjiào guì. Generally speaking, private schools are more expensive.

一般 来说 ，我们 只 要 外国 实习生 。 Yībān lái shuō, wǒmen zhǐ yào wàiguó shíxíshēng. Generally speaking, we only want foreign interns.

一般 来说 ，大 城市 有 更 多 工作 机会 。 Yībān lái shuō, dà chéngshì yǒu gèng duō gōngzuò jīhuì. Generally speaking, there are more job opportunities in big cities.

总的 来说 ，这 次 活动 很 成功 。 Zǒng de lái shuō, zhè cì huódòng hěn chénggōng. In general, this event was a success.

总的 来说 ，这个 情况 在 改善 。 Zǒng de lái shuō, zhège qíngkuàng zài gǎishàn. Generally speaking, this situation has been improving.

今天 的 考试 相对 来说 有点 难 。 Jīntiān de kǎoshì xiāngduì lái shuō yǒudiǎn nán. Today's test, relatively, is a little difficult.

相对 来说 ，我 更 支持 我的 老板 。 Xiāngduì lái shuō, wǒ gèng zhīchí wǒde lǎobǎn. Relatively, I support my boss more.

严格 来说 ，他 是 我 主管 ，不是 我 老板 。 Yángé lái shuō, tā shì wǒ zhǔguǎn, bù shì wǒ lǎobǎn. Strictly speaking, he's my director, not my boss.

严格 来说 ，他 是 华裔 ，不 是 中国人 。 Yángé lái shuō, tā shì huáyì, bù shì Zhōngguó rén. Technically, he is Asian American, not a Chinese native.

具体 来说 ，这样 做 有 三 个 好处 。 Jùtǐ lái shuō, zhèyàng zuò yǒu sān gè hǎochù. To be specific, there are three benefits in doing it this way.

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Expressing "compared with" using "gen"

If you want to do a straight-up comparison statement, go ahead and use the classic 比 (bǐ) structure. But if you want to lead with a "compared with..." phrase, you'll need a 跟 (gēn) and a slightly different word order.

Contents

1 Used with Two Subjects

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Used with a Single Subject

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples 3 See also 4 Sources and further reading 4.1 Books

Used with Two Subjects

This sentence structure is used for comparing two different things (A and B) or two different aspects of one thing.

Structure

跟 + A + 比 (起来) ，B⋯⋯

B can also come at the beginning of the sentence:

B + 跟 + A + 比 (起来) ，⋯⋯

For both of these structures, you could swap out 跟 (gēn) for 和 (hé) with no real difference, but using 跟 (gēn) is slightly more common.

Examples

跟 上海 比 ，我 老家 的 物价 很 低 。 Gēn Shànghǎi bǐ, wǒ lǎojiā de wùjià hěn dī. Compared to Shanghai, prices in my hometown are very low.

跟 东部 比 ，我 更 喜欢 美国 西部 。 Gēn dōngbù bǐ, wǒ gèng xǐhuan Měiguó xībù. Compared to the Eastern part, I like the Western part of the USA more.

跟 他 比 ，你 最大 的 优势 是 什么 ？ Gēn tā bǐ, nǐ zuì dà de yōushì shì shénme? Compared to him, what is your biggest advantage?

妹妹 跟 姐姐 比起来 有点 害羞 。 Mèimei gēn jiějie bǐ qǐlái yǒudiǎn hàixiū. Compared to the older sister, the younger sister is a bit shy.

新 版本 跟 旧 版本 比起来 ，多 了 一些 功能 。 Xīn bǎnběn gēn jiù bǎnběn bǐ qǐlái, duō le yīxiē gōngnéng. Compared with the old version, the new version has a few more features.

Used with a Single Subject

比 (bǐ) can also be used for comparing one subject over two different time periods.

Structure

跟 + Time + 比 (起来) ，⋯⋯

Again, you could use 和 (hé) instead of 跟 (gēn) here, but using 跟 (gēn) is more common.

Examples

跟 去年 比 ，你 的 中文 进步 了 很多 。 Gēn qùnián bǐ, nǐ de Zhōngwén jìnbù le hěn duō. Compared to last year, your Chinese has improved a lot.

跟 十 年 前 比起来 ，中国人 的 生活 水平 提高 了 很多 。 Gēn shí nián qián bǐ qǐlái, Zhōngguó rén de shēnghuó shuǐpíng tígāo le hěn duō. Compared to ten years ago, the standard of living for Chinese people has gotten much better.

跟 上 个 月 比 ，这 个 月 的 工作 很 轻松。 Gēn shàng gè yuè bǐ, zhè gè yuè de gōngzuò hěn qīngsōng. Compared with last month, this month our job is a lot more relaxed.

跟 前 几 周 比 ，这个 星期 的 天气 舒服 多了 。 Gēn qián jǐ zhōu bǐ, zhège xīngqī de tiānqì shūfu duō le. Compared to the past few weeks, the weather has been much more comfortable this week.

跟 刚 毕业 的 时候 比起来 ，他 成熟 了 很 多 。 Gēn gāng bìyè de shíhou bǐ qǐlái, tā chéngshú le hěn duō. Compared to when he first graduated, he's much more mature.

See also

Comparing Basic comparisons with "yiyang"

Basic comparisons with "meiyou"

Expressing "rather" with "bijiao"

Expressing "even more" with "geng" or "hai"

Sources and further reading

Books

Expressing "even more" with "geng" or "hai"

When used in a comparison, 更 (gèng) or 还 (hái) expresses an even higher degree of the adjective.

For example, New York is America's biggest city with a population of more than 8 million. Shanghai is China's biggest city, with a population of more than 20 million. “上海比纽约人口更/还多” emphasizes that New York already has a high population (already known situation), but Shanghai's population is obviously higher.

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Structure

Noun 1 + 比 + Noun 2 + 更 / 还 + Adj.

Examples

我 妹妹 比 我 更 瘦 。 Wǒ mèimei bǐ wǒ gèng shòu. My younger sister is even skinnier than me.

我 的 猫 比 我 的 狗 更 淘气 。 Wǒ de māo bǐ wǒ de gǒu gèng táoqì. My cat is even more naughty than my dog.

有时候 动物 比 人类 更 聪明 。 Yǒushíhou dòngwù bǐ rénlèi gèng cōngming. Sometimes animals are even smarter than human beings.

大城市 的 工作 机会 比 我老家 更 多 。 Dàchéngshì de gōngzuò jīhuì bǐ wǒ lǎojiā gèng duō. There are more job opportunities in big cities than in my hometown.

他 比 姚明 还 高 。 Tā bǐ Yáo Míng hái gāo. He is even taller than Yao Ming.

昨天 38 度 ，今天 比 昨天还 热 。 Zuótiān sān shí bā dù, jīntiān bǐ zuótiān hái rè. It was 38 degrees yesterday, and it's even hotter today.

这个 老外 的 汉语 说 得 比 中国人 还 地道 。 Zhège lǎowài de Hànyǔ shuō de bǐ Zhōngguó rén hái dìdao. This foreigner speaks even more authentic Chinese than native speakers do.

还 has a more intense tone, and it usually carries a tone of surprise and skepticism. Therefore, using the form of a rhetorical question with 还 can be understood as "how can it be?" Note that 更 cannot be used in an interrogative tone.

你 比 老板 还 忙 ？ Nǐ bǐ lǎobǎn hái máng? You're even busier than the boss?

你 比 老板 更 忙 ？ Nǐ bǐ lǎobǎn gèng máng? You're even busier than the boss?

Also note that 更 can be used with 了 in this pattern, indicating change of situation or state, while 还 can't be used in this way.

这个 地方 比 以前 更 热闹 了 。 Zhège dìfang bǐ yǐqián gèng rènao le. This place is even more lively than before.

这个 地方 比 以前 还 热闹 了 。 Zhège dìfang bǐ yǐqián hái rènao le. This place is even more lively than before.

See also

Expressing "a bit too"

Basic comparisons with "bi"

Basic comparisons with "bu bi"

Expressing "compared with" with "gen"

Expressing comparable degree with "you"

Sources and further reading

Books

Expressing "much more" in comparisons

If you want to up the intensity of your comparisons, you might want to express "much more." You can do this using 多 (duō), but did you know there are actually three different ways to do it?

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 Short Form with 多了

4 See also

5 Sources and further reading

5.1 Books

5.2 Websites

Structure

As well as expressing that two things differ, you might want to go further and say that they differ a lot by adding 很多 (hěn duō), 多了(duō le), or 得多 (de duō). This is like saying that one thing is much more Adj. than another in English.

Noun 1 + 比 + Noun 2 + Adj. + 很多 / 得多 / 多了

Examples

拼音 比 汉字 容易 很多 。 Pīnyīn bǐ Hànzì róngyì hěn duō. Pinyin is much easier than Chinese characters.

坐 高铁 比 坐 飞机 方便 很多 。 Zuò gāotiě bǐ zuò fēijī fāngbiàn hěn duō. It's much more convenient to take the high-speed train than the airplane.

这 个 女老师 比 那个 男老师 严格 得 多 。 Zhège nǚ lǎoshī bǐ nàge nán lǎoshī yángé de duō. This female teacher is much more strict than that male teacher.

我 老婆 的 工资 比 我 高 得多 。 Wǒ lǎopo de gōngzī bǐ wǒ gāo de duō. My wife's salary is much higher than mine.

你 比 我 有经验 多了 。 Nǐ bǐ wǒ yǒu jīngyàn duō le. You're much more experienced than me.

你们 比 我们 幸运 多了 。 Nǐmen bǐ wǒmen xìngyùn duō le. You're much luckier than us.

他 打 篮球 比 我 厉害 多 了 。 Tā dǎ lánqiú bǐ wǒ lìhai duō le. He plays basketball much better than I do.

Short Form with 多了

Given sufficient context, it's possible to use 多了 without the full comparison pattern. 多了 is the only one of the three "much more" phrases introduced in this article which can be used this way.

Subj. + Adj. + 多了

A few examples:

我 的 感冒 好 多了 。We both know I've had this bad cold. Wǒ de gǎnmào hǎo duō le. My cold is getting much better.

最近 天气 暖和 多了 。We're both aware of recent weather, obviously. Zuìjìn tiānqì nuǎnhuo duō le. It's been much warmer lately.

上 大学 以后 ，她 成熟 多了 。We both know how immature she used to be. Shàng dàxué yǐhòu, tā chéngshú duō le. She became much more mature after she went to college.

See also

Expressing "a bit too"

Basic comparisons with "bi"

The "zui" superlative

Basic comparisons with "bu bi"

Sources and further reading

Books

New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) (pp. 20) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 6- 8) →buy

Websites

East Asia Student: Graded comparisons in Mandarin Chinese

Expressing comparable degree with "you"

有 (yǒu), besides just meaning "to have," can also be used in comparisons. It's what you use instead of 比 (bǐ) if something is "as [Adj.] as" something else.

Contents

1 Basic Pattern

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Advanced Pattern

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Basic Pattern

Structure

The structure is very straightforward. It literally means "A has B's [Adj.]." The meaning is "A is as [Adj.] as B." This pattern is often used in questions. Note that B is usually the one that the speaker is in favor of.

A + 有 + B + Adj. + 吗 ？

Examples

他 有 我 帅 吗 ？ Tā yǒu wǒ shuài ma? Is he as handsome as me?

你 有 老板 忙 吗 ？ Nǐ yǒu lǎobǎn máng ma? Are you as busy as the boss?

他 有 姚明 高 吗 ？ Tā yǒu Yáo Míng gāo ma? Is he as tall as YaoMing?

纽约 人口 有 上海 人口 多 吗 ？ Niǔyuē rénkǒu yǒu Shànghǎi rénkǒu duō ma? Is the population of New York city as big as that of Shanghai?

If a verb is included in this pattern to talk about an action, use this structure below:

A + 有 + B + Verb + 得 + Adj. + 吗 ？

A few examples:

他 有 我 做 得 好 吗 ？ Tā yǒu wǒ zuò de hǎo ma? Can he do as well as I do?

你 有 Bolt 跑 得 快 吗 ？ Nǐ yǒu Bolt pǎo de kuài ma? Can you run as fast as Bolt does?

Advanced Pattern

Structure

This form is often used with 这么 or 那么, which in this case means "as much." And it indicates that B is already very [Adj.]. When B is absent, 那么 means "so" or "that".

A + 有 (+ B) + 这么 / 那么 + Adj. + 吗 ？

Examples

她 有 那么 漂亮 吗 ？ Tā yǒu nàme piàoliang ma? Is she really that pretty?

这个 药 有 这么 神奇 吗 ？ Zhège yào yǒu zhème shénqí ma? Is this medicine really that magical?

他 有 姚明 那么 高 吗 ？ Tā yǒu Yáo Míng nàme gāo ma? Is he really as tall as YaoMing?

你 有 Bill Gates 那么 有钱 吗 ？ Nǐ yǒu Bill Gates nàme yǒuqián ma? Are you as rich as Bill Gates?

See also

Basic comparisons with "meiyou"

Basic comparisons with "bi"

Basic comparisons with "bu bi"

Comparisons with "buru"

Basic comparisons with "yiyang"

Sources and further reading

Books

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 33-4) →buy

现代汉语八百词 (pp. 631) →buy

Degree complement

Also known as: 程度补语 (chéngdù bǔyǔ) and complement of degree. While most complements follow verbs, degree complements very often follow adjectives. They intensify, or in some other way, modify the degree of expression of the adjective (or verb).

Contents

1 When to use it

2 Basic Pattern

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 Descriptive and State Complements

4 Degree Complements with Objects

5 Degree Complements Following Adjectives

5.1 Common Patterns

5.2 Examples

6 Compared with Potential Complements

7 References

8 See also

9 Sources and further reading

9.1 Books

9.2 Websites

When to use it

Until now, you may have probably been getting by just fine modifying your verbs with adverbs. You can use 非常 to say "very" and all that. Great. But once you learn to use degree complements, a whole new layer of expressiveness is infused into your language. You will be able to express degree of verbs and adjectives with much more precision and color. But how do you know when to use the degree complement? Here are the main reasons to use it:

To express how a verb happened or assess its quality To express to what extent (or degree) an adjective is true For the first case, the most typical examples would be describing how well an action is done, or in asking how well an action is done, which are sometimes also classified as descriptive complements and state complements.

你们 觉得 我 画 得 怎么样 ？The complement is used to ask "how well I draw." Nǐmen juéde wǒ huà de zěnmeyàng?

我们 觉得 你 画 得 很 好 。The complement tells us that "I draw very well." Wǒmen juéde nǐ huà de hěn hǎo.

他 英语 说 得 怎么样 ？ The complement is used to ask "how well he speaks English." Tā Yīngyǔ shuō de zěnmeyàng?

他 英语 说 得 一般 。 The complement tells us that "His English is average." Tā Yīngyǔ shuō de yībān.

Basic Pattern

Instead of using the good old standby adverbs 很 and 非常, we can use all kinds of degree complements to spice up our adjective.

Structure

Verb + 得 + [Degree Complement]

Examples

你 做 得 不错 。 Nǐ zuò de bùcuò. You're doing a great job.

孩子们 学 得 挺 快 的 。 Háizi men xué de tǐng kuài de. The kids are learning fast.

我 吃 得 太 饱了 。 Wǒ chī de tài bǎo le. I'm stuffed.

你们 谈 得 顺利 吗 ？ Nǐmen tán de shùnlì ma? Did your conversation go well?

她 长 得 还可以 。 Tā zhǎng de hái kěyǐ. She is all right-looking.

Descriptive and State Complements

Not every aspect of Chinese grammar is agreed upon in the world of academia, and this is the case with degree complements, descriptive complements, and state complements. Some scholars hold that the three are distinct, while others posit they're all just types of degree complements. Still, others maintain that degree complements are one, and descriptive complements and state complements are also one.

Here's how a professor of Chinese at Yale puts it[1]:

Generally speaking, the complement of degree is a grammatical unit that describes the main verb of the sentence. Specifically, the complement of degree is an assessment of an action or a description of the consequential state of an action. It may also be a description of the degree of a state. Okayyy, so it sounds like descriptions and states are all degree complements? That's one of the views on the issue.

None of these classifications truly matters though: the key is understanding them and using complements correctly to express yourself in Chinese. (This is already difficult without adding in unnecessary academic distinctions!)

Degree Complements with Objects

Both adding a complement to a verb with an object and adding an objective to a verb with a complement complicate a sentence in Mandarin, because a single verb cannot be followed by both an object and a complement. In order to get all three pieces of information into a grammatically correct Chinese sentence, there are two approaches to take:

Approach #1: Repeat the Verb

你 说 中文 说 得 很 好 。 Nǐ shuō Zhōngwén shuō de hěn hǎo. You speak Chinese well. (lit. You speak Chinese speak it well.)

Make sure that the object comes after the first instance of the verb, and the complement after the second.

Approach #2: Move the Object to the Front

你 的 中文 说 得 很 好 。 Nǐ de Zhōngwén shuō de hěn hǎo. You speak Chinese well. (lit. You Chinese speak well.)

Just to be completely clear, the following sentences are both incorrect:

你 说 中文 很 好 。 Nǐ shuō Zhōngwén hěn hǎo.

你 说 中文 得 很 好 。 Nǐ shuō Zhōngwén de hěn hǎo.

A few more examples:

你 做 菜 做 得 很 好 。 Nǐ zuò cài zuò de hěn hǎo. You cook very well.

你 的 菜 做 得 很 好 。 Nǐ de cài zuò de hěn hǎo. You cook very well.

你 写 字 写 得 很 漂亮 。 Nǐ xiě zì xiě de hěn piàoliang. Your handwriting is beautiful.

你 的 字 写 得 很 漂亮 。 Nǐ de zì xiě de hěn piàoliang. Your handwriting is beautiful.

Degree Complements Following Adjectives

Common Patterns

There are three especially common degree complements which can follow adjectives immediately and are not preceded by a 得:

极了 (like 好), indicating an extremely high degree.

死了 usually comes after adjectives with negative connotations (like 忙, 累, 臭, 难看) and are commonly used to exaggerate the degree of how bad something is. In recent years, however, 死了 also comes after adjectives with positive connotations.

Figuratively, 坏了 is a bit like the complement 死了 and can be used to mean "extremely" in either a positive or a negative sense.

Examples

味道 好 极了 。 Wèidào hǎo jí le. The taste is amazing.

这里 的 天气 舒服 极了 。 Zhèlǐ de tiānqì shūfu jíle. The weather here is so comfortable.

他 的 袜子 臭 死了 。 Tā de wàzi chòu sǐ le. His socks totally reek.

小狗 可爱 死了 。 Xiǎogǒu kě'ài sǐ le. The puppy is so adorable!

老师 说 今天 没有 作业 ，我们 都 高兴 坏 了 。 Lǎoshī shuō jīntiān méiyǒu zuòyè, wǒmen dōu gāoxìng huài le. The teacher said there's no homework for today, which thrilled us all.

找 不 到 孩子 ，妈妈 急 坏 了 。 Zhǎo bu dào háizi, māma jí huài le. Having not found the child, the mother was extremely anxious.

Note that 死 can also act as a result complement. In the examples above, however, it merely indicates an extreme degree (no actual deaths involved!).

Compared with Potential Complements

Some sentences that contain adjective complements may be indistinguishable as degree or potential complements when they are taken out of context. The following table explains different meanings that one complement phrase could have as either a degree or potential.

Examples of complement phrases that can serve as both degree and potential complements Example Degree Complement Translation Potential Complement Translation 她说得很清楚 "She speaks very clearly." "She is able to speak very clearly." 他做得非常快 "He does it very fast." "He is able to do it very fast." 他们唱得很好 "They sing very well." "They are able to sing very well."

Degree complements commonly are directly preceded by an adverb (她说得很清楚) distinguishing them from potential complements which are never directly preceded by an adverb.

References

Jump up ↑ See the article

What is the complement of degree? by Ling Mu, Rongzhen Li, and Peisong Xu.

See also

Advanced degree complements

Complement "-huai le" Adjectives with "-ji le"

Sources and further reading

Books

A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法) (pp. 284-292) →buy

Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 105-6) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 139) →buy

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (pp. 141) →buy

Websites

Oxford University website: Complement of degree 得

Yale University website: The Complement Of Degree 现代汉语中程度补语的范围及类别带“得”字程度补语和状态补语的比较分析

Direction complement

Also known as: 趋向补语 (qūxiàng bǔyǔ), directional complement and complement of direction. A direction complement is a complement used to describe the direction of a verb. A verb already has some inherent movement implied; adding a direction complement clearly shows where exactly that action is going.

Contents

1 Simple Direction Complement

1.1 Examples

1.2 Adding a place with 到

2 Compound Direction Complements

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 Direction Complements with Objects

4 Direction Complements with 把

4.1 Structure

4.2 Examples

5 Compared with Potential Complement

6 Additional Meanings

7 See also

8 Sources and further reading

8.1 Books

8.2 Websites

8.3 Videos

Simple Direction Complement

The most basic (and common) form of direction complement is formed by a verb and 来 or 去:

Verb + 来 / 去

The most important thing to consider with direction complements is the position of the speaker. If the action moves towards the speaker or comes closer in any way, use 来. If the action moves away from the speaker or becomes more distant in any way, use 去.

Verb + Complement Explanation 下

下来 xiàlái The movement is down towards the speaker: "come down"

下 下去 xiàqù The movement is down away from the speaker: "go down"

上 上来 shànglái The movement is up towards the speaker: "come up"

上 上去 shàngqù The movement is up and away from the speaker: "go up"

出 出来 chūlái The movement is out and towards the speaker: "come out"

出 出去 chūqù The movement is out and away from the speaker: "go out"

进 进来 jìnlái The movement is in and towards the speaker: "come in"

进 进去 jìnqù The movement is in and away from the speaker: "go in"

回 回来 huílái The movement is towards the speaker: "come back"

回 回去 huíqù The movement is away from the speaker: "go back"

You might be wondering how the directional distinction between 来 and 去 works when you're talking about yourself moving. You can't move away from or towards yourself, so should it be 来 or 去? The answer is to look at the context of the movement you're talking about. Are you telling someone you'll see them tomorrow? Similar to English, in Chinese you'd say something like "I'll come and see you tomorrow."

Examples

You can use these simple compounds in a huge variety of situations. Here are some examples:

A: 我 在 楼上 ，你 上来 。 Wǒ zài lóushàng, nǐ shànglái. I'm on the upper floor. Come up to me.

B: 你 在 楼上 等 我 一下 。我 一会儿 就 上去 。 Nǐ zài lóushàng děng wǒ yīxià. Wǒ yīhuìr jiù shàngqù. Please wait a moment on the upper floor. I'll come up in a few minutes.

A: 出来 玩 吧 ，我们 在 酒吧 等 你 。 Chūlái wán ba, wǒmen zài jiǔbā děng nǐ. Come and hang out with us. We'll be waiting in the bar.

B: 我 妈 不 让 我 出去 。 B: Wǒ mā bù ràng wǒ chūqù. B: My mother won't let me go out.

A: 这 是 我家 ，进来 吧 ，随便 坐 。 Zhè shì wǒ jiā, jìnlái ba, suíbiàn zuò. This is my house. Please come inside. Feel free to take a seat.

B: 那 是 你 的 卧室 吗 ？我 能 进去 吗 ？ Nà shì nǐ de wòshì ma? Wǒ néng jìnqù ma? Is that your bedroom? Can I go in?

A: 你 下班 了 吗 ？几点 回来 吃饭 ？ Nǐ xiàbān le ma? Jǐ diǎn huílái chīfàn? Are you off work now? When are you coming back for dinner?

B: 我 今天 不 回去 吃饭 。 Wǒ jīntiān bù huíqù chīfàn. I'm not going back home for dinner today.

Adding a place with 到

Direction complements are very useful for talking about arriving at destinations. The structure for this is:

到 + Place + 来 / 去

Notice that you separate the verb from its direction complement. The location goes in between the two.

A few examples:

我 下午 在 家 ，你 可以 到 我家 来 。 Wǒ xiàwǔ zài jiā, nǐ kěyǐ dào wǒ jiā lái. I'm home this afternoon. You can come to my house.

老板 让 你 马上 到 他 办公室 去 。 Lǎobǎn ràng nǐ mǎshàng dào tā bàngōngshì qù. The boss is asking you to go over to his office right now.

Compound Direction Complements

Direction complements can be more complex than just 来 or 去. You can form compound direction complements in the following way:

上 下 进 出 回 过 起来 上来 下来 进来 出来 回来 过来 起来去 上去 下去 进去 出去 回去 过去

Many Chinese learners say 回来中国 or 回去美国 but these are both wrong. The correct way to say this is 回中国来 or 回美国去, because 回 is the verb, 来 and 去 are the directional complement. In spoken language, if the context is clear, people often omit 来，去 and only say 回美国 or 回中国.

These compounds can then be used in the same way as 来 and 去. Attach them to verbs to give detail about the direction of the action.

Structure

Verb + [Compound Direction Complement]

Examples

请 站 起来 。 Qǐng zhàn qǐlái. Please stand up.

不要 让 它 跑 出去 。 Bùyào ràng tā pǎo chūqù. Don't let it run out.

从 我 家 走 过来 要 半 个 小时 。 Cóng wǒ jiā zǒu guòlái yào bàn gè xiǎoshí. It took me half an hour to walk here from my place.

你 包里 的 东西 都 拿 出来 了 吗 ？ Nǐ bāo lǐ de dōngxi dōu ná chūlái le ma? Did you take all your stuff out of your bag?

Direction Complements with Objects

Direction complements are not only used to describe the movement of people. Moving objects can also be described with direction complements. Again, the direction of the movement relative to the speaker (or at least to the context of the conversation) is important when deciding what complement to use.

These verbs that commonly appear in this construction include 拿, 送, and 带.

Some examples:

服务员 ，请 再 拿 几 个 碗 来 。 Fúwùyuán, qǐng zài ná jǐ gè wǎn lái. Waiter, please bring a few more bowls.

快点 送 孩子 去 吧 ，别 迟到 了 。 Kuàidiǎn sòng háizi qù ba, bié chídào le. Hurry up, send the kids off. Don't be late.

师傅 ，送 两 桶 水 来 。 Shīfu, sòng liǎng tǒng shuǐ lái. Shifu, please deliver two buckets of water.

可以 带 朋友 来 吗 ？ Kěyǐ dài péngyou lái ma? Can I bring some friends?

他们 带 了 一些 礼物 去 。 Tāmen dài le yīxiē lǐwù qù. They took some presents there.

Direction Complements with 把

Direction complements work very well in 把 sentences, as they can be used to describe the disposal of an object (what happened to it in the end). Because of this, it's very common to see direction complements and 把 appearing together.

Structure

Subj. + 把 + Obj. + Verb + [Direction Complement]

Examples

把 书 拿 出来 。 Bǎ shū ná chūlái. Please take out your book.

把 手 举 起来 。 Bǎ shǒu jǔ qǐlái. Raise your hands.

帮 我 把 这个 箱子 搬 过去 。 Bāng wǒ bǎ zhège xiāngzi bān guòqù. Please help me move this suitcase over there.

See also:

把 sentences

Compared with Potential Complement

Adding 得 to directional complements makes the phrase an affirmative potential complement. Adding 不 makes the phrase a negative potential complement.

Direction and Potential Complements

Directional Complement Aff. Potential Complement Neg. Potential Complement 回 去 回 得 去 回 不 去过 来 过 得 来 过 不 来站 起来 站 得 起来 站 不 起来爬 上去 爬 得 上去 爬 不 上去开 进去 开 得 进去 开 不 进去拿 出来 拿得 出来 拿 不 出来

Additional Meanings

A lot of direction complements, particularly compound direction complements, have additional idiomatic meanings beyond literally describing the direction of an action. The most common of these are:

起来出来下去

See also

Result complement Potential complement Degree complement

Sources and further reading

Books

A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法) (pp. 302-17) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 165) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 185-9) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 267-8) →buy

Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar (pp. 58-65) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2) (pp. 40-1, 197-8) →buy

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册） (pp. 313-4) →buy

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (pp. 238-9, 255) →buy

HSK Standard Course 5上 (pp. 90) →buy

Websites

Mandarin Essential Grammar (Yale): Directional Complements

Videos

Yoyo Chinese: Introduction to complement of direction

Direction complement "-qilai"

起来 (qǐlái) comes up very frequently in Chinese and can be used both literally and figuratively. This is a little like the usage of "up" in English, which can be used literally, as in "stand up," or figuratively, as in "add up." When used figuratively, 起来 often serves as a direction complement.

Contents

1 Basic Meaning

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Used for Initiation of an Action

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 Used for an Initial Judgement

3.1 Structure

3.2 Examples

4 See also

5 Sources and further reading

5.1 Books

5.2 Websites

Basic Meaning

Structure

起来 can be used to express an upward movement like "up," as in the English examples of "stand up" or "pick up."

Verb + 起来

Examples

请 大家 站 起来 。 Qǐng dàjiā zhàn qǐlái. Everyone, please stand up.

捡 起来。 Jiǎn qǐlái. Pick it up (from the floor).

头 抬 起来 。 Tóu tái qǐlái. Raise your head.

别动 ！把 手 举 起来 。 Bié dòng! Bǎ shǒu jǔ qǐlái. Don't move! Put your hands up.

Used for Initiation of an Action

Structure

起来 can also be used to show that an action or state has started and is ongoing:

Verb / Adj.+ 起来 +了

Examples

小鸟 飞 起来 了 。 Xiǎoniǎo fēi qǐlái le . The birds started flying.

宝宝 哭 起来 了 。 Bǎobao kū qǐlái le. The baby started crying.

两 个 大妈 吵 起来 了 。 Liǎng gè dàmā chǎo qǐlái le. Two middle-aged ladies started arguing.

天气 热 起来 了 。 Tiānqì rè qǐlái le. It's getting hot.

结婚 以后 ，她 胖 起来 了 。 Jiéhūn yǐhòu, tā pàng qǐlái le. After she got married, she has started to gain weight.

爷爷 的 身体 好 起来 了 。 Yéye de shēntǐ hǎo qǐlái le. Grandpa's health is getting better.

When used like this, 起来 is only used with spontaneous actions, like 唱 (chàng), 跳 (tiào), 聊 (liáo), or with states like 热 (rè), 冷 (lěng), or 好 (hǎo) etc. It cannot be used with planned actions.

我们 做饭 起来 吧。 Wǒmen zuòfàn qǐlái ba.

我们 开始 做饭 吧 。 Wǒmen kāishǐ zuòfàn ba. Let's start cooking.

It can also used as a way to encourage people to start doing something immediately:

大家 唱 起来 ，跳 起来 ! Dàjiā chàng qǐlái, tiào qǐlái ! Let's sing and dance!

Used for an Initial Judgement

起来 is used here to express that the speaker has only just initiated an action, and based on that, has made a preliminary judgement. It is used in the following structure:

Structure

Subj. + Verb + 起来 + Adv. + Adj.

This expresses that the subject seems adjective when the action of the verb is performed. This structure is frequently used with perception verbs such as 看, 听, 闻, 尝, etc.

Examples

他 看起来 很 友好 。 Tā kàn qǐlái hěn yǒuhǎo. He looks very friendly.

你 的 头发 闻起来 很 香 。 Nǐ de tóufa wén qǐlái hěn xiāng. Your hair smells good.

这 件 事情 听起来 有点 复杂 。 Zhè jiàn shìqing tīng qǐlái yǒudiǎn fùzá. This matter sounds a little bit complex.

这些 菜 尝起来 都 不错 。 Zhèxiē cài cháng qǐlái dōu bùcuò. These foods all taste good.

你 的 床 摸起来 很 舒服 。 Nǐ de chuáng mō qǐlái hěn shūfu. Your bed feels very comfortable.

See also

Result complement "xiaqu"

Advanced result complements

Direction complement

Appearance with "kanqilai"

Sources and further reading

Books

Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) (pp. 25-31) [ →buy]

Boya Chinese Elementary Starter 2 (博雅汉语初经起步篇) (pp. 80) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 5 (新实用汉语课本5) (pp. 134-5) →buy

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册） (pp. 355-6) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 20) →buy

HSK Standard Course 5上 (pp. 36) →buy

Websites

Yale: Extended meaning of some directional complements

Potential complement

Verbs can take potential complements that indicate whether or not the action is actually possible. They are useful in Chinese to say if an action can take place.

Contents

1 Affirmative Form

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Negative Form

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 Potential Complement with Objects

4 Advanced Potential Complements

5 See also

6 Sources and and further reading

6.1 Books

6.2 Websites

6.2.1 Yale

Affirmative Form

Structurally, potential complements are closely related to both result complements and direction complements, so it helps to be familiar with those first. The most important and commonly used potential complements are derived from other complements such as the following:

Verb + 见 e.g. 看见, 听见 (result complements)

Verb + 懂 e.g. 看懂, 听懂 (result complements)

Verb + 完 e.g. 吃完, 做完, 用完, 花完 (result complements)

Verb + Adj. e.g. 看清楚, 听明白, 洗干净 (result complements)

Verb + 到 e.g. 找到, 买到, 收到 (result complements)

Verb + Direction e.g. 上来, 下去, 进去, 起来, 走过去, 爬上去 (direction complements)

Potential complements can be positive or negative. What this means is fairly intuitive - potential complements can be used to express that something can happen or that it can't.

Structure

Subj. + Verb + 得 + Complement

Examples

你 没 戴 眼镜 ，看 得 清楚 吗 ？ Nǐ méi dài yǎnjìng, kàn de qīngchu ma? You didn't wear glasses. Can you see things clearly?

他 这么 粗心 ，做 得 好 吗 ？ Tā zhème cūxīn, zuò de hǎo ma? He'a so careless. Can he do it well?

你 这么 聪明 ，肯定 学 得 会 。 Nǐ zhème cōngming, kěndìng xué de huì. You're so smart. You can definitely learn this.

早上 五点 出发 ，孩子们 起 得 来 吗 ？ Zǎoshang wǔdiǎn chūfā, háizi men qǐ de lái ma? We're leaving at five a.m.. Will the kids be able to get up?

这么 高 的 山 ，你 爬 得 上去 吗 ？ Zhème gāo de shān, nǐ pá de shàngqù ma? The mountain is so high. Can you make it to the top?

Negative Form

Structure

Subj. + Verb + 不 + Complement

Examples

你 的 声音 太 小 了 ，我们 听 不 见 。 Nǐ de shēngyīn tài xiǎo le, wǒmen tīng bu jiàn. Your voice is too soft. We can't hear you.

这里 太 暗 了 ，我 看 不 清楚 。 Zhèlǐ tài àn le, wǒ kàn bu qīngchu. It's too dim here. I can't see clearly.

这个 自行车 太 破 了 ，谁 都 修 不 好 。 Zhège zìxíngchē tài pò le, shéi dōu xiū bu hǎo . This bike is so broken. Nobody can fix it.

她 的 腿 受伤 了 ，站 不 起来 了 。 Tā de tuǐ shòushāng le, zhàn bu qǐlái le. Her leg is injured. She can't stand.

包 太 小 了 ，手机 放 不 进去 。 Bāo tài xiǎo le, shǒujī fàng bu jìnqù. The bag is too small. I can't fit the cell phone in it.

Potential Complement with Objects

Objects in sentences with potential complements can occur either after the complement or at the beginning of a sentence.

A few examples:

你 听 得 懂 上海话 吗 ？ Nǐ tīng de dǒng Shànghǎi-huà ma? Can you understand Shanghai dialect?

她 这么 小 ，看 得 懂 这 本 书 吗 ？ Tā zhème xiǎo, kàn de dǒng zhè běn shū ma? She's so young. Can she really understand this book?

我怕 我 做 不 好 这份 工作 。 Wǒ pà wǒ zuò bu hǎo zhè fèn gōngzuò. I'm afraid that I can't do this job well.

这 种 手机 现在 买 不 到 了 。 Zhè zhǒng shǒujī xiànzài mǎi bu dào le. You can't buy this type of cell phone now.

这本书 我 一个星期 肯定 看 得 完 。 Zhè běn shū wǒ yī gè xīngiqī kěndìng kàn de wán. I can definitely finish reading this book within one week.

Advanced Potential Complements

There are actually quite a few potential complements out there, and this article touches on some of the simplest and most common ones. Be aware that there are many more, but they all follow the same basic pattern outlined here. You can also see our article on advanced potential complements.

See also

Result complements Advanced potential complements

Sources and and further reading

Books

Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 71) →buy

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 191) →buy

Boya Chinese Elementary Starter 1 (博雅汉语初经起步篇) (pp. 197) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (pp. 291) →buy

Practicing HSK Grammar (语法精讲精炼) (pp. 125) →buy

Contemporary Chinese 2 (当代中文2) (pp. 63) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 99) →buy

Websites

Yale

The Potential Complement

Potential Complement And Degree Complement In Contrast

Result complement "xiaqu"

下去 (xiàqù) can be used as a result complement to talk about things continuing or carrying on. Think of it as a figurative way of "keeping the ball rolling" (downhill).

Contents

1 Affirmative Form

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Negative Form

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 Used with 再

4 See also

5 Sources and further reading

5.1 Books

Affirmative Form

Structure

Subj. + Verb + 下去

Examples

说 下去 。 Shuō xiàqù. Keep talking.

这 本 书 你 一定 要 认真 地 看 下去 。 Zhè běn shū nǐ yīdìng yào rènzhēn de kàn xiàqù. You must keep reading this book carefully.

这样做 很 有 意义 ，你 应该 做 下去 。 Zhèyàng zuò hěn yǒu yìyì, nǐ yīnggāi zuò xiàqù. It's very meaningful to do this. You should keep doing it.

他 走 了 ，因为 他 没脸 待 下去 了 。 Tā zǒu le, yīnwèi tā méiliǎn dāi xiàqù le. He left because he felt shame if he stayed.

你 不能 这样 生活 下去 了 。 Nǐ bù néng zhèyàng shēnghuó xiàqù le. You can't keep living like this.

Negative Form

Strictly speaking, simply adding 不 in front of the main verb is all it takes to create the negative form. But it's actually more common to use this negative potential complement form. So it's not just "not go on" (doing something), but actually "can't go on" (doing something).

Structure

Subj. + Verb + 不 + 下去 (+ 了)

Note that 了 is often used when it's negated.

Examples

这个 故事 太 无聊 了 ，我 听 不 下去 了 。 Zhège gùshi tài wúliáo le, wǒ tīng bu xiàqù le. This story is too boring, I can't keep listening.

这个 电影 太 暴力 了 ，我 看 不 下去 了 。 Zhège diànyǐng tài bàolì le, wǒ kàn bu xiàqù le. This movie is too violent. I can't keep watching it.

你 说话 太 恶心 了 ，我 吃 不 下去 了 。 Nǐ shuōhuà tài ěxīn le, wǒ chī bu xiàqù le. The way you talk is so disgusting. I can't continue eating my food.

这个 宾馆 太 脏 了 ，我 待 不 下去 了 。 Zhège bīnguǎn tài zāng le, wǒ dāi bu xiàqù le. This hotel is too dirty. I can't stay here any longer.

我 跟 他 过 不 下去 了 ，我 要 离婚 。 Wǒ gēn tā guò bu xiàqù le, wǒ yào líhūn. I can't go on like this with him. I want a divorce.

Used with 再

When the adverb 再 comes before the verb, there's an implication that if "things keep going on this way," then something bad is going to happen.

A few examples:

你 再 赌 下去 会 输光 的 。 Nǐ zài dǔ xiàqù huì shūguāng de. If you keep gambling, you're going to lose all your money.

你 再 喝 下去 就 醉 了 。 Nǐ zài hē xiàqù jiù zuì le. if you keep drinking you're going to get drunk .

See also

Potential complement "bu xia"

Result complement "-qilai" (起来)

Resultative Complement "chu(lai)"(出来)

Direction complement

Sources and further reading

Books

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 184) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 232-3) →buy

Boya Chinese Lower Intermediate 2 (博雅汉语准中级加速篇) (pp. 137) [ →buy]

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 184) →buy

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册） (pp. 429) →buy

Result complements

Result complements are one of the most common and useful types of complements. Often the complement is simply an adjective like 好 (hǎo) or a single syllable like 完 (wán). They indicate that an action has led to a certain result and make that result clear to the listener.

Contents

1 Using Adjectives

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Using One-Syllable Verbs

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 Compared with Potential Complement

4 Used in 把 Sentences

5 See also

6 Sources and further reading

6.1 Books 6.2 Websites

Using Adjectives

好 (hǎo) implies that something is done to completion or done well. Forming a result complement with 好 has a very similar meaning to forming one with 完. It expresses that the action has been completed successfully.

错 (cuò) is used to express that an action has been performed incorrectly in some way, resulting in a mistake (错). This pattern covers what is often expressed with the adverb "incorrectly" in English.

Other adjectives commonly used as result complements include: 晚 (wǎn), 饱 (bǎo), 坏 (huài), 清楚 (qīngchu), 明白 (míngbai), 干净 (gānjìng), 破 (pò).

Structure

For the basic structure, you'll almost always see a 了 after the complement:

Subj. + Verb + Adj. + 了 (+ Obj.)

To negate a result complement, use 没 instead of 不:

Subj. + 没 + Verb + Adj. (+ Obj.)

Examples

你 吃 好 了 吗 ？ Nǐ chī hǎo le ma? Are you done eating?

对不起 ，我 记 错 了 时间 。 Duìbuqǐ, wǒ jì cuò le shíjiān. Sorry, I got the time wrong.

你 来 晚 了 ，我们 已经 关门 了 。 Nǐ lái wǎn le, wǒmen yǐjīng guānmén le. You came too late. We're already closed.

他 玩 坏 了 哥哥 的 玩具 。 Tā wán huài le gēge de wánjù. He broke his older brother's toy.

我 没 吃 饱 。 Wǒ méi chī bǎo. I didn't eat enough.

他 还 没 想 好 。 Tā hái méi xiǎng hǎo. He hasn't thought it through yet.

我们 没 听 清楚 ，请 再 说 一遍 。 Wǒmen méi tīng qīngchu, qǐng zài shuō yī biàn. We didn't hear it clearly. Please say it again.

When using result complements, it's very common to make the object a topic. This means the object is moved to the beginning of the sentence and the subject is often omitted.

Some examples:

这 个 字 写 错 了。 Zhège zì xiě cuò le. You wrote this character wrong.

杯子 摔 坏 了 。 Bēizi shuāi huài le. The cup is broken.

房间 打扫 干净 了 吗 ？ Fángjiān dǎsǎo gānjìng le ma? Is your room all cleaned up?

Using One-Syllable Verbs

Besides adjectives, there are a few single-syllable verbs which can also be used as result complements. Some examples include 到 (dào), 见 (jiàn), 懂 (dǒng), 会 (huì), 走 (zǒu), 掉 (diào). There really aren't a lot of these, which is part of the reason why these words are usually seen as one verb instead of two verbs.

Structure

For the basic structure, you'll often see a 了 after the complement:

Subj. + Verb + [One-syllable Verb] +了 (+ Obj.)

Examples

你们 都 听懂 了 吗 ？ Nǐmen dōu tīngdǒng le ma? Do you understand all of it?

我 看 了 ，但是 没 看懂 。 Wǒ kàn le, dànshì méi kàndǒng. I read it, but I didn't really understand it.

你 踩到 了 我 的 脚 。 Nǐ cǎidào le wǒ de jiǎo. You're stepping on my foot.

我 不小心 撞到 了 墙 。 Wǒ bù xiǎoxīn zhuàngdào le qiáng. I hit the wall by accident.

我 女儿 学会 了 数数 。 Wǒ nǚ'ér xuéhuì le shǔ shù. My daughter has learned how to count numbers.

我 爸爸 还没 学会 用 智能 手机 。 Wǒ bàba hái méi xuéhuì yòng zhìnéng shǒujī. My father hasn't learned how to use a smart phone yet.

老师 拿走 了 我 的 iPad 。 Lǎoshī názǒu le wǒ de iPad. The teacher took away my iPad.

小偷 偷走 了 我 的 钱包 。 Xiǎotōu tōuzǒu le wǒ de qiánbāo. The thief stole my wallet.

他 不小心 推倒 了 一 个 老人 。 Tā bù xiǎoxīn tuīdǎo le yī gè lǎorén. He pushed over an old person on accident.

你 撞倒 了 我 的 自行车 。 Nǐ zhuàngdǎo le wǒ de zìxíngchē. You knocked over my bike.

谁 扔掉 了 我 的 袜子 ？ Shéi rēngdiào le wǒ de wàzi? Who threw away my socks?

我 卖掉 了 我 的 旧 手机 。 Wǒ màidiào le wǒ de jiù shǒujī. I sold my old cell phone.

Compared with Potential Complement

Result and Potential Complements

Result Complement Aff. Potential Complement Neg. Potential Complement 做 完 做 得 完 做 不 完听 懂 听 得 懂 听 不 懂看 清楚 看 得 清楚 看 不 清楚洗 干净 洗 得 干净 洗 不 干净

Used in 把 Sentences

Although we have avoided 把 sentences in this article for the sake of simplicity, you may have noticed that sentences which feature result complements often also use 把. This is because 把 sentences and result complements work particularly well together, as they both deal with the result of an action or the "disposal" of an object. Apart from result complements involving perception and psychological verbs, most result compounds work nicely in 把 sentences.

Result complements in 把 sentences

Subject 把 Object RC compound verb 我 把 杯子 摔 坏 了 。他 把 我 的 电脑 修 好 了 。小偷 把 我 的 钱包 偷 走 了 。我们 把 房间 打扫 干净 了 。

See also

Result complement "xiaqu"

Advanced result complements

Result complement "-wan" for finishing

Result complements "dao" and "jian"

Sources and further reading

Books

A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法) (pp. 273 - 284) →buy

Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 97-9) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 43- 4) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 233-4) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2) (pp. 87 - 88) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 35) →buy

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (pp. 223) →buy

Websites

Mandarin Essential Grammar (Yale): The Complement of Result

Conceding a point with "shi"

When conceding a point, we often put emphasis on the point we are conceding, and in Chinese, there is a way to do that with 是 (shì).

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Structure

This pattern is often used in an argument or debate. It's usually indicating that the speaker is conceding a point, but they still have some reservations about the topic at hand. Don't worry, the examples will make this clear.

Adj. + 是 + Adj. ， 但是 / 就是 ⋯⋯

Examples

工作 忙 是 忙 ，但是 我 很 开心 。 Gōngzuò máng shì máng, dànshì wǒ hěn kāixīn. I am busy at work, but I'm very happy with my job.

这 件 衣服 好看 是 好看 ，但是 不 适合 我 。 Zhè jiàn yīfu hǎokàn shì hǎokàn, dànshì bù shìhé wǒ. This piece of clothing looks good, but it doesn't look good on me.

这里 的 环境 好 是 好 ，但是 交通 不太 方便 。 Zhèlǐ de huánjìng hǎo shì hǎo, dànshì jiāotōng bù tài fāngbiàn. This environment is great, but the transportation is not very convenient.

累 是 累 ，但是 很 值得 。 Lèi shì lèi, dànshì hěn zhídé. It's tiring, but it's all worth it.

难 是 难 ，但是 我 相信 我 能 做到 。 Nán shì nán, dànshì wǒ xiāngxìn wǒ néng zuòdào. It is difficult, but I believe that I can do it.

When using 但是, the second clause can express positive experience or something satisfactory, as well as negative situations. However, when using 就是, the second clause needs to express something unsatisfactory.

好吃 是 好吃 ，就是 不 太 健康 。 Hǎochī shì hǎochī, jiùshì bù tài jiànkāng. It is tasty, but it's not very healthy.

这个 东西 好 是 好 ，就是 太 贵 了 。 Zhège dōngxi hǎo shì hǎo, jiùshì tài guì le. This thing is good, but it's too expensive.

这个 学生 聪明 是 聪明 ，就是 不 太 努力 。 Zhège xuéshēng cōngming shì cōngming, jiùshì bù tài nǔlì. This student may be smart, but he's not very hardworking.

他 女朋友 漂亮 是 漂亮 ，就是 有点 矮 。 Tā nǚpéngyou piàoliang shì piàoliang, jiùshì yǒudiǎn ǎi. His girlfriend is pretty, but she is a little short.

这个 老师 教 得 好 是 好 ，就是 太 严格 。 Zhège lǎoshī jiāo de hǎo shì hǎo, jiùshì tài yángé. This teacher teaches very well; It's just she's too strict.

See also

Expressing Contrariness with "dao" "Not… But

Rather…" with "er shi"

Sources and further reading

Books

Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 180) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 22- 3) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 119) →buy

Events in quick succession with "yi... jiu..."

This pattern tells us that as soon as one thing happens, then another thing happens immediately afterwards. You mark the two events with 一 (yī) and 就 (jiù).

Contents

1 Used as "as soon as"

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Used as "Every Time"

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 Sources and further reading

3.1 Books

4 See also

Used as "as soon as"

Structure

The pattern involves two different events, the first preceded by "一," and then the second event, which follows in quick succession, preceded by 就.

一 + Event 1，就 + Event 2

The subjects of the two "Events" can be the same, but they don't have to be. If they're the same, then you don't need to repeat the subject for the second one.

Examples

饿 死了，我 一 下课 就 要 去 吃 午饭 。 È sǐ le, wǒ yī xiàkè jiù yào qù chī wǔfàn. I'm starving. I'm going to have lunch as soon as class is over.

你 能 不 能 一 下班 就 去 接 孩子 ？ Nǐ néng bu néng yī xiàbān jiù qù jiē háizi? Can you go to pick up our kid as soon as you get off work?

妈妈 一 到 家 就 去 做饭 了 。 Māma yī dào jiā jiù qù zuòfàn le. As soon as mom arrived home, she went off to cook.

老师 一 来 大家 就 不 说话 了。 Lǎoshī yī lái dàjiā jiù bù shuōhuà le. As soon as the teacher came , everyone stopped talking.

我 一 进门 ，小狗 就 跑 了 过来 。 Wǒ yī jìn mén, xiǎogǒu jiù pǎo le guòlái. As soon as I walked in the door, the puppy ran over to me.

Used as "Every Time"

Structure

In this case, 一 means "every time," followed by some certain condition, which could be the reason or the cause of what happens after 就. The subjects of the two "Events" are usually the same.

一 + Reason，就 + Result

Examples

我 一 想到 这 件 事 就 不 高兴 。 Wǒ yī xiǎngdào zhè jiàn shì jiù bù gāoxìng. Every time I think about this, I get upset.

她 一 生气 就 脸红 。 Tā yī shēngqì jiù liǎn hóng. Every time she gets angry, her face turns red.

你 怎么 一 吃 火锅 就 拉肚子 ？ Nǐ zěnme yī chī huǒguō jiù lādùzi? How come you have diarrhea every time you eat hotpot?

他 一 上 英语 课 就 想 睡觉 。 Tā yī shàng Yīngyǔ kè jiù xiǎng shuìjiào. Every time he takes English class, he feels like falling asleep.

一 说到 物理 ，我 就 头疼 。 Yī shuōdào Wùlǐ, wǒ jiù tóuténg. Every time we talk about physics, it gives me headache.

Sources and further reading

Books

Common Chinese Patterns 330 (汉语常用格式330例) (pp. 184) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2) (pp. 240) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 169) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 206-7) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 88-9) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 85-7) →buy 40

Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (pp. 173, 189) →buy

See also

Expressing earliness with "jiu"

Expressing "once...then..." with "yidan...jiu..."

Actions in a row

Expressing "although" with "suiran" and "danshi"

The grammar pattern 虽然⋯⋯ 但是⋯⋯ (suīrán... dànshì...) is one of the most commonly used patterns in Chinese, especially in written Chinese. You can think of it as meaning "although," but unlike in English, you still need to follow it up with a "but" word in Chinese.

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Structure

虽然⋯⋯ 但是⋯⋯ expresses that while the former part of the sentence is true, there is an adverse reaction in the latter part.

虽然 ⋯⋯ ，但是 / 可是 ⋯⋯

Simply put, the pattern means, although..., but... In English, you wouldn't normally need the "but" there, but it is required in Chinese. Be aware that 可是 can be used interchangeably with 但是 for the "but" part. Also note that 还是 can be used after 但是 for emphasis, meaning "still."

Examples

虽然 外面 很 冷 ，可是 里面 很 暖和 。 Suīrán wàimiàn hěn lěng, kěshì lǐmiàn hěn nuǎnhuo. Although it's cold outside, it's warm inside.

这 件 衣服 虽然 有点 贵 ，但是 质量 很 好 。 Zhè jiàn yīfu suīrán yǒudiǎn guì, dànshì zhìliàng hěn hǎo. Although this piece of clothing is a little expensive, the quality is pretty good.

他 虽然 不 想 去 ，但是 还是 去 了 。 Tā suīrán bù xiǎng qù, dànshì háishì qù le. Although he didn't want to go, he ended up going.

虽然 他 家 很 有钱 ，可是 他 从来 不 浪费 钱 。 Suīrán tā jiā hěn yǒuqián, kěshì tā cónglái bù làngfèi qián. Even though his family is rich, he never wastes money.

我 妹妹 虽然 很 胖 ，可是 很 灵活 。 Wǒ mèimei suīrán hěn pàng, kěshì hěn línghuó. Although my little sister is fat, she is flexible.

虽然 她 准备 得 很 好 ，但是 还是 有点 紧张 。 Suīrán tā zhǔnbèi de hěn hǎo, dànshì háishì yǒudiǎn jǐnzhāng. Although she's prepared very well, she's still a little nervous.

你 虽然 学历 高 ，可是 没有 工作 经验 。 Nǐ suīrán xuélì gāo, kěshì méiyǒu gōngzuò jīngyàn. Although you're well-educated, you don't have working experience.

奶奶 虽然 八十 多 岁 了 ，但是 她 精神 很 好 。 Nǎinai suīrán bāshí duō suì le, dànshì tā jīngshén hěn hǎo. Although grandma is in her eighties, she look very well.

虽然 你们 没有 赢 ，但是 我 知道 大家 尽力 了 。 Suīrán nǐmen méiyǒu yíng, dànshì wǒ zhīdao dàjiā jìnlì le. You didn't win, but I know all of you did your best.

虽然 我 认识 他 很长 时间 了 ，但是 我 还是 不 了解 他 。 Suīrán wǒ rènshi tā hěn cháng shíjiān le, dànshì wǒ háishì bù liǎojiě tā. Although I've known him for a long time, I don't know much about him.

See also

Two words for "but" "Although" with "jinguan"

Sources and further reading

Books

Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 115-6) →buy

Common Chinese Patterns 330 (汉语常用格式330例) (pp. 217) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 245) →buy

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 256-7) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2) (pp. 177) →buy

Expressing "either... or..." with "yaome"

When used by itself, 要么 is a not-so-pushy suggestion. But when used for a pair of choices, it gives a much more hardline "either/or" feel: these are the two choices. Choose one. (It can also be used for more than two choices, but it's usually just two.) In this case, 要不 acts exactly like 要么.

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Structure

You can give a series of alternatives by using 要么 (yàome). The structure is pretty versatile, as you can put a wide variety of things after each 要么.

It can be used both for commands and non-commands.

要么 + Option A ，要么 + Option B

Examples

要么 你 去，要么 他 去 。 Yàome nǐ qù, yàome tā qù. Either you go, or he goes.

要么 继续 ，要么 放弃 。 Yàome jìxù, yàome fàngqì. Either keep going or give up.

要么 好好 做 ，要么 就 别 做 。 Yàome hǎohǎo zuò, yàome jiù bié zuò. You either do it well or don't do it.

要么 现在 就 买 ，要么 现在 就 走 。 Yàome xiànzài jiù mǎi, yàome xiànzài jiù zǒu. Either buy it now, or we get out of here now.

你 要么 回 老家 ，要么 留在 上海 。 Nǐ yàome huí lǎojiā, yàome liúzài Shànghǎi. You either go back to your hometown or stay in Shanghai.

要么 看书 ，要么 写 作业 ，不 可以 出去 玩 。 Yàome kànshū, yàome xiě zuòyè, bù kěyǐ chūqù wán. You either read or do homework. No playing outside.

要么 继续 找工作 ，要么 创业 ，不能 什么 都 不做 。 Yàome jìxù zhǎo gōngzuò, yàome chuàngyè, bù néng shénme dōu bù zuò. Either keeping looking for a job or start your own business. You can't just sit around doing nothing.

你 要么 加入 我们 队，要么 加入 他们 队 。 Nǐ yàome jiārù wǒmen duì, yàome jiārù tāmen duì. You either join our team or their team.

去年 夏天 ，我 每天 要么 去 健身房，要么 去 图书馆，特别 无聊 。 Qùnián xiàtiān, wǒ měi tiān yàome qù jiànshēnfáng, yàome qù túshūguǎn, tèbié wúliáo. Last summer I either went to the gym or the library every day. It was so boring.

我 老公 周末 要么 睡觉 ，要么 打 游戏 ，从来 不 做 家务 。 Wǒ lǎogōng zhōumò yàome shuìjiào, yàome dǎ yóuxì, cónglái bù zuò jiāwù. My husband either sleeps or plays video games on weekends. He never does chores.

See also

Providing two options with double "huozhe"

Expressing the only two possibilities

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 158) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) (pp. 165) →buy

Expressing "except" and "in addition" with "chule… yiwai"

Using 除了 (chúle)--often with 以外 (yǐwài)--will help you spruce up your sentences when you want to express the meanings of "except," "besides," or "in addition." You may feel that "except" has a pretty different meaning from the other two. Well, read on!

Contents

1 Used as "Except"

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Used as "in Addition"

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Used as "Except"

Structure

除了⋯⋯ (以外), 都⋯⋯ is a pattern used to express "except." Make a special note of the 都 (dōu)!

除了 ⋯⋯ (+ 以外) ，Subj. + 都 ⋯⋯

Examples

除了 他 ，我们 都 去 过 。 Chúle tā , wǒmen dōu qù guo. Except for him, we've all been there.

除了 白酒 ，别的 酒 他 都 喝 。 Chúle báijiǔ, biéde jiǔ tā dōu hē. He drinks all kinds of alcohol except baijiu.

除了 周末 ，老板 每天 都 加班 。 Chúle zhōumò, lǎobǎn měi tiān dōu jiābān. Except for weekends, the boss works overtime every day.

除了 价格 以外 ，其他 方面 我们 都 很 满意 。 Chúle jiàgé yǐwài, qítā fāngmiàn wǒmen dōu hěn mǎnyì. We're satisfied with all aspects except for the price.

除了 政治 新闻 以外 ，其他 新闻 我都 看 。 Chúle zhèngzhì xīnwén yǐwài, qítā xīnwén wǒ dōu kàn. I read all types of news except for political news.

An important note is that 以外 can be omitted from the sentence without losing its meaning.

Used as "in Addition"

Structure

除了⋯⋯ (以外), 也/还⋯⋯ is a pattern used to express "in addition." Make a special note of the 也 or 还!

除了 ⋯⋯ (+ 以外) ，Subj. + 也 / 还 ⋯⋯

Examples

除了 英语 ，我 也 会 说 法语 和 西班牙语 。 Chúle Yīngyǔ, wǒ yě huì shuō Fǎyǔ hé Xībānyáyǔ. In addition to English, I can also speak French and Spanish.

除了 运动 以外 ，你 还 有 什么 爱好 ？ Chúle yùndòng yǐwài, nǐ hái yǒu shénme àihào? In addition to sports, what other hobbies do you have?

除了 猫 和 狗 ，我 还 养 过 兔子 。 Chúle māo hé gǒu, wǒ hái yǎng guo tùzi. In addition to a cat and a dog, I also had a rabbit.

除了 海鲜 ，你 还 对 什么 过敏 ？ Chúle hǎixiān, nǐ hái duì shénme guòmǐn? In addition to seafood, what else are you allergic to?

中国 的 功夫 明星 ，除了 李小龙 和 成龙 以外 ，李连杰 也 很 有名 。 Zhōngguó de gōngfu míngxīng, chúle Lǐ xiǎolóng hé Chéng Lóng yǐwài, Lǐ Liánjié yě hěn yǒumíng. In addition to Bruce Lee and Jackie Chan , Jet Li is also very famous as a Chinese Kungfu star.

See also

Expressing "in addition" with "lingwai"

Expressing "in addition" with "haiyou"

Expressing "and also" with "hai"

Sources and further reading

Books

Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 80) →buy

Common Chinese Patterns 330 (汉语常用格式330例) (pp. 50, 52) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 218-9) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 16-7) →buy

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 355-6) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 170) →buy

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (pp. 271) →buy

Expressing "if" with "ruguo... dehua"

如果⋯⋯的话 (rúguǒ... dehuà) is a pattern commonly used in Chinese to express "if." An easy way to remember the pattern's format is that in the full form, the condition is "sandwiched" between 如果 and 的话.

Contents

1 Fuller Pattern

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Simple Pattern

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

4.2 Websties

Fuller Pattern

Structure

如果 ⋯⋯ 的话 ，(就) ⋯⋯

Note that 就 (jiù) is often optional. For more on using 如果 with 就, check out the "if…, then…" two-part pattern with 如果……就…….

Examples

如果 明天 下雨 的话 ，我们 就 不 去 了 。 Rúguǒ míngtiān xiàyǔ dehuà, wǒmen jiù bù qù le. If it rains tomorrow, we won't go.

别 点 那么 多 菜 。如果 吃 不 完 的话 ，就 太 浪费 了 。 Bié diǎn nàme duō cài. Rúguǒ chī bù wán dehuà, jiù tài làngfèi le. Don't order so much. It will be a big waste of food if we can't finish all.

如果 有 人 帮 他 的话 ，他 就 不 会 出事 了 。 Rúguǒ yǒu rén bāng tā dehuà, tā jiù bù huì chūshì le. If someone had helped him, he would't have had this accident.

如果 你们 不 来 的话 ，一定 会 后悔 的 。 Rúguǒ nǐmen bù lái dehuà, yīdìng huì hòuhuǐ de . If you don't come, you'll definitely regret it.

如果 他 不 同意 的话 ，你 怎么办 ？ Rúguǒ tā bù tóngyì dehuà, nǐ zěnmebàn? What will you do if he disapproves?

Simple Pattern

Colloquially, it's also possible to drop the 如果 and just use the 的话 instead to mean "if." 的话 is optional.

Structure

⋯⋯ (的话) ，就 ⋯⋯

Examples

不 想 去 的话 就 别 去 了 。 Bù xiǎng qù dehuà jiù bié qù le. Don't go if you don't feel like going.

好吃 的 的话 ，就 多 吃 点 。 Hǎochī de dehuà, jiù duō chī diǎn. If you think it's tasty, eat some more.

喜欢 就 拿走 吧 。 Xǐhuan jiù názǒu ba. Take it if you like it.

It's even possible to use neither 的话 nor 就, and let the "if" be completely implied.

有 事 给 我 打电话 。 Yǒu shì gěi wǒ dǎ diànhuà. Give me a call if you need anything.

有空 来 我 家 玩 。 Yǒu kòng lái wǒ jiā wán. If you're not busy, come to my place so we can hang out.

Note that 如果 can be switched out for the various other terms for "if," including the common 要是 (yàoshi) and the formal 假如 (jiǎrú), among others.

See also

"If…, then…" with "ruguo…, jiu…"

"If… Then…" with "yaoshi"

Marking a topic with "de hua" "

Only if" with "zhiyou"

Sources and further reading

Books

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 280) →buy

Websties

Chinesegrammar.info: Chinese grammar de hua (的话): expressing “if” in Chinese with de hua

Expressing "if..., then..." with "ruguo..., jiu..."

One of the benefits of Chinese is that the grammar is often very logical and concise. In this article, we look at the 如果 ⋯⋯，就⋯⋯ (rúguǒ..., jiù...) two-part structure.

Contents

1 Standard Pattern

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Fuller Pattern

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

2.3 Adding in 的话

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Standard Pattern

Structure

如果⋯⋯，就⋯⋯ is an often-used pattern that is utilized in the same way that "If…, then…" is in English.

如果 ⋯⋯ ，就 ⋯⋯

Examples

如果 有 困难 ，就 给 我 打 电话 。 Rúguǒ yǒu kùnnan, jiù gěi wǒ dǎ diànhuà. If there is any difficulty, give me a call.

如果 你 输 了 ，就 给 我 一 百 块 。 Rúguǒ nǐ shū le, jiù gěi wǒ yī bǎi kuài. If you lose, give me 100 kuai.

如果 真的 找 不 回来 ，就 再 买 一 个 吧 。 Rúguǒ zhēnde zhǎo bu huílái, jiù zài mǎi yī gè ba. If you can't find it, then buy a new one.

如果 他 再 来 ，我们 就 报警 。 Rúguǒ tā zài lái, wǒmen jiù bàojǐng. If he keeps showing up, we'll call the police.

如果 你们 已经 不 相爱 了 ，就 分手 吧 。 Rúguǒ nǐmen yǐjīng bù xiāngài le, jiù fēnshǒu ba. If you no longer love each other, just break up.

Fuller Pattern

Sometimes 那么 (nàme) is used instead of 就 (jiù), imparting a more relaxed, informal feel to the sentence. Sometimes just 那 (nà) will be used instead of 那么 (nàme).

Structure

如果 ⋯⋯ ，那么 / 那 ⋯⋯

Examples

如果 他 知道 ，那 他 一 定 会 告诉 我 。 Rúguǒ tā zhīdào, nà tā yīdìng huì gàosu wǒ. If he knew, he would definitely tell me.

如果 大家 都 不 感兴趣 ，那 我 不 说 了。 Rúguǒ dàjiā dōu bù gǎn xìngqù, nà wǒ bù shuō le. If none of you are interested, I will stop talking.

如果 你们 真的 想 合作 ，那么 我们 应该 找 时间 好好 谈谈 。 Rúguǒ nǐmen zhēnde xiǎng hézuò, nàme wǒmen yīnggāi zhǎo shíjian hǎohǎo tántan. If you really want to work with us, then we should schedule a day to discuss it.

如果 能 找到 投资 ，那 下个月 就 可以 开始 做 了 。 Rúguǒ néng zhǎodào tóuzī, nà xià gè yuè jiù kěyǐ kāishǐ zuò le. If we can find the investment, we'll be able to get on it next month.

如果 你 想 申请 ，那么 现在 就 要 开始 准备 。 Rúguǒ nǐ xiǎng shēnqǐng, nàme xiànzài jiù yào kāishǐ zhǔnbèi. If you want to apply, you need to start to prepare right away.

Adding in 的话

This article is focused on the two-part "if... then..." pattern 如果⋯⋯，就⋯⋯. But it's also possible to take the first half and make it into a "sandwich pattern" using 如果……的话.

See also

"If… then…" with "yaoshi"

"If… then…" with "jiaru"

The "if" sandwich pattern using "ruguo... dehua"

"Only if" with "zhiyou"

Sources and further reading

Books

Common Chinese Patterns 330 (汉语常用格式330例) (pp. 184) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2) (pp. 240) →buy

Expressing "no wonder"

怪不得 (guàibude) can be used to express that the speaker finds something unsurprising. It can be used alone or in a variety of different structures, as shown below. 难怪 (nánguài) is another way to express the exact same thing.

Contents

1 Emphasis on 怪不得

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Emphasis on 原来

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 The Other Meaning of 难怪

4 See also

5 Sources and further reading

5.1 Books

5.2 Dictionaries

Emphasis on 怪不得

Structure

怪不得 is used to convey the speaker's newfound understanding of a situation, having recently acquired some new information that, in his opinion, explains it. It can be replaced with 难怪 in the structure without altering its meaning.

Reason ，怪不得 / 难怪 + [Observation]

Examples

小张 请假 了，怪不得 今天 没有 看到 他 。 Xiǎo Zhāng qǐngjià le, guàibude jīntiān méiyǒu kàndào tā. Little Zhang asked for vacation time, no wonder I haven't seen him today.

天天 迟到 ，怪不得 他 被 炒鱿鱼 。 Tiāntiān chídào, guàibude tā bèi chǎoyóuyú. He's late for work everyday. No wonder he got fired.

她 是 你 妹妹 ？难怪 你们 长 得 这么 像 。 Tā shì nǐ mèimei? Nánguài nǐmen cháng de zhème xiàng. She's your younger sister? No wonder you two look so much alike.

你 手机 没电 了 ？怪不得 我 打 不 通 。 Nǐ shǒujī méi diàn le? Guàibude wǒ dǎ bu tōng. Your cell phone is out of battery? No wonder I couldn't get through.

你 放 了 醋 ？难怪 这么 难吃 ！ Nǐ fàng le cù? Nánguài zhème nánchī! You put vinegar? No wonder it tastes so bad!

Emphasis on 原来

Structure

怪不得 / 难怪 + [Observation] ，原来 (+ 是) + Reason

Examples

怪不得 她 拉肚子 ，原来 她 昨天 又 吃 火锅 了 。 Guàibude tā lādùzi, yuánlái tā zuótiān yòu chī huǒguō le. No wonder she had a diarrhea. She went to eat hotpot again yesterday.

难怪 学生 都 不 喜欢 这个 老师 ，原来 他 的 作业 太 多 了 。 Nánguài xuéshēng dōu bù xǐhuan zhège lǎoshī, yuánlái tā de zuòyè tài duō le. No wonder the students don't like this teacher. The homework he gives is too much.

怪不得 你们 这么 高兴 ，原来 是 要 结婚 了 。 Guàibude nǐmen zhème gāoxìng, yuánlái shì yào jiéhūn le. No wonder you two look so happy. You are getting married.

难怪 这里 人 这么 多 ，原来 在 打折 。 Nánguài zhèlǐ rén zhème duō, yuánlái zài dǎzhé. No wonder there are so many people here. There's a sale going on.

怪不得 他 没 告诉 我 ，原来 是 不 想 让 我 担心 。 Guàibude tā méi gàosu wǒ, yuánlái shì bù xiǎng ràng wǒ dānxīn. No wonder he hasn't told me. He doesn't want me to worry about this.

The Other Meaning of 难怪

This usage is definitely less common, but sometimes 难怪 is a combination of the 难 + Verb pattern and the verb 怪, meaning "to blame." In this case, the meaning is totally different. Although it's not as common, and you shouldn't need to worry about it too much, we include it here because if you ever run into and think that 难怪 can only ever have one meaning, it can totally throw you for a loop.

A few examples:

这 也 难怪 他 ，他 这么 小 。 Zhè yě nánguài tā, tā zhème xiǎo. We can't really blame him. He's so young.

这 也 难怪 大家 ，是 我们 通知 晚 了 。 Zhè yě nánguài dàjiā, shì wǒmen tōngzhī wǎn le. We can't really blame everybody. It was such short notice.

When used in this way it expresses that the speaker assigns no blame in the situation he is describing. Sometimes the specific person undeserving of blame is mentioned directly after 难怪, as in the first two examples. Often, however, the context makes clear who this person is, and this is not necessary, as in the third example.

See also

"All along" with "yuanlai"

Sources and further reading

Books

现代汉语八百词（增订本） (pp. 239, 408) [ →buy]

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 199) →buy

Dictionaries

现代汉语词典（第5版） (pp. 499, 981) →buy

Expressing "not only... but also"

不但⋯⋯，而且⋯⋯ (bùdàn..., érqiě...) is a very commonly used pattern that indicates "not only, ... but also...."

Contents

1 Used with Single Subject

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Used with Two Subjects

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

4.2 Websites

Used with Single Subject

Structure

Subj. + 不但 ⋯⋯ ，而且 ⋯⋯

T

he same subject should apply to both the first part and the second part (the part after 而且).

The pattern can also be used omitting 而且, and instead using adverbs like 也 and 还 in its place.

Examples

这个 东西 不但 贵 ，而且 难 买 。 Zhège dōngxi bùdàn guì, érqiě nán mǎi . This thing is not only expensive, but also hard to buy.

这 道 菜 不但 好看 ，也 好吃 。 Zhè dào cài bùdàn hǎokàn, yě hǎochī. This dish is not only good-looking, but also delicious.

她 不但 聪明 ，而且 很 幽默 。 Tā bùdàn cōngming, érqiě hěn yōumò. She is not only smart, but also very humorous.

她 不但 离开 了 我 ，还 拿走 了 我 所有 的 钱 。 Tā bùdàn líkāi le wǒ, hái názǒu le wǒ suǒyǒu de qián. Not only did she leave me, but she also took all my money.

他 不但 提前 做 完 了 ，而且 做 得 很 好 。 Tā bùdàn tíqián zuò wán le, érqiě zuò de hěn hǎo. Not only did he finish it in advance, but he did it very well.

Used with Two Subjects

When there is only one subject with 不但⋯⋯而且⋯⋯, the subject has to come at the beginning of the sentence, before both 不但 and 而且. When using two different subjects, however, you need to put one after 不但 and one after 而且.

Structure

不但 + Subj. 1 ⋯⋯ ，而且 + Subj. 2 + 也 ⋯⋯

The pattern can also be used omitting 而且, and instead using adverbs like 也 in its place.

Examples

不但 大学生 找工作 难 ，而且 研究生 也 不容易 。 Bùdàn dàxuéshēng zhǎo gōngzuò nán, érqiě yánjiūshēng yě bù róngyì. Not only is it hard to find a job for undergraduates, but it's also hard for graduate students.

这个 电影 不但 孩子们 喜欢 ，大人 也 很 喜欢 。 Zhège diànyǐng bùdàn háizimen xǐhuan, dàren yě hěn xǐhuan. Not only do children like this movie, but adults like it too.

不但 员工 压力 大 ，老板 压力 也 很 大 。 Bùdàn yuángōng yālì dà, lǎobǎn yālì yě hěn dà. Not only are the employees under a lot of pressure, but the boss is under a lot of pressure too.

老师 发现 ，不但 学生 说谎 ，而且 家长 也 说谎 。 Lǎoshī fāxiàn, bùdàn xuéshēng shuōhuǎng, érqiě jiāzhǎng yě shuōhuǎng. The teacher found that not only did the student lie, but their parents did too.

不但 老百姓 害怕 这些 人 ，而且 警察 也 害怕 。 Bùdàn lǎobǎixìng hàipà zhèxiē rén, érqiě jǐngchá yě hàipà. Not only do the ordinary people fear these people, but the police also fear them too.

See also

Many types of "not only… but also…"

"Not only… but also" with "bujin"

"In addition" as "lingwai"

Sources and further reading

Books

Common Chinese Patterns 330 (汉语常用格式330例) (pp. 22) →buy

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 253) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2) (pp. 219) →buy

Websites

Yale Chinese Usage Dictionary: Usage of 而

Expressing "when" with "dengdao"

The word 等到 (děngdào) can trip up learners, because while it can literally mean "wait until," it also has the less literal translation meaning "when (the time comes)" or "by the time." This is a pattern that appears in complex sentences, with 等到 acting as a conjunction and appearing in the first part as the first word in the sentence.

Contents

1 Used for the Future

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Used for the Past

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Used for the Future

Structure

等(到) + Time / Event ，Subj. + 再 / 就 + Predicate

The predicate part of the pattern can be a verb or an adjective.

Examples

等到 你 感觉 不 舒服 就 晚 了。 Děngdào nǐ gǎnjué bù shūfu jiù wǎn le. It will be too late when you start feeling not well.

等 雨 停 了 我 再 出门 。 Děng yǔ tíng le wǒ zài chūmén. When the rain stops, then I will go outside.

等到 秋天 ，这些 树叶 就 会 变 黄 。 Děngdào qiūtiān, zhèxiē shùyè jiù huì biàn huáng. When it is autumn, the leaves will have already become yellow.

等 做完 这个 项目 ，我 就 休假 。 Děng zuò wán zhège xiàngmù, wǒ jiù xiūjià. I will take a vacation when I complete doing this project.

等到 老板 签 了 字 ，我 再 做 安排 。 Děngdào lǎobǎn qiān le zì, wǒ zài zuò ānpái. I will make arrangements when the boss signs the paper.

Used for the Past

Structure

等(到) + Time / Event ，Subj. + 才 + Predicate

Examples

等 我 回 了 家 ，才 发现 手机 忘 在 了 出租车 上 。 Děng wǒ huí le jiā, cái fāxiàn shǒujī wàng zài le chūzūchē shàng. I didn't realize I left my cellphone in the taxi until I got home.

等到 孩子 上 了 小学 ，她 才 开始 工作 。 Děngdào háizi shàng le xiǎoxué, tā cái kāishǐ gōngzuò. She didn't start working until her children went to elementary school.

等 学生 都 安静 了 ，老师 才 开始 上课 。 Děng xuéshēng dōu ānjìng le, lǎoshī cái kāishǐ shàngkè. The teacher didn't begin the class until the students all became quiet.

等 他 有 了 孩子 ，才 知道 做 父母 多么 不 容易 。 Děng tā yǒu le háizi, cái zhīdào zuò fùmǔ duōme bù róngyì. It wasn't until he had a child that he realized how hard it is to be a parent.

等到 他 到 家 了 ，才 发现 他 没有 带 钥匙 。 Děngdào tā de le áizhèng, cái yìshí dào jiànkāng yǒu duō bǎoguì. It wasn't until he got home that he found that he didn't have his keys.

See also

Complement with "dao"

Expressing "all the way until" with "zhidao"

Sources and further reading

Books

Expressing good luck with "haihao"

还好 (háihǎo) mean "fortunately" or "luckily." It can be used to express that something has happened by chance and has thereby enabled you to avoid some difficulty or bad luck. It is often followed with 不然 (which precedes the bad thing that could have happened).

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Structure

还好 + [Lucky Incident] ，不然 + [Bad Outcome]

Examples

还好 我们 打车 来 的 ，不然 就 迟到 了 。 Háihǎo wǒmen dǎchē lái de, bùrán jiù chídào le. Luckily, we came by taxi. Otherwise we would have been late.

还好 我 妈 没 看到 ，不然 她 肯定 要 生气 。 Háihǎo wǒ mā méi kàndào, bùrán tā kěndìng yào shēngqì. It's a good thing that my mother didn't see it. Otherwise she would definitely be mad.

还好 有 你 在 ，不然 我 真 不 知道 怎么办 。 Háihǎo yǒu nǐ zài, bùrán wǒ zhēn bù zhīdào zěnme bàn. Fortunately you're here. Otherwise I really don't know what to do.

还好 带 伞 了 ，不然 肯定 淋湿 了 。 Háihǎo dài sǎn le, bùrán kěndìng línshī le. It's a good thing I brought the umbrella. Otherwise, I would have definitely gotten soaked.

还好 我们 买 了 很多 ，不然 肯定 不够 。 Háihǎo wǒmen mǎi le hěn duō, bùrán kěndìng bù gòu. Luckily, we bought a lot. Otherwise it wouldn't be enough.

还好 我 没 听 他 的 话，不然 就 输 了 。 Hái hǎo wǒ méi tīng tā de huà, bùrán jiù shū le. It's a good thing I didn't listen to him. Otherwise I would have lost the game.

还好 我 保存 了，不然 文件 都 丢 了 。 Háihǎo wǒ bǎocún le, bùrán wénjiàn dōu diū le. Luckily I saved it. Otherwise I would have lost all of the documents.

还好 我 没 点 那么 多 菜 ，不然 都 浪费 了 。 Háihǎo wǒ méi diǎn nàme duō cài, bùrán dōu làngfèi le. Luckily I didn't order that much food. Otherwise it would be all wasted.

还好 老板 不 知道 ，不然 你 肯定 被 炒 鱿鱼 。 Háihǎo lǎobǎn bù zhīdào, bùrán nǐ kěndìng bèi chǎo yóuyú. Luckily the boss doesn't know about it. Otherwise you will definitely get fired.

还好 你 提醒 我 了 ，不然 我 肯定 忘 了。 Háihǎo nǐ tíxǐng wǒ le, bùrán wǒ kěndìng wàng le. Luckily, you reminded me. Otherwise I would have definitely forgotten.

See also

Expressing "thanks to" with "duokui"

Expressing "how about" with "yaobu"

Sources and further reading

Books

Expressing various aspects with "yi fangmian"

When talking about various aspects of a situation, 一方面⋯⋯， (另)一方面⋯⋯ (yī fāngmiàn..., (lìng) yī fāngmiàn...) can be used in a similar way that "On one hand..., on the other hand..." is in English.

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Structure

一 方面 ⋯⋯ ， (另) 一 方面 ⋯⋯

The two aspects in the sentence can both be similar in tone, or as it is more common in English, they can be in direct opposition of each other.

You will often see the adverb 又, 也 or 还 preceding 另一方面, which serves the purpose of emphasis.

Examples

自己 做饭 一 方面 更 健康 ，一 方面 还 能 省 点 钱 。 Zìjǐ zuòfàn yī fāngmiàn gèng jiànkāng, yī fāngmiàn hái néng shěng diǎn qián. On one hand, cooking for yourself is healthier; on the other hand, it can help to save some money.

他 一 方面 想 改变 ，一 方面 又 害怕 改变 。 Tā yī fāngmiàn xiǎng gǎibiàn, yī fāngmiàn yòu hàipà gǎibiàn. On one hand, he wants to change; on the other hand, he's afraid of change.

我们 一 方面 不 想 这样 做 ，一 方面 必须 这样 做 。 Wǒmen yī fāngmiàn bù xiǎng zhèyàng zuò, yī fāngmiàn bìxū zhèyàng zuò. On one hand, we don't want to do it this way; on the other hand, we must do it this way.

抽烟 一 方面 对 自己 有害 ，一 方面 对 身边 的 人 也 有害 。 Chōuyān yī fāngmiàn duì zìjǐ yǒuhài, yī fāngmiàn duì shēnbiān de rén yě yǒuhài. On one hand, smoking can do harm to the smoker themself; on the other hand, it can do harm to people around the smoker.

用 智能 手机 一 方面 很 方便 ，另 一 方面 也 很 容易 浪费 时间 。 Yòng zhìnéng shǒujī yī fāngmiàn hěn fāngbiàn, lìng yī fāngmiàn yě hěn róngyì làngfèi shíjiān. On one hand, it's very convenient to use a smart phone; on the other hand, it's very easy to waste a lot of our time by using it.

我们 一 方面 要 让 客户 满意 ，另 一 方面 也 要 控制 成本 。 Wǒmen yī fāngmiàn yào ràng kèhù mǎnyì, lìng yī fāngmiàn yě yào kòngzhì chéngběn. One one hand, we need to make our clients satisfied, but on the other hand, we need to control our cost.

一 方面 他们 的 服务 很 专业 ，另 一 方面 他们 的 价格 也 很 合理 。 Yī fāngmiàn tāmen de fúwù hěn zhuānyè, lìng yī fāngmiàn tāmen de jiàgé yě hěn hélǐ. On one hand, their service is very professional; on the other hand, their price is reasonable.

这样做 一 方面 能 节省 时间 ，一 方面 能 提高 质量 。 Zhèyàng zuò yī fāngmiàn néng jiéshěng shíjiān, yī fāngmiàn néng tígāo zhìliàng. On one hand, we can save time by doing it this way; on the other hand, the quality will be improved.

这个 项目 一 方面 能 增加 当地 人 的 收入 ，另 一 方面 能 保护 当地 的 环境 。 Zhège xiàngmù yī fāngmiàn néng zēngjiā dāngdì rén de shōurù, lìng yī fāngmiàn néng bǎohù dāngdì de huánjìng. One one hand, this project can increase local people's income; on the other hand, it can protect local environment.

政府 一 方面 要 发展 这些 古城 ，一 方面 也 要 保护 好 这些 古城 。 Zhèngfǔ yī fāngmiàn yào fāzhǎn zhèxiē gǔchéng, yī fāngmiàn yě yào bǎohù hǎo zhèxiē gǔchéng. On one hand, the government needs to develop these old towns; on the other hand, they need to protect them.

See also

Expressing Simultaneous Actions with "yimian"

Sources and further reading

Books

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 271) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) (pp. 227) →buy

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册） (pp. 502) →buy

Expressing "all" with "suoyou"

In this grammar structure, we learn about a way to say "all of" something. It's sort of like how we might say "all the king's men" or "all the money in the world."

Contents

1 Basic Pattern

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Advanced Pattern

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 "Not All" with 不是所有的

3.1 Structure

3.2 Examples

4 See also

5 Sources and further reading

5.1 Books

5.2 Websites

Basic Pattern

Structure

This pattern is used to refer to "all" of a noun, with the quantity of said noun usually being fairly large. You may notice that the 的 after 所有 is occasionally omitted.

所有 (+ 的) + Noun

Examples

你 买 了 她 所有的 书 ？ Nǐ mǎi le tā suǒyǒu de shū? You've bought all her books?

我 喜欢 所有 我 妈妈 做 的 菜 。 Wǒ xǐhuan suǒyǒu wǒ māma zuò de cài. I like all the food my mom cooks.

他 记得 所有 朋友 的 生日 。 Tā jìde suǒyǒu péngyou de shēngrì. He remembers all his friends' birthdays.

我 的 孩子 看 过 所有 迪斯尼 动画片 。 Wǒ de háizi kàn guo suǒyǒu Dísīní dònghuàpiàn. My children have seen all Disney animated films.

Advanced Pattern

Structure

所有 (+ 的) + Noun + 都 + Predicate

The predicate part of the pattern can be a verb or an adjective.

Examples

所有 人 都 走 了 吗 ？ Suǒyǒu rén dōu zǒu le ma? Did all the people leave?

所有 的 学校 都 放假 了。 Suǒyǒu de xuéxiào dōu fàngjià le. All the schools are out for the holiday.

我们 学校 所有 的 老师 都 会 说 英文 。 Wǒmen xuéxiào suǒyǒu de lǎoshī dōu huì shuō Yīngwén. All the teachers in our school can speak English.

我们 公司 所有 人 都 参加 了 这个 会议 。 Wǒmen gōngsī suǒyǒu rén dōu cānjiā le zhège huìyì. All people in our company attended this meeting.

"Not All" with 不是所有的

Structure

不是 + 所有 (+ 的) + Noun + 都 + Predicate

Examples

不是 所有的 美国 人 都 爱 喝 咖啡 。 Bù shì suǒyǒu de Měiguó rén dōu ài hē kāfēi. Not all Americans like drinking coffee.

不是 所有 问题 都 能 用 钱 来 解决 。 Bù shì suǒyǒu wèntí dōu néng yòng qián lái jiějué. We can't solve all problems with money.

不是 所有 朋友 都 愿意 帮 他 。 Bù shì suǒyǒu péngyou dōu yuànyì bāng tā. Not all of his friends are willing to help him.

不是 所有的 公司 都 给 员工 提供 培训 。 Bù shì suǒyǒu de gōngsī dōu gěi yuángōng tígōng péixùn. Not all companies provide their employees with training.

See also

Expressing "Everyone" with "shei"

Expressing "All" with "shenme dou"

Expressing "Every" with "mei" and "dou"

Indicating the whole with "quan"

Sources and further reading

Books

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 283) →buy

Contemporary Chinese 4 (当代中文4) (pp. 181) →buy

Websites

Chinesegrammar.info: Chinese grammar 所 (suǒ) structural particle

Expressing "one of" with "…zhi yi"

之一 (zhīyī) is one of those words that really gives your Chinese some polish. Using it with confidence makes your Chinese sound great! Learn how to use 之一 (zhīyī) properly in this article.

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Structure

In order to express "one of the..." in Chinese, 之一 (zhī yī) can be used at the end of a noun phrase, which is often modified with 最 (zuì), meaning "the most."

Subj. + 是 + [Noun Phrase] + 之一

or

[Noun Phrase] + 之一 + 是 ⋯⋯

An important note to keep in mind is that 之一 can only follow a noun phrase.

Examples

她 是 我 最 好 的 朋友 之 一 。 Tā shì wǒ zuì hǎo de péngyou zhī yī. She is one of my best friends. Frozen

是 我 最喜欢 的 迪斯尼 电影 之 一 。 Frozen shì wǒ zuì xǐhuan de Dísīní diànyǐng zhī yī. Frozen is one of my favorite Disney movies.

纽约 是 世界 上 最 国际化 的 城市 之 一 。 Niǔyuē shì shìjiè shàng zuì guójìhuà de chéngshì zhī yī. New York is the one of the most international cities in the world.

他 是 这个 公司 的 创始人 之 一 。 Tā shì zhège gōngsī de chuàngshǐ rén zhī yī. He is one of the founders of this company.

成龙 是 最 有名 的 动作 明星 之 一 。 Chéng Lóng shì zuì yǒumíng de dòngzuò míngxīng zhī yī. Jackie Cheng is one of the most famous action movie stars.

中秋节 是 中国 重要 的 传统 节日 之 一 。 Zhōngqiūjié shì Zhōngguó zhòngyào de chuántǒng jiérì zhī yī. Mid-autumn Day is one of the important traditional festivals in China.

全球化 是 21 世纪 最 大 的 特点 之 一 。 Quánqiúhuà shì èrshí-yī shìjì zuì dà de tèdiǎn zhī yī. Globalization is one of the major features of the 21st century.

我们 的 服务 主要 特点 之 一 是 个性化 。 Wǒmen de fúwù zhǔyào tèdiǎn zhī yī shì gèxìnghuà . Personalization is one of the main features of our service.

我 想 离开 北京 的 原因 之 一 是 空气 污染 。 Wǒ xiǎng líkāi Běijīng de yuányīn zhī yī shì kōngqì wūrǎn. One of the reasons why I want to leave Beijing is because of air pollution.

他 辞职 的 原因 之 一 是 老板 经常 让 他们 加班 。 Tā cízhí de yuányīn zhī yī shì lǎobǎn jīngcháng ràng tāmen jiābān. One of the reasons why he quit his job is that the boss often asks them to work late.

See also

"Within (it/them)" as "qizhong" "Among" as "dangzhong"

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 259) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 2 (1st ed) (pp. 227) [ →buy]

卓越汉语－公司实战篇 (pp. 52-3) [ →buy]

Expressing "the other" with "lingwai"

另外 (lìngwài) or 另 (lìng) is often used as a pronoun to denote "the other." In this case, there is no need to add 的 after 另外.

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Structure

另外 + Number + [Measure Word] + Noun

另 can be used instead of 另外 when the following noun is singular (frequently as part of the phrase "另一个").

Examples

我 有 两 个 手机 ，一 个 是 小米 ，另 一 个 是 iPhone 。 Wǒ yǒu liǎng gè shǒujī, yī gè shì Xiǎomǐ, lìng yī gè shì iPhone. I have two cell phones. One is Xiao Mi, and the other is iPhone.

她 有 两 套 房子 ，一 套 自己 住 ，另 一 套 租 给 别人 了 。 Tā yǒu liǎng tào fángzi, yī tào zìjǐ zhù, lìng yī tào zū gěi biérén le. She has two houses. She lives in one and rents the other one to other people.

我 买 了 三 张 票 ，一 张 是 我的 ，另外 两 张 是 给 朋友 的。 Wǒ mǎi le sān zhāng piào, yī zhāng shì wǒ de, lìngwài liǎng zhāng shì gěi péngyou de. I bought three tickets. One is for myself, and the other two are for my friends.

这 几 本 书 我 今天 拿走 ，另外 几 本 下 次 再 拿 。 Zhè jǐ běn shū wǒ jīntiān názǒu, lìngwài jǐ běn xià cì zài ná. I will take these books today. I can take the others next time.

这个 蛋糕 一半 是 你 的 ，另 一半 是 妹妹 的 。 Zhège dàngāo yībàn shì nǐ de, lìng yībàn shì mèimei de. Half of this cake is yours. The other half is your little sister's.

跟 他 一起 去 的 另外 两 个 人 已经 死 了 。 Gēn tā yīqǐ qù de lìngwài liǎng gè rén yǐjīng sǐ le. The other two people who went with him already died.

她 打算 在 北京 待 五 天 。三 天 出去 玩 ，另外 两天 去 看 朋友 。 Tā dǎsuàn zài Běijīng dāi wǔ tiān. Sān tiān chūqù wán, lìngwài liǎngtiān qù kàn péngyou. She plans to stay in Beijing for five days. Three of the days are for going out and having fun. The other two days for visiting friends.

我们 公司 和 另外 两 家 公司 共用 一个 办公室 。 Wǒmen gōngsī hé lìngwài liǎng jiā gōngsī gòngyòng yī gè bàngōngshì. Our company shares the office with the other two companies.

他 的 两个 女儿 一个 嫁给 了 美国人 ，另 一个 嫁给 了 德国 人 。 Tā de liǎng gè nǚ'ér yī gè jià gěi le Měiguó rén, lìng yī gè jià gěi le Déguó rén. He has two daughters, one of which married a American guy and the other married a German guy.

一些 人 总是 对 另外 一些 人 有 偏见 。 Yīxiē rén zǒngshì duì lìngwài yīxiē rén yǒu piānjiàn. Some people always have prejudices against other people.

See also

Expressing "again" in the future with "zai"

Expressing "in addition" with "lingwai"

Sources and further reading

Books

Expressing fractions with "fenzhi"

分之 (fēn zhī) is used to form a fraction in Chinese. When expressing a fraction, the denominator is always said before the numerator. This pattern is also the way percentages are expressed in Chinese.

So "½" is read 二分之一 (èr fēn zhī yī), literally "1 of 2 portions." Note the order: it's NOT 一分之二 (yī fēn zhī èr). So "¾" is 四分之三 (sì fēn zhī sān), and "⅚" is 六分之五 (liù fēn zhī wǔ). To say a percentage, for example, 50 percent, you would say 百分之五十 (bǎi fēn zhī wǔshí), which is literally the same as how you would pronounce the equivalent fraction "50 hundredths."

Contents

1 Basic Pattern

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Advanced Pattern

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sourcesand further reading

4.1 Books

Basic Pattern

Structure

Denominator + 分之 + Numerator

Remember that the denominator is the bottom number in a fraction, but it comes first in spoken Chinese.

Examples

我 的 手机 电量 只 有 百 分 之 五 了 。 Wǒ de shǒujī diànliàng zhǐ yǒu bǎi fēn zhī wǔ le. My phone only has 5% power left.

这个 文件 已经 下载 了 三 分 之 二 。 Zhège wénjiàn yǐjīng xiàzǎi le sān fēn zhī èr. This document is two-thirds downloaded.

这 篇 文章 有 五 分 之 三 是 抄 别人 的 。 Zhè piān wénzhāng yǒu wǔ fēn zhī sān shì chāo biérén de. Three fifths of this article has been copied from others.

差不多 三 分 之 一 的 美国 人 有 护照 。 Chàbuduō sān fēn zhī yī de Měiguó rén yǒu hùzhào. About one third of Americans have passports.

我们 学校 四 分 之 三 的 老师 都 是 男 老师 。 Wǒmen xuéxiào sì fēn zhī sān de lǎoshī dōu shì nán lǎoshī. Three fourths of the teachers at our school are male teachers.

Advanced Pattern

Structure

This structure is what you'll often see in news stories that use statistics. The word 占 (zhàn) is a bit more formal, and means something like "comprises" or "makes up" or "accounts for."

A + 是 / 占 + B + 的 + Denominator + 分之 + Numerator

Examples

我们 公司 的 外国 员工 占 三 分 之 一 。 Wǒmen gōngsī de wàiguó yuángōng zhàn sān fēn zhī yī. One third of our company's employees are foreigners.

美国 人口 是 中国 的 五 分 之 一 。 Měiguó rénkǒu shì Zhōngguó de wǔ fēn zhī yī. America's population is one fifth of China's.

押金 是 房租 的 百 分 之 二十 。 Yājīnyào shì fángzū de bǎifēn zhī èrshí. The deposit is 20% of the rent.

期末 考试 成绩 占 总 成绩 的 百 分 之 三十 。 Qīmò kǎoshì chéngjì zhàn zǒng chéngjì de bǎi fēn zhī sānshí. The final exam grade accounts for 30% of the final grade.

在 美国 ，全职 妈妈 差不多 占 五 分 之 二 。 Zài Měiguó, quánzhí māma chàbuduō zhàn wǔ fēn zhī èr. In the US, full-time mothers are about two fifths of all mothers.

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 18) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 152-3) →buy

Indicating a number in excess

A number in excess of a certain amount is expressed by adding "多" (duō) to the end of a number. This is usually translated as "more than..." in English.

Contents

1 Structure

2 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

Structure

Number + 多 + [Measure word] (+ Noun)

Examples

我 妈妈 已经 五十 多 岁 了。 Wǒ māma yǐjīng wǔshí duō suì le. My mother is over fifty.

我们 走 了 两 个 多 小时 。 Wǒmen zǒu le liǎng gè duō xiǎoshí. We have been walking for more than two hours.

这个 班 有 两 百 多 个 学生 。 Zhège bān yǒu liǎng bǎi duō gè xuéshēng. There are more than two hundred students in this class.

这个 包 三 万 多 块钱 。 Zhège bāo sān wàn duō kuài qián. This bag costs more than thirty thousand kuai.

这 本 书 有 一 千 多 页 。 Zhè běn shū yǒu yī qiān duō yè. This book has more than a thousand pages.

他 在 国外 住 了 二十 多 年 了 。 Tā zài guówài zhù le èrshí duō nián le. He has been living abroad for more than twenty years.

他 在 那儿 住 了 二十 多 天 了 。 Tā zài nàr zhù le èrshí duō tiān le. He's been staying there for over 20 days.

我 昨天 收到 了 三十 多 条 垃圾 短信 。 Wǒ zuótiān shōudào le sānshí duō tiáo lājī duǎnxìn. I received more than thirty spam text messages yesterday.

这个 城市 有 两 千 多 年 的 历史 。 Zhège chéngshì yǒu liǎng qiān duō nián de lìshǐ. This city has a history of more than two thousand years.

In the above examples, 岁, 年 and 天 do not take a measure word.

When the number is smaller than eleven, the 多 can be put after the measure word. However, if the number is bigger than eleven, the 多 has to be put before the measure word:

五岁多五十岁多五十多 岁九十块钱多九十多 块 钱

See also

Intensifying with "duo"

Doing something more with "duo"

Asking about degree with "duo"

Using "ji" to mean "several"

Sources and further reading

Books

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 81) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 205-7) →buy

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (pp. 86) →buy

Comparing "changchang" and "jingchang"

Both 常常 (chángcháng) and 经常 (jīngcháng) express similar concepts, though using them properly requires attention to some small details.

Contents

1 Used as an Adverb

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Used as an Adjective

3 Negative Form

4 See also

5 Sources and further reading

5.1 Books

Used as an Adverb

常常 and 经常 both can be used to express frequency, meaning "often," and that the time between each instance it happens is very short. In this case, they are interchangeable.

Structure

常常 / 经常 + Verb

Examples

我 常常 收到 垃圾 短信 。 Wǒ chángcháng shōudào lājī duǎnxìn. I often receive junk messages.

你们 经常 加班 吗 ？ Nǐmen jīngcháng jiābān ma? Do you often work late?

他们 常常 吵架 。 Tāmen chángcháng chǎojià. They often fight.

Note that 常常 or 经常 can't be placed before the subject:

常常 他 不 吃 早饭 。 Chángcháng tā bù chī zǎo fàn.

他 经常 不 吃 早饭 。 Tā jīngcháng bù chī zǎo fàn. He often skips breakfast.

Note that 常 is often used for future actions in colloquial Chinese.

常 来 玩 ！ Cháng lái wán! Come and hang out often!

常 联系 ！ Cháng liánxì! Let's keep in touch!

Used as an Adjective

经常 can also be used as an adjective referring to things that happens very frequently, or you can use 经常性 instead. 常常 can't be used this way.

A few examples:

她 忘 带 钥匙 是 经常 的 事情 。 Tā wàng dài yàoshi shì jīngcháng de shìqing. It's a regular thing for her to forget to bring her keys.

他 经常性 地 迟到。 tā jīngchángxìng de chídào. He is often late.

Negative Form

经常 and 常常 can share the same negative form 不常. You can also simply use 不 to negate both 经常 and 常常, although 不常常 is not super common.

A few examples:

他 不 常 抽烟 。 Tā bù cháng chōuyān. He doesn't smoke very often.

我 妈妈 不 常 网购 。 Wǒ māma bù cháng wǎng gòu. My mother doesn't often shop online.

See also

Comparing "pingshi" and "pingchang"

Sources and further reading

Books

HSK Standard Course 5上 (pp. 119) →buy

Comparing "gang" and "gangcai"

刚 (gāng) and 刚才 (gāngcái) are similar, but they differ on a few key uses.

Contents

1 刚 as "Just happened"

1.1 刚 before An Verb

1.2 刚 before An Adjective

2 刚才 as "Just Now"

3 刚 and 刚才 with 了

4 刚 and 刚才 with 没

5 Example Dialog

6 See also

7 Sources and further reading

7.1 Books

7.2 Dictionaries

刚 as "Just happened"

刚 is actually an adverb, and it is placed in front of the verb. It emphasizes that the action just happened a short time ago. It is similar to the English "just." 刚刚 and 刚 are interchangeable in this case.

The key here is that a short time ago is relative and determined by the speaker. For this reason, 刚 can indicate that something "just" happened 1 second ago, 5 minutes ago, 2 hours ago, 3 weeks ago, or even a year ago. The absolute time is flexible, but from the speaker's perspective, it feels recent.

刚 before An Verb

A few examples:

他 刚 到 。This gives the impression that not only did he just get here, but he should still be here. Tā gāng dào. He just arrived.

我们 昨天 刚 到 。 Wǒmen zuótiān gāng dào. We just arrived yesterday.

真 不巧 ，老板 刚 走 。 Zhēn bùqiǎo, lǎobǎn gāng zǒu. What a bad coincidence. The boss just left.

It would be wrong to use 刚才 instead:

他 刚才 到 。 Tā gāngcái dào.

我们 昨天 刚才 到 。刚才 should be used for events a lot closer in time than 昨天. Wǒmen zuótiān gāngcái dào.

真 不巧 ，老板 刚才 走 。 Zhēn bùqiǎo, lǎobǎn gāngcái zǒu.

And if you mean to say "When I first arrived in Shanghai," use 刚 instead of 刚才:

我 刚 到 上海 的 时候 ，谁 都 不 认识 。 Wǒ gāng dào Shànghǎi de shíhou, shéi dōu bù rènshi. I didn't know anyone when I just came to Shanghai.

刚 before An Adjective

刚, as an adverb, can also be placed in front of the verb, while 刚才 can't be used this way.

A few examples:

天 刚 晴 。 Tiān gāng qíng. The sky just cleared up.

他 的 感冒 刚刚 好 。 Tā de gǎnmào gānggāng hǎo. He just recovered from his cold.

面包 刚 熟 ， 过 一会儿 再 吃 。 Miànbāo gāng shóu, guò yīhuìr zài chī. The bread just got done cooking. Eat in a little bit.

刚才 as "Just Now"

刚才 is a time noun (like 今天 and 现在), and it expresses that the time that has passed is really short, in near-absolute terms. We're talking no more than 1-30 minutes, in most situations. If it is placed before the verb, it emphasizes what happened in the time that has just passed. It is similar to the English "just now."

A few examples:

他 刚才 哭 了 。He was crying a moment ago but he stopped. Tā gāngcái kū le. He was crying just now.

我 刚才 看到 他 了 。Sounds like he's not here anymore; I just saw him, but don't see him now. Wǒ gāngcái kàndào tā le. I just now saw him.

现在 我 感觉 比 刚才 好 一点 了 。 Xiànzài wǒ gǎnjué bǐ gāngcái hǎo yīdiǎn le. I feel a little better now than just before.

刚才, as a time noun, can directly modify a noun to indicate it is that one from "just now" or "just before," while 刚 can't be used this way.

刚 的 事情 太 让 人 生气 了 。 Gāng de shìqing tài ràng rén shēngqì le. What just happened is really upsetting.

刚才 的 事情 太 让 人 生气 了 。 Gāngcái de shìqing tài ràng rén shēngqì le. What just happened is really upsetting.

刚 and 刚才 with 了

You may have noticed that something interesting is going on with regards to 了 in the sentences with 刚 and 刚才. Namely, 了 is not usually required in sentences with 刚, but it is usually required in sentences with 刚才. This is because 刚才 refers to a time in the recent past, and you're usually indicated that something happened just now (started and finished).

Take these sentences for example:

我 昨天 看 了 。 Wǒ zuótiān kàn le. I looked at it yesterday.

我 刚才 看 了 。 Wǒ gāngcái kàn le. I looked at it just now.

So these are all simple time "subject + verb" sentences. Notice that when they refer to the past (including the one with 刚才), the action is completed and you need 了. You don't need 了 for things that haven't happened yet (they're just plans, and nothing is completed). And remember that 刚才 always refers to the past.

OK, now what about 刚? Why does it not need 了?

The key is that you don't need a 了 in a sentence with 刚 if the verb indicates a clear result. So, to use the 看 example from above:

我 刚 看到 。Adding a 到 to 看 gives the verb a meaning of the result of "looking at." Wǒ gāng kàndào. I just saw it.

我 刚 看到 了 。了 is not needed here as 看到 includes the result of "looking at." Wǒ gāng kàndào le. I just saw it.

我 刚才 看到 了 。了 is needed here as 刚才 always refers to the past. Wǒ gāngcái kàndào le. I saw it just now.

A few more examples:

你 刚 知道 吗 ？The verb 知道 always includes the result of "knowing." Nǐ gāng zhīdào ma? You just found out?

我 刚 听说 。The verb 听说 includes a clear enough indication of result. Wǒ gāng tīngshuō. I just heard.

宝宝 刚 醒 。 Bǎobao gāng xǐng. The verb 醒 includes a clear enough indication of result. The baby just woke up. 刚 and 刚才 with 没

OK, so there's also something going on with 没 in sentences with 刚 and 刚才. The deal here is that you can say something didn't happen just now (刚才), but you can't say that something just didn't happen (刚). [Saying that something "just didn't happen" only works in English if you interpret "just" to mean "simply."]

The takeaway? Just don't use 刚 in sentences where you use 没 to negate the past.

我 刚 没 看到 。 Wǒ gāng méi kàndào. Don't use 刚 with 没 in the past. I just didn't see it. 我 刚 没 听懂 。 Wǒ gāng méi tīngdǒng. I didn't understand just now.

Use 没 with 刚才 to negate the past.

我 刚才 没 看到 。 Wǒ gāngcái méi kàndào. I didn't see it just now.

我 刚才 没 听懂 。 Wǒ gāngcái méi tīngdǒng. I didn't understand just now.

Example Dialog

A: 你 刚才 去 哪儿 了 ？ Nǐ gāngcái qù nǎr le? Where did you go just now?

B: 我 去 上 厕所 了 。刚 回来 。 Wǒ qù shàng cèsuǒ le. Gāng huílái. I went to the bathroom. I just got back.

A: 那 你 不 知道 刚才 的 事 吧 ？ Nà nǐ bù zhīdào gāngcái de shì ba? Then you don't know what happened just now?

B: 刚才 发生 了 什么 事 ？ Gāngcái fāshēng le shénme shì? What's just happened?

See also

"Just now" with "gangcai" "Just" with "gang"

Sources and further reading

Books

现代汉语八百词（增订本） (pp. 216) [ →buy]

现代汉语虚词例释 (pp. 190) →buy

现代汉语八百词（增订本） (pp. 217) [ →buy]

对外汉语教学语法释疑201例 (pp. 28) [ →buy]

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 40- 2) →buy

卓越汉语－公司实战篇 (pp. 239) [ →buy]

Dictionaries

现代汉语词典（第5版） (pp. 446) →buy

Comparing "youdian" and "yidian"

一点 (yīdiǎn) and 有点 (yǒudiǎn), usually pronounced 一点儿 (yīdiǎnr) and 有点儿 (yǒudiǎnr) in northern China, all mean pretty much the same thing—"a little" or "a bit"—but they have different uses in sentences.

Contents

1 Both Can Be Used for Describing Degree

1.1 Usage of 有点

1.2 Usage of 一点

2 有(一)点 Used for Describing Quantity

3 Negative Forms

4 Right and Wrong

5 Example Dialog

6 See also

7 Sources and further reading

7.1 Books

7.2 Websites

Both Can Be Used for Describing Degree

Usage of 有点

有点 is placed before an adjective, and it usually expresses that the speaker doesn't want or has negative feelings about something.

A few examples:

我 今天 有点 累 。 Jīntiān wǒmen yǒudiǎn lèi. I am a little tired today.

这个 菜 有点 咸 。 Zhège cài yǒudiǎn xián. The dish is a little salty.

Usage of 一点

一点 can't be placed before an adjective. Instead, it is placed after adjectives. The adjectives that can be used are particularly limited. 一点 is often used when comparing, or expressing speaker’s wish or expectation.

A few examples:

请 说 慢 一点 。 Qǐng shuō màn yīdiǎn. Please speak a little more slowly.

快 点，要 迟到 了。 Kuài diǎn, yào chídào le. Hurry up a bit, we're going to be late.

老板 ，便宜 点 吧 。 Lǎobǎn, piányi diǎn ba. Sir, a little cheaper please. (directed to the owner of a shop)

有(一)点 Used for Describing Quantity

一点 can be placed before a noun to mean "small quantity," like 一点水，一点钱 while 有点 can't be used this way. Note that 有点 is also a shortened form of 有一点, which means "there is a little something.

A few examples to help you understand:

你 脸 上 有 一 点 灰 。 Nǐ Liǎn shàng yǒu yī diǎn huī. There's a little dirt on your face.

你 碗里 还 有 点 饭 ，吃 完 吧 。 Nǐ wǎn lǐ hái yǒu diǎn fàn, chī wán ba. There's still a little rice in your bowl. Finish eating it.

Negative Forms

You can use 不 or 没 after 有点 and before the adjective, however the following adjective should have a positive connotation, like 高兴 (gāoxìng), 舒服 (shūfu), 喜欢(xǐhuan) etc. This makes the overall emotion expressed feel negative still.

Some examples:

孩子们 有点 不 喜欢 我们 的 新 家 。 Háizimen yǒudiǎn bù xǐhuan wǒmen de xīn jiā. Our children don't really like our new home.

她 有点 不 舒服 。 Tā yǒudiǎn bù shūfu. She doesn't feel very well.

我 有点 不 相信 那 个人 。 Wǒ yǒudiǎn bù xiāngxìn nàge rén. I don't really believe that guy.

我们 有点 没 听懂 。 Wǒmen yǒudiǎn méi tīngdǒng. We didn't really understand much.

一点 cannot be linked together directly, but can be used in the 一点也不 or 一点也没 structure to mean "not at all."

A few examples:

这个 菜 一点 也 不 辣 。 Zhège cài yīdiǎn yě bù là. This dish is not spicy at all.

作业 你 一点 也 没 做 ？ Zuòyè nǐ yīdiǎn yě méi zuò? You didn't do your homework at all?

Right and Wrong

今天 一点 热 。 Jīntiān yīdiǎn rè.

今天 有点 热 。 Jīntiān yǒudiǎn rè. It's a little hot today.

我 一点 饿 。 Wǒ yīdiǎn è.

我 有点 饿 。 Wǒ yǒudiǎn è. I'm a little hungry

.

Example Dialog

A: 这 件 衣服 有点 贵 啊 。 Zhè jiàn yīfu yǒudiǎn guì a. This piece of clothing is a bit expensive.

B:是 贵 了 一点 ，但是 很 好看 ，我 很 喜欢 。 Shì guì le yīdiǎn, dànshì hěn hǎokàn, wǒ hěn xǐhuan. It's a bit expensive, but it looks really good and I like it.

A: 这 件 衣服 能 不 能 便宜 一点 ？ Zhè jiàn yīfu néng bù néng piányi yīdiǎn? Could we get this a little cheaper?

C: 不 好意思 ，不能 还价 ，一点 也 不 能 便宜 。 Bù hǎoyìsi, bù néng huánjià, yīdiǎn yě bù néng piányi. I'm sorry, no haggling. It can't be a little bit cheaper. Not even a bit.

See also

Expressing "a little too" with "you dian"

Expressing "not at all" with "yidianr ye bu"

Expressing "a bit too"

Sources and further reading

Books

现代汉语八百词（增订本） (pp. 602) [ →buy]

现代汉语八百词（增订本） (pp. 633) [ →buy]

对外汉语教学语法释疑201例 (pp. 172) [ →buy]

Practicing HSK Grammar (语法精讲精炼) (pp. 43) →buy

Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) (pp. 63) [ →buy]

Websites

Chinesegrammar.info: Where to place 一点儿 (yī diǎnr) in a sentence

Comparing "hui" "neng" "keyi"

This is one of the trickiest comparisons, as 会 (huì), 能 (néng), and 可以 (kěyǐ) are often translated as "can." Sometimes they are explained as: 会 means "know how to," 能 means "to be able to," and 可以 means "to have permission to." Actually, they overlap somewhat.

Contents

1 Basic Meanings

2 Expressing Ability

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 Expressing Permission

3.1 Structure

3.2 Examples

4 Expressing Possibility

4.1 Structure

4.2 Example

5 Talking about the Future

5.1 Structure

5.2 Examples

6 Using Adverbs to Add Emphasis

6.1 Structure

6.2 Examples

7 Similar Expression with Different Meanings

8 See also

9 Sources and further reading

9.1 Books

9.2 Dictionaries

9.3 Websites

Basic Meanings

The words 会, 能, and 可以 actually overlap a little in meaning. The first step is to understand their basic meanings, though:

会 can mean "know how to" and can express an action that you had to learn or be trained in to do. 能 means "to be able to" and expresses having a certain ability or having obtained a certain minimum requirement.

可以 means "may" or "to be allowed to" and expresses having another person's permission. As for overlap, this graphic helps explain nicely:

The regions marked by letters are explained in the sections below:

A: ability in the sense of “know how to” (会 is more common than 能) B: permission/request (use 能 or 可以) C: possibility (use 能 or 可以) D: permission not granted (use 不可以) E: impossibility (use 不能)

Expressing Ability

Both 会 and 能 can be used to express ability in something.

Structure

会／能 + Verb

Examples

我们 都 会 游泳 。 Wǒmen dōu huì yóuyǒng. We all know how to swim.

他 不 会 修 电脑 。 Tā bù huì xiū diànnǎo. He doesn't know how to fix computers.

A: 你 会 说 中文 吗 ？ Nǐ huì shuō Zhōngwén ma? Can you speak Chinese?

B: 不 好意思 ，我 只 会 说 一点 。 Bù hǎoyìsi, wǒ zhǐ huì shuō yīdiǎn. Sorry, I can only speak a little.

A:你 能 吃 三 碗 米饭 吗 ？ Nǐ néng chī sān wǎn mǐfàn ma? Are you able to eat three bowls of rice?

B: 不 能 。 Bù néng. I can't.

Expressing Permission

可以 is used to ask for or give permission. However, 能 can also be used to replace 可以 interchangeably.

Note: When a question is asked using 能 or 可以 it can be answered with 不能 or 不可以, meaning no, and only 可以 meaning yes. Chinese don't really answer with just 能.

Structure

可以 / 能 + Verb

Examples

A:老师 ，我 可以 早点 走 吗 ？ Lǎoshī, wǒ kěyǐ zǎo diǎn zǒu ma? Teacher, can I leave a little early?

B:不 可以 。 Bù kěyǐ. No, you can't.

A: 我 能 在 这里 抽烟 吗 ？ Wǒ néng zài zhèlǐ chōuyān ma? Can I smoke here?

B: 不 能 。 Bù néng. No, you can't.

Expressing Possibility

能 and 可以 can also be used to express possibility.

Structure

可以 / 能 + Verb

Example

明天 你 能 早点 来 吗 ？ Míngtiān nǐ néng zǎodiǎn lái ma? Is it possible for you to come a little earlier tomorrow?

可 不 可以 换 一 个 ？ Kě bu kěyǐ huàn yī gè? Is it possible to change it?

A:外国人 能 不 能 参加 ？ Wàiguó rén néng bu néng cānjiā? Is it possible for foreigners to attend?

B: 不 能 。 Bù néng. Not possible.

Talking about the Future

Only 会 can be used to mean something is going to happen. It expresses that something in the future will happen and is often used to express trends or possibilities.

Structure

会 + Verb / Adj.

Examples

他 不 会 跟 你 结婚 。 Tā bù huì gēn nǐ jiéhūn. He's not going to marry you.

你 会 生 我 的 气 吗 ？ Nǐ huì shēng wǒ de qì ma? Will you be mad at me?

这样 穿 会 好看 吗 ？ Zhèyàng chuān huì hǎokàn ma? Will I look good if I dress like this?

A: 今天 会 下雨 吗 ？ Jīntiān huì xiàyǔ ma? Is it going to rain today?

B: 我看 不 会 。 Wǒ kàn bù huì. I don't think it will.

Using Adverbs to Add Emphasis

By placing 很 (hěn) before 会, it adds emphasis to the level of ability and skill on the action presented. 很会 is commonly used to mean "to be good at" and expresses being very skillful at something, or doing something very well. It can be translated as "really can," as in "you 'really' can speak Chinese!" Another way to put it is, "You are good at speaking Chinese."

When 很 is placed in front of 能, the meaning takes on a amazed/surprised tone on the action. Although more rarely used, it emphasizes quantity and amount. 很能 is most commonly used with 吃(chī) to eat, and 睡 (shuì) to sleep. It's like the English equivalent of saying you "can really" do something. For example saying that someone "can really sleep" means that they can sleep a lot.

Note: 很可以 is not a phrase and therefore can not be used with 会 to add emphasis. Other adverbs like 真 (zhēn), 太 (tài), 这么 (zhème) etc. can also be used.

Structure

很 + 会／能 + Verb

Examples

他 很能 说 。 Tā hěn néng shuō. He's quite a talker.

我 妈妈 很 会 做饭 。My mom cooks very well. Wǒ māma hěn huì zuòfàn. My mother really knows how to cook.

她 才 五岁 ，但是 很 会 说话 。The subject has good speaking skills. Tā cái wǔ suì, dànshì hěn huì shuōhuà. She's only five but she's a smooth talker.

这个 女生 很 会 打扮 。 Zhège nǚshēng hěn huì dǎban. This girl knows how to dress up really well.

Note that 很可以说 is wrong and it doesn't mean anything.

Examples used with other adverbs:

他 太 能 睡 了 。The subject can sleep a lot, for many hours. Tā tài néng shuì le. He can really sleep.

没想到 你 这么能 吃苦 。 Méixiǎngdào nǐ zhème néng chīkǔ. I didn't expect you to be a person who could handle so many burdens.

你 真能 吃 !The subject can eat a lot. Nǐ zhēn néng chī! Wow, you really can eat!

中国 人 真会 吃 ! The subject has great knowledge about food and its culture, a true connoisseur. Zhōngguó rén zhēn huì chī! Chinese people can really eat.

Note that 很可以吃 is wrong and it doesn't mean anything.

Similar Expression with Different Meanings

我 的 脚 好 了 ，现在 又 能 跳舞 了 。 Wǒ de jiǎo hǎo le, xiànzài yòu néng tiàowǔ le. I am able to dance now since my foot is better. (The condition changed)

我 学 了 两 个 月 ，现在 我 会 跳舞 了 。 Wǒ xué le liǎng gè yuè, xiànzài wǒ huì tiàowǔ le. I studied for two months. I know how to dance now. (It's a learned skill)

我 爸妈 同意 了 ，现在 我 可以 跳舞 了 。 Wǒ bàmā tóngyì le, xiànzài wǒ kěyǐ tiàowǔ le. My parents agreed. I'm allowed to dance now. (Parents gave their permission)

Note that none of the three can be followed by the aspectual particle 过.

For a good visualization on how these three overlap, check out the Chinese Modal Verb Venn Diagram.

See also

Auxiliary verb "hui" for "will"

Expressing a learned skill

Expressing ability or possibility

Expressing permission

Sources and further reading

Books

对外汉语教学语法释疑201例 (pp. 55, 65) [ →buy] Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 219-20) →buy

Dictionaries

现代汉语词典（第5版） (pp. 989, 773, 610) →buy

Websites

Sinosplice: Chinese Modal Verb Venn Diagram

Comparing "haishi" and "huozhe"

Both 还是 (háishì) and 或者 (huòzhě) mean "or" and are used to present a choice. However, 还是 is normally used when asking a question, and 或者 is mostly for declarative sentences.

Contents

1 还是 for Providing Choices as a Question

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 或者 for Giving Options as a Statement

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 还是 for Questions That Are Embedded in Sentences

4 Right or Wrong

5 See also

6 Sources and further reading

6.1 Books

6.2 Websites

还是 for Providing Choices as a Question

When asking a question, 还是 can be used to provide choices or options.

Structure

Option A + 还是 + Option B ?

Examples

你 喜欢 他 还是 我 ？ Nǐ xǐhuan tā háishì wǒ? Do you like him or me?

你 喝 茶 还是 喝 咖啡 ？ Nǐ hē chá háishì hē kāfēi? Do you drink tea or coffee?

你 中午 出去 吃 还是 叫 外卖 ？ Nǐ zhōngwǔ chūqù chī háishì jiào wàimài? Are you going out for lunch or order take-out?

或者 for Giving Options as a Statement

或者 is used in a statement in which options are presented.

Structure

Possibility 1 + 或者 + Possibility 2

The structure for 或者 and 还是 is the same, but the meaning, as well as the context in which 或者 is needed, is different. 或者 drops the "A or B, PICK ONE" attitude in favor of a more open, "maybe A, perhaps B... (or maybe both or neither?)" So it's less exclusive and less demanding of a choice RIGHT NOW.

Examples

周末 我 想 在 家 看书 或者 看 电影 。 Zhōumò wǒ xiǎng zài jiā kànshū huòzhě kàn diànyǐng. This weekend, I want to stay home and read or watch movies.

你 可以 坐 1 号 线 或者 2 号线 去 人民 广场 。 Nǐ kěyǐ zuò yī hào xiàn huòzhě èr hào xiàn qù Rénmín Guǎngchǎng. You can take Line 1 or Line 2 to People's Square.

我们 可以 电话 或者 邮件 联系 。 Wǒmen kěyǐ diànhuà huòzhě yóujiàn liánxì. We can contact each other by phone or email.

还是 for Questions That Are Embedded in Sentences

Deciding whether or not to use 还是 becomes difficult with sentences that contain statements like "I don’t know," "I want to know," "I’m not sure," etc. Alone, these statements are not technically questions. However, when used in a sentence that contains choices, these statements imply that a question must be answered. Therefore, you must use 还是.

A few examples:

我 不 知道 这 本 书 是 他 的 还是 我 的 。 Wǒ bù zhīdào zhè běn shū shì tā de háishì wǒ de. I don't know if this book is his or mine.

我 想 知道 他们 是 支持 还是 反对 。 Wǒ xiǎng zhīdào tāmen shì zhīchí háishì fǎnduì. I want to know if they support or oppose.

老板 不 确定 是 这 个 周末 出差 还是 下 个 周末 出差 。 Lǎobǎn bù quèdìng shì zhège zhōumò chūchāi háishì xià gè zhōumò chūchāi. The boss isn't sure if he's going on a business trip this weekend or next weekend.

Right or Wrong

我们 打车 或者 坐 地铁 ？Since it is a question, it should use 还是 Wǒmen dǎchē huòzhě zuò dìtiě? Shall we take a taxi or take the metro?

明天 还是 后天 都 行 。Since it is a statement, it should use 或者 Míngtiān huòzhě hòutiān dōu xíng. Either tomorrow or the day after is fine.

我 想 知道 那 个 人 是 男的 或者 女的 。It's an embedded question, so it should use 还是 Wǒ xiǎng zhīdào nà ge rén shì nánde huòzhě nǚde. I'd like to know if that person is male or female.

See also

"Or" in statements

Offering choices with "haishi"

Sources and further reading

Books

Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 74-5) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 257-8) →buy

Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 144) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 259-60) →buy 　

New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) (pp. 103) →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 76-7, 257-8) →buy 　

New Practical Chinese Reader 1 (新实用汉语课本1) (pp. 179) →buy

New Practical Chinese Reader 1 (新实用汉语课本1)(2nd ed) (pp. 206-7, 251) →buy

现代汉语八百词（增订本） (pp. 238) [ →buy]

Websites

Yale Chinese Usage Dictionary: Comparing 还是 and 或者

Comparing "renjia" and "bieren"

When describing others, we can use the word 人家 (rénjia) or 别人 (biérén). But 人家 also has other grammatical uses, which we will explore in this article.

Contents

1 Both can mean "others"

2 Multiple Meanings

2.1 人家 as "I" or "me"

2.2 人家 as "him" or "her"

2.3 人家 as "residents"

3 Sources and further reading

3.1 Books

3.2 Dictionaries

Both can mean "others"

人家 and 别人 both refer to others besides the speaker and the listener. However, 人家 is more colloquial.

人家 and 别人 are interchangeable in these sentences below.

我 不 在乎 人家 怎么 说 。 Wǒ bù zàihu rénjia zěnme shuō. I don't care about what other people say.

别人 怎么 想 我 怎么 知道 ？ Biérén zěnme xiǎng wǒ zěnme zhīdào? How could I possibly know what other people are thinking?

那 是 人家 的 事 ，你 管 那么 多 干嘛 ？ Nà shì rénjia de shì, nǐ guǎn nàme duō gàn ma? That's other people's business. Why do you care so much?

Multiple Meanings

人家 as "I" or "me"

人家 can be used to refer to yourself, and it is often used this way by women, giving it a sort of girly, shy, tender feeling.

因为 人家 喜欢 你 啊 。 Yīnwèi rénjia xǐhuan nǐ a. Because I like you!

讨厌 ！老是 拿 人家 开玩笑 。 Tǎoyàn! Lǎo shì ná rénjia kāiwánxiào. You are so annoying! You're always making fun of me.

人家 as "him" or "her"

人家 can also refer to someone previously referred to (in the context of the conversation or body of text) or it can refer to a certain someone that both the speaker and listener know.

你 快 给 人家 道歉 。 Nǐ kuài gěi rénjia dàoqiàn. Apologize to them now.

你 看 人家 多 聪明 ！ Nǐ kàn rénjia duō cōngming! Look how smart he is!

人家 as "residents"

人家 can also refer to households. In this case, it's pronounced as "rénjiā." This use is going to be the least common in everyday spoken Chinese.

这个 小区 有 多少 户 人家 ？ Zhège xiǎoqū yǒu duōshǎo hù rénjiā? How many household are here in this neighborhood?

村子 里 现在 只 剩 十 户 人家 了 。 Cūnzi lǐ xiànzài zhī shèng shí hù rénjiā le. There are only ten households left in this village.

Sources and further reading

Books

对外汉语教学语法释疑201例 (pp. 81) [ →buy]

现代汉语八百词（增订本） (pp. 463) [ →buy]

Dictionaries

现代汉语词典（第5版） (pp. 1145) →buy

Comparing "zhijian" and “zhongjian"

When describing spatial relationships, the words 之间 (zhījiān) and 中间 (zhōngjiān) will come in handy to express the concepts of "between" and "among." Both have a few particular uses, though.

Contents

1 Both as "Between... and..."

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Usages of 中间

2.1 中间 as "In the Middle of"

2.1.1 Structure

2.1.2 Examples

2.2 中间 as "Among"

3 Usages of 之间

3.1 之间 as "Ranging from... to..."

3.1.1 Structure

3.1.2 Examples

3.2 之间 for Describing Relationships

4 See also

5 Sources and further reading

5.1 Books

Both as "Between... and..."

之间 and 中间 can both refer to a space "in the middle" between two points, as long as we're talking about physical space.

Structure

A + 和 + B + 之间／中间

Examples

上海 在 江苏省 和 浙江省 之间 / 中间 。 Shànghǎi zài JiāngsūShěng hé ZhèjiāngShěng zhījiān / zhōngjiān. Shanghai is between Jiangsu Province and Zhejiang Province.

我 家 客厅 和 卧室 中间 是 洗手间 。 Wǒ jiā kètīng hé wòshì zhōngjiān shì xǐshǒujiān. Our bathroom is between the bedroom and the living room.

Grammatically, both 之间 and 中间 are nouns (location nouns, to be precise). One difference between the two, however, is that 中间 can be used all by itself, but 之间 is always used together with other words.

明天 早上 我 有 两 个 考试 ，之间 有 20 分钟 的 休息时间 。 Míngtiān zǎoshang wǒ yǒu liǎng gè kǎoshì, zhījiān yǒu èrshí fēnzhōng de xiūxi shíjiān.

明天 早上 我 有 两 个 考试 ，中间 有 20 分钟 的 休息时间 。 Míngtiān zǎoshang wǒ yǒu liǎng gè kǎoshì, zhōngjiān yǒu èrshí fēnzhōng de xiūxi shíjiān. I have two exams tomorrow morning. There is a 20 minute break in between.

Usages of 中间

中间 as "In the Middle of"

中间 can be used for describing location within an object. This "within" could be "inside" a space, like inside a house, in the middle (center) of a table, or in the middle of the screen. You can't use 之间 in this way.

Structure

Place (+ 的) + 中间

Examples

客厅 的 中间 有 一 个 沙发 。 Kètīng de zhōngjiān yǒu yī gè shāfā. There is a sofa in the middle of the living room.

我 的 座位 在 第 七 排 中间 。 Wǒ de zuòwèi zài dì-qī pái zhōngjiān. My seat is in the middle of Row 7.

把 花 放 在 桌子 中间 。 Bǎ huā fàng zài zhuōzi zhōngjiān. Put the flowers in the middle of the table.

Try not to say:

大厅 之间 有 很多 人 。 Dàtīng zhījiān yǒu hěn duō rén. There are many people in the middle of the lobby.

中间 as "Among"

中间 is used when referring to one (or more) "among many."

A few examples:

你们 中间 有 会 唱歌 的 吗 ？ Nǐmenzhōngjiān yǒu huì chànggē de ma? Can anyone among you sing?

这些 人 中间 我 只 认识 一 个 。 Zhèxiē rén zhōngjiān wǒ zhī rènshi yī gè. Among these people, I only know one person.

Usages of 之间

之间 as "Ranging from... to..."

This usage refers to examples like "between 8am and 3pm" or "between 20 and 30".

Structure

A + 到 + B + 之间

Examples

你 可以 明早 八 点 到 十 点 之间 过来 。 Nǐ kěyǐ míngzǎo bā diǎn dào shí diǎn zhījiān guòlái. You can come between 8am and 10am tomorrow.

45 岁 到 60 岁 之间 的 人 很 容易 得 这种病 。 Sìshí-wǔ suì dào liùshí suì zhījiān de rén hěn róngyì de zhèzhǒng bìng. It's easy for people with ages ranging from 45-years-old to 60-years-old to get this disease.

之间 for Describing Relationships

The idea is that the relationship is "between two people," and the "between" is indicated by 之间. This usage of 之间 can also refer to relationships between two companies, two countries, etc., while mostly it's used between two persons. 中间 can't be used in this way.

A Few examples:

夫妻 之间 应该 多 交流 。 Fūqī zhījiān yīnggāi duō jiāoliú. There should be plenty of communication between husband and wife.

你们 之间 到底 发生了 什么 事情 ？ Nǐmen zhījiān dàodǐ fāshēng le shénme shìqing? What exactly happened between the two of you?

她 不 太 会 处理 上下 级 之间 的 关系 。 Tā bù tài huì chǔlǐ shàng-xià jí zhījiān de guānxi. She doesn't really understand how to handle the relationships between superiors and subordinates.

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Comparing "yihou" and "de shihou"

When talking about when something happens, 以后 (yǐhòu) and 的时候 (de shíhou) are often used. They can both be translated as "when," but their meanings are different, so they can't be used in situations you might expect them to be used in. Take a look at this article if you want to figure it out!

Contents

1 Structure

2 以后

2.1 Examples

3 的时候

3.1 Examples

4 Similar Usage

4.1 Examples

5 See also

6 Sources and further reading

6.1 Books

6.2 Videos

Structure

以后 and 的时候 both appear in the same place in the sentence. That is, after the verb.

Subj. + Verb + 以后／的时候，⋯⋯

The difference comes in what they actually mean.

以后

以后 technically means after, so it is used after the action is completed. This can be seen as a way of saying "When you are done (verb)ing."

Examples

下 飞机 以后 给 我 打电话 。 Xià fēijī yǐhòu gěi wǒ dǎ diànhuà Give me a call after you get off the plane.

来 中国 以后 我 才 发现 中国 菜 那么 好吃 。 Lái Zhōngguó yǐhòu wǒ cái fāxiàn Zhōngguó cài nàme hào chī. Only when I got to China did I realize how tasty Chinese food is.

毕业 以后 我 打算 去 上海 工作 。 Bìyè yǐhòu wǒ dǎsuàn qù Shànghǎi gōngzuò. I plan to find a job in Shanghai after I graduate.

结婚 以后 你 想 继续 工作 吗 ？ Jiéhūn yǐhòu nǐ xiǎng jìxù gōngzuò ma? Do you want to keep working after you get married?

的时候

的时候 means "when" in the sense of during an action. For example, "when you play ball" can be seen as "when you are playing ball." It is this sort of difference that can make 以后 and 的时候 slightly confusing at times.

Examples

吃饭 的时候 看 电视 容易 长 胖 。 Chīfàn de shíhòu kàn diànshì róngyì zhǎng pàng. Watching TV while you eat can make you fat easily.

工作 的时候 不要 上网 聊天 。 Gōngzuò de shíhòu bùyào shàngwǎng liáotiān. Don't chat online when you're at work.

无聊 的时候 可以 做 些 什么 ？ Wúliáo de shíhòu kěyǐ zuò xiē shénme? What can you do when you're bored?

的时候 is also similar to using the 一边 structure. However, 一边 uses two conscious actions that you do, whereas "的时候" can use sub-conscious or unexpected actions.

Similar Usage

Now we get to a really confusing part! There are instances where both 以后 and 的时候 could work and still mean the same thing. These are times when there isn't really a duration, it just happens in an instant. For example, "when you see her." This means, "as soon as you see her," so there is only one point where you first see a person. In this case, you can use either one.

Examples

雨 停 了 的时候，我们 就 去 公园 玩。 Yǔ tíng le de shíhòu , wǒmen jiù qù gōngyuán wán. When it stops raining, we'll go play in the park.

雨 停 了 以后，我们 就 去 公园 玩。 Yǔ tíngle yǐhòu , wǒmen jiù qù gōngyuán wán. When it stops raining, we'll go play in the park.

商店 关门 的 时候，你 再 来 找 我。 Shāngdiàn guānmén de shíhòu , nǐ zàilái zhǎo wǒ. Come to find me when the shop is closed.

商店 关门 了 以后，你 再 来 找 我。 Shāngdiàn guānmén le yǐhòu , nǐ zàilái zhǎo wǒ. Come to find me when the shop is closed.

See also

After a specific time

At the time when

Simultaneous tasks with "yibian"

Comparing "yihou" and "zhihou"

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 293-4) →buy

Videos

Yoyo Chinese Grammar "When you get home"

Old course

Adjectives with 极了 (jíle)

Just as 死了 (sǐle) can be used to intensify negative adjectives, 极了 (jíle) is a somewhat less common way to intensify both positive and negative adjectives. This is used in spoken, colloquial Chinese. 极 means "extreme" or "utmost."

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

This structure is technically a kind of degree complement, and one of the few that you can use after the adjective and without adding a 得. Remember to add the 了, since this is sort of an exclamatory statement similar to 太好了. It would be incorrect without it.

Subj. + Adj. + 极了

Examples

Some examples with a positive connotation:

这个 主意 好 极了 。
Zhège zhǔyi hǎo jíle.
This idea is perfect.

味道 好 极了 !
Wèidào hǎo jíle.
The taste is perfect!

他 的 英文 棒 极了 。
Tā de Yīngwén bàng jíle.
His English is perfect.

婚礼 热闹 极了 。
Hūnlǐ rènao jíle.
The wedding was very lively.

图书馆 一点 声音 都 没有 ，安静 极了 。
Túshūguǎn yīdiǎn shēngyīn dōu méiyǒu, ānjìng jíle.
There is no sound at all in the library. It's really quiet.

Some examples with a negative connotation:

昨天 的 派对 无聊 极了 !
Zuótiān de pàiduì wúliáo jíle!
Yesterday's party was so boring!

他 那么 生气 ，我们 都 害怕 极了 。
Tā nàme shēngqì, wǒmen dōu hàipà jíle.
He was so angry. We were all very scared.

高考 那 天 ，我 紧张 极了 。
Gāokǎo nà tiān, wǒ jǐnzhāng jíle.
I was really nervous the day I took the college entrance examination.

这 件 事 让 我们 都 尴尬 极了 。
Zhè jiàn shì ràng wǒmen dōu gāngà jíle.
This matter made us all very embarrassed.

那个 男孩 讨厌 极了 !
Nàge nánhái tǎoyàn jíle.
That boy is really annoying.

See also

Negative adjectives with "-si le"

Advanced degree complements

Adjectives with "name" and "zheme"

Adjectival complement "de budeliao"

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (1st ed) (pp. 8)

Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) (pp. 348)

Boya Chinese Elementary Starter 1 (博雅汉语初经起步篇) (pp. 190)

现代汉语八百词 (p. 286-287)

Expressing "not very" with 不怎么 (bù zěnme)

When you use 不怎么 (bù zěnme) before an adjective, it means "not very." This structure is similar to how English speakers may say something is "not very good."

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

When used together with an adjective, 不怎么 becomes similar to 不太, which means that the degree of the adjective is not very high.

Subj. + 不怎么 + Adj. / Psychological Verb

Using this grammar structure is a way to indirectly or mildly state something. Instead of saying "他不聪明" (tā bù cōngming) you can say "他不怎么聪明" (tā bù zěnme cōngming), turning a very direct statement to a milder, more wayward statement.

Examples

最近 不 怎么 忙 。
Zuìjìn bù zěnme máng.
It hasn't been very busy lately.

这里 的 冬天 不 怎么 冷 。
Zhèlǐ de dōngtiān bù zěnme lěng.
It's not very cold here in winter.

他们 好像 不 怎么 高兴 。
Tāmen hǎoxiàng bù zěnme gāoxìng.
They seem not very happy.

这 个 学生 不 怎么 努力 。
Zhège xuéshēng bù zěnme nǔlì.
This student isn't very hard-working.

那 家 餐厅 不 怎么 干净 。
Nà jiā cāntīng bù zěnme gānjìng.
That restaurant isn't very clean.

这个 老师 不 怎么 专业 。
Zhège lǎoshī bù zěnme zhuānyè.
This teacher isn't very professional.

你 是 不 是 昨天 睡 得 不 怎么 好 ？
Nǐ shì bu shì zuótiān shuì de bù zěnme hǎo?
Did you not sleep very well last night?

我 不 怎么 喜欢 咖啡 。
Wǒ bù zěnme xǐhuan kāfēi.
I'm not very into coffee.

他 跟 他 父母 长 得 不 怎么 像 。
Tā gēn tā fùmǔ zhǎng de bù zěnme xiàng.
He and his parents don't look very much alike.

他 去 美国 一 年 多 了 ，不过 不 怎么 想家 。
Tā qù Měiguó yī nián duō le, bùguò bù zěnme xiǎngjiā.
He's been in America for more than one year, but he's not very homesick.

Remember that to make 不怎么 mean "not very" use it with an adjective. Using it with a verb will give it the meaning of "not often."

See Also

"Not often" with "bu zenme"

Sources and further reading

Books

Short-term Spoken Chinese: Elementary (汉语口语速成基础篇) (pp. 139)

Indicating the whole with 全 (quán)

One of the uses of 全 (quán) is to indicate the entirety of something. It could be used for something like a whole household, an entire country, the whole world, etc.

Contents

Used before Noun

Structure

Examples

Used before Predicate

Affirmative Form

Structure

Examples

Negative Form: Total Negation

Structure

Examples

Negative Pattern: Partial Negation

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Using 全 before a Noun

Structure

The structure is quite simple, just put 全 in front of the noun you want to emphasize "the whole" of. You cannot use it with 的. Pay attention to the types of nouns you can use with 全, since it is usually paired up with 身 (body), 家 (family), 国 (country), 世界 (world), 天 (day) and the like.

全 + Noun + 都 + Predicate

The predicate part of the pattern can be a verb or an adjective.

Examples

我们 全 家 都 去 过 北京 。
Wǒmen quán jiā dōu qù guo Běijīng.
Our entire family have been to Beijing.

全 国 人民 都 知道 这个 新闻 。
Quán guó rénmín dōu zhīdào zhège xīnwén.
People in the whole country know about this news.

全 公司 的 人 都 不 喜欢 新 老板 。
Quán gōngsī de rén dōu bù xǐhuan xīn lǎobǎn.
The whole company doesn't like the new boss.

打 完 球 以后 我 全 身 都 是 汗 。
Dǎ wán qiú yǐhòu wǒ quán shēn dōu shì hàn.
My whole body sweat after playing the ball.

全 校 的 学生 都 放假 了 。
Quán xiào de xuéshēng dōu fàngjià le.
Students in the whole school are on holiday.

你 明天 全 天 都 在 吗 ？
Nǐ míngtiān quán tiān dōu zài ma?
Are you going to be here the whole day tomorrow?

这个 地方 全 年 都 很 热 。
Zhège dìfang quán nián dōu hěn rè.
It's hot here the whole year.

我们 全 家 都 去 过 北京 。 Wǒmen quán jiā dōu qù guo Běijīng. Our entire family has been to Beijing. 

全 公司 的 人 都 不 喜欢 新 老板 。 Quán gōngsī de rén dōu bù xǐhuan xīn lǎobǎn. The whole company doesn't like the new boss.

运动 完 以后 我 全 身 都 是 汗 。 Yùndòng wán yǐhòu wǒ quán shēn dōu shì hàn. My whole body was sweaty after I finished exercising. 

全 校 都 放假 了 。 Quán xiào dōu fàngjià le. The whole school is on break. 

这个 地方 全 年 都 很 热 。 Zhège dìfang quán nián dōu hěn rè. It's hot here for the whole year.

Using 全都 before a Predicate

Affirmative Pattern

Before a verb 全 can be omitted, but if it is used, the purpose is to emphasize the idea of "all" or "entire."

Structure

Subj. + 全 + 都 + Verb / Adj. (Predicate)

Examples

大家 全 都 到 了。
Dàjiā quán dōu dào le.
Everybody has come.

作业 全 都 做 完 了 吗？
Zuòyè quán dōu zuò wán le ma?
You've finished all your homework?

我 全 都 听懂 了。
Wǒ quán dōu tīngdǒng le.
I heard and understood all.

你 全 都 拿 走 吧。
Nǐ quán dōu ná zǒu ba.
Take them all.

他 把 咖啡 全 都 喝 了。
Tā bǎ kāfēi quán dōu hē le.
He drank up all the coffee.

大家 全 都 到 了。 Dàjiā quán dōu dào le. Everybody has arrived. 

奶奶 的 头发 全 都 白 了。 Nǎinai de tóufà quán dōu bái le. All of my grandma's hair turned white. 

我 妈妈 做 的 菜 全 都 好吃 。 Wǒ māma zuò de cài quán dōu hǎochī. All of the food that my mother makes is tasty. 

作业 全 都 做 完 了 吗 ？ Zuòyè quán dōu zuò wán le ma? Have you finished all your homework? 

你 全 都 拿 走 吧。 Nǐ quán dōu názǒu ba. Take them all.

Negative Pattern: Total Negation

Structure

When you negate 全都 with 不 or 没 after it, you're not just saying "not entirely," you're saying "none of it" or "not at all."

Subj. + 全都 + 不 / 没 + Verb / Adj.

Examples

他们 全 都 没 去。
Tāmen quán dōu méi qù.
None of them went.

这 个 周末 我们 全 都 不 在 家。
Zhège zhōumò wǒmen quán dōu bù zài jiā.
None of us will be home this weekend.

他 说 的 话 全 都 不 要 相信。
Tā shuō de huà quán dōu bùyào xiāngxìn.
Don't believe anything he says.

你们 的 员工 全 都 不 会 说 英语 吗？
Nǐmen de yuángōng quándōu bù huì shuō Yīngyǔ ma.
None of your employees can speak English?

你 的 家人 全 都 没 来 参加 你 的 婚礼 ？
Nǐ de jiārén quán dōu méi lái cānjiā nǐ de hūnlǐ?
None of your family came to your wedding?

他们 全 都 没 去 。 Tāmen quán dōu méi qù. None of them went. 

这个 周末 我们 全 都 不 在 家 。 Zhège zhōumò wǒmen quán dōu bú zài jiā. None of us will be home this weekend. 

你们 全 都 不 怕 吗 ？ Nǐmen quán dōu bú pà ma? Are you all not afraid? 

这些 菜 全 都 没 熟 。 Zhèxiē cài quán dōu méi shóu. None of these foods are fully cooked. 

他 的 话 我 全 都 不 相信 。 Tā de huà wǒ quán dōu bù xiāngxìn. I don't believe anything he says.

Negative Pattern: Partial Negation

Structure

When you negate by putting 不 or 没 before 全都, you're only partially negating. In other words, you're communicating "not all."

Subj. ＋不 / 没 ＋ 全都 ＋ Verb / Adj. (Predicate)

Examples

中国 菜 我 不 是 全 都 喜欢 。
Zhōngguó cài wǒ bù shì quán dōu xǐhuan.
I don't like all Chinese food.

这 篇 文章 太 长 了 ，我 没 全 都 看完 。
Zhè piān wénzhāng tài cháng le, wǒ méi quán dōu kàn wán.
This article is too long. I didn't finish reading it all.

他 的 话 你 不 能 全 都 相信 。
Tā de huà nǐ bù néng quán dōu xiāngxìn.
You can't believe everything he says.

你 说 得 太 快 了 ， 我 不 可能 全 都 记 下来 。
Nǐ shuō de tài kuài le, wǒ bù kěnéng quán dōu jì xiàlái.
You spoke too fast. I can't write down all of what you said.

地方 太 小 ，我们 的 朋友 不 能 全 都 邀请 。
Dìfang tài xiǎo, wǒmen de péngyou bù néng quán dōu yāoqǐng.
The place is too small. We can't invite all our friends.

他 说 得 有 道理 ，但 我 不 全 都 同意 。 Tā shuō de yǒu dàolǐ, dàn wǒ bù quán dōu tóngyì. He has a point, but I can't say I agree on all of it. 

菜 太 多 了 ，我们 没 全 都 吃完 。 Cài tài duō le, wǒmen méi quán dōu chī wán. The food was too much. We didn't finish eating it all. 

昨天 作业 太 多 了 ，我 没 全 都 做完 。 Zuótiān zuòyè tài duō le, wǒ méi quán dōu zuò wán. I had too much homework yesterday. I didn't finish doing it all.

 的 家人 没 全 都 来 参加 我 的 婚礼 。 Wǒ de jiārén méi quán dōu lái cānjiā wǒ de hūnlǐ. Not all of my family came to my wedding.

 你 说 得 太 快 了 ， 我 没 全 都 记 下来 。 Nǐ shuō de tài kuài le, wǒ méi quán dōu jì xiàlái. You spoke too fast. I didn't write down all of what you said.

See also

Referring to "all" using "suoyou"

Expressing "Everyone" with "shei"

Expressing "All" with "shenme dou"

Expressing "Every" with "mei" and "dou"

Emphasizing quantity with "dou"

Sources and further reading

Books

现代汉语八百词 (p.457)

Reduplication of adjectives

One of the charming features of Chinese is reduplication (repeating, or doubling up) of certain words and characters, including adjectives! Reduplication makes the descriptive feeling of the adjective stronger.

Contents

One-Syllable Adjectives (AA

Structure

Examples

Two-Syllable Adjectives (AABB

Structur

2.2 Examples

Used as Adverbs (AABB

Structure

Examples

Used as Predicates (ABAB

Structure

Examples

Sources and further reading

Books

One-Syllable Adjectives (AA)

If an adjective is only one syllable (one character), then reduplicating it is a no-brainer. In most Chinese textbooks and grammar books, this is known as the "AA" pattern.

Structure

Adj. + Adj. + 的 (+ Noun)

Another way of putting that (and we'll be using this form more extensively below) is:

A A + 的 (+ Noun)

Note that this pattern is also identical to single-syllable reduplication of verbs.

Examples

你 的 脸 红 红 的 。
Nǐ de liǎn hóng hóng de.
Your face is red.

宝宝 的 眼睛 大 大 的 。
Bǎobao de yǎnjing dà dà de.
The baby's eyes are big.

今晚 的 月亮 圆 圆 的 。
The moon is round tonight.

她 爸爸 高 高 胖 胖 的 。
Tā bàba gāo gāo pàng pàng de.
Her father is tall and fat.

我 妹妹 一直 瘦 瘦 小 小 的 。
Wǒ mèimei yīzhí shòu shòu xiǎo xiǎo de.
My little sister are thin and small all the time.

Two-Syllable Adjectives (AABB)

If the adjective has more than one character, then you should repeat each character individually (rather than the whole word). This is known as the "AABB" pattern.

Structure

In the structure below, the original two-character adjective (such as 高兴, 漂亮) is "AB," where the first character of the adjective is represented by "A," and the second by "B."

A A B B + 的 (+ Noun)

Examples

Not all two-syllable adjectives are used in AABB form, but here are some common examples of AB adjectives represented in AABB form.

高兴 → 高高兴兴
gāoxìng ￫ gāo gāo xìng xìng
happy

开心 → 开开心心
kāixīn ￫ kāi kāi xīn xīn
happy

热闹 → 热热闹闹
rènao ￫ rè rè nāo nāo
exciting

干净 → 干干净净
gānjìng ￫ gān gān jìng jìng
clean

漂亮 → 漂漂亮亮
piàoliang ￫ piào piào liāng liāng
pretty

舒服 → 舒舒服服
shūfu ￫ shū shū fū fū
comfortable

安静 → 安安静静
ānjìng ￫ ān ān jìng jìng
peaceful

健康 → 健健康康
jiànkāng ￫ jiàn jiàn kāng kāng
healthy

辛苦 → 辛辛苦苦
xīnkǔ ￫ xīn xīn kǔ kǔ
hard

清楚 → 清清楚楚
qīngchu ￫ qīng qīng chǔ chǔ
clear

大方 → 大大方方
dàfāng ￫ dà da fāng fāng
generous

Not all adjectives can take AABB form. Here are some examples of common adjectives that don't work in AABB form.

便宜 → 便便宜宜
piányi ￫ piánpiányíyí cheap

好吃 → 好好吃吃
hǎochī ￫ hǎo hǎo chī chī tasty

麻烦 → 麻麻烦烦
máfan ￫ má má fán fán bothersome

友好 → 友友好好
yǒuhǎo ￫ yǒu yǒu hǎo hǎo friendly

小气 → 小小气气
xiǎoqì ￫ xiǎo xiǎo qì qì stingy

Using Reduplicated Adjectives as Adverbs (AABB)

When adjectives are used as adverbs to modify verbs, you can reduplicate the adjective using the AABB pattern.

Structure

A A B B + 地 + Verb

Examples

过年 的 时候 ，我们 全 家人 都 聚 在 一起 ，热 热 闹 闹 地 吃 年夜饭 。
Guònián de shíhou, wǒmen quán jiārén dōu jù zài yīqǐ, rè rè nāo nāo de chī niányè fàn.
At Chinese New Year, our whole family gathers together and joyously shares a New Year's Eve meal.

听到 这 个 消息，她 高高兴兴 地 走 了。
Tīngdào zhège xiāoxī, tā gāo gāo xìng xìng de zǒu le.
Upon hearing the news, she happily left.

我 清清楚楚 地 看到 他 跟 一 个 胖胖的 男人 上 车 了。
Wǒ qīng qīng chǔ chǔ de kàndào tā gēn yīgè pàng pàng de nánrén shàng chēle.
I clearly saw him get in the car with a fat man.

我 现在 真 想 舒舒服服 地 躺 在 沙发 上 看 电视。
Wǒ xiànzài zhēn xiǎng shū shū fú fú de tǎng zài shāfā shàng kàn diànshì.
Right now I'd really like to comfortably lie on the couch and watch TV.

我 辛辛苦苦 地 做 了 两 个 小时 的 饭，你们 都 不 吃？
辛辛苦苦 is difficult to translate into English directly!
Wǒ xīn xīn kǔ kǔ de zuòle liǎng gè xiǎoshí de fàn, nǐmen dōu bù chī?
I labored over this meal for two hours, and none of you guys are going to eat it?

Using Reduplicated Adjectives as Predicates (ABAB)

If you use an adjective as a predicate, then you're basically using the adjective like a verb, and you reduplicate it as you would a verb, which means ABAB form. Using an adjective in this way is roughly equivalent to using 一下 after the (non-reduplicated) adjective.

Structure for ABAB

To use a reduplicated adjective as a predicate, follow this structure:

Subj. + A B A B

In the pattern above there's no verb, because when an adjective serves as the predicate, it does the job of a verb. Notice also that there's no 的 after the ABAB, because it's not acting as an adjective.

Examples

妹妹 快 过 生日 了 ，我 打算 给 她 办 一 个 生日 派对 ，热闹 热闹 。
Mèimei kuàiguò shēngrìle, wǒ dǎsuàn gěi tā bàn yīgè shēngrì pàiduì, rènao rènao.
My little sister's birthday is coming and I'm going to throw her a birthday party and have a blast.

来 ，喝 点 酒 ，高兴 高兴 。
Lái, hē diǎn jiǔ, gāoxìng gāoxìng.
Come on, have a little wine and enjoy yourself.

到 这里 来 凉快 凉快 。
Dào zhèlǐ lái liángkuai liángkuai.
Come over here and cool off.

我 想 去 做 个 按摩 ，放松 放松 。
Wǒ xiǎng qù zuò gè ànmó, fāngsōng fāngsōng.
I'm going to go get a massage and unwind.

Structure for AB一下

The above structure is essentially equivalent to this one:

Subj. + A B +一下

Examples of AB一下

妹妹 快 过 生日 了 ，我 打算 给 她 办 一 个 生日 派对 ，热闹 一下 。
Mèimei kuàiguò shēngrìle, wǒ dǎsuàn gěi tā bàn yīgè shēngrì pàiduì, rènao yīxià.
My little sister's birthday is coming and I'm going to throw her a birthday party and have a blast.

来，喝 点 酒， 高兴 一下。
Lái, hē diǎn jiǔ, gāoxìng yīxià.
Come on, have a little wine and enjoy yourself.

到 这里 来 凉快 一下。
Dào zhèlǐ lái liángkuai yīxià.
Come over here and cool off.

我 想 去 做 个 按摩， 轻松 一下。
Wǒ xiǎng qù zuò gè ànmó, qīngsōng yīxià.
I'm going to go get a massage and unwind.

洗 个 澡 吧， 舒服 一下。
Xǐ gè zǎo ba, shūfu yīxià.
Take a shower and get comfortable.

Note: The "AABB" pattern for reduplication of two-syllable adjectives contrasts with the "ABAB" pattern for reduplication of two-syllable verbs.

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (p. 53)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 189-90)

Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar (pp. 32-6)

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 50)

New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) (pp. 103-4)

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (pp. 271-2)

Turning adjectives into adverbs

You can easily convert Chinese adjectives into adverbs with 地 (de). This character is very similar to the English suffix -ly.

Contents

1 One-Syllable Adjectives (AA)

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Two-Syllable Adjectives (AABB)

2.1 Structure

2.2 Examples

3 Used as Adverbs (AABB)

3.1 Structure

3.2 Examples

4 Used as Predicates (ABAB)

4.1 Structure

4.2 Examples

5 Sources and further reading

Structure

In Chinese, we place the structural particle 地 (de) after the adjective to make it an adverb.

Subj. + Adj. + 地 + Verb

Examples

你 要 认真 地 学习。
Nǐ yào rènzhēn de xuéxí.
You must study seriously.

爷爷 慢慢 地 走路。
Yéyé màn man de zǒulù.
Grandpa walks slowly.

我们 舒服 地 躺 在 那里。
Wǒmen shūfu de tǎng zài nàlǐ.
We comfortably laid down here.

小 狗 大声 地 叫。
Xiǎo gǒu dàshēng de jiào.
The puppy barked loudly.

我 希 望 你 健健康康 地 长大。
Wǒ xīwàng nǐ jiàn jiàn kāng kāng de zhǎng dà.
I hope that you grow up healthy.

See Also

Structural particle "de"

Sources and further reading

Books

Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 72)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 192)

Coincidence with 正好(zhènghǎo)

正好 (zhènghǎo) can be used as an adjective or adverb to help express a coincidence, and it could be related to size, volume, quantity, degree, time, etc. This is similar to how we say in English “Oh, this shirt I grabbed was just the right size." or something like that.

Contents

1 Used as "happen to be"

1.1 Structure

1.2 Examples

2 Used as "just right"

2.1 Examples

3 See also

4 Sources and further reading

4.1 Books

正好as Predicate

When used with a noun, use 正好 right after it.

Structure

Subj. +正好

Examples

这 件 衣服 的 大小 正好。
Zhè jiàn yīfu de dàxiǎo zhènghǎo.
The size of these clothes is just right.

两 个 人 正好，一 个 说，一 个 演。
Liǎng gè rén zhènghǎo, yīgè shuō , yīgè yǎn.
Two people is perfect. One to speak and one to act.

水温 正好，不 冷 也 不 热。
Shuǐwēn zhènghǎo, bù lěng yě bù rè.
The temperature of the water is perfect, not too cold, not too hot.

这 个 楼层 正好，不 高 也 不 低。
Zhège lóucéng zhènghǎo, bù gāo yě bù dī.
The floor is perfect, not too high, not too low.

两 个 房间 正好 ， 我 一间，我 爸 妈 一间。
Liǎng gè fángjiān zhènghǎo, wǒ yījiān, wǒ bà mā yījiān.
Two rooms are perfect. One for me and one for my parents.

正好as An Adverb before Verbs

When used with a verb, the 正好 goes right before it.

Structure

正好+ Verb

Examples

我 正好 要 出去，你 要 我 帮 你 带 什么 东西 吗 ？
Wǒ zhènghǎo yào chūqù, nǐ yào wǒ bāng nǐ dài shénme dōngxi ma?
I'm just about to leave. What do you want me to bring for you?

我 现在 正好 没 事 做，可以 帮你 照顾 一下 宝宝 。
Wǒ xiànzài zhènghǎo méi shì zuò, kěyǐ bāng nǐ zhàogù yíxià bǎobao.
I just happened to have nothing to do now so I can help you with the baby.

你 来 了！我 正好 要 找 你 。
Nǐ lái le! Wǒ zhènghǎo yào zhǎo nǐ.
You are here! I've been looking for you.

他 正好 是 学 这 个 专业 的，也许 可以 帮 你 。
Tā zhènghǎo shì xué zhège zhuānyè de, yěxǔ kěyǐ bāng nǐ.
His major is just this. Maybe he could help you.

你们 都 要 来 ？ 太 好 了 ！ 正好 帮 我 搬 家 。
Nǐmen dōu yào lái? Tài hǎo le! Zhènghǎo bāng wǒ bānjiā.
Are you all coming? Great! So you can help me to move.

正好as Complements after得

You can also use 正好 along with 得, as shown in the following examples. This is usually a clause of its own.

Structure

Verb + 得 +正好

Examples

你 来 得 正好，不 早 也 不 晚。
Nǐ láidé zhènghǎo, bù zǎo yě bù wǎn.
You arrived at just the right time, not too early and not too late.

米饭 煮 得 正好，不 硬 也 不 软。
Mǐfàn zhǔ dé zhènghǎo, bù yìng yě bù ruǎn.
The rice was made perfectly, not too hard and not too soft.

盐 放 得 正好，不 咸 也 不 淡。
Yán fàng de zhènghǎo, bù xián yě bù dàn.
The amount of salt you put was just right, not too salty and not too bland.

钱 给 得 正好，不 多 也 不 少。
Qián gěi de zhènghǎo, bù duō yě bù shǎo.
The money you gave was just right, not too much and not too little.

菜 点 得 正好，都 吃完 了。
Cài diǎn de zhènghǎo, dōu chī wán le.
The food you ordered was perfect. We finished them all.

Sources and further reading

Books

现代汉语八百词（增订本） (pp. 671)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (p. 90)

Used as "happen to be"

You can also use 正好 to mean "happen to be."

Structure

Subj. + 正好 + [Verb Phrase]

Examples

我 正好 要 出去 ，垃圾 我 来 扔 吧 。 Wǒ zhènghǎo yào chūqù, lājī wǒ lái rēng ba. I'm just about to leave. I'll take out the trash. 你 来 了 ！我 正好 要 找 你 。 Nǐ lái le! Wǒ zhènghǎo yào zhǎo nǐ. You are here! I was just looking for you. 他 正好 问 了 我 想 问 的 问题 。 Tā zhènghǎo wèn le wǒ xiǎng wèn de wèntí. He happened to ask the question that I wanted to ask. 我 正好 也 在 这里 实习 。 Wǒ zhènghǎo yě zài zhèlǐ shíxí. I happened to do my internship there too. 正好 你们 都 是 单身 。 Zhènghǎo nǐmen dōu shì dānshēn. You both happen to be single. 我 明天 见 他 ，正好 可以 问问 他 这 件 事 。 Wǒ míngtiān jiàn tā, zhènghǎo kěyǐ wènwen tā zhè jiàn shì. I'm going to meet with him tomorrow. I can just ask him about this matter. 我们 正好 也 要 去 那儿 ，一起 走 吧 。 Wǒmen zhènghǎo yě yào qù nàr, yīqǐ zǒu ba. We just happen to be going there. Let's go together. 我 敲 门 的 时候 ，他 正好 出门 。 Wǒ qiāo mén de shíhou, tā zhènghǎo chūmén. He just happened to be leaving the house while I was knocking at the door. Used as "just right"

You can also use 正好 to mean "just right" or "just enough."

Examples

这 件 衣服 的 大小 正好 。 Zhè jiàn yīfu de dàxiǎo zhènghǎo. The size of these clothes is just right. 水温 正好，不 冷 也 不 热 。 Shuǐwēn zhènghǎo, bù lěng yě bù rè. The temperature of the water is perfect, not too cold, not too hot. See also

Sources and further reading

Books

现代汉语八百词（增订本） (pp. 671) [ →buy] Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 90) →buy

Continuation with "hai"

(Redirected from ASGIRILI)

Level B1 Similar to Expressing "and also" with "hai" (A2) Moderating positive adjectives with "hai" (A2) Advanced uses of "hai" (B2) Used for Adding more explanation, Connecting ideas Keywords 还, 在, 还是 Translations still

Although 还 (hái) has many meanings, the basic meaning of "still" to indicate a continuing action is essential to mastery of the word.

Contents

1 Affirmative Form 1.1 Usage of 还在 1.1.1 Structure 1.1.2 Examples 1.2 Usage of 还是 1.2.1 Structure 1.2.2 Examples 2 Negative Form 2.1 Structure 2.2 Examples 3 See also 4 Sources and further reading 4.1 Books Affirmative Form

Usage of 还在

Often the auxiliary verb 在 (zài) will appear with 还 (hái), as it is natural to talk about continuous actions that are still happening.

Structure

Subj. + 还在 + [Verb Phrase]

Examples

这 件 事情 我 还 在 考虑 。 Zhè jiàn shìqing wǒ hái zài kǎolǜ. I am still thinking about this matter. 已经 中午 了 ，他 还 在 睡 ？ Yǐjīng zhōngwǔ le, tā hái zài shuì? It's already noon and he's still sleeping? 她 还 在 生气 吗 ？ Tā hái zài shēngqì ma? Is she still mad? 你 怎么 还 在 用 那个 旧 手机 ？ Nǐ zěnme hái zài yòng nàge jiù shǒujī? How come you're still using that old cell phone? 你 还 在 玩 游戏 ？明天 不是 有 考试 吗 ？ Nǐ hái zài wán yóuxì? Míngtiān bù shì yǒu kǎoshì ma? You're still playing video games? Don't you have an exam tomorrow? Usage of 还是

Here 还是 (háishì)--not literally "still is"--indicates what happened or will happen, despite the situation. The 是 (shì) here doesn't have a clear meaning here independent of 还 (hái).

Structure

⋯⋯ ，(但是 / 可是 +) Subj. + 还是 + [Verb Phrase]

Examples

我 让 他 不要 买 ，他 还是 买 了 。 Wǒ ràng tā bùyào mǎi, tā háishì mǎi le. I told him not to buy it, but he still bought it. 他 不 想 离婚 ，但是 最后 还是 离婚 了 。 Tā bù xiǎng líhūn, dànshì zuìhòu háishì líhūn le. He didn't want to get divorced, but he still ended up divorcing in the end. 父母 不 同意 他 去 ，可是 他 还是 去 了。 Fùmǔ bù tóngyì tā qù, kěshì tā háishì qù le. He still went, even though his parents didn't agree with it. 医生 不 让 她 喝酒 ，她 还是 喝 。 Yīshēng bù ràng tā hējiǔ, tā háishì hē. The doctor told her to stop drinking, but she still drinks. 老师 生病 了，但是 她 还是 来 上课 了。 Lǎoshī shēngbìng le, dànshì tā háishì lái shàngkè le. Even though the teacher is sick, she still come to class. Negative Form

Structure

When you put 不 or 没 after 还 (hái) in a question sentence, it can be used to emphasize the idea of what should be happening in a more idiomatic way.

Subj. + 还 + 不 / 没 + [Verb Phrase]

Examples

我们 等 了 半 个 小时 了 ，老师 还 没 到 。 Wǒmen děng le bàn gè xiǎoshí le. Lǎoshī hái méi dào. We've been waiting for half an hour, but the teacher still hasn't arrived. 电影 已经 开始 了 ，你 还 没 出门 ？ Diànyǐng yǐjīng kāishǐ le, nǐ hái méi chūmén? The movie has started already, and you still haven't left the house? 你 已经 四十 多 了 ，还 不 想 结婚 ？implying the listener should get married now Nǐ yǐjīng sìshí duō le, hái bù xiǎng jiéhūn? You're in your forties, and you still don't want to get married? 我 解释 了 这么 多 遍 ，你 还 不 懂 ？ Wǒ jiěshì le zhème duō biàn, nǐ hái bù dǒng? I've explained it so many times, and you still don't get it? 我 对 你 这么 好 ，你 还 不 高兴 ？implying the listener shouldn't be so glum Wǒ duì nǐ zhème hǎo, nǐ hái bù gāoxìng? I treat you so well, but you're still not happy? See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 122) →buy Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 157) →buy New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 103) →buy

就 (jiù)

As an adverb, 就 (jiù) can be placed before the predicate to add emphasis. It often has an intense or provocative feel to it, similar to "just," like how we sometimes say in English "it's just not right!" This emphasis very often appears as 就是.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

就是Used as "is exactly"

Structure

就 frequently comes before the verb 是, and "就是" means "(is) exactly".

就是+ Noun

Examples

那个 人 就 是 她 的 新 男朋友。
Nàge rén jiù shì tā de xīn nánpéngyou.
That guy is her new boyfriend.

他 就 是 你 要 找 的 人 。
Tā jiù shì nǐ yào zhǎo de rén.
He's just the person that you're looking for.

我们 就 是 他 的 家人 。
Wǒmen jiù shì tā de jiārén.
We're his family.

你 就 是 个 笨蛋！
Nǐ jiù shì gè bèndàn!
A moron is precisely what you are!

他 就 是 那 个 骗子！
Tā jiù shì nàge piànzi!
That conman is him!

就是as "Only Because"

就是 can be used to intensify the predicate to mean "only (because of) that and nothing else." In this case, 是 can't be omitted. In many cases, you could also add in an 因为, but it's not required.

Examples

他 不 去 旅游 就是 不 想 花钱 。
Tā bù qù lǚyóu jiùshì bù xiǎng huāqián.
He didn't travel only because he doesn't want to spend the money.

你 不 参加 比赛 就是 怕 输 吗 ？
Nǐ bù cānjiā bǐsài jiùshì pà shū ma?
You're not entering the competition just because you're afraid of failure?

他 这样 说 就是 嫉妒 我 。
Tā zhèyàng shuō jiùshì jídù wǒ.
He said this only because he envies me.

她 问 这么 多，就是 担心 你 。
She asked so many questions only because she's worried about you.

她 就是 漂亮 ，没 别的 优势 。
Tā jiùshì piàoliang, méi biéde yōushì.
She's just pretty; she doesn't have any other strengths.

就Used with Other Verbs

In the examples above, 就 pairs exclusively with the verb 是. But 就 can also come before other verbs, with similar emphatic effect. In these cases, it's also OK to use 就是 before the other verbs as well.

Structure

就（是）+ Verb

就（是）+不+ Verb

Examples

我 就 要 去！
Wǒ jiù yào qù!
I just want to go!

我 就是 喜欢 他。
Wǒ jiù shì xǐhuan tā.
I just like him.

我 就 不 告诉 你 。
Wǒ jiù bù gàosu nǐ.
I'm just not going to tell you.

我 父母 就是 不 让 我 一个人 去 。
Wǒ fùmǔ jiùshì bù ràng wǒ yīgèrén qù.
My parents simply won't let me go alone.

这个 学生 就是不 听 老师 的 话 。
Zhège xuéshēng jiù bù tīng lǎoshī de huà.
The student just wouldn't listen to his teacher.

As you may have noticed, many of these uses of 就 or 就是 carry a flippant, stubborn tone, referred to as 任性 (rènxìng) in Chinese.

See also

"Just" with "jiu"

Comparing "cai" and "jiu"

Events in quick succession with "yi... jiu"

Expressing earliness with "jiu"

Expressing indifference with "jiu"

Limiting scope with "jiu"

"If…, then…" with "ruguo…, jiu…"

Sources and further reading

Books

现代汉语虚词例释(p. 316)

Dictionaries

现代汉语词典（第5版） (p. 733)

Emphasis with "jiushi"

(Redirected from ASGY21RK)

Level B1 Similar to Used for Emphasizing Keywords 就, 就是

As an adverb, 就 (jiù) can be placed before the predicate to add emphasis. It often has an intense or provocative feel to it, similar to "just." It's just like how we sometimes say in English, "it's just not right!" This emphasis very often appears as 就是.

Contents

1 Used as "Is Exactly" 1.1 Structure 1.2 Examples 2 Used as "only Because" 2.1 Examples 3 Other Usage 3.1 Structure 3.2 Examples 4 See also 5 Sources and further reading 5.1 Books 5.2 Dictionaries Used as "Is Exactly"

Structure

就是 + Noun

Examples

那个 人 就 是 她 的 新 男朋友。 Nàge rén jiù shì tā de xīn nánpéngyou. That guy is her new boyfriend. 他 就 是 你 要 找 的 人 。 Tā jiù shì nǐ yào zhǎo de rén. He's just the person that you're looking for. 我们 就 是 他 的 家人 。 Wǒmen jiù shì tā de jiārén. We're his family. 你 就 是 个 笨蛋！ Nǐ jiù shì gè bèndàn! A moron is precisely what you are! 他 就 是 那个 骗子！ Tā jiù shì nàge piànzi! That conman is him! Used as "only Because"

就是 can be used to intensify the predicate to mean "only (because of) that and nothing else." In this case, 是 can't be omitted. In many cases, you could also add in an 因为, but it's not required.

Examples

他 不 去 旅游 就是 不 想 花钱 。 Tā bù qù lǚyóu jiùshì bù xiǎng huāqián. He didn't travel only because he doesn't want to spend the money. 你 不 参加 比赛 就是 怕 输 吗 ？ Nǐ bù cānjiā bǐsài jiùshì pà shū ma? You're not entering the competition just because you're afraid of failure? 他 这样 说 就是 嫉妒 我 。 Tā zhèyàng shuō jiùshì jídù wǒ. He said this only because he envies me. 她 问 这么 多，就是 担心 你 。 She asked so many questions only because she's worried about you. 她 就是 漂亮 ，没 别的 优势 。 Tā jiùshì piàoliang, méi biéde yōushì. She's just pretty; she doesn't have any other strengths. Other Usage

In the examples above, 就 pairs exclusively with the verb 是. But 就 can also come before other verbs, with similar emphatic effect. In these cases, it's also OK to use 就是 before the other verbs as well.

Structure

就(是) + (不) + Verb

Examples

我 就 要 去！ Wǒ jiù yào qù! I just want to go! 我 就是 喜欢 他。 Wǒ jiù shì xǐhuan tā. I just like him. 我 就 不 告诉 你 。 Wǒ jiù bù gàosu nǐ. I'm just not going to tell you. 我 父母 就是 不 让 我 一个人 去 。 Wǒ fùmǔ jiùshì bù ràng wǒ yīgèrén qù. My parents simply won't let me go alone. 这个 学生 就是不 听 老师 的 话 。 Zhège xuéshēng jiùshì bù tīng lǎoshī de huà. The student just wouldn't listen to his teacher. As you may have noticed, many of these uses of 就 or 就是 carry a flippant, stubborn tone, referred to as 任性 (rènxìng) in Chinese.

See also

"Just" with "jiu" Comparing "cai" and "jiu" Events in quick succession with "yi... jiu" Expressing earliness with "jiu" Expressing indifference with "jiu" Limiting scope with "jiu" "If…, then…" with "ruguo…, jiu…" Sources and further reading

Books

现代汉语虚词例释 (pp. 316) →buy Dictionaries

现代汉语词典（第5版） (pp. 733) →buy

Uses of 又yòu

One of the many versatile uses of 又 is to emphasize negation, giving your negative sentence a little kick!

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

In this structure, 又 is used to emphasize that something didn't happen or is not the case, or will not happen. It's most often used with 不 and 没. This grammar structure is often used in an accusatory context.

又+ 不 / 没 + Verb

又+ 不 + Adj.

Examples

这些 菜 又 没 坏 ，为什么 要 扔 ？
Zhèxiē cài yòu méi huài, wèishénme yào rēng?
These food aren't bad. Why would you throw them away?

今天 又 不 热 ，还要 开 空调 吗 ？
Jīntiān yòu bù rè, háiyào kāi kōngtiáo ma?
It's not hot today. Do you still want to turn on the air conditioner?

又 不 是 工作日 ，起 那么 早 干吗 ？
Yòu bù shì gōngzuò rì, qǐ nàme zǎo gànmá?
It's not a workday today. Why get up so early?

你 现在 又 不 忙 ，来 帮 我 一下 。
Nǐ xiànzài yòu bù máng, lái bāng wǒ yīxià.
You're not busy. Come and help me.

不要 生气 ，我又 不 是 故意 的 。
Bùyào shēngqì, wǒ yòu bù shì gùyì de. Don't be mad.It really wasn't on purpose.

我 又 没 吃 过 ，我 怎么 知道 好 不 好吃 ？
Wǒ yòu méi chī guo, zěnme zhīdào hǎo bu hǎochī?
I haven't eaten it. How would I know if it is tasty or not?

问 我 干吗 ？我 又 不 知道 。
Wèn wǒ gànmá? Wǒ yòu bù zhīdào. Why ask me? I definitely don't know.

孩子 又 没 错 ，打 他 干吗 ？
Háizi yòu méi cuò, dǎ tā gànmá?
The child didn't do anything wrong. Why hit him?

又 没 下 雨 ，带 伞 干吗 ？
Yòu méi xiàyǔ, dài sǎn gànmá? It's not raining. Why are you bringing the umbrella?

又 不 关 你 的 事 ，问 那么 多 干 吗？
Yòu bù guān nǐ de shì, wèn nàme duō gànmá?
It's not any of your business. Why ask so much?

See also

Emphasis with "jiu"

Sources and further reading

Emphasizing negation with "you"

(Redirected from ASGD3C4S)

Level B1 Similar to Expressing "again" in the past with "you" (B1) Advanced use of "you" (B2) Emphasizing a negation with "bing" (B2) Used for Expressing attitude, Emphasizing Keywords 又

One of the many versatile uses of 又 (yòu) is to emphasize negation, giving your negative sentence a little kick!

Contents

1 Structure 2 Examples 3 See also 4 Sources and further reading 4.1 Books 4.2 Websites Structure

In this structure, 又 is used to emphasize that something didn't happen," is not the case, or will not happen. It's most often used with 不 and 没. This grammar structure is often used in an accusatory context.

又 + 不 / 没 + Predicate

Examples

问 我 干吗 ？我 又 不 知道 。 Wèn wǒ gànmá? Wǒ yòu bù zhīdào. Why ask me? I definitely don't know. 这些 菜 又 没 坏 ，为什么 要 扔 ？ Zhèxiē cài yòu méi huài, wèishénme yào rēng? These food aren't bad. Why would you throw them away? 不要 生气 ，我 又 不 是 故意 的 。 Bùyào shēngqì, wǒ yòu bù shì gùyì de. Don't be mad.It really wasn't on purpose. 今天 又 不 热 ，开 空调 干吗 ？ Jīntiān yòu bù rè, kāi kōngtiáo gànmá? It's not hot today. Why turn on the air conditioner? 明天 又 不 上班 ，那么 早 起床 干吗 ？ Míngtiān yòu bù shàngbān, nàme zǎo qǐchuáng gànmá? You don't work tomorrow. Why get up so early? 你 现在 又 不 忙 ，来 帮 我 一下 。 Nǐ xiànzài yòu bù máng, lái bāng wǒ yīxià. You're not busy now. Come and help me. 我 又 没 吃 过 ，我 怎么 知道 好 不 好吃 ？ Wǒ yòu méi chī guo, zěnme zhīdào hǎo bu hǎochī? I haven't eaten it. How would I know if it is tasty or not? 孩子 又 没 做错 ，打 他 干吗 ？ Háizi yòu méi zuò cuò, dǎ tā gànmá? The child didn't do anything wrong. Why hit him? 又 没 下 雨 ，带 伞 干吗 ？ Yòu méi xiàyǔ, dài sǎn gànmá? It's not raining. Why are you bringing the umbrella? 又 不 关 你 的 事 ，问 那么 多 干 吗？ Yòu bù guān nǐ de shì, wèn nàme duō gànmá? It's none of your business. Why ask so much? See also

Emphasis with "jiu" Emphasizing a negation with "bing" Sources and further reading

Books

Expressing "about to" with "jiuyao"

(Redirected from ASG9B210)

Level B1 Similar to Expressing "be going to" with "yao" (A1) Expressing "about to happen" with "le" (A2) Expressing "nearly" with "jihu" (B2) Used for Expressing time and date, Sequencing events in time, Referring to changes of situation Keywords 就, 要, 了, 还有 Translations about

就要 (jiùyào) is similar to 快要 (kuàiyào), meaning "about to." They are interchangeable in some cases. But there is a major difference that you need to take a good look at.

Contents

1 Basic Pattern 1.1 Structure 1.2 Examples 2 Advanced Pattern 2.1 Structure 2.2 Examples 3 See also 4 Sources and further reading 4.1 Books 4.2 Websites Basic Pattern

Structure

(Subj. +) 就要 + Verb + 了 (，⋯⋯)

Examples

就 要 下雨 了 。 Jiù yào xiàyǔ le. It's about to rain! 他们 就 要 结婚 了 。 Tāmen jiù yào jiéhūn le. They are about to get married. 我 就 要 出国 了 。 Wǒ jiù yào chūguó le. I'm about to go abroad. 宝宝 就 要 一岁 了 。 Bǎobao jiùyào yī suì le. The baby is about to be one-year old! 就 要 下课 了 ，还有 别的 问题 吗 ？ Jiù yào xiàkè le, háiyǒu bié de wèntí ma? The class is almost over. Are there any other questions? In this case, 就要 can be replaced by 快要 or 快.

Advanced Pattern

快要 (kuài yào) is generally "about to" [happen], but 就要 (jiù yào) could be used to mark a more specific time. 要 (yào) here can be omitted. For this one, you wouldn't normally use "about to" for this English translation, but the feeling is nevertheless that the impending event is coming up fast.

Structure

还有 + Time (+ Subj.) + 就 (要) + Verb + 了

Examples

还有 十 分钟 我 就 下班 了 。 Háiyǒu shí fēnzhōng wǒ jiù xiàbān le. I get off work in 10 minutes. 还有 两 个 星期 我们 就 要 考试 了 。 Háiyǒu liǎng gè xīngqí wǒmen jiù yào kǎoshì le. We're just two weeks away from the exam date. 还有 一 个 月 就 要 过年 了 。 Háiyǒu yī gè yuè jiù yào guònián le. It will be Chinese New Year in another month. 还有 半 个 小时 飞机 就 起飞 了 。 Háiyǒu bàn gè xiǎoshí fēijī jiù qǐfēi le. The plane takes off in half an hour. 还有 五 天 就 要 放假 了 。 Háiyǒu wǔ tiān jiù yào fàngjià le. I go on vacation in 5 days. See also

Expressing "nearly" with "jihu" Approximations with "chabuduo" Expressing future with "jiang" Sources and further reading

Books

Boya Chinese Elementary Starter 1 (博雅汉语初经起步篇) (pp. 183) →buy Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 267-8) →buy New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2) (pp. 196-7) →buy 40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (pp. 271) →buy Websites

ChinesePod: Qing Wen - 了 (le): Something's About to Happen (free podcast content)

再 zài

While 又 (yòu) is used for "again" in the past, 再 (zài) is used for "again" in the future. That is, 再 is used when something has happened once and it will happen again.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

再as "Again"

The basic structure for using the future "again" is:

Structure

Subj. + 再 + Verb Phrase

Examples

我 明天 再 来 。
Wǒ míngtiān zài lái.
I'll come again tomorrow.

请 再 说 一 遍 。
Qǐng zài shuō yī biàn.
Say it again, please.

我 想 再 看 一 遍 。
Wǒ xiǎng zài kàn yībiàn.
I want to watch it again.

我 可以 再 试 一下 吗 ？
Nǐ zài shì yīxià ma?
Can I try it again?

我 希望 能 再 去 一 次 。
Wǒ xīwàng néng zài qù yī cì.
I hope that I can go there again.

In fact, this structure is present in one of the most common Chinese phrases: "再见!" In this case, it literally means "See you again!"

再as "Another" or "Some More"

The English word "another" is often avoided altogether by using 再.

Structure

Subj. + 再 + Verb-Obj.

Examples

再 吃 一点 。
Zài chī yīdiǎn.
Eat more.

服务员 ，再 来 。
Wǒmen zài zhǎo yī gè rén ba.
Let's find another person.

我们 再 等 他 五 分钟 。
Wǒmen zài děng tā wǔ fēnzhōng.
Let's wait for him five more minutes.

你 再 给 我 五十 块 。
Nǐ zài gěi wǒ wǔshí kuài.
Give me fifty more kuai.

他 问 我们 能 不 能 再 给 他 几 天 时间 。
Tā wèn wǒmen néng bu néng zài gěi tā jǐ tiān shíjiān.
He asked if we can give him a few more days.

再 as "Continuous Action"

Here 再 is similar to the English "for a while longer" or "keep [going/doing]."

Structure

Subj. + 再 + Verb Phrase

Examples

再 找 找 。
Zài zhǎozhao.
Keep looking a little bit.

再 等 等 他 吧 。
Zài děngdeng tā ba.
Keep waiting for him for a little while.

时间 还 早，再 玩 一会儿 吧 。
Shíjiān hái zǎo, zài wán yīhuǐ'er ba.
It's still early. Let's keep playing for a while.

现在 才 六 点 半，我 想 再 睡 一会儿 。
Xiànzài cái liù diǎn bàn, wǒ xiǎng zài shuì yīhuǐ'er.
It's only 6:30. I want to sleep a little longer.

你们 想 不 想 再 休息 一会儿 ？
Nǐmen xiǎng bu xiǎng zài xiūxi yīhuǐ'er?
Do you guys want to rest for a little longer?

See Also

"Never again" with "zai ye bu"

Sequencing with "xian" and "zai"

Again in the past with "you"

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 157)

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 202)

Websites

Yale Chinese Usage Dictionary: Using 再 and 又

Expressing "again" in the future with "zai"

(Redirected from ASGIZQJ2)

Level B1 Similar to Expressing "again" in the past with "you" (B1) Expressing "the other" with "lingwai" (B1) Sequencing with "xian" and "zai" (B1) Comparing "zai" and "you" (B2) Expressing "never again" with "zai ye bu" (B2) Expressing "over and over again" with "zaisan" (B2) Used for Expressing time and date Keywords 再 Translations again, another

While 又 (yòu) is used for "again" in the past, 再 (zài) is used for "again" in the future. That is, 再 is used when something has happened once and it will happen again.

Contents

1 Used as "Again" 1.1 Structure 1.2 Examples 2 Used as "Another" or "Some More" 2.1 Structure 2.2 Examples 3 Used for Continuous Action 3.1 Structure 3.2 Examples 4 See also 5 Sources and further reading 5.1 Books 5.2 Websites Used as "Again"

The basic structure for using the future "again" is:

Structure

Subj. + 再 + [Verb Phrase]

Examples

我们 明年 再 来 。 Wǒmen míngnián zài lái. We'll come again next year. 再 试 一下 。 Zài shì yīxià. Try it again. 你 可以 再 说 一 遍 吗 ？ Nǐ kěyǐ zài shuō yī biàn ma? Can you please say it again? 这 本 书 我 要 再 看 一 遍 。 Zhè běn shū wǒ yào zài kàn yī biàn. I want to read this book again. 你 应该 再 复习 一 遍 。 Nǐ yīnggāi zài fùxí yī biàn. You should review it again. In fact, this structure is present in one of the most common Chinese phrases: "再见!" In this case, it literally means, "See you again!"

Used as "Another" or "Some More"

The English word "another" is often avoided altogether by using 再.

Structure

Subj. + 再 + Verb + Obj.

In this case, the object includes a quantity phrase.

Examples

再 吃 一点 。 Zài chī yīdiǎn. Eat more. 再 点 几个 菜 吧 。 Zài diǎn jǐ gè cài ba. Let's order some more dishes. 服务员 ，再 来 两 瓶 啤酒 。 Fúwùyuán, zài lái liǎng píng píjiǔ. Waiter, two more bottles of beer, please. 再 给 我 三天 时间 。 Zài gěi wǒ sān tiān shíjiān. Give me another three days. 我 能 不 能 再 拿 两 个 ？ Wǒ néng bu néng zài ná liǎng gè? Can I take two more? Used for Continuous Action

Here 再 is similar to the English "for a while longer" or "keep [going/doing]."

Structure

Subj. + 再 + Verb + Verb

Examples

再 找找 。 Zài zhǎozhao. Keep looking. 你 再 问问 。 Nǐ zài wènwen. Keep asking and ask someone else. 别 急 ，再 想想 。 Bié jí, zài xiǎngxiang. Don't worry. Keep thinking. You can also add 一会儿 after the verb to mean "keep doing something a little longer."

再 聊 一会儿 。 Zài liáo yīhuǐr. Let's keep talking for a little bit. 再 等 一会儿 。 Zài děng yīhuǐr. Let's wait a little longer. See also

"Never again" with "zai ye bu" Sequencing with "xian" and "zai" Expressing "again" in the past with "you" Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 157) →buy New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 202) →buy Websites

Yale Chinese Usage Dictionary: Using 再 and 又

Use of又

Whenever you want to express something like "you did it again!" in Chinese, you generally want to use 又 (yòu).

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

又Used in the Past

Structure

Normally, 又 is used to express an action that has already happened again for (at least) the second time. It doesn't have to be in quick succession; it happened before, and now it's happened again.

又 + Verb + 了

Examples

又 下雨 了 ！
Yòu xiàyǔ le!
It rains again!

你 又 迟到 了。
Nǐ yòu chídào le.
You came late again.

我 又 写 错 了。
Wǒ yòu xiě cuò le.
I wrote it wrong again.

宝宝 又 哭 了。
Bǎobao yòu kū le.
The baby is crying again.

他 又 喝 醉 了？
Tā yòu hē zuì le?
He got drunk again?

Colloquial Usage又来了

"又来了" fits the above pattern, but is also a little tricky because it expresses something that is still ongoing, and has already started as the speaker is speaking. Literally it's say, "here it comes again," but it's more accurate to translate it as "there it is again," or "there [he] goes again." It indicates that the speaker is a bit annoyed that it happened again.

又Used in the Future

Structure

When it becomes clear that something is about to happen again, you can also use 又. It's almost as if it has already happened in your mind. In these cases, it's quite common for 又 to be immediately followed by 是 (shì), 要 (yào), 可以 (kěyǐ), 能 (néng), and you'll notice that there's often a 了, indicating that something is about to happen.

又 + 要 / 想 / 可以 / 能 + Verb Phrase (+ 了)

Examples

明天 又 要 上班 了 ！
Míngtiān yòu yào shàngbān le! I need to go to work tomorrow AGAIN!

我 又 要 迟到 了。
Wǒ yòu yào chídào le.
I'm going to be late again.

你 又 想 骗 我 ？
Nǐ yòu xiǎng piàn wǒ?
Are you trying to fool me again?

老板 请客，又 可以 吃 大餐 了！
Lǎobǎn qǐngkè, yòu kěyǐ chī dàcān le!
The boss is going to treat us. We can have a big meal again!

快 过年 了，我们 又 能 拿 压岁钱 了！
Kuài guònián le, wǒmen yòu néng ná yāsuìqián le!
CNY is coming soon. We can get our new year money again!

See also

"Both A and B" with "you"

Comparing "zai" and "you"

"Both… and…" with "ji...you"

Advanced use of "you"

Emphasizing negation with "you"

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 141-2)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 157)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 288)

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 202)

现代汉语八百词（增订本） (p. 633)

现代汉语虚词例释 (p. 588)

Dictionaries

现代汉语八百词（增订本） (p. 633)

现代汉语虚词例释 (p. 588)

现代汉语词典（第5版） (p. 1656)

Websites

Yale Chinese Usage Dictionary: Using 再 and 又

Expressing "again" in the past with "you"

(Redirected from ASGN1JR5)

Level B1 Similar to Emphasizing negation with "you" (B1) Expressing "again" in the future with "zai" (B1) Advanced use of "you" (B2) Used for Expressing time and date, Referring to the past Keywords 又, 了 Translations again

Whenever you want to express something like, "you did it again!" in Chinese, you generally want to use 又 (yòu).

Contents

1 Affirmative Form 1.1 Structure 1.2 Examples 2 Negative Form 2.1 Structure 2.2 Examples 3 Colloquial Saying 又来了 4 Other Usage 5 See also 6 Sources and further reading 6.1 Books 6.2 Dictionaries 6.3 Websites Affirmative Form

Structure

Normally, 又 is used to express an action that has already happened again for (at least) the second time. It doesn't have to be in quick succession; it happened before, and now it's happened again.

(Subj. +) 又 + Verb + 了

Examples

又 下雨 了 ！ Yòu xiàyǔ le! It rained again! 你 又 迟到 了 。 Nǐ yòu chídào le. You're late again. 宝宝 又 哭 了 。 Bǎobao yòu kū le. The baby is crying again. 我 又 忘 了 。 Wǒ yòu wàng le. I forgot it again. Negative Form

Structure

(Subj. +) 又 + 不 / 没 + Verb

Examples

他 又 没 来 上课 。 Tā yòu méi lái shàngkè. He didn't come to class again. 你们 又 不 付钱 ？ Nǐmen yòu bù fùqián? You don't pay? Again? 你 又 不 参加 ？ Nǐ yòu bù cānjiā? You are not going to attend this? Again? 对不起 ，我 又 没 带 书 。 Duìbuqǐ, wǒ yòu méi dài shū. Sorry, I forgot to bring the book again. Colloquial Saying 又来了

又来了 fits the above pattern, but is also a little tricky because it expresses something that is still ongoing, and has already started as the speaker is speaking. Literally it says "here it comes again," but it's more accurate to translate it as "there it is again," or "there [he] goes again." It indicates that the speaker is a bit annoyed that it happened again.

Other Usage

When it becomes clear that something is about to happen again, you can also use 又. It's almost as if it has already happened in your mind. In these cases, it's quite common for 又 to be immediately followed by 是 (shì), 要 (yào), 可以 (kěyǐ), 能 (néng), and you'll notice that there's often a 了, indicating that something is about to happen.

Some examples:

今天 又 要 加班 了 ！ Jīntiān yòu yào jiābān le! We're going to work late today. AGAIN! 老板 请客 ，又 可以 吃 大餐 了 ！ Lǎobǎn qǐngkè, yòu kěyǐ chī dàcān le! The boss is going to treat us. We can have a big meal again! 快 过年 了 ，我们 又 能 拿 压岁钱 了 ！ Kuài guònián le, wǒmen yòu néng ná yāsuìqián le! CNY is coming soon. We can get our new year money again! See also

"Both A and B" with "you" Comparing "zai" and "you" "Both… and…" with "ji...you" Advanced use of "you" Emphasizing negation with "you" Expressing "again" in the future with "zai" Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 141-2) →buy Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 157) →buy Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 288) →buy New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 202) →buy 现代汉语八百词（增订本） (pp. 633) [ →buy] 现代汉语虚词例释 (pp. 588) →buy Dictionaries

现代汉语八百词（增订本） (pp. 633) [ →buy] 现代汉语虚词例释 (pp. 588) →buy 现代汉语词典（第5版） (pp. 1656) →buy Websites

Yale Chinese Usage Dictionary: Using 再 and 又

原来 (yuánlái)

原来 (yuánlái) means "originally" (similar to 本来) or "former." It can also mean "all along," and can be used to indicate a sudden realization of something previously unknown, a bit like "so it's been like that all along, how could I not have realized?"

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

原来as "Originally"

Here 原来 (yuánlái) means "originally" or "original."

Structure

原来 + 的 + Noun

Subj. + 原来 + [Verb Phrase]

Examples

你 原来 的 发型 很 可爱。
Nǐ yuánlái de fàxíng hěn kě'ài.
Your original hairstyle was very cute.

这 件 衣服 原来 的 价格 是 999 块。
Zhè jiàn yīfu yuánlái de jiàgé shì 999 kuài.
The original price is 999 RMB.

他 原来 不 知道 这 件 事， 是 我 刚刚 跟 他 说 的 。
Tā yuánlái bù zhīdào zhè jiàn shì, shì wǒ gānggāng gēn tā shuō de.
Originally he didn't know about this. I just told him.

我们 原来 住 在 浦东 ， 几个月 以前 搬 到 了 这边 。
Wǒmen yuánlái zhù zài Pǔdōng, jǐ gè yuè yǐqián bān dào le zhèbiān.
Originally we lived in Pudong. We moved here a few months ago.

她 原来 是 他 的 中文 老师，现在 是 他 老婆。
Tā yuánlái shì tā de Zhōngwén lǎoshī, xiànzài shì tā lǎopo.
She was originally his Chinese teacher. She is now his wife.

原来 as "All along"

Structure

原来 + [New Information]

Here 原来 means "all along."

Examples

原来 是 你 ！
Yuánlái shì nǐ!
So it was you all along!

原来 你们 认识 ！
Yuánlái nǐmen rènshi!
So you've known each other this whole time!

原来 他 是 你 前男友 ！
Yuánlái tā shì nǐ qián nányǒu!
It turns out he was you ex-boyfriend!

原来 你 这么 有钱！
Yuánlái nǐ zhème yǒuqián!
It turns out you are so rich!

原来 你 在 骗 我 ！ 我 怎么 那么 傻 ？
Yuánlái nǐ zài piàn wǒ! Wǒ zěnme nàme shǎ?
You have been tricking me, how could I be so stupid?

The more formal expression 原来如此 can be used like 原来是这样 in example 3, to mean "oh, so it's like that is it?"

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) (pp. 94-6)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 195-6)

New Practical Chinese Reader 5 (新实用汉语课本5) (pp. 29)

Short-term Spoken Chinese: Elementary (汉语口语速成基础篇) (pp. 22-23)

Expressing "all along" with "yuanlai"

(Redirected from ASGTKXFR)

Level B1 Similar to Expressing "no wonder" (B1) Comparing "benlai" and "yuanlai" (B2) Expressing "originally" with "benlai" (B2) Used for Explaining, Justifying Keywords 原来 Translations all along, originally 原来 (yuánlái) means "originally" (similar to 本来) or "former." It can also mean "all along" and can be used to indicate a sudden realization of something previously unknown—a bit like "so it's been like that all along, how could I not have realized?"

Contents

1 Used as "Original" or "Originally" 1.1 Structure 1.2 Examples 2 Used as "All along" 2.1 Structure 2.2 Examples 3 See also 4 Sources and further reading 4.1 Books Used as "Original" or "Originally"

Structure

原来 + 的 + Noun

Subj. + 原来 + Predicate

Examples

你 原来 的 发型 也 很 可爱 。 Nǐ yuánlái de fàxíng yě hěn kě'ài. Your original hairstyle was also very cute. 这 件 衣服 原来 的 价格 是 999 块 。 Zhè jiàn yīfu yuánlái de jiàgé shì 999 kuài. The original price is 999 RMB. 她们 原来 只是 邻居 ，现在 是 很好 的 朋友 。 Tāmen yuánlái zhǐ shì línjū, xiànzài shì hěn hǎo de péngyou. Originally they were just neighbors. Now they're very good friends. 我们 原来 住 在 浦东 ，几 个 月 以前 搬 到 了 这里 。 Wǒmen yuánlái zhù zài Pǔdōng, jǐ gè yuè yǐqián bān dào le zhèlǐ. Originally we lived in Pudong. We moved here a few months ago. 原来 她 是 他 的 中文 老师，现在 是 他 老婆 。 Yuánlái tā shì tā de Zhōngwén lǎoshī, xiànzài shì tā lǎopo. She was originally his Chinese teacher. She is now his wife. Used as "All along"

Structure

原来 + [New Information]

Examples

原来 是 你 ！ Yuánlái shì nǐ! So it was you all along! 原来 你们 认识 ！ Yuánlái nǐmen rènshi! So you both knew each other this whole time! 原来 是 这样 ！ Yuánlái shì zhèyàng! Oh, so it's like that! 原来 你 这么 有钱！ Yuánlái nǐ zhème yǒuqián! It turns out you are so rich! 原来 你 在 骗 我 ！ 我 怎么 那么 傻 ？ Yuánlái nǐ zài piàn wǒ! Wǒ zěnme nàme shǎ? You have been tricking me, how could I be so stupid? The more formal expression 原来如此 (yuánlái rúcǐ) can be used like 原来是这样 in example 3.

See also

Expressing "originally" with "benlai" Expressing "no wonder" Comparing "benlai" and "yuanlai" Sources and further reading

Books

Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) (pp. 94-6) [ →buy] Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 195-6) →buy New Practical Chinese Reader 5 (新实用汉语课本5) (pp. 29) →buy Short-term Spoken Chinese: Elementary (汉语口语速成基础篇) (pp. 22-23) [ →buy]

一下子 (yīxiàzi)

一下子 (yīxiàzi) can be used as an adverb meaning "all at once." It has to come at the beginning of the sentence.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Basic Usage

Structure

一下子 (yīxiàzi) is a very informal expression to describe how fast things happened. In colloquial Chinese, "一下" is also used.

Subj. + 一下子 + Verb + 了

Examples

他 一下子 吃 了 三 碗 米饭。
Tā yīxiàzi chī le sān wǎn mǐfàn.
He ate three bowls of rice all at once.

天气 一下子 变 冷 了。
Tiānqì yīxiàzi biàn lěng le.
The weather is suddenly getting cold.

她 下楼 的时候 不 小心，一下子 摔倒 了。
Tā xiàlóu de shíhou bù xiǎoxīn, yīxiàzi shuāidǎo le.
She wasn't careful going down the stairs, and suddenly fell.

这 些 问题 不 可能 一下 都 解决。
Zhè xiē wèntí bù kěnéng yīxià dōu jiějué.
These problems can't be solved all at once.

她 在 美国 的 第 一 个 月一下 瘦 了 十 斤。
One "jin" = 500g
Tā zài Měiguó de dì yī gè yuè yīxià shòu le shí jīn.
She lost ten jin the first month she was in the USA.

Used with 就

Structure

Subj. + 一下子 + 就 + Verb + 了

Examples

听 他 说 完，我 一下子 就 明白 了。
Tīng tā shuō wán, wǒ yīxiàzi jiù míngbai le.
After hearing him out, I understood everything all at once.

他 是 最 高 的，我 一下 就 看到 他 了。
Tā shì zuì gāo de, wǒ yīxià jiù kàndào tā le.
He is the tallest. I spotted him right away.

拍 完 那 部 电影 以后，他 一下子 就 出名 了。
Pāi wán nà bù diànyǐng yǐhòu, tā yīxiàzi jiù chūmíng le.
He became very famous soon after that movie.

他 的 新 书 很 受 欢迎，一下 就 卖 了 三 千 本。
Tā de xīn shū hěn shòu huānyíng, yīxià jiù mài le sān qiān běn.
His new book is very popular. Three thousand books were sold all at once.

老师 给 了 我 一点 提示，我 一下子 就 想 起来 了。
Lǎoshī gěi le wǒ yīdiǎn tíshì, wǒ yīxiàzi jiù xiǎng qǐlai le.
The teacher gave me a little hint. I recalled it right away.

See also

Verb reduplication with yi

Verb reduplication

Sources and further reading

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (p. 126)

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (p. 206)

Expressing "all at once" with "yixiazi"

(Redirected from ASG06EA8)

Level B1 Similar to Used for Expressing duration, Describing actions Keywords 一下子, 了 Translations all at once

一下子 (yīxiàzi) can be used as an adverb, meaning "all at once." Because it inherently encompasses a sense of "completion," it's typically going to be followed by a 了 (le) later in the sentence.

Contents

1 Used as "All at Once" 1.1 Structure 1.2 Examples 2 Used as "Soon and Naturally" 2.1 Structure 2.2 Examples 3 See also 4 Sources and further reading 4.1 Books Used as "All at Once"

一下子 (yīxiàzi) is a very informal expression to describe how fast things happened. It usually touches upon sudden or severe changes in a very short amount of time. Although 一下子 (yīxiàzi) is already quite informal, in colloquial Chinese 一下 (yīxià) can also be used to express the same thing.

Structure

Subj. + 一下子 + Predicate + 了

Examples

天气 一下子 变 冷 了 。 Tiānqì yīxiàzi biàn lěng le. The weather suddenly got cold. 他 一下子 吃 了 三 碗 米饭 。 Tā yīxiàzi chī le sān wǎn mǐfàn. He ate three bowls of rice all at once. 她 下楼 的时候 一下子 摔倒 了 。 Tā xiàlóu de shíhou yīxiàzi shuāidǎo le. As she went down the stairs, she suddenly fell. 我们 说话 的 时候 ，她 一下子 哭 了 。 Wǒmen shuōhuà de shíhou, tā yīxiàzi kū le. She burst into tears when we were talking. 她 上 个 月 一下子 瘦 了 很 多 。 Tā shàng gè yuè yīxiàzi shòu le hěn duō. Last month, she lost a lot of weight all at once. Used as "Soon and Naturally"

一下子 (yíxiàzi), followed with 就 (jiù), usually implies that things happened very quickly, naturally, and easily. Again, 一下 (yīxià) can also be used instead of 一下子 (yīxiàzi).

Structure

Subj. + 一下子 + 就 + Predicate + 了

Examples

老师 进来 以后 ，大家 一下子 就 安静 了 。 Lǎoshī jìnlái yǐhòu, dàjiā yīxiàzi jiù ānjìng le. Everyone became silent after the teacher came in. 听 他 说 完 ，我 一下子 就 明白 了 。 Tīng tā shuō wán, wǒ yīxiàzi jiù míngbai le. After hearing him out, I understood everything all at once. 他 是 最 高 的 ，我 一下子 就 看到 他 了 。 Tā shì zuì gāo de, wǒ yīxiàzi jiù kàndào tā le. He is the tallest. I spotted him right away. 拍 完 那 部 电影 ，他 一下子 就 出名 了 。 Pāi wán nà bù diànyǐng, tā yīxiàzi jiù chūmíng le. He became very famous soon after that movie came out. 看到 那 张 照片 ，我 一下子 就 想 起来 了 。 Kàndào nà zhāng zhàopiàn, wǒ yīxiàzi jiù xiǎng qǐlái le. It all came back to me when I saw that picture. See also

Verb reduplication with yi Verb reduplication Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 126) →buy 40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (pp. 206) →buy

差点 (chàdiǎn)

To say that something bad almost happened (but didn't), you can add the word 差点 (chàdiǎn) before the verb. You will also hear 差点儿 (chàdiǎnr) in northern China. There is no difference in meaning between 差点 and 差点儿.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Literal Meaning

It might help to understand the literal meaning of the structure. The word 差 (chà) has a lot of meanings. In this case, it means "to lack," or "to be short." So in Chinese, the way to say "almost" is to say, "lacking that little bit." If that "little bit" hadn't been lacking, it would have happened. But it was lacking, so it didn't happen. Technically, it almost happened. Just remember: The fact is always opposite with the verb phrase after "差点(儿)," whether the verb phrase contains "没" or not.

Pattern without 了

Note that the "Verb Phrase" part of the structure is usually something bad or something you don't wish for, and that it didn't happen.

Structure

Subj. + 差点(儿) + [Verb Phrase]

Examples

我 今天 差点儿 迟到 。
I wasn't late
Wǒ chàdiǎnr chídào.
I was almost late.

他们 差点 打 起来 。
They didn't start a fight.
Tāmen chàdiǎn dǎ qǐlái.
They almost started a fight.

我 差点 笑 出来。
I didn't laugh.
Wǒ chàdiǎn xiào chūlái.
I almost laughed.

车 差点 撞到 我 。
The car didn't hit me.
Chē chàdiǎn zhuàngdào wǒ.
The car almost hit me.

手机 差点 掉进 水 里 。
The cell phone didn't fall into the water
Shǒujī chàdiǎn diào jìn shuǐ. lǐ.
The cell phone nearly fell into the water.

Pattern with了

You can put 就 after 差点(儿) when 了 is used 了. In this case, 就 can be omitted. 了 comes right before the object if an object is included in the verb phrase.

Structure

Subj. + 差点(儿) + (就) + [Verb Phrase] / Adj. + 了

Examples

我 差点 忘 了 今天 要 开会 。
I didn't forget.
Wǒ chàdiǎn wàng le .
I almost forgot we need to have a meeting today.

我们 差点儿 错过 了 最后 一 班 地铁。
We didn't miss it.
Wǒmen chàdiǎnr cuòguò le zuìhòu yī bān dìtiě.
We almost missed the last metro.

菜 差点 就 糊 了。
It wasn't burned.
Cài chàdiǎn jiù hú le. almost .

我们 队 差点儿 就 输 了。
the team didn't lose
Wǒmen duì chàdiǎnr jiù shū le.
Our team almost lost.

这个 东西 差点 就 丢 了 。
I did't lost it.
Zhège dōngxi chàdiǎn jiù diū le.
I almost lost the thing.

Using 差点 with 没

This can get confusing, even though it's really the same pattern (and same logic) with a little added complexity. This pattern goes beyond the difficulty level of the needs of the B1 learner, so to learn more about this usage, see expressing "almost" using "chadian mei".

See also

"Nearly" with "jihu"

Expressing "almost" using "chadianmei"

Sources and further reading

Books

现代汉语八百词（增订本） (pp. 112)

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册） (p. 341)

Dictionaries

现代汉语词典（第5版） (pp. 145)

Expressing "almost" using "chadian"

(Redirected from ASG6ESWW)

Level B1 Similar to Expressing "almost" using "chadian mei" (B2) Expressing "nearly" with "jihu" (B2) Used for Describing actions Keywords 差点, 了 Translations almost

To say that something bad almost happened (but didn't), you can add the word 差点 (chàdiǎn) before the verb. You will also hear 差点儿 (chàdiǎnr) in northern China. There is no difference in meaning between 差点 and 差点儿.

Contents

1 Literal Meaning 2 Structure 3 Examples 4 Using 差点 with 没 5 See also 6 Sources and further reading 6.1 Books 6.2 Dictionaries Literal Meaning

It might help to understand the literal meaning of the structure. The word 差 has a lot of meanings. In this case, it means "to lack," or "to be short." So in Chinese, the way to say "almost" is to say, "lacking that little bit." If that "little bit" hadn't been lacking, it would have happened. But it was lacking, so it didn't happen. Technically, it almost happened. Just remember: the fact of what really happened is always the opposite of the verb phrase after 差点(儿).

Structure

Note that the "Verb Phrase" part of the structure is usually something bad or something you don't wish for, and that it didn't happen.

Subj. + 差点 + Predicate

You can put 了 at the end of the sentence for emphasis. In this case, 就 is often used and it's optional.

Subj. + 差点 (+就) + Predicate + 了

The predicate part of the pattern can be a verb or an adjective.

Examples

车 差点 撞到 我 。The car didn't hit me. Chē chàdiǎn zhuàngdào wǒ. The car almost hit me. 我们 差点 相信 他 。We didn't believe him Wǒmen chàdiǎn xiāngxìn tā. We almost believed him. 他们 差点 打 起来 。They didn't start a fight. Tāmen chàdiǎn dǎ qǐlái. They almost started a fight. 我 差点 忘 了 。I didn't forget. Wǒ chàdiǎn wàng le. I almost forgot. 我 今天 差点 迟到 了 。 I wasn't late Wǒ jīntiān chàdiǎn chídào le. I was almost late today. 她 差点 疯 了 。She didn't go crazy. Tā chàdiǎn fēng le. She almost went crazy. 他 差点 就 死 了 。He didn't die. Tā chàdiǎn jiù sǐ le. He almost died. 菜 差点 糊 了 。It wasn't burned. Cài chàdiǎn hú le. The food was almost burnt. 我们 队 差点 输 了 。the team didn't lose Wǒmen duì chàdiǎn shū le. Our team almost lost. 我 差点 就 做到 了 。I didn't manage to do it. Wǒ chàdiǎn jiù zuòdào le. I almost did it. Using 差点 with 没

This can get confusing, even though it's really the same pattern (and same logic) with a little added complexity. This pattern goes beyond the difficulty level of the needs of the B1 learner, so to learn more about this usage, see expressing "almost" using "chadian mei".

See also

"Nearly" with "jihu" Expressing "almost" using "chadianmei" Sources and further reading

Books

现代汉语八百词（增订本） (pp. 112) [ →buy] 40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册） (pp. 341) →buy Dictionaries

现代汉语词典（第5版） (pp. 145) →buy

Expressing "already" with "dou"

(Redirected from ASGT1CIR)

Level B1 Similar to Expressing "already" with "yijing" (A2) Expressing "already" with just "le" (A2) Expressing duration of inaction (B1) Used for Expressing attitude, Emphasizing Keywords 都, 了 Translations already

都⋯⋯了 (dōu... le) is a pattern used to express that something has already happened, similar to 已经⋯⋯了. However, 都⋯⋯了 is used more emphatically, implying that the speaker holds some sort of attitude in relation to the event and is not merely objectively stating the facts, as with 已经⋯⋯了. The two options can actually also be combined in the pattern 都已经⋯⋯了. Here the meaning is the same as 都⋯⋯了.

Contents

1 Used before Time 1.1 Structure 1.2 Examples 2 Used before Predicate 2.1 Structure 2.2 Examples 3 See also 4 Sources and further reading 4.1 Books 4.2 Dictionaries Used before Time

Structure

When 都⋯⋯了 (dōu... le) is used at the beginning of a sentence, it will usually be followed with 还 (hái) or 还在 (háizài). This implies that the other party should stop some kind of action.

都 + Time + 了

Examples

都 九点 了 ，快点 起床 ！ Dōu jiǔ diǎn le, kuài diǎn qǐchuáng! It's already nine o'clock. Get out of bed! 都 十二 点 了 ，你 还 不 睡 ？ Dōu shí'èr diǎn le, nǐ hái bù shuì? It's already 12am. Aren't you going to bed? 都 二十一 世纪 了 ，你 还 这么 想 ？ Dōu èrshí-yī shìjì le, nǐ hái zhème xiǎng? It's already the 21st century and you still think this way? 都 一 个 小时 了 ，他 还 在 厕所 里 。 Dōu yī gè xiǎoshí le, tā hái zài cèsuǒ lǐ. It's already been an hour. He's still in the bathroom. 都 一 个 星期 了 ，还在 下雨 。 Dōu yī gè xīngqī le, háizài xiàyǔ. It's been raining for a week and it's still raining. Used before Predicate

Structure

Subj. + 都 + Predicate + 了

The predicate part of the pattern can be a verb or an adjective.

Examples

饭 都 凉 了 ，快 吃 吧 。 Fàn dōu liáng le. Kuài chī ba. The food is cold already. Let's eat. 牛奶 都 坏 了 ，扔掉 吧 。 Niúnǎi dōu huài le, rēngdiào ba. The milk's gone bad. You should throw it away. 我 都 说 了 三 遍 了 。别 烦 我 ！ Wǒ dōu shuō le sān biàn le. Bié fán wǒ! I've said it three times already. Leave me alone! 这个 电影 你 都 看 过 了 ，看 别的 吧 。 Zhège diànyǐng nǐ dōu kàn guo le, kàn biéde ba. You've seen this movie already. Let's watch something else. 他 都 道歉 了 ，你 别 生气 了。 Tā dōu dàoqiàn le, nǐ bié shēngqì le. He made an apology. Stop being so mad at him. See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) (pp. 97-99) [ →buy] 现代汉语八百词（增订本） (pp. 178) [ →buy] Dictionaries

现代汉语词典（第5版） (pp. 329 ) →buy

从来 (cónglái)

Although perhaps more often used in the negative to mean "never," 从来 (cónglái) can be used with 都 (dōu) to mean "always" or "have always (done)."

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

Without the negative adverbs 不 and 没, 从来 takes on the meaning of "always." (Literally, 从来 means something like "from the beginning," although no one is really thinking that phrase when they use it.) When used in the positive, though, it is customary to put the adverb 都 after 从来.

Subj. + 从来 + 都 + Predicate

Examples

我 从来 都 一个人 住，已经 习惯 了。
Wǒ cónglái dōu yīgèrén zhù, yǐjīng xíguàn le.
I have always lived alone; I'm used to it already.

她 从来 都 这么 自私 。
Tā cónglái dōu zhème zìsī.
She's always been this selfish.

我们 下棋，他从来 都 是 赢 的。
Wǒmen xiàqí, tā cónglái dōu shì yíng de.
He always wins when we play chess.

他 说话 从来 都 很 大声。
Tā shuōhuà cónglái dōu hěn dàshēng.
He always speaks very loudly.

她 找 男朋友 从来 都 是 要 长 得 帅 的。
Tā zhǎo nánpéngyou cónglái dōu shì yào zhǎo zhǎng de shuài de.
She always wants those good-looking guys when she looks for boyfriend.

他 工作 从来 都 很 努力。
Tā gōngzuò cónglái dōu hěn nǔlì.
He always works very hard.

我 的 学生 从来 都 这么 有自信。
Wǒ de xuéshēng cónglái dōu zhème yǒu zìxìn.
My students are always so confident.

他 的 电影 从来 都 是 最 受欢迎 的 。
Tā de diànyǐng cónglái dōu shì zuì shòuhuānyíng de.
His movies are always the most popular ones.

成功 从来 都 要 靠 自己 努力。
Chénggōng cónglái dōu yào kào zìjǐ nǔlì.
Success always depends on one's own efforts.

See Also

"Never" with "conglai"

"Always" as a complaint with "laoshi"

"Always" with "zongshi"

Sources and further reading

Books

现代汉语八百词(p.132)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (p. 59)

New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) (p. 121)

Websites

Yale Chinese Usage Dictionary: Usage of 从来

Expressing "always" with "conglai"

(Redirected from ASG8KUHG)

Level B1 Similar to Expressing "always" with "zongshi" (A2) Expressing "never" with "conglai" (A2) Using "always" as a complaint with "laoshi" (B1) Expressing "always previously" with "xianglai" (C1) Used for Expressing frequency, Referring to the past Keywords 从来, 都, 从, 来 Translations always

Although perhaps more often used in the negative to mean "never," 从来 (cónglái) can be used with 都 (dōu) to mean "always" or "have always (done)."

Contents

1 Structure 2 Examples 3 See Also 4 Sources and further reading 4.1 Books 4.2 Websites Structure

Without the negative adverbs 不 and 没, 从来 takes on the meaning of "always." (Literally, 从来 means something like "from the beginning," although no one is really thinking that phrase when they use it.) When used in the positive, though, it is customary to put the adverb 都 after 从来.

Subj. + 从来 + 都 + Predicate

The predicate part of the pattern can be a verb or an adjective.

Examples

他 从来 都 这样 。 Tā cónglái dōu zhèyàng. He's always like this. 她 从来 都 这么 晚 睡 。 Tā cónglái dōu zhème wǎn shuì. She's always gone to bed so late. 他 说话 从来 都 很 大声 。 Tā shuōhuà cónglái dōu hěn dàshēng. He's always spoken very loudly. 她 买 衣服 从来 都 只 买 名牌 。 Tā mǎi yīfu cónglái dōu zhǐ mǎi míngpái. She always buys brand-name clothes when she goes shopping. 这个 国家 的 女孩 从来 都 很早 结婚 。 Zhège guójiā de nǚhái cónglái dōu hěn zǎo jiéhūn. Girls in this country always get married at a very young age. 我们 学校 的 学生 从来 都 只 能 穿 校服 。 Wǒmen xuéxiào de xuéshēng cónglái dōu zhǐ néng chuān xiàofú. Students in our school can only wear school uniforms. 我们 下棋 ，从来 都 是 他 赢 。 Wǒmen xiàqí, cónglái dōu shì tā yíng. He always wins when we play chess. 我 从来 都 一个人 住 ，已经 习惯 了 。 Wǒ cónglái dōu yīgèrén zhù, yǐjīng xíguàn le. I've always lived alone; I'm used to it already. 成功 从来 都 要 靠 自己 努力 。 Chénggōng cónglái dōu yào kào zìjǐ nǔlì. Success always depends on working hard by oneself. See Also

"Never" with "conglai" "Always" as a complaint with "laoshi" "Always" with "zongshi" Sources and further reading

Books

现代汉语八百词 (pp. 132) →buy Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 59) →buy New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) (pp. 121) →buy Websites

Yale Chinese Usage Dictionary: Usage of 从来

结果 (jiéguǒ)

结果 (jiéguǒ) can be used as a conjunction or adverb, meaning "as a result" or "consequently." It comes at the beginning of the sentence and is typically used to introduce a negative or undesirable result.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

Reason ，结果 + Result

有时候"结果"后面的情况不是很明显的"result"，这时候"结果"意思就是"in the end"。

Situation ，结果 + Ending

Examples

我 太 紧张 了 ，结果 说 错 了 很 多 。
Wǒ tài jǐnzhāng le, jiéguǒ shuō cuò le hěn duō.
I was too nervous. As a result, I said a lot of wrong things.

他 开 得 太 快 了 ，结果 撞到 了 一 个 人 。
Tā kāi de tài kuài le, jiéguǒ zhuàngdào le yī gè rén.
He drove too fast. As a result, he hit someone.

她 穿 得 太 少 了，结果 感冒 了。
Tā chuān de tài shǎo le,jiéguǒ gǎnmào le.
She didn't wear enough, as a result, she had a cold.

他 没 好好 复习，结果 考试 没 考好 。
Tā méi hǎohǎo fùxí, jiéguǒ kǎoshì méi kǎo hǎo.
He didn't review well. As a result, he didn't do well in the exam.

他 总是 迟到 ，结果 老板 炒 了 他 的 鱿鱼 。
Tā zǒngshì chídào, jiéguǒ lǎobǎn chǎo le tā de yóuyú.
He's always late for work. As a result, his boss fired him.

我 没 带 伞 ，结果 全身 都 湿 了 。
Wǒ méi dài sǎn, jiéguǒ quánshēn dōu shī le.
I didn't take an umbrella. As a result, I got all wet.

我 跟 朋友 打赌 ，结果 我 输 了 。
Wǒ gēn péngyou dǎdǔ, jiéguǒ wǒ shū le.
I took a bet with my friends. I lost In the end.

我 昨天 跟 朋友 去 喝酒，结果 喝醉 了 。
Wǒ zuótiān gēn péngyou qù hējiǔ, jiéguǒ hē zuì le.
I went to have a drink with my friends yesterday. I got drunk in the end.

他 吃 了 很 多 药 ，结果 都 没有 用 。
Tā chī le hěn duō yào, jiéguǒ dōu méiyǒu yòng.
He took a lot of pills. None of them were useful in the end.

我 点 的 是 牛肉 汉堡 ，结果 服务员 给 了 我 一 个 鸡肉 的 。
Wǒ diǎn de shì niúròu hànbǎo, jiéguǒ fúwùyuán gěi le wǒ yī gè jīròu de.
I ordered a burger. The waiter gave me a chicken sandwich in the end.

See also

Resultative Complement "zhu"

Resultative Complement "huai"

Sources and further reading

Books

Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) (pp. 342)

Expressing "as a result" with "jieguo"

(Redirected from ASG6B21A)

Level B1 Similar to Cause and effect with "yinwei" and "suoyi" (A2) Expressing "therefore" with "yinci" (B2) Stating the effect before the cause (B2) Using "because" with "er" to indicate effect (B2) Used for Expressing attitude Keywords 结果结果 (jiéguǒ) can be used as a conjunction or adverb, meaning "as a result" or "consequently." It normally starts the second half of a sentence and can also introduce an unexpected or undesirable result.

Contents

1 Indicating a Logical Result 1.1 Structure 1.2 Examples 2 Indicating an Unexpected Result 2.1 Structure 2.2 Examples 3 See also 4 Sources and further reading 4.1 Books Indicating a Logical Result

Structure

Reason / Condition ，结果 + Result / Ending

Examples

她 穿 得 很 少 ，结果 感冒 了 。 Tā chuān de hěn shǎo, jiéguǒ gǎnmào le. She didn't wear enough, as a result, she caught a cold. 我 太 紧张 了 ，结果 说 错 了 很 多 。 Wǒ tài jǐnzhāng le, jiéguǒ shuō cuò le hěn duō. I was too nervous. As a result, I said a lot of things wrong. 他 开 得 太 快 了 ，结果 撞到 了 一 个 人 。 Tā kāi de tài kuài le, jiéguǒ zhuàngdào le yī gè rén. He drove too fast. As a result, he hit someone. 他 没 好好 复习，结果 考试 没 考 好 。 Tā méi hǎohǎo fùxí, jiéguǒ kǎoshì méi kǎo hǎo. He didn't review well. As a result, he didn't do well in the exam. 他 总是 迟到 ，结果 老板 炒 了 他 的 鱿鱼 。 Tā zǒngshì chídào, jiéguǒ lǎobǎn chǎo le tā de yóuyú. He's always late for work. As a result, his boss fired him. Indicating an Unexpected Result

Sometimes there is no cause-effect relationship between what comes before and after 结果 (no logical connection). In these sentences, the second half of the sentence usually emphasizes that what actually happened was unexpected or undesired.

Structure

Situation ，结果 + [Unexpected Result]

Examples

我 去 机场 接 他 ，结果 没 接到 他 。 Wǒ qù jīchǎng jiē tā, jiéguǒ méi jiēdào tā. I went to the airport to pick him up. I didn't find him there. 我 跟 朋友 打赌 ，结果 我 输 了 。 Wǒ gēn péngyou dǎdǔ, jiéguǒ wǒ shū le. I took a bet with my friends. I lost in the end. 我 昨天 跟 朋友 去 喝酒 ，结果 喝醉 了 。 Wǒ zuótiān gēn péngyou qù hējiǔ, jiéguǒ hēzuì le. I went to have a drink with my friends yesterday. I got drunk in the end. 他 吃 了 很 多 药 ，结果 都 没有 用 。 Tā chī le hěn duō yào, jiéguǒ dōu méiyǒu yòng. He took a lot of pills. None of them were useful in the end. 我 点 的 是 牛肉 汉堡 ，结果 服务员 给 了 我 一 个 鸡肉 的 。 Wǒ diǎn de shì niúròu hànbǎo, jiéguǒ fúwùyuán gěi le wǒ yī gè jīròu de. I ordered a burger. The waiter gave me a chicken sandwich instead. See also

Cause and effect with "yinwei" and "suoyi" Expressing "due to…" with "youyu" Sources and further reading

Books

Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) (pp. 342) [ →buy]

互相 (hùxiāng)

When some action is mutual, you can use the word 互相 (hùxiāng). The word "mutual" feels formal in English, but in Chinese even everyday phrases such as "learn from each other" use the word 互相, which expresses this "each other" aspect.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

Usually 互相 (hùxiāng) is used with two-syllable words, and for one-syllable words some other information will be added after the verb to make it sound more natural (see below for examples of this.)

互相 + Verb

Examples

互相 帮助
hùxiāng bāngzhù
Help each other

互相 了解
hùxiāng liǎojiě
Know each other

互相 伤害
hùxiāng shānghài
Hurt each other

互相 尊重
hùxiāng zūnzhòng
Respect each other

互相 支持
hùxiāng zhīchí
Support each other

互相 鼓励
hùxiāng gǔlì
Encourage each other

互相 影响
hùxiāng yǐngxiǎng
Influence each other

互相 利用
hùxiāng lìyòng
Take advantage of each other

Don't use 互相 (hùxiāng) with single-syllable verbs. If you really have to use 互相, you can make the verb longer by adding extra information after it.

互相 看
hùxiāng kàn
look at each other

互相 看 了 一 眼
hùxiāng kàn le yī yǎn
glanced at each other

Note that for some verbs which are inherently "mutual," the use of 互相 (hùxiāng) is redundant and unnecessary. So the following phrases are not wrong, but a little strange.

互相 拥抱
hùxiāng yōngbào
hug each other

互相 交流
hùxiāng jiāoliú
communicate with each other

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Expressing "each other" with "huxiang"

(Redirected from ASGF00B7)

Level B1 Similar to Comparing "bici" and "duifang" (B2) Expressing "each other" with "bici" (B2) Used for Describing actions Keywords 互相 Translations each other When some action is mutual, you can use the word 互相 (hùxiāng). The word "mutual" feels formal in English, but in Chinese even everyday phrases such as "learn from each other" use the word 互相, which expresses this "each other" aspect.

Contents

1 Structure 2 Examples 3 See also 4 Sources and further reading 4.1 Books Structure

Usually 互相 (hùxiāng) is used with two-syllable words, and for one-syllable words, some other information will be added after the verb to make it sound more natural (see below for examples of this.)

互相 + Verb

Examples

互相 帮助 hùxiāng bāngzhù Help each other 互相 了解 hùxiāng liǎojiě Know each other 互相 伤害 hùxiāng shānghài Hurt each other 互相 尊重 hùxiāng zūnzhòng Respect each other 互相 支持 hùxiāng zhīchí Support each other 互相 鼓励 hùxiāng gǔlì Encourage each other 互相 影响 hùxiāng yǐngxiǎng Influence each other 互相 利用 hùxiāng lìyòng Take advantage of each other Don't use 互相 (hùxiāng) with single-syllable verbs. If you really have to use 互相, you can make the verb longer by adding extra information after it.

互相 看 hùxiāng kàn look at each other 互相 看 了 一 眼 hùxiāng kàn le yī yǎn glanced at each other Note that for some verbs which are inherently "mutual," the use of 互相 (hùxiāng) is redundant and unnecessary. So the following phrases are not wrong, but a little strange.

互相 拥抱 hùxiāng yōngbào hug each other 互相 交流 hùxiāng jiāoliú communicate with each other See also

Comparing "bici" and “duifang" Sources and further reading

Books

HSK Standard Course 5上 (pp. 68) →buy

Good enough with够

In Chinese the word for "enough" often comes before a verb, rather than after an adjective.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

Subj. + 够 + Verb (+ 了)

Sometimes you'll see a 了 added after the verb for emphasis (as in "no, really, it's enough!").

Examples

我们 买 了 很 多 菜，肯定 够 吃。
Wǒmen mǎi le hěnduō cài, kěndìng gòu chī.
We bought a lot of food. It must be good enough to eat.

他 带 了 好 多 衣服 ，应该 够 换。
Tā dài le hǎo duō yīfu, yīnggāi gòu huàn.
He brought a lot of clothes. It should be enough to change.

我们 只 有 三 个 人，你 的 车 肯定 够 坐。
Wǒmen zhǐ yǒu sān gè rén, nǐ de chē kěndìng gòu zuò.
We only have three people. I'm sure your car is big enough to sit in.

这些 菜 够 吃 了，不要 再 买 了。
Zhèxiē cài gòu chī le, bù yào zài mǎi le.
This food is enough to eat. Don't buy more.

我 带 的 钱 够 用 了 ，你 不用 带 了。
Wǒ dài de qián gòu yòng le, nǐ bù yòng dài le.
I've brought enough money to spend. You don't need to bring any.

Not enough with不够

Structure

Subj. + 不够 + Verb

Examples

你 家 太 小 了，恐怕 不够 住。
Nǐ jiā tài xiǎo le, kǒngpà bùgòu zhù.
Your house is too small. I'm afraid it's not big enough to live in.

你 的 包 太 小 了，这些 东西 肯定不够 放。
Nǐ de bāo tài xiǎo le, zhème duō dōngxi kěndìng bùgòu fàng.
You bag is too small. This stuff definitely can't fit in it.

办公室 的 纸 不够 用 了，你 明天 去 买 一些 吧。
Bàngōngshì de zhǐ bùgòu yòng le, nǐ míngtiān qù mǎi yīxiē ba.
The paper in the office is not enough to use. You should go buy some tomorrow.

我 这个 月 的 钱 不够 花 了，你 能 不 能 借 我 五 百？
Wǒ de qián bùgòu huā le, nǐ néng bu néng jiè wǒ wǔ bǎi?
I don't have enough money to spend this month. Could you lend me five hundred kuai?

Expressing "had enough of it" with够了

When a verb is followed by "够了," it means the speaker is "getting sick of [doing] something" or "done with [doing] something."

Structure

Subj. + Verb + 够 (+ 了)

Examples

别 说 了！ 这些 话 我 已经 听 够 了！
Bié shuō le, zhèxiē huà wǒ yǐjīng tīng gòu le.
Stop talking! I've heard enough of it!

你 今天 玩 游戏 已经 玩 了 三 个 小时 了，玩 够 了 没有？！
Nǐ jīntiān wán yóuxì yǐjīng wǎn le sān gè xiǎoshí le, wán gòu le méiyǒu?!
You've been playing games for three hours today. Are you not done yet?

我 受 够 了！我 一定 要 跟 他 离婚！
Wǒ shòu gòu le! Wǒ yīdìng yào gēn tā líhūn!
I had enough of him. I'm definitely going to divorce him.

你 天天 都 叫 外卖，还没 吃 够 吗？
Nǐ tiāntiān dū jiào wàimài, hái méi chī gòu ma?
You order takeout every day. Haven't you gotten sick of eating it?

See also

The "zui" superlative

Expressing "excessively" with "tai"

Sources and further reading

Books

Expressing "enough" with "gou"

(Redirected from ASG49BE6)

Level B1 Similar to Used for Describing degree, Expressing attitude Keywords 够, 了, 够了 Translations enough

In Chinese the word for "enough" is 够 (gòu). It also combines with other words and most often comes before verbs and adjectives, but there are a limited number of verbs that it can follow as well.

Contents

1 Affirmative Form 1.1 Structure 1.2 Examples 2 Negative Form 2.1 Structure 2.2 Examples 3 Colloquial Saying 4 See also 5 Sources and further reading 5.1 Books Affirmative Form

Structure

够 + Verb / Adj. + 了

The 了 is not strictly required, but it adds a sense of emphasis.

Examples

In these examples, 够 (gòu) comes before verbs. You'll notice that who is doing the verb to what is normally just understood in context.

我们 买 了 很 多 菜 ，够 吃 了 。 Wǒmen mǎi le hěn duō cài, gòu chī le. We bought a lot of food. It's enough for us to eat. 这些 纸 够 用 吗 ？ Zhèxiē zhǐ gòu yòng ma? Is this paper enough for us to use? 放心 吧 ，我 带 的 钱 够 花 。 Fàngxīn ba, wǒ dài de qián gòu huā. Don't worry. I've brought enough money to spend. When it comes before an adjective, 了 is needed at the end of the sentence.

我 对 你 够 好 了 。 Wǒ duì nǐ gòu hǎo le. I've been good enough to you. 别 抱怨 了 ，你 够 幸运 了 。 Bié bàoyuàn le, nǐ gòu xìngyùn le. Stop complaining. You've been lucky enough. Negative Form

In the negative form, you're not going to need a 了 (le).

Structure

Subj. + 不 + 够 + Adj. / Verb

Note that 了 can't be used when it's negated.

Examples

他 觉得 他 女朋友 不 够 漂亮 。 Tā juéde tā nǚpéngyou bù gòu piàoliang. He thinks his girlfriend is not pretty enough. 你 说 得 不 够 清楚 。 Nǐ shuō de bù gòu qīngchǔ. You didn't speak clearly enough. 这些 菜 不 够 吃 ，再 点 几 个 菜 。 Zhèxiē cài bù gòu chī, zài diǎn jǐ gè cài. This food is not enough for us to eat. Let's order a few more dishes. 这里 太 小 了 ，不 够 坐 。 Zhèlǐ tài xiǎo le, bù gòu zuò. It's too cramped here. There's not enough room to sit. 你 的 包 太 小 了，这些 东西 肯定 不 够 放 。 Nǐ de bāo tài xiǎo le, zhème dōngxi kěndìng bù gòu fàng. Your bag is too small. There's definitely not enough room to hold this stuff. Translations feel looser here, as the Chinese frequently omits the details about what's not enough for what. The verb and the context makes it clear enough.

Colloquial Saying

Literally, 够了 means "it's enough." When the speaker is getting sick of doing something or feeling fed up, 够了 can be applied after a limited number of verbs.

A few common examples:

我 受 够 了 ！ Wǒ shòu gòu le! I've had enough of it! 天天 吃 外卖 ，我们 都 吃 够 了 。 Tiāntiān chī wàimài, wǒmen dōu chī gòu le. We eat take-out every day. We're sick of eating it. 你 玩 够 了 没有 ？ Nǐ wán gòu le méiyǒu? Are you done playing? See also

The "zui" superlative Expressing "excessively" with "tai" Sources and further reading

Books

终于(zhōngyú) 表示经过很长时间的等待最后实现了愿望，通常都是说话人期待发生的事情，含喜悦、满意的感情色彩。

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

跟英文的"finally"不一样的是，终于(zhōngyú) 不能单独使用，也不能放在主语前面或者句子的最后。而且，它必须要跟“了“连用，表示事情已经发生了。

Subj. + 终于 + Verb Phrase + 了

Examples

你 终于 到 了！
Nǐ zhōngyú dào le!
You finally arrived!

咱们 终于 见面 了！
Zánmen zhōngyú jiànmiàn le!
We finally met each other!

你们 终于 明白 了 。
Nǐmen zhōngyú míngbai le.
You finally understood.

作业 终于 做 完 了！
Zuòyè zhōngyú zuò wán le!
I finally finished my homework!

飞机 终于 起飞 了！
Fēijī zhōngyú qǐfēi le!
The plane is finally taking off!

你们 终于 决定 了 。
Nǐmen zhōngyú juédìng le.
You finally made your decision.

饭 终于 做 好 了 。我 快 饿 死了 。
Fàn zhōngyú zuò hǎo le. Wǒ kuài è sǐ le.
Dinner is finally ready. I'm starving.

这个 愿望 终于 实现 了！
Zhège yuànwàng zhōngyú shíxiàn le!
This dream finally came true!

我们 找 了 两 个 多 小时 ，终于 找到 了 那 家 店 。
Wǒmen zhǎo le liǎng gè duō xiǎoshí, zhōngyú zhǎodào le nà jiā diàn.
We'd been looking for that shop for more than two hours. We finally found it.

这些 问题 终于 解决 了 。我们 应该 庆祝 一下 。
Zhèxiē wèntí zhōngyú jiějué le. Wǒmen yīnggāi qìngzhù yīxià.
These problems are finally resolved. We should celebrate it.

See also

Comparing "zongsuan" and “zhongyu"

Sources and further reading

Books

Expressing "finally" with "zhongyu"

(Redirected from ASG700A5)

Level B1 Similar to Comparing "zongsuan" and “zhongyu" (B2) Used for Expressing attitude Keywords 终于, 了 Translations finally

终于 (zhōngyú) expresses that something has finally happened after a long wait. Usually the speaker is looking forward to what is happening at long last, and thus, 终于 (zhōngyú) typically carries a sense of joy or relief.

Contents

1 Structure 2 Examples 3 See also 4 Sources and further reading 4.1 Books Structure

Unlike the English word "finally," 终于 (zhōngyú) can never be used alone. It also can’t be put in front of the subject or at the end of the sentence. 终于 (zhōngyú) needs to be used with 了 to express that the action is completed.

Subj. + 终于 + Predicate + 了

The predicate part of the pattern can be a verb or an adjective.

Examples

你 终于 到 了 ！ Nǐ zhōngyú dào le! You've finally arrived! 我们 终于 见面 了 ！ Wǒmen zhōngyú jiànmiàn le! We're finally meeting each other! 你们 终于 明白 了 。 Nǐmen zhōngyú míngbai le. You've finally understood. 作业 终于 做 完 了 ！ Zuòyè zhōngyú zuò wán le! I've finally finished my homework! 飞机 终于 起飞 了 ！ Fēijī zhōngyú qǐfēi le! The plane is finally taking off! 你们 终于 决定 了 。 Nǐmen zhōngyú juédìng le. You've finally made your decision. 饭 终于 做 好 了 。我 快 饿 死 了 。 Fàn zhōngyú zuò hǎo le. Wǒ kuài è sǐ le. Dinner is finally ready. I'm starving. 这个 愿望 终于 实现 了 ！ Zhège yuànwàng zhōngyú shíxiàn le! This dream has finally come true! 我们 找 了 两 个 多 小时 ，终于 找到 了 那 家 店 。 Wǒmen zhǎo le liǎng gè duō xiǎoshí, zhōngyú zhǎodào le nà jiā diàn. We'd been looking for that shop for more than two hours, and we finally found it. 这些 问题 终于 解决 了 。我们 应该 庆祝 一下 。 Zhèxiē wèntí zhōngyú jiějué le. Wǒmen yīnggāi qìngzhù yīxià. The problems are finally solved. We should celebrate! See also

Comparing "zongsuan" and “zhongyu" Sources and further reading

Books

One of the ways to use 还是 (háishì) is to have it mean "you had better," similar to how in English we may say "I think you had better start on your homework."

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

还是 as an adverb can express "had better" or "it would be better to." The idea is that the speaker has given the matter some thought, and after considering it, has finally come to a decision. The announcement of this decision will frequently include 还是, and it usually comes before a verb or a subject.

Subj. + 还是 + [Verb Phrase] + 吧

吧 is often placed after this structure, as it's a suggestion.

Examples

还是 明天 去 吧 。
Háishì míngtiān qù ba.
We'd better go tomorrow.

还是 让 她 进来 吧 。
Háishì ràng tā jìnlái ba.
We'd better let her come in.

你 还是 快点 走 吧 。
Nǐ háishì kuài diǎn zǒu ba.
You'd better leave now.

我们 还是 帮帮 他 吧 。
Wǒmen háishì bāngbang tā ba.
We'd better help him.

太 晚 了 ，还是 先 回家 吧 。
Tài wǎn le, háishì xiān huíjiā ba.
It's too late. We'd better go home now.

这里 太 脏 了，我们 还是 走 吧 。
Zhèlǐ tài zāng le, wǒmen háishì zǒu ba.
It's too dirty here; we'd better leave.

快 迟到 了 ，我们 还是 打车 吧 。
Kuài chídào le, wǒmen háishì dǎchē ba.
We're running late. Let's take a taxi.

When the part after 还是 is a negative verb phrase, it's OK to drop the 吧 at the end.

太 贵 了 ，还是 别 买 了 。
Tài guì le, háishì bié mǎi le.
It's too expensive. You'd better not buy it.

她 不 想 说 ，还是 不要 再 问 了 。
Tā bù xiǎng shuō, háishì bùyào zài wèn le.
She doesn't want to say anything. We'd better stop asking.

他 一定 不 同意 ，还是 别 跟 他 说 了 。
Tā yīdìng bù tóngyì, háishì bié gēn tā shuō le.
He will definitely disagree. We'd better not tell him.

See also

Offering choices with haishi

"Yinggai" for should

Expressing "how about" with "yaobu"

Sources and further reading

Books

Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 144)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 259-60)　

>New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) (pp. 103)

卓越汉语－公司实战篇 (p. 211)

Expressing "had better" with "haishi"

(Redirected from ASGWAR65)

Level B1 Similar to Offering choices with "haishi" (A1) Expressing "should" with "yinggai" (A2) Expressing "had better" with "zuihao" (B1) Expressing "how about" with "yaobu" (B1) Used for Expressing quality, Expressing obligations Keywords 还是, 还, 是, 吧 Translations had better

One of the ways to use 还是 (háishì) is to have it mean "you had better," similar to how in English we may say, "I think you had better start on your homework."

Contents

1 Structure 2 Examples 3 See also 4 Sources and further reading 4.1 Books Structure

还是 as an adverb can express "had better" or "it would be better to." The idea is that the speaker has given the matter some thought, and after considering it, has finally come to a decision. The announcement of this decision will frequently include 还是, and it usually comes before a verb or a subject.

Subj. + 还是 + [Verb Phrase] + 吧

吧 is often placed after this structure, as it's a suggestion.

Examples

还是 明天 去 吧 。 Háishì míngtiān qù ba. We'd better go tomorrow. 还是 让 她 进来 吧 。 Háishì ràng tā jìnlái ba. We'd better let her come in. 你 还是 快点 走 吧 。 Nǐ háishì kuài diǎn zǒu ba. You'd better leave now. 我们 还是 帮帮 他 吧 。 Wǒmen háishì bāngbang tā ba. We'd better help him. 太 晚 了 ，还是 先 回家 吧 。 Tài wǎn le, háishì xiān huíjiā ba. It's too late. We'd better go home now. 这里 太 脏 了，我们 还是 走 吧 。 Zhèlǐ tài zāng le, wǒmen háishì zǒu ba. It's too dirty here; we'd better leave. 快 迟到 了 ，我们 还是 打车 吧 。 Kuài chídào le, wǒmen háishì dǎchē ba. We're running late. Let's take a taxi. When the part after 还是 is a negative verb phrase, it's OK to drop the 吧 at the end.

太 贵 了 ，还是 别 买 了 。 Tài guì le, háishì bié mǎi le. It's too expensive. You'd better not buy it. 她 不 想 说 ，还是 不要 再 问 了 。 Tā bù xiǎng shuō, háishì bùyào zài wèn le. She doesn't want to say anything. We'd better stop asking. 他 一定 不 同意 ，还是 别 跟 他 说 了 。 Tā yīdìng bù tóngyì, háishì bié gēn tā shuō le. He will definitely disagree. We'd better not tell him. See also

Offering choices with haishi "Yinggai" for should Expressing "how about" with "yaobu" Sources and further reading

Books

Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 144) →buy Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 259-60) →buy New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) (pp. 103) →buy 卓越汉语－公司实战篇 (pp. 211) [ →buy]

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Positive Pattern

Structure

Subj. + 最好 + [Verb Phrase]

Examples

你 最好 先 休息 一下 。
Nǐ zuìhǎo xiān xiūxi yīxià.
You'd better get some rest first.

你们 最好 给 他 打 个 电话 问 一下。
Nǐmen zuìhǎo gěi tā dǎ gè diànhuà wèn yīxià.
You'd better call and ask him.

那个 地方 不 好 找，我们 最好 查 一下 百度 地图。
Nàge dìfang bù hǎo zhǎo, wǒmen zuìhǎo chá yīxià Bǎidù dìtú.
It's not easy to find that place. We'd better search it on Baidu Map.

外面 挺 冷 的，最好 多 穿 点。
Wàimiàn tǐng lěng de, zuìhǎo duō chuān diǎn.
It's pretty cold outside. You'd better wear some more layers.

这个 活动 很 重要，我们 最好 穿 得 正式 一点。
Zhège huódòng hěn zhòngyào, wǒmen zuìhǎo chuān de zhèngshì yīdiǎn.
This is an important event. We'd better wear something more formal.

Negative Pattern

Structure

Subj. + 最好 + 别 / 不要 + [Verb Phrase]

Examples

最好 别 去 。
Zuìhǎo bié qù.
You'd better not go.

最好 不要 这样 说 。
Zuìhǎo bùyào zhèyàng shuō.
You'd better not to say it like that.

晚饭 最好 不要 吃 那么 多。 You'd better not eat so much for dinner.

雨 这么 大，最好 别 出门。 It is raining so heavily. You'd better not leave the house.

这个 问题 是 隐私，最好 不要 问 。
Zhège wèntí shì yǐnsī, zuìhǎo bùyào wèn.
This question is private. We'd better not ask.

See Also

Expressing "should" with "yinggai"

Expressing "had better" with "haishi"

Expressing "must" with "dei"

Expressing "had better" with "zuihao"

(Redirected from ASG35CD7)

Level B1 Similar to Expressing "should" with "yinggai" (A2) Expressing "had better" with "haishi" (B1) Expressing "must" with "dei" (B1) Used for Expressing attitude Keywords 最好 Translations had better Sure, 最好 (zuìhǎo) means "best." But it can also be used to mean "it would be best to" or "had better." It is often used when giving advice to someone or even politely making demands.

Contents

1 Positive Form 1.1 Structure 1.2 Examples 2 Negative Form 2.1 Structure 2.2 Examples 3 See also 4 Sources and further reading 4.1 Books Positive Form

Structure

Subj. + 最好 + Predicate

The predicate part of the pattern can be a verb or an adjective.

Examples

你 最好 先 休息 一下 。 Nǐ zuìhǎo xiān xiūxi yīxià. You'd better get some rest first. 你们 最好 给 他 打 个 电话 问 一下 。 Nǐmen zuìhǎo gěi tā dǎ gè diànhuà wèn yīxià. It would be best for you to give him a call and ask. 那个 地方 不 好 找 ，我们 最好 查 一下 百度 地图 。 Nàge dìfang bù hǎo zhǎo, wǒmen zuìhǎo chá yīxià Bǎidù dìtú. It's not easy to find that place. We'd better search for it on Baidu Maps. 外面 挺 冷 的，最好 多 穿 点 。 Wàimiàn tǐng lěng de, zuìhǎo duō chuān diǎn. It's pretty cold outside. Best to wear some more layers. 这个 活动 很 重要，我们 最好 穿 得 正式 一点 。 Zhège huódòng hěn zhòngyào, wǒmen zuìhǎo chuān de zhèngshì yīdiǎn. This is an important event. We'd better wear something more formal. Negative Form

Structure

Subj. + 最好 + 别 / 不要 + Predicate

Examples

最好 别 去 。 Zuìhǎo bié qù. You'd better not go. 最好 不要 这样 说 。 Zuìhǎo bùyào zhèyàng shuō. It's best not to say something like this. 晚饭 最好 不要 吃 那么 多 。 Wǎnfàn zuìhǎo bùyào chī nàme duō. It's best not to eat so much for dinner. 雨 这么 大 ，最好 别 出门 。 Yǔ zhème dà, zuìhǎo bié chūmén. It's raining so heavily. It's best not to leave the house. 这个 问题 是 隐私 的，最好 不要 问 。 Zhège wèntí shì yǐnsī de, zuìhǎo bùyào wèn. This question is private. You'd better not ask. See also

Expressing "should" with "yinggai" Expressing "had better" with "haishi" Expressing "must" with "dei" Sources and further reading

Books

这样 (zhèyàng) is used at the beginning of a phrase to express "this way" or "in this way."

Common Use of 这样

This use of 这样 corresponds to "this way," another way of expressing "so that."

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

Condition, 这样 + Result / Purpose

Examples

我们 还是 坐 地铁 吧， 这样 更 方便。
Wǒmen háishì zuò dìtiě ba, zhèyàng gèng fāngbiàn.
We'd better take the metro. It's more convenient this way.

你 要 多 吃 蔬菜，这样 对 身体 更 好。
Nǐ yào duō chī shūcài, zhèyàng duì shēntǐ hǎo.
You should eat more vegetables. It's better for your body this way.

你 要 多 说，这样 才 能 提高 汉语 口语。
Nǐ yào duō shuō, zhèyàng cái néng kǒuyǔ.
You need to speak more. You can improve your spoken Chinese this way.

你 要 让 他 自己 做，只有 这样 他 才 能 学会。
Nǐ yào ràng tā zìjǐ zuò, zhǐyǒu zhèyàng tā cái néng xuéhuì.
You should let him do it by himself. Only in this way can he learn.

Using 这样的话 to Mean "if This Is the Case"

This use of 这样 corresponds to "this way," as in if we do it this way, the 的话 giving the pattern more of an "if" flavor.

Structure

To make the "if" even more explicit, you can even add 如果是 before 这样.

（如果是 + ）这样的话，……

Examples

这样 的话，你 还 怕 什么 呢？
Zhèyàng de huà, nǐ hái pà shénme ne?
What are you afraid of in this case?

如果 是 这样 的话，我 觉得 你们 需要 更多 的 帮助。
Rúguǒ shì dehuà zhèyàng de huà, wǒ juéde nǐmen xūyào gèng duō de bāngzhù.
If this is the case, I think you need to get more help.

如果 不 是 这样 的话，那 你 为什么 生 我 的 气？
Rúguǒ bù shìzhèyàng de huà, nǐ wèishénme shēng wǒ de qì?
If this is not the case, then why are you mad at me?

如果 不 是 这样 的话，你 还 有 什么 更 好 的 解释？
Rúguǒ bù shìzhèyàng de huà, nǐ hái yǒu shénme gèng hǎo de jiěshì?
If this is not the case, do you have a better explanation?

See also

The "zui" superlative

Expressing "excessively" with "tai"

Sources and further reading

Books

Short-term Spoken Chinese: Elementary (汉语口语速成基础篇) (pp. 15)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 71 - 2)

New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) (pp. 103)

Expressing "in this way" with "zheyang"

(Redirected from ASG1F4D1)

Level B1 Similar to Used for Adding more explanation Keywords 这样 Translations so, that 这样 (zhèyàng) is used at the beginning of a phrase to express "this way" or "in this way."

Contents

1 Used as an Adverb 1.1 Structure 1.2 Examples 2 Used as a Conjunction 2.1 Structure 2.2 Examples 3 Colloquial Saying 这样的话 4 See also 5 Sources and further reading 5.1 Books Used as an Adverb

Structure

这样 + Verb

Examples

这样 做 不 对 。 Zhèyàng zuò bù duì. It's not right to do this. 这样 说 不 礼貌 。 Zhèyàng shuō bù lǐmào. It's not polite to say this. 这样 走 过去 更 近 。 Zhèyàng zǒu guòqù gèng jìn. It's closer to walk over from this way. 你们 真的 是 这样 想 的 吗 ？ Nǐmen zhēnde shì zhèyàng xiǎng de ma? Do you guys really think so? Used as a Conjunction

This use of 这样 corresponds to "in this way," which is another way of expressing "so that" or "thus."

Structure

⋯⋯ ，这样 + 会 / 才 ⋯⋯

You will often see 会 or 才 following 这样 to indicate "only in this way can or will something happen."

Examples

你 要 多 鼓励 学生 ，这样 他们 会 更 有 自信 。 Nǐ yào duō gǔlì xuéshēng, zhèyàng tāmen huì gèng yǒu zìxìn. You need to encourage your students more. This will help them become more confident. 父母 应该 多 陪 孩子 ，这样 孩子 会 更 快乐 。 Fùmǔ yīnggāi duō péi háizi, zhèyàng háizi huì gèng kuàilè. Parents should spend more time with their children, this will make the children happier. 你 要 多 说 ，这样 才 能 越来越 流利 。 Nǐ yào duō shuō, zhèyàng cái néng yuèláiyuè liúlì. You need to speak more. This will help you become more and more fluent. 让 他 自己 来 ，这样 他 才 能 学会 。 Ràng tā zìjǐ lái, zhèyàng tā cái néng xuéhuì. Let him do it by himself. This is the only way he will learn. Colloquial Saying 这样的话

This use of 这样 corresponds to "this way," as in if we do it this way. Adding 的话 gives the pattern more of an "if" flavor.

To make the "if" even more explicit, you can even add 如果是 before 这样的话.

(如果是 +) 这样的话 ，⋯⋯

A few examples:

这样 的话 ，你 还 怕 什么 呢 ？ Zhèyàng de huà, nǐ hái pà shénme ne? If this is the case, what else are you afraid? 如果 是 这样 的话 ，麻烦 就 大 了 。 Rúguǒ shì zhèyàng dehuà, máfan jiù dà le. If this is the case, I think we're going to have more trouble. 我 会 住 在 美国 朋友 的 家里 。这样 的话 ，我 家人 就 不 那么 担心 我 了 。 Wǒ huì zhù zài Měiguó péngyou de jiā lǐ. Zhèyàng dehuà, wǒ jiārén jiù bù nàme dānxīn wǒ le. I will stay at my American friend's house when I go to visit the US. This way my family won't worry about me so much. See also

The "zui" superlative Expressing "excessively" with "tai" Sources and further reading

Books

Short-term Spoken Chinese: Elementary (汉语口语速成基础篇) (pp. 15) [ →buy] Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 71 - 2) →buy New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) (pp. 103) →buy

Expressing "one by one" with "yi"

One by One with 名量

注：当这个量词是时间名词"天、年"时，表示的其实是"little by little, gradually"，而非字面意思。

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

一 + Measure Word （+ 一）+ Measure Word + Noun

Examples

请 一 个 房间 一 个 房间 检查。
Qǐng yī gè fángjiān yī gè fángjiān jiǎnchá.
Please inspect room by room.

别 着急，一 点 一 点 做 。
Bié zháojí, yī diǎn yī diǎn zuò.
Don't worry, do it little by little.

宝宝 一 天 一 天 在 长大。
Bǎobao yī tiān yī tiān zài zhǎngdà.
The baby is growing up day by day.

爸爸 妈妈 一 年 一 年 在 变 老 。
Bàba māma yī nián yī nián zài biàn lǎo.
Year by year, mom and dad are becoming old.

over and over again with 动量

数量短语一旦重叠，意义和用法都会改变。如果使用的是动量如"次、遍"，这个短语放在动词前作状语，用于描写动作地方式，或者表示动作已重复了多次。

Structure

一 + Measure Word（+ 又）+ 一 + Measure Word

如果说话人想强调动作重复之多，常常加"又"来加强语气。

Examples

我 一 次 一 次 问，他 就是 什么 都 不 说 。
Wǒ yī cì 一 cì wèn, tā jiùshì shénme dōu bù shuō.
I asked him again and again, but he still wouldn't say anything.

我 一 遍 一 遍 地 跟 他 解释，他 还是 不 听。
Wǒ yī biàn yī biàn de gēn tā jiěshì, tā háishì bù tīng.
I explained it to him over and over again, but he still won't listen.

你 为什么 一 遍 又 一 遍 地 听 这 首 歌 ？
Nǐ wèishénme yī biàn yòu yī biàn de tīng zhè shǒu gē?
Why do you listen to this song on repeat?

他们 一 次 又 一 次 犯 这 种 小 错误 ，让 经理 很 头疼 。
Tāmen yī cì yòu yī cì fàn zhè zhǒng xiǎo cuòwù, ràng jīnglǐ hěn tóuténg.
They make this mistake over and over again, giving the manager a headache.

Other Usage

除了有以上的功能，数量短语重叠还可以做定语，重在描写，表示"众数或数量多"，这种情况通常省略第二个"一"。如"一朵朵花、一座座山"等。

See Also

Level B1 Similar to Used for Expressing quantity Keywords 一 Translations one by one, one after one, times

The expression "one by one" is also simple in Chinese (you don't even need the word "by"), except that it gets complicated somewhat by the concept of measure words.

Contents

1 Used as "One by One" 1.1 Structure 1.2 Examples 2 Used as "Little by Little" 2.1 Structure 2.2 Examples 3 Used as "Over and Over Again" 3.1 Structure 3.2 Examples Used as "One by One"

The most obvious way to express "one by one" is 一个一个 (yī gè yī gè), and this expression is, in fact, quite common, especially when referring to people doing things one by one. But other measure words can be used in the same pattern as well.

Structure

一 + Measure Word + 一 + Measure Word (+ Noun)

Examples

别 吵 ，一 个 一 个 说。 Bié chǎo, yī gè yī gè shuō. Don't argue. Speak one by one. 别 着急 ，一 点 一 点 做 。 Bié zháojí, yī diǎn yī diǎn zuò. Don't worry, do it little by little. 请 一 个 房间 一 个 房间 检查 。 Qǐng yī gè fángjiān yī gè fángjiān jiǎnchá. Please inspect room by room. 别 拿 那么 多 ，一 个 一 个 拿 。 Bié ná nàme duō, yī gè yī gè ná. Don't carry so much. Pick them up one at a time. Used as "Little by Little"

Aside from just meaning "one by one," when 一 (yī) is used with a measure word that is a unit of time like "day" or "year," the meaning changes to "little by little" ("day by day," "year by year") or "gradually."

Structure

一 + Time Unit + 一 + Time Unit (+ Noun)

Examples

宝宝 一 天 一 天 在 长大 。 Bǎobao yī tiān yī tiān zài zhǎngdà. The baby is growing up day by day. 爸爸 妈妈 一 年 一 年 在 变 老 。 Bàba māma yī nián yī nián zài biàn lǎo. Year by year, mom and dad are growing old. Used as "Over and Over Again"

When a measure word phrase like "one time" is repeated, the meaning also changes. When using a verb measure word like 次 (cì) or 遍 (biàn), using this pattern can indicate how the action is performed or indicate repetition of the the action.

Structure

一 + [Measure Word] (+ 又) + 一 + [Measure Word]

If the speaker wants to emphasize that the action has been repeated many times, 又 (yòu) can add emphasis.

Examples

我 一 次 一 次 问，他 就是 什么 都 不 说 。 Wǒ yī cì yī cì wèn, tā jiùshì shénme dōu bù shuō. I asked him again and again, but he just wouldn't say anything. 我 一 遍 一 遍 地 跟 他 解释，他 还是 不 听 。 Wǒ yī biàn yī biàn de gēn tā jiěshì, tā háishì bù tīng. I explained it to him again and again, but he still won't listen. 你 为什么 一 遍 又 一 遍 地 听 这 首 歌 ？ Nǐ wèishénme yī biàn yòu yī biàn de tīng zhè shǒu gē? Why do you listen to this song over and over again? 他们 一 次 又 一 次 犯 这 种 小 错误 ，让 经理 很 头疼 。 Tāmen yī cì yòu yī cì fàn zhè zhǒng xiǎo cuòwù, ràng jīnglǐ hěn tóuténg. They keep making the same mistake over and over again, and it's giving their manager a headache.

难怪 (nánguài) can be used to express that the speaker finds something unsurprising. It can be used alone or in a variety of different structures, as shown below. 怪不得 (guàibude) is another way to express exactly the same thing, in a slightly more informal way.

难怪 as "it is not surprising that"

Here 难怪 is used to convey the speaker's lack of amazement at a situation, having recently acquired some new information that in his opinion explains it. It is used in much the same way as 怪不得, which can replace 难怪 in the structure without altering its meaning.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

Reason ，难怪 / 怪不得 + Observation

or

难怪 / 怪不得 + [Observation] ，原来 + Reason

Examples

小张 请假 了，难怪 今天 没有 看到 他 。
Xiǎo Zhāng qǐngjià le, nánguài jīntiān méiyǒu kàndào tā.
Little Zhang asked for some vacation time, no wonder I haven't seen him today.

老板 过年 要 发 红包 ，难怪 大家 最近 都 这么 开心 。
Lǎobǎn guònián yào fā hóngbāo, nánguài dàjiā zuìjìn dōu zhème kāixīn. Boss is going to give out red envelopes. No wonder everyone looks so happy recently.

你 的 手机 丢了 ？难怪 你的 手机 一直 打不通 。 Nǐ de shǒujī diūle? Nánguài nǐ de shǒujī yīzhí dǎ butōng . Your cell phone is lost? No wonder I couldn't get through.

难怪 这里 人 这么 多 ，原来 在 打折 。
Nánguài zhèlǐ rén zhème duō, yuánlái zài dǎzhé.
No wonder there are so many people here. There's a sale going on.

难怪 他 没 告诉 我 ，原来 是 不 想 让 我 担心 。
Nánguài tā méi gàosu wǒ, yuánlái shì bù xiǎng ràng wǒ dānxīn.
No wonder he hasn't told me. It turns out that he doesn't want me to worry about this.

难怪 as "Is Not to Be Blamed"

This one is definitely less common, but sometimes 难怪 is a combination of the 难 + Verb pattern and the verb 怪, meaning "to blame." In this case, the meaning is totally different. Although it's not as common and you shouldn't need to worry about it too much, we include it here because if you ever run into and think that 难怪 can only ever have one meaning, it can totally throw you for a loop.

Structure

这也 + 难怪 + [Specific Person / People]

Examples

这也 难怪 他 ，还 是 个 孩子 呢，什么 都 不 懂。 Zhè yě nánguài tā, háishì gè háizi ne, shénme dōu bù dǒng.
Don't blame him. He's just a kid. He doesn't know better.

这也 难怪 你 ，他 昨天 才 给 你 回复。
Zhè yě nánguài nǐ, tā zuótiān cái gěi nǐ huífù.
Don't blame yourself. He just replied to you yesterday.

这 也 难怪 大家 ，你们 第 一 次 来 ，还 不 了解 这里 的 风俗。
Zhè yě nánguài dàjiā , nǐmen dì-yī cì lái, bù liǎojiě zhèlǐ de fēngsú.
Don't blame yourselves. It's your first time here, and you don't understand the customs.

A: 他 迟到 了。 A: Tā chídào le.
A: He's late.

B: 这 也 难怪 他 。 今天 地铁 坏 了。
B: Zhè yě nánguài tā. Jīntiān dìtiě huài le.
B: Don't blame him. The subway broke down today.

When used in this way it expresses that the speaker assigns no blame in the situation he is describing. Sometimes the specific person undeserving of blame is mentioned directly after 难怪, as in the first two examples. Often however the context makes clear who this person is and this is not necessary, as in the last three examples.

See also

"All along" with "yuanlai"

Sources and further reading

Books

现代汉语八百词（增订本） (pp. 239) (pp. 408)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (p. 199)

Dictionaries

现代汉语词典（第5版） (pp. 499) (pp. 981)

挺 can be used before an adjective to mean "quite," or "rather," or "pretty," as in "pretty good."

Using 挺 with Adjectives Only

Using 挺 with an adjective means "quite."

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

挺 + Adj. + 的

Examples

这 件 衣服 大小 挺 合适 的 。 Zhè jiàn yīfu dàxiǎo tǐng héshì de.
The size of this piece of clothes is quite suitable.

我 觉得 你 妈妈 挺 年轻 的 。 Wǒ juéde nǐ māma tǐng niánqīng de.
I think your mom is quite young.

你 不 觉得 他 挺 帅 的吗 ？ Nǐ bù juéde tā tǐng shuài de ma?
You don't think he's quite handsome?

他们 家 挺 有钱 的 ， 但是他不像有钱人 。 Tāmen jiā tǐng yǒuqián de, dànshì tā bù xiàng yǒuqiánrén.
Their family is quite rich, but he doesn't like like a rich person.

大学生 毕业 找 工作 的 压力 挺 大 的 。 Dàxuéshēng bìyè zhǎo gōngzuò de yālì tǐng dà de.
College graduates who are looking for jobs are under quite a lot of pressure.

Using 挺 with a Verb Phrase

In English, we're limited on what words come after the word "quite." Though Chinese is open to take on verbs after 挺, these verbs are mostly psychological verbs.

Structure

挺 + Verb + Obj. + 的

Examples

这 份 工作 压力 不 大，挺 适合 女孩子 的。 This job doesn't give you much stress.It quite suits girls.

我们 一直 都挺 想你 的。 We always miss you.

我 真的挺 讨厌 你 老板的。 I really hate your boss.

你 不是挺喜欢 他的吗？为什么 要 跟 他 分手？ Don't you really like him? Why do you want to break up with him?

他不是挺爱运动的吗？怎么不跟我们一起去爬山？ Doesn't he love to do sports? Why didn't he climb the mountain with us?

Sources and further reading

Books

Common Chinese Patterns 330 (汉语常用格式330例) (pp. 220)

Websites

1

2

就 (jiù) is often translated simply as "just" or "only," but there are some nuances to how it is used.

Followed by Single Subject

就 can also be used to express one person or thing, similar to how we say in English "just one person" or "just one left." It is often paired with 一个 or similar in order to emphasize the small quantity.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

就 + [Single Subject] + Verb

Examples

这 件 事 就 我 一 个 人 知道 。 Zhè jiàn shì jiù wǒ yī gè rén zhīdào.
I'm the only person that knows about this.

我们 都 忘 了 ，就 他 还 记得 。 Wǒmen dōu wàng le, jiù tā hái jìde.
We all forgot. Only he still remembers it.

所有 的 菜 都 很 好吃，就 这个 菜 有点 咸 。 Suǒyǒu de cài dōu hěn hǎochī, jiù zhège cài yǒudiǎn xián.
All the food is delicious. Just this one dish is a little salty.

大家 都 下班 了 ，就 老板 还 在 办公室 。 Dàjiā dōu xiàbān le, jiù lǎobǎn hái zài bàngōngshì.
Everyone finished work and left. Only the boss is still in the office.

你 觉得 别人 都 是 傻子 吗？就 你 聪明 ？ Nǐ juéde biérén dōu shì shǎzi ma? Jiù nǐ cōngming?
Do you think everyone is an idiot? That only you are smart?

Followed by Verb Phrase

In this case, the 就 comes before the verb, and what's being emphasized as "small quantity" comes after the verb, either as an object or some other kind of small quantity.

Structure

Subj. + 就 + Verb-Obj.

Examples

这 家 公司 我 就 认识 一 个 人。 Zhè jiā gōngsī wǒ jiù rènshi yī gè rén.
I only know one person in this company.

这 家 餐厅 我 就 来 过 一 次 。 Zhè jiā cāntīng wǒ jiù lái guo yī cì.
I've only been to this restaurant once.

她 在 我们公司 就 工作 了 两个 月。 Tā zài wǒmen gōngsī jiù gōngzuò le liǎng gè yuè.
She has worked at our company for only two months.

我 老板 就 会 说 几 句 英文。 Wǒ lǎobǎn jiù huì shuō jǐ jù Yīngwén.
My boss can only speak a few sentences of English.

你 怎么 就 点 了 这 几 个 菜？ Nǐ zěnme jiù diǎn le zhè jǐ gè cài?
How could you order just these few dishes?

Used as a Verb

In this case, 就 means "only have," similar in meaning to 只有. (In these cases, however, 就有 would not be correct, however. Just use 就.)

Structure

Subj. + 就 + Number + Measure Word + Noun

Examples

为什么 这里 就 一 个 厕所 ？ Wèishéme zhèlǐ jiù yī gè cèsuǒ?
Why does this place only have one bathroom?

你们 家 就 一 个 孩子 吗 ？ Nǐmen jiā jiù yī gè háizi ma?
Does your family only have one child?

我 就 一 个 哥哥 。 Wǒ jiù yī gè gēge.
I only have one brother.

他 在 上海 就 一 个 朋友 。 Tā zài Shànghǎi jiù yī gè péngyou.
He only has one friend in Shanghai.

我们 公司 就 三 个 员工 。 Wǒmen gōngsī jiù sān gè yuángōng.
There are only three employees in our company.

See also

Comparing "cai" and "jiu"

Events in quick succession with "yi... jiu"

Expressing earliness with "jiu"

Expressing indifference with "jiu"

Limiting scope with "jiu"

"If…, then…" with "ruguo…, jiu…"

Sources and further reading

Books

现代汉语虚词例释 (p. 315)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 175-6)

New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) (p. 120)

外国人实用汉语语法 (p. 570)

Dictionaries

现代汉语词典（第5版） (p. 733)

Just as 才 (cái) can express lateness, 就 (jiù) can be used to indicate that something happened earlier or sooner than expected. It can also be used in the near future to indicate something will happen very soon.

就 as "Right Away" (in the Future)

When something happens "right away," you're talking about "very soon" in the future.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

The pattern is as follows:

Subj. + Time Word + 就 + Verb

Examples

我 马上 就 来 。 Wǒ mǎshàng jiù lái.
I'll be there in a second.

饭 很 快 就 好 。 Fàn hěn kuài jiù hǎo.
Dinner will be ready very soon.

你们 现在 就 出门 吗 ？ Nǐmen xiànzài jiù chūmén ma?
Are you leaving the house right now?

他们 一会儿 就 到 。 Tāmen yīhuìr jiù dào.
They will be here in a few minutes.

老板 明天 就 回来 。 Lǎobǎn míngtiān jiù huílái.
The boss will be back tomorrow.

Note that it can sometimes be hard to translate the feeling of "soonness" into English, but in every one of these examples, the time given in the sentences feels "soon" to the speaker.

就 as "Early" (in the Past)

Structure

The pattern is as follows:

Subj. + Time Word + 就 + Verb + Obj. + 了

Examples

In English this use of 就 might be expressed with "as early as," but usually it's not specifically marked.

我 昨晚 八 点 半 就 睡觉 了 。 Wǒ zuówǎn bā diǎn bàn jiù shuìjiào le.
I went to bed at eight thirty last night.

这个 问题 他 十 分钟 就 解决 了 。 Zhège wèntí tā shí fēnzhōng jiù jiějué le.
It only took him ten minutes to solve this problem.

这 本 书 你 一 个 晚上 就 看 完 了 ？ Zhè běn shū nǐ yī gè wǎnshang jiù kàn wán le?
It only took you just one night to finish reading this book?

她 十八 岁 就 大学 毕业 了。 Tā shíbā suì jiù dàxué bìyè le.
She graduated from college when she was only 18 years old.

我们 早上 九点 上课，他 八点 就 来 了。 Wǒmen zǎoshang jiǔ diǎn shàngkè, tā bā diǎn jiù lái le.
We have class at nine in the morning, and he came at eight.

From the example sentences it is clear that 了 naturally occurs with a verb used after 就. This is because verbs following 就 generally have the feeling of being completed.

Usage of 早就

早就 means "long ago," and is usually used to express a kind of impatience or surprise on the part of the speaker. It comes before the verb.

我 早就 知道 了！ Wǒ zǎo jiù zhīdào le!
I knew that long ago!

她 早就 结婚 了。 Tā zǎo jiù jiéhūn le.
She got married long time ago.

我们 早就 毕业 了。 Wǒmen zǎo jiù bìyè le.
We graduated a long time ago!

我 早就 跟 你 说 过，他 不 是 好人。 Wǒ zǎo jiù gēn nǐ shuō guo, tā bù shì hǎo rén.
I told you a long time ago that he's not a good guy.

这 家 店 早就 关门 了。 Zhè jiā diàn zǎo jiù guānmén le.
This shop closed a long time ago.

See also

Comparing "cai" and "jiu"

Events in quick succession with "yi... jiu"

Expressing indifference with "jiu"

Limiting scope with "jiu"

"If…, then…" with "ruguo…, jiu…"

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (pp. 181-2)

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 102-3)

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (p. 239)

Websites

East Asia Student: 就 and 才 in Mandarin: as early as, not until

幸亏 (xìngkuī), 幸好 (xìnghǎo), and 还好 (háihǎo) mean "fortunately" or "luckily." They can be used to express that something has happened by chance, and has thereby enabled you to avoid some difficulty or bad luck. It is often followed with 不然 (which precedes the bad thing that could have happened).

Expressing Luck with 幸亏 and 幸好

It's as simple is adding 幸亏 or 幸好 before the thing that makes you feel lucky.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

幸亏 / 幸好 + [Lucky Incident]（，+ 不然 ⋯⋯)

You can add in 不然 for an "otherwise... (this really bad thing would have happened)" explanation.

Examples

幸亏 我们 打 车 来 的 ，不然 就 迟到 了 。 Xìngkuī wǒmen dǎchē lái de, bùrán jiù chídào le.
Luckily, we came by taxi, otherwise we could have been late.

幸好 我 妈 没 看到 ，不然 她 肯定 要 生气 。 Xìnghǎo wǒ mā méi kàndào, bùrán tā kěndìng yào shēngqì.
It's a good thing that my mother didn't see it, otherwise she would definitely be mad.

幸亏 有 你 在 ，不然 我 不 知道 怎么办 。 Xìngkuī nǐ zài, bùrán wǒ bù zhīdào zěnme bàn.
Fortunately you're here, otherwise I don't know what to do.

幸好 带 伞 了 ，不然 要 淋湿 了 。 Xìnghǎo dài sǎn le,bùrán yào línshī le.
It's a good thing I brought the umbrella. Otherwise, I would have gotten soaked.

幸好 现在 问题 解决 了 ，不然 老板 肯定 要 炒 你 的 鱿鱼 。 Xìnghǎo xiànzài wèntí jiějué le, bùrán lǎobǎn kěndìng yào chǎo nǐ de yóuyú.
Luckily, the problem is solved now. Otherwise the boss is definitely going to fire you.

Expressing Luck with 还好

“还好” can also mean “fortunately,” but is more colloquial than 幸好 or 幸亏. And if you want to add in 不然 for an "otherwise... (this really bad thing would have happened)" explanation, use this structure:

Structure

还好 + [Lucky Incident]， 不然……

Examples

还好 我 没 听 他 的 话，不然 我 就 输 了。 Hái hǎo wǒ méi tīng tā de huà,bùrán wǒ jiù shū le.
It's a good thing I didn't listen to him, otherwise I would have lost the game.

还好 我 保存 了，不然 文件 都 丢 了。 Hái hǎo wǒ bǎocún le, bùrán wénjiàn dōu diū le.
Luckily I saved it, otherwise I would have lost all of the documents.

还好 我 买 得 少，不然 都 浪费 了。 Hái hǎo mǎi de shǎo, bùrán dōu làngfèi le.
Luckily I didn't buy a lot, otherwise it would be all wasted.

还好 老板 不 知道，不然 你 肯定 被 炒 鱿鱼。 Hái hǎo lǎobǎn bù zhīdào, bùrán nǐ kěndìng bèi chǎo yóuyú.
Luckily the boss doesn't know about it, otherwise you will definitely get fired.

还好 你 提醒 我，不然 我 肯定 忘 了。 Hái hǎo nǐ tíxǐng wǒ, bùrán wǒ kěndìng wàng le.
Luckily, you reminded me, otherwise I would have definitely forgotten.

See also

"Thanks to" somebody with "duokui"

Sources and further reading

Books

Dictionaries

现代汉语词典（第5版） (pp. 1527)

One of the ways to express lateness in Chinese is with 才 (cái).

Contents

Structure

Examples

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Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

To express that something happened later than expected, you can use 才.

Subj. + Time Word + 才 + Verb-Obj.

In English this might be expressed with "as late as" or "not until." This form is often used with a time number of some sort, like a specific time, age etc.

Examples

我 昨天 十 点 才 下班 。 Wǒ zuótiān shí diǎn cái xiàbān.
I got off work at ten o'clock yesterday.

他 二十 五 岁 才 上 大学 。 Tā èrshí-wǔ suì cái shàng dàxué.
He didn't go to college until he was 25.

我 老板 四十 多 岁 才 结婚 。 Wǒ lǎobǎn sìshí duō suì cái jiéhūn.
My boss didn't get married until he was forty.

你 九点 上班 ，八 点 半 才 起床 ？ Nǐ jiǔ diǎn shàngbān, bā diǎn bàn cái qǐchuáng?
You get up at 8:30 while you need to show up at work at nine?

我们 十点 上课，老师 十 点 半 才 来 。 Wǒmen shí diǎn shàngkè, lǎoshī shí diǎn bàn cái lái.
We have class at 10 o'clock and the teacher didn't come until half past ten.

我 女儿 每天 晚上 都 十二 点 才 睡觉 ，作业 太 多 了 。 Wǒ nǚ'ér měi tiān wǎnshang dōu shí'èr diǎn cái shuìjiào, zuòyè tài duō le.
My daughter goes to bed at 12 o'clock every day. She has too much homework.

你 怎么 才 来 ？我 等 了 你 半 个 多 小时 。 Nǐ zěnme cái lái? Wǒ děng le nǐ bàn gè duō xiǎoshí.
How come you just came? I've waited for you more than half an hour.

我们 找 了 一 个 多 小时 才 找到 。 Wǒmen zhǎo le yī gè duō xiǎoshí cái zhǎodào.
It took us more than an hour to find it.

Note that verbs following 才 cannot take 了, as the action does not have the sense of being completed. So, in the above situation, it is wrong to say:

昨天 晚上 我的 女儿 一点半 才 回家 了 。Zuótiān wǎnshang wǒ de nǚ'ér yīdiǎn bàn cái huíjiā le.

See also

Expressing earliness with "jiu"

Comparing "cai" and "jiu"

Sources and further reading

Books

Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 117-8)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 139)

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (p. 239)

Websites

East Asia Student: 就 and 才 in Mandarin: as early as, not until

You might be used to thinking of 差不多 (chàbùduō) as a single word, and that's totally OK. But if you want to negate the whole idea of rough equivalency, then you need to think of it as a phrase and use 差很多 (chà hěn duō). Not surprisingly, it's a little less versatile than 差不多 (chàbùduō).

Contents

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Examples

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Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

When 差不多 (chàbùduō) is a predicate, it literally means "the difference is not much." The opposite, then, would be 差很多 (chà hěn duō), which literally means "the difference is very great." Less literally, if 差不多 chàbùduō) means "more or less the same," then 差很多 (chà hěn duō) means "not the same at all" or "very different."

Subj. + 差很多

A + 跟 / 和 + B + 差很多

Examples

你们 两 个 人 要 的 价格 差 很 多 。 Nǐmen liǎng gè rén yào de jiàgé chà hěn duō.
There is a big difference in price you two charge.

公司 对 新 老 员工 的 要求 差 很 多 。 Gōngsī duì xīn lǎo yuángōng de yāoqiú chà hěn duō.
There are huge differences in the company requirements for new employees and the old ones.

这 两 件 衣服 看起来 差不多 ，但是 质量 差 很 多 。 Zhè liǎng jiàn yīfu kànqǐlái chàbuduō, dànshì zhìliàng chà hěn duō.
These two pieces of clothing look pretty much the same, but their quality is very different.

我 的 生活 习惯 跟 我 父母 差 很 多 。 Wǒ de shēnghuó xíguàn gēn wǒ fùmǔ chà hěn duō.
My life habits are very different from my parents'.

我 和 我 男朋友 的 年龄 差 很 多 。 Wǒ hé wǒ nánpéngyou de niánlíng chà hěn duō.
There is a big difference between my age and my boyfriend's age.

中国 文化 和 西方 文化 差 很 多 。 Zhōngguó wénhuà hé xīfāngwénhuà chà hěn duō.
Chinese culture and western culture are quite different.

员工 的 收入 跟 老板 的 收入 差 很 多 。 Yuángōng de shōurù gēn wǒlǎobǎn de shōurù chà hěn duō.
There is a huge difference in income between the employees and the boss.

他们 是 双胞胎 兄弟 ，但是 两 个 人 的 性格 差 很 多 。 Tāmen shì shuāngbāotāi xiōngdì, dànshì liǎng gè rén de xìnggé chà hěn duō.
They are twin brothers, but there is a big difference in personality between them.

两个 老师 都 很 好 ，不过 教学 风格 差 很 多 。 Liǎng gè lǎoshī dōu hěn hǎo, bùguò jiàoxué fēnggé chà hěn duō.
They are both great teachers, but their teaching styles are very different.

这 两 个 词 的 意思 差不多，但是 用法 差 很 多 。 Zhè liǎng gè cí de yìsi chàbùduō, dànshì yòngfǎ chà hěn duō.
The meanings of these two words are basically the same, but their usages are very different.

See also

Expressing "almost" using "chadian mei"

Expressing "almost" using "chadian"

"Nearly" with "jihu"

Sources and further reading

Books

现代汉语八百词（增订本） (p. 111)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 54-5)

Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (p. 116)

Dictionaries

现代汉语词典（第5版） (p. 145)

We have a few ways to say "always" in Chinese, and one of them is to use the word 老是 (lǎoshì).

Contents

Structure

Examples

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Sources and further reading

Books

Used with Verbs

Structure

老是 is an adverb, usually translated into English as "always." It expresses that an action or a condition constantly repeats or continues. 老是 also has an unsatisfied or frustrated tone and can be interchanged with the word 总是.

老是 + Verb

You can also use "老" instead of "老是."

Examples

你 怎么 老是 加班 ？ Nǐ zěnme lǎoshì jiābān?
Why do you always work overtime?

他 老 说 脏 话 。 Tā lǎo shuō zānghuà.
He always says bad words.

这个 机器 老 出 问题 。 Zhège jīqì lǎo chū wèntí.
There is always something wrong with this machine.

他 老是 抱怨 自己 的 生活 。 Tā lǎoshì bàoyuàn zǐjǐ de shēnghuó.
He complains about his life all the time.

你 老是 找 借口 。 Nǐ lǎoshì zhǎo jièkǒu.
You always make excuses.

Used with Adjectives

Structure

When it is used together with an adjective, 老是 usually has an adverb such as "不, 很, 非常, 这么, 那么" etc., after it.

Subj. + 老是 + Adv. + Adj.

Examples

这个 老师 老是 很 严肃 。 Zhège lǎoshī lǎoshì hěn yánsù.
This teacher is always very serious.

你 老是 这么 凶 干吗 ？ Nǐ lǎoshì zhème xiōng gànmá?
Why are you always so mean to me?

你 怎么 老是 不 高兴 ？ Nǐ zěnme lǎoshì bù gāoxìng? How are you always unhappy?

别 老是 那么 自恋 。 Bié lǎoshì nàme zìliàn.
Don't be so self-absorbed all the time.

你 家 的 东西 怎么 老是 坏 ？ Nǐ jiā de dōngxi zěnme lǎoshì huài?
How come there's always something broken in your house?

See also

"Always" with "conglai"

"Never" with "conglai"

Sources and further reading

Websites

Qingwen: Always in Chinese: 总是 (zǒngshì) and 老是

Dictionaries

现代汉语词典（第5版） (pp. 145)

The character 才 (cái) can be used to emphasize that a number is small, or less than expected.

Contents

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Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

才 (+ Verb) + Number + Measure Word + Noun

In English, we often express this by using "only" or "just" to emphasize that the number is small.

Examples

你 才 二十 岁 ？ Nǐ cái èrshí suì.
You're only twenty?

这 家 公司 才 三 个 人 。 Zhè jiā gōngsī cái sān gè rén.
This company only has three employees.

这 个 班 才 两 个 学生 。 Zhège bān cái liǎng gè xuéshēng.
This class only has two students.

你 男朋友 工资 才 两 千 ？ Nǐ nánpéngyou gōngzī cái liǎng qiān?
Your boyfriend's salary is only two thousand RMB?

你 才 捐 十块 ？ Nǐ cái juān shí kuài? You only donated ten kuai?

她 才 来 上海 两 个 月 。 Tā cái lái Shànghǎi liǎng gè yuè.
She's only been in Shanghai for two months.

这 顿 饭 才 花 了 二十 块 。Zhè dùn fàn cái huā le èrshí kuài.
This meal only cost twenty kuai.

你 才 一百 斤 ，还说 要 减肥 ？ One "jin" = 500g Nǐ cái yī bǎi jīn, hái shuō yào jiǎnféi?
You're only 100 jin and you're talking about losing weight?

我 才 吃 一 个 ，可以 再 吃 一 个 吗 ？ Wǒ cái chī yī gè, kěyǐ zài chī yī gè ma?
I only ate one. Can I have one more?

他们 认识 才 三 个 星期 就 结婚 了 。 Tāmen rènshi cái sān gè xīngqī jiù jiéhūn le.
They only knew each other for three weeks before they got married.

See Also

"Just" with "jiu"

Comparing "cai" and "jiu"

Expressing lateness with "cai"

Sources and Further Readings

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (p. 302)

If you are trying to draw similarities amongst a group, you will want to pair two key words together. You will want to use 也 (yě) first followed by 都 (dōu) to express that a group of people have something in common.

Contents

Structure

Examples

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Sources and further reading

Books

Positive Pattern

Structure

If you're using 也 (yě) and 都 (dōu) in the same sentence, remember to put 也 (yě) first:

Subj. + 也都 + Verb / Adj.

Examples

他们 也 都 是 法国 人。 Tāmen yě dōu shì Fǎguó rén.
They are also all French people.

我们 也 都 喜欢 喝 啤酒。 Wǒmen yě dōu xǐhuan hē píjiǔ.
We all like to drink beer too.

他 很 高 ，他 的 两 个 弟弟 也 都 跟 他 差不多 高 。 Tā hěn gāo, tā de liǎng gè dìdi yě dōu gēn tā chàbuduō gāo.
He's tall. His two little brothers and he are more or less the same height.

老板 经常 加班，你们 也 都 加班 吗？ Lǎobǎn jīngcháng jiābān, nǐmen yě dōu jiābān ma?
The boss constantly works overtime, do you all also work overtime?

这 家 店 的 面包 很 好吃 ，别 的 点心 也 都 不错 。 Zhè jiā diàn de miànbāo hěn hǎochī , bié de diǎnxīn yě dōu bùcuò.
This store's bread is very delicious, the other snacks are also not bad.

Negative Pattern

Structure

If you're using 不(bù) or 没(méi) with 也都 ( (yě dōu) in the same sentence, remember to put 不(bù) or 没(méi) after 也都 (yě dōu):

Subj. + 也都 + 不 / 没 + Verb

Subj. + 也都 + 不 + Adj.

Examples

我们 也 都 没 吃饭 ，一起 去 吧 。 Wǒmen yě dōu méi chīfàn, yīqǐ qù ba.
We all haven't eaten. Let's go together.

你们 也 都 没 去 过 美国 吗 ？ Nǐmen yě dōu méi qù guo Měiguó?
Have you all been to America too?

他 的 父母 都 不 高 ，也 都 不 胖 。 Tā de fùmǔ dōu bù gāo, yě dōu bù pàng.
Neither of his parents are very tall or fat.

他 没 时间 参加 我 的 生日 派对 ，你们 也 都 没时间 吗 ？ Tā méi shíjiān cānjiā wǒ de shēngrì pàiduì, nǐmen yě dōu méi shíjiān ma?
He didn't have time to come to my birthday party. Neither did you?

我 对 瑜伽 不 感 兴趣 ，我的 朋友们 也 都 不 太 感 兴趣 。 Wǒ duì yújiā bù gǎn xìngqù, wǒ de péngyou men yě dōu bù tài gǎn xìngqù.
I'm not very interested in yoga. Neither are my friends.

See also

The "all" adverb

The "also" adverb

Sources and further reading

Books

>Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 31-2)

New Practical Chinese Reader 1 (新实用汉语课本1) (p. 88)

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (p. 73)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 53-4)

New Practical Chinese Reader 1 (新实用汉语课本1) (p. 88)

Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (p. 35)

If you "still" need help on how to use 还 (hái), then this is the page for you.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

还在 Followed by Verb

Structure

还 (hái) can be used to indicate that something is continuing - that it's still a particular way.

Subj. + 还在 + Verb

Often the auxiliary verb 在 will appear with 还, as it is natural to talk about continuous actions that are still happening.

Examples

这 件 事情 我 还在 考虑 。 Zhèjiàn shìqing wǒ háizài kǎolǜ.
I am still thinking about this piece of matter.

十 点 了，你 还在 睡？ Shí diǎn le, nǐ háizài shuì? It's ten o'clock, are you still sleeping?

你 还在 生气 吗 ？ Nǐ háizài shēngqì ma? Are you still mad?

你 还在 用 那个 旧 手机 啊？ Nǐ háizài yòng nàge jiù shǒujī a?
Are you still using that old cell phone?

他 怎么 还在 玩 游戏 ？明天 不是 有 考试 吗 ？ Tā zěnme hái zài wán yóuxì? Míngtiān bù shì yǒu kǎoshì ma?
Why are you still playing online games? Isn't there gonna be a exam tomorrow?

还是 Followed by Verb

Here 还是 indicates things happened or will happen despite the situation.

Structure

Situation, (但是 / 可是 +) Subj. + 还是 + [Verb Phrase]

Examples

我 看 了 好 几 遍，还是 记 不 住。 Wǒ kàn le hǎo jǐ biàn, háishì jì bu zhù.
I read several times, but I still can't remember it.

父母 不 同意 他 去，可是 他 还是 去 了。 Fùmǔ bù tóngyì tā qù, kěshì tā háishì qù le.
He still went there although his patents disagreed.

医生 不 让 她 喝酒，但 她 还是 天天 喝。 Yīshēng bù ràng tā hējiǔ, dàn tā háishì tiāntiān hē.
The doctor told her to stop drinking alcohol, but she still drinks it everyday.

老师 虽然 生病 了，但 还是 来 上课 了。 Lǎoshī suīrán shēngbìng le, dàn háishì lái shàngkè le.
The teacher still made it to the class although she got sick.

他 在 中国 住 了 两 年 多 ，还是 不 太 了解 中国 。 Tā zài Zhōngguó zhù le liǎng nián duō, háishì bù tài liǎojiě Zhōngguó.
He lived in China for 10 years while he still doesn't know much about China.

Using 还 with 不 and 没

Structure

When you put 不 or 没 after 还 (hái) in a question sentence, it can be used to emphasize the idea of what should be happening in a more idiomatic way.

Subj. + 还 + 不 / 没 + Verb + Obj.

Examples

他 还 没 到 。 Tā hái méi dào. He hasn't arrived yet.

你还 没 吃饭 ？ implying the listener should go to eat Nǐ hái méi chīfàn?
You still haven't eaten?

你们 还 不 走 ？ Nǐmen hái bù ?
Aren't you guys not leaving?

我 还 没 下班 。 Wǒ hái méi xiàbān.
I haven't left work yet.

我 对 你 那么 好 ，你 还 不 满意？ implying the listener shouldn't be so glum Wǒ duì nǐ nàme hǎo, nǐ hái bù mǎnyì?
I treat you so well, but you're still not satisfied?

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 122)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 157)

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 103)

If you want to up the intensity of your comparisons, you might want to express "much more." You can do this using 多 (duō), but did you know there are actually three different ways to do it?

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Pattern with 多

Structure

As well as expressing that two things differ, you might want to go further and say that they differ a lot by adding 得多 / 多了/ 很多 (dé duō/duō le/hěn duō). This is like saying that one thing is much more Adj. than another in English.

Noun 1 + 比 + Noun 2 + Adj. + 得多 / 多了 / 很多

Examples

上海 比 我 老家 贵 多了 。 Shànghǎi bǐ wǒ lǎojiā guì duō le.
It's much more expensive in Shanghai than in my hometown.

他 打 篮球 比 我 厉害 多了 。 Tā dǎ lánqiú bǐ wǒ lìhai duō le.
He plays basketball much better than I do.

这 个 老师 比 那个 老师 严格 得多 。 This teacher is much more strict than that teacher.

坐 高铁 比 坐 飞机 方便 很多 。 Zuò gāotiě bǐ zuò fēijī fāngbiàn hěn duō.
It's much more convenient to take the high-speed train than the airplane.

韩国 的 整容 技术 比 我们 国家 发达 得多 。 Hánguó de zhěngróng jìshù bǐ wǒmen guójiā fādá de duō.
The cosmetic technology in Korea is more developed than our country.

Pattern with 还

When used in a comparison, 还 expresses an even higher degree of the adjective.

Structure

Noun 1 + 比 + Noun 2 + 还 + Adj.

Examples

北京 的 人口 比 上海 还 多 。 Běijīng de rénkǒu bǐ Shànghǎi hái duō.
The population of Beijing is even bigger than Shanghai.

这 家 店 比 那 家 店 还 贵 。 Zhè jiā diàn bǐ nà jiā diàn hái guì.
This shop is even more expensive than that one.

他 比 姚明 还 高 。 Tā bǐ YáoMíng hái gāo.
He is even taller than Yao Ming.

你 比 我 还 懒 。 Nǐ bǐ wǒ hái lǎn.
You're even lazier than me.

弟弟 比 哥哥 还 调皮 。 Dìdi bǐ gēge hái tiáopí.
The younger brother is even more naughty than the elder brother.

See also

Expressing "a bit too"

Basic comparisons with "bi"

The "zui" superlative

Basic comparisons with "bu bi"

Sources and further reading

Books

New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) (pp. 20)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 6- 8)

Websites

East Asia Student: Graded comparisons in Mandarin Chinese

It's rather nice to be able to read an article on how to use 比较 to mean "rather." And here it is!

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

The adverb 比较 (bǐjiào) can be used to express "quite," "rather," or "relatively." It's a way of comparing one thing with a general idea instead of comparing two concrete things.

Subj. + 比较 + Adj. / Psychological Verb

Examples

这个 问题 比较 简单 。 Zhège wèntí bǐjiào jiǎndān.
This question is rather easier.

我 觉得 这个 价格 比较 合理 。 Wǒ juéde zhège jiàgé bǐjiào hélǐ.
I think this price is rather reasonable.

我 上班 坐 地铁 比较 方便 。 Wǒ shàngbān zuò dìtiě bǐjiào fāngbiàn.
It's rather convenient for me to take the metro to work.

大 城市 的 工作 压力 比较 大 。 Dà chéngshì de gōngzuò yālì bǐjiào dà.
Working pressure in big cities are rather more.

我 家 离 市中心 比较 近 。 Wǒ jiā lí shìzhōngxīn bǐjiào jìn.
My place is rather close to downtown.

这 件 衬衫 大小 比较 合适 。 Zhè jiàn chènshān dàxiǎo bǐjiào héshì.
The size of this shirt is rather suitable.

现在 的 年轻 人 比较 喜欢 用 App 看 电视 。 Xiànzài de niánqīng rén bǐjiào xǐhuan yòng App kàn diànshì.
Nowadays young people prefer to use App to watch TV.

我 比较 讨厌 男人 说 脏话 。 Wǒ bǐjiào tǎoyàn nánrén shuō zānghuà.
I hate it when men say dirty words.

中国 政府 比较 关注 农村 的 发展 。 Zhōngguó zhèngfǔ bǐjiào guānzhù nóngcūn de fāzhǎn.
Chinese government cares a lot about the development of the rural area.

换个 话题 吧 ，这个 话题 比较 敏感 。 Huàn gè huàtí ba, zhège huàtí bǐjiào mǐngǎn.
Let's change the subject. This one is rather sensitive.

See also

Moderating positive adjectives with "hai"

The "zui" superlative

Special verbs with "hen"

Expressing "a bit too"

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 49-50)

什么的(shénme de) is an informal way to express "etc.," and is used to end a list of items when it is obvious to the listener what class of things the speaker is talking about. 什么的 can also be used after a single item if it is obvious enough what might follow.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

List + 什么的

Examples

欧洲 有 哪些 国家？法国，英国，德国 什么 的。 反正 都 是 些 小 国家！ Which countries are in Europe? France, England, Germany, etc. Anyway, they are all small countries!

像 数学 啊，化学 啊，英语 啊 什么的，我 都 觉得 超级 无聊，不 想 学！ Math, chemistry, English, and so on. I think they are all really boring. I don't want to study them!

游泳 啊 什么的 对 身体 有 好处。 Swimming and such is good for the body.

It can be a little impolite to use 什么的 after a list of peoples names, in which case 等 can be used in place of 什么的. When referring to a list of friends in informal contexts there is no problem using 什么的.

See also

Listing Things with "a"

Non-exhaustive lists with "dengdeng"

"Stuff like that" with "zhileide"

Sources and further reading

Books

Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) (pp.304-7)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp.121)

卓越汉语－公司实战篇 (pp. 122-3)

之类的 (zhīlèide) can be translated as "and so on" or "and stuff like that." As in English, this grammar point is used to continue a list without explicitly mentioning further items within it.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Used with 像

Structure

像 + [Items] + 之类的

Examples

越 来 越 多 的 人 不 吃 快餐，像 KFC 之类的 。 Yuè lái yuè duō de rén bù chī kuàicān, xiàng KFC zhī lèi de.
More and more people don't eat fast food, like KFC and stuff like that.

我 喜欢 呆 在 大 城市，像 上海、香港 之类的 。 Wǒ xǐhuan dāi zài dà chéngshì, xiàng Shànghǎi, Xiānggǎng zhī lèi de.
I like to stay in big cities like Shanghai, Hong Kong, and places like that.

他 喜欢 谈论 漂亮 的 女 明星，像 章子怡、张柏芝 之类的 。 Tā xǐhuan tánlùn piàoliang de nǚ míngxīng, xiàng Zhāng Ziyí, Zhāng Bǎizhī zhī lèi de.
He likes to talk about pretty actresses like Zhang Ziyi, Zhang Baizhi, and people like that.

Used without 像

The 像 in the sentence can also be left out.

Structure

[Items] + 之类的 + Noun

Examples

你 喜欢 看《西游记》之类的 电影 吗？ Nǐ xǐhuan kàn “Xī Yóujì” zhī lèi de diànyǐng ma?
Do you like to watch movies like "Journey into the West"?

一 看 就 知道 她 很 有钱，穿 的 都 是 Gucci、Chanel 之类的 衣服。 Yī kàn jiù zhīdào tā hěn yǒu qián, chuān de dōu shì Gucci, Chanel zhī lèi de yīfu.
You can tell she is rich as soon as you look at her. All of her clothes are brands like Gucci and Chanel.

See also

Non-exhaustive lists with "dengdeng"

Ending a Non-Exhaustive List with "shenme de"

Listing Things with "a"

Sources and further reading

Books

卓越汉语－公司实战篇 (pp. 105-6)

Category:B1 grammar points

等等 (děng děng), or simply 等 (děng), is just like saying “and so on” or “etc.” in English, but just a bit more formal. Both are placed after listing a series of items (generally with a list that exceeds two items).

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Basic Usage

The basic structure is easy. Just make a list of things, and add 等 (děng) or 等等 (děng děng) to the end of the list. It's the same as in English when we use "etc." at the end of a list.

Structure

A1，A2⋯⋯等 / 等等

Examples

西瓜、菠萝、苹果、葡萄 等等 都 是 我 喜欢 的 水果 。 Xīguā, bōluó, píngguǒ, pútáo děngděng dōu shì wǒ xǐhuan de shuǐguǒ.
Watermelons, pineapples, apples, grapes and so on are all the fruits that I like.

我 的 男朋友 会 说 很 多 外语 ， 英语、法语、西班牙语 等等 。 Wǒ de nánpéngyou huì shuō hěn duō wàiyǔ, Yīngyǔ, Fǎyǔ, Xībānyáyǔ děngděng.
My boyfriend can speak many foreign languages: English, French, Spanish, etc.

我 很 喜欢 运动，比如 跑步、游泳、做瑜伽 等等 。 Wǒ hěn xǐhuan yùndòng, bǐrú pǎobù, yóuyǒng, zuò yújiā děngděng.
I like exercising very much, for example, running, swimming, doing yoga, etc.

我们 公司 有 好几 个 部门，市场部、客户部、技术部 等 。 Wǒmen gōngsī yǒu hǎojǐ gè bùmén, shìchǎng bù, kèhù bù, jìshù bù děng.
Our company has several departments: marketing department, client department, technology department, etc.

Jackie Chan、Jet Li、Bruce Li 等 都 是 中国 有名 的 功夫 明星 。 Jackie Chan, Jet Li, Bruce Li děng dōu shì Zhōngguó yǒumíng de gōngfu míngxīng.
Jackie Chan, Jet Li, Bruce Li, etc. are all famous Chinese martial arts stars.

Usage Before a Noun

Occasionally, 等 (děng) is added to the end of a list and is followed by a noun that represents the list. For example, if the list is a series of countries, 等 (děng) would be followed by 国家 (guójiā).

Structure

A1，A2⋯⋯等 + [Category]

Examples

长城、故宫 等 地方 都 是 北京 有名 的 景点 。 Chángchéng, Gùgōng děng dìfang dōu shì Běijīng yǒumíng de jǐngdiǎn.
The Great Wall, the Forbidden City, etc. are all famous scenic spots in Beijing.

北京、上海、广州 等 城市 是 中国 最 发达 的 城市 。 Běijīng, Shànghǎi, Guǎngzhōu děng chéngshì shì Zhōngguó zuì fādá de chéngshì.
Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and so on are the most developed cities in China.

牛津、剑桥 等 大学 都 是 最 有名 的 英国 大学 。 Niújīn, Jiànqiáo děng dàxué dōu shì zuì yǒumíng de Yīngguó dàxué.
Oxford, Cambridge and so on are the most famous British Universities.

中国、印度、巴西 等 国家 都 不 是 发达 国家 。 Zhōngguó, Yìndù, Bāxī děng guójiā dōu bù shì fādá guójiā.
China, India, Brazil and so on are not developed countries.

WTO, WHO 等 组织 都 是 国际 组织。 WTO, WHO děng zǔzhī dōu shì guójì zǔzhī.
WTO, WHO and so on are all international organizations.

See also

Ending a Non-Exhaustive List with "shenme de"

"Stuff like that" with "zhileide"

Sources and further reading

Books

Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级)(p. 304)

Instead of just using 可是 or 但是, you can also use the softer and more informal 不过 (búguò).

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

Just like its counterparts, "不过" is a conjunction that comes between two distinct clauses.

Clause 1，不过 + Clause 2

Examples

这 件 衣服 我 很 喜欢 ，不过 有点 贵 。 Zhè jiàn yīfu wǒ hěn xǐhuan, bùguò yǒudiǎn guì.
I like this clothing, but it's a little bit expensive.

那儿 的 天气 不 太 好 ，不过 我们 玩 得 很 开心 。 Nàr de tiānqì bù tài hǎo, bùguò wǒmen wán de hěn kāixīn.
The whether there was not very good, but we had a lot of fun.

你 可以 参加 ，不过 我 有 个 条件 。 Nǐ kěyǐ cānjiā, bùguò wǒ yǒu gè tiáojiàn.
You can participate, but I have a condition.

工作 压力 有点 大 ，不过 我 已经 习惯 了 。 Gōngzuò yālì yǒudiǎn dà, bùguò wǒ yǐjīng xíguàn le.
Working pressure is a little too much, but I'm already used to it.

他 的 汉语 口语 不错 ，不过 不 认识 汉字 。 Tā de Hànyǔ kǒuyǔ bùcuò, bùguò bù rènshi hànzì.
His speaking Chinese is pretty good, but he doesn't know any characters.

我 的 钱包 丢 了 ，不过 里面 没什么 重要 的 东西 。 Wǒ de qiánbāo diū le, bùguò lǐmiàn méishénme zhòngyào de dōngxi.
I lost my wallet, but there was nothing important in it.

他们 昨天 吵架 了 ，不过 又 和好 了 。 Tāmen zuótiān chǎojià le, bùguò yòu héhǎo le.
They had a fight yesterday, but they made up.

这个 学生 很 聪明 ，不过 不太 努力 。 Zhège xuéshēng hěn cōngming, bùguò bù tài nǔlì.
This student is very smart, but he's not very hardworking.

这 家 餐厅 我 没 去 过 ，不过 我 听说 还 不错 。 Zhè jiā cāntīng wǒ méi qù guo, bùguò wǒ tīngshuō hái bùcuò.
I've never been to this restaurant, but I heard it's pretty good.

See also

Two words for "but"

"Although" with "suiran" and "danshi"

Sources and further reading

Books

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 258)

Short-term Spoken Chinese: Elementary (汉语口语速成基础篇) (pp. 23)

Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) (pp. 254)

Boya Chinese Lower Intermediate 1 (博雅汉语准中级加速篇) (pp. 12)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (p. 163)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (p. 96)

Colloquially, 要不 (yàobù) can be used for making suggestions, like how we use "how about" in English.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

要不 can be used as an indirect way of giving a suggestion, as the speaker is using 要不 to seek consent of the listener. (Once again, 要么 can be used similarly.) When using 要不 in this way, it can come either at the beginning of the sentence, or in the middle, after explaining the situation.

Reason / Situation ，要不 + Option B + 吧

or

要不 + Option B + 吧 ，Reason / Situation

Examples

要不 我们 一起 去 吧 ，一个人 去 没 意思 。 Yàobù wǒmen yīqǐ qù ba, yīgèrén qù méi yìsi.
How about we go together? It's no fun to go by myself.

挺 好吃 的 ，要不 你 尝尝 ？ Tǐng hǎochī de, yàobù nǐ chángchang?
It's tasty. Would you like to taste it?

要不 我们 换 个 地方 吧 ，这里 太 吵 了 。 Yàobù wǒmen huàn gè dìfang ba, zhèlǐ tài chǎo le.
How about we go to somewhere else? It's too loud here.

要不 你 先 走 吧 ，我 还没 做完 。 Yàobù nǐ xiān zǒu bā, wǒ hái méi zuò wán.
How about you go first? I haven't finished yet.

下雨 了，要不 明天 去 吧 。 Xiàyǔ le, yàobù míngtiān qù ba.
It's raining. How about we go tomorrow?

走路 去 挺 远 的，要不 我 开车 送 你 去 吧 。 Zǒulù qù tǐng yuǎn de, yàobù wǒ kāichē sòng nǐ qù ba.
It's quite far away to walk there. How about I drive you there?

Multiple Meanings

When 要不 (yào bù) is used to mean "otherwise”, it's a shortened form of 要不然, which literally means "if that's not the case."

Note 要不 (yào bù) can also be used to offer "either/or" choices to others, similar to 要么.

Here are a few examples of 要不 (yào bù) used as "otherwise":

你 先 吃 吧 ，要 不然 饭 就 凉 了 。 Nǐ xiān chī ba, yào bùrán fàn jiù liáng le.
You should eat, otherwise the food gets cold.

走 吧 ，要不 没 地铁 了 。 Zǒu ba, yàobù méi dìtiě le.
Let's go, or we will miss the last metro.

打车 去 吧，要 不 会 迟到 的。 Dǎ chē qù ba, yào bù huì chídào de.
You should take a taxi, otherwise you'll be late.

快 说 对不起 吧 ，要 不然 她 要 生气 了 。 Kuài shuō duìbuqǐ ba, yào bùrán tā yào shēngqì le.
Say sorry, otherwise she's going to be angry.

快点 回家 吧，要不 你 爸妈 会 担心 的 。 Kuài diǎn huíjiā ba, yào bù nǐ bàmā huì dānxīn de.
Hurry and go home, or your parents will start to worry.

See also

"Or" in statements

Suggestions with "ba"

Expressing "had better" with "haishi"

Sources and further reading

Books

Home With Kids1 (家有儿女1)(pp. 50)

BRIDGE (桥梁 实用汉语中级教程下)(pp. 187)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 123-4)

卓越汉语－公司实战篇 (pp. 166-7)

"还有" (háiyǒu) is used to express "in addition..." or "and also..." in a conversation. It is introducing new information to the topic the speaker is talking about, as an afterthought. While it's not the most challenging grammar structure, an important thing to keep in mind is that 还有 normally starts a completely new sentence or clause.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

It's as simple as using 还有 before the new clause or sentence. 还有 can also be used with a comma, similar to how we can say "in addition,..." in English.

Clause 1 ，还有 ， Clause 2

Examples

你 需要 吃 药。还有 ，要 多 休息 。 Nǐ xūyào chī yào. Háiyǒu, yào duō xiūxi.
You need to take medicine. Also, you should get more rest.

今天 要 做 完 这个 报告 。还有 ，准备 好 明天 开会 的 东西 。 Jīntiān yào zuò wán zhège bàogào. Háiyǒu, zhǔnbèi hǎo míngtiān kāihuì de dōngxi.
You need to finish this report today. In addition, get everything we need for tomorrow's meeting.

租 这个 房子 要 先 付 押金 。还有 ，不能 养 宠物 。 Zū zhège fángzi yào xiān fù yājīn. Háiyǒu, bù néng yǎng chǒngwù.
You need to pay the deposit first to rent this apartment. In addition, it's not allowed to have pets here.

谁 负责 安排 我们 酒店 ？还有 ，机票 都 订 好 了吗 ？ Shéi fùzé ānpái wǒmen jiǔdiàn? Háiyǒu, jīpiào dōu dìng hǎo le ma?
Who's in charge of arranging our hotel? In addition, are the air tickets all booked yet?

不要 一边 吃饭 一边 说话 。还有 ，不要 吃 那么 快 ，对 胃 不 好 。 Bùyào yībiān chīfàn yībiān shuōhuà. Háiyǒu, bùyào chī nàme kuài, duì wèi bù hǎo.
Don't talk while you eat. In addition, don't eat so fast. It's bad for your stomach.

下班 以后 早点 回来 。还有 ，回来 的 路上 买 点 水果 。 Xiàbān yǐhòu zǎodiǎn huílái. Háiyǒu, huílái de lùshang mǎi diǎn shuǐguǒ.
Come back soon after work. In addition, buy some fruits on your way back.

我 妈 不 想 让 我 出国 。还有 ，她 也 不 喜欢 我 的 外国 男朋友 。 Wǒ mā bù xiǎng ràng wǒ chūguó. háiyǒu, tā yě bù xǐhuan wǒ de wàiguó nánpéngyou.
My mother doesn't want me to go abroad. In addition, she doesn't like my foreign boyfriend.

不要 放 花生 ，我 过敏 。还有 ，少 放 糖 。 Bùyào fàng huāshēng, wǒ guòmǐn. Háiyǒu, shǎo fàng táng.
Don't put peanut. I'm allergic. In addition, less sugar, please.

考试 的 时候 不要 说话 。还有 ，手机 放 在 桌子 上 。 Kǎoshì de shíhou bù yào shuōhuà. Háiyǒu, shǒujī fàng zài zhuōzi shàng.
Don't talk when you take a test. Beside, put your cell phone on the desk.

先生 ，这里 不能 抽烟 。还有 ，麻烦 你们 声音 小 一点 。 Xiānsheng, zhèlǐ bù néng chōuyān. Háiyǒu, máfan nǐmen shēngyīn xiǎo yīdiǎn.
Sir, you can'r smoke in here. Besides, lower your voice, please.

See also

"In addition" as "lingwai"

"In addition" with "zaishuo"

Expressing "not only… but also"

Sources and further reading

Books

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 252)

Category: B1 grammar points

另外 (lìng wài) can be used to express "in addition," often with 还 or 还 used in the following phrase.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Using as a Conjunction

Structure

⋯⋯， 另外 ，⋯⋯

Examples

希望 你 不要 再 迟到 了。另外，你 应该 穿 得 正式 一 点。 Xīwàng nǐ bùyào zài chídào le. Lìngwài, nǐ yīnggāi chuān de zhèngshì yīdiǎn.
I hope you won't be late again. In addition, you should also dress a little more formally.

美国 跟 中国 不 一样 ，美国 没有 中国 人口 多 。另外 ，美国 是 发达 国家 ，中国 是 发展中 国家 。 Měiguó gēn Zhōngguó hěn bù yīyàng, Měiguó méiyǒu Zhōngguó rénkǒu duō. Lìngwài, Měiguó shì fādá guójiā, Zhōngguó shì fāzhǎnzhōng guójiā.
America is very different from China. Its population is not as big as China. In addition, America is a develop country while China is a developing country.

Used as an Adverb

Structure

另外 + [Verb Phrase]

Examples

这里 是 VIP 室 ，要 另外 付费 才 能 用 。 Zhèlǐ shì VIP shì, yào lìngwài fùfèi cái néng yòng.
This is the VIP room. You will have to pay more in order to use it.

今天 我 没 空 去 ，能 不 能 另外 安排 时间 ？ Jīntiān wǒ méi kōng qù, néng bu néng lìngwài ānpái shíjiān?
I don't have time to go today. Can you schedule it another time?

这些 游戏 每 次 都 玩 ，我 建议 你 另外 再 想 几 个 游戏 。 Zhèxiē yóuxì měi cì dōu wán, wǒ jiànyì nǐ lìngwài zài xiǎng jǐ gè yóuxì.
We play these games every time. I suggest you think of a few more games.

如果 学生 觉得 不 难 ，老师 可以 另外 再 加 一些 学习 内容 。 Rúguǒ xuéshēng juéde bù nán, lǎoshī kěyǐ lìngwài zài jiā yīxiē xuéxí nèiróng.
If the students don't find the lesson difficult, the teacher can add more learning materials.

Used as a Pronoun

When used as a pronoun, 另外 can also be used to denote "the other" and there is no need to add 的 after 另外.

Structure

另外 + Noun Phrase

Examples

我 有 两 个 手机 ，一 个 是 小米 ，另外 一 个 是 iPhone 。 Wǒ yǒu liǎng gè shǒujī, yī gè shì Xiǎomǐ, lìngwài yī gè shì iPhone.
I have two cell phones. One is Xiao Mi, and the other is iPhone.

她 有 两 套 房子 ，一 套 自己 住 ，另外 一 套 租 出去 了 。 Tā yǒu liǎng tào fángzi, yī tào zìjǐ zhù, lìngwài yī tào zū chūqù le.
She has two houses. She lives in one and rents out the other one.

我 买 了 三 张 票 ，一 张 是 我的 ，另外 两 张 是 给 朋友 的。 Wǒ mǎi le sān zhāng piào, yī zhāng shì wǒ de, lìngwài liǎng zhāng shì gěi péngyou de.
I bought three tickets. One is for myself, and the other two are for my friends.

这 几 本 书 我 今天 拿走 ，另外 几 本 下 次 再 拿 。 Zhè jǐ běn shū wǒ jīntiān názǒu, lìngwài jǐ běn xià cì zài ná.
I will take these books today. I can take the others next time.

跟 他 一起 去 的 另外 两 个 人 已经 死 了 。 Gēn tā yīqǐ qù de lìngwài liǎng gè rén yǐjīng sǐ le.
The other two people who went with him already died.

See also

Expressing "in addition" with "haiyou"

"In addition" with "zaishuo"

Expressing "not only… but also"

Sources and further reading

Books

Boya Chinese Upper Intermediate 1 (博雅汉语中级冲刺篇) (pp. 196)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 155-6)

"再说⋯⋯" (zàishuō...) is used in a similar way as "In addition" or "Moreover," in that it is adding on additional information or reasons to the topic at hand.

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Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

Just add 再说 to the beginning of the second clause of your sentence. Remember that both statements should be related to each other!

Clause 1，再说 + Clause 2

Examples

我 很 忙 ， 没 时间 去 。 再说 ， 他 也 没 请 我 。 Wǒ hěn máng, méi shíjiān qù. Zàishuō, tā yě méi qǐng wǒ. I'm very busy. I don't have time to go. Besides, he didn't invite me.

那 件 衣服 太 贵 了 ， 我 没 买 。 再说 ， 也 不 是 很 好看 。 Nà jiàn yīfu tài guì le, wǒ méi mǎi. Zàishuō, yě bù shì hěn hǎokàn.
That piece of clothing is too expensive. I didn't buy it. Besides, it's not so beautiful.

我 还 小 ， 不 想 结婚 。 再说 ，也 没 遇到 合适 的 人 。 Wǒ hái xiǎo, bù xiǎng jiéhūn. Zàishuō, yě méi yùdào héshì de rén.
I don't want to get married yet because I'm still young. Besides, I haven't met the right one.

明天 去 吧 ， 我 今天 太 累 了 。再说 ， 现在 超市 已经 关门 了 。 Míngtiān qù bā, wǒ jīntiān tài lèi le. Zàishuō, xiànzài chāoshì yǐjīng guānmén le.
Let's go tomorrow. Besides, the supermarket is closed now.

你 别 生气 ，这 不 是 他 的 错 。再说 ，这 也 不 是 什么 大 事 。 Nǐ bié shēngqì, zhè bù shì tā de cuò. Zàishuō, zhè yě bù shì shénme dà shì.
Don't be so mad. It's not his fault. Besides, it's not a big deal.

你 已经 吃 了 五 个 了 ，别 吃 了 。再说 ，我们 都 还 没吃 呢 。 Nǐ yǐjīng chī le wǔ gè le, bié chī le. Zàishuō, wǒmen dōu hái méi chī ne.
You've eaten five. Stop eating. Besides, the rest of us haven't eaten yet.

See also

"In addition" as "lingwai"

Expressing "in addition" with "haiyou"

Expressing "not only… but also"

Sources and further reading

Books

Common Chinese Patterns 330 (汉语常用格式330例) (pp. 297)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 154-5)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 17-8)

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 252)

Are you looking for another way to use 那么? Then, take a look at this article!

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Structure

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Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

When expressing "Then...," you can use "那么" (nàme) or "那" (nà) in order to begin a judgment or result from previous context. An example of this in English would be "Then, what should we do?"

Context ，那么 + Result / Decision

Examples

生气 没有 用 ，那 我 应该 怎么办 ？ Shēngqì méiyǒu yòng, nà wǒ yīnggāi zěnmebàn? It's no use being angry. What shall I do then?

你 说 得 有 道理 ，那么 就 这么 办 吧 。 Nǐ shuō de yǒu dàolǐ, nàme jiù zhème bàn ba.
What you said makes sense to me, so just do it as you said.

老板 不 满意 这个 方案 ，那么 你们 再 改改 。 Lǎobǎn bù mǎnyì zhège fāng'àn, nàme nǐmen zài gǎigai.
The boss is not very satisfied with the paln, so you keep working on it.

大家 都 同意 ，那么 我们 就 开始 做 吧 。 Dàjiā dōu tóngyì, nàme wǒmen jiù kāishǐ zuò ba.
Everyone agrees on this, so we'll start to do it.

你 认为 这个 想法 不行 ，那 你 有 别的 想法 吗 ？ Nǐ rènwéi zhège xiǎngfǎ bù xíng , nà nǐ yǒu bié de xiǎngfǎ ma?
You don't think this idea is good. Then have you got any other good idea?

See also

Explaining results with "suoyi"

Cause and effect with "yinwei" and "suoyi"

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 104-5)　

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 51-2)

New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) (pp. 103)

卓越汉语－公司实战篇(p. 122)

"等(到)"意思相当于"when"引导的时间状语，后半句常常用"再、就"连接，也可以用"才"。用"才"的时候往往是在描述过去发生的事。

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Structure

Examples

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Sources and further reading

Books

Usage of 等(到)

Structure

等(到) + Time Word / [Verb Phrase] ，Subj. + 再 / 就 / 才 + Predicate

Examples

等到 大学 毕业 ，我 就 不 住 在 学校 里 了。 Děngdào dàxué bìyè, wǒ jiù bù zhù zài xuéxiào lǐ le.
When I graduate from college, I don't live at school.

等到 秋天 ，这些 树叶 就 会 变 黄 。 Děngdào qiūtiān, zhèxiē shùyè jiù huì biàn huáng.
When it is autumn, the leaves will have already become yellow.

等 雨 停 我 再 出门 。 Děng yǔ tíng wǒ zài chūmén.
When the rain stops, then I will go outside.

等 这个 项目 结束 ，我们 部门 会 开 派对 庆祝 。 Děng zhège xiàngmù jiéshù, wǒmen bùmén huì kāi pàiduì qìngzhù.
When this project is finished, our department can have a party to celebrate.

等 你 当 了 爸爸 ，你 就 会 知道 做 父母 多么 不 容易。Děng nǐ dāng le bàba, nǐ jiù huì zhīdào zuò fùmǔ duōme bù róngyì.
When you act as the father, you will become aware of how hard it is to be a parent.

Usage of 直到

用于描述过去发生的事时，"直到"比"等到"更常用，后半句常常用"才"或"都"连接。

Structure

Affirmative:

直到 + Time Word / [Verb Phrase] ，Subj. + 才 + Predicate

Negative:

直到 + Time Word / [Verb Phrase] ，Subj. + 都 + 不 / 没 + Predicate

Examples

直到 周五 晚上 ，我们 才 做好 这个 活动 方案 。 Zhídào Zhōuwǔ wǎnshang, wǒmen cái zuòhǎo zhège huódòng fāng'àn.
It was not until Friday evening that we finished this activity program.

直到 去 了 北京 ，他 才 知道 大城市 的 生活 多么 不容易 。 Zhídào qù le Běijīng, tā cái zhīdào dàchéngshì de shēnghuó duōme bù róngyì.
It was not until he went to Beijing that he began to understand that life in a big city is not easy.

直到 离开 家 ，我 才 知道 家 有 多 好。 Zhídào wǒ líkāi jiā de shíhou, wǒ cái zhīdào jiā yǒu duō hǎo.
I didn't realize how great it is to be at home until I left it.

我 认识 他 一年 多 了，直到 现在 ，我 都 不 知道 他 的 全名 。 Wǒ rènshi tā yī nián duō le, zhídào xiànzài, wǒ dōu bù zhīdào tā de quánmíng.
I've known him for more than one year, but I still don't know his full name now.

直到 他 死 ，我们 都 没 见 过 。 Zhídào tā sǐ, wǒmen dōu méi jiàn guo.
We never met till his death.

See Also

The word 来 (lái) can be used to connect two verb phrases, relating the actions to each other. It can be translated as "in order to" or "so that" and it can help in explaining reasoning.

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Structure

Connecting two verb phrases is very straightforward. All you need to do is place 来 in between them. This has the meaning of doing the first verb to achieve the second verb and is often used with words expressing a way or a method, e.g. "通过" (tōngguò) , "用" (yòng).

通过 / 用 + Agent + 来 + Verb Phrase

Examples

用 这 种 方法 来 赚钱，真 丢人。 Yòng zhè zhǒng fāngfǎ lái zhuànqián, zhēn diūrén.
Using this method to earn money is shameful.

用 这个 APP 来 学 汉字 更 容易 。 Yòng zhège APP lái xué Hànzì gèng róngyì.
It's easier to use this application to study Chinese characters.

很 多 人 都 是 通过 这个 网站 来 找 工作 的 。 Hěn duō rén dōu shì tōngguò zhège wǎngzhàn lái zhǎo gōngzuò de.
A lot of people hunt for a job through this website.

我们 可以 通过 打折 来 吸引 顾客。 Wǒmen kěyǐ tōngguò dǎzhé lái xīyǐn gùkè.
We can use a sale as a method to attract customers.

他们 是 通过这个 平台 来 推广 产品 的 。 Tāmen shì tōngguò zhège píngtái lái tuīguǎng chǎnpǐn de.
They promote their product through this platform.

See Also

Expressing purpose with "weile"

Facilitating an Outcome with "yibian"

Expressing Purpose with "hao"

Sources and Further Reading

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 268)

Before and after can be expressed using 之前 (zhīqián) and 之后 (zhīhòu). They are in relatively the same vein as 以前/以后, except that these two are adverbs, while 之前/之后 are prepositions. Don't forget that these two are talking about before and after in terms of time.

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Sources and further reading

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Structure

Event + 之前 / 之后

Examples

下班之前，经理给我们开了一个会议。 Xiàbān zhīqián, jīnglǐ gěi wǒmen kāi le yī gè huìyì.
Before I got off work, the manager assembled a meeting with us.

来 中国 之前 ，我 的 汉语 水平 很 低。 Lái Zhōngguó zhīqián, wǒ de Hànyǔ shuǐpíng hěn dī.
Before I came to China, my Chinese was bad.

吃 完 饭 之后 ，他们 去 了 一家 电影院。 Chī wán fàn zhīhòu, tāmen qù le yī jiā diànyǐngyuàn.
After they finished eating, they went to a movie theater.

去 北京 之后 ，他 和 他的 女朋友 分手了。 Qù Běijīng zhīhòu, tā hé tā de nǚpéngyou fēnshǒu le.
After he went to Beijing, he broke up with his girlfriend.

See also

Sequencing past events with "houlai"

Before a specific time

"Ever since" with "zicong"

Sources and further reading

Books

Home With Kids2 (家有儿女2) (pp. 167)

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide →buy

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 93-4) →buy

By now you should now how to express "when" using "的时候" (de shíhou). But there's also a slightly shorter, more formal way to do it: simply use 时 (shí) all by itself. (No 的!)

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Structure

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Structure

(Subj. +) Verb / Adj. + 时⋯⋯

As time words can appear before or after the subject, you can also place the Time + 时 (shí) after the subject.

There are two great examples of this pattern in the poem below.

你

一会儿看我

一会儿看云

你看我时很远

你看云时很近

Examples

考试 时 不要 说话 。 Kǎoshì shí bùyào shuōhuà.
When you take a test, don't talk.

面试 时 ，要 穿 得 正式 一点 。 Miànshì shí, yào chuān de zhèngshì yīdiǎn.
When you go to the interview, you have to dress a little more formally.

会议 结束 时 老板 才 来 。 Huìyì jiéshù shí lǎobǎn cái lái.
The boss showed up when the meeting was over.

我 生气 时 不 想 说话 。 Wǒ shēngqì shí bù xiǎng shuōhuà.
I don't want to talk when I'm angry.

他们 结婚 时 什么 都 没有 。 Tāmen jiéhūn shí shénme dōu méiyǒu.
They've got nothing when they got married.

大学 毕业 时 ，他们 分手 了 。 Dàxué bìyè shí, tāmen fēnshǒu le.
When they graduated, they broke up.

飞机 起飞 时 ，他 关 了 手机 和 电脑 。 Fēijī qǐfēi shí, tā guān le shǒujī hé diànnǎo.
When the plane took off, he turned off his cell phone and computer.

他 去世 时 儿女 都 不 在 身边 。 Tā qùshì shí érnǚ dōu bù zài shēnbiān.
His parents weren't home when he passed away.

我们 公司 成立 时 只有 三 个 人 。 Wǒmen gōngsī chénglì shí zhǐyǒu sān gè rén.
There were only three people when this company was founded.

跟 父母 说话 时 不要 玩 手机 。 Gēn fùmǔ shuōhuà shí bùyào wán shǒujī.
Stop playing with your cell phone when you talk with your parents.

See also

Before a specific time

In the future in general

Comparing "yihou" and "de shihou"

Sources and further reading

Books

Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 24-5)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed)(pp. 293-4)

There are a few ways to express "ever since" in Chinese. In English, we would say something like "ever since I came to Shanghai, my Chinese has improved a lot." In this article, we will first take a look at using 以来 (yǐlái) to mean "ever since." We will also take a quick look at using "ever since" with 来 (lái), which is similar but used in a somewhat different way.

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Structure

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Structure with 以来

Basic form

To express "ever since," all one needs to do is put "以来" (yǐlái) after a specific event or time. It expresses what has happened since the stated event until the time that the speaker talks (in other words, referring to a certain time period).

This grammar pattern is usually used to start a statement.

Time or Event + 以来

Examples

上大学以来 ，我 一直 没逃过课。 Shàng dàxué yǐlái, wǒ yīzhí méi táo guò kè.
Since I was in college, I haven't skipped a class.

到 上海 以来 ，他 的 汉语 水平 提高 了。 Dào Shànghǎi yǐlái, tā de Hànyǔ shuǐpíng tígāo le.
Ever since he came to Shanghai, his Chinese has been improving.

住院 以来 ，常常有朋友来医院看望她 。 Zhùyuàn yǐlái, chángcháng yǒu péngyou lái yīyuàn kànwàng tā.
Ever since she was in hospital, her friends have constantly come and visited her.

Form with 自, 从 or 自从

When you need to use 以来 in a more formal or written context, you can add 自, 从 or 自从 (or other similar words) before the time or event.

自 / 从 / 自从 + Time or Event + 以来

Examples

自从 我 拿到 驾照 以来 已经 有 五 年 了。 Zìcóng wǒ ná dào jiàzhào yǐlái yǐjīng yǒu wǔ nián le.
I've had my license for five years.

自从 去年 夏天以来，他 一直 没有 回过家 。 Zìcóng qùnián xiàtiān yǐlái, tā yīzhí méiyǒu huíguò jiā.
He hasn't returned home since last summer.

自从退学以来，他一直在帮父母做农活。 Zìcóng tuìxué yǐlái, tā yīzhí zài bāng fùmǔ zuò nónghuó.
Since he left school,he's been helping her parents do farm work.

自从 1979 年 改革开放 以来，中国人 的 生活水平 得到 了 提高。 Zìcóng yījiǔqījiǔ nián gǎigé kāifàng yǐlái, Zhōngguó rén de shēnghuó shuǐpíng dédào le tígāo.
Ever since the 1979 reform, the Chinese people's level of living has gone up.

Structure with 来

Using 来 to mean "ever since" is basically the same as "以来," however, there is one key difference: you can only use 来 after a time interval. In other words, it needs to be used with a certain number of years, months, days, hours etc. In English this would be like saying "ever since three days ago, I've had a constant headache." It doesn't have to be a specific number either, it could be "a few" (几).

This form cannot be used with 自, 从 or 自从 (or other similar words).

Time Interval + 来

Examples

三 个 月来，我们 去 了 很 多地方 旅游。 Sān gè yuè lái, wǒmen qù le hěn duō dìfang lǚyóu.
Since three months ago, we've traveled to a lot of places.

五 年 来，物价 一直 上涨。 Wǔ nián lái, wùjià yīzhí shàngzhǎng.
Ever since five years ago, prices have been going up.

我 的 同学 几 天 来 一直 没有 上课。 Wǒ de tóngxué jǐ tiān lái yīzhí méiyǒu shàngkè.
My classmate hasn't come to class for a few days now.

See also

Before and after with "zhiqian" and "zhihou"

"Ever since" with "zicong"

Sources and further reading

Books

New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) (p. 203)

Boya Chinese Elementary Starter 2 (博雅汉语初经起步篇) (p. 25)

现代汉语八百词 （p. 616)

卓越汉语－公司实战篇 (p. 36)

"⋯⋯, 后来⋯⋯" (..., hòulái...) is used to sequence past events in the same way that "Afterward..." is in English. Something very important to note is that 后来 can only be used with two events that have already occurred.

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Structure

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Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

Past Event 1 ，后来 ，Past Event 2

Examples

Here are some examples of this pattern in action:

他 说 要 跟 我们 一起 去 ，后来 又 说 不 去 了 。 Tā shuō yào gēn wǒmen yīqǐ qù, hòulái yòu shuō bù qù le.
He said he would come with us, but suddenly he told us that he's not going.

这 是 一 个 很 有名 的 小说 ，后来 拍成 了 电影 。 Zhè shì yī gè hěn yǒumíng de xiǎoshuō, hòulái pāi chéng le diànyǐng.
It's a famous novel, which was made into a movie afterwards.

我 小时候 很 喜欢 弹 钢琴 ，后来 学习 太 忙 ，就 不 弹 了 。 Wǒ xiǎoshíhou hěn xǐhuan tán gāngqín, hòulái xuéxí tài máng, jiù bù tán le.
I like to play piano. But school's been too busy and then I stopped.

我 昨天 修好 了 ，后来 又 坏了 。 Wǒ zuótiān xiūhǎo le, hòulái yòu huài le.
I fixed it yesterday, but it was broken again after that.

开始 他 不 同意 ，后来 他 同意 了。 Kāishǐ tā bù tóngyì, hòulái tā tóngyì le.
At first he didn't agree, but then he did later.

他们 在 一起 差不多 三年 ，不过 后来 分手 了。 Tāmen zài yīqǐ chàbuduō sān nián, bùguò hòulái fēnshǒu le.
They had been together for about three years. But they broke up afterwards.

昨天 我们 一起 吃 了 海鲜 ，后来 她 拉肚子 了。 Zuótiān wǒmen yīqǐ chī le hǎixiān, hòulái tā lādùzi le.
She ate seafood yesterday, but then she had a diarrhea.

他 在 这个 公司 工作 了 五 年 ，后来 跳槽 了 。 Tā zài zhège gōngsī gōngzuò le wǔ nián, hòulái tiàocáo le.
He worked in this company for five years, but then he made a job-hopping.

我 妹妹 的 手机 丢 了 ，后来 我 给 她 买 了 一 个 新的 。 Wǒ mèimei de shǒujī diū le, hòulái wǒ gěi tā mǎi le yī gè xīn de.
My little sister lost her cell phone. Afterwards, I bought a new one for her.

北京 以前 叫 北平 ，后来 改 成 了 北京。 Běijīng yǐqián jiào běipíng, hòulái gǎi chéng le Běijīng. Beijing used to be called Beiping and got changed into Beijing later.

See also

Before and after with "zhiqian" and "zhihou"

Saying "ever since" with "yilai"

In the future in general

Comparing "houlai" and "ranhou"

Sources and further reading

Books

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 267)

分之 (fēnzhī) is used to form a fraction in Chinese. When expressing a fraction, the denominator is always said before the numerator. This pattern is also the way percentages are expressed in Chinese.

So a 1/2 is read 二分之一 (èr fēnzhī yī), not 一分之二 (yī fēnzhī èr). 5/6 is read 六分之五 (liù fēnzhī wǔ). To say a percentage, for example, 50 percent, you would say 百分之五十 (bǎi fēnzhī wǔshí).

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Basic Form

Denominator + 分之 + Numerator

A Few More Sentences:

蛋糕 还有 八 分之 一 。 Dàngāo háiyǒu bā fēn zhī yī. There is still one eighth of the cake left.

这 桶 水 还有 五 分之 三 。 Zhè tǒng shuǐ háiyǒu wǔ fēn zhī sān.
This bucket of water is still three fifths full.

我 的 手机 电量 还有 百分之 三十 。 Wǒ de shǒujī diànliàng háiyǒu bǎifēnzhī sānshí.
My phone battery still has 30% left.

押金 要 付 百分之 二十 。 Yājīnyào fù bǎifēnzhī èrshí.
The deposit is 20%.

Advanced Usage

Structure

A + 是 / 占 (+ B) + 的 + Denominator + 分之 + Numerator

Examples

我们 班 有 三 分 之 一 的 同学 是 外国 人。 Wǒmen bān yǒu sān fēn zhī yī de tóngxué shì wàiguó rén.
One third of our classmates are foreign students.

美国 人口 差不多 是 中国 人口 的 四 分之 一 。 Měiguó rénkǒu chàbuduō shì Zhōngguó rénkǒu de sì fēn zhī yī.
America's population is about one fourth that of China's.

我们 学校 四 分之 三 的 老师 都 是 男 老师 。 Wǒmen xuéxiào sì fēn zhī sān de lǎoshī dōu shì nán lǎoshī.
Three fourths of the teachers at our school are male teachers.

我们 的 需求 占 整个 市场 需求 的 十 分之 三 。 Wǒmen de xūqiú zhàn zhěng gè shìchǎng xūqiú de shí fēn zhī sān.
Our demands take up three tenths of the entire markets demands.

电动车 的 销量 占 新车 销量 的 八 分之 五 。 Diàndòngchē de xiāoliàng zhàn xīn chē xiāoliàng de bā fēn zhī wǔ.
Electric car sales occupies five eighths of all new car sales.

Trump 在 这个 州 的 支持 率 是 百分之 五十 七 点 四 。 Trump zài zhège zhōu de zhīchí lǜ shì bǎifēnzhī wǔshí qī diǎn sì.
In this state, Trump has a support rate of 57.4%.

过去 二十 年，大 城市 年轻人 的 离婚 率 增加 了 百分之 八 。 Dà chéngshì niánqīng rén de líhūn lǜ zēngjiā bǎifēnzhī bā.
In the past 20 years, the divorce rate for young people in big cities has gone up by 8%.

See Also

Sources and further reading

Books

Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 18)

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 152-3)

The question particle 吗 (ma) is a very simple way to convert it into a "yes/no question," and beginners will learn not to use 吗 with other question words, because it's redundant. More advanced students, however, will note that 吗 has some more complicated structures that do involve combining it with question words in order to ask very specific types of confirming questions.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

You'll remember that this is the simple pattern for yes/no questions:

Statement + 吗 ？

If you embed a question that uses a question word instead of a statement, you can create a more complex kind of "confirming" 吗 (ma) question:

[Question-word Question] + 吗 ？

Examples of common question words include 什么 (shénme), 谁 (shéi), and 哪里 (nǎlǐ).

Examples

Note that the following examples typically contains some kind of "verb of understanding" such as 知道 (zhīdào),了解 (liǎojiě), 明白 (míngbai), 认识 (rènshi), etc. Then "吗" (ma) can still be added at the end of the question, turning it into a kind of confirmation. For example:

这 是 什么 ？ Zhè shì shénmei?
What is this?

你 知道 这 是 什么 吗？ Nǐ zhīdào zhè shì shénme ma?
Do you know what this is?

他 叫 什么 名字 ？ Tā jiào shénme míngzi?
What is his name?

你 知道 他 叫 什么 名字 吗？ Nǐ zhīdào tā jiào shénme míngzi ma?
Do you what his name is?

他 是 谁 ？ Tā shì shéi?
Who is he?

你 知道 他 是 谁 吗？ Nǐ zhīdào tā shì shéi ma?
Do you know who he is?

他 什么 意思 ？ Tā shénme yìsi?
What is he saying?

你 懂 他 什么 意思 吗？ Nǐ dǒng tā shénme yìsi ma?
Do you understand what he is saying?

你 的 问题 是 什么 ？ Nǐ de wèntí shì shénme?
What is your question?

你 能 再 说 一 遍 你 的 问题 是 什么 吗 ？ Nǐ néng zài shuō yī biàn nǐ de wèntí shì shénme ma?
Can you repeat what your question is?

他 是 怎么 学 中文 ？ Tā shì zěnme xué Zhōngwén de?
How did he learn Chinese?

你 知道 他 是 怎么 学 中文 的 吗 ？ Nǐ zhīdào zěnme xué Zhōngwén ma?
Do you know how he learned Chinese?

这 是 在哪儿 买 的 ？ Zhè shì zài nǎr mǎi de?
Where did you buy this?

你 能 告诉 我 这 是 在哪儿 买 的 吗 ？ Nǐ néng gàosu wǒ zhè shì zài nǎr mǎi de ma?
Can I tell me where you bought this?

See also

Tag questions with "ma"

Affirmative-negative questions

Questions with "ne"

Sources and further reading

Books

Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 138-40)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 29-30)　

New Practical Chinese Reader 1 (新实用汉语课本1) (p. 21)

New Practical Chinese Reader 1 (新实用汉语课本1)(2nd ed) (pp. 23, 250)

The particle 着 (zhe) is one way of indicating the continuous aspect in Mandarin Chinese (another common way is using the adverb 在 in front of verbs). You may have heard that the Chinese particle 着 added onto the end of verbs is similar to the use of -ing in English. This isn't particularly helpful, however, because the use of 着 in Chinese is not nearly so frequent, and can also be quite idiomatic.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Basic Usage

Structure

Verb + 着

Examples

我 读 ，你 听 着 。 Wǒ dú, nǐ tīng zhe.
I'll read the letter, and you will listen.

我们 做 ，你们 看 着 。 Wǒmen zuò, nǐmen kàn zhe.
We will do it, and you will watch.

你们 坐 着 ，哪儿 都 别 去 。 Nǐmen zuò zhe, nǎr dōu bié qù.
You sit here. Don't go anywhere else.

我 出去 一下 ，你 帮 我 看 着 行李 。 Wǒ chūqù yīxià, nǐ bāng wǒ kān zhe xíngli.
I'll go out for a second, and you watch the luggage for me.

Used for Continuous State

While it's true that the "full progressive pattern" can make use of 着, this is not a pattern you're going to want to use all the time. The most commonly used verbs are the ones below:

开 (kāi) alone can mean "to open" or "to turn on." Adding 着 allows one to express that something "is open" or "is on."

关 (guān) alone can mean "to close" or "to turn off." Adding 着 allows one to express that something "is closed" or "is off."

穿 (chuān) alone means "to wear." Adding 着 allows one to express that one "is wearing" or "has" something (on one's person).

戴 (dài) alone means "to wear." Adding 着 allows one to express that one "is wearing" or "has" something (on one's person).

躺 (tǎng) alone means "to lie on one's back." Adding 着 allows one to express that someone "is lying down."

Examples

家里 的 灯 开 着 。 "Being on" is a state, so using 着 is natural. Jiālǐ de dēng kāi zhe.

家里 灯 在 开 。 "Being on" is not an action, so don't use 在. Jiālǐ de dēng zài kāi.

公司 的 门 开 着 ，可是 没 人 在 。 "Being on" is a state, so using 着 is natural.) Gōngsī de mén kāi zhe, kěshì méi rén zài.

公司 的 门 在 开 ，可是 没 人 在 。 "Being open" is not an action, so don't use 在.) Gōngsī de mén zài kāi, kěshì méi rén zài.

他 戴 着 眼镜 。 "Having his glasses (on him)" is a state, so using 着 is natural.) Tā dài zhe yǎnjìng.

他 在 戴 眼镜 。 "Having his glasses (on him)" is not an action, so don't use 在.) Tā zài dài yǎnjìng.

她 穿 着 一 条 小 黑 裙 。 "Be wearing" is a state, so using 着 is natural.) Tā chuān zhe yī tiáo xiǎo hēi qún.

她 在 穿 一 条 小 黑 裙 。 "Be wearing" is not an action, so don't use 在.) Tā zài chuān yī tiáo xiǎo hēi qún.

躺 着 最 舒服 。 "Lying here" is a state, so using 着 is natural.) Tǎng zhe zuì shūfu.

在 躺 最 舒服 。 "Lying here" is not strictly an action, so don't use 在.) Zài tǎng zuì shūfu .

Used for a Certain Way of Doing Things

If you do an action while in a particular state, you can make use of this pattern:

Structure

Verb 1 + 着 + Verb 2

Note that the first verb (followed by 着) describes the state; the second verb is the action verb. In this case, the "-ing" translation can be useful.

Examples

她 喜欢 站 着 吃饭 。 "standing + eat = eating while standing" Tā xǐhuan zhàn zhe chīfàn.

我 不 喜欢 听 着 音乐 做 作业 。 "listening to music + do homework = listening to music while doing homework Wǒ bù xǐhuan tīng zhe yīnyuè zuò zuòyè.

他 笑 着 说 “对不起” 。 "smiling + say = saying "I'm sorry" while smiling Tā xiào zhe shuō "duìbuqǐ".

Note: If you want to make a sentence where both verbs are action verbs (neither is truly a state), then you don't want this pattern, you want 一边⋯⋯，一边⋯⋯.

着 Used Idiomatically

Certain verbs tend to take 着 more frequently than others, and exactly what the 着 is doing might not be apparent at all. It's best to think of these usages as colloquialisms. You can even think of them as set phrases.

Examples

你 听 着 ! "to listen and keep listening" Nǐ tīng zhe!

这个 你 拿 着 ! "to hold and keep holding" Zhège nǐ ná zhe!

你们 等 着 ! "to wait and keeping waiting" Nǐmen děng zhe!

There's also one colloquial usage of 着 that's been chosen by at least one textbook for special treatment, so we'll cover it here as well:

Verb + 着 + 玩 + 的

This pattern may look like that "doing an action in a particular state" pattern already covered above, but in practice it doesn't really work that way. It just means "[Verb] for fun" or "[Verb] as a joke."

Examples of this usage:

我 不 是 认真 的 ，我 是 闹 着 玩 的 。 Wǒ bùshì rènzhēn de, wǒ shì nào zhe wá de.
I'm not very serious, I like to have a lot of fun.

我 听不懂 英文 歌 ，只 是 听 着 玩 的 。 Wǒ tīng bù dǒng Yīngwén gē, zhǐshì tīng zhe wán de.
I don't understand English songs. I just listen for fun.

你 不要 生气 ，我 是 说 着 玩 的 ！ Nǐ bùyào shēngqì, wǒ gāngcái shì shuō zhe wán de!
Don't be mad.I was just joking.

See also

Expressing actions in progress

Expressing actions in progress (full form)

Sources and further reading

Books

A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法) (pp. 414 - 423)

Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 89)

Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar (pp. 217 - 225)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 242-3)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (p. 17)

New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2) (pp. 238-9)

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (p. 255)

Websites

About.com: Mandarin Chinese Aspect

ChinesePod: Qing Wen - The 着 (zhe) Chronicles: How We Verb (free content)

ChinesePod: Qing Wen - The 着 (zhe) Chronicles: Actions in Progress (free content)

ChinesePod: Qing Wen - The 着 (zhe) Chronicles: Verbs as States (free content)

The particle 嘛 (ma) is a sentence-final particle identical in pronunciation to the simple "yes/no question" particle 吗 (ma) you learned back in the day, but with a rather different function. It can be used when the speaker feels what he is saying is obvious (from his point of view).

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Sentence-Final Structure

Statement + 嘛

Examples

你的 妹妹 很 漂亮 嘛。 Nǐ de mèimei hěn piàoliang ma.
Your sister is pretty.

中国 人口 很 多 嘛。 Zhōngguó rénkǒu hěn duō ma.
The Chinese population is huge.

美国人 很 开放 嘛。 Měiguó rén hěn kāifàng ma.
Americans are very open-minded.

Topic-Marking Structure

An alternate form is:

Topic + 嘛， + Statement

This basically allows the speaker to state the topic, then gather his thoughts before making a comment on it. In this pattern, the following comment may or may not be one the speaker feels is obvious.

Examples

大熊猫嘛，孩子们都很喜欢。 Dà xióngmāo ma, háizimen dōu hěn xǐhuan.
Pandas. All children like them.

男人 嘛，总是要喝点酒，抽点烟。 Nánrén ma, zǒng shì yào hē diǎn jiǔ, chōu diǎn yān.
Men. They're always going to drink and smoke.

See also

Yes-no questions with "ma"

Sources and further reading

Books

Common Chinese Patterns 330 (汉语常用格式330例) (pp. 225)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 19)

Intermediate Chinese - A Grammar and Workbook (Unit 23)

Websites

Three Simple Uses of the Other “Ma” on a Bag

When 吧 (ba) is used twice in a sentence, it is used to list two options that the speaker is debating. It gives the sentence an indecisive feel, as though the speaker doesn't know which one to choose. This construction often has a negative connotation, since the options usually are not ideal.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

[Option 1] + 吧 ，⋯⋯ ， [Option 2] + 吧，⋯⋯ 。

If this structure doesn't seem clear to you, the examples will help.

Examples

冬天 去 吧 ，太 冷；夏天 去 吧 ，太 热 。 Dōngtiān qù ba, tài lěng ; xiàtiān qù ba, tài rè.
Going in the winter is too cold, going in the summer is too hot.

工作 吧 ，太 累 ；不 工作 吧 ，无聊 。 Gōngzuò ba, tài lèi ; bù gōngzuò ba, wúliáo.
Working is too tiring; I'll be bored if I don't.

买 吧 ， 不 想 花 那么 多 钱 ；不 买 吧 ， 又 不 开心 。 Mǎi bā, bù xiǎng huā nàme duō qián ; bù mǎi bā, yòu bù kāixīn. If I buy it, too expensive, but if I don't buy them, I won't be unhappy.

早 去 吧 ，需要 等 ；晚 去 吧 ，会 堵车 。 Zǎo qù bā, xūyào děng ; wǎn qù bā, huì dǔchē. If we go early we'll have to wait, but if we go later, there will be too much traffic.

不 说 吧 ，他 还 会 做 错 ；说 吧，他 肯定 不 高兴 。 Bù shuō ba, tā hái huì zuò cuò ; shuō ba, tā kěndìng bù gāoxìng.
Not telling him, he will still do it wrong next time; Telling him, he must be upset.

回去 吧 ，机票 太 贵 ；不 回去 吧 ，家人 肯定 会 想 我 。 Huíqù ba, jīpiào tài guì ; bù huíqù ba, jiārén kěndìng huì xiǎng wǒ.
Going back, the air ticket is too expensive; Not going back, my family definitely miss me.

See Also

Source and Further Reading

NEEDS SOURCES

关于 (guānyú) usually points to a range or scope, acting like the English word "about." It can be used in a few ways, often marking a topic of a statement, or modifying a noun.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Using 关于 with the Topic

Structure

As an adverb/adverbial clause, it can only be placed at the beginning of the sentence.

关于 + Obj.，Subj. ⋯⋯

Examples

关于 中国 历史，我 知道 的 不多。 Guānyú Zhōngguó lìshǐ, wǒ zhīdào de bù duō.
As for Chinese history, I don't know a lot.

关于 这 次 考试，我 还 有 几 个 问题 要 问。 Guānyú zhè cì kǎoshì, wǒ hái yǒu jǐ gè wèntí yào wèn.
As for this exam, I still have a lot of questions that I need to ask.

关于 这个 问题，你们 还是 问 他 吧。 Guānyú zhège wèntí, nǐmen háishì wèn tā bā.
As for this problem, you'd better ask him.

关于 你 的 建议，老板 还在 考虑 。 Guānyú nǐ de jiànyì, lǎobǎn hái zài kǎolǜ.
As for your suggestion, the boss is still thinking it over.

关于 那个 调查 的 结果，我们 也 不 太 清楚 。 Guānyú nàge diàochá de jiéguǒ, wǒmen yě bù tài qīngchu.
As for the result of that research, we don't know much either.

Noun Phrase with 关于

As an attributive modifier, 关于 (guānyú) is placed before the noun phrase, and you should always add a 的.

关于 + Modifier + 的 + Noun

Examples

这 是 一 份 关于 中国 奢侈品 市场 的 报告 。 Zhè shì yī fèn guānyú Zhōngguó shēchǐ pǐn shìchǎng de bàogào.
This is a report about the Chinese luxury market.

汉语 有 很 多 关于 饮食 的 成语 。 Hànyǔ yǒu hěn duō guānyú yǐnshí de chéngyǔ. There are lots of idioms about diet in Chinese.

我 昨天 看 了 一 部 关于 非洲 动物 保护 的 纪录片 。 Wǒ zuótiān kàn le yī bù guānyú Fēizhōu dòngwù bǎohù de jìlùpiàn.
I saw a documentary about animal protection in Afica.

网上 有 很 多 关于 这 件 事情 的 评论 。 Wǎngshang you hěn duō guānyú zhè jiàn shìqing de pínglùn.
There are lots of comments about this matter on the Internet.

他 写 过 很 多 关于 男女 平等 的 文章 。 Tā xiě guò hěn duō guānyú nánnǚ píngděng de wénzhāng.
He wrote many articles about gender equality.

Unspoken 关于 with Verbs

The word "about" often follows verbs in English, such as "talk about" or "ask about." In Chinese however, this "about" meaning is built into the verb and no additional "about" word is needed, much as we don't say "discuss about" in English.

A few examples:

我们 聊聊 你 的 新 工作 吧 。 Wǒmen liáoliao nǐ de xīn gōngzuò ba.
Let's talk about your new job.

今天 开会 要 说说 公司 下 个 月 的 培训 。 Jīntiān kāihuì yào shuōshuo gōngsī xià gè yuè de péixùn.
Today, we need to hold a meeting about next month's company training.

See Also

Comparing "dui" and "duiyu"

Comparing "guanyu" and "duiyu"

Comparing "duiyu" and "zhiyu"

如果你有兄弟姐妹，中国人常常会问你"他（她）比你小几岁" or "他（她）比你大几岁 "。注意，这里一定不能不用"年轻"或者"老"。

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Basic Usage

Structure

A + 比 + B + 大 / 小 + number + 岁

Examples

我 姐姐 比 我 大 两 岁 。 Wǒ jiějie bǐ wǒ dà liǎng suì.
My sister is two years older than me.

你 比 你 哥哥 小 几 岁 ？ Nǐ bǐ nǐ gēge xiǎo jǐ suì? How much younger are you than your elder brother?

他 女朋友 比 他 大 十 岁 。 Tā nǚpéngyou bǐ tā dà shí suì.
His girlfriend is 10 years older than him.

我 老板 很 年轻，只 比 我 大 三 四 岁 。 Wǒ lǎobǎn hěn niánqīng, zhī bǐ wǒ dà sān sì suì.
My boss is very young. He is only three or four years older than me.

If you just wonder which is elder or younger, these example sentences will be helpful:

你俩 谁 大 一点 ？ Nǐ liǎ shéi dà yīdiǎn?
Who is elder between you two?

你 爸爸 和 你 妈妈 谁 大 ？ Nǐ bàba hé nǐ māma shéi dà?
Who is the elder one, your dad or your mom?

你们 五 个 人 里面 谁 最 小 ？ Nǐmen wǔ gè rén lǐmiàn shéi zuì xiǎo?
Who is the youngest among the five of you?

"about the Same Age" with 一样大

But if you're talking about being the same age, use this structure instead.

Structure

A + 跟 + B + 一样 / 差不多 + 大

Examples

那个 男 演员 的 女朋友 跟 他 的 女儿 一样 大 。 Nàge nán yǎnyuán de nǚpéngyou gēn tā de nǚ’ér yīyàng dà.

我 爸爸 跟 妈妈 差不多 大 。 Wǒ bàba gēn māma chàbuduō dà.
My dad is about the same age with my mom.

我们 公司 大部分 的 员工 都 跟 我 差不多 大 。 Wǒmen gōngsī dà bùfen de yuángōng dōu gēn wǒ chàbuduō dà.
Most of the employees in our company are about the same age with me.

Different Ways of Asking about Age

询问孩子、朋友、老人的年龄的说法，在汉语里也有一定的讲究。譬如，问小孩子（十岁以下）可以说“你几岁了”，或者“你今年多大了”。问同龄人，如果是比较熟悉的朋友，通常问“你是哪年的”，不太熟的话可以问“你今年多大”。中年人，特别是中年的女性，我们一般不问。对较为年长的人，看起来六十岁以上的话，可以问“您多大年纪了”。

See also

Comparing

The preposition 给 (gěi) can mean "for," as in, "everything I do, I do it for you." You can also think of it to mean "give," like to give a service or to give an Obj.. In this case, the default position of the character is before the verb, although it sometimes comes after, depending on the verb.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

The meaning of 给 is very similar to 为 (wèi) in Chinese, but 给 is more informal than 为, and there are many cases where it's simply based on convention and general practice to decide to use one or the other.

Subj. + 给 + Recipient + Verb + Obj.

Note that the "recipient" in the pattern above is usually a person, but isn't necessarily a person. It could be an animal, or company, or any number of other types of recipients.

Examples

妈妈 在 给 孩子 们 做饭 。 Māma zài gěi háizi men zuòfàn.
Mom is cooking for the kids.

你 父母 会 不 会 给 你 买 房子 ？ Nǐ fùmǔ huì bu huì gěi nǐ mǎi fángzi? Will your parents buy a home for you?

给 我 泡 一 杯 茶 好 吗 ？ Gěi wǒ pào yī bēi chá hǎo ma?
Could you make a cup of tea for me?

老公 给 我 买 了 一 个 大 蛋糕。 Lǎogōng gěi wǒ mǎi le yī gè dà dàngāo.
My husband bought a big cake for me.

请 给 我 拿 一 双 筷子。 Qǐng gěi wǒ ná yī shuāng kuàizi.
Please give me a pair of chopsticks.

我 给 你 带 了 巧克力。 Wǒ gěi nǐ dài le qiǎokèlì.
I brought some chocolate for you.

如果 你 来 中国 玩 ，我 给 你 当 导游 。 Rúguǒ nǐ lái Zhōngguó wán, wǒ gěi nǐ dāng dǎoyóu.
If you come to visit China, I'll serve as tour guide for you.

我 没 带 钥匙 ，你 能 给 我 开 一下 门 吗 ？ Wǒ méi dài yàoshi, nǐ néng gěi wǒ kāi yīxià mén ma?
I don't have the key. Could you please open the door for me?

小时候，妈妈 经常 给 我 讲 故事。 In some cases, translating with "for" in English doesn't work well. Xiǎoshíhou, māma jīngcháng gěi wǒ jiǎng gùshi.
When I was little, mom often told me stories.

医生 在 给 病人 看 病。 In some cases, translating with "for" in English doesn't work well. Yīshēng zài gěi bìngrén kànbìng.
The doctor is seeing the patient.

See also

"For" with "wei"

Verbs with "gei"

Sources and further reading

Books

现代汉语虚词例释 (p. 196)

Dictionaries

现代汉语词典（第5版） (p. 464)

When you work for a company, or do other sorts of physical (and even mental) activities for another party, you're likely to use the Chinese preposition 为 (wèi), which is often translated into English as "for," a translation which is often unnatural or unnecessary, depending on the particular phrase. The super common Mao-era phrase, 为人民服务 ("serve the people"), doesn't need the word "for" in English, for example.

Don't confuse this preposition with 为了, which is a bit different.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

为 + [Some Part] + Verb

Examples

他 为 我 做 了 很 多 事 。 Tā wèi wǒ zuò le hěn duō shì.
He's done a lot for me.

我们 都 为 你 高兴 。 Wǒmen dōu wèi nǐ gāoxìng.
We are all happy for you.

你们 可以 来 为 我们 加油 。 Nǐmen kěyǐ lái wèi wǒmen jiāyóu.
You can come to cheer us up.

她 为 美国 政府 工作。 Tā wèi Měiguó zhèngfǔ gōngzuò.
She works for the United States government.

为 人民 服务。 Wèi rénmín fúwù.
Serve the people.

公司 为 她 提供 了 很 多 资源。 Gōngsī wèi tā tígōng le hěn duō zīyuán.
The company provided her with many resources.

See Also

Expressing purpose with "weile"

"For" with "gei"

Sources and further reading

Books

Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) (pp. 238)

Practicing HSK Grammar (语法精讲精炼) (pp.76)

Boya Chinese Lower Intermediate 1 (博雅汉语准中级加速篇) (pp. 203)

Websites

Yale Chinese Usage Dictionary: Uses of 为 and 为了

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Basic Usage

Structure

Subj. + 不到 + Number + Measure Word（+ Noun）

Examples

我 女儿 还 不到 三 岁。 Wǒ nǚ’ér hái bùdào sān suì.
My daughter is still less than three years old.

我 昨天 睡 了 不到 五 个 小时 。 Wǒ zuótiān shuì le bùdào wǔ gè xiǎoshí. Yesterday I slept for less than five hours.

这 件 衣服 花 了 不到 一百 块 。 Zhè jiàn yīfu huā le bùdào yī bǎi kuài.
This piece of clothing costs less than 100 RMB.

我 家 到 公司 不到 五百 米 。 Wǒ jiā dào gōngsī bùdào wǔ bǎi mǐ.
It is less than 500 meters from my house to the company.

在 美国，不到 21岁，不能 喝酒 。 Zài Měiguó, bùdào èrshí-yī suì, bù néng hē jiǔ.
In America, people less than 21 years old cannot drink alcohol.

Using 不到 with 就

Structure

"不到"放在一个时间点或者时间段前，后面跟"就"连用，表示某事发生得比一般情况要早。

Subj. + 不到 + Time Word + 就 + Verb + 了

Examples

他们 认识 不到 两 个 月 就 结婚 了 。 Tāmen rènshi bùdào liǎng gè yuè jiù jiéhūn le.
They've known each other for less than two months and are already married.

李 医生不到 55 岁 就 退休 了 。 Lǐ yīshēng bùdào wǔshí-wǔ suìjiù tuìxiū le.
Dr. Li is less than 55 years old and he already retired.

爷爷 不到 60 岁 就 去世 了。 Yéye bùdào liùshí suì jiù qùshì le.
My grandpa was less than 60 years old when he died.

你 回家 住 了 不到 一 个 星期 就 要 走 了？ Nǐ huíjiā zhù le bùdào yī gè xīngqī jiù yào zǒu le?
You went to live at home and moved out in less than a week?

老板 不到 30 岁 就 有 白 头发 了。 Lǎobǎn bùdào sānshí suì jiù yǒu bái tóufa le.
My boss is less than 30 years old and already has white hair showing on his head.

See Also

Emphasizing quantity with "dou"

Referring to "all" using "suoyou"

Indicating a number in excess

Indicating the whole with "quan"

以上 and 以下

两个都是方位词。

表示级别、次序、数目等在某一点之上或之下。

指代前面说过的或下面要说的话，偏书面语。

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

级别 / 次序 / 数目 + 以上 / 以下

Examples

我 老家 空气 还 不错，PM2.5 一般 在 五十 以下 。 Wǒ lǎojiā kōngqì hái bùcuò, PM2.5 yībān zài wǔshí yǐxià.
The air in my hometown is good. PM 2.5 is generally under 50.

我们 需要 有 两 年 以上 工作 经验 的 人 。 Wǒmen xūyào yǒu liǎng nián yǐshàng gōngzuò jīngyàn de rén.
We need people with two years of working experience or more.

十 岁 以下 的 孩子 不用 买 票 。 Shí suì yǐxià de háizi bùyòng mǎi piào.
Children under the age of 10 do not need to buy tickets.

我们 出差 都 住 三 星级 以上 的 酒店。 Wǒmen chūchāi dōu zhù sān xīngjí yǐshàng de jiǔdiàn.
When we go on business trips, we stay at hotels with at least a 3-star rating.

这里 的 冬天 气温 都 在 零度 以下 。 Zhèlǐ de dōngtiān qìwēn dōu zài língdù yǐxià.
This winter, the temperature has been less than 0 degrees.

以下 就 谈谈 这个 问题 应该 怎么 解决。 Yǐxià jiù tántán zhège wèntí yīnggāi zěnme jiějué.
In the following conversation, we will discuss how we should resolve this problem.

以上 只 是 我 个人 的 看法 。 Yǐshàng zhī shì wǒ gèrén de kànfǎ.
The following is just my personal opinion.

以内 and 以外

以内：方位词。在一定的时间、处所、数量、范围的界限之内。 以外：方位词。在一定的时间、处所、数量、范围的界限之外。"以外"常常跟"除了"连用。

Structure

时间 / 处所 / 数量 / 范围 + 以内 / 以外

Examples

两 天 以内 必须 完成 。 Liǎng tiān yǐnèi bìxū wánchéng.
Must be completed in two days or less.

半 小时 以内 能 送到 吗 ？ Bàn xiǎoshí yǐnèi néng sòngdào ma?
Can you deliver in 30 minutes or less?

这个 大楼 50 米 以内 不 能 停车 。 Zhège dàlóu wǔshí mǐ yǐnèi bù néng tíng chē.
You cannot park within 50 meters of this building.

请 你 站 在 两 米 以外 的 地方 。 Qǐng nǐ zhàn zài liǎng mǐ yǐwài de dìfang.
Can you stop 2 meters outside of this place?

这个 区 以外 的 几 个 区 都 不 太 发达 。 Zhège qū yǐwài de jǐ gè qū dōu bù tài fādá.
All of the areas outside this one are not very developed.

除了 三 四 年级 的 学生 以外 ，五 年级 的 学生 也 可以 参加 。 Chúle sān sì niánjí de xuéshēng yǐwài, wǔ niánjí de xuéshēng yě kěyǐ cānjiā.
Aside from the students in Grade Three and Grade Four, students in Grade Five can also participate.

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

为了 (wèile) is most often used to indicate the purpose of an action, or the person that will benefit from some act of kindness. In the "purpose" sense, it corresponds pretty well to "in order to" or "for the purpose of" in English.

为了 as a preposition

When 为了 indicates the purpose of an action, it's usually acting as a preposition. In this role, the whole "为了 phrase" should come before the verb.

Note also that 为了 is a single word; the 了 here is not serving its role as a particle in this case.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

为了+ [Purpose]，Subject + Predicate

Examples

为了 钱 ， 他 出卖 了 朋友 。 money is the purpose Wèile qián, tā chūmài le péngyou.
He betrayed his friends for money.

为了 给 他 太太 庆祝生日，他 办 了 一 个 盛大的 派对 。 the wife benefitsWèile gěi tā tàitài qìngzhù shēngrì, tā bàn le yī gè shèngdà de pàiduì.
He threw a grand party to celebrate his wife's birthday.

为了 有 一个 好 的 未来， 我 必须 好好 学习 。 having a good future is the purpose Wèile yǒu yī gè hǎo de wèilái, wǒ bìxū hǎo hào xuéxí.
In order to have a good future, I have to study hard.

为了 让 自己 有 更好 的 语言 环境， 我 打算 去 中国 留学 一年。 having a better language-learning environment is the purpose Wèile ràng zìjǐ yǒu gèng hǎo de yǔyán huánjìng, wǒ dǎsuàn qù zhōngguó liúxué yī nián.
In order to have a better language-learning environment, I plan to go to study in China for 1 year.

为了 让 孩子 一 生下来 就 是 美国人，中国 很多 有钱人 都 在 美国 生孩子。 for their kids to become an American citizen as soon as they're born is the purpose Wèile ràng háizi yīshēng xiàlái jiùshì Měiguó rén, Zhōngguó hěn duō yǒuqiánrén dōu zài Měiguó shēng háizi.
In order to make their child an American citizen, a lot of rich Chinese people stay in the United States during their pregnancy.

为了 after 是

Sometimes you will see 为了 coming after 是. In this case, it often goes with 之所以 (a more difficult pattern, not explored here), which means "the reason why" in a more formal way.

Structure

⋯⋯是 + 为了 + Purpose / Reason

Example

我 这么做 是 为了 给 你 一个 更好 的 未来。 Wǒ (zhīsuǒyǐ) zhème zuò shì wèile gěi nǐ yī gè gèng hǎo de weìlái.
The reason I did all this was to give you a better future.

我 离开 中国 是 为了 去 美国 结婚 。 Wǒ (zhīsuǒyǐ) líkāi zhōngguó shì wèile qù Měiguó jiéhūn.
The reason I left China was to go to the United States to get married.

他俩 一直 不要 孩子 是 为了 多 点 时间 享受 二人世界 。 Tā liǎ (zhīsuǒyǐ) yīzhí bùyào háizi shì wèile duō diǎn shíjiān xiǎngshòu èrrénshìjiè.
The reason they don't want to have kids is so they can spend more time with each other.

See Also

"For" with "wei"

Sources and further reading

Podcasts

Chinesepod Qingwen 为 and 为了

Books

Home With Kids1 (家有儿女1) (p.32)

New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) (p. 40)

卓越汉语－公司实战篇 (p. 12)

Websites

Yale Chinese Usage Dictionary: Uses of 为 and 为了

When using 对 (duì) as a preposition, it is used to indicate "to" or "towards" an object or target. As with all prepositions, some care should be taken when using this particle, as usage of 对 doesn't always totally "make sense" or correspond to English at all.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Basic Usage

Structure

对 + Obj. + Verb

Note that you shouldn't be plugging in just any old verb here. Certain verbs are often used with 对, and some even need 对 if you want to add an Obj. (like 感兴趣, explained below).

Examples

宝宝 对 我 笑 了。 Bǎobao duì wǒ xiào le.
The baby smiled at me.

小狗 在 对 你 叫。 Xiǎo gǒu zài duì nǐ jiào.
The dog is barking at you.

你 不 应该 这样 对 我们 说话。 Nǐ bù yīnggāi zhèyang duì wǒmen shuōhuà.
You shouldn't talk to us this way.

你 怎么 能 对 你 妈妈 大 喊 大 叫？ Nǐ zěnme néng duì nǐ māma dà hǎn dà jiào?
How could you shout at your mother?

不要 对 孩子 发脾气！ Bù yào duì háizi fā píqi!
Don't lose your temper at the child!

对 is also used in such structures as: 对...来说, 对...感兴趣 ("to be interested in...") as well as 对···负责（”be responsible for things / person“）

Using 对 with 来说

Structure

In English we say "To someone or for someone." In Chinese, the pattern is:

对 + Person + 来说

Examples

对 我 来说，中文 最 难 的 语法 是 把字句。 Duì wǒ lái shuō, Zhōngwén zuì nán de yǔfǎ shì bǎ zì jù.
To me, the most difficult Chinese grammar is Ba sentence.

对 他 来说，家人 比 工作 更 重要。 Duì tā lái shuō, jiārén bǐ gōngzuò gèng zhòngyào.
To him, family is more important than work.

对 老板 来说，赚钱 是 第一。 Duì lǎobǎn lái shuō, zhuànqián shì dìyī.
To the boss, making money comes first.

穿 这 种 衣服 对我们 来说 太 奢侈 了。 Chuān zhè zhǒng yīfu duì wǒmen lái shuō tài shēchǐ le.
To us, it's too luxurious to wear this kind of clothes.

这 个 问题 对 一 个 五 岁 的 孩子 来说 太 复杂 了。Zhè gè wèntí duì yī gè wǔ suì de háizi lái shuō tài fùzá le.
For a five-year-old kid, this question is too complicated.

Other Usage of 对

"对"加宾语放在某些动词或者形容词前，相当于英文的"in, to, for, with "等。常见的这类动词如下：

对⋯⋯感兴趣 (gǎn xìngqù) to be interested in

对⋯⋯负责 (fùzé) to be responsible for

对⋯⋯满意 (mǎnyì) to be satisfied with

对⋯⋯热情 (rèqíng) to be friendly to; to be enthusiastic about

对⋯⋯有帮助 (yǒu bāngzhù) to be helpful to

对⋯⋯的影响 (yǐngxiǎng) to have influence on

Examples

我 对 学 外语 很 感 兴趣。 Wǒ duì xué wàiyǔ hěn gǎn xìngqù.
I am very interested in learning foreign language.

你 要 对 自己 的 工作 负责。 Nǐ yào duì zìjǐ de gōngzuò fùzé.
You need to be responsible for your job.

老板 好像 对 你 不 太 满意。 Lǎobǎn hǎoxiàng duì nǐ bù tài mǎnyì.
The boss seems not very satisfied with you.

这里 的 服务员 都 对 顾客 很 热情。 Zhèlǐ de fúwùyuán dōu duì gùkè hěn rèqíng.
The waiters here are all very friendly to the customers.

这个 App 对 我 的 英语 学习 很 有帮助。 Zhège App duì wǒ de Yīngyǔ xuéxí hěn yǒu bāngzhù.
This method helps a lot with my English learning.

这 件 事 对 他 的 影响 很 大。 Zhè jiàn shì duì tā de yǐngxiǎng hěn dà.
This piece of matter has a big influence on him.

See also

Using "xiang"

Using "gen"

"For…" with "eryan"

Comparing "gen" and "dui"

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (p. 153)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (p. 151)

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 84, 88)

Boya Chinese Elementary Starter 1 (博雅汉语初经起步篇) (pp. 198)

Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) (pp. 313)

卓越汉语－公司实战篇 (pp. 11-2, 134)

向 (xiàng) is a preposition that means "towards," and is used often when expressing or referring to a certain point.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Used as "Towards"

Structure

When used as a preposition, "向" indicates an action that is performed towards a reference point, but doesn't have any actual motion towards that point.

向 + [Direction Word] + Verb

向 + Person + Verb

Examples

向 东 走 。 Xiàng dōng zǒu.
Walk towards east.

向 前 看 。 Xiàng qián kàn.
Look forward.

向 左 转 。 Xiàng zuǒ zhuǎn.
Turn left.

老师 正 向 我们 走 来 。 Lǎoshī zhèng xiàng wǒmen zǒu lái.
The teacher is walking up towards us.

不要 向 我 开枪 ！ Bùyào xiàng wǒ kāiqiāng!
Don't shoot at me .

你 需要 向 他 道歉 。 Nǐ xūyào xiàng tā dàoqiàn.

这 件 事 你 必须 向 老板 汇报 一下 ！ Zhè jiàn shì nǐ bìxū xiàng lǎobǎn huìbào yīxià!
You must report this to the boss!

火车 已经 开 了 ，她 还在 向 我 招手 。 Huǒchē yǐjīng kāi le, tā hái zài xiàng wǒ zhāoshǒu.
The train already took off. She kept waving towards me.

他 还没 向 我 表白 。 Tā hiáméi xiàng wǒ biǎobái.
He hasn't confessed to me yet.

Used as "From"

Whereas in English we would say "learn from someone," in Chinese this would be expressed as "learn toward someone," as in the following example (and famous propaganda slogan):

向 雷锋 同志 学习 ！ Xiàng Léi Fēng tóngzhì xuéxí!
Learn from Comrade Lei Feng!

Examples

你 要 向 好 学生 学习 。 Nǐ yào xiàng hǎo xuéshēng xuéxí.
You should learn from good students.

警察 正在 向 他 的 邻居 了解 情况 。 Jǐngchá zhèngzài xiàng tā de línjū liǎojiě qíngkuàng.
The policemen are asking his neighbors for more information.

我们 都 没 经验 ，是 来 向 你 取经 的 。 Wǒmen dōu méi jīngyàn, lái xiàng nǐ qǔjīng de.
None of us have experience. We're here to get some experience from you.

我 不 喜欢 向 同事 借钱 ! Wǒ bù xǐhuan xiàng tóngshì jiè qián.
I don't like to borrow money to my colleagues.

你 会 向 陌生人 求助 吗 ？ Nǐ huì xiàng mòshēngrén qiúzhù ma?
Would you ask strangers for help?

See also

Using "dui"

Expressing "with" with "gen"

Sources and further reading

Books

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 84)

Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) (pp. 214)

Practicing HSK Grammar (语法精讲精炼) (pp. 77)

The word 给 (gěi) literally means "to give," but is frequently used in Chinese to indicate the target of a verb. The target is who or what the verb is aimed or directed at.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

Subj. + 给 + Target + Verb + Obj.

Examples

我 给 他 打 电话 了。 Literally, "I give him hit phone." Wǒ gěi tā dǎ diànhuà le.
I gave him a phone call.

请 给 我 回 电话。 Qǐng gěi wǒ huí diànhuà.
Please return my phone call.

我 给 你 发 了 一 封 邮件。 Wǒ gěi nǐ fā le yī fēng yóujiàn.
I sent you a letter.

我 要 给 你 看 我们 的 新 产品。 Wǒ yào gěi nǐ kàn wǒmen de xīn chǎnpǐn.
I want you to take a look at our new product.

给 女朋友 买 什么 礼物 呢？ Gěi nǚpéngyou mǎi shénme lǐwù ne?
What gift should I buy for my girlfriend?

给 我 说 说 这 件 事情。 Gěi wǒ shuō shuō zhè jiàn shìqing.
Talk about this matter with me.

小 时候，妈妈 每天 都 给 我 讲 故事。 Xiǎo shíhou, māma měitiān dōu gěi wǒ jiǎng gùshi.
When I was young, every day my mother would tell me stories.

你 应该 给 他 道歉。Nǐ yīnggāi gěi tā dàoqiàn.
You should apologize to him.

Chinese speakers use 给 (gěi) in some interesting ways, similar to how English speakers use "to give," as in "to give someone a phone call" or "to give someone a reply."

Alternative Structure

Although the structure above is the best one to learn first, some verbs frequently use 给, but have the 给 coming after the verb, rather than before. It's best to think of these as exceptions to the rule above, and you can learn more about these exceptions by reading about "gei" following verbs.

See also

"Gei" following verbs

Expressing "with" with "gen"

Using "dui"

Complements with "dao," "gei" and "zai"

Sources and Further Reading

Books

Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 170)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 154)

New Practical Chinese Reader 1 (新实用汉语课本1) (pp. 143)

New Practical Chinese Reader 1 (新实用汉语课本1)(2nd ed) (pp. 165)

Websites

Chinesegrammar.info: When 给 (gěi) comes directly after verbs in Mandarin Chinese (verb-给 compounds)

主要分两种，简单的是对能愿动词和谓语动词进行双重否定，较复杂的是对主语和谓语分别进行否定。

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Basic Usage

Structure

Subj. + 不 + 是 / 会 / 能 + 不 + [Verb Phrase]

Subj. + 不 + 是 / 会 / 能 + 没 + [Verb Phrase]

Examples

他 不 是 不 知道 怎么 做 ，只是 不 想 做 。 Tā bù shì bù zhīdào zěnme zuò, zhǐshì bù xiǎng zuò.
It's not that he doesn't know how to do it, he just doesn't want to do it.

我 不 是 没有 想法 ，只是 不 想 现在 就 说 。 Wǒ bù shì méiyǒu xiǎngfǎ, zhǐshì bù xiǎng xiànzài jiù shuō.
It's not that I don't have an opinion, I just don't want to say it right now.

他 是 好 学生 ，不 会 没 做 作业 的 。 Tā shì hǎo xuéshēng, bù huì méi zuò zuòyè de.
He is a good student; he can't not do his homework.

老板 不 会 不 同意 的 。 Lǎobǎn bù huì bù tóngyì de.
The boss can't disagree.

买 票 不 能 不 排队 。 Mǎi piào bù néng bù páiduì.
Buying a ticket doesn't mean you don't have to wait in line.

他 是 你 最好 的 朋友 ，不 会 不 来 参加 你 的 婚礼 。 Tā shì nǐ zuìhǎo de péngyou, bù huì bù lái cānjiā nǐ de hūnlǐ.
He is your best friend. There is no possibility he won't come take part in your wedding.

我 知道 你 想 减肥 ，但是 不 能 不 吃 早饭 。 Wǒ zhīdào nǐ xiǎng jiǎnféi, dànshì bù néng bù chī zǎofàn.
I know you want to lose weight, but you can't not eat breakfast.

这 是 团队 活动 ，不 能 不 参加 。 Zhè shì tuánduì huódòng, bù néng bù cānjiā.
This is a team activity. You can't not participate.

Advanced Pattern

这个结构用于遍指，常常用topic comment。"没有一个人"相当于"没有哪个人"或者"没有谁"。

Structure

没有 + Single Noun + 不 / 没 + Adj. / [Verb Phrase]

Examples

没有 一 个 人 不 讨厌 他 。 Méiyǒu yī gè rén bù tǎoyàn tā.
There is not one person who doesn't dislike him.

我们 公司 没有 一 个 员工 不 会 说 英语 。 Wǒmen gōngsī méiyǒu yī gè yuángōng bù huì shuō Yīngyǔ.
Our company doesn't have a single employee who can't speak English.

他 的 女朋友 没有 一 个 不 漂亮 的 。 Tā de nǚpéngyou méiyǒu yī gè bù piàoliang de.
None of his girlfriends were not beautiful.

她 的 裙子 没有 一 件 不 是 白色 的 。 Tā de qúnzi méiyǒu yī jiàn bù shì báisè de.
She doesn't have a single dress that is not white.

我们 家 没有 一 个 没 上 过 大学 的 。 Wǒmen jiā méiyǒu yī gè méi shàng guo dàxué de.
Our family doesn't have a single person who didn't go to college.

See also

One of the most common ways to express "it looks like" is to use 看起来 (kànqǐlái). This is what we would use if we wanted to express something like, "she looks tired."

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Basic Pattern

Structure

Subj. + 看起来 + Predicate

Examples

蛋糕 看起来 很 好吃 。 Dàngāo kànqǐlái hěn hǎochī.
This cake looks really tasty.

这 家 餐厅 看起来 不错。 Zhè jiā cāntīng kànqǐlái bùcuò.
his restaurant looks good.

你 男朋友 看起来 很 成熟 。 Nǐ nánpéngyou kànqǐlái hěn chéngshú.
Your boyfriend seems very mature.

老板 看起来 有点 不 高兴 。 Lǎobǎn kàn qǐlái yǒudiǎn bù gāoxìng.
The boss seems a little unhappy.

你 的 新 发型 和 原来 的 发型 看起来 差不多 。 Nǐ de xīn fàxíng hé yuánlái de fàxíng kànqǐlái chàbuduō.
Your new haircut looks pretty much the same with the old one.

Used with 像

Structure

Subj. + 看起来 + 像 + Predicate

Examples

你 妈妈 看起来 像 你 姐姐 。 Nǐ māma kànqǐlái xiàng nǐ jiějie.
Your mother looks like your elder sister.

他 哥哥 看起来 像 电影 明星 。 Tā gēge kànqǐlái xiàng diànyǐng míngxīng.
His elder brother looks like a movie star.

你们 俩 看起来 像 情侣 。 Nǐmen liǎ kànqǐlái xiàng qínglǚ.
You two look like a couple.

他们 看起来 一点也 不 像 有钱 人 。 Tāmen kànqǐlái yīdiǎn yě bù xiàng yǒuqián rén.
They don't seem like rich people.

那 个 喝醉 的 男人 看起来 像 你 老公 。 Nà gè hēzuì de nánrén kànqǐlái xiàng nǐ lǎogōng.
That drunk guy seems like your husband.

See also

Result complement "-qilai"

"It seems" with "haoxiang"

Further uses of resultative complement "qilai"

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 241-2)

Websites

Using 看 (kàn) and 看起来 (kàn qilai)

Videos

Yoyo Chinese: "You look Pretty"

Causative verbs are verbs that cause people to do things. In English, these are verbs like "make," "have" and "get," as in "get Billy to eat dinner." The "get" is the causative verb.

The most common causative verbs in Chinese are:

让 (ràng)

叫 (jiào)

使 (shǐ)

请 (qǐng)

Make sure to take note of the different meanings and levels of formality. For example, 使 (shǐ) and 让 (ràng) when used as causative verbs basically mean the same thing (to make) but 使 (shǐ) is used in more formal or written Chinese while 让 (ràng) is used more in spoken Chinese.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

Subj. + Causative Verb + Noun / Pronoun + Verb-Obj.

Examples

老师让 我们 去图书馆 借书。 Lǎoshī ràng wǒmen qù túshū guǎn jiè shū.
The teacher let us to go to the library and borrow books.

这 部 电影 很 让 人 很 感动。 Zhè bù diànyǐng hěn ràng rén hěn gǎndòng.
This movie really moves people.

她 退学 的 事情 使 她 父母 非常 失望。 Tā tuìxué de shìqing shǐ tā fùmǔ fēicháng shīwàng.
Dropping out of school really disappointed her parents.

这件事情的 解决 使他 最近 轻松了 很多。 Zhè jiàn shìqing de jiějué shǐ tā zuìjìn qīngsōng le hěn duō.
The solution to this problem has made him feel more relaxed these days.

就 这么 点儿 工资！ 你 叫 我 怎么 活？ Jiù zhème diǎn er gōngzī! Nǐ jiào wǒ zěnme huó?
Only this little salary! How do you expect me to live?

你 叫 我到哪儿去给你弄这么多钱？ Nǐ jiào wǒ dào nǎr qù gěi nǐ nòng zhème duō qián?
Where do you expect me to go get you such a large sum of money?

我 请 他 过来 帮 我 修 电脑。 Wǒ qǐng tā guòlái bāng wǒ xiū diànnǎo.
I asked him to come and help me fix the computer.

为 了 去 舞会，她 请 了 一位 化妆师 来 帮 她 化妆。 Wèi le qù wǔhuì, tā qǐng le yī wèi huàzhuāng shī lái bāng tā huàzhuāng. In preparation for the ball, she invited a makeup artist to help her put on makeup.

See also

Passive voice

Sources and further reading

Videos

Yoyo Chinese: The word "rang"

Books

Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 170-2)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 120-1)

卓越汉语－公司实战篇 (p. 19)

Using 经过 as Verb

The first way that 经过 is used as a verb is that it means "to pass by" or "to pass through." It is like saying "I went through downtown" or "I passed by the shop."

Examples

我 每天 上班 都 会 经过 人民 广场 。 Wǒ měi tiān shàngbān dōu huì jīngguò Rénmín Guǎngchǎng.
I pass the People's Square every day on my way to work.

你 经过 我 家 门口 的 时候 叫 我 一下。 Nǐ jīngguò wǒ jiā ménkǒu de shíhou jiào wǒ yīxià.
Call me when you pass by my door.

她 经过 这个 咖啡店 的时候 会 想到 他 。 Tā jīngguò zhège kāfēidiàn de de shíhou huì xiǎngdào tā.
She thinks about him when she walks past this cafe.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Using 经过 as Preposition

Structure

As a preposition, 经过 means "to experience something" or "going through a time." It emphasizes the process of that experience. If it is talking about "going through a time," it is usually talking about the past.

经过 + Event / Time，Subj. + Predicate

Examples

经过 自己 的 努力 ， 她 考上 了 北京 大学 。 Jīngguò zìjǐ de nǔlì, tā kǎoshàng le Běijīng dàxué.
After all of her hard work, she was admitted into Peking University.

经过 两 个 月 的 准备 ，他 顺利 地 通过 了 这 次 面试 。 Jīngguò liǎng gè yuè de zhǔnbèi, tā shùnlì de tōngguò le zhè cì miànshì.
After two months of preparation, he successfully passed the job interview.

经过 调查 ，我们 发现 他 跟 这件事 真的 没有 关系 。 Jīngguò diàochá, wǒmen fāxiàn tā gēn zhè jiàn shì zhēnde méiyǒu guānxi.
After investigating, we found out that he had nothing to do with this.

经过 这 几 年 的 发展 ， 我 老家 发生 了 很 大 变化 。 jīngguò zhè jǐ nián de fāzhǎn, wǒ lǎojiā fāshēng le hěn dà biànhuà.
After the last few years of development, my hometown has changed a lot.

经过 一 个 月 的 培训 ，他 对 公司 的 业务 已经 比较 熟悉 了。 Jīngguò yī gè yuè de péixùn, wǒmen de xīn yuángōng yǐjīng zhǔnbèi hǎo le.
After going through a month of training, our staff is well prepared.

Using 经过 as Noun

As a noun, 经过 refers to the process of something.

Examples

请 你 跟 我们 说 一下 当时 的 经过 。 Qǐng nǐ gēn wǒmen shuō yīxià dāngshí de jīngguò.
Please tell us a little about that process.

事情 的 真实 经过 谁 都 不 知道 。 Shìqing de zhēnshí jīngguò shéi dōu bù zhīdào.
No one knows the actual course of events.

See also

>

这个句型可以用于比较不同事物的同一个方面，也可以用于比较同一个事物在不同时期的差异。

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Comparison with Two Different Subjects

Structure

跟 + A + 比 ， B ~

B也可以放在句首，"跟"的前面：

B + 跟 + A + 比 ， ~

Examples

跟 姐姐 比 ，妹妹 有点 害羞 。 Gēn jiějie bǐ, mèimei yǒudiǎn hàixiū.
Compared to the older sister, the younger sister is a bit shy.

跟 上海 比 ，我 老家 的 物价 便宜 多了 。 Gēn Shànghǎi bǐ, wǒ lǎojiā de wùjià piányi duō le.
Compared to Shanghai, prices in my hometown are a lot cheaper.

跟 纽约 比 ，北京 的 冬天 比较 干 。 Gēn Niǔyuē bǐ, Běijīng de dōngtiān bǐjiào gàn.
Compared to New York, Beijing's winters are more dry.

那个 老外 的 中文 跟 John 比 ，马马虎虎 。 Nàge lǎowài de Zhōngwén gēn John bǐ, mǎmahūhū.
Compared to John, that foreigner's Chinese is so-so.

WhatsApp 跟 微信 比 ，功能 没 那么 多 。 WhatsApp gēn Wēixìn bǐ, gōngnéng méi nàme duō.
Compared to WeChat, WhatsApp is not as functional.

Comparison with the Same Subject

Structure

跟 + Time 1 + 比 ， Subj. + Time 2 + ~

Examples

跟 去年 比 ，你 的 中文 进步 了 很多 。 Gēn qùnián bǐ, nǐ de Zhōngwén jìnbù le hěn duō.
Compared to last year, your Chinese has improved a lot.

跟 几十 年 前 比 ，农村 人 的 生活 好 多了 。 Gēn jǐshí nián qián bǐ, nóngcūn rén de shēnghuó hǎo duō le.
Compared to about 10 years ago, the lives of rural people are much better.

跟 上 半 年 比 ，公司 下 半 年 的 利润 下降 了 。 Gēn shàng bàn nián bǐ, gōngsī xià bàn nián de lìrùn xiàjiàng le.
Compared to the first half of the year, the company's profits have declined.

跟 前 几 周 比 ，这 周 的 天气 舒服 多了 。 Gēn qián jǐ zhōu bǐ, zhè zhōu de tiānqì shūfu duō le.
Compared to past weeks, this week's weather has been much more comfortable.

跟 年轻 的 时候 比 ，爸爸 的 身体 没 那么 好 了 。 Gēn niánqīng de shíhou bǐ, bàba de shēntǐ méi nàme hǎo le.
Compared to when he was younger, my Dad's health is not that good.

See also

Comparing

Sources and further reading

Books

汉语常用格式330例，pg. 16

In Chinese, 要 has many meanings, one of which is "need to." However, when you want to express "don't need to", you actually use 不用, not 不要.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

Subj. + 不用 + [Verb Phrase]

Examples

不用 担心 。 Bùyòng dānxīn.
You don't need to worry.

不用 你 帮忙 。 Bùyòng nǐ bāngmáng.
You don't need to help.

今天 不用 加班 。 Jīntiān bùyòng jiābān.
We don't need to work overtime today.

这 件 事不用 跟 他 说 。 Zhè jiàn shì bùyòng gēn tā shuō.
You don't need to tell him about this.

告诉 他 明天 不用 来 了 。 Gàosu tā míngtiān bùyòng lái le.
Tell him that he doesn't need to come tomorrow.

大家 不用 给 我 买 礼物 。 Dàjiā bùyòng gěi wǒ mǎi lǐwù.
Guys, you don't need to buy me presents.

今天 人 少，不用 排队 。 Jīntiān rén shǎo, bùyòng páiduì.
There aren't many people today. We don't need to wait in line.

五岁 的 孩子 不用 买 票 。 Wǔ suì de háizi bùyòng mǎi piào.
Five-year-olds don't need to buy tickets.

新 员工 不用 参加 这个 会议 。 Xīn yuángōng bùyòng cānjiā zhège huìyì.
New employees don't need to attend this meeting.

我们 只 去 两 天， 你 不用 带 这么 多 衣服 。 Wǒmen zhǐ qù liǎng tiān, nǐ bùyòng dài zhème duō yīfu.
We are only going for two days. You don't need to take this much clothing.

Colloquial Saying with 这还用说

In spoken Chinese, the rhetorical question, "这还用说(吗)?", indicates the speaker believes that the statement is obvious. It is equivalent to the speaker saying, "is that seriously a question?" or "do you really need to ask?" Often "这还用说(吗)?" is said in an impatient tone of voice.

See Also

Negative commands with "bie"

Auxiliary verb "yao" and its multiple meanings

Negative commands with "bu yao"

"包括"本身可以做动词，宾语可以是一个，也可以列举多个。此外，"包括"也可以放在句首作状语，相当于英文的"including"。

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Basic Usage

Structure

Subj. + 包括 + Obj.1 ( , + Obj.2, Obj.3 ... )

Examples

他 说 “咱们”，当然 包括 你 。 Tā shuō"zánmen", dāngrán bāokuò nǐ.
He said "us". That certainly includes you.

我 每 个 月 的 房租 不 包括 水 电 费 。 Wǒ měi gè yuè de fángzū bù bāokuò shuǐ diàn fèi.
My monthly rent does not include my water and electric bill.

公司 的 福利 包括 很 多 方面。 Gōngsī de fúlì bāokuò hěn duō fāngmiàn.
The company's welfare benefits includes many aspects.

他 对 很 多 话题 都 很 感兴趣，包括 政治。 Tā duì hěn duō huàtí dōu hěn gǎn xìngqù, bāokuò zhèngzhì.
He finds many topics of conversation interesting, including politics.

简历 一般 包括 个人 信息，教育 背景，工作 经历 等。 Jiǎnlì yībān bāokuò gèrén xìnxī, jiàoyù bèijǐng, gōngzuò jīnglì děng.
A résumé generally includes a person's information, education background, work experience, etcetera.

Using 包括 with 在内

在英文里，状语的位置通常比较灵活，如"包括"就常常放在句尾，表示补充。但在汉语里，"包括"只能在放在句首，一般会跟"在内"和"一共"连用，口语中"在内"、"一共"是可以省略的。

Structure

包括 + Obj. (+ 在内)，一共 ⋯⋯

Examples

包括 税，两 张 机票 一共 是 五千 。 Bāokuò shuì, liǎng zhāng jīpiào yīgòng shì wǔ qiān. Including taxes, two airplane tickets all together are $5,000.

包括 我 在内，一共 有 十五 个 人 参加 这个 会议 。 Bāokuò wǒ zàinèi, yīgòng yǒu shíwǔ gè rén cānjiā zhège huìyì.
Including myself, 15 people total participated in this meeting.

包括 奖金 在内，这个 月 我 拿 了 一万 块 钱 工资。 Bāokuò jiǎngjīn zàinèi, zhège yuè wǒ ná le yī wàn kuài qián gōngzī.
Including bonuses, this month I received a salary of 1,000 RMB.

包括 母语 在内，他 一共 会 说 四 种 语言。 Bāokuò mǔyǔ zàinèi, tā yīgòng huì shuō sì zhǒng yǔyán.
Including my native language, I can speak a total of 4 languages.

包括 每 个 月 的 物业 费，我们 办公室 的 租金 是 两 万 。 Bāokuò měi gè yuè de wùyè fèi, wǒmen bàngōngshì de zūjīn shì liǎng wàn.
Including monthly property fees, our office's rent is $20,000.

See also

To express "seems," the word 好像 (hǎoxiàng) can be used.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

The structure for this is:

Subj. + 好像 + [Observation]

Note that if this structure is used without a subject, it has the meaning of "it seems that..." in English. This could then be followed by an entire statement.

Examples

他 好像 是 英国 人 。 Tā hǎoxiàng shì Yīngguó rén.
He seems to be British.

你 好像 不 是 本地 人 。 Nǐ hǎoxiàng bù shì běndì rén.
You don't seem to be local.

她 好像 有点 喜欢 你 。 Tā hǎoxiàng yǒudiǎn xǐhuan nǐ.
It seems that she has a crush on you.

他们 好像 分手 了 。 Tāmen hǎoxiàng fēnshǒu le.
They seem to have broken up.

你 好像 生病 了 。 Nǐ hǎoxiàng shēngbìng le.
It seems like you're sick.

好像 要 下雨 了 。 Hǎoxiàng yào xiàyǔ le.
It seems like it's going to rain.

我们 好像 见 过 。 Wǒmen hǎoxiàng jiàn guo.
It seems that we've met.

好像 没有 人 能 帮 他 。 Hǎoxiàng méiyǒu rén néng bāng tā.
It seems that nobody can help him.

牛奶 好像 过期 了 ，别 喝 了 。 Niúnǎi hǎoxiàng guòqī le, bié hē le.
The milk might have expired. Stop drinking it.

你 好像 很怕 你 老婆 。 Nǐ hǎoxiàng hěn pà nǐ lǎopo.
You seem to fear your wife.

See also

Appearance with "kanqilai"

Sources and further reading

Books

Practicing HSK Grammar (语法精讲精炼) (pp. 41)

Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 101)

Boya Chinese Elementary Starter 1 (博雅汉语初经起步篇) (pp. 157)

We often have mistaken beliefs about various topics. With this article, we learn how to express them in Chinese!

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

In English, the verb "to think" can imply that the belief is incorrect, e.g. in "I thought it was legal here." Chinese has a specific verb for this kind of mistaken belief: 以为 (yǐwéi). Literally these two characters mean "take to be," i.e. someone takes one thing to be something else.

Subj. + 以为 ⋯⋯

The phrase will be a whole new statement that is actually incorrect.

Examples

我 以为 他 是 英国 人 。 Wǒ yǐwéi tā shì Yīngguó rén.
I thought he is British.

我们 以为 只 有 家人 知道 。 Wǒmen yǐwéi zhǐ yǒu jiārén zhīdào.
We thought only family members know.

很多 人 以为 大 城市 什么 都 贵。 Wǒ yǐwéi tǔdòu jiùshì hóngshǔ.
I thought potato is sweet potato.

所有 人 都 以为 你 才 二十 岁 ！ Suǒyǒu rén dōu yǐwéi nǐ cái èrshí suì.
Everybody thought you're only twenty.

我 以为 你们 分手 了 。 Wǒ yǐwéi nǐmen fēnshǒu le.
I thought you guys broke up.

我们 都 以为 你 生气 了 。 Wǒmen dōu yǐwéi nǐ shēngqì le.
We all thought you were angry.

老师 以为 学生 都 听懂 了 。 Lǎoshī yǐwéi xuéshēng dōu tīngdǒng le.
The teacher thought students all understood.

大家 都 以为 他 是 大 老板 。 Dàjiā dōu yǐwéi tā shì dà lǎobǎn.
Everybody thought he's the big boss.

她 是 你 外婆 ？我 以为 是 你 妈妈 。 Tā shì nǐ wàipó? Wǒ yǐwéi shì nǐ māma.
She's your grandma? I thought she's your mother.

你 怎么 会 去 吃 四川 火锅 ？我 以为 你 不 爱 吃辣 。 Nǐ zěnme huì qù chī Sìchuān huǒguō? Wǒ yǐwéi nǐ bù ài chī là.
Why would you go to Sichuan hotpot? I thought you don't like eating spicy food.

See also

Result complement "-cuo"

Sources and further reading

Books

Short-term Spoken Chinese: Elementary (汉语口语速成基础篇) (pp. 106)

Contemporary Chinese 4 (当代中文4) (pp. 31)

Sometimes we may want to say something is "not even the least bit [adjective]." For example, we might say in English: "I am not at all hungry." In Chinese, we can use 一点也不 (yīdiǎnr yě bù) or 一点都不 (yīdiǎnr dōu bù) to express "not at all [adjective]."

Used with Adjectives

The phrases "一点也不" (or 一点儿也不) and "一点都不" (or 一点儿都不) can both be used to express "not at all."

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

Subj. + 一点 + 也 / 都 + 不 + Adj.

Examples

那个 问题 一点 也 不 难 。 Nàge wèntí yīdiǎn yě bù nán.
That question isn't difficult at all.

你 一点 也 不 胖 。 Nǐ yīdiǎn yě bù pàng.
You're not even a little bit fat.

这个 菜 一点 都 不 好吃 。 Zhège cài yīdiǎn dōu bù hǎochī.
This dish isn't tasty at all.

我 同事 一点 都 不 幽默 。 Wǒ tóngshì yīdiǎn dōu bù yōumò.
My colleague is not humorous at all.

这个 笑话 一点 也 不 好笑 。 Zhège xiàohuà yīdiǎn yě bù hǎoxiào.
This joke isn't funny at all.

Used with Verbs

This describes the Subj. as being "not at all adjective" or "not even slightly adjective." Psychological verbs can also appear in place of the adjective in this structure.

Structure

Subj. + 一点 + 也 / 都 + 不 + Verb

Examples

我 一点 也 不 喜欢 奶酪 。 Wǒ yīdiǎn yě bù xǐhuan nǎilào.
I don't like cheese even a little bit.

你 一点 也 不 会 说 吗 ？ Nǐ yīdiǎn yě bù huì shuō ma?
You can't even speak a little?

她 一点 都 不 知道 这 件 事 。 Tā yīdiǎn dōu bù zhīdào zhè jiàn shì.
She doesn't know even a little about this.

我 男朋友 一点 都 不 懂 我 。 Wǒ nánpéngyou yīdiǎn dōu bù dǒng wǒ.
My boyfriend doesn't understand me at all.

她 出国 以后 一点 也 不 想 家 。 Tā chūguó yǐhòu yīdiǎn yě bù xiǎngjiā.
She hasn't missed home at all since she wen abroad.

The phrases "一点也没 " and "一点都没 " can also be used to express "not at all ." This is used when the statement uses or implies the verb negative form of 有 in the past.

我 一点 也 没 生气 。 Wǒ yīdiǎn yě méi shēngqì.
I didn't get even a little bit angry.

今天 的 考试 她 一点 都 没 准备 。 Jīntiān de kǎoshì tā yīdiǎn dōu méi zhǔnbèi.
She didn't even prepare a little for the exam today.

这个 菜 你们 怎么 一点 也 没 吃 ？ Zhège cài nǐmen zěnme yīdiǎn yě méi chī?
Why didn't you eat this dish at all?

你妈 给 你 的 钱 你 一点 都 没 花 ？ Nǐ mā gěi nǐ de qián nǐ yīdiǎn dōu méi huā?
You didn't even spend a bit of the money you mother gave you?

邻居 昨晚 吵 死了 ，我 一点 都 没 睡 。 Línjū zuówǎn chǎo sǐ le, wǒ yīdiǎn dōu méi shuì.
My neighbor was too loud last night. I didn't even sleep a bit.

See also

Expressing "not even one"

Sources and further reading

Books

Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 36-7)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (pp. 37- 9)

多亏(duōkuī) can be translated as "thanks to" and is used to express that, due to somebody's help, a negative result has been averted. 了 is often placed after it as it's about something in the past. Note that 多亏(duōkuī) can be placed in the beginning or the middle.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Using 多亏了 alone

Structure

多亏（了）……

Good Outcome, 多亏（了）……

Examples

多亏了 大家 的 帮助！ Duō kuī le dàjiā de bāngzhù!
Thanks to everyone's help!

我 的 问题 能 这么 快 解决，多亏了 他 的 人脉 关系。 Wǒ de wèntí néng zhème kuài jiějué, duō kuī le tā de rénmài guānxi.
Thanks to his connections, I can solve my problem so soon.

你 没 迟到，多亏了 她 的 车。 Nǐ méi chídào, duō kuī le tā de chē.
Thanks to her car, you were not late to get there.

Using 多亏 with 不然

And if you want to add in 不然 for an "otherwise... (this really bad thing would have happened)" explanation, use this structure:

Structure

多亏（了）……，不然 Subj. ……

Examples

这 件 事情 多亏了 你 的 提醒，不然 我 肯定 忘 了。 Zhè jiàn shìqing duō kuī le nǐ de tíxǐng, bùrán wǒ kěndìng wàng le.
Thank you for your reminding me about this matter! Otherwise I would definitely forget.

多亏 你 送 她 去 医院 了，不然 她 的 情况 会 很 严重。 Duō kuī nǐ sòng tā qù yīyuàn le, bùrán tā de qíngkuàng huì hěn yánzhòng.
Thanks to you taking her to the hospital, otherwise her condition can be really severe.

多亏了 你 的 建议，不然 我 还 不 知道 怎么 办。 Duō kuī le nǐ de jiànyì, bùrán wǒ hái bù zhīdào zěnme bàn.
Thanks to your advice, otherwise I still don't know what to do about it.

Using 多亏 with 才

When the good outcome comes before 多亏, there is no need to add in 才. But if the good outcome comes after 多亏, you need to add in 才 to indicate "as a result...(the good outcome happened)."

Structure

多亏（了）……，Subj. 才 ……

Examples

多亏了 你 的 车，我 才 没 迟到。 Duō kuī le nǐ de chē, cái wǒ méi chídào.
Thanks to your car, I'm not late to get here.

多亏了 你 的 介绍，我 才 有 机会 认识 他。 Duō kuī le nǐ de jièshào, wǒ cái yǒu jīhuì rènshi tā.
Thanks to your introduction, I get the chance to meet him.

多亏 你 帮 我，我 才 能 这么 快 做 完。 Duō kuī nǐ bāng wǒ, wǒ cái néng zhème kuài zuò wán.
Thanks for your help, I can finish doing it so soon.

Difference between 多亏 and 幸亏

多亏 is similar to 幸亏 in meaning, the major similarity is both can be used with "不然" or "才." But there are a few big difference between them:

语义： 多亏(duōkuī) emphasizes a feeling of gratitude towards a specific person for the outcome, rather than attributing it purely to fortune.

搭配： 多亏 ＋ noun phrase / sentence 幸亏 / 幸好 ＋sentence (不能加 noun phrase)

位置： 多亏 can be placed in the beginning or the middle while 幸亏 can be only placed in the beginning.

See also

Expressing good luck

Sources and further reading

Books

Dictionaries

现代汉语词典（第5版） (pp. 350)

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Using 通过 as a Verb

The first meaning of 通过 used as a verb is "to go through" a certain object, as in penetrating into and coming out of something. The second meaning is "to pass," which means someone goes through effort in order to reach acknowledgement or agreement.

Examples

从 我 家 走 到 这里 需要 通过 两 座 桥 。 Cóng wǒ jiā zǒu dào zhèlǐ xūyào tōngguò liǎng zuò qiáo.
To get here from my house, I have to cross two bridges.

你 往 前 走 ， 通过 一 个 红 色 的 大 门 ， 然后 左 拐 就 看到 了 。 Nǐ wǎng qián zǒu, tōngguò yī shān hóng sè de dà mén, ránhòu zuǒ guǎi jiù kàn dào le.
Go straight ahead, go through a red door, turn left, and you'll see it.

我 通过 了 这 次 考试 。 Wǒ tōngguò le zhè cì kǎoshì.
I passed this test.

纽约 大学 通过 了 我 的 申请 。 Niǔyuē dàxué tōngguò le wǒ de shēnqǐng.
New York University went through my application.

他 没 通过 那 家 公司 的 面试 。 Tā méi tōngguò nà jiā gōngsī de miànshì.
He didn't pass that company's interview.

Using 通过 as a Preposition

As a preposition, 通过 expresses using a certain method to achieve a desired outcome. It emphasizes the manner or method of doing something, and it can be placed before and after the subject.

Structure

通过 + Agent ，Subj. + ~

Or

通过 + [Verb Phrase] ，Subj. + ~

Examples

我们 是 通过 他 的 朋友 找到 他 的 。 Wǒmen shì tōngguò tā de péngyou zhǎodào tā de.
We found him via his friends.

通过 这 次 调查，我们 发现 很 多 员工 对 新 政策 都 不 满意 。 Tōngguò zhè cì diàochá, wǒmen fāxiàn hěn duō yuángōng duì xīn zhèngcè dōu bù mǎnyì.
Through this survey, we found many employees are not very satisfied with the new policy.

通过 参加 这个 活动 ，大家 互相 都 更 了解 了 。 Tōngguò cānjiā zhège huódòng, dàjiā hùxiāng dōu gèng liǎojiě le.
Through attending this activity, everyone knows more about each other.

See Also

有 (yǒu), besides just meaning "to have," can also be used in comparisons. It's what you use instead of 比 (bǐ) if something is "as [Adj.] as" something else.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Used for Comparison

The structure is very straightforward. It literally means "A has B's [Adj.]." The meaning is "A is as [Adj.] as B." This pattern is often used in questions.

Structure

A + 有 + B + Adj. + 吗 ？

This form is often used with 那么, which in this case means "as much." And it indicates that B is already very [Adj.]. When B is absent, 那么 mean "so" or "that".

A + 有 (+ B) + 那么 + Adj. + 吗 ？

Examples

他 有 我 帅 吗 ？ Tā yǒu wǒ shuài ma?
Is he as handsome as me?

泰国 有 日本 好玩 吗 ？ Tàiguó yǒu Rìběn hǎowán ma?
Is Thailand as fun as Japan?

你 去 过 的 地方 有 我 多 吗 ？ Nǐ qù guo de dìfang yǒu wǒ duō ma?
Have you been to as many places as I have?

你 的 工资 有 那么 高 吗 ？ Nǐ de gōngzī yǒu nàme gāo ma?
Is your salary that high?

他 有 那么 厉害 吗 ？ Tā yǒu nàme lìhai ma?
Is he that difficult to deal with?

Used for Description

Notice that all these example sentences are questions. This form can also be used in simple statements. Note that 描述人身高、体重或空间大小时，用数字加相应的计量单位，如"米、公斤、平方米"即可，不用加"高、重、大"。

Structure

Used in a question:

Subj. + 有 + 多 + 大 / 高 / 深 / 宽 / 长 / 重 ？

Used in a Statement:

Subj. + 有 + Number + Unit + 高 / 深 / 宽 / 长

如果不确定具体的 number，可以用参照物B来代替：

A + 有 + B + 这么 / 那么 + 高 / 深 / 宽 / 长

Examples

他 有 一 米 九 。 Tā yǒu yī mǐ jiǔ.
His height is 1.9 meter.

你 家 有 多 大 ？ Nǐ jiā yǒu duō dà ?
How big is your house?

我 家 有 一百 三十 平 。 Wǒ jiā yǒu yī bǎi sānshí píng.
My house is 130 square meters.

这 条 河 有 多 长 ？ Zhè tiáo hé yǒu duō cháng?
How long is this river?

这 条 河 有 五 百 多 公里（长）。 Zhè tiáo hé yǒu wǔ bǎi duō gōnglǐ (cháng).
This river is five hundred kilometers long.

他 有 多 高 ？ Tā yǒu duō gāo?
How tall is he?

他 有 他 那么 爸爸 高 。 Tā yǒu tā bàba nàme gāo.
He is already as tall as his father.

这 个 门 有 多 宽 ？ Zhège mén yǒu duō kuān?
How wide is the door?

这 个 门 只 有 我 的 肩膀 这么 宽 。 Zhè gè mén zhī yǒu wǒ de jiānbǎng zhème kuān.
This door is only my shoulder's wide.

他 有 多 重 ？ Tā yǒu duō zhòng?
How much does he weigh?

这个 孩子 才 十 岁，已经 有 一百 五十 斤 了 。 One "jin" = 500g Zhège háizi cái shí suì, yǐjīng yǒu yī bǎi wǔshí jīn le.
This kid is only ten, but he's already 150 jin.

See also

Basic comparisons with "meiyou"

Basic comparisons with "bi"

Basic comparisons with "bu bi"

Comparisons with "buru"

Basic comparisons with "yiyang"

Sources and further reading

Books

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 33-4)

现代汉语八百词(p.631)

The word 算 (suàn) has a number of uses which can be translated in a number of ways. None of these is particularly hard to understand, but for the sake of clarity, we've brought them all together in one place. The common theme is that 算 indicates some kind of judgment, and may be thought of as "counts as" or "is considered to be."

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Used with Adjectives

Affirmative Pattern

Besides these commonly used fixed expressions, the word 算 (suàn) or the phrase "还算" (hái suàn) can also be used together with an adjective. 说出来有比较意味。

Structure

Subj. + 算 + (是) + Adj. + 的

Examples

这 家 店 的 东西 算 便宜 的 。 Zhè jiā diàn de dōngxi suàn piányi de.
The things in this shop are fairly cheap.

我 算 是 幸运 的 。 Wǒ suàn shì xìngyùn de.
I'm lucky actually.

我 女儿 算 听话 的 。 Wǒ nǚér suàn tīnghuà de.
My daughter fairly does what it's told.

在 我们 公司 ，我 算 年轻 的 。 Zài wǒmen gōngsī, wǒ suàn niánqīng de.
I'm fairly young in our company.

你 老板 算 大方 的 ，我 老板 更 抠 。 Your boss is fairly

Negative Pattern

Structure

Subj. + 不 + 算 (+ Adv.) + Adj.

Examples

今天 不 算 太 热 。 Jīntiān bù suàn tài rè.
It can't be considered too hot today.

这 次 考试 不 算 难 。 Zhè cì kǎoshì bù suàn nán.
This examination can't considered difficult.

三十 岁 结婚 不 算 晚。 Sānshí suì jiéhūn bù suàn wǎn.
It can't be considered to be late to get married at 30.

他 才 一 米 七五，不 算 很 高 。 Tā cái yī mǐ qīwǔ, bù suàn hěn gāo.
He's only 1.75 meter. He can't be considered to be very tall.

剪 个 头发 五十 块 ，不 算 贵 。 Jiǎn gè tóufa wǔshí kuài, bù suàn guì.
Fifty kuai for a haircut. It can't be considered expensive.

Used with Noun

Structure

Subj. (+ 不) + 算 + Noun

Examples

你 家 谁 算 老大 ？ Nǐ jiā shéi suàn lǎodà?
Who can be considered as the boss in your family?

深圳 算 中国 最 重要 的 城市 之一 。 Shēnzhèn suàn Zhōngguó zuì zhòngyào de chéngshì zhīyī.
Shenzhen can be considered as one of the most important cities in China.

美国 的 中国 菜 算 真正 的 中国 菜 吗 ？ Měiguó de Zhōngguó cài suàn zhēnzhèng de Zhōngguó cài ma?
Can American Chinese food considered as real Chinese food?

这 已经 不 算 秘密 了 。 Zhè yǐjīng bù suàn mìmì le.
It's no longer a secret.

Colloquial Sayings with 算

Examples

算 你 狠！ Suàn nǐ hěn!
Well aren't you!

你 算 老几 ？ Nǐ suàn lǎojǐ?
Who do you think you are?

这 不 算 什么 。 Zhè bù suàn shénme.
It's no big deal.

Sources and further reading

Books

The verb 来 (lái) can be used as a "dummy verb," similar to the way "do" is used in English.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

The structure for using 来 as a dummy verb is very basic. Usually it is a very short phrase, kind of like "your turn!," "let me give it a shot!," or "you do it!" in English. Usually it is used with 你 or 我 as the subject, and it ends with the 来. Sometimes it can end with a 吧.

A scenario: Imagine you are with your some friends making dinner. There is a bottle of Chinese pickles that you want to open, but can't because the lid is so tight. You start passing it around to see who can open it, and no one is able to, until your body-builder friend comes in and says, "我来!" He is saying, "Let me do it!"

(让 +) Subj. + 来

(让 +) Subj. + 来 + Verb

Examples

你 来 ！ Nǐ lái ba.
You do it!

我 来 吧。 Wǒ lái ba.
Let me do it.

让 他 自己 来 。 Ràng tā zìjǐ lái.
Let him do it himself.

老师 ，我 来 读 。 Lāoshī, wǒ lái dú.
Teacher, let me read it.

我 来 看看 。 Wǒ lái kànkan.
Let me take a look.

我 来 想想 。 Wǒ lái xiǎngxiang.
Let me think about it.

你 来 说 。 Nǐ lái shuō.
You say it.

我 来 抱抱 。 Ràng wǒ lái bàobao.
Let me hold it.

你 写 得 好看 ，你 来 吧 。 Nǐ xiě de hǎokàn, nǐ lái ba.
You write well. You write it.

如果 你 觉得 我 做饭 不 好吃 ，你 来 做 ！ Rúguǒ nǐ juéde wǒ zuòfàn bù hǎochī, nǐ lái zuò!
If you don't think my food is tasty, then you cook!

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (p. 54)

Academic Articles

现代汉语形式动词研究 Research on Dummy Verb in Modern Chinese

現代漢語中的形式動詞 Dummy Verbs in Contemporary Chinese

Although it's standard practice to put a word or phrase that modifies a verb before the verb, there are, of course, exceptions. 给 (gěi) is one of those exceptions; it sometimes comes before the verb, and sometimes after. This article is about when it comes after.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Basic Pattern

Structure

Note that the verbs that fit into this pattern are normally single-syllable verbs.

Subj. + Verb + 给 + [Recipient] + Obj.

Examples

他 送给 了 我 一 束 花。 Tā sòng gěi le wǒ yī shù huā. He gave me a bouquet of flowers.

这 个 老板 卖给 了 我 一 条 死 鱼。 Zhège lǎobǎn mài gěi le wǒ yītiáo sǐ yú. This boss sold me a dead fish.

我 要 还给 你 三 十 块 钱。 Wǒ yào huán gěi nǐ sānshí kuài qián. I need to return 30rmb to you.

房东 租给 了 我 一 个 很 便宜 的 房子。 Fángdōng zū gěi le wǒ yīgè hěn piányi de fángzi.
The landlord rented a very cheap house to me.

我 借给 了 他 一 本 书。 Wǒ jiè gěi le tā yī běn shū. I lent him a book.

我 要 糖，他 递给 了 我 一 瓶 盐。 Wǒ yào táng, tā dì gěi le wǒ yī píng yán. I wanted sugar, he handed me a bottle of salt.

姐姐 分给 了 我 一块 蛋糕。 Jiějie fēn gěi le wǒ yīkuài dàngāo. Older sister gave me a piece of cake.

老师 传授给 了 学生 很多 经验。 Lǎoshī chuánshòu gěi le xuésheng hěn duō jīngyàn. The teacher passed on a lot of experience to us.

我们 献给 了 老师 一 首 歌。 Wǒmen xiàn gěi le lǎoshī yī shǒu gē. We dedicated a song to the teacher.

这些 校友 捐给 了 学校 二 十 万。 Zhèxiē xiàoyǒu juān gěi le xuéxiào èrshí wàn.
These alumni donated two hundred thousand to the school.

主人 赏给 了 小狗 一 块 肉。 Zhǔrén shǎng gěi le xiǎo gǒu yīkuài ròu. The owner rewarded his dog with a piece of meat.

一 个 孩子 交给 了 我 一 封 信。 Yīgè xiǎohái jiāo gěi le wǒ yī fēng xìn. A child gave me a letter.

Pattern Using 把

Structure

Additionally, you can add 把 into this structure. This does not change the meaning of the sentence and when used in context can even add emphasis to what's being done and given.

Subj. + 把 + Obj. + Verb + 给 + Somebody

Examples

他 把 一 束 花 送给 了 我。 Tā bǎ yī shù huā sòng gěi le wǒ.
He gave me a bouquet of flowers.

这 个 老板 把 一 条 死鱼 卖给 了 我。 Zhège lǎobǎn bǎ yītiáo sǐ yú mài gěi le wǒ.
This boss sold me a dead fish.

房东 把 一 个 很 便宜 的 房子 租给 了 我。 Fángdōng bǎ yī gè hěn piányi de fángzi zū gěi le wǒ.
The landlord rented a very cheap house to me.

我 把 书 借给 了 他。 Wǒ bǎ shū jiè gěi le tā.
I lent him a book.

我 要 糖，他 把 一 瓶 盐 递给 了 我。 Wǒ yào táng, tā bǎ yī píng yán dì gěi le wǒ.
I wanted sugar, he handed me a bottle of salt.

姐姐 把 一 块 蛋糕 分给 了 我。 Jiějie bǎ yīkuài dàngāo fēn gěi le wǒ.
Older sister gave me a piece of cake.

老师 把 很 多 经验 都 传授 给 了 学生。 Lǎoshī bǎ hěn duō jīngyàn dōu chuánshòu gěi le xuésheng.
The teacher passed on a lot of experience to us.

我们 把 一 首 歌 献给 了 老师。 Wǒmen bǎ yī shǒu gē xiàn gěi le lǎoshī. We dedicated a song to the teacher.

这些 校友 把 二 十 万 捐给 了 学校。 Zhèxiē xiàoyǒu bǎ èrshí wàn juān gěi le xuéxiào.
These alumnus donated two hundred thousand to the school.

主人 把 一 块 肉 赏给 了 小狗。 Zhǔrén bǎ yīkuài ròu shǎng gěi le xiǎo gǒu.
The owner rewarded his dog with a piece of meat.

一 个 孩子 把 一 封 信 交给 了 我。 Yī gè xiǎohái bǎ yī fēng xìn jiāo gěi le wǒ.
A child gave me a letter.

Exception to the 把 Pattern: 嫁

Note that the verb 嫁 (jià) cannot fit into the 把 pattern above; it's an exception.

她 嫁给 了 一 个 有 钱 的 老头。 Tā jià gěi le yī gè yǒu qián de lǎotóu.

If you really want to make a 把 sentence, though, you can do this:

她 的 爸爸 把 她 嫁给 了 一 个 有 钱 的 老头。 Tā de bàba bǎ tā jià gěi le yī gè yǒu qián de lǎotóu.

Academic Debate

Although 给 phrases should normally precede a verb like any other prepositional phrase, they sometimes come after. Why have it both ways? There is some academic debate over whether this 给 is actually a preposition or a type of verb (often called a "co-verb"), or even a type of complement. This type of discussion is outside the scope of this article, however.

See also

Verbs with "gei"

"for" with "gei"

Expressing passive voice with "gei"

Advanced uses of "ba"

Sources and further reading

Books

现代汉语虚词例释 (p. 196)

Dictionaries

现代汉语词典（第5版） (p. 464)

Often heard when scolding or giving advice (like when parents talk to children) is 少 (shǎo), which can mean "to do less of something."

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

Just as you can use 多 to talk about doing something more, you can use 少 to talk about doing something less.

Subj. + 少 + Verb-Obj.

Note that in English we don't use the word "less" so much. For example, rather than saying "drink less water," we might say "don't drink so much water." In Chinese, though, using 少 is quite natural and common. Avoiding the negative command (telling someone not to do something) is also a subtle way of sounding less bossy and annoying.

Examples

我 妈 让 我 少 吃 辣 。 Wǒ mā ràng wǒ shǎo chī là.
My mother tells me to eat less spicy food.

你 应该 少 抽烟 。 Nǐ yīnggāi shǎo chōuyān.
You should smoke less.

少 喝 点 ，下午 还要 上班 呢 。 Shǎo hē diǎn, xiàwǔ háiyào shàngbān ne.
Don't drink so much. You're going back to work this afternoon.

少 吃 垃圾 食品 。 Shǎo chī lājī shípǐn.
Eat junk food less.

少 废话 ，快 说 吧 。 Shǎo fèihuà, kuài shuō ba.
Cut the crap. Spill it out.

肉 太 贵 了 ，少 点 一些 。 Ròu tài guì le, shǎo diǎn yīxiē. Meat is too expensive. Don't order too much.

少 买 点 ，吃不完 会 坏 的 。 Shǎo mǎi diǎn, chī bù wán huì huài de.
Don't buy too much. It will go bad if we can't finish eating all.

你 能 不 能 让 他 少 放 点 盐 ？ Nǐ néng bu néng ràng tā shǎo fàng diǎn yán?
Can you tell him to put salt less?

少 看 电视 ，多 看书 。 Shǎo kàn diànshì, duō kànshū. Watch TV less. Read more.

医生 让 我 少 熬夜 ，多 休息 。 Yīshēng ràng wǒ shǎo áoyè, duō xiūxi.
The doctor told me to stay up less and take more rest.

See also

Doing something more with "duo"

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 39)

In China, you often hear you should do this or that more (eat more, drink more water, wear more warm clothing etc.), and they often use the word 多 (duō). What's not intuitive to learners is that the word 多 should come before the verb.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

This structure is often used in commands or suggestions. Note the position of 多:

多 + Verb-Obj.

This structure is not used exclusively as a command, so you could also include a subject if you needed to.

Examples

In English we like to say things like "eat more" and "drink more beer" and "I need to exercise more." Notice that in every one of these cases, the word "more" (equivalent to this use of 多) comes after the verb in English. In Chinese, it's more natural to put the 多 before the verb.

多 吃 点 。 Duō chī diǎn.
Eat a little more.

多 加 点 辣 。 Duō jiā diǎn là.
Add a little more spice.

多 放 点 糖 。 Duō fàng diǎn táng.
Put a little more sugar.

爷爷 ，你 要 多 出去 走走 。 Yéye, nǐ yào duō chūqù zǒuzou.
You need to go out and take a walk more often.

多 给 他 点 时间 吧 。 Duō gěi tā diǎn shíjiān ba.
Give him a little more time.

你 为什么 不 多 陪陪 家人 呢 ？ Nǐ wèishénme bù duō péipei jiārén ne?
Why wouldn't you spend more time with your family?

感冒 的 时候 要 多 喝 水 。 Gǎnmào de shíhou yào duō hē shuǐ.
Drink more water when you have a cold.

医生 让 我 多 运动 。 Yīshēng ràng wǒ duō yùndòng.
The doctor told me to exercise more.

他 比 你 有 经验 ，你 应该 多 跟 他 学习 。 Tā bǐ nǐ yǒu jīngyàn, nǐ yīnggāi duō gēn tā xuéxí.
He's more experienced than you. You should learn from him more often.

想 提高 汉语 口语 ，就要 多 练习 。 Xiǎng tígāo Hànyǔ kǒuyǔ, jiùyào duō liànxí.
If you want to improve your speaking Chinese, you need to practice more.

Counter-Examples

Just to be completely clear, the following uses of 多 are not as natural as the ones above. They'll be understood, and they might not be technically wrong, but you can do better!

吃 多 点。 Chī duō diǎn.

我 要 回家多点！ Wǒ yào huíjiā duō diǎn!

我 应该 运动 多 点。 Wǒ yīnggāi yùndòng duō diǎn.

The opposite of 多 is, of course, 少. It is further explained in the article doing something less with "shao".

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 39)

发展汉语 中级汉语口语上 (pp. 72)

Learning how to use 得 to mean "must" must be done by those wishing to master Chinese!

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Structure

Examples

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Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

Normally when you see 得 it's a particle and is pronounced "de." However, it can also be an auxiliary verb. In this case it's pronounced děi and means "must."

Subj. + 得 + Verb + Obj.

Examples

时间 不 早 了，我 得 回家 了。 Shíjiān bù zǎo le, wǒ děi huíjiā le.
It's getting late. I have to go home.

你 病 得 太 严重 了，得去 看 医生。 Nǐ bìng de tài yánzhòng le, děi qù kàn yīshēng.
You are badly ill. You need to go see a doctor.

朋友们 都 在 等，我们 得 走 了。 Péngyǒumen dōu zài děng, wǒmen děi zǒu le.
Our friends are waiting, we need to go.

这个 方法 不行，你 得 换 个 方法。 Zhège fāngfǎ bùxíng, nǐ děi huàn gè fāngfǎ .
This way doesn't work. You need to find another way.

我 没带 钥匙 ，你 得 回来 帮我 开门。 Wǒ méi dài yàoshi, nǐ děi huílái bāng wǒ kāimén.
I forgot my keys. You need to come back to help me open the door.

See also

"Would like to" with xiang

Wanting to do something with yao

Auxiliary verb

Auxiliary verb "hui" for "will"

Sources and further reading

Videos

Yoyo Chinese: "Have to and Don't have to"

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 164-5)

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册） (p. 301)

You might be tempted to conclude that 不怎么 (bù zěnme) seems to mean "not how," but it actually means "not often" when used together with a verb.

Contents

Structure

Examples

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Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

When 不怎么 is used with a verb, it means that one does not put a lot of time or energy into doing it. In other words, the action is done "not often." When the verb is used with an object, it also means that the number (or quantity) is really small.

Subj. + 不怎么 + Verb ( + Obj. )

Examples

他 不怎么 说话 。 Tā bù zěnme xǐhuan shuōhuà.
He doesn't like talking too much.

我 老公 不怎么 做饭 。 Wǒ lǎogōng bù zěnme zuòfàn.
My husband doesn't cook very often.

我们 不怎么 看 电视 。 Wǒmen bù zěnme kàn diànshì.
We don't watch a lot of television.

我 儿子 不怎么吃 零食 。 Wǒ érzi bùzěnme chī língshí.
My son doesn't eat snacks very often.

老板 不怎么 来 办公室 。 Lǎobǎn bù zěnme lái bàngōngshì.
My boss doesn't come to the office very often.

你 好像 不怎么 喝酒 。 Nǐ hǎoxiàng bù zěnme hējiǔ.
It seems that you don't drink very often.

我 同事 不怎么 去 健身 。 Wǒ tóngshì bù zěnme qù jiànshēn.
My colleagues don't go to the gym.

新 室友 不怎么 跟 朋友 出去 玩 。 Xīn shìyǒu bù zěnme gēn péngyou chūqù wán.
The new roommate doesn't go out and have fun with her friends very often.

Usage of 没怎么

Note that the examples below use 没 instead of 不. This is because the verb uses or implies 有 and thus it uses the same the 有 negation rules.

他 没 怎么 说话 。 Tā méi zěnme shuōhuà.
He didn't say much.

我 没 怎么 复习 。 Wǒ méi zěnme fùxí.
I didn't review much.

开会 的 时候 ，我们 没 怎么 讨论 这 件 事 。 Kāihuì de shíhou, wǒmen méi zěnme tǎolùn zhè jiàn shì.
We didn't discuss this matter much when we were at the meeting.

昨天 我 肚子 不 舒服 ，没 怎么 吃 东西 。 Zuótiān wǒ dùzi bù shūfu, méi zěnme chī dōngxi.
I didn't feel well in the stomach yesterday, so I didn't eat much.

今天 很 热 ，不过 我 没 怎么 出汗 。 Jīntiān hěn rè, bùguò wǒ méi zěnme chūhàn.
It's hot today, but I didn't sweat much.

Lastly, make sure to use 不怎么 with a verb if you want it to mean "not often." Using it with an adjective gives it a different meaning.

See Also

How to do something with "zenme"

Asking why with "zenme"

"Not very" with "bu zenme"

Sources and further reading

Books

Short-term Spoken Chinese: Elementary (汉语口语速成基础篇) (pp. 139)

现代汉语八百词 （p.652)

You may have learned that 在 (zài) and 正在 (zhèngzài) can be used before verbs to express that an action is ongoing or in progress. They are used to create the Mandarin equivalent of present continuous in English. But that pattern is actually a part of a longer, fuller pattern. It's rarely used in its full form, but bits and pieces of it are frequently used in everyday speech, so it's important to know the full form, even if you don't use it regularly yourself.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

Subj. + 正在 + Verb + 着 + Obj. + 呢

It's important to remember that virtually every part of the above pattern is optional, so you're going to see all sorts of variations of it (and rarely the full form). The most common variation is just the "在 + V" pattern that you probably already learned long ago. Another common variation is "正 + V" pattern.

Examples

Some examples using the verb phrase 上汉语课:

我们 在 上 汉语 课。 Wǒmen zài shàng Hànyǔ kè.

我们 在 上 汉语 课 呢。 Wǒmen zài shàng Hànyǔ kè ne.

我们 在 上 着 汉语 课 呢。 Wǒmen zài shàng zhe Hànyǔ kè ne.

我们 正在 上 汉语 课。 Wǒmen zhèngzài shàng Hànyǔ kè.

我们 正在上 汉语课 呢。 Wǒmen zhèngzài shàng Hànyǔ kè ne.

我们 正在上 着 汉语课 呢。 Wǒmen zhèngzài shàng zhe Hànyǔ kè ne.

我们 上 汉语 课 呢。 Wǒmen shàng Hànyǔ kè ne.

我们 上 着 汉语 课 呢。 Wǒmen shàng zhe Hànyǔ kè ne.
All these sentences mean "We are having a Chinese lesson."

Some examples using the verb phrase 看报纸:

她 在 看 报纸。 Tā zài kàn bàozhǐ.

她 看 报纸 呢。 Tā kàn bàozhǐ ne.

她 看着 报纸 呢。 Tā kàn zhe bàozhǐ ne.

她 正在 看 报纸。 Tā zhèngzài kàn bàozhǐ.

她 正 看 报纸 呢。 Tā zhèng kàn bàozhǐ ne.

她 正 看 着 报纸 呢。 Tā zhèng kàn zhe bàozhǐ ne.
All these sentences mean "She is reading the newspaper."

Some examples using the verb phrase 喝啤酒:

我 在 喝 啤酒。 Wǒ zài hē píjiǔ.

我 喝 啤酒 呢。 Wǒ hē píjiǔ ne.

我 喝 着 啤酒 呢。 Wǒ hē zhe píjiǔ ne.

我 正在 喝 啤酒 呢。 Wǒ zhèngzài hē píjiǔ ne.

我 正 喝 啤酒 呢。 Wǒ zhèng hē píjiǔ ne.

我 正 喝 着 啤酒。 Wǒ zhèng hē zhe píjiǔ.
All these sentences mean "I am drinking beer."

Some examples using the separable verb 唱歌:

他们 正在 唱歌。 Tāmen zhèngzài chànggē.

他们 正 唱 着 歌。 Tāmen zhèng chàng zhe gē.

他们 唱 着 歌。 Tāmen chàng zhe gē.

他们 唱着 歌 呢。Tāmen chàng zhe gē ne.
All these sentences mean "They are singing."

See also

Aspect particle "zhe"

Expressing actions in progress

Sources and further reading

Books

Chinese Grammar Without Tears (简明汉语语法学习手册) (pp. 54-7) >

Common Chinese Patterns 330 (汉语常用格式330例) (pp. 321)

Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar (pp. 217-26)

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 216-8)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 106-7)

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (p. 157)

Websites

ChinesePod: Qing Wen - The 着 (zhe) Chronicles: Actions in Progress (free podcast content)

Saying how long you have done something is pretty simple in Chinese. Saying how long you have not done something is just as easy.

Contents

Structure

Examples

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Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

Expressing how long something has not been done is slightly different to expressing the duration of an action.

Subj. + Duration + 没 + Verb + Obj. + 了

So now the duration comes right after the subject and 了 is at the end of the sentence. The verb has to be negated with 没, as the action hasn't happened.

Examples

他 已经 三 天 没 洗澡 了。 Tā yǐjīng sān tiān méi xǐzǎo le.
He has already gone three days without showering.

我 两年 没 抽烟 了。 Wǒ liǎng nián méi chōuyān le.
It's been two years since I smoked.

你们 多长时间 没 回家 看 爸妈 了？ Nǐmen duō cháng shíjiān méi huíjiā kàn bàmā le? How long has it been since the last time you went back home to visit your parents？

我爷爷 去 了 台湾 以后 已经 三十年 没 回家了。 Wǒ yéye qù le Tàiwān yǐhòu, yǐjīng sānshí nián méi huíjiā le.
It's been 30 years since my grandpa left home for Taiwan.

她 妈妈 去世 以后，她 都 两个 多 月 没 出门 了。 Tā māma qùshì yǐhòu, tā dōu liǎng gè duō yuè méi chūmén le.
She hasn't been out for more than two months since her mother passed away .

In English, we may say something like "I haven't eaten since 9:00 this morning" or "I haven't been to China since the year 2000." Note that the Chinese do not tend to say somebody hasn't done something since a certain point in time. Instead, you should either express it as a duration of time that one hasn't done something (as in the above examples), or you can say "the last time somebody did something was [a certain point in time]."

我 已经 好几 个 小时 没 吃 东西 了。 Wǒ yǐjīng hǎo jǐ gè xiǎoshí méi chī dōngxi le.
I haven't eaten anything in several hours.

我 上次 来 中国 是 2000年。 Wǒ shàngcì lái Zhōngguó shì liǎngqiān nián.
The last time I came to China was the year 2000. (Same meaning as "I haven't been to China since the year 2000.")

See also

Expressing duration

Expressing ongoing duration with double "le"

Uses of le

Sources and Further Reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 231-2)

"Separable verbs" get their name from their ability to "separate" into two parts (a verb part and an object part), with other words in between. In fact, you could also simply call separable verbs "verb-object phrases."

Contents

Structure

Examples

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Sources and further reading

Books

What They Are

Purely from the "separable" aspect, Mandarin's separable verbs have a counterpart in English: phrasal verbs (also called two-word verbs). While the grammatical components of English's phrasal verbs are different, the "separable" quality works in a very similar way. Take the phrasal verb "check out" for example:

Check out my new computer.

Check my new computer out.

Do you see what happened there? The verb "check out" can split into two parts (a verb and a preposition), and other words can go in between those two parts. Separable verbs work much the same way in Chinese, except that the two parts are a verb and an object (a noun).

Let's look at a typical example in Chinese, using the verb 见面, meaning "to meet."

我们 明天 见面 。 no separating Wǒmen míngtiān jiànmiàn.

我们 昨天 见 了 面 。 separated, 了 inserted Wǒmen zuótiān jiàn le miàn.

我们 见 过 面 。separated, 过inserted Wǒmen jiàn guo miàn.

Below we will introduce separable verbs in more detail, provide more examples, and also offer more specific cases of where separable verbs can get tricky.

Why Use Them

If separable verbs are simply verb-object phrases, then why the special name? It's because there are some special features of Chinese verb-object phrases worth special attention, and the name "separable verbs" helps call attention to this. Mastering separable verbs can be a little tricky, and is an essential objective of the intermediate (B1) level learner of Chinese.

Separable verbs are just one of those things you can't avoid. Many extremely common verbs, such as "to sleep" (睡觉) or "to meet" (见面) are separable verbs, and until you understand which verbs are separable verbs and how they work, you'll forever be making mistakes with these verbs, even in very basic sentences.

How to Use Them

First, you need to understand the structure of separable verbs. Most separable verbs are a "Verb + Object" (the object is a noun) construct. One might wonder, then, why there needs to be a separate category called "separable verbs" instead of just thinking of them as a verb and an object. There are several reasons to think of them as special verbs:

Many separable verbs can't be easily translated into other languages in a way that makes both the verb and the object part clear. For example, 睡觉 (to sleep), 游泳 (to swim), or 结婚 (to get married). In these examples, it's just not easy to think of the objects as an object.

The relationship between the verb and the object in a separable verb pair is very close; adding the object to the verb is sort of the "default form" of the verb, even if the verb part can be used without the object.

Separable verbs are a source of frequent errors from learners of Chinese. No matter how you think of them, it's good to give these "words" or "phrases" extra attention to make your Chinese more natural.

The key to using separable verbs correctly is to remember that they are "Verb + Object" constructs. The verb alone must be treated as a verb, and the object cannot be treated as a verb. It's from this essential relationship that the following principles flow:

Common Examples

我 想 跟 你 见面 。 Wǒ xiǎng gēn nǐ jiànmiàn. the prepositional phrase, literally "with you," comes before the verb

我 想 见面 你 。 Wǒ xiǎng jiànmiàn nǐ. 你 is an extra object; 面 is already the object

我们 都 可以 帮忙 。 Wǒmen dōu kěyǐ bāngmáng.
All of us can help you with this.

我们 都 可以 帮忙 你 。 Wǒmen dōu kěyǐ bāngmáng nǐ. 你 is an extra object; 忙, which means "a favor", is already the object

我 想 跟 她 结婚 。 Wǒ xiǎng gēn tā jiéhūn. the prepositional phrase, literally "with her," comes before the verb

我 想 结婚 她 。 Wǒ xiǎng jiéhūn tā. 她 is an extra object; 婚 is already the object

他 不 喜欢 聊 他 的 工作 。 Tā bù xǐhuan liáo tā de gōngzuò.
He doesn't like to talk about his work.

他 不 喜欢 跟 我 聊天 他 的 工作 。 Tā bù xǐhuan liátiān tā de gōngzuò. 天 is an extra object; 他的工作 is already the object.

他 下个月 离职 。 Tā xià gè yuè lízhí.
He will leave his job next month.

他 下个月 离职 他 的 工作 。 Tā xià gè yuè lízhí tā de gōngzuò. 他的工作 is an extra object; 职, which means "job," is already the object

Used with 了, 着, 过

见 了 面 jiàn le miàn

见 过 面 jiàn guo miàn

结 了 婚 jié le hūn

结 过 婚 jié guo hūn

开 了 会 kāi le huì

开 过 会 kāi guo huì

开 着 会 kāi zhe huì

吃 了 饭 chī le fàn

吃 过 饭 chī guo fàn

吃 着 饭 chī zhe fàn

Note: unlike the particles 过 and 着, the particle 了 is especially tricky, and it can also appear after the object. So it can be correct in multiple places.

Used with Measure Words

见 个 面 吧 。 Jiàn gè miàn
Let's meet.

我们 见 过 三 次 面 Wǒmen jiàn guo sān cì miàn
We've met three times.

什么时候 有空 ，出来 吃 个 饭 吧 。 Shénme shíhou yǒu kòng, chūlái chī gè fànba.
When you're available, let's go out for dinner.

老板 请 大家 吃 了 一 顿 饭 Lǎobǎn qǐng dàjiā chī le yī dùn fàn.
The boss invited everyone to dinner.

希望 你 今晚 睡 个 好 觉 。 Xīwàng nǐ jīnwǎn shuì gè hǎo jiào.
I hope you can have some good sleep tonight.

昨晚 我 只 睡 了 一 个 小时 觉 。 Zuówǎn wǒ zhǐ shuì le yī gè xiǎoshí jiào.
I only slept one hour last night.

他 爷爷 结 过 三 次 婚 。 Tā yéye jié guo sān cì hūn.
His grandpa got married three times.

How to Reduplicate

Reduplication is a way to express the casual nature of a verb, or that it happens only briefly. When it comes to separable verbs, only the verb part reduplicates.

见 见 面 jiàn jiàn miàn the proper reduplication repeats only the verb 见)

见面 见面 jiànmiàn jiànmiàn

吃 吃 饭 chī chī fàn the proper reduplication repeats only the verb 吃)

吃饭吃饭 chīfàn chīfàn 饭 is the object; it should not be repeated.)

散 散 步 sàn sàn bù the proper reduplication repeats only the verb 散)

散步散步 sàn bù sànbù 步 is the object; it should not be repeated.)

Note that separable verbs can't be used with 一下 to express it happens briefly.

见面 一下 jiànmiàn yīxià

散步一下 sànbù yīxià

Common examples

Perhaps the most common examples of separable verbs that beginners struggle with are 见面 and 睡觉. For a more complete list, see the list of separable verbs.

Academic debate

There is some debate as to how useful the concept of separable verbs really is. For our purposes, we're only concerned with whether or not separable verbs are a useful concept for the student of Mandarin Chinese. Many learners do, in fact, find the concept to be quite useful in helping them speak more natural Chinese.

Sources and further reading

Books

Chinese Grammar Without Tears (简明汉语语法学习手册) (pp. 208)

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 16-7)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (p. 113)

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (p. 111)

Websites

The Canadian TCSL Association: 离合词教学的理论与实践

北京语言大学网络教育学院: 离合词及其教学

百度百科: 离合词

Sinosplice.com: Syntactic Anguish of the Verb-Object-Modifier Variety

ChinesePod (free content): Qing Wen - Separable Verbs

Chinesegrammar.info: A look into the seperable verb 帮忙 by comparing it to 帮.

Mandarin Friend: “Separable Verbs” – A Misleading and Unnecessary Concept

One of the benefits of Chinese is that the grammar is often very logical and concise. In this article, we look at the "如果⋯⋯，就⋯⋯" (rúguǒ..., jiù...) structure. We will also look at uses "的话" (dehuà).

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Standard expression with 如果⋯⋯就

Structure

"如果⋯⋯，就⋯⋯" is an often-used pattern that is utilized in the same way that "If…, then…" is in English.

如果 + Statement + 就 + Result

Examples

如果 不 好好 复习，你就 无法 通过 明天 的 考试。 Rúguǒ bù hǎohǎo fùxí, nǐ jiù wúfǎ tōngguò míngtiān de kǎoshì.
If you don't review well, you won't be able to pass tomorrow's test.

他 如果 不 迷恋 网络 游戏，就能考上好的大学 。 Tā rúguǒ bù míliàn wǎngluò yóuxì, jiù néng kǎo shàng hǎo de dàxué.
If he hadn't been so addicted to the video games, he would have been admitted to a better university.

我 如果 在 北京 找不到 工作，就 会 回 昆明。 Wǒ rúguǒ zài Běijīng zhǎo bù dào gōngzuò, jiù huì huí Kūnmíng.
If I can't find a job in Beijing, I'm going to go back to Kunming.

Colloquial expression with 如果⋯⋯的话

Although 如果 can be used to mean "if" all by itself, it's often used together with the phrase 的话 to create the "if" sandwich pattern. "就" is optional.

Structure

如果 + Statement + 的话，(就) Result

Examples

如果 你 去 的话，帮 我 跟 她 问 好。 Rúguǒ nǐ qù de huà, bāng wǒ gēn tā wènhǎo.
If you go, tell her I say hello.

如果 下次 有 时间 的话，一定 要 找 我 玩儿。 Rúguǒ xià cì yǒu shíjiān de huà, yīdìng yào zhǎo wǒ wán er.
When you have time, you need to find me so we can hang out.

如果 你 不 忙 的话，可以 帮 我 联系 客户 吗？ Rúguǒ nǐ bù máng de huà, kěyǐ bāng wǒ liánxì kèhù ma?
If you're not busy, can you help me connect with customers?

如果 不 方便 的话，我 就 不 去 了。 Rúguǒ bù fāngbiàn de huà, wǒ jiù bù qù le.

Here's the slightly tricky thing: while you can use 如果 without 的话, it's also possible to drop the 如果 and just use the 的话 instead to mean "if." It's even possible to use neither, and let the "if" be completely implied.

Statement + 的话，(就) Result

你 去 的话，帮 我 跟 她 问 好。 Nǐ qù de huà, bāng wǒ gēn tā wènhǎo.
If you go, tell her I say hello.

下次 有 时间 的话，一定 要 找 我 玩儿。 Xià cì yǒu shíjiān de huà, yīdìng yào zhǎo wǒ wán er.
When you have time, you need to find me so we can hang out.

你 不 忙 的话，可以 帮 我 联系 客户 吗？ Nǐ bù máng de huà, kěyǐ bāng wǒ liánxì kèhù ma?
If you're not busy, can you help me connect with customers?

没 地方 住 的话，就 来 我 这里 吧。 Méi dìfang zhù de huà, jiù lái wǒ zhèlǐ ba.

如果⋯⋯那么

这里，“那么”的用法是使得结构的前后两部分显得不那么严肃和拘束，起到一种舒缓句子节奏的作用。

Structure

如果 + Statement， 那么(就) + Result

Examples

如果 你 不 去，那么 我 也 不 去。 Rúguǒ nǐ bù qù, nàme wǒ yě bù qù.

如果 他 知道 了，那么 他 一 定 会 来 告诉 我。 Rúguǒ tā zhīdào le, nàme tā yīdìng huì lái gàosu wǒ.

如果 现在 我们 不 合作，那么 我们 以后 就 没有 机会 合作 了。 Rúguǒ xiànzài wǒmen bù hézuò, nàme wǒmen yǐhòu jiù méiyǒu jīhuì hézuò le.

如果 你 不 相信 我，那么 我 就 什么 都 不 说 了。 Rúguǒ nǐ bù xiāngxìn wǒ, nàme wǒ jiù shénme dōu bù shuō le.

See also

Marking a topic with "de hua"

"If… then…" with "yaoshi"

"If… then…" with "jiaru"

"Only if" with "zhiyou"

Sources and further reading

Books

Common Chinese Patterns 330 (汉语常用格式330例) (pp. 184)

New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2) (pp. 240)

Although the different phrases involving 来说 (láishuō) may seem pretty different, they do share a common structure: a word or short phrase at the beginning of a sentence, followed by 来说, which sets the speaker's attitude or point of view before launching into the full comment.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Common Phrases

一般 来说 (Generally speaking)

总的 来说 (In general)

具体 来说 (To be specific)

简单 来说 (Briefly speaking)

相对 来说(Relatively)

严格 来说 (Strictly speaking; Technically)

Using 来说 with 一般

Examples

一般 来说 ， 我 周末 不 会 加班 。 Yībān lái shuō, wǒ zhōumò bù huì jiābān.
Generally speaking, I don't work on weekend.

一般 来说 ， 女生 都 觉得 瘦 一点 更 好看 。 Yībān lái shuō, nǚshēng dōu juéde shòu yīdiǎn gèng hǎokàn.
Generally speaking, girls all think they look better if they're thinner.

一般 来说 ， 18 岁 以上 的 美国 公民 都 可以 投票 。 Yībān lái shuō, shíbā suì yǐshàng de Měiguó gōngmín dōu kěyǐ tóupiào.
Generally speaking, American citizens who's 18 or over 18 can vote.

Using 来说 with 总的

Examples

总的 来说 ， 我 对 大家 很 满意 。 Zǒng de lái shuō, wǒ duì dàjiā hěn mǎnyì.
I'm satisfied with everybody in general.

总的 来说 ， 这 次 活动 很 成功 。 Zǒng de lái shuō, zhè cì huódòng hěn chénggōng.
This event was a success in general.

总的 来说 ， 你 今年 的 表现 不错 。 Zǒng de lái shuō, nǐ jīnnián de biǎoxiàn bùcuò.
Your performance this year is great in general.

总的 来说 ， 我们 的 新 产品 很 受 年轻人 的 欢迎 。 Zǒng de lái shuō, wǒmen de xīn chǎnpǐn hěn shòu niánqīng rén de huānyíng.
Our new product is popular with young people in general.

Using 来说 with 相对

Examples

今天 的 考试 相对 来说 有点 难。 Relatively, today's test is a little difficult.

相对 来说，我 更 支持 Hillary。 Relatively, I support Hillary more.

Using 来说 with 严格

Examples

严格 来说 ， 我们 的 员工 不 能 穿 牛仔裤 上班 。 Yángé lái shuō, wǒmen de yuángōng bù néng chuān niúzǎikù shàngbān.
Strictly speaking, our employees can't wear jeans to work.

严格 来说 ， 他 是 华裔 ， 不是中国人 。 Yángé lái shuō, tā shì huáyì, bù shì Zhōngguó rén.
Technically, he is an American born Chinese, not a Chinese.

Using 来说 with 具体

Examples

少 开车 有 很 多 好处 ， 具体 来说 ， 它 可以 保护 环境，改善 交通， 也 可以 让 我们 多 运动 。 Shǎo kāichē yǒu hěn duō hǎochù, jùtǐ lái shuō, tā kěyǐ bǎohù huánjìng, gǎishàn jiāotōng, yě kěyǐ ràng wǒmen duō yùndòng.
We benefit a lot from driving less often. Specifically, it can protect the environment, improve the traffic, and also make us exercise more.

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

A direction complement is a complement that's used, you guessed it, to describe the direction of the action of a verb.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Simple Direction Complement

The most basic (and common) form of direction complement is formed by a verb and 来 or 去:

Verb + 来 / 去

The most important thing to consider with direction complements is the position of the speaker. If the action moves towards the speaker or comes closer in any way, use 来. If the action moves away from the speaker or becomes more distant in any way, use 去.

Verb | + Complement | Explanation
下 | 下来 xiàlái | The movement is down towards the speaker: "come down"
下 | 下去 xiàqù | The movement is down away from the speaker: "go down"
上 | 上来 shànglái | The movement is up towards the speaker: "come up"
上 | 上去 shàngqù | The movement is up and away from the speaker: "go up"
出 | 出来 chūlái | The movement is out and towards the speaker: "come out"
出 | 出去 chūqù | The movement is out and away from the speaker: "go out"
进 | 进来 jìnlái | The movement is in and towards the speaker: "come in"
进 | 进去 jìnqù | The movement is in and away from the speaker: "go in"
回 | 回来 huílái | The movement is towards the speaker: "come back"
回 | 回去 huíqù | The movement is away from the speaker: "go back"

You might be wondering how the directional distinction between 来 and 去 works when you're talking about yourself moving. You can't move away from or towards yourself, so should it be 来 or 去? The answer is to look at the context of the movement you're talking about. Are you telling someone you'll see them tomorrow? As in English, in Chinese you'd say something like "I'll come and see you tomorrow."

Examples

You can use these simple compounds in a huge variety of situations. Here are some examples:

我 在 楼上，请 你 十 分钟 以后 上来 。 Wǒ zài lóushàng, qǐng nǐ shí fēnzhōng yǐhòu shànglái.
I'm on the upper floor. Please come up in ten minutes.

你 在 楼上 等 我 一下 。我 一会儿 就 上去 找 你。 Nǐ zài lóushàng děng wǒ yīxià. Wǒ yīhuǐ'er jiù shàngqù zhǎo nǐ.
Please wait a moment on the upper floor. I'm coming up to you in a few seconds.

在 树上 玩 很 危险 ，你 快下来 ! Zài shù shàng wán hěn wéixiǎn, nǐ kuài xiàlái!
It's too dangerous to play in the tree! Come down!

楼下 有 咖啡厅 ，我们 下去 聊 吧 。 Lóuxià yǒu kāfēitīng, wǒmen xiàqù liáo bā.
There is a cafe downstairs. Let's go downstair and talk.

出来 玩 吧 ，我们 在 KTV 等 你 。 Chūlái wán bā, wǒmen zài KTV děng nǐ.
Come over and hang out with us. We'll be waiting in the KTV.

外面 太 热 了 ，不要 出去 。 Wàimiàn tài rè le, bù yào chūqù.
It's too hot outside. Don't go outside.

我们 在 里面 开会 ，大家 都 进来 吧。 Wǒmen zài lǐmiàn kāihuì, dàjiā dōu jìnlái ba.
We are going to have a meeting inside. Please come in here.

他 在 办公室 里 等 你 ，你 快进去 吧。 Tā zài bàngōngshì lǐ děng nǐ, nǐ kuài jìnqù ba.
He is waiting for you in his office. You can go in now.

你 什么时候 回来 ？ Nǐ shénme shíhou huílái?
When are you coming back?

他 明天 一个人回去。 Tā míngtiān yīgèrén huíqù.
He is going back alone tomorrow.

你 过来 让 我 看 一下 。 Nǐ guòlái ràng wǒ kàn yīxià.
Come here and let me take a look.

那儿 很 危险 ，不要 过去 。 Nàr hěn wēixián, bùdào guòqù.
It's dangerous there. Don't go over there.

Adding a place with 到

Direction complements are very useful for talking about arriving at destinations. The structure for this is:

到 + Place + 来 / 去

Notice that you separate the verb from its direction complement. The location goes in between the two.

A few examples:

我 妹妹 到 上海 来 了。 Wǒ mèimei dào Shànghǎi lái le.
My sister arrived in Shanghai.

你 想 到 我家 来 吗？ Nǐ xiǎng dào wǒ jiā lái ma?
Do you want to come to my house?

我 就 在 会议室 等 他 ，你 让 他 马上 到 会议室 来 。 Wǒ jiù zài huìyìshì děng tā, nǐ ràng tā mǎshàng dào huìyìshì lái.
I'm waiting for him in the meeting room. Tell him to come here right now.

Compound Direction Complements

Direction complements can be more complex than just 来 or 去. You can form compound direction complements in the following way:

| 上 | 下 | 进 | 出 | 回 | 过 | 起
来 | 上来 | 下来 | 进来 | 出来 | 回来 | 过来 | 起来
去 | 上去 | 下去 | 进去 | 出去 | 回去 | 过去 |

很多学习者习惯说"回来中国"，"回去美国"，都是错的。正确的说法是"回中国来""回美国去"，因为"回"才是动词，"来""去"是补语。口语里如果语境比较明确，经常省略"来""去"，只说"回中国""回美国"。

These compounds can then be used in the same way as 来 and 去. Attach them to verbs to give detail about the direction of the action.

Structure

Verb + [Compound Direction Complement]

Examples

你 坐 下来 吧 。 Nǐ zuò xiàlái ba.
Please sit down.

他们 还没 走 出来 。 Tāmen hái méi zǒu chūlái.
They haven't walked out yet.

你 可以 站 起来 吗 ？ Nǐ kěyǐ zhàn qǐlái ma?
Could you please stand up?

我们 想 自己 走 下去 。 Wǒmen xiǎng zìjǐ zǒu xiàqù.
We'd like to walk down from here by ourselves.

不要 让 它 跑 出去 。 Bùyào ràng tā pǎo chūqù.
Don't let it run out.

从 我 家 走 过来 要 半 个 小时 。 Cóng wǒ jiā zǒu guòlái yào bàn gè xiǎoshí. It took me half an hour to walk here from my place.

Direction Complements with Objects

Direction complements are not only used to describe the movement of people. Moving objects can also be described with direction complements. Again, the direction of the movement relative to the speaker (or at least to the context of the conversation) is what's most important when deciding what complement to use.

These verbs that commonly appear in this construction include 拿, 送 and 带.

Some examples:

可以 带 一些 朋友 来 吗 ？ Kěyǐ dài le yīxiē péngyou lái ma?
Can I bring some friends?

你 快点 送 孩子 去 吧 ，别 迟到 了 。 Nǐ kuàidiǎn sòng háizi qù ba, bié chídào le.
Hurry up, take the child there. Don't be late.

师傅 ，再 送 两 桶 水 来 。 Shīfu, zài sòng liǎng tǒng shuǐ lái.
Shifu, please deliver two more buckets of water.

他们 从 老家 带 了 一些 特产 回来 。 Tāmen cóng lǎojiā dài le yīxiē tèchǎn huílái.
They brought some local goods back from hometown.

这儿 的 冬天 太 冷 了，我 需要 你 带 一些 厚衣服 过来 。 Zhèr de dōngtiān tài lěng le, wǒ xūyào nǐ dài yīxiē hòu yīfu guòlái.
It's too cold here in winter. I need you to bring me some thick clothes.

你 要 不 要 拿 一点 吃的 过去 ？ Nǐ yào bù yào ná yīdiǎn chīde guòqù?
Would you like to take some food there?

你们 可以 帮 我 拿 一些 书 进去 吗 ？ Nǐmen kěyǐ bāng wǒ ná yīxiē shū jìnqù ma?
Could you please help me take some books inside?

Direction Complements with 把

Direction complements work very well in 把 sentences, as they can be used to describe the disposal of an object (what happened to it in the end). Because of this, it's very common to see direction complements and 把 ppearing together.

Structure

Subj. + 把 + Obj. + Verb + [Direction Complement]

Examples

把 书 拿 出来 。 Bǎ shū ná chūlái.
Please take out your book.

把 外套 脱 下来 吧 。 Bǎ wàitào tuō xiàlái ba.
Take off your coat.

你 把 他们 的 礼物 带 过去 了 吗 ？ Nǐ bǎ tāmen de lǐwù dài guòqù le ma?
Did you take their presents there?

快递 还没 把 我 的 东西 送 来 。 Kuàidì háiméi bǎ wǒ de dōngxi sòng lái.
The delivery man hasn't delivered my things yet.

帮 我 把 这个 箱子 搬 过去 。 Bāng wǒ bǎ zhège xiāngzi bān guòqù.
Please help me to move this suitcase over there.

See also: 把 sentences

Compared with Potential Complement

Direction and Potential Complements

Directional Complement | Aff. Potential Complement | Neg. Potential Complement
起 来 | 起 得 来 | 起 不 来
回 去 | 回 得 去 | 回 不 去
站 起来 | 站 得 起来 | 站 不 起来
爬 上来 | 爬 得 上来 | 爬 不 上来
开 进来 | 开 得 进了 | 开 不 进来
拿 出来 | 拿得 出来 | 拿 不 出来

Additional Meanings

A lot of direction complements, particularly compound direction complements, have additional idiomatic meanings beyond literally describing the direction of an action. The most common of these are:

起来

出来

下去

See also

Result complement

Potential complement

Degree complement

Sources and further reading

Books

A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法) (pp. 302-17)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 165)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 185-9)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 267-8)

Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar

New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2) (pp. 40-1, 197-8) >

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册） (pp. 313-4)

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (pp. 238-9, 255)

Websites

Mandarin Essential Grammar (Yale): Directional Complements

Videos

Yoyo Chinese: Introduction to complement of direction

Verbs can take potential complements that indicate whether or not the action is actually possible. They are useful in Chinese to say if an action can take place.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Affirmative Pattern

Structurally, potential complements are closely related to both result complements and direction complements, so it helps to be familiar with those first. The most important and commonly used potential complements are derived from other complements such as the following:

Verb + 见 e.g. 看见, 听见 (result complements)

Verb + 懂 e.g. 看懂, 听懂 (result complements)

Verb + 完 e.g. 吃完, 做完, 用完, 花完 (result complements)

Verb + Adj. e.g. 看清楚, 听明白, 洗干净 (result complements)

Verb + 到 e.g. 找到, 买到, 收到 (result complements)

Verb + Direction e.g. 上来, 下去, 进去, 起来, 走过去, 爬上去 (direction complements)

Potential complements can be positive or negative. What this means is fairly intuitive - potential complements can be used to express that something can happen or that it can't.

Structure

Verb + 得 + Complement

Examples

他 一个人 吃 得 完 这么 多 饭 吗 ？Tā yīgèrén chī de wán zhème duō fàn ma? Can he eat all the food by himself?

我 找 不 到 我 的 手机 了 。Wǒ zhǎo bu dào wǒ de shǒujī le.
I can't find my cellphone.

在 上海 买 得 到 这 个 牌子 的 手表 吗 ？Zài Shànghǎi mǎi de dào zhè gè páizi de shǒubiǎo ma? Can you buy this brand of watch in Shanghai?

早上 五点 出发 ， 孩子们 起 得 来 吗 ？ Zǎoshang wǔdiǎn chūfā, háizi men qǐ de lái ma? We're leaving at five a.m.; will the kids be able to come?

这么 高 的 山 ，你 爬 得 上去 吗 ？Zhème gāo de shān, nǐ pá de shàngqù ma? The mountain is so high. Can you make it to the top?

Negative Pattern

Structure

Verb + 不 + Complement

Examples

大家 都 看 不 懂 这 句 话 。 Dàjiā dōu kàn bu dǒng zhè jù huà.
Nobody can understand this sentence.

你 的 声音 太 小 了 ，我们 听 不 见 。 Nǐ de shēngyīn tài xiǎo le, wǒmen tīng bu jiàn.
Your voice is too soft. We can't hear you.

我 没 戴 眼镜 ，看 不 清楚 。 Wǒ méi dài yǎnjìng, kàn bu qīngchu.
When I don't wear glasses, I can't see clearly.

这 件 衬衫 太 脏 了 ，我 洗 不 干净 。 Zhè jiàn chènshān tài zāng le, wǒ xǐ bu gānjìng.
This shirt is too dirty, I can't clean it.

门 太 小 了 ，我 的 车 进 不 去 。 Mén tài xiǎo le, wǒ de chē jìn bu qù.
The door is too small. My car can't go through it.

Potential Complements with Objects

Objects in sentences with potential complements can occur either after the complement or at the beginning of a sentence.

A few examples:

我 听 不 见 你 说 的 话 。 I can't hear what you said.

你 说 的 话 我 听 不 见 。 I can't hear what you said.

你 吃 得 完 这 一 大 碗 面 吗 ？ Can you finish eating this big bowl of noodles?

这 一 大 碗 面 你 吃 得 完 吗 ？ Can you finish eating this big bowl of noodles?

你 在 上海 吃 不 到 这样 的 小吃 。 You can't eat this kind of street food in Shanghai.

这样 的 小吃 你 在 上海 吃 不 到 。 You can't eat this kind of street food in Shanghai.

Advanced Potential Complements

There are actually quite a few potential complements out there, and this article touches on some of the simplest and most common ones. Be aware that there are many more, but they all follow the same basic pattern outlined here. You can also see our article on advanced potential complements.

See also

Sources and and further reading

Books

Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 71)

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 191)

Boya Chinese Elementary Starter 1 (博雅汉语初经起步篇) (pp. 197)

>Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (pp. 291)

Practicing HSK Grammar (语法精讲精炼) (pp. 125)

Contemporary Chinese 2 (当代中文2) (pp. 63)

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 99)

Websites

Yale

The Potential Complement

Potential Complement And Degree Complement In Contrast

起来 (qǐlái) comes up very frequently in Chinese and can be used both literally and figuratively. This is a little like the usage of "up" in English which can be used literally, as in "stand up," or figuratively, as in "add up."

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Expressing an upward movement

Structure

起来 can be used to express an upward movement like "up," as in the English examples of "stand up" or "pick up."

Verb + 起来

Examples

请 大家 站 起来 。 Qǐng dàjiā zhàn qǐlái.
Everyone, please stand up.

快 把 地上 的 书 捡 起来。 Kuài bǎ dìshàng de shū jiǎn qǐlái.
Quickly pick up the books on the floor.

你 怎么 不 把 老人 扶 起来 ？ Nǐ zěnme bù bǎ lǎorén fú qǐlái? Why didn't you keep the old man upright?

别 动 ！ 把 手 举 起来 。 Bié dòng! Bǎ shǒu jǔ qǐlái.
Don't move! Put your hands up.

Expressing initiation of an action

Structure

起来 can also be used to show that an action or state has started and is ongoing:

Verb / Adj. + 起来 +了

Examples

大家 笑 起来 了 。 Dàjiā xiào qǐlái le.
Everyone started laughing.

宝宝 哭 起来 了 。 Bǎobǎo kū qǐlái le.
The baby started crying.

两 个 大妈 吵 起来 了 。 Liǎng gè dàmā chǎo qǐlái le.
Two middle-aged ladies started arguing.

天气 热 起来 了 。 Tiānqì rè qǐlái le.
It's starting to get hot.

他 的 病 好 起来了 。 Tā de bìng hǎo qǐlái le.
His illness is starting to get better.

When used like this, 起来 is only used with spontaneous actions, like 唱, 跳, 聊, or with states like 热, 冷, or 好 etc. It cannot be used with planned actions.

我们 做饭 起来 吧。 Wǒmen zuòfàn qǐlái ba.

我们 开始 做饭 吧。 Wǒmen kāishǐ zuòfàn ba.

Expressing an initial judgement

起来 can also be used to express a preliminary judgement. 起来 is used here to express that the speaker has only just initiated an action, and based on that, has made a quick judgement. It is used in the following structure:

Structure

Subj. + Verb + 起来 + Adj.

This expresses that the subject seems adjective when the action of the verb is performed. This structure is frequently used with perception verbs such as 看, 听, 尝 etc.

Examples

他 看 起来 很 友好。 Tā kàn qǐlái hěn yǒuhǎo.
He looks very friendly.

这 件 事情 听 起来 有点 复杂。 Zhè jiàn shìqing tīng qǐlái yǒudiǎn fùzá.
This matter sounds a little bit complex.

你 点 的 菜 尝 起来 不错。 Nǐ diǎn de cài cháng qǐlái bùcuò.
The dishes that you ordered taste good .

这 件 衣服 摸 起来 很 舒服。 Zhè jiàn yīfu mō qǐlái hěn shūfu.
These clothes feel very comfortable.

See Also

下去

出来

Direction complement

Result complements "dao" and "jian"

Appearance with "kanqilai"

Sources and further reading

Books

Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) (pp. 25-31)

Boya Chinese Elementary Starter 2 (博雅汉语初经起步篇) (pp. 80)

New Practical Chinese Reader 5 (新实用汉语课本5) (pp. 134-5)

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册）(pp. 355-6)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (p. 20)

Websites

Yale: Extended meaning of some directional complements

下去 (xiàqù) is one of the most often heard result complements. Master how to use it with this article!

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

下去 can be used as a result complement to talk about things continuing or carrying on. Think of it as a figurative way of "keeping the ball rolling" (downhill).

It can be used in a positive way as well as in a negative way.

Subj. + Verb + 下去

Subj. + Verb + 不 + 下去

Some examples:

这个 故事 太 无聊 了， 我听不下去了。 Zhège gùshi tài wúliáo le, wǒ tīng bù xiàqù le.
This story is too boring, I can't keep listening to it.

这 个 菜 很 难吃 , 我 吃 不 下去。 Zhège cài hěn nán chī, wǒ chī bù xiàqù.
This food is disgusting, I can't keep eating it.

这个 电影 画面 太 残忍 了，我 看 不 下去了！ Zhège diànyǐng huàmiàn tài cánrěn le, wǒ kàn bù xiàqù le!
This scene in the movie is too cruel, I can't keep watching it.

See also

Potential complement "bu xia"

Result complement "-qilai" (起来)

Resultative Complement "chu(lai)"(出来)

Direction complement

Sources and further reading

Books

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 184)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 232-3)

Boya Chinese Lower Intermediate 2 (博雅汉语准中级加速篇) (pp. 137) >

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 184)

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册） (p. 429)

结果补语十分常见，一些口语中常用的形容词和单音节动词都可以做结果补语。

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Using Adjectives

好 (hǎo): It implies that something is complete or done well. Forming a result complement with 好 has a very similar meaning to forming one with 完. It expresses that the action has been completed successfully.

错 (cuò): It's used to express making mistakes. To express that an action resulted in an error, you can use a result complement with 错. This covers what is often expressed with the adverb "incorrectly" in English.

其他常见的做补语的形容词：晚、饱、坏、破、清楚、明白、干净。

Structure

When using result complements, it's very common to make the object a topic. This means the object is said first and the subject is often omitted:

Verb + Adj. + 了

没 + Verb + Adj.

Examples

我们 吃 好 了 。 Wǒmen chī hǎo le.
We finished eating.

作业 做 好 了 吗 ？ Zuòyè zuò hǎo le ma ? Did you finish doing your homework?

这 个 字 写 错 了。 Zhège zì xiě cuò le.
You wrote this character wrong.

我 没 记 错 。 Wǒ méi jì cuò.
I didn't remember incorrectly.

你们 来 晚 了 。 Nǐmen lái wǎn le.
You came late.

你 没 吃 饱 吗 ？ Nǐ méi chī bǎo ma?
Are you not full?

弟弟 玩 坏 了 哥哥 的 玩具 。 Dìdi wán huài le gēge de wánjù.
The little brother broke his older brother's toy.

宝宝 的 头 是 怎么 撞 破 的 ？ Bǎobǎo de tóu shì zěnme zhuàng pò de?
How did the baby hit his head?

杯子 是 谁 摔 坏 的 ？ Bēizi shì shéi shuāi huài de?
Who broke the cup?

大家 都 听 清楚 了 吗 ？ Dàjiā dōu tīng qīngchu le ma?
Does everyone hear this clearly?

房间 打扫 干净 了 吗 ？ Fángjiān nǐ dǎsǎo gānjìng le ma?
Is your room all cleaned up?

衣服 没 洗 干净 。 Yīfu méi gānjìng.
The clothes aren't clean.

Using One-syllable Verb

除了一些单音节形容词和双音节形容词可以做结果补语，少量单音节动词也可以做结果补语。如"见、懂、走、掉"等，这类动词非常有限。

要注意的是："掉"有"离开、分离"的意义，跟"掉"搭配的动词也必须有"离开、分离"的意义。

Examples

老师 拿 走 了 我 的 iPad 。 Lǎoshī ná zǒu le wǒ de iPad.
The teacher took away my iPad.

小偷 偷 走 了 我 的钱包 。 Xiǎotōu tōu zǒu le wǒ de qiánbāo.
The thief stole my wallet.

不要 了，扔掉 吧 。 Bù yào le, rēng diào bā.
I don't want it any more. Throw it away.

太 热 了 ，外套 脱 掉 吧 。 Tài rè le, wàitào tuō diào bā.
It‘s too hot. Let's take off our jackets.

我 刚刚 卖 掉 了 我 的 旧 手机 。 Wǒ gānggāng mài diào le wǒ de jiù shǒujī.
I just sold my old cell phone.

Compared with Potential Complements

Result and Potential Complements

Result Complement | Aff. Potential Complement | Neg. Potential Complement
做 完 | 做 得 完 | 做 不 完
听 懂 | 听 得 懂 | 听 不 懂
看 清楚 | 看 得 清楚 | 看 不 清楚
洗 干净 | 洗 得 干净 | 洗 不 干净

See also

All result complements work particularly well in a 把 sentence.

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 43- 4)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 233-4)

You probably learned the result complement 到 a long time ago, as part of words like 看到 ("to see") and 听到 ("to hear"). But other times it's less clear what the 到 really means. Like the difference between 买 and 买到 or 做 and 做到. What 到 adds is a clearer sense that something has really been achieved.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

The difference 到 makes

Adding 到 after a verb makes it very clear that the desired result was achieved. If you looked and you saw, then 到 indicates that. On the other hand, not adding 到 makes it unclear whether or not the desired result was achieved. It can have the effect of making a verb mean "try to verb." So 做 without 到 is kind of like "try to do," but when you want to make it very clear that results were achieved or must be achieved, that's when you want to add 到.

Let's look at another example. The difference between 找 and 找到 is that 找 means "to search" (in other words, "to try to find"), whereas 找到 means "to find," that the search was successful, and results were achieved. So if one were to say "你一定要找," it would mean "you must try to find it" and "你一定要找到" means "you must find it."

Illustrative Examples

做 vs. 做到

我 还 没有 做。Wǒ hái méiyǒu zuò. I haven‘t done it.

我 下 个 星期 可以 做。Wǒ xià gè xīngqī kěyǐ zuò. I can do it next week.

我 相信 你 一定 能 做到。Wǒ xiāngxìn nǐ yīdìng néng zuòdào. I believe you will be able to do it.

买 vs. 买到

我 还 没有 买。Wǒ hái méiyǒu mǎi. I haven't bought it yet.

我 没 买到。Wǒ méi mǎidào. I didn't buy it.

这里 很 难 买到 进口 食品。Zhèlǐ hěn nán mǎidào jìnkǒu shípǐn. It's hard to buy imported good here.

学 vs. 学到

我 想 学 中文。Wǒ xiǎng xué Zhōngwén. I want to learn Chinese.

我们 今天 学 了 “恭喜发财”。Wǒmen jīntiān xué le “gōngxǐ fācái”. Today we learned "kung hei fat choy."

在 这个 公司 工作，我 学到 了 很 多 东西。Zài zhège gōngsī gōngzuò, wǒ xuédào le hěn duō dōngxi. Working for this company, I learned a lot of things.

拿 vs. 拿到

你 拿 小包，我 拿 大包。Nǐ ná xiǎo bāo, wǒ ná dà bāo. You take the small bag, I'll take the big bag.

今天 去 拿 婚纱，不 知道 能 不 能 拿到。Jīntiān qù ná hūnshā, bù zhīdào néng bu néng nádào.
Today I'm going to pick up the wedding dress, not sure if I'll be able to get it or not.

他 偷偷 进 了 她 的 房间，拿到 了 他 想要 的 东西。Tā tōutōu jìn le tā de fángjiān, nádào le tā xiǎngyào de dōngxi. He secretly entered her room and got the thing he wanted to take.

想 vs. 想到

一定 要 想 一 个办法。Yīdìng yào xiǎng yī gè bànfǎ. You have to think of a method.

你 想到 了 什么好办法？Nǐ xiǎngdào le shénme hǎo bànfǎ?
Have you thought of any good methods yet?

我们 都 没 想到 他 会 这么 说。Wǒmen dōu méi xiǎngdào tā huì zhème shuō.
None of us thought that he would say it like that.

看 vs. 看到

我 在 看 一些 老 照片。Wǒ zài kàn yīxiē lǎo zhàopiàn. I'm looking at some old photos.

看到 这 张 照片，我 想到 了 我 的 女儿。Kàndào zhè zhāng zhàopiàn, wǒ xiǎngdào le wǒ de nǚ'ér. After seeing this photo, I thought of my daughter.

我 看到 他 了，在 那里！Wǒ kàndào tā le, zài nàlǐ! I see him, over there!

追 vs. 追到

怎么 追 女孩子？Zěnme zhuī nǚ háizi? How do you chase girls?

那 个 女孩子，你 追到了吗？Nàge nǚháizi, nǐ zhuīdào le ma? That girl, did you catch her yet?

如果 你 追到她了，我 就 请 你 喝酒。Rúguǒ nǐ zhuīdào tā le, wǒ jiù qǐng nǐ hējiǔ. If you can really catch her, I'll treat you to a drink.

了解 vs. 了解到

我 不 太 了解 这个 人。Wǒ bù tài liǎojiě zhège rén. I don't really understand this person.

我们 刚刚 了解到 一些 新 的 信息。Wǒmen gānggāng liǎojiědào yīxiē xīn de xìnxī. We just understood the new information.

从 他 那里，我 了解到 了 这个 女人 很 多 事。Cóng tā nàlǐ, wǒ liǎojiědào le zhège nǚrén hěn duō shì. From him, I understood a lot of things regarding this girl.

联系 vs. 联系到

我们 怎么 联系？ Wǒmen zěnme liánxì? How do we get in contact?

我 一直 想 跟 你 联系，但是 一直 没 联系到 你。 Wǒ yīzhí xiǎng gēn nǐ liánxì, dànshì yīzhí méi liánxìdào nǐ. I always wanted get in contact with you, but I never could get a hold of you.

你 知道 怎么 能 联系到 他吗？ Nǐ zhīdào zěnme néng liánxìdào tā ma?
Do you know how to get in contact with him?

之一 (zhīyī) is one of those words that really gives your Chinese some polish. Using it with confidence makes your Chinese sound great! Learn how to use 之一 (zhīyī) properly in this article.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

In order to express "one of the..." in Chinese, "之一" (zhī yī) can be used at the end of the sentence.

[Noun Phrase] + 之一

An important note to keep in mind is that 之一 can only follow a noun.

Examples

她 是 我 的 好 朋友 之 一 。 Tā shì wǒ de hǎo péngyou zhī yī.
She is one of my best friends.

我 觉得 百事可乐 是 最 好喝 的 饮料 之 一 。 Wǒ juéde Bǎishì kělè shì zuì hǎohē de yǐnliào zhī yī.
I think Pepsi is one of the best tasting drinks.

纽约 是 世界 上 最 国际化 的 城市 之 一 。 Niǔyuē shì shìjiè shàng zuì guójìhuà de chéngshì zhī yī.
New York is the one of the most international cities in the world.

他 是 这个 公司 的 创始人 之 一 。 Tā shì zhège gōngsī de chuàngshǐ rén zhī yī.
He is one of the founders of this company.

成龙 是 最 有名 的 动作 明星 之 一 。 Chéng Lóng shì zuì yǒumíng de dòngzuò míngxīng zhī yī.
Jackie Cheng is one of the most famous action movie stars.

中国 的 空气 污染 是 的 老外 经常 抱怨 的 问题 之 一 。 Zhōngguó kōngqì wūrǎn shì lǎowài jīngcháng bàoyuàn de wèntí zhī yī.
in China, air pollution is one of the problems foreigners complain a lot about.

中秋节 是 中国 最 重要 的 传统 节日 之 一 。 Zhōngqiūjié shì Zhōngguó zuì zhòngyào de chuántǒng jiérì zhī yī.
Mid-autumn Day is one of the most important traditional festivals in China.

全球化 是 21 世纪 最 大 的 特点 之 一 。 Quánqiúhuà shì èrshí-yī shìjì zuì dà de tèdiǎn zhī yī.
Globalization is one of the major features of the 21st century.

个性化 是 我们 服务 的 主要 特点 之 一 。 Gèxìnghuà shì wǒmen fúwù de zhǔyào tèdiǎn zhī yī.
Personalization is one of the major characteristics of our service.

我 选择 这 家 公司 的 原因 之 一 是 我 喜欢 这里 的 工作 环境。 Wǒ xuǎnzé zhè jiā gōngsī de yuányīn zhī yī shì wǒ xǐhuan zhèlǐ de gōngzuò huánjìng.
The reason why I choose this company is that I like the working environment here.

See Also

"Within (it/them)" as "qizhong"

"Among" as "dangzhong"

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 259)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2 (1st ed) (pp. 227) AMAZON AFFILIATE LINK NEEDED

卓越汉语－公司实战篇 (p. 52-3)

A number in excess of a certain amount is expressed by adding "多" (duō) to the end of a number. This is usually translated as "more than..." in English.

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Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

Number + 多 + Measure word + (Noun)

Examples

他 妈妈 已经 五十 多 岁 了。 Tā māma yǐjīng wǔshí duō suì le.
His mother is already more than fifty years old.

这个 包 花 了 我 三 万 多 块钱 。 Zhège bāo huā le wǒ sān qiān duō kuài qián.
This bag cost me more than thirty thousand kuai.

这 本 书 有 一 千 多 页 。 Zhè běn shū yǒu yī qiān duō yè.
This book has more than ten thousand pages.

中国 有 五 千 多 年 的 历史 。 Zhōngguó yǒu wǔ qiān duō nián de lìshǐ.
China has more than five thousand years of history.

In the above examples, 年 does not take a measure word.

When the number is smaller than eleven, the 多 can be put after the measure word. However, if the number is bigger than eleven, the 多 has to be put before the measure word:

五岁多

五十岁多

五十多 岁

九十块钱多

九十多 块 钱

See also

Intensifying with "duo"

Doing something more with "duo"

Asking about degree with "duo"

Measure Words for Verbs

Using "ji" to mean "several"

Books

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 81)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 205-7) >

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (p. 86)

When a verb is done more than once, it also requires a measure word to accompany it. This way the measure word is acting as a way to count the frequency or re-occurrence of an action.

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Structure

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Books

Structure

Verb + Number + Measure Word

The grammar pattern is very similar to English. For example, "看三次" and "saw three times" mirror each other in structure. In Chinese sentences, these measure words can either come after the verb (as a complement) or before the word (as an adverb). You should also know that, like nouns, some verbs have special measure words to go with them. The basic verbal measure word, however, is 次.

Examples

去 过 两 次 qù guo liǎng cì
have been there twice.

说 了 很 多 次 shuō le hěn duō cì
have said it many times.

读 两 遍 dú liǎng biàn
Read it twice.

已经 听 了 十几 遍 yǐjīng tīng le shí jǐ biàn
have already listened to it more than ten times.

打 了 三 下 dǎ le sān xià
Hit three times.

See also

Measure words for counting

Measure words to differentiate

Measure words in quantity questions

When conceding a point, we often put emphasis on the point we are conceding, and in Chinese there is a way to do that with 是 (shì).

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Structure

This pattern is often used in an argument or debate. It's usually indicating that the speaker is conceding a point, but they still have some reservations about the topic at hand. Don't worry, the examples will make this clear.

Adj. + 是 + Adj. ， 但是 / 就是 ⋯⋯

"但是"连接的第二个分句可以是好的、让人满意的方面或者相反的情况。"就是"连接的第二个分句一定是让人不满意的方面。

Examples

好吃 是 好吃 ，就是 不 太 健康 。 Hǎochī shì hǎochī, jiùshì bù tài jiànkāng.
It is tasty, but it's not very healthy.

这个 东西 好 是 好 ，就是 太 贵 了 。 Zhège dōngxi hǎo shì hǎo, jiùshì tài guì le.
This thing is good, but it's too expensive.

工作 忙 是 忙 ，但是 我 很 开心 。 Gōngzuò máng shì máng, dànshì wǒ hěn kāixīn.
I am busy at work, but I'm very happy with my job.

这 件 衣服 便宜 是 便宜 ，但是 质量 不 太 好 。 Zhè jiàn yīfu piányi shì piányi, dànshì zhìliàng bù tài hǎo.
This piece of clothing may be cheap, but the quality isn't very good.

这个 学生 聪明 是 聪明 ，就是 不 太 努力 。 Zhège xuéshēng cōngming shì cōngming, jiùshì bù tài nǔlì.
This student may be smart, but he's not very hardworking.

这个 办公楼 好 是 好 ，但是 交通 不太 方便。 Zhège bàngōnglóu hǎo shì hǎo, dànshì jiāotōng bù tài fāngbiàn.
This office building is great, but the transportation is not very convenient.

他 女朋友 漂亮 是 漂亮 ，就是 有点 矮 。 Tā nǚpéngyou piàoliang shì piàoliang, jiùshì gèzi yǒudiǎn ǎi.
His girlfriend is pretty, but she is a little short.

玩 得 开心 是 开心 ，但是 有点 累 。 Wán de kāixīn shì kāixīn, dànshì yǒudiǎn lèi.
We had lots of fun, but we were also a little tired after that.

这个 老师 严格 是 严格 ，但是 她 教 得 好 。Zhège lǎoshī yángé shì yángé, dànshì tā jiāo de hǎo.
This teacher is strict, but she teaches very well.

这个 运动 危险 是 危险 ，但是 很 刺激 。 Zhège yùndòng wēixiǎn shì wēixiǎn, dànshì hěn cìjī. This sport may be dangerous, but it's also very exciting.

See also

Expressing Contrariness with "dao"

"Not… But Rather…" with "er shi"

Sources and further reading

Books

Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 180)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 22- 3)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (p. 119)

This pattern tells us that as soon as one thing happened, then another thing happened immediately afterwards. You mark the two events with 一 (yī) and 就 (jiù).

Used as "as soon as"

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Structure

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Sources and further reading

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Structure

The pattern involves two different events, the first preceded by "一," and then the second event, which follows in quick succession, preceded by 就.

Subj. + 一 + Event 1，就 + Event 2

The subjects of the two "Events" can be the same, but they don't have to be. If they're the same, then you don't need to repeat the subject for the second one.

Note that it can be used

Examples

饿 死了，我 一 下课 就 要 去 吃 午饭 。 È sǐ le, wǒ yī xiàkè jiù yào qù chī wǔfàn.
I'm starved. I will go to lunch as soon as the class is over.

你 能 不 能 一 下班 就 去 接 孩子 ？ Nǐ néng bu néng yī xiàbān jiù qù jiē háizi?
Can you go to pick up the kid as soon as you get off work?

妈妈 一 到 家 就 去 做饭 了 。 Māma yī dào jiā jiù qù zuòfàn le.
As soon as mother arrived home, she went to cook dinner.

老师 一 来 大家 就 不 说话 了。 Lǎoshī yī lái dàjiā jiù bù shuōhuà le.
As soon as the teacher came , everyone stopped talking.

我 一 进门 ，小狗 就 跑 了 过来 。 Wǒ yī jìn mén, xiǎogǒu jiù pǎo le guòlái.
As soon as I walked into the door, the puppy ran over to me.

Used as "Every Time"

Structure

In this case, 一 means "every time," followed by some certain condition, which could be the reason or the cause of what happened after 就. The subjects of the two "Events" are usually the same.

Subj. + 一 + Situation / Reason，就 + Result

Examples

我 一 想到 这 件 事 就 不 高兴 。 Wǒ yī xiǎngdào zhè jiàn shì jiù bù gāoxìng.
Every time I think about this, I get upset.

老师 一 生气 就 脸红 。 Lǎoshī yī shēngqì jiù liǎn hóng.
Every time the teacher gets angry, his face turns red.

她 一 吃 火锅 就 拉肚子 。 Tā yī chī huǒguō jiù lādùzi.
Every time she eats hotpot, she has diarrhea.

他 一 上 英语 课 就 想 睡觉 。 Tā yī shàng Yīngyǔ kè jiù xiǎng shuìjiào.
Every time he takes English class, he feels like falling asleep.

一 不 让 弟弟 玩 iPad ，他 就 哭 。 Yī bù ràng dìdi wán iPad, tā jiù kū.
Every time we ask my younger brother to stop playing with iPad, he cries.

Sources and further reading

Books

Common Chinese Patterns 330 (汉语常用格式330例) (pp. 184)

New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2) (pp. 240)

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp.169)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 206-7)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 88-9)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 85-7)

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (pp. 173, 189)

就要 (jiùyào) is similar to 快要 (kuàiyào), meaning "about to." They are interchangeable in some cases. But there is a major difference that you need to take a good look at.

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Structure

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Basic Usage

Structure

In this case, 就要 can be replaced by 快要 or 快. But 就要 can't be.

(Subj. +) 就要 + Verb Phrase + 了

Examples

他 快要 去 美国 了。 Tā kuài yào qù Měiguó le.
He's about to go to the USA.

快 下雨 了！ Kuài xiàyǔ le!
It's about to rain!

我 就要 饿 死 了。 Wǒ jiù yào è sǐ le.
I'm about to starve to death.

他们 就要 结婚 了。 Tāmen jiù yào jiéhūn le.
They are about to get married.

就要 下课 了 ，还有 别的 问题 吗？ Jiù yào xiàkè le, háiyǒu bié de wèntí ma?
The class is almost over. Are there any other questions?

Used with 还有

快要 (kuài yào) is generally "about to" [happen], but 就要 (jiù yào) could be used to mark a more specific time. 要 (yào) here can be omitted. For this one, you wouldn't normally use "about to" for this English translation, but the feeling is nevertheless that the impending event is coming up fast.

Structure

还有 + Time Period + 就(要) + Verb Phrase + 了

Examples

还有 十 天 宝宝 就 一 岁 了。 Háiyǒu shí tiān bǎobao jiù yī suì le.
In ten more days, the baby will be one year old.

还有 十 分钟 就 下班 了。 Háiyǒu shí fēnzhōng jiù xiàbān le.
In 10 more minutes I get off work.

还有 五 天 就要 放假 了。 Háiyǒu wǔ tiān jiù yào fàngjià le.
In 10 more days, I go on vacation.

还有 一 个 月 就要 过年 了。 Háiyǒu yī gè yuè jiù yào guònián le.
In another month it will be Chinese New Year.

还有 两 个 星期 就要 考试 了。 Háiyǒu liǎng gè xīngqí jiù yào kǎoshì le.
We're just two weeks away from the test date.

See also

"Nearly" with "jihu"

Approximations with "chabuduo"

Expressing future with "jiang"

Sources and further reading

Books

Boya Chinese Elementary Starter 1 (博雅汉语初经起步篇) (p.183)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 267-8)

New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2) (pp. 196-7)

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (p. 271)

Websites

ChinesePod: Qing Wen - 了 (le): Something's About to Happen (free podcast content)

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Structure

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Sources and further reading

Books

REDIRECTExpressing "already" with "dou"

The grammar pattern "虽然⋯⋯ 但是⋯⋯" (suīrán... dànshì...) is one of the most common used patterns in Chinese, especially in written Chinese. You can think of it as meaning "although," but unlike in English, you still need to follow it with a "but" word in Chinese.

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Sources and further reading

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Structure

"虽然(suīrán) ⋯⋯ ，但是(dànshì) ⋯⋯ " expresses that while the former part of the sentence is true, there is an adverse reaction in the latter part.

虽然 ⋯⋯ ，但是 / 可是 ⋯⋯

Simply put, the pattern means, although..., but... In English, you wouldn't normally need the "but" there, but it is required in Chinese. Be aware that "可是" can be used interchangeably with "但是" for the "but" part.

Examples

他 虽然 不 想 去 ，但是 还是 去 了 。 Tā suīrán bù xiǎng qù, dànshì háishì qù le.
Although he didn't want to go, he did after all.

虽然 他 家 很 有钱，可是 他 从来 不 浪费 钱 。 Suīrán tā jiā hěn yǒuqián, kěshì tā cónglái bù làngfèi qián.
Even though his family is rich, he never wastes money.

这 件 衣服 虽然 有点 贵 ，但是 质量 很 好 。 Zhè jiàn yīfu suīrán yǒudiǎn guì, dànshì zhìliàng hěn hǎo.
Although this piece of clothing is a little expensive, the quality is pretty good.

他 虽然 有 错 ，可是 不 能 全 怪 他 。 Tā suīrán yǒu cuò, kěshì bù néng quán guài tā.
Although he did something wrong, you can't blame him for all of it.

你 虽然 学历 高 ，可是 没 行业 经验 。 Nǐ suīrán xuélì gāo, kěshì méi hángyè jīngyàn.
Although you're well-educated, you don't have experience in this industry.

虽然 奶奶 已经 八十 多 了 ，但是 她 精神 很 好 。 Suīrán nǎinai yǐjīng bāshí duō le, dànshì tā jīngshén hěn hǎo.
Although grandma is in her eighties, she look very well.

虽然 她 病 了 ，可是 她 没有 请假 。 Suīrán tā bìng le, kěshì tā méiyǒu qǐngjià.
Although she's sick, she didn't ask for sick leave.

虽然 他 不 是 很 有 天赋 ，可是 他 非常 努力 。 Suīrán tā bù shì hěn yǒu tiānfù, kěshì tā fēicháng nǔlì.
Although he's not very talented, he works very hard.

虽然 我们 准备 得 很 好 ，但是 还是 有点 紧张 。 Suīrán wǒmen zhǔnbèi de hěn hǎo, dànshì háishì yǒudiǎn jǐnzhāng.
Although we all prepared very well, we're still a little nervous.

我 认识 他 的 时间 虽然 不 长 ，但是 我 已经 很 了解 他 了 。 Wǒ rènshi tā de shíjiān suīrán bù cháng, dànshì wǒ yǐjīng hěn liǎojiě tā le.
Although I haven't known him for a long time, I've known him very deeply.

See also

Two words for "but"

"Although" with "jinguan"

Sources and further reading

Books

Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 115-6)

Common Chinese Patterns 330 (汉语常用格式330例) (pp. 217)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 245)

>Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 256-7)

New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2) (pp. 177)

Category:B1 grammar points

When we want to express "to do something as one pleases," we can use the "想 verb +就 verb" form.

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Basic Usage

This structure is similar to how we would say in English "Whatever I want to eat, I eat" or "Wherever I want to go, I go." What comes after the 想 and 就 are the same verb.

Structure

想 + Verb (+ Obj.) + 就 + Verb (+ Obj.)

Examples

你 想 来 就 来 。 Nǐ xiǎng lái jiù lái.
If you want to come, come.

想 吃 就 吃 ，不用 问 我 。 Xiǎng chī jiù chī, bùyòng wèn wǒ.
If you want to eat, help yourself. You don't need to ask me.

别 害怕 ，想唱 就 大声 唱 。 Bié hàipà, xiǎng chàng jiù dàshēng chàng.
Don't be afraid. If you want to sing, sing loudly.

想 做 就 做，考虑 那么 多 干吗 ？ Xiǎng zuò jiù zuò, kǎolǜ nàme duō gànmá?
If you want to do it, do it. Why would you consider so much?

想 跑 就 跑 ，哪有 那么 容易 ？ Xiǎng pǎo jiù pǎo, nǎ yǒu nàme róngyì?
Isn't it too easy that you just leave when you want to run away?

Used with Question Word

You can also add in a question word, like 什么, 哪儿, or 怎么. When this is the case, the pronouns don't necessarily refer to any specific thing. They can be seen more as words like "whatever" or "wherever." This way, question pronouns (什么,谁,什么时候,etc) serve as "indefinite references."

Structure

想 + Question Word + 就 + Question Word

Examples

想 去 哪儿 就 去哪儿 。 Xiǎng qù nǎr jiù qù nǎr.
You can go wherever you like to go.

想 请 谁 就 请 谁 。 Xiǎng qǐng shéi jiù qǐng shéi.
You can invite whoever you like to invite.

想 什么 时候 来 就 什么 时候 来 。 Xiǎng shénme shíhou lái jiù shénme shíhou lái.
You can come whenever you like.

想 点 什么 就 点 什么 ，我 请客 。 Xiǎng diǎn shénmejiù diǎn shénme, wǒ qǐngkè.
You can order whatever you like. I'm buying.

这些 钱 我 想怎么 花 就 怎么 花 ，不 关 你 的 事 。 Zhèxiē qián wǒ xiǎng zěnme huā jiù zěnme huā, bù guān nǐ de shì.
I will spend the money however I like. It has nothing to do with you.

See also

Comparing "cai" and "jiu"

Events in quick succession with "yi... jiu"

Expressing earliness with "jiu"

Expressing indifference with "jiu"

Limiting Scope with "jiu"

"If…, then…" with "ruguo…, jiu…"

Expressing "Anyway" as "fanzheng"

Sources and further reading

Books

现代汉语虚词例释 (p. 305)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (p. 272)

卓越汉语－公司实战篇 (pp. 59, 104-5) (Indefinite References)

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册） (p. 414)

Dictionaries

现代汉语词典（第5版） (p. 145)

"连⋯⋯ 都 / 也⋯⋯" (lián...dōu/yě...) is a pattern that can be used to emphasize certain unexpected or surprising events or information. It is used the same way even is in English.

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Sources and further reading

Books

连 Followed by Noun

Structure

连 + Noun + 都 / 也 + Verb Phrase

Examples

你们 连 我 都 不 相信？ Nǐmen lián wǒ dōu bù xiāngxìn? How come you don't even believe in me?

他 什么 都 吃，连 狗肉 都 吃。 He eats everything, even dog meat.

你 连 他 的 名字 都 没 听说 过？ Nǐ liántā de míngzi dōu méi tīngshuō guo? You haven't even heard about his name?

这个 汉字 太 难 了 ，连 我 的 中文 老师 也 不 认识 。 Zhège Hànzì tài nán le, lián wǒ de Zhōngwén lǎoshī yě bù rènshi.
This Chinese character is so difficult that even my Chinese teacher doesn't know it.

我们 家 人人 都 炒股 ， 连 我 奶奶 也 炒 。 Wǒmen jiā rénrén dōu chǎogǔ, lián wǒ nǎinai yě chǎo.
Everyone in my family plays the stock market, even my grandma does.

Not even One with 连

"连"在这个句型中，是语气副词，加强语气。去掉不影响句子的完整性。

Structure

连 + 一 + Measure Word + (Noun) + 都 / 也 + 不 / 没 + Verb Phrase

Examples

两 年 前，他 连 一 句 中文 都 不 会 说。 Liǎng nián qián, tā lián yī jù Zhōngwén dōu bù huì shuō.
He couldn't even speak one sentence in Chinese two years ago.

你 在 国外 连 一 个 朋友 都 没有？ Nǐ zài guówài lián yī gè péngyou dōu méiyǒu? You don't even have a friend abroad?

我们 连 一 次 也 没 见 过。 Wǒmen lián yī cì yě méi jiàn guo.
We haven't even met once.

连 Followed by Verb

The verb used in this structure is mostly one syllable verb.

Structure

连 + Verb + 也 / 都 + 不 / 没 + Verb（，就⋯⋯）

Using this type of sentence structure emphasizes "not even at all..."

Examples

我 连 见 都 没 见 过 。 Wǒ lián jiàn dōu méi jiàn guo.
I didn't meet him at all.

你 怎么 连 想 都 不 想 ？ Nǐ zěnme lián xiǎng dōu bù xiǎng? How did you not think about it at all?

他 连 看 都 没 看 ， 就 说 我 的 衣服 很 难看 。 Tā lián kàn dōu méi kàn, jiù shuō wǒ de yīfu hěn nánkàn.
He didn't even look at them at all, he just said my clothes were ugly.

他 连 问 都 不 问 ， 就 把 我们 的 东西 扔 掉 了 。 Tā lián wèn dōu bù wèn, jiù bǎ wǒmen de dōngxi rēngdiào le.
He didn't even ask at all, he just threw away my stuff.

你们 连 尝 都 没 尝 ， 怎么 知道 不 好吃 ？ Nǐmen lián cháng dōu méi cháng, zěnme zhīdào bù hǎochī? You guys didn't even taste it at all, how do you know that it tastes bad?

连 Followed by Sentence

"连"用在小句前，小句中要有疑问代词。

Structure

连 + Sentence + 都 / 也 + Verb Phrase

Examples

你们 连 他 叫 什么 都 不 问？ Nǐmen lián tā jiào shénme dōu bù wèn? How come you don't even believe in me?

他 连 他 女朋友 喜欢 吃 什么 都 不 知道。 Tā lián tā nǚpéngyou xǐhuan chī shénme dōu bù zhīdào.
How come you don't even believe in me?

她 连 我 每天 跟 谁 一起 吃饭 都 要 问。 Tā lián wǒ měi tiān gēn shéi yīqǐ chīfàn dōu yào wèn. < She even asks me about who I have dinner with everyday.

See also

"Even" as "shenzhi"

Expressing "every" with "mei" and "dou"

"Not at all"

Sources and further reading

Books

Common Chinese Patterns 330 (汉语常用格式330例) (pp. 152)

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 356-7)

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 136)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 204-5)

每⋯⋯都⋯⋯ (měi... dōu...) is a pattern used to express "every time," even though the phrase 每次 (měi cì) may not be explicitly used.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

You should already be familiar with how 每 and 都 work together. In this grammar structure, the focus is on what happens every time a certain action is done, for example, "every time he comes across a problem, he needs to write it down."

每 + Verb + Number + Measure Word + Noun + 都 + Verb

Examples

他 每 遇到 一 个 问题 都 要 记 下来 。 Tā měi yùdào yī gè wèntí dōu yào jì xiàlái.
Every time he comes across a problem, he needs to write it down.

她 每 去一个 地方 都 要 拍照 。 Tā měi qùyī gè dìfang dōu yào pāizhào.
Every time she visits some place, she takes photos.

他 每 拍 完 一部 电影 都 要 休息 一个月 。 Tā měi pāi wán yī bù diànyǐng dōu yào xiūxi yī gè yuè.
Every time he finishes shooting a movie, he needs to take a break for one month.

记住 ，每 写 完 一 篇 文章 都 要 保存 。 Jìzhù, měi xiě wán yī piān wénzhāng dōu yào bǎocún.
Remember, every time you finish writing an article, save it.

他 每 换 一 个 工作 ， 都 要 搬家 。 Tā měi huàn yī gè gōngzuò, dōu yào bānjiā.
Every time he starts a new job, he moves.

为什么 我 每 说 一 件 事 ， 你 都 要 问 “真的吗” ？ Wèishénme wǒ měi shuō yī jiàn shì, nǐ dōu yào wèn"zhēnde ma"?
Why you have to ask "really" every time I say something?

See also

Pronoun "mei" for "every"

Emphasising quantity with "dou"

Measure words for verbs

Sources and further reading

Books

Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 87-8)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 267)

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 284-5)

This grammar point is not about how to use 每 (měi) to mean "every," but rather how to combine question words with 都 (dōu) to make words and phrases like "everywhere" or "everyone." You may have learned this same pattern for expressing "everything," but now it's time to extend it.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Expressing "Everyone" with 谁 都

"谁 都" (shéi dōu) is a pattern used to express "everyone" (or possibly "anyone") in Chinese. The placement of the question word 谁 is very similar to the way 什么 (shénme) can be used to express "every", along with other question words like 哪儿 (nǎr) and 多少 (duōshǎo).

Structure

谁 + 都 + Verb Phrase

Examples

谁 都 喜欢 美食。 Shéi dōu xǐhuan měishí.
Everyone likes delicious food.

这个 地方 谁 都 可以 进 。 Zhège dìfang shéi dōu kěyǐ jìn.
Everyone can go inside this place.

谁 都 不 相信 他 说 的 话 。 Shéi dōu bù xiāngxìn tā shuō de huà.
No one believes what he said.

谁 都 不 希望 发生 这样 的 事 。 Shéi dōu bù xīwàng fāshēng zhèyàng de shì.
No one wants this kind of thing to happen.

谁 都 没 办法 证明 他 拿 了 公司 的 钱 。 Shéi dōu méi bànfǎ zhèngmíng tā ná le gōngsī de qián.
No one can prove that he took the company's money.

Expressing "Everywhere" with 哪儿 都

This pattern also works with 哪儿 (nǎr).

Structure

哪儿 / 哪里 + 都 + Verb Phrase

Examples

你 家 太 乱 了 ， 哪儿 都 是 脏 衣服 。 Nǐ jiā tài luàn le, nǎr dōu shì zāng yīfu.
Your place is so messy. Dirty clothes are everywhere.

昨天 运动 得 太 厉害 了 ， 现在 哪儿 都 疼 。 Zuótiān yùndòng de tài lìhai le, xiànzài nǎr dōu téng.
I exercised too strenuously yesterday. Now everywhere hurts.

我 太 累 了，哪儿 都 不想 去。 Wǒ tài lèi le, nǎr dōu bù xiǎng qù.
I'm too tired. I don't want to go anywhere.

Expressing "Whenever" with 什么时候 都

什么时候 (shénme shíhou) combines with 都 (dōu) to mean "whenever" or "anytime."

Structure

什么 时候 + 都 + Verb Phrase

Examples

你 什么 时候 来 都 行 。 Nǐ shénme shíhou lái dōu xíng.
You can come anytime.

什么 时候 开始 都 不 晚 。 Shénme shíhou kāishǐ dōu bù wǎn.
It's never too late to begin.

我 家 什么 时候 都 有 人 在 。 Wǒ jiā shénme shíhou dōu yǒu rén zài.
There is always someone at home.

Expressing "However Much" with 多少 都

多少 (duōshao) also works with "都" in this case.

Structure

多少 (+ Noun) + 都 + Verb Phrase

Examples

多少 钱 都 买 不到 这个 东西 。 Duōshao qián dōu mǎi bùdào zhège dōngxi.
You can't buy this thing at any price.

你 想 吃 多少 都 可以 。 Nǐ xiǎng chī duōshao dōu kěyǐ.
You can eat however much you want.

这些 是 免费 的 ， 我们 拿 多少 都 没 问题 。 Zhèxiē shì miǎnfèi de, wǒmen ná duōshao dōu méi wèntí.
These are all free. We can take however much we want.

Expressing "However" with 怎么 都

怎么 (zěnme) also works with "都" in this case.

Structure

怎么 + 都 + Verb Phrase

Examples

我 想 怎么 做 都 可以 吗 ？ Wǒ xiǎng zěnme zuò dōu kěyǐ ma? Is it OK if I do however I want?

别人 怎么 想 都 不 重要 。 Biérén zěnme xiǎng dōu bù zhòngyào.
It doesn't matter however other people think.

这 件 衣服 怎么 穿 都 好看 。 Zhè jiàn yīfu zěnme chuān dōu hǎokàn.
This clothing looks good however you wear it.

See also

Expressing "All" with "shenme dou"

Expressing "Every" with "mei" and "dou"

Sources and further reading

Books

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 286-8)

Using 除了 (chúle)⋯⋯ 以外 (yǐwài) will help you spruce up your sentences when you want to express "except," "besides," and "in addition." You may feel that "except" has a pretty different meaning form the other two. Well, read on!

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Used as "Except"

Structure

"除了⋯⋯ (以外), 都⋯⋯ " (chúle... (yǐwài), dōu...) is a pattern used to express "except." Make a special note of the 都!

除了 + ⋯⋯ (+ 以外) ，Subj. + 都 + Predicate

Examples

除了 他 ，我们 都 去 过 。 Chúle tā , wǒmen dōu qù guo.
Except for him, we've all been there.

除了 周末 ，老板 每天 都 加班 。 Chúle zhōumò, lǎobǎn měi tiān dōu jiābān.
Except for weekends, the boss works overtime everyday.

除了 价格 以外 ，其他 方面 我们 都 很 满意 。 Chúle jiàgé yǐwài, qítā fāngmiàn wǒmen dōu hěn mǎnyì.
Except for the price, we're satisfied with everything else.

除了 白酒 ，别的 酒 他 都 喝 。 Chúle báijiǔ, biéde jiǔ tā dōu hē.
He can drink anything except white wine.

除了 政治 新闻 以外 ，其他 新闻 我 都 看 。 Chúle zhèngzhì xīnwén yǐwài, qítā xīnwén wǒ dōu kàn.
Except for political news, I read all the types of news.

An important note is that either 除了 or 以外 (usually it's 以外) can be omitted from the sentence without losing its meaning.

Expressing "in Addition"

Structure

"除了⋯⋯ (以外), 也/还⋯⋯ " (chúle... (yǐwài), yě/hái... ) is a pattern used to express "in addition." Make a special note of the 也 or 还!

除了 + ⋯⋯ (+ 以外) ， Subj. + 也 / 还 + Predicate

Examples

除了 英语 ，我 也 会 说 法语 和 西班牙语 。 Chúle Yīngyǔ, wǒ yě huì shuō Fǎyǔ hé Xībānyáyǔ.
In addition to English, I can also speak French and Spanish.

中国 的 功夫 明星 除了 成龙 ， 李连杰 也 很 有名 。 Zhōngguó de gōngfu míngxīng chúle Chéng Lóng, Lǐ Liánjié yě hěn yǒumíng. In addition to Jackie Chen, Jet Li is also very famous as a Chinese kung fu star.

除了 运动 以外 ，你 还 有 什么 爱好 吗 ？ Chúle yùndòng yǐwài, nǐ háiyǒu shénme àihào ma?
In addition to sports, what other hobbies do you have?

除了 海鲜 以外 ，你 还 对 什么 过敏 ？ Chúle hǎixiān yǐwài, nǐ hái duì shénme guòmǐn?
In addition to seafood, what else are you allergic to?

除了 猫 和 狗 ，我 小时候 还 养 过 兔子 。 Chúle māo hé gǒu, wǒ xiǎoshíhou hái yǎng guo tùzi.
In addition to cat and dog, I also had a rabbit when I was young.

See also

"Unless" with "chufei"

"In addition" as "lingwai"

Sources and further reading

Books

Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 80)

Common Chinese Patterns 330 (汉语常用格式330例) (pp. 50, 52)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 218-9)　

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 16-7)

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 355-6)

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3)(pp. 170)

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (p. 271)

Although there are a number of ways to express "it depends" in Chinese, the most common ones in spoken Chinese involve the verb 看 (kàn). Some common expressions include:

要看 (yào kàn)

得看 (děi kàn)

Both 得看 (děi kàn) and 要看 (yào kàn) mean "depends on." Literally, they both mean "have to look at," so the logic is not hard to understand. Both of them are informal spoken patterns. If you're looking for more formal language, consider 取决于 (qǔjué yú), "to be dependent on."

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Used to Answer a Question

If you're answering a question with "it depends on..." then this is the pattern you want. It's a bit simpler than 取决于 (qǔjué yú).

Structure

这 / 那 + 要看 / 得看 + [Unclear Situation]

Examples

Keep in mind that the "answers" below are meant to be an answer to some imaginary question that we don't include.

这 得看 你 的 时间 。 Zhè děi kàn nǐ de shíjiān.
This depends on when you are available.

这 得看 天气 怎么样 。 Zhè děi kàn tiānqì zěnmeyàng.
It depends on how the weather is.

那 得看 考试 结果 。 Nà děi kàn kǎoshì jiéguō.
That depends on whether the result of the test.

那 要看 他 愿 不 愿意 。 Nà yào kàn tā yuàn bu yuànyì.
That depends on whether he feels like it or not.

那 要看 孩子 怎么 想 。 Nà yào kàn háizi zěnme xiǎng.
It depends on what the child thinks.

Used in a Full Sentence

Structure

If you're going to write a full sentence explaining what "it" depends on, then you're going to need to lead off with some kind of explanation of the "unknown outcome" of what "it depends" on. So you'll start with the "unknown outcome" in the first part of the sentence (before 要看 / 得看), and then end up with what "it depends on" (after 要看 / 得看).

[Unknown Outcome] + 要看 / 得看 + [Unclear Situation]

The "unknown outcome" normally includes some kind of question word, meaning something like "whether or not x happens" or "what x does," etc.

Examples

去 不 去 要看 他 的 心情 。 Qù bu qù yào kàn tā de xīnqíng.
Whether he comes or not depends on his mood.

让 谁 去 得看 老板 的 态度 。 Ràng shéi qù děi kàn lǎobǎn de tàidu.
Who to send there depends on the boss' attitude.

能 不 能 留在 中国 要看 我 能 不 能 拿到 签证 。 Néng bu néng liú zài Zhōngguó yào kàn wǒ néng bu néng nádào Qiānzhèng.
Whether I can stay in China depends on whether or not I can get the visa.

产品 开发 要看 客户 的 需求 。 Chǎnpǐn kāifā yào kàn kèhù de xūqiú.
Product development depends on the needs of the clients.

什么 时候 给 你 升职 得看 你 的 业绩 。 Shénme shíhou gěi nǐ shēngzhí děi kàn nǐ de yèjì.
When to give you the promotion depends on your performance.

Sources and further reading

Books

Common Chinese Patterns 330 (汉语常用格式330例) (p. 168)

越来越 (yuèláiyuè) is used frequently in Chinese to express that some quality or state is increasing with time, or in tune with another factor. There are two forms of this pattern, the "simple" one (using 来), and the more complex one (which uses two different adjectives/verbs).

Used with Adjectives

This structure expresses that something is becoming more and more adjective over time, with the latter adjective changing with the verb. The most common structure is:

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

Subj. + 越来越 + Adj. + 了

Examples

天气 越来越 冷 了 。 Tiānqì yuèláiyuè lěng le.
The weather is getting colder and colder.

你 女儿 越来越 漂亮 了 。 Nǐ nǚér yuèláiyuè piàoliang le.
Your daughter is getting more and more beautiful.

你 做 的 菜 越来越 好吃 了 。 Nǐ zuò de cài yuèláiyuè hǎochī le.
The food that you cook is more and more delicious.

技术 越来越 发达 了 。 Jìshù yuèláiyuè fādá le.
Technology is more and more developed.

上海 的 房价 越来越 高 了 。 Shànghǎi de fángjià yuèláiyuè gāo le.
The housing price in Shanghai is getting higher and higher.

Used with Verbs

Structure

Subj. + 越来越 + [Verb Phrase] + 了

Examples

我 的 学生 越来越 喜欢 上海 了 。 Wǒ de xuéshēng yuèláiyuè xǐhuan Shànghǎi le.
My students like Shanghai more and more.

我 女儿 越来越 爱 学 英语 了 。 Wǒ nǚ'ér yuèláiyuè ài xué Yīngyǔ le.
I'm getting more and more homesick.

他 越来越 能 吃 辣 了。 Tā yuèláiyuè néng chī là le.
He's getting better and better at eating spicy food.

我 越来越 明白 他 说 的 那些 话 的 意思 了 。 Wǒ yuèláiyuè míngbai tā shuō de nàxiē huà de yìsi le.
I understand more and more what he meant by saying those words.

有 了 孩子 以后，我 越来越 理解 我 的 父母 了。 Yǒu le háizi yǐhòu, wǒ yuèláiyuè lǐjiě wǒ de fùmǔ le.
After I have my own kid, I understand my parents more and more.

See also

"Along with…" Using "suizhe"

Sources and further reading

Books

Common Chinese Patterns 330 (汉语常用格式330例) (pp. 295)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 153-4)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 288-9)

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 238-9)

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 185)

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册） (p. 340)

In English we might want to say something like "I have absolutely no money, not even one penny." That "not even one" is the focus of this article.

Contents

Structure

Examples

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Sources and further reading

Books

Basic Usage

Structure

This structure is usually used for emphasizing how little of something you have. The measure word in the middle of the sentence and the noun should be compatible with the verb at the end.

一 + Measure Word + (Noun) + 也 / 都 + 不 / 没 + Verb

Examples

我 一 口 都 没 吃 。 Wǒ yī kǒu dōu méi chī.
I didn't take a single bite.

他 一 句 中文 都 不 会 说 。 Tā yī jù Zhōngwén dōu bù huì shuō.
He can't speak one sentence of Chinese.

为什么 这里 一 个 人 都 没有 ？ Wèishénme zhèlǐ yī gè rén dōu méiyǒu? Why aren't there any people here?

她 一 瓶 酒 也 没 喝 。 Tā yī píng jiǔ yě méi hē.
She didn't drink a bottle of wine.

来 上海 以前 ， 他 一 个 外国 朋友 都 没有 。 Lái Shànghǎi yǐqián, tā yī gè wàiguó péngyou dōu méiyǒu.
He didn't have a foreign friend before he came to Shanghai.

Advanced Usage

Structure

If you want to put the topic of your conversation at the beginning of the sentence, make sure it has a strong emphasis or some kind of exaggerated remark.

Topic + Subj. + 一 + Measure Word + (Noun) + 也 / 都 + Verb

Examples

这个 人 我 一 次 都 没 见 过 。 Zhège rén wǒ yī cì yě méi jiàn guo.
I haven't seen this person once.

这样 的 菜 我 一 次 也 没 吃 过 。 Zhèyàng de cài wǒ yī cì yě méi chī guo.
I've never eaten this kind of food before.

这 次 活动 我们 公司 一个 人 也 没 参加 。 Zhè cì huódòng wǒmen gōngsī yī gè rén yě méi cānjiā.
Not one person in our company has participated in this activity.

See also

"Not at all"

Sources and further reading

Books

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3)(p.153)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 37 - 9)

Dictionaries

Websites

"不但⋯⋯，而且⋯⋯" (bùdàn..., érqiě...) is a very commonly used pattern that indicates "not only, ... but also...."

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Used with One Subject

Structure

Subj. + 不但 + Adj. / Verb， 而且 + Adj. / Verb

The same subject should apply to both the first part and the second part (the part after 而且).

The pattern can also be used omitting 而且, and instead using adverbs like 也 and 还 in its place.

Examples

这 种 菜 不但 好吃 ， 而且 有 营养 。 Zhè zhǒng cài bùdàn hǎochī, érqiě yǒu yíngyǎng.
This kind of vegetable is not only delicious, but nutritious as well.

她 不但 聪明 ， 而且 很 努力 。 Tā bùdàn cōngming, érqiě hěn nǔlì.
She is not only smart, but also very hard-working.

他 不但 做 完 了 ， 而且 做 得 非常 好 。 Tā bùdàn zuò wán le, érqiě zuò de fēicháng hǎo.
Not only did he finish, but he also did it extremely well.

Used with Two Different Subjects

When there is only one subject with 不但⋯⋯而且⋯⋯, the subject has to come at the beginning of the sentence, before both 不但 and 而且. When using two different subjects, however, you need to put one after 不但 and one after 而且.

Structure

So here's the pattern with one subject:

Subj. + 不但 + Adj. / Verb， 而且 + Adj. / Verb

And here's the pattern with two subjects:

不但 + Subj. 1 + Adj. / Verb， 而且 + Subj. 2 + Adj. / Verb

Examples

不但 我 会 做饭，而且 会 洗衣服。 One subject, but in the wrong place
Not only can I cook, but I can also do the laundry.

我 不但 会 做饭，而且 会 洗衣服。 One subject
Not only can I cook, but I can also do the laundry.

我 不但 会 做饭，而且 我妹妹 也会 做饭。 Two subjects, first one in the wrong place
Not only can I cook, but my little sister can as well.

不但 我 会 做饭，而且 我妹妹 也会 做饭。 Two subjects
Not only can I cook, but my little sister can as well.

See also

Many types of "not only… but also…"

"Not only… but also" with "bujin"

"In addition" as "lingwai"

Sources and further reading

Books

Common Chinese Patterns 330 (汉语常用格式330例) (pp. 22)

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 253)

New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2) (pp. 219)

Websites

Yale Chinese Usage Dictionary: Usage of 而

"不知道⋯⋯好" (bù zhīdào...hǎo) is an expression used to indicate and emphasize that the speaker does not know how to do something, or at least does not know how to do something well.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

Subj. + 不知道 + Verb Phrase + 好

You will sometimes see the adverb 才 preceding the final 好, which serves the purpose of emphasis.

Examples

我 真的 不 知道 怎么办 好 。 Wǒ zhēnde bù zhīdào zěnmebàn hǎo.
I really don't know what to do with it.

我们 都 不 知道 说 什么 好 。 Wǒmen dōu bù zhīdào shuō shénme hǎo.
None of us knew what to say about it.

他 的 短信 我 不 知道 怎么 回复 好 。 Tā de duǎnxìn wǒ bù zhīdào zěnme huífù hǎo.
I don't know how to reply to his message.

这些 东西 妈妈 不 知道 放 在 哪儿 好 。 Zhèxiē dōngxi māma bù zhīdào fàng zài nǎr hǎo.
Mom doesn't know where to put these stuff.

好吃 的 太 多 了 ，他 不 知道 先 吃 哪个 好 。 Hǎochī de tài duō le, tā bù zhīdào xiān chī nǎge hǎo.
There are too much delicious food. He doesn't know which one to start with.

十一 她 不 知道 去哪儿 玩 好 。 Shíyī tā bù zhīdào qù nǎr wán hǎo.
She doesn't know where to go for fun during National Day holidays.

都 很 漂亮 ，我 不 知道 买 哪 件 好 。 Dōu hěn piàoliang, wǒ bù zhīdào mǎi nǎ jiàn hǎo.
They are all beautiful. I'm not sure which one to buy.

经理 不 知道 让 谁 去 好 。 Jīnglǐ bù zhīdào ràng shéi qù hǎo.
The manager doesn't know who to send there.

我们 不 知道 怪 谁 好 。 Wǒmen bù zhīdào guài shéi hǎo.
We don't know who to blame.

我 想 跟 她 表白，但是 我 不 知道 什么 时候 说 好 。 Wǒ xiǎng gēn tā biǎobái, dànshì wǒ bù zhīdào shénme shíhou shuō hǎo.
I want to confess to her, but I'm not sure when to say it.

See also

Expressing lateness with "cai"

Expressing Difficulty with "hao (bu) rongyi"

Result complement "-hao"

Sources and further reading

Boya Chinese Upper Intermediate 1 (博雅汉语中级冲刺篇) (p. 77)

When talking about various aspects of a situation, "一方面⋯⋯， (另)一方面⋯⋯" (yī fāngmiàn..., (lìng) yī fāngmiàn...) can be used in a similar way that "On one hand..., on the other hand..." is in English.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

一 方面 + Aspect 1， (另) 一 方面 + Aspect 2

The two aspects in the sentence can both be similar in tone, or as it is more common in English, they can be in direct opposition of each other.

Examples

我们 一 方面 要 让 客户 满意 ， 另 一 方面 又 不 能 让 公司 有 损失 。 Wǒmen yī fāngmiàn yào ràng kèhù mǎnyì, lìng yī fāngmiàn yòu bù néng ràng gōngsī yǒu sǔnshī.
One one hand, we need to make our clients satisfied, but on the other hand, we can't cause the company any loss.

这个 项目 一 方面 能 增加 当地 人 的 收入 ， 另 一 方面 还 能 保护 当地 的 环境 。 Zhège xiàngmù yī fāngmiàn néng zēngjiā dāngdì rén de shōurù, lìng yī fāngmiàn hái néng bǎohù dāngdì de huánjìng.
One one hand, this project can increase local people's income; on the other hand, it can protect local environment.

他 一 方面很 想 创业 ， 另 一 方面 又 担心 风险 太 大 。 Tā yī fāngmiàn hěn xiǎng chuàngyè, lìng yī fāngmiàn yòu dānxīn fēngxiǎn tài dà.
On one hand, he wants to start a business, but on the other hand, he's afraid the risk is too great.

智能 手机 一 方面 让 我们 的 生活 方便 了 很 多 ， 另 一 方面 也 浪费 了 我们 不少 时间 。 Zhìnéng shǒujī yī fāngmiàn ràng wǒmen de shēnghuó fāngbiàn le hěn duō, lìng yī fāngmiàn yě làngfèi le wǒmen bùshǎo shíjiān.
One one hand, smart phone makes our life more convenient; on the other hand, it wastes a lot of our time.

开发 太阳能 一 方面 可以 减少 污染 ，一 方面也 可以 降低 成本 。 Kāifā tàiyángnéng yī fāngmiànkěyǐ jiǎnshǎo wūrǎn, yī fāngmiàn yě kěyǐ jiàngdī chéngběn.
On one hand, developing solar power can reduce pollution; on the other hand, it could also reduce the cost.

See also

Expressing Simultaneous Actions with "yimian"

Sources and further reading

Books

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 271)

New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) (pp. 227)

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册） (p. 502)

Category: B1 grammar points

“要我说” (yào wǒ shuō) is another, more colloquial way to say "in my opinion" or "the way I see it." It is generally used to express a person's perspective or opinion about a matter.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

The structure is very simple. All you need to do is put "要我说" in front of your opinion. Context will take care of the rest!

要我说， Opinion

Examples

要我说 ， 这 件 事 先 不要 告诉 爸妈 。 Yào wǒ shuō, zhè jiàn shì xiān bùyào gàosu bà mā.
The way I see it, this is something we shouldn't tell Mom and Dad.

要我说 ， 就 去 外面 吃 吧 ， 不要 在 家 做饭 了 。 Yào wǒ shuō, jiù qù wàimiàn chī ba, bùyào zài jiā zuòfàn le.
I say we should just eat out instead of cooking at home.

要我说 ， 他 就 不 应该 跟 老婆 离婚 。 Yào wǒ shuō, tā jiù bù yīnggāi gēn lǎopo líhūn.
I think he shouldn't divorce his wife.

要我说 ， 带 不 带 礼物 都 没 关系 ， 重要 的 是 人 要 去 。 Yào wǒ shuō, dài bu dài lǐwù dōu méi guānxi, zhòngyào de shì rén yào qù.
In my opinion, bringing gifts or not isn't what matters, the important thing is that people go.

要我说 ， 你们 还是 分手 吧 ， 他 不 适合 你 。 Yào wǒ shuō, nǐmen háishì fēnshǒu ba, tā bù shìhé nǐ.
I think you guys should break up. He's not right for you.

See also

Using "dui"

"For…" with "eryan"

Sources and further reading

You probably already know how to express location with "在". In this article, we'll go more in depth as to how you can make idiomatic phrases using that construction. This kind of form is actually similar to some that we have in English, so it won't be too difficult.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Expressing "on the topic of" with "在⋯⋯上"

This construction can be translated as "on the topic of" or "in regards to." It can be used to comment on an idea or concept. The examples below will help.

在 + Abstract Concepts + 上， Comment Sentence

Examples

在 这 个 问题 上，我们 的 看法 不 一样。In regards to this problem, our perspective is not the same.

中国 和 美国 的 大学 在 教学 方法 上 有 很 大 的 不同。As far as teaching methods, Chinese and American universities have big differences.

这个 句子 在 语法 上 是 可以 说 的，就是 不 太 自然。This sentence is okay to say in terms of grammar, it's just not very natural.

在美国 历史 上，最 重要 的 总统 是 谁？In American history, who is the most important president?

你 知道 南方人 和 北方人 在 生活 习惯 上 有 什么 不同 吗？Do you know what the differences are between northern and southern people as far as living habits?

Expressing "under" with "在⋯⋯下"

This construction can be translated (rather directly) as "under" and expresses conditions that affected the comment that comes after.

在 + Abstract Concept + 下， Result／Comment Sentence

Examples

在 这样 的 环境 下长大，孩子 怎么 可能 会 快乐？How can kids be happy growing up in this kind of environment?

在 这种 情况下，你 会 怎么 做？In this situation, what would you do?

在 这样 的 天气 条件下开车 是 很 不 安全 的。Under these weather conditions, driving is very unsafe.

在 老师 的 鼓励 下，我 决定 去 参加 这个面试。With the encouragement of the teacher, I have decided to go participate in this interview.

在 朋友 的 支持 下，我 自己 开 了 一 个 公司。With the support of my friends, I was able to start my own business.

在政府 的 帮助下，他 读 完 了 四年大学。With the financial help of the government, he was able to finish four year college education.

Expressing "on the topic of" with "在⋯⋯方面"

This construction is very similar to the "在⋯⋯上" above. It translates to "in relation to" or "on the topic of."

在 + Abstract Concept + 方面， Comment Sentence

Examples

很多 中国 父母在家庭 教育 方面还有 很多 问题。On the topic of raising children, Chinese parents still have a lot of problems.

在 工资 方面，我 觉得 我们 还 要 再 讨论 一下。On the topic of salaries, I think we should discuss a little more.

在 网游 方面，他 是 专家。On the topic of online games, he is an expert.

我们 公司在 这些方面 的 服务 还不够好 。In these aspects, our company's service is not good enough.

他刚来公司不久，在 工作 方面，还需要你多帮帮他。He hasn't been at the company very long. As far as doing his work, he still needs you to help him.

中西方文化在 某些 方面是有很多共同点的。In certain aspects, Chinese and Western culture have a lot in common.

See Also

Using "zai" with verbs

"Zai" following verbs

Expressing existence in a place

Sources and Further Readings

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (p. 191)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 264, 325)

New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) (pp. 40-1, 164-5, 185)

卓越汉语－公司实战篇 (p. 42, 145)

There are many ways to explain why you are doing something or what's the use of things. This article will explain another way to do that, and it just happens to involve "是⋯⋯的." This isn't to say that you can't make these sentences without using "是" and "的" but this can help emphasize why you are doing something or what's the use of thing, giving your sentence a little more kick.

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Structure

Examples

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Sources and further reading

Books

When the subject is a person

Structure

If the subject is a person, there is often a "来" or "去" after the "是," indicating direction like "coming here" or "going there."

Person + 是 + 来 / 去 + Verb Phrase + 的

Examples

我们 都 是 来 做 生意 的。 Wǒmen dōu shì lái zuò shēngyi de.
We are all here doing business.

我 是 来 上海 旅游 的。 Wǒ shì lái Shànghǎi lǚyóu de.
I came to Shanghai to travel.

他们 都 是 来 实习 的。 Tāmen dōu shì lái shíxí de.
They all came here to do an internship.

你 真的 是 来 帮 我们的 吗？ Nǐ zhēnde shì lái bāng wǒmen de ma?
Are you here to help us? Really?

你 要 记住，你 是 去 学习 的，不 是 去 玩 的。 Nǐ yào jìzhù, nǐ shì qù xuéxí de, bùshì qù wán de.
You need to remember, you went (to school) to study, not to hang out with people.

When the subject is a thing

Structure

If the subject is a thing, "用来" is often used. Look at the examples below for some more clarification.

Thing + 是 + 用来 + Obj Verb Phrase + 的

Thing + 是 + 给 + Obj.＋Verb Phrase + 的

Examples

钱 是 用来 花 的。 Qián shì yònglái huā de.
Money is for spending.

这 种 菜 是 用来 做 汤 的。 Zhè zhǒng cài shì yònglái zuò tāng de.
This kind of vegetable is for making soup.

这 种 车 是 用来 搬家 的。 Zhè zhǒng chē shì yònglái bānjiāde.
This kind of car is for moving.

这 个 房间 是 给 客人 住 的。 Zhège fángjiān shì gěi kèrén zhù de.
This room is for our guest to live in.

这些 钱 是 给孩子 上 大学 的。 zhèxiē qián shì gěi háizi shàng dàxué de.
This money is for our children going to college.

See Also

Uses of "shi⋯⋯ de"

In this grammar structure, we learn about a way to say "all" that is, well, a bit more epic. Sort of like how we might say "all the king's men" or "all the money in the world."

Contents

Structure

Examples

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Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

"所有的⋯⋯ 都⋯⋯" (suǒyǒude... dōu...) is a pattern used to refer to "every" or "all" of a noun, with the quantity of said noun usually being fairly large. You can sometimes not use “的” after “所有”.

所有的 + Noun + 都 + Verb / Adj.

Examples

我 爱 吃 所有的 中国 菜。 Wǒ ài chī suǒyǒude Zhōngguó cài.
I love eating all the Chinese food.

他 记得 所有 人 的 生日。 Tā jìde suǒyǒu rén de shēngrì.
He remembers everyone's birthday.

这里 所有 的 女孩 都 没 上 过 学。 Zhèlǐ suǒyǒude nǚhái dōu méi shàng guò xué.
All of the girls here have never gone to school.

不 是 所有的 美国 人 都 爱 喝 咖啡。 Bù shì suǒyǒude Měiguó rén dōu ài hē kāfēi.
Not all the Americans like drinking coffee.

我们 部门 所有的 员工 都 会 说 英文。 Wǒmen bùmén suǒyǒude yuángōng dōu huì shuō Yīngwén.
All the employees from our department can speak English.

你们 公司 所有的 经理 都 是 男的 吗？ Nǐmen gōngsī suǒyǒude jīnglǐ dōu shì nán de ma?
All the managers in your company are male?

我 看 过 所有的 迪斯尼 动画片。 Wǒ kàn guò suǒyǒude Dísīní dònghuàpiàn.
I've seen all the Disney movies.

他 找 了 所有 的 朋友，但是 没有 人 帮 他。 Tā zhǎo le suǒyǒude péngyǒu, dànshì méiyǒu rén bāng tā.
He went to all his friends, but nobody helped him.

钱 不 可能 解决 所有的 问题。 Qián bù kěnéng jiějué suǒyǒude wèntí.
Money can't solve all the problems.

老板 让 所有的 员工 都 去 参加 这 个 会。 Lǎobǎn ràng suǒyǒude yuángōng dōu qù cānjiā zhège huì.
Boss asked all the employees to attend this meeting.

See also

Expressing "Everyone" with "shei"

Expressing "All" with "shenme dou"

Expressing "Every" with "mei" and "dou"

Indicating the whole with "quan"

Sources and further reading

Books

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 283)

Contemporary Chinese 4 (当代中文4) (pp. 181)

Websites

Chinesegrammar.info: Chinese grammar 所 (suǒ) structural particle

The word 再 (zài) actually has a lot of uses, beyond just "again." "先⋯⋯， 再⋯⋯" (xiān..., zài...) is a pattern used for sequencing events, much like "First..., then..." in English. This pattern can also include "然后" (ránhòu) meaning "and after that."

Contents

Structure

Examples

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Sources and further reading

Books

General Usage

In the pattern below, 再 has a meaning of "then" or "and then."

Structure

先 + [Verb Phrase 1] + 再 + [Verb Phrase 2]

Examples

先 洗 手 再 吃。 Xiān xǐ shǒu zài chī.
Wash your hands, and then eat.

我 喜欢 先 洗澡，再 睡觉。 Wǒ xǐhuan xiān xǐzǎo, zài shuìjiào.
I prefer to take a bath before I go to bed.

请 你 先 买 票 再 进。 Qǐng nǐ xiān mǎi piào zài jìn.
Please buy a ticket first, and then you come in.

你 要 先 做 作业再 看 电视。 Tā yào xiān zuò zuòyè, zài kàn diànshì.
First you need to do your homework, and then you can watch.

你 先 找 工作 再 考虑 买 房子。 Nǐ xiān zhǎo gōngzuò zài kǎolǜ mǎi fángzi.
First find a job, then you can think about buying a house.

Using 先 with 再说

You may have learned that "再说" can mean "in addition." Well, this usage of 再 is a more literal combination of 再说, fitting into the 先⋯⋯再⋯⋯ pattern.

So in this usage, 再说 doesn't really mean "in addition." Rather, it most literally means "and then we'll talk." In other words, "let's just do this now," and then after we see the result, we can talk some more about next steps. There's kind of a "let's see how this goes first" feeling to the expression.

Structure

Note that in the pattern below, the sentence normally ends with 再说.

先 + [Verb Phrase] + 再说

Examples

先 吃饭 再说 。 Xiān chīfàn zàishuō.
Let's eat first, then we'll talk.

先 休息 一下 再说 。 Xiān xiūxi yīxià zàishuō.
Let's rest a little first, then talk.

你 先 看 完再说 。 Nǐ xiān kàn wán zàishuō.
Finish reading first, and then we can talk.

我 先 问 一下 老板 再说 。 Wǒ xiān wèn yīxià lǎobǎn zàishuō.
I'm going to ask the boss first.

你们 先 讨论 一下 再说 。 Nǐmen xiān tǎolùn yīxià zàishuō.
You guys discuss a little first, then we'll talk.

Using 然后 and 接着 with 先

当描述一系列前后关联的行为步骤或事件发生的过程时，你需要用到更丰富的连词。"然后"是最常用的，表示"and then"；"接着"作为连词表示"next, afterwards"。跟"然后"比，"接着"还可以作为副词，表示"动作的继续"，如"接着做，接着说"。

A great example to help you understand this:

今 早 我 起床 以后 先 准备 早饭，再 叫 孩子们 起床，接着 我们 一起 吃早饭，然后 我 送 他们 去 学校 。Jīn zǎo wǒ qǐchuáng yǐhòu xiān zhǔnbèi zǎofàn, zài jiào háizi men qǐchuáng, jiēzhe wǒmen yīqǐ chī zǎofàn, ránhòu wǒ sòng tāmen qù xuéxiào.
After I got up this morning, I first prepared breakfast, and then I woke up the kids. Afterwards, we ate breakfast together. After that, I took them to school.

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 258-9)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 19-20)

卓越汉语－公司实战篇 (p. 172)

"如果⋯⋯的话，⋯⋯" (rúguǒ... de huà, ...) is a pattern commonly used in Chinese to express "if." An easy way to remember the pattern's format is that in the full form, the condition is "sandwiched" between 如果 and 的话.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

An important thing to note is that 如果 can be switched out for the various other terms for "if," including the common 要是 (yàoshi) and the formal 假如 (jiǎrú), among others. Also, keep in mind that the 的话 at the end is optional, and even the leading "if" word is optional! Even when there are no explicit "if" words in a sentence, though, the "if" can be inferred from context. But be glad if you get either a 如果 or a 的话; it makes understanding the sentence that much easier!

Examples

如果 你 有 空 的话，我们 可以 明天 晚上 看 电影。 If you have time, we can go see a movie tomorrow night.

如果 没有 你的帮助 的话，他 是 不会 得到 这份 工作 的。 If you didn't help him, he wouldn't get the job offer.

如果 你 不 来 的话，老师 会 很 失望。 If you don't come, the teacher will be disappointed.

See also

"If…, then…" with "ruguo…, jiu…"

Marking a Topic with "de hua"

"If… Then…" with "yaoshi"

"Only if" with "zhiyou"

Sources and further reading

Books

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 280) →buy

Websties

Chinesegrammar.info: Chinese grammar de hua (的话): expressing “if” in Chinese with de hua

Sometimes you want to explain that an object, concept, or event isn't one thing, but in fact a different thing. This is the perfect structure to convey that in Chinese.

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Structure

Examples

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Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

"不是⋯⋯， (而)是⋯⋯" (bùshì..., (ér)shì...) is used to clarify something about a certain noun. What's being clarified can be noun phrases or verb phrases.

Subj. + 不是 + Noun 1 ， (而)是 + Noun 2

or

Subj. + 不是 + [Verb Phrase 1] ， (而)是 + [Verb Phrase 2]

An easy way to remember this pattern is that it roughly corresponds to the English, "Something is not X, it's Y."

Examples

他 不是 中国人，是 美国人 。 Tā bù shì Zhōngguó rén, shì Měiguó rén.
He isn't Chinese, he's American.

这个 大楼 不是 公寓，是 办公楼 。 Zhège dàlóu bù shì gōngyù, shì bàngōnglóu.
This building isn't an apartment building, it's an office building.

那 不是 一 个 问题 ，而是 一 个 机会 。 Nà bù shì yī gè wèntí, érshì yī gè jīhuì.
That isn't a problem, it's an opportunity.

重要 的 不是 你 的 外表 ，而是 你 的 内心 。 Zhòngyào de bù shì nǐ de wàibiǎo, érshì nǐ de nèixīn.
What's important is not how you look outside, it's your inside.

我 不是 故意 的 ，是 不 小心 。 Wǒ bù shì gùyì de, shì bù xiǎoxīn.
I didn't mean to, it's an innocent mistake.

你 这样 做 不是 帮 他 ，是 害 他 。 Nǐ zhèyàng zuò bù shì bāng tā, shì hài tā.
You were not helping him by doing this, you're hurting him.

我 帮 你 不是 想 让 你 感谢 我 ，而是 想 跟 你 做 朋友 。 Wǒ bāng nǐ bù shì xiǎng ràng nǐ gǎnxiè wǒ, érshì xiǎng gēn nǐ zuò péngyou.
The reason why I helped you is not to make you grateful to me, but to be friends with you.

我们 不是 来 玩 的，是 来 工作 的 。 Wǒmen bù shì lái wán de, shì lái gōngzuò de.
We're not here to play, we're here to do our job.

他 不是 不 喜欢 你 ，是 跟 你 还不 熟 。 Tā bù shì bù xǐhuan nǐ, shì gēn nǐ hái bù shóu.
It's not that he doesn't like you, it's just he's unacquainted with you.

生活 中 不是 缺少 美 ，而是 缺少 发现 美 的 眼睛 。 Shēnghuó zhōng bù shì quēshǎo měi, érshì quēshǎo fāxiàn měi de yǎnjing.
Beauty is found everywhere. To our eyes, it is not a lack of beauty but a lack of discovery.

See also

Expressing "not… but rather…" with "er shi"

"On the contrary" with "fan'er"

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (p. 277)

In a topic-comment sentence, the usual word order is rearranged a bit in order to emphasize a certain part of a sentence. The part that is to be emphasized becomes the topic, and moves to the beginning of the sentence, with the comment on the topic coming after the topic has been stated.

Contents

Structure

Examples

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Sources and further reading

Books

Examples

Just make sure to put a comma after the topic if you are writing the sentence down!

这 台 电视 ，价格 不太 贵。 "this television" the topic that is emphasized.
The price of this television isn't too expensive.

上海 的 夏天 ，我 听说 每天 下 雨，也 很 潮湿。 "the summer in Shanghai" is emphasized.
I've heard that it rains every day and is very humid in the summer in Shanghai.

日语 ，我 怎么 说 也 说 得 不 好。 "Japanese" is the topic that is emphasized.
The way I speak Japanese is very bad.

See Also

Basic sentence order

Sources and further reading

Books

Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 149-50)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 260)　

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 83-4)

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 353-4)

The 把 (bǎ) sentence is a useful structure for focusing on the result or influence of an action. It's really common in Mandarin, but can feel a bit strange for English speakers at first.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

What is a 把 sentence?

A basic sentence in Mandarin is formed with a subject-verb-object (SVO) word order, as in English:

Subj. + Verb Phrase + Obj.

A 把 sentence shakes things up a bit, and you get this structure:

Subj. + 把 + Obj. + Verb Phrase

Note that the object has moved, and is preceded by 把. You now have SOV word order.

This is all well and good, but most students of Chinese, on learning about 把 sentences for the first time, have the same reaction: "Why the hell would I ever use this structure? The SVO word order always works just fine, right?" The answer is: well, no... not always. It's true that 把 sentences are often used to achieve somewhat subtle differences in emphasis, but there are also very good reasons to use 把 sentences when a regular sentence just won't do. Take this sentence for example:

你 把 书 放 在 桌子 上 。" Put the book on the table." Nǐ bǎ shū fàng zài zhuōzi shàng.

How would you say this without the 把 construction? You might try this:

你 放 书 在 桌子 上 。 Nǐ fàng shū zài zhuōzi shàng.

The only problem is that the above sentence is not grammatical. You can't put an object right after a verb, and then put other modifiers of the verb after the object. Here are other examples of how to successfully use 把 and 放 in the same sentence.

她 把 手机 放 在 包 里 了。 "She put the phone in the bag." Tā bǎ shǒujī fàng zài bāo lǐ le.

请 把 钱 放 在 桌子 上 。 "Please put the money on the table." Qǐng bǎ qián fàng zài zhuōzi shàng.

你 是 不 是 把 衣服 放 在 办公室 了？ "Did you put your clothes in the office or not?" Nǐ shì bu shì bǎ yīfu fàng zài bàngōngshì le?

把 Sentences with Two Objects

The usual structure for 把 sentences, as described above, puts the object right after 把 for certain verbs, however, you can have two objects in a 把 sentence. Their use in a 把 sentence will also involve prepositions.

They use the following structure:

Subj. + 把 + Obj. 1 + Verb + Preposition + Obj. 2

Common verbs that take two objects include: 买 (mǎi), 卖 (mài), 送 (sòng), 借 (jiè), 还 (huán), 介绍 (jièshào).

把 sentences and complements

Because 把 sentences are all about disposal, and complements in Mandarin often handle this issue, it's good to be aware of how these two grammar features interact.

Result complements work particularly well in 把 sentences. When you consider that both structures deal with the result or outcome of an action, this makes sense. The majority of result complements (except for perception verbs) fit in very well in a 把 construction. A couple of examples:

我 把 作业 做 完 了。 Wǒ bǎ zuòyè zuò wán le.
I finished the homework.

你 把 这 个 汉字 写 错 了。 Nǐ bǎ zhège Hànzì xiě cuò le.
You wrote this character wrong.

Direction complements also work well in 把 constructions, for similar reasons. For example:

请 把 这些 东西 拿 出来。 Qǐng bǎ zhèxiē dōngxi ná chūlái.
Please take this stuff out.

我 把 他 推 出去 了。 Wǒ bǎ tā tuī chūqù le.
I pushed him out.

Note that potential complements do not appear in 把 sentences. This is because they are hypothetical, whereas a 把 sentence must describe what actually happens.

Forming 把 sentences

Negating 把 sentences

To negate a 把 sentence, insert 不 (present or future) or 没有 (past) directly in front of 把. You can't put it after 把, 'inside' the 把 construction, as this would break the rule about describing what happened to the object. It would be like saying "What happened to ... was nothing." It doesn't sound natural.

Negating 把 sentences

Subject | Negative | 把 | Object | Verb | Disposal |
我 | 没有 | 把 | 你的 电脑 | 用 | 坏 | 。
你 | 不要 | 把 | 我的 水 | 喝 | 完 | 。
他 | 没 | 把 | 衣服 | 穿 | 好 | 。
她 | 没有 | 把 | 她的 房间 | 打扫 | 干净 | 。
我 | 不 想 | 把 | 这 件 事 | 告诉 | 她 | 。

Question forms of 把 sentences

You can make 把 sentences into questions in the usual three ways to form questions in Mandarin:

With a question particle

With a question word

With positive-negative verbs

Some examples:

你 把 作业 写 完 了 吗？ Nǐ bǎ zuòyè zuò wán le ma?
Did you finishing doing your homework?

你 可以 把 这些 都 吃 完 吗？ Nǐ kěyǐ bǎ zhèxiē dōu chī wán ma?
Can you eat these all?

你 把 我 的 东西 放 在 哪里 了？ Nǐ bǎ wǒ de dōngxi fàng zài nálǐ le?
Where did you put my stuff?

他 把 你 的 书 借 给 谁 了？ Tā bǎ nǐ de shū jiè gěi shéi le?
Who did he lend your book to?

你 是 不 是 把 纸 用 完 了？ Nǐ shì bù shì bǎ zhǐ yòng wán le?
Did you use up the paper or not?

你 能 不 能 把 你 的 名字 写 清楚？ Nǐ néng bù néng bǎ nǐ de míngzi xiě qīngchǔ?
Can you write your name clearly or not?

Be careful how you form questions with 把 sentences though. Remember that you have to have a definite object, and you have to describe the disposal of that object. A question form could easily get in the way of one of these conditions.

Adverbs in 把 sentences

Adverbs can usually be placed before 把 or before the verb (the exception is negative adverbs, as described above). Adverbs in each of these positions can change the meaning in slightly different ways, as demonstrated with 都 in the examples below. In the first sentence, "我们都把作业做完了," 都 modifies "我们" to make "We all finished the homework." In the second sentence, 都 modifies 作业 to make "We finished all the homework."

(Note the subtle difference in meaning between the first two sentences.)

把 Sentences and Measure Words

As mentioned above, the object of a 把 sentence must be something specific and definite. This might involve noun measure words, which will come after the 把 and before the object.

More 把 and quantity examples

Subject | 把 | Measure Word | Object | Verb |
我 | 把 | 你 的 两 件 | 衣服 | 洗 好 了 | 。
他 | 把 | 昨天 买的 三 块 | 蛋糕 | 吃 了 | 。
请 你 | 把 | 老师 写 给 我们 的 几 句 | 话 | 读 一下 | 。

Verb measure words are frequently used in 把 sentences, and come at the end of a 把 sentence.

More 把 and quantity examples

Subject | 把 | Object | Verb | Measure Word |
我 | 把 | 这 句 话 | 读 了 | 三 遍 | 。
妈妈 | 把 | 这些 脏 衣服 | 洗 了 | 好 几 遍 | 。
弟弟 | 把 | 我 的 手机 | 玩 坏 了 | 好 几 次 | 。

Note that in all of these sentences, the object is something specific and definite.

把 sentences and aspect particles

The particles 了 and 着 can both be used with 把 constructions, while 过 cannot. This is because the object of a 把 construction must be obvious, or 'present' in some way in the context. 过 indicates some kind of action in the past, which suggests that the object is no longer present in the context, so it's not suitable for a 把 construction.

了 and 着, though, can be used to indicate that the disposal of the object is complete or ongoing, respectively.

把 sentences and aspect particles

Subject | 把 | Object | Verb phrase | Aspect particle |
我 | 把 | 那 本 书 | 翻译 成 英文 | 了 | 。
你 | 不要 把 | 门 | 开 | 着 | 。
她 | 把 | 瓶子 | 打 破 | 了 | 。
请 | 把 | 你 的 电脑 | 带 | 着 | 。

Verbs for 把 sentences

Some verbs generally can't indicate what happened to the object. They only describe what the subject did. Here are some examples of verbs that do not generally work in 把 sentences:

Psychological verbs

爱

喜欢

想念

了解

害怕

痛恨

Perception verbs

看

听

闻

像

Notes about 把

The object is known. (It's already been mentioned or discussed previously.)

The sentence describes what happened to the object in some detail (it's not just a "bare" verb; there's "more stuff" after the verb).

Other uses of 把

It's important to note that 把 has other uses. The most common is as a measure word for things with handles, or things that you hold. Examples include 一把伞, 一把枪 and 一把椅子. So, you've got to look at how 把 is being used in a sentence before you can understand its meaning.

To demonstrate the difference, here's a sentence with both kinds of 把 in:

请 你 把 那 把 伞 拿 给 我。 Qǐng bǎ nà bǎ sǎn ná gěi wǒ.
Please give me that umbrella.

See also

Result complement

Direction complement

Bei sentence

Aspect particles

Sources and further reading

Books

A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法) (pp. 461-70)

Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 53-4)

Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 159-64)

Chinese Grammar Without Tears (简明汉语语法学习手册) (pp. 167-81)

Common Chinese Patterns 330 (汉语常用格式330例) (pp. 3-5)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 142-4)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 225-7, 321-3)

Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar (pp. 463-92)

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 354-5)

New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2) (pp. 41-2, 88)

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 15, 51, 101-2)

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册） (pp. 369-70, 384, 398-9)

Websites

Mandarin Essential Grammar (Yale): 把 Construction

CTCFL (Oxford): The 把 Construction

ChinesePod: Qing Wen - The Magic Word 把 (free podcast content)

ChinesePod: Qing Wen - 把 Humbug (free podcast content)

FluentU: The Definite Guide to the Chinese Ba Construction

Mandarin Online: 把字句

Just Learn Chinese (blog): Lesson 10 How to understand and use Chinese sentence pattern “…把…”?

The particle 的 (de) is most often a structural particle, but it can also be a sentence-final particle which indicates that the speaker is certain about what he is saying. When it serves this purpose, it's expressing a type of "mood," and thus is called a "modal particle."

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

The structure is:

Statement + 的

Frequently the statement will include 会 (huì) or 一定会 (yīdìng huì) to emphasize the speaker's certainty.

Examples

他们 关系 很 好 的 ，从来 不 吵架 。 Tāmen guānxi hěn hǎo de, cónglái bù chǎojià.
Their relationship is very good. They never quarreled.

我相信 会 越来越 好 的 。 Wǒ xiāngxìn huì yuèláiyuè hǎo de.
I believe it will become better and better.

去年 我们 来 过 这里 的 。 Qùnián wǒmen lái guo zhèlǐ de.
We've been here last year.

我 跟 你 说 过 的 ，你 不 记得 了 ？ Wǒ gēn nǐ shuō guo de, nǐ bù jìde le?
I've told you this. Do you not remember?

我 不 会 骗 你 的 。 Wǒ bù huì piàn nǐ de.
I won't lie to you.

她 一定 会 来 的 。 Tā yīdìng huì lái de.
She's definitely going to come.

我 弟弟 很 能 吃 的 ！ Wǒ dìdi hěn néng chī de!
My little brother can eat a lot!

你 的 建议 公司 会 再 考虑 一下 的 。 Nǐ de jiànyì gōngsī huì zài kǎolǜ yīxià de.
The company will consider your advice a little bit more.

我们 一定 会 成功 的 。 Wǒmen yīdìng huì chénggōng de.
You will definitely succeed.

我 只 想 问问 价钱 ，不 会 买 的 。 I was just asking about the price. I won't buy it.

See also

Shi... de construction

Structural particle (part of speech)

De (structural particle)

Sources and further reading

Books

[reference needed]

The 是⋯⋯的 (shì... de) construction is used to draw particular attention to certain information in a sentence. It's often used to ask questions that seek specific information, or to explain a situation by emphasizing a particular detail.

While not strictly tied to any "tense," the 是⋯⋯ 的 construction is frequently used when asking details about the past or telling details about the past.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Basic Usage

A 是 ⋯⋯ 的 sentence is formed with this structure:

Subj. + 是 + [Information to be Emphasized] + Verb + 的

This structure can be used to emphasize any detail, but most commonly it emphasizes time, manner, or place. Don't worry if this still seems a little confusing; lots of helpful examples are coming up!

Singling out Details for Emphasis

A 是⋯⋯ 的 construction can pick out any detail in a sentence. Whatever comes immediately after 是 is emphasized. So in the sentence below:

我 上 周六 跟 我 家人 在 饭店 吃饭 。 Wǒ shàng zhōuliù gēn wǒ jiārén zài fàndiàn chīfàn.
I ate with my family in a restaurant last Saturday.

We can pick out any one of the details by putting 是 in front of it:

我 跟 我 家人 是 上 周六 在 饭店 吃 的 饭 。 "last Saturday" is emphasized. Wǒ gēn wǒ jiārén shì shàng Zhōuliù zài fàndiàn chī de fàn.

我 上 周六 在 饭店 是 跟 我 家人 吃 的 饭 。 "with my family" is emphasized. Wǒ shàng Zhōuliù zài fàndiàn shì gēn wǒ jiārén chī de fàn.

我 上 周六 跟 我 家人 是 在 饭店 吃 的 饭 。 "in a restaurant" is emphasized. Wǒ shàng Zhōuliù gēn wǒ jiārén shì zài fàndiàn chī de fàn.

More Simple Examples

These are some of the most common questions asked using the 是 ⋯⋯ 的 construction and some possible answers:

你们 是 什么时候 来 的 ？ Emphasizing "when" Nǐmen shì shénme shíhou lái de?
When did you come?

我们 是 昨天 来 的。 "Yesterday" is emphasized. Wǒmen shì zuótiān lái de.
We came yesterday.

你 是 怎么 来 的 ？ Emphasizing "how" or "in what manner" Nǐ shì zěnme lái de?
How did you come?

我 是 坐 飞机 来 的 。 Emphasizing "by plane" Wǒ shì zuò fēijī lái de.
I came by plane.

是 谁 告诉 你 的 ？ Emphasizing "who" Shì shéi gàosu nǐ de?
Who was it that told you?

是 一 个 同事 告诉 我 的 。 Emphasizing "a colleague" Shì yī gè tóngshì gàosu wǒde.
It was a colleague that told me.

你 是 在 哪儿 出生 的 ？ "Where" is emphasized. Nǐ shì zài chūshēng de?
Where were you born?

我 是 在 中国 出生 的 。 "In China" is emphasized. Wǒ shì zài Zhōngguó chūshēng de.
I was born in China.

You might be wondering, "can I still say the same thing without the 是 and the 的?" The answer is that in most cases, no, not really. While the 是 can sometimes be dropped, these examples sound weird without the 的. It's just a part of learning to ask questions naturally in Mandarin. You don't have to learn a "past tense," but you do have to learn this way of asking for details about the past, sooner or later.

When to Use 是⋯⋯ 的

As described above, the 是 ⋯⋯ 的 construction is used to draw attention to particular information in a sentence. Whereas a sentence without a 是 ⋯⋯ 的 construction might describe a situation, a sentence with a 是⋯⋯ 的 construction explains it. 是 ⋯⋯ 的 is not generally used for reporting new information, but for adding important details that make the information clearer.

You could think of 是 ⋯⋯ 的 as being equivalent to saying one of the following in English:

"The situation is that"

"It's that... "

"It was... that... "

If the sentence could be formed with one of those phrases in English, it can probably use a 是⋯⋯ 的 construction in Chinese. Usually the topic of a 是⋯⋯ 的 sentence has already been established.

Completed Action

It's important to note that a 是 ⋯⋯ 的 construction also indicates that an action has been completed. However, this is not the purpose of a 是 ⋯⋯ 的 construction. The association with a completed action is more like a side effect of 是 ⋯⋯ 的. This means you shouldn't use 是 ⋯⋯ 的 just to indicate that an action is completed. Use the aspect particle 了 for that. Instead, use 是 ⋯⋯ 的 to draw attention to particular features of the action.

Negating 是 ⋯⋯ 的

是 ⋯⋯ 的 sentences can only be negated with 不, as 没 can not be used to negate 是. Place 不 before 是 as you would in a standard sentence.

Examples

我们 不 是 坐 火车 来 的 。 Wǒmen bù shì zuò huǒchē lái de.
We didn't come by train.

这个 电话 不 是 打给他的 。 Zhège diànhuà bù shì dǎ gěi tā de.
This phone call isn't to him.

我们 不 是 去 看她 的 。 Wǒmen bù shì qù kàn tā de.
We didn't go to see her.

Note that negating a 是 ⋯⋯ 的 construction creates the implication that the action in the sentence was carried out, and only the detail emphasized by 是 ⋯⋯ 的 is being denied. So, in the last sentence, the implication is that 你 didn't go out with 她, but did go out with someone. So negative 是 ⋯⋯ 的 constructions would work nicely in the final scenes of detective dramas.

Used in a Questions

是 ⋯⋯ 的 constructions can be made into questions in the usual three ways to form questions in Chinese:

With a question particle

With a question word

Within affirmative-negative questions

Examples

他 是 用 左 手 写 的 吗 ？ Did he write this with his left hand?

你 是 跟 谁 出去 的？ Who did you go out with?

你 是 怎么 来 北京 的？ How did you come to Beijing?

你们 是 不 是 去年 认识 的？ Did you meet each other last year?

你 的 车 是 在 哪儿 买 的？ Where did you buy your car?

Although this structure is called the 是 ⋯⋯ 的 construction, the 是 is nearly always optional. You will often hear this structure with 是 omitted, so be aware. The only time 是 is required in this construction is when it's being negated. Other than that, 是 is commonly omitted.

the Optional 是

A few examples:

你 坐 地铁 来 的 吗 ？ Nǐ zuò dìtiě lái de ma?
Did you come by metro?

我们 两 个 月 以前 认识 的。 Wǒmen liǎng gè yuè yǐqián rènshi de.
We met two months ago.

我 跟 我 男朋友 一起 去 的。 Wǒ gēn wǒ nánpéngyou yīqǐ qù de.
I went there with my boyfriend.

Where to Put 的 When there's an Object

Up till now we've said that 的 appears at the end of the sentence in a 是⋯⋯ 的 construction. This is very often the case. However, if there's an object, 的 can appear before the object.

For example:

我 是 在 加拿大 学 的 英语。 the 的 comes before the object 英语
I studied English in Canada.

我 是 在 加拿大 学 英语 的。 the 的 comes after the object 英语
I studied English in Canada.

Note that if the object is a person, 的 has to go at the end of the sentence. Otherwise it can go before the object or at the end of the sentence.

我 是 在 法国 认识 的 她。 the 的 cannot come before the object 她
I met her in France.

我 是 在 法国 认识 她 的。 the 的 can only come after the object 她
I met her in France.

More Useful Examples

The 是⋯⋯ 的 construction is very versatile and can be used to pick out a large variety of details in a sentence. Have a look at the examples below to get a stronger grasp of how this structure can be used.

Focusing on Manner:

我 是 开车 回家 的。 "by car" is emphasized.
I came home by car.

Focusing on Instrument:

我 是 用 法文 写 的 信 。 "used French" is emphasized.
I used French to write the letter.

她 是 用 邮件 回复 我们 的。 "used the email" is emphasized.
She used email to reply to us.

Focusing on Agent:

我 的 钱包 是 被 一个男人 偷走 的。 "by a man" is emphasized.
My wallet was stolen by a man.

弟弟 是 被 同学 打伤 的。 "by his classmate" is emphasized.
My younger brother was hit and got injured by his classmates.

Focusing on Target:

你 是 给 谁 做 的 饭 ？ "for whom" is emphasized.
Who did you make food for?

他 是 向 你 借 的 钱？ "from you" is emphasized.
He borrowed the money from you?

See Also

的 (modal particle)

Adding emphasis with "jiushi"

Uses of "shi ⋯⋯ de"

被 sentence''

Sources and Further Reading

Books

Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 54-5)

Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 46-7, 173-80)

Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) (pp. 319-22)

Contemporary Chinese 2 (当代中文2) (pp. 46)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 119-121)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 14-6)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 152-4)

Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar (pp. 587-94)

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 233-5)

New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2) (pp. 88-9, 153)

New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) (pp. 204-5)

Short-term Spoken Chinese: Threshold Vol. 2 (汉语口语入门篇下) (pp. 66-8)

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册） (p. 530)

40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (p. 205)

Websites

University website: [http://www.ctcfl.ox.ac.uk/Lang%20work/Grammar%20database/grammar_database1.htm#The%20shi%20⋯⋯ %20de%20%20construction The shi... de construction]

East Asia Student: The 是 … 的 construction in Mandarin

You can give a series of alternatives by using 要么 (yàome). The structure is pretty versatile, as you can put a wide variety of things after each 要么:

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Used for Making a Suggestion

Structure

When used all by itself, 要么 starts the sentence and is used to give a suggestion.

Reason / Situation ，要么 + Option B (+ 吧)

or

要么 + Option ，Reason / Situation

Examples

老板 今天 不 在 ，要么 你们 明天 来 吧 。 Lǎobǎn jīntiān bù zài, yàome nǐmen míngtiān lái ba.
The boss isn't here today. How about if you all come back tomorrow?

大家 都 有点 累 了，要么 休息 一会儿 吧 。 Dàjiā dōu yǒudiǎn lèi le, yàome xiūxi yīhuìr ba.
Everyone is a little tired. Why don't we rest for a while?

这个 星期 我 比较 忙，要么 下 个 星期 见 ？ Zhège xīngqī wǒ bǐjiào máng, yàome xià gè xīngqī jiàn?
I'm pretty busy this week. How about we meet up next week?

我 周末 还 没 安排，要么 你们 来 我家 玩 ？ Wǒ zhōumò hái méi ānpái, yàome lái wǒ jiā wán?
I don't have plans for the weekend. How about you guys come to my place and hang out?

我 的 钱 不 够 ，要么 我 用 支付宝 付 吧 。 Wǒ de qián bù gòu, yàome wǒ yòng Zhīfùbǎo fù ba.
I don't have that much money. How about I pay you by Alipay?

Used to Express Limited Options

When used by itself, 要么 is a not-so-pushy suggestion. But when used for a pair of choices, it gives a much more hardline "either/or" feel: these are the two choices. Choose one. (It can also be used for more than two choices, but it's usually just two.) In this case, 要不 acts exactly like 要么.

It can be used both for commands and non-commands.

Structure

要么 + Option A ，要么 + Option B

Examples

要么 你 去，要么 他 去 。 Yàome nǐ qù, yàome tā qù.
Either you go, or he goes.

要么 现在 就 买 ，要么 就 别 买 。 Yàome xiànzài jiù mǎi, yàome jiù bié mǎi.
Either buy it now, or don't buy it.

要么 好好 听课 ，要么 现在 就 出去 。 Yàome hǎohǎo tīngkè, yàome xiànzài jiù chūqù.
Either listen to the lesson carefully or get out right now.

去年 夏天 ，我 每天 要么 去 健身，要么 去 图书馆，特别 无聊 。 Qùnián xiàtiān, wǒ měi tiān yàome qù jiànshēn, yàome qù túshūguǎn, tèbié wúliáo.
Last summer I either went to the gym or the library every day. It was so boring.

我 老公 周末 要么 睡觉 ，要么 打 游戏 ，从来 不 做 家务 。 Wǒ lǎogōng zhōumò yàome shuìjiào, yàome dǎ yóuxì, cónglái bù zuò jiāwù.
My husband either sleeps or plays online games on weekends. He never does chores.

See also

Providing two options with double "huozhe"

Expressing the only two possibilities

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 158)

New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) (pp. 165)

一点 (yīdiǎn) and 有点 (yǒudiǎn), usually pronounced 一点儿 (yīdiǎnr) and 有点儿 (yǒudiǎnr) in northern China, all mean pretty much the same thing, "a little" or "a bit," but they have different uses in sentences.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Used with Nouns

一点 (yīdiǎn) can be placed before a noun to mean "small quantity," like 一点水，一点钱 while 有点 (yǒudiǎn) can't be used this way. Note that 有点 is also a shortened form of 有一点，which means "there is a little something." A few examples to help you understand:

你 脸上 有一点 灰 。 Nǐ yǒu yīdiǎn huī.
There's a little dirt on your face.

你 碗里 还 有 一点 饭 ，吃 完 吧 。 Nǐ wǎn lǐ hái yǒu yīdiǎn fàn, chī wán ba.
There's still a little rice in your bowl. Finish eating it.

Used with Adjectives

有点 (also 有点儿) is placed before an adjective, and it usually expresses something that the speaker doesn't want or his own negative feelings about something.

一点 (also 一点儿) cannot be placed before an adjective. Instead, it is placed after adjectives. The adjectives that can be used are particularly limited. 一点 is often used when comparing, or expressing speaker’s wish or expectation.

Examples

房间 里 有点 热 。 Fángjiān lǐ yǒudiǎn rè.
It is a little hot inside the room.

我 今天 有点 累 。 Jīntiān wǒmen yǒudiǎn máng.
I am a little busy today.

这个 菜 有点 咸 。 Zhège cài yǒudiǎn xián.
The dish is a little salty.

老板 ，便宜 一点儿 吧。 Lǎobǎn, piányi yīdiǎnr ba.
Sir, a little cheaper please. (directed to the owner of a shop)

请 说 慢 一点儿 。 Qǐng shuō màn yīdiǎnr.
Please speak a little more slowly.

快 点儿，要 迟到 了。 Kuài diǎnr, yào chídào le.
A bit faster, we will be late.

Negative Forms

You can use 不 or 没 after 有点 and before the adjective, however the following adjective should have a positive connotation, like 高兴 (gāoxìng), 舒服 (shūfu), 喜欢(xǐhuan) etc. This makes the overall emotion expressed feel negative still.

一点 cannot be linked together directly, but can be used in the 一点都(也) 不 / 没 structure to mean "not at all."

Examples

我 今天 有点儿 不 舒服 。 lit :"a little not comfortable" Wǒ jīntiān yǒudiǎnr bù shūfu.
Today I don't feel very good.

我们 还是 有点儿 不 明白 。 lit: "a little not understand" Wǒmen háishì yǒudiǎnr bù míngbai.
We still don't really understand.

孩子们 有点儿 不 喜欢 这 个 地方 。 Háizi men yǒudiǎnr bù xǐhuan zhège dìfang.
Kids kind of don't like this place.

这 是 四川 菜 吗？一点儿 都 不 辣 。 Zhè shì Sìchuān cài ma? Yīdiǎnr dōu bù là.
This is Sichuan food? It is not spicy at all.

这些 钱 你 一点儿 也 没 花 ？ Zhèxiē qián nǐ yīdiǎnr yě méi huā?
You didn't spend the money at all?

Right and Wrong

我 有点 饿 。 I'm a bit hungry.

我 一点 饿 。 I'm a little hungry.

老板 有点 生气 。 The boss is a bit angry.

老板 一点 生气 。 The boss is a little angry.

这 件 衣服 贵 了 一点儿 。 This piece of clothing is a bit expensive.

这 件 衣服 贵 了 有点儿 。 This clothing expensive a little.

老板，便宜 一点 吧 。 Sir, how about a bit cheaper?

老板，便宜 有点 吧 。 Sir, how about a little cheaper?

Example Dialog

A: 这 件 衣服 有点儿贵啊 。 This piece of clothing is a bit expensive.

B: 是 贵 了 一点儿，但是 很 好看，我 很 喜欢。 It's a bit expensive, but it looks really good, I like it.

A: 服务员，这 件 衣服 能 不 能 便宜 一点？ Attendant, could we get this a little cheaper?

C: 不好意思 ，不能 还价 ，所以 一点 也 不 能 便宜 。 I'm sorry, no haggling. It can't be a little bit cheaper. Not even a bit.

See Also

Expressing "A bit too"

Expressing "a little too" with "you dian"

"Not at all"

Expressing "a bit too"

Sources and further reading

Books

现代汉语八百词（增订本） (“一点儿”p. 602)

现代汉语八百词（增订本） (“有点儿”p. 633)

对外汉语教学语法释疑201例 (p.172)

Practicing HSK Grammar (语法精讲精炼) (pp. 43)

Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级)(pp. 63)

Websites

Chinesegrammar.info: Where to place 一点儿 (yī diǎnr) in a sentence

Both 再 (zài) and 又 (yòu) express the duplication of an action and can be roughly translated in English to "again." However, 再 is used to express actions that have not yet occurred (the "future again") and 又 is used for actions that have already occurred (the "past again"). They're not interchangeable.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

再 is used to express repetition of an action in the future

再 is used to express something that has already happened and will happen again.

Structure

Subj. + 再 + Verb + Obj.

Examples

我们 下次 再 来 这里 吧。 We will come here again next time.

你 再 帮 我 打印 两 张，这些 不 够。 You will help me print two sheets, these aren't enough.

请 再 说 一次。 Please say it one more time.

请 又 说 一次。 Since it is asking about a future action, you can't use "又"

再 can be used to say "another"

Aside from expressing the repetition of an action, 再 can also be used to express the equivalent of the English word "another".

Structure

Subj. + 再 + Verb + Obj.

Note that the "Object" mentioned above is usually also going to have an 一 and a measure word in front of it. You'll see that in the examples below.

Examples

我 要 再 看 一部 电影。 I am going to watch another movie.

我 得 又 写 一篇 作文。 Since it is about the future, you can't use "又"

你 可以 再 做 一碗 面条 吗。 You can make another bowl of noodles.

我 要 又 吃 一块 蛋糕。 Since it is about the future, you can't use "又"

再 can be used to say "and then"

再 can be used with 先 to express sequential order. (ex. Do this....and then this....) In some cases, 再 can appear by itself to simply mean "and then." While this doesn't sound so easy to confuse with 又, it's actually quite common for intermediate learners to misunderstand this use of 再 as meaning "again," so it's definitely worth mentioning here.

Structure

Subj. + (先) + Action 1 + 再 + Action 2

Examples

我们 先 做 作业 再 去 酒吧。 First we'll do our work, then we'll go to the bar.

我 先 买 房子 再 结婚。 First I'll buy a house, then I'll get married.

我们 买完 饮料 以后 再 看 电影。 After we buy a drink, then we'll go to a movie.

我们 回家 再 讨论 好 吗？ We discuss it after we go home, OK?

我 要 看 完 书 又 睡觉。 '"又"can not be used as the action"go to bed" haven't occured yet.

你 先 吃饭 又 打 电话 給 父母。 "又" does not sequence events.

又 is used to express repetition of an action that has already occurred in the past

又 is used in declarative sentences and describes the simple repetition of actions. This repeated action has already occurred once in the past.

Structure

Subj. + 又 + Verb + 了

Example

你 怎么 又 给 我 打 电话，什么事？ You keep calling me, what's the matter?

这 个 老 男人 又 来 了。 This old man came again.

他 又 不 来 上课 了，老师 可能 罚 他。 He didn't come to class again. The teacher is probably going to punish him.

你 为什么 又 看 这本书？ 你 已经 看过 了。 Why are you reading that book again？ You already read it.

昨天 他 再 喝醉 了 "再" is not used for past events.

昨天 我 再 看 电影 了 "再" is not used for past events.

又 adds emotional coloring to events recurring in the future

又 is sometimes used to express that something that has happened before is going to happen in the immediate future. In this case, it usually appears with 要 (yào), 可以 (kěyǐ), 能 (néng), or 是 (shì). This usage often expresses exasperation or impatience with something happening yet again, but sometimes it's more neutral, or even happy.

Structure

Subj. + 又 + 助动词 / 谓语动词 + Obj.

Example

明天 又 要 开会，真 烦 人 。 We're having ANOTHER meeting tomorrow. So annoying!

你 又 要 辞职 了 ？ 为什么 ？ You're going to resign again? Why?

夏天 快 到 了，又 可以 吃 冰淇淋 了 ！ It's almost summer, and we can eat ice cream again!

明天 又 是 星期一 ！ Tomorrow is Monday again.

如果 我 能 瘦 一些，我 就 又 能 穿 我 最 喜欢 的 牛仔裤 啦 ！ If I can slim down a bit, I can wear my favorite jeans again!

Both 再 and 又 have other uses as well

The comparisons above are the cases where 又 and 再 are most easily confused. This wiki also has other uses of both, however:

All uses of 又

All uses of 再

See Also

Sequencing with "xian" and "zai"

Again in the future with "zai"

Again in the past with "you"

Sources and further reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 157)

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 202)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 157)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 288)

New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (新实用汉语课本3) (pp. 202)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 258-9)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 19-20)

Websites

Yale Chinese Usage Dictionary: Using 再 and 又

Category:grammar comparison

This is one of the trickiest comparisons, as 会 (huì), 能 (néng), and 可以 (kěyǐ) are often translated as "can." Sometimes they are explained as: 会 means "know how to," 能 means "to be able to," and 可以 means "to have permission to." Actually, they overlap somewhat.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Basic Meanings

The words 会 (huì), 能 (néng), and 可以 (kěyǐ) actually overlap a little in meaning. The first step is to understand their basic meanings, though:

会 (huì) can mean "know how to" and can express an action that you had to learn or be trained in to do.

能 (néng) means "to be able to" and expresses having a certain ability or having obtained a certain minimum requirement.

可以 (kěyǐ) means "may" or "to be allowed to" and expresses having another person's permission.

As for overlap, this graphic helps explain nicely:

[picture]

Hui-neng-keyi-venn-diagram.png

The regions marked by letters are explained in the sections below:

A: ability in the sense of “know how to” (会 (huì) is more common than 能 (néng))

B: permission/request (use 能 (néng) or 可以 (kěyǐ))

C: possibility (use 能 (néng) or 可以 (kěyǐ))

D: permission not granted (use 不可以 (bù kěyǐ))

E: impossibility (use 不能 (bù néng))

Expressing Ability

Both 会 and 能 can be used to express ability in something.

Structure

会／能 + Verb

Examples

我们 都 会 游泳 。 Wǒmen dōu huì yóuyǒng.
We all can swim.

他 不 会 修 电脑 。 Tā bù huì xiū diànnǎo.
He doesn't know how to fix computers.

你 真的 能 吃 三 碗 米饭 吗 ？ Nǐ zhēnde néng chī sān wǎn mǐfàn ma?
Are you really able to eat three bowls of rice?

Example dialogue:

A: 你 会 说 中文 吗 ？ A: Nǐ huì shuō Zhōngwén ma?
Can you speak Chinese?

B: 不 好意思 ，我 只 能 说 一点 。 B: Bù hǎoyìsi, wǒ zhǐ néng shuō yīdiǎn.
Sorry, I can only speak a little.

Expressing Permission

可以 is used to ask for or give permission. However, 能 can also be used to replace 可以 interchangeably.

Note: When a question is asked using 能/可以 it can be answered with 不能/不可以, meaning no, and only 可以 eaning yes. Chinese don't really answer with just 能。

Structure

可以 / 能 + Verb

Examples

我 可以 走 了 吗 ？ Wǒ kěyǐ zǒu le ma?
Am I allowed to leave now?

你 能 不 能 帮 我 一下 吗 ？ Nǐ néng bu néng bāng wǒ yīxià ma?
Could you help me a bit?

动物 不 能 进 。 Dòngwù bù néng jìn.
Animals are not allowed to come in.

Example dialogue:

A: 我 能 在 这里 抽烟 吗 ？ A: Wǒ néng zài zhèlǐ chōuyān ma?
Can I smoke here?

B: 不 可以 。 B: Bù kěyǐ.
No, you can't.

Expressing Possibility

能 and 可以 can also be used to express possibility.

Structure

可以 / 能 + Verb

Example

明天 你 能 早点 来 吗 ？ Míngtiān nǐ néng zǎodiǎn lái ma?
Is it possible for you to come al little earlier tomorrow?

可 不 可以 换 一 个 ？ Kě bù kěyǐ huàn yī gè?
Is it possible to change it?

能 不 参加 吗 ？ Néngbù cānjiā ma?
Is it possible to not attend?

Example dialogue:

A: 能 不 能 取消 今天 的 课 ？ A: Néng bù néng qǔxiāo jīntiān de kè?
Is it possible to cancel today's lesson?

B: 不 能 。 B: Bù néng.
Impossible.

Talking about the Future

Only 会 can be used to mean something is going to happen. It expresses that something in the future will happen and is often used to express trends or possibilities.

Structure

会 + Verb / Adj.

Examples

他 不 会 跟 你 结婚 。 Tā bù huì gēn nǐ jiéhūn.
He's not going to marry you.

你 会 生 我 的 气 吗 ？ Nǐ huì shēng wǒ de qì ma?
Will you be mad at me?

这样 穿 会 好看 吗 ？ Zhèyàng chuān huì hǎokàn ma?
Will I look good if I dress like this?

Example dialogue:

A: 今天 会 下雨 吗 ？ Jīntiān huì xiàyǔ ma?
Is it going to rain today?

B: 我看 不 会 。 Wǒ kàn bù huì.
I don't think it will.

Using Adverbs to Add Emphasis

By placing 很 (hěn) before 会, it adds emphasis to the level of ability and skill on the action presented. 很会 is commonly used to mean 'to be good at" and expresses being very skillful at something, or doing something very well. It can be translated as "really can," as in "you really can speak Chinese!," in other words, "you are good at speaking Chinese."

When 很 is placed in front of 能, the meaning takes on a amazed/surprised tone on the action. Although more rarely used, it emphasis quantity and amount. 很能 is most commonly used with 吃(chī) to eat, and 睡 (shuì) to sleep. It's like the English equivalent of saying you "can really" do something. For example saying that someone "can really sleep" means that they can sleep a lot.

Note: 很可以 is not a phrase and therefore can not be used with 会 to add emphasis. Other adverbs like 真 zhēn), 太 (tài), 这么 (zhème) etc. can also be used.

Structure

很 + 会／能 + Verb

Examples

这个 女生 很 会 打扮 。 Zhège nǚshēng hěn huì dǎban.
This girl knows how to dress up really well.

我 妈妈 很 会 做饭 。 My mom cooks very well. Wǒ māma hěn huì zuòfàn.
My mother really knows how to cook.

他 很 会 说话 。 The subject has good speaking skills. Tā hěn huì shuōhuà.
He's a smooth talker.

他 很能 说 。 Tā hěn néng shuō.
He's quite a talker.

Note that 很可以说 is wrong and it doesn't mean anything.

Examples used with other adverbs:

他 太 能 睡 了 。 The subject can sleep a lot, for many hours. Tā tài néng shuì le.
He can really sleep.

没想到 你 这么能 吃苦 。 Méixiǎngdào nǐ zhème néng chīkǔ.
I didn't expect you to be a person who can handle so many burdens.

你 真能 吃 ! The subject can eat a lot. Nǐ zhēn néng chī!
Wow, you really can eat!

中国 人 真会 吃 ! The subject has great knowledge about food and its culture, a true connoisseur. Zhōngguó rén zhēn huì chī!
Chinese people really can eat.

Note that 很可以吃 is wrong and it doesn't mean anything.

Similar expression with different meanings

我 的 脚 好 了 ，现在 又 能 跳舞 了 。 Wǒ de jiǎo hǎo le, xiànzài yòu néng tiàowǔ le.
I am able to dance now since my foot is better. (The condition changed)

我 学 了 两 个 月 ，现在 我 会 跳舞 了 。 Wǒ xué le liǎng gè yuè, xiànzài wǒ huì tiàowǔ le.
I studied for two months. I know how to dance now. (It's a learned skill)

我 爸妈 同意 了 ，现在 我 可以 跳舞 了 。 Wǒ fùmǔ tóngyì le, xiànzài wǒ kěyǐ tiàowǔ le.
My parents agreed. I'm allowed to dance now. (The dad gave permission)

Note that none of the three can be followed by the aspectual particle 过.

For a good visualization on how these three overlap, check out the [http://www.sinosplice.com/life/archives/2009/10/13/chinese-modal-verb-venn-diagram| Chinese Modal Verb Venn Diagram].

See Also

Auxiliary verb "hui" for "will"

Expressing a learned skill

Expressing ability or possibility

Expressing permission

Sources and further reading

Books

对外汉语教学语法释疑201例 (p.55,p.65)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 219-20)

Dictionaries

现代汉语词典（第5版） (能 p.989， 可以 p.773，会 p.610)

Websites

Sinosplice: Chinese Modal Verb Venn Diagram

Both 还是 (háishì) and 或者 (huòzhě) mean “or” and are used to present a choice. However, 还是 is normally used when asking a question, and 或者 is mostly for declarative sentences.

还是 is used to offer choices in a question

When asking a question, 还是 can be used to provide choices or options.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

This grammar pattern is fairly flexible. You can create all kinds of questions with 还是 using the following structure.

Subj. + Verb + Option A + 还是 + Option B

Examples

她 喜欢 你 还是 他 ？ Tā xǐhuan nǐ háishì tā? Does she like you or him?

你 喝 茶 还是 喝 咖啡 ？ Nǐ hē chá háishì hē kāfēi? Do you drink tea or coffee?

你 中午 出去 吃 还是 叫 外卖 ？ Nǐ zhōngwǔ chūqù chī háishì jiào wàimài? Are you going out for lunch or order take-out?

我们 打车 或者 坐 地铁？ Since it is a question, it should use "还是"

你 的 中文 老师 姓 王 或者 姓 李? Since it is a question, it should use "还是"

或者 is used to give options in declarative sentences

或者 is used in declarative sentences in which options are presented.

Structure

Option 1 + 或者 + Option 2

The structure for 或者 and 还是 is the same, but the meaning, as well as the context in which 或者 is needed, is different. 或者 drops the "A or B, PICK ONE" atttitude in favor of a more open, "maybe A, perhaps B... (or maybe both or neither?)" So it's less exclusive and less demanding of a choice RIGHT NOW.

Examples

明天 或者 后天 都 行。 Míngtiān huòzhě hòutiān dōu xíng.
Either tomorrow or the day after is fine.

周末 我 想 在 家 看书 或者 看 电影。 Zhōumò wǒ xiǎng zài jiā kànshū huòzhě kàn diànyǐng.
I'd like to stay at home reading or watching some movies.

我 喜欢 走路 还是 骑 自行车 上班 。 Since it's declarative, it uses "或者"

还是 is used for questions that are embedded in sentences

Deciding whether or not to use 还是 becomes difficult with sentences that contain statements like “I don’t know,” “I want to know,” “I’m not sure,” etc. Alone, these statements are not technically questions. However, when used in a sentence that contains choices, these statements imply that a question must be answered. Therefore, you must use 还是.

Examples

我 不 知道 这 本 书 是 他 的 还是 我 的。 Wǒ bù zhīdào zhè běn shū shì tā de háishì wǒ de.
I don't know if this book is his or mine.

我 不 知道 是 自己 跟 他 说 还是 让 别人 帮 我 跟 他 说。 Wǒ bù zhīdào shì zìjǐ gēn tā shuō háishì ràng biérén bāng wǒ gēn tā shuō.
I don't know if I should talk to him myself or ask someone else to talk to him for me.

我 不 清楚 是 我们 先 走 还是 等 他们 一起 走。 Wǒ bù qīngchu shì wǒmen xiān zǒu háishì děng tāmen yīqǐ zǒu.
I'm not sure if we should leave first, or wait for them and leave together.

老板 现在 还 不 确定 是 这 个 周 出差 或者 下 个 周。 It's an embedded question, so it should use "还是"

我 不 知道 他 要 看电影 或者 听 音乐。 It's an embedded question, so it should use "还是"

还是 is used to indicate a preferred course of action

Structure

还是 can also be used to express the English words "ought to" or "had better." The use of 还是 implies that the there were originally two options and the speaker has decided on one. In this grammar structure, 还是 often comes before the verb and sometimes before the subject. 吧 is often placed at the end of the statement to emphasize that it is a suggestion.

Examples

今天 晚上 我 太忙了，不可以 去 酒吧。我 还是 做 作业 吧。 I'm extremely busy tonight, so I can't go to the bar. I'd better do my homework.

我 听说 这部电影 不好看，我们 还是 看 其他的 吧。 I heard this movie wasn't good. We should watch another one.

今天 的 作业 特别 难，我们 还是 问 老师 吧。 Today's homework is especially hard. We had better ask the teacher.

我 困死了，或者 回家 睡觉 吧。 "或者" isn't used for suggestions.

我 非常 无聊，我们 或者 出去玩 吧。 "或者" isn't used for suggestions.

或者 can be repeated when providing options

Another easy way to use 或者 to give two options is to place 或者 before both options.

Structure

或者 A，或者 B

Almost anything can be placed after either 或者.

Examples

只 有 一 块 蛋糕，或者 你 吃 或者 我 吃。 There's only one piece of cake. Either you eat it, or I do.

你 或者 学 汉语 ， 或者 学 法律，别的就别学了。 Either study Chinese or law, don't study anything else.

咱们 还是 去 爬山 还是 泡温泉。 It's declarative, so it uses "或者"

See Also

"Or" in statements

Providing two options with double "huozhe"

Offering choices with "haishi"

"Had better" with "haishi"

Sources and further reading

Books

Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 74-5)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 257-8)

Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 144)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 259-60)　

New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) (pp. 103)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 76-7, 257-8)　

New Practical Chinese Reader 1 (新实用汉语课本1) (pp. 179)

New Practical Chinese Reader 1 (新实用汉语课本1)(2nd ed) (pp. 206-7, 251)

现代汉语八百词（增订本） (pp. 238)

Websites

Yale Chinese Usage Dictionary: Comparing 还是 and 或者

为了 (wèile) and 因为 (yīnwèi) both have the character "为" in them, and they have sort of similar meanings: 为了 means "in order to" and 因为 means "because." Using them properly is important if you want to master Chinese!

为了

为了 can be used to mean "in order to," basically expressing some purpose. In English we may say some things like: "In order to get fit, I will go jogging every day." It can be put in the beginning or end of a sentence, and it can also be placed after the subject.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

为了 + Purpose，Subj. + Predicate

or

Subj. + 为了 + 目的 (+ 而) + Predicate

Examples

为了 有 一 份 好 工作，他 去 了 上海。 In order to get a good job, he went to Shanghai.

为了 自己 的 将来，我们 应该 好好 学习。 For a good future for ourselves, we should really study well.

为了 能 学 好 中文，他 来 到 了 中国。 In order to be able to learn Chinese well, he came to China.

为了 不 被 人 笑话，这 个 孩子 从来 不 出门。 So that people don't laugh at him, this boy never goes outside.

因为

The simplest definition of 因为 is "because." When used at the beginning of a sentence, it is often used with 所以 (which can mean "therefore" or "as a result") to express a cause and effect relationship.

Structure

因为 + Reason，所以 + result

Examples

因为 他 想 有 一 份 好 工作，所以 他 去 了 上海。 Because he wants to get a good job, he went to Shanghai.

因为 我 想 有 一 个 好 的 将来，所以 我 现在 好好 学习。 Because I want to have a good future, I'm going to study well now.

因为 他 想 学 好 中文，所以 他 来 到 了 中国。 Because he wants to study Chinese well, he came to China.

因为 不 想 被 别人 笑话，这 个 孩子 从来 不 出门。 Because he doesn't want people to laugh at him, this boy never goes outside.

Examples of right and wrong sentences

因为 让 妹妹 上 学，他 出去 打工。

" Because" doesn't make sense in this sentence.

为了 让 妹妹 上 学，他 出去 打工。

为了 means "in order to"

为了 今天 要 下 雨，我 带 了 一 把 雨伞。

"In order to" doesn't make sense in this sentence.

因为 今天 要 下 雨，（所以） 我 带 了 一 把 雨伞。

因为 means "Because"

Example dialog

A: 你 为什么 来 上海？ Why did you come to Shanghai?

B: 因为 我 在 这里 工作。 Because I work here.

A: 你 为什么 不 在 美国 工作？ Why don't you work in the USA?

B: 为了 我 的 太太。她 是 上海 人。 For my wife. She's Shanghainese.

See Also

Expressing purpose with "weile"

Explaining causes with "yinwei"

Sources and further reading

Books

现代汉语虚词例释 (p. 1)

Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 347-8)

When describing others, we can use the word 人家 (rénjia) or 别人 (biéren). But 人家 also has other grammatical uses, which we will explore in this article.

Contents

Structure

Examples

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Sources and further reading

Books

Both mean "others"

人家 and 别人 both refer to others besides the speaker and the listener. However, 人家 is more colloquial.

Structure

Verb + 人家／别人

Examples

These sentences mean the same thing:

我 不 在乎 人家 怎么 说。 Slightly more colloquial

我 不 在乎 别人 怎么 说。 I don't care what other people say.

人家 can mean "I"

人家 can be used to refer to yourself, and it is often used this way by women, giving it a sort of girly, shy, tender feeling.

Structure

人家 + [Rest of Sentence]

Examples

因为 人家 喜欢 你 嘛。 Because I like you!

讨厌，老是 拿 人家 开玩笑 。 You meanie, always making fun of me.

人家 can mean a certain "him" or "her"

人家 can also refer to someone previously referred to (in the context of the conversation or body of text) or it can refer to a certain someone that both the speaker and listener know.

Structure

Subj. + Verb + 人家

Examples

你 快 去 给 人家 道歉。 Quickly go and apologize to her.

你 看 人家 升职 升 得 多 快，你呢？ You see him getting promoted quickly. What about you?

人家 can mean "residents"

人家 can also mean residents or inhabitants.

Examples

这里 很 少 有 人家 。 There are very few residents here.

前面 有 一 户 人家，我们 去 看看 吧 。 There's a family out front. Let's go see them.

Sources and further reading

Books

对外汉语教学语法释疑201例 (人家vs别人 p.81)

现代汉语八百词（增订本） (人家p.463)

Dictionaries

现代汉语词典（第5版） (人家1145)

When describing spatial relationships, the words 之间 (zhījiān) and 中间 (zhōngjiān) will come in handy to express the concepts of "between" and "among." Both have a few particular uses, though.

Both can mean "in the middle"

Grammatically, both 之间 and 中间 are nouns (location nouns, to be precise). One difference between the two, however, is that 中间 can be used all by itself, but 之间 is always used together with other words.

Between two points in space

之间 and 中间 can both refer to a space "in the middle" between two points, as long as we're talking about physical space. So between Shanghai and Beijing, between my eyes, between the psychotic monkey and the enraged elephant, etc.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

Noun 1 + 和 + Noun 2 + 之间／中间

Examples

上海 在 江苏省 和 浙江省 之间 。 Shanghai is between Jiangsu Province and Zhejiang Province.

在沙发和桌子之间有一只猫。 There's a cat between the sofa and the table.

For time and number ranges use 之间

This usage refers to examples like "between 8am and 3pm" or "a number between 32 and 51."

Structure

Time 1 + 和 + Time 2 + 之间

Number 1 + 和 + Number 2 + 之间

Examples

你 需要 在 八 点 到 十 点 之间 来 。 You need to come between 8:00 and 10:00.

3月 到 7月 之间 是 旅游 的 好 时间 。 Betwen March and July is a good time to travel.

上海 的 外国人 数量 在 17 万 到 20 万 之间 。 There are between 170,000 and 200,000 foreigners in Shanghai.

上海 的 外星人 数量 在 170 到 200 之间 。 There are between 170 and 200 extraterrestrials in Shanghai.

For describing location within an object, use 中间

This "within" could be "inside" a space (like inside a house, or inside a refrigerator), and is similar to 里面 except that it is also centered in the space (with regards to the sides, but not height). But it can also mean "in the middle of" a two-dimensional physical space, like in the middle (center) of a table, or in the middle of the screen.

You can't use 之间 in this way.

Structure

Noun + (的 +) 中间

Examples

房子 的 中间 有 一 个 大 桌子 。 In the middle of the apartment there's a table.

我 在 这 一 排 座位 的 中间 。 I'm in the middle of this row of seats.

把 花 放 在 桌子 中间 。 Put the flowers in the middle of the table.

Other uses of 之间

之间 can be used to indicate relationships

The idea is that the relationship is "between two people," and the "between" is indicated by 之间. This usage of 之间 can also refer to relationships between a person and a company, two companies, two countries, etc.

You can't use 中间 in this way.

Structure

Noun 1 + 和 + Noun 2 + 之间

In the structure above, Noun 1 and Noun 2 are frequently people.

Examples

父母 和 孩子 之间 应该 多 交流 。 There should be plenty of communication between parents and children.

我们 公司 ， 同事 之间 的 关系 很 复杂 。 The relationships between our company and its employees are quite complex.

中美 之间 还 有 很 多 问题 需要 解决 。 There are a lot of issues between China and the USA which need to be resolved.

我们 之间 什么 话 都 说 。 The two of us can talk about anything.

你 要 学 会 处理 上下 级 之间 的 关系 。 You need to learn to handle the relationships between superiors and subordinates.

国家 之间 的 政治 关系 受 经济 的 影响 很 大 。 The effect of economics on the relationship between the two countries is significant.

Other uses of 中间

中间 can also mean "among"

中间 is used when referring to one (or more) "among many."

Structure

Noun + (的 +) 中间

Examples

你们 中间 有 会 唱歌 的 吗 ？ Can anyone among you sing?

这些 人 中间 只 有 一 个 我 认识 。 Among these people, there's only one I know.

中间 can be used as part of other words

中间 is a noun, and can combine with other nouns to create a number of fairly common verbs.

Structure

中间 + Noun

Examples

中间人 intermediary (lit. "middle person")

中间商 broker (lit. "middle business")

Sources and further reading

Books

Dictionaries

对 (duì) and 对于 (duìyú) maybe be confused by Chinese learners as they advance into more complex grammar. This article will help in distinguishing the the two!

Same as prep.

When 对 and 对于 are used as prepositions, they are basically the same. As a matter of fact, when used this way 对 is just the simplification of 对于!

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

对／对于 + 动作对象 + Verb

Examples

The example sentence pairs below mean the same thing.

对于 这 种 事情，你 有 什么 看法？

对 这 种 事情，你 有 什么 看法？
As for this kind of thing, what's your perspective?

我 对于 上海 从来 没 喜欢 过 也 没 讨厌 过。

我 对 上海 从来 没 喜欢 过 也 没 讨厌 过。
I've never liked or disliked Shanghai.

对 can be placed in more parts of the sentence

对 can be placed before the subject, after the subject, or after the adverb. 对于 in the middle of a sentence can only be placed after the adverb.

Examples

对 这 个 问题，我们 都 很 感兴趣。

对于 这 个 问题，我们 都 很 感兴趣。

我们 对 这 个 问题 都 很 感兴趣。

我们 对于 这 个 问题 都 很 感兴趣。

我们 都 对 这 个 问题 很 感兴趣。

我们 都 对于 这 个 问题 很 感兴趣。

All of the above examples mean "We are all interested in this problem."

对 can be used as a verb

As a verb meaning "direction"

When 对 is used as a verb, it expresses the meaning of direction or purpose. It is often used in a verb phrase, like 对着, 对上, 对不上.

Subj. + 对着／对上／对不上

Examples

枪口 不 要 对着 人。
Don't point the gun at people.

我 喜欢 对着 镜子 笑。
I like to laugh at the mirror.

这 两 本 账 对不上。
These two accounts don't match up.

As a verb meaning "to treat"

对 as a verb can also mean to 对待, meaning "to treat." When the verb is like this, 对 can be used for people or abstract things.

A + 对 + B + Adj.

Examples

我 的 男 朋友 对 我 很 好。
My boyfriend treats me very well.

他 对 工作 很 认真。
He treats his work very seriously.

Examples of right and wrong sentences

我们都对于这个问题很感兴趣。

我们都对这个问题很感兴趣。

他 对于 工作 很 认真。

他 对 工作 很 认真。

Example Dialog

A: 对于 这 件 事，你 怎么 看？
What do you think about this?

B: 我 对 她 很 了解，她 不 会 这么 做 的。
I understand her completely. She can't do it like this.

Sources and further reading

Books

对外汉语教学语法释疑201例 (对 vs 对于 p.204)

卓越汉语－公司实战篇 (p. 134)

Dictionaries

现代汉语词典（第5版） (对 p.343, 对于 p.344)

Both 离 (lí) and 从 (cóng) can be translated into English as “from.” In Chinese however, their meanings are different. 从 is used in cases where the subject's position relative to a fixed location changes. 离 expresses a “static” distance, or a distance that is unchanging. Both can be used in defining distance or time, however 从 has more meanings than 离.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

从 as "from" (time)

Structure

从 + Time + 开始 / 起 / 以来 ⋯⋯

Examples

从 明天 开始，我 不 抽烟 了。 Cóng míngtiān kāishǐ, wǒ bù chōuyān le. Starting tomorrow, I will not smoke.

从 有 了 女朋友 以后，他 不 泡妞 了。 Cóng yǒu le nǚ péngyou yǐhòu, tā bù pàoniū le. After he gets a girlfriend, he won’t hit on women.

从 as "from" (place)

Structure

从 + Place + 到 / 向 + Place

Examples

他 从 地上 拿 起来了 一百 块。 Tā cóng dìshàng ná qǐláile yībǎi kuài. He picked up one hundred RMB from the ground.

从 as "from" (amount)

Examples

从 学生 到 老师 都 放假 了。 Cóng xuéshēng dào lǎoshī dōu fàngjiàle. Everyone, from the students to the teachers, are on holiday.

从 as "from" (change)

Examples

他 从 最 差 的 学生 变成 了 最 认真 的 学生。 Tā cóng zuì chà de xuéshēng biànchéng le zuì rènzhēn de xuéshēng. He went from being the worst student to the best student.

离 as "from" (distance)

Structure

离 + Place + Distance

Examples

我 的 学校 离 你家 很远。 Wǒ de xuéxiào lí nǐ jiā hěn yuǎn. My school is far from your house.

离 as "from" (time)

Structure

离 + Event + [Time Duration]

Examples

第一次 世界 大战 离第二次 世界 大战 不到 50年。 Dì-yī cì shìjiè dàzhàn lí dì èr cì shìjiè dàzhàn bù dào 50 nián. World War I and World War II are less than 50 years apart.

Sources and further reading

Books

现代汉语虚词俐释 (pp. 335)

实用对外汉语教学语法 (pp. 263)

刚 (gāng) and 刚才 (gāngcái) are similar, but they have somewhat different uses.

Both Come Before the Verb, But Have Different Emphasis

刚 emphasizes something "just" happened

"刚" is actually an adverb, and it is placed in front of the verb. It emphasizes that the action just happened a short time ago. It is similar to the English "just."

The key here is that a short time ago is relative, and determined by the speaker. For this reason, 刚 can indicate that something "just" happened 1 second ago, 5 minutes ago, 2 hours ago, 3 weeks ago, or even a year ago. The absolute time is flexible, but from the speaker's perspective, it feels recent.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

刚 + Verb

Examples

他 刚 来。 This gives the impression that not only did he just get here, but he should still be here. Tā gāng lái.
He just came.

我 昨天 刚 看到 他 。 Wǒ zuótiān gāng kàndào tā.
I just saw him yesterday.

我 刚 说过 ， 不 想 再 说 一 遍 。 Wǒ zuótiān gāng kàn dào tā.
I just said it, and I don't want to say it again.

我们 去年 刚 去 过 美国 。 This "just" is relative, clearly. The speaker feels that a year ago isn't too long ago. Wǒmen qùnián gāng qù guo Měiguó.
We've just been to the United States last year.

刚才 emphasizes "just now"

刚才 is a time noun (like 今天 and 现在), and it expresses that the time that has passed is really short, in near-absolute terms. We're talking no more than 1-30 minutes, in most situations. If it is placed before the verb, it emphasizes what happened in the time that has just passed. It is similar to the English "just now."

Structure

刚才 + Verb

Examples

他 刚才 来 过。 In this case, he's come and gone already. He's not here anymore. Tā gāngcái lái guo.
He came just now.

我 刚才 看到 他 了。Sounds like he's not here anymore; I just saw him, but don't see him now. Wǒ gāngcái kàndào tā le.
I just now saw him.

我 刚才 看 过 了 ， 不 想 再 看 了 。 Wǒ gāngcái kàn guo le, bù xiǎng zài kàn le.
I saw it just now, and I don't want to see it again.

我 现在 感觉 比 刚才 好 一点 。 Wǒ xiànzài gǎnjué bǐ gāngcái hǎo yīdiǎn.
I feel a little better now than just before.

刚才 can be used as an attribute while 刚 cannot

刚才 can also directly modify a noun to indicate it is that one from "just now" or "just before."

Structure

刚才 + 的 + Noun

Examples

刚才 的 事情 太 让 人 生气 了。 Gāngcái de shìqing tài ràng rén shēngqì le.
What just happened really made people angry.

刚 的 事情 太 让 人 生气 了。 Gāng de shìqing tài ràng rén shēngqì le.
Just thing really makes people angry.

刚 Can Be Used with Adjectives

刚 is an adverb, and it can also spruce up an adjective. It has the same meaning as 刚刚. (刚才 cannot do this.)

Structure

刚 + Adj.

Examples

天 刚 晴 。 Tiān gāng qíng.
The sky just cleared up.

这些 刚 好 。 Zhèxiē gāng hǎo.
These are just right.

面包 刚 熟 ， 过 一会儿 再 吃 。 Miànbāo gāng shóu, guò yīhuìr zài chī.
The bread just got done cooking. Eat in a little bit.

刚 and 刚才 with 了

You may have noticed that something interesting is going on with regards to 了 in the sentences with 刚 and 刚才. Namely, 了 is not usually required in sentences with 刚, but it is usually required in sentences with 刚才. This is because 刚才 refers to a time in the recent past, and you're usually indicated that something happened just now (started and finished).

Take these sentences for example:

我 昨天 买 了 。 I bought it yesterday.

我 刚才 买 了 。 I bought it just now.

我 明天 买 。 I'll buy it tomorrow.

So these are all simple time "noun + verb" sentences. Notice that when they refer to the past (including the one with 刚才), the action is completed and you need 了. You don't need 了 for things that haven't happened yet (they're just plans, and nothing is completed). And remember that 刚才 always refers to the past.

OK, now what about 刚? Why does it not need 了?

The key is that you don't need a 了 in a sentence with 刚 if the verb indicates a clear result. So, to use the 买 example from above:

我 刚 买 。 The verb 买 is kind of like "try to buy"; there is no clear indication of result.
I just buy it.

我 刚 买到 。 Adding 到 to the verb gives a clear indication of result.
I just bought it.

我 刚 买 了 。 Adding 了 after the verb also gives a clear indication of result.
I just bought it.

你 也 刚 知道 吗 ？ The verb 知道 always includes the result of "knowing."
You also just found out?

妈妈 刚 看 。 No clear indication of result.
Mom just look.

妈妈 刚 看到 。 Adding 到 to the verb gives a clear indication of result.
Mom just saw it.

妈妈 刚 看 了 。 Adding 了 to the verb gives a clear indication of result.
Mom just looked at it.

刚 and 刚才 with 没

OK, so there's also something going on with 没 in sentences with 刚 and 刚才. The deal here is that you can say something didn't happen just now (刚才), but you can't say that something just didn't happen (刚). [Saying that something "just didn't happen" only works in English if you interpret "just" to mean "simply."]

The takeaway? Just don't use 刚 in sentences where you use 没 to negate the past.

我 刚 没 去 。 Don't use 刚 with 没 in the past.
I just didn't go.

我 刚才 没 去 。 It's fine to use 刚才 with 没 in the past.
I didn't go just now.

她 刚 没 问 我 这个 问题 。 Don't use 刚 with 没 in the past.
She just didn't ask me this question.

她 刚才 没 问 我 这个 问题 。 It's fine to use 刚才 with 没 in the past.
She didn't ask me this question just now.

我 刚 没 喝 你的 啤酒 。 Don't use 刚 with 没 in the past.
I just didn't drink your beer.

我 刚才 没 喝 你的 啤酒 。 It's fine to use 刚才 with 没 in the past.
I didn't drink your beer just now.

我 刚 不 知道 。 OK, so it's not 没, but you still shouldn't use 刚 for something that didn't happen.
I just didn't know.

我 刚才 不 知道 。 It's fine to use 刚才 with exceptions where you use 不 in the past.
Just now I didn't know.

For that last pair of sentences, if you're not clear why it's OK to use 不 with 知道 in the past, go ahead and check out our article on the differences between 不 and 没. It goes beyond the basics into some of the trickier scenarios.

Right or Wrong

Examples

我 刚才 回家。 You should use 了 with 刚才 here.
I just now go home.

我 刚 回家。 The verb 回 includes a clear enough indication of result.
I just got home.

我 刚 没 想好 吃 什么，现在 我 想好 了。 刚 doesn't work with 没
I just didn't make up my mind what to eat, now I've made up my mind.

我 刚才 没 想好 吃 什么，现在 我 想好 了。 No need to use 了 with 没
Just now, I hadn't made up my mind what to eat, now I've made up my mind.

他 刚才 没 听懂 我的 话 。 No need to use 了 with 没
He didn't understand what I said just now.

他 刚 没 听懂我的话。 刚 doesn't work with 没
He just didn't understand what I said.

我 也 是 刚 听说 这 个 消息。 The verb 听说 includes a clear enough indication of result.
I also just heard this news.

我 刚才 听说 了 这 个 消息。 You should use 了 with 刚才 here.
I heard this news just now.

昨天 他 刚才 来 过。 刚才 should be used for events a lot closer in time than 昨天
He just now came yesterday.

昨天 他 刚 来 过。 刚 works with 昨天
He just came yesterday.

Example dialog

A: 你 刚才 去 哪儿 了？ Where did you go just now?

B: 我 刚 上 完 厕所。 I just got done in the bathroom.

A: 那 你 不 知道 刚才 的 事情 吧？ Then you don't know what happened just now?

B: 是 不 是 有人 吵架 了？ Did some people have an argument?

See Also

"Just now" with "gangcai"

"Just" with "gang"

Sources and further reading

Books

现代汉语八百词（增订本） (刚 p.216)

现代汉语虚词例释(刚 p.190)

现代汉语八百词（增订本） (刚才 p.217)

对外汉语教学语法释疑201例 (p.28)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 40- 2)

卓越汉语－公司实战篇 (p. 239)

Dictionaries

现代汉语词典（第5版） (p.446)

One of the most often confused words are 后来 (hòulái) and 然后 (ránhòu). They are similar on the surface, meaning something like "and then," but their usage is fairly different.

后来 is used to describe previous things

后来 is a time noun, and it can only be used on its own. It describes a certain time period in the past to the present, and it allows the speaker to described what happened in that period.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

Part A，后来， Part B

Examples

1977 年 他 考上 了 大学，后来 就 没 回 过 老家。In 1977, he went to college. He didn't come back to his hometown after that.

然后 is used to describe things happens next

然后 is always used in a sequence. It is often used with 先 (xiān, meaning "first").

Structure

Action 1，然后 + Action 2

Examples

我们 先 去 吃饭 ， 然后 去 超市 。 Wǒmen xiān qù chīfàn, ránhòu qù chāoshì.
I'm going to eat, then I'll go to the supermarket.

他 先 说 了 一 个 好 消息 ， 然后 又 说 了 一 个 坏 消息 。 Tā xiān shuō le yī gè hǎo xiāoxi, ránhòu yòu shuō le yī gè huài xiāoxi.
First he told the good news, then he told the bad news.

Examples of right and wrong sentences

我们 想 先 去 美国， 后来 去 加拿大。

我们 想 先 去 美国， 然后 去 加拿大。

Example dialog

A: 我 先 去 你 家，然后 你 和 我 一起 去 见 她？ First I'll go to your house, then you and I can go together to see her.

B: 对。你们 几 年 没 见 了？ Sure. How many years has it been that you haven't seen each other?

A: 两 年 前 她 出国 了， 后来 就 一直 没 见过 她。 She left the country two years ago. Since then, I haven't seen her.

Sources and further reading

Books

对外汉语教学语法释疑201例 (p.7)

现代汉语八百词（增订本） (然后 pp. 461)

Dictionaries

现代汉语词典（第5版） (后来 pp. 570)

When talking about when something happens, "以后" (yǐhòu) and "的时候" (de shíhou) are often used. They can both be translated as "when," but their meanings are different, so they can't be used in situations you might expect them to be used in. Take a look at this article if you want to figure it out!

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

"以后" and "的时候" both appear in the same place in the sentence. That is, after the verb.

Subj. + Verb + 以后／的时候， Comment

The difference comes in what they actually mean.

以后

"以后" technically means after, so it is used after the action is completed. This can be seen as a way of saying "When you are done (verb)ing."

Examples

下 飞机 以后 给 我 打电话。 Give me a call after you get off the plane.

有了孩子 以后 他 更 没 时间 出来 玩了。After having a child, he has even less time to come out and have fun.

下班 以后 我们 一起 去 吃饭。 After work, we're going to go eat together.

来中国以后 我 才 发现 中国菜 那么 好吃。 Only when I got to China did I realize how tasty Chinese food is.

毕业 以后 我 打算 去 上海 工作。 I plan to find a job in Shanghai after I graduate.

结婚 以后 你 还 会 工作吗？ Are you still working after you get married?

的时候

"的时候" means "when" in the sense of during an action. For example, "when you play ball" can be seen as "when you are playing ball." It is this sort of difference that can make "以后" and "的时候" slightly confusing at times.

Examples

吃饭 的时候 看 电视 容易 长胖。 Watching TV while you eat can make you fat easily.

公司 规定 工作的时候不能 用 QQ 聊天。 Company rules say that you can't chat on QQ when you're at work.

无聊 的时候 可以 做 些 什么？ What can you do when you're bored?

打 篮球 的时候 会 出 很多 汗。 You sweat a lot when you play basketball.

看电影的时候 你 喜欢 吃 东西 吗？ Do you like to eat while you watch a movie?

"的时候" is also similar to using the 一边 structure. However, "一边" uses two conscious actions that you do, whereas "的时候" can use sub-conscious or unexpected actions.

Similar Usage

Now we get to a really confusing part! There are instances where both "以后" and "的时候" could work and still mean the same thing. These are times when there isn't really a duration, it just happens in an instant. For example, "When you see her." This means "As soon as you see her" so there is only one point where you first see a person. In this case, you can use either one.

Examples

下班 的时候 我 给 你 打 电话。 When you get off work, call me.

下班 以后 我 给 你 打 电话。 When you get off work, call me.

雨 停 了 的时候，我们 就 去 公园 玩。 When it stops raining, we'll go play in the park.

雨 停 了 以后，我们 就 去 公园 玩。 When it stops raining, we'll go play in the park.

商店 关门 的 时候，你 再 来 找 我。 Come to find me when the shop is closed.

商店 关门 了 以后，你 再 来 找 我。 Come to find me when the shop is closed.

See also

After a specific time

At the time when

Simultaneous tasks with "yibian"

Comparing "yihou" and "zhihou"

Sources and Further Reading

Books

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 293-4)

Videos

Yoyo Chinese Grammar "When you get home"

While both 以后 (yǐhòu) and 后来 (hòulái) can mean "after," they have distinct uses.

以后 is used for the future in general

以后 is used when talking about things that happen at some unspecified point in the future.

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

以后， + Subj. + Verb + Obj.

Examples

以后 ， 我 打算 去 中国 找 工作 。 Yǐhòu, wǒ dǎsuàn qù Zhōngguó zhǎo gōngzuò.
Later, I plan to go to China to look for work.

他 以后 不 想 住 在 日本 。 Tā yǐhòu bù xiǎng zhù zài Rìběn.
He doesn't want to live in Japan later.

我 以后 想 自己 开 公司 。 Wǒ yǐhòu xiǎng zìjǐ kāi gōngsī.
I want to start up my own business later.

以后 is used for things occurring after a specific time

以后 can be used to describe actions or events that occur after a specific time (and the time must be given).

Structure

Time + 以后， Subj. + Verb + Obj.

Note that the time can be specific (like a date or time) or broad (like an event, action, or occurrence).

Examples

两 个 星期 以后 ，我 要 回 美国 。 Liǎng gè xīngqī yǐhòu, wǒ yào huí Měiguó.
After two weeks, I'm going to return to the USA.

老板 一 个 小时 以后 回来 。 Lǎobǎn yī gè xiǎoshí yǐhòu huílái. The boss will come back in an hour.

从 那 以后 ，我 再 也 没 见 过 她 。 Cóng nà yǐhòu, wǒ zài yě méi jiàn guo tā.
After that time, I never saw her again.

后来 is used for sequencing past events

后来 is used to sequence two events that have already occurred. It is the Chinese equivalent of the English word "afterward."

Strucure

Past Event 1 + 后来 + Past Event 2

Examples

去年 我们 分手 了 ， 后来 再 也 没 见 过 她 。 Qùnián wǒmen fēnshǒu le, hòulái zài yě méi jiàn guo tā.
We broke up last year, after that, I never saw her again.

他 小时候 住 在 我 家 附近 ， 后来 他 搬家 了 。 Tā xiǎoshíhou zhù zài wǒ jiā fùjìn, hòulái tā bānjiā le.
He lived in my neighborhood when he was young. Then he moved.

他 在 我们 公司 工作 过 两年 ， 后来 换 工作 了 。 Tā zài wǒmen gōngsī gōngzuò guo liǎng nián, hòulái huàn gōngzuò le.
He worked for our company for two years. Then he changed his job.

Right or Wrong

Examples

后来 不想再见到你！

以后 不想再见到你！

我 决定后来 不 喝 葡萄酒。

我 决定以后 不 喝 葡萄酒。

两 个 星期 后来 ，我们 回 美国。

两 个 星期 以后 ，我们 回 美国。

我们 以后 分手了，到 现在 已经 一 年 了。

我们 后来 分手了，到 现在 已经 一 年 了。

我们 在 一起 两 个 月以后 分手了，到 现在 已经 一 年 了。

See Also

In the future in general

Sequencing past events with "houlai"

After a specific time

Comparing "houlai" and "ranhou"

Sources and further reading

Books

对外汉语教学语法释疑201例 (以后 vs 后来 p.5)

现代汉语八百词（增订本） (p. 614)

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 268)

Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 26 - 27)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (pp. 294)

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 267)

If you are trying to explain what you did after a certain event, you might want to use "以后" (yǐhòu) or "之后" (zhīhòu). After all, they do both mean "after," right? Well, it turns out that there are a few rules that you need to be aware of before you use them.

Similarity

Both indicates another event happened after a special time. these two words share a structure, so it is easy to see how they would be easily confused. Here's the structure:

Contents

Structure

Examples

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

Subj. + Special Time + 以后／之后 + Action

In situations where you have already done something and then after that you did something else, you can use "以后." The stipulation with this is that the time has to be explicitly said. That is, there has to be a time for "以后" to modify. Otherwise the sentence won't make sense.

Examples

下 过 雨 以后/ 之后 空气 会 好 很 多 。 Xià guo yǔ yǐhòu / zhīhòu kōngqì huì hǎo hěn duō.
After it rains, the air will be a lot better.

结婚 以后/ 之后他们 有 了 两 个 宝宝 。 Jiéhūn yǐhòu / zhīhòu tāmen yǒu le liǎng gè bǎobǎo.
After getting married, they had two babies.

等 我 涨 工资 以后/ 之后请 你 吃饭 。 Děng wǒ zhǎng gōngzī yǐhòu / zhīhòu qǐng nǐ chīfàn.
After I get a raise, I will treat you to a meal.

听到 这 个 消息 以后/ 之后 ，我 高兴 得 一 晚 上 没 睡 。 Tīngdào zhè gè xiāoxi yǐhòu / zhīhòu, wǒ gāoxìng de yī wǎn shàng méi shuì.
After I heard this news, I was so happy I couldn't sleep the whole night.

Differences

Now you might be thinking, "But '以后' means afterwards, why doesn't that work?" In this case, "以后" is just used to talk about the future in general. The meaning that you're probably thinking of comes from the first structure above.

以后

Structure

以后，Comment

Examples

以后 再 也 不 来 这里 吃饭 了 ， 又 贵 又 难吃 。 Yǐhòu zài yě bù lái zhèlǐ chīfàn le, yòu guì yòu nánchī.
In the future I will never come to this place to eat again. It's expensive and the food is not good.

以后 我 可能 会 去 国外 上 大学 。 Yǐhòu wǒ kěnéng huì qù guówài shàng dàxué.
In the future I might go to college abroad.

以后 的 事情 以后 再 说 吧 。 Yǐhòu de shìqing yǐhòu zài shuō bā.
We'll talk about future things some time later.

之后

Compared to "以后," "之后" is a little more free. Not only can it happen in the same place, modifying the time, but it can also appear just on its own, meaning something along the lines of "then." While "以后" is dependent on the time, "之后" can stand by itself.

Structure

There is another structure that only works with "之后":

Subj. + Event， 之后 + Action

Examples

我 要 先 回家 把 东西 放 下 ， 之后 去 咖啡店 找 你 。 Wǒ yào xiān huí jiā bǎ dōngxi fàng xià, zhīhòu qù kāfēidiàn zhǎo nǐ.
I'm going to go home and drop my stuff off first, then go to the cafe to look for you.

去年 夏天 他 来 过 我 家 ， 之后 再 也 没 见 到 他 。 Qùnián xiàtiān tā lái guò wǒ jiā, zhīhòu zài yě méi jiàn dào tā.
Last summer, he came to my house. After that, I haven't seen him.

房子 涨价 之后 ， 越 来 越 多 的 人 开始 买 房 。 Fángzi zhǎngjià zhīhòu, Yuè lái Yuè duō de rén kāishǐ mǎi Fáng.
After prices went up, more and more people started buying houses.

Right or Wrong

Examples

我 六 点 下班，以后，我 去 跟 朋友 吃饭。Since there is nothing that "以后" modifies, this sentence doesn't work.

我 六 点 下班，之后，我 去 跟 朋友 吃饭。 "之后" works in this sentence. Wǒ liù diǎn xiàbān, zhīhòu, wǒ qù gēn péngyou chīfàn.
I will get off work at six o'clock, and after that I will meet with a friend to eat dinner.

昨天 我 跟 朋友 吃 完 饭以后去 了 酒吧。 Zuótiān wǒ gēn péngyou chī wán fàn yǐhòu qù le jiǔbā.
Yesterday, when my friends and I were done eating, we went to the bar.

昨天 我 跟 朋友 去 吃饭 了，以后，我们 去 酒吧。 Again, since there is nothing for "以后" to modify, it's a bad sentence.

昨天 我 跟 朋友 去 吃饭 了，之后，我们 去 了 酒吧。 Zuótiān wǒ gēn péngyou qù chīfàn le, zhīhòu, wǒmen qù le jiǔbā. "之后" works in this sentence.
Yesterday I ate dinner with a friend, and afterward we went to a bar.

See Also

After a specific time

In the future in general

Before and after with "zhiqian" and "zhihou"

Comparing "yihou" and "houlai"

Sources and Further Reading

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Le niveau "B1" (intermédiaire) est le troisième niveau défini par le Cadre Européen Commun de Référence pour les Langues. Il correspond grosso modo au niveau HSK3 en chinois. Sommaire Catégories grammaticales Structures grammaticales Comparaisons Catégories grammaticales Adjectifs Règles de grammaire Structure Exemples "Pas très" avec "bu zenme" 不怎么 + Adj 这里 的 菜 他 不怎么 好吃 ！ Adjectifs avec "name" et "zheme" 那么 / 这么 + Adj 他 怎么 那么 高！ Indiquer la totalité avec "quan" 全+Nom 我们 全家 都 去 旅游 了。 Adjectifs positifs avec "ji le" Adj + 极了 你的 中文 好 极了。 Redoublement des adjectifs Adj + Adj 你 应该 慢慢 地 走。 Transformer un adjectif en adverbe Adj + 地 + V 你 要 很 认真 地 学习。 Adverbes Règles de grammaire Structure Exemples "Toujours" en tant que complainte avec "laoshi" 老是/老 + Verbe 你 老是 加班。 "Toujours" avec "conglai" 从来 + 都 + V 他 从来 都 不 会 做饭 。 "Autant que possible" avec "jinliang" 尽量 + V 我 会 尽量 帮 你 的。 "Il vaudrait mieux" avec "haishi" 还是 + V 我们 还是 先 吃饭 吧。 "Seulement" avec "jiu" Sujet + 就 + (只) + Verbe / 就 + personne ou objet 我 就 只 要 两 块 钱。 就 我 一 个 人 知道。 "Presque" avec "jihu" Sujet + 几乎 + V 你 看 她 几乎 要 哭 了，别 问 了。 "Plus jamais" avec "zai ye bu" 再也不 + V 我 再也不 喝 酒 了。 "cai" pour les petits nombres 才 + CL + Nom 这个 办公室 才 五个 人。 "Encore" dans le futur avec "zai" 再 + V 我 下 次 再 来。 "Encore" dans le passé avec "you" 又 + V 你 又 迟到 了。 La coïncidence avec "zhenghao" Nom + 正好/ 正好 + V / V + 得 + 正好 这 件 衣服 的 号码 正好。你 来 得 正好，不 早 也 不 晚。 Accentuer avec "jiu" 就 + V 我就是不让你去。 Accentuer la négation avec "you" 又 + mots négatifs 我 又 不吃，你 随便。 Exprimer "presque" avec "chadian" Sujet + 差点(儿) + Verbe + 了 看到 妈妈 走 了，她 差点 哭 了。 Exprimer "pas étonnant" 难怪/怪不得…… 小张 请假 了，难怪 今天 没有 看到 他。 Exprimer la précocité avec "jiu" 就 我 十 二 岁 就 上 大学 了。 Exprimer la chance 幸亏/幸好/还好 + raison accidentelle 幸亏 我们 走 得 早。 Exprimer la tardiveté avec "cai" 才 你 现在 才 来 啊。 Adverbes avec adjectifs Règles de grammaire Structure Exemples La continuation avec "hai" 还 + V / Adj 你 还 在 看 书？ Exprimer "bien plus" dans les comparaisons N1 + 比 + N2 + Adj + 多了 / 得多 我 比 你 高 多 了。你 比 我 胖 得 多！ Exprimer "plutôt" avec "bijiao" 比较 + Adj 她 比较 聪明。 Mots auxiliaires Règles de grammaire Structure Exemples "Ce genre de chose" avec "zhileide" 像 + éléments + 之类的 / éléments + 之类的 + Nom 越 来 越 多 的 人 不 吃 洋 快餐，像 KFC 之类的 。 Conjonctions Règles de grammaire Structure Exemples "En outre" avec "zaishuo" 再说…… 再说，时间 不 早 了。 "Alors,…" avec "name" 那么…… 那么，我们 怎么 办？ "lai" pour connecter deux phrases verbales 通过/用 + Phrase verbale 1 + 来 + Phrase verbale 2 用 这 种 方法 来 赚钱，真 丢人。 "Mais" modéré ……，不过…… 不过 我 赶 时间。 Exprimer "en outre" avec "haiyou" Clause 1 ， 还有 + (，) + Clause 2 你 需要 吃 点 药。还有，要 多 休息。 Exprimer "ou sinon" avec "yaobu" 要不... 你 要不 看书 要不 睡觉 。要不 我们 一起 去 吧。我 要 打的, 要不 我会迟到。 Noms Règles de grammaire Structure Exemples Avant et après avec "zhiqian" et "zhihou" 之前 / 之后 毕业之后，我 找 不 到 工作。 Les fractions avec "fenzhi" ……分之…… 三 分之 一 Dire "depuis" avec "yilai" …以来 八月份 以来。 Séquençage des événements passés avec "houlai" ……，后来…… 开始 他 不 同意, 但 后来 同意了。 Particules Règles de grammaire Structure Exemples Questions fermées avancées avec "ma" ...吗? 你 要 什么 吗 ? La particule "zhe" V + 着 你 拿 着 。我们 站 着 说话 吧。 Exprimer ce qui va de soi avec "ma" ……嘛 她 是 女孩子 嘛。当然 喜欢 花。 Examiner les options avec "ba" ……吧，……吧。 这样 做 吧， 不 好 ； 那样 做 吧 ，也 不 好。 Prépositions Règles de grammaire Structure Exemples "Pour" avec "gei" Sujet + 给+对象+Verbe + Objet 我 要 给 孩子 们 做 饭。 "Pour" avec "wei" 为 + Nom…… 为 人民 服务 ！ Exprimer un but avec "weile" 为了 + But + V 为了 你，我 愿意 做 。 Utilisation de "dui" 对 + Nom…… 你 应该 对 我 礼貌 一点。 Utilisation de "xiang" 向 + Nom…… 我 向 她 笑 了。不要 向 他 道歉。 Verbes avec "gei" Sujet + 给 + Destinataire + Verbe + Objet 我 给 他 打 电话 了。 Verbes Règles de grammaire Structure Exemples "gei" après un verbe Sujet + 把 + Objet + Verbe 给 + qqn 他 送给 了 我 一 束 花。 "Il semble que..." avec "haoxiang" 好像…… 小 猫 好像 饿 了。 "Lai"comme verbe de substitution 来…… 让 我 来 吧。 "Pas du tout" 一点(儿)也不…… 你 一点 也 不 性感。 "Grâce à" avec "duOKui" 多亏（了）+ raisons occasionnelles 我 觉得 多亏了 这 个 小 孩子。 Apparence avec "kanqilai" 看起来…… 这 个 看 起来 很 漂亮。 Verbes causatifs N1 + 让/叫/请 + N2…… 他 让 儿子 看 书。你 为什么 不 让 我 去？ Exprimer le degré d'équivalence avec "you" A 有 B + Adj + 吗？ 他 有 我 帅 吗？ "Penser à tord que..." 以为…… 我 以为 你 不 是 我的 朋友。 Phrases verbales Règles de grammaire Structure Exemples Verbe modal "devoir" avec "dei" 得 + V 我 得 回 家 了。 "Pas souvent" avec "bu zenme" 不怎么 + V 我 不怎么 吃 猪肉。 Faire moins qch avec "shao" 少 + V 废话 少 说！ Faire plus qch avec "duo" 多 + V 多 吃 点。 Exprimer une action en cours (forme complète) 正在 + V + 着 + 呢 这 件 事情 我 正在 处理 着呢。 Exprimer la durée d'une inaction Durée + 没 + Phrase verbale (+ 了) 他 已经 三 天 没 洗澡 了。 Verbes séparables V-Obj / V + …… + Obj 他 离 过 婚 吗？ Structures grammaticales

Ci-dessous les structures grammaticales qui ne correspondent pas à une catégorie grammaticale en particulier. Structures hypothétiques Règles de grammaire Structure Exemples "Si…, alors …" avec "ruguo…, jiu…" 如果……，就…… 如果 有 问题 ，就 打 我 电话 。 Compléments Règles de grammaire Structure Exemples Compléments avec "dao", "gei" et "zai" V + 到 / 给 / 在⋯⋯ 你 可以 坐 在 我 旁边。你 写 的 文章 读 给 我 听。 Compléments descriptifs V/Adj + 得… 你 说 得 很 好。 Complément directionnel V (+ Direction) + 来 / 去 我们 走 过 去 吧。 Compléments de potentialité négatif et positif V + 得 / 不⋯⋯ 做 得 完/做 不 完。吃 得 了/吃 不 了。 Complément de potentialité "bu dong" V + 不动 我 太 累 了，走 不 动 了。 Complément de potentialité "bu xia" V + 不下 放 不 下 这么 多 书。我 吃 不 下 了。 Complément de résultat "cuo" V + 错 这 个 字 是 不 是 写 错 了？ Complément de résultat "hao" V + 好 饭 吃 好 了。 Complément de résultat "qilai" V + 起来 站 起来！说 起来 容易，做 起来 难。 Complément de résultat "xiaqu" V + 下去 不 能 一直 这样 做 下去。 Utilisations délicates de "dao" V + 到 他 做 到 了 吗？ Utiliser des objets avec des compléments (V +) Obj + V + 得 + Complement 你 说 中文 说 得 很 好。/ 你 中文 说 得 很 好。 Phrases nominales Règles de grammaire Structure Exemples "Un de" avec "…zhi yi" ...之一 你 是 我 最 好 的 朋友 之一。 Indiquer un nombre en excès Nombre + 多 三 十 多 岁 Nombres et classificateurs Règles de grammaire Structure Exemples Classificateurs pour les verbes V + Nombre + CL 做 三 次。拍 两 下。 Structures de phrase Règles de grammaire Structure Exemples "Déjà"avec "dou…le" 都 ...了 你 都 快 三十 了，还 不 结婚？ "Bien que" avec "suiran" et "danshi" 虽然… 但是… 虽然 渴 了，但是 不 想 喝 啤酒。 Phrases en "Ba" 把 + N + V…… 我 把 书 看 完 了。 Phrases en "Bei" 被 + V 书 被 人 偷 了。 La particule modale "de" ...的 我 不 会 骗 你 的。 "Excepté" et "outre" avec "chule… yiwai" 除了……（以外），还…… 除了 你，还有 我。 Phrases en "Shi... de" 是… 的 你 是 哪里 来 的？/ 你 是 怎么 来 的？ Concéder qch avec "shi" Adj + 是 + Adj, 但是… 好 是 好，但 不 便宜。 Sucession rapide d'évévements avec "yi... jiu" 一⋯⋯就⋯⋯ 我 一 看到 他 就 很 讨厌 。 Exprimer "tout" avec "shenme dou" 什么都/也 爸爸 什么 都 知道。 Exprimer "comme on veut" avec "jiu" 想 + Verbe + 就 + Verbe 想去哪儿就去哪。 Exprimer "y compris" avec "lian" et "dou" 连… 都/也… 你 连 小狗 都 怕？ Exprimer "tout" avec "mei" et "dou" 每⋯⋯都⋯⋯ 每 次 她 来 我 都 不 在。 Exprimer "tout le monde" avec "shei" 谁都/也 谁 都 不 知道 答案。 Exprimer "de plus en plus" avec "yue… yue…" 越… 越… 钱 越 多 越 好。 Exprimer "même pas un(e)" 一 + CL + (Nom) + 也/都 + Verbe 一 句 中文 都 不 会 说。 Exprimer "non seulement … mais aussi " 不但……，而且…… 他 不但 聪明，而且 勤劳。 Exprimer ne pas savoir faire qch en utilisant "hao" 不知道…… 好 我 不 知道 怎么 做 才 好。 Exprimer "n'importe (quel)" avec "renhe" 任何 + Nom 我 的 弟弟 特别 顽固，任何 的 人 都 不 能 说服 他。 Donner son point de vue avec "yaowoshuo" 要我说, Opinion 要我说，这件事先不要告诉爸妈。 Phrases idiomatiques avec "zai" 在 + Concept + 上/下/方面 在 中国历史 上 我 很 感 兴趣。 Indiquer le but ou l'intention avec "shi...de" 是… 的 我 是 来 上海 旅游 的。 Faire référence à "tout" en utilisant "suoyou" 所有… 都… 不 是 所有 人 都 很 聪明。 Exprimer un ordre d'execution d'actions avec "xian" et "zai" 先… 再… 先 洗 手，再 吃饭。 La structure "si" en sandwich 如果……（的话），…… 如果 你 不 来 的话，老师 会 很 失望。 La structure "ce n'est pas …, c'est …" 不是… 是… 不 是 问题，是 机会。 Phrases avec le thème et le propos Sujet ，Commentaire 工作 的 事 我们 以后 再 讨论。 Comparaisons Adverbes Règles de grammaire Structure Exemples Comparaison entre "cai" et "jiu" 才 vs 就 我 花了 两天 才修 好，你 五 分钟 就 弄 坏 了。 Comparaison entre "turan" et “huran" 突然 vs 忽然 我的 电话 忽然 响了。 事情 发生 得 太 突然。 Comparaison entre "youdian" et "yidian" 有点（儿） vs 一点（儿） 这 衣服 有点儿 贵 ， 便宜 一点儿 吧。 Comparaison entre "zai" et "you" 再 vs 又 我不能再喝了，你走后我又喝了两瓶 。 Mots auxiliaires Règles de grammaire Structure Exemples Comparaison entre "hui" "neng" et "keyi" 会 vs 能 vs 可以 我 会 跳舞。我 能 跳舞。我 可以 跳舞。 Comparaison entre "zongsuan" et "zhongyu" 总算 vs 终于 终于 离婚 了，你 很 高兴 是 不 是？你 总算 来 了。 Conjonctions Règles de grammaire Structure Exemples Comparaison entre "haishi" et "huozhe" 还是 vs 或者 你 喝 茶 还是 喝 咖啡？明天 或者 后天。 Comparaison entre "weile" et "yinwei" 为了 vs 因为 为了 能 学 好 中文，他 来 到 了 中国。 Noms Règles de grammaire Structure Exemples Comparaison entre "renjia" et “bieren" 人家 vs 别人 因为 人家 喜欢 你 嘛。我 不 在乎 别人 怎么 说。 Comparaison entre "zhijian" et "zhongjian" 之间 vs 中间 你 需要 在 八 点 到 十 点 之间 来 。 房子 的 中间 有 一 个 大 桌子 。 Prépositions Règles de grammaire Structure Exemples Comparaison entre "dui" et "duiyu" 对 vs 对于 对于 这 件 事，你 怎么 看？我 对 她 很 了解，她 不 会 这么 做 的。 Mots temporels Règles de grammaire Structure Exemples Comparaison entre "gang" et "gangcai" 刚 vs 刚才 你 刚才 去 哪儿 了？我 刚 上 完 厕所。 Comparaison entre "houlai" et "ranhou" 然后 vs 后来 他 先 告诉 了 我 一 个 好 消息，然后 又 告诉 了 我 一 个 坏 消息，后来 他 就 走 了。 Comparaison entre "yihou" et "de shihou" 以后 vs 的时候 打 篮球 以后 需要 洗澡， 打 篮球 的 时候 会 出 很多 汗。 Comparaison entre "yihou" et "houlai" 以后 vs 后来 后来 他 去 了 美国 ， 不 知道 以后 什么 时候 会 再 见 到 他 。 Comparaison entre "yihou" et "zhihou" 以后 vs 之后 我 昨天 跟 朋友 吃饭. 吃完 以后 去 超市. 之后 我们 回家 了 Comparaison entre "yizhi" et "yixiang" 一直 vs. 一向 我 一直 在 现在 的 公司 工作。他 一向 不 迟到。 Verbes Règles de grammaire Structure Exemples Comparaison entre "tongguo" et "jingguo" 通过 vs 经过 通过 他 的 女 朋友，我们 找到 了 他。经过 一 个 月 的 培训，我们 的 新 员工 已经 准备 好 了。 Comparaison entre "xiande" et "kanqilai" 显得 vs 看起来 你 今天 看起来 很 苗条。 可能 是 这 件 衣服 显得。 logo Chine Informations GRATUIT : Ton nom chinois »

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Adjective: 那么 (nàme) and 这么 (zhème)

In English, the words "that" and "so" are often used to increase the extent of an adjective (ex. "he is so tall" or "this food is so good"). In Chinese, 那么 (nàme) and 这么 (zhème) serve the same function.

Contents

Structure

Examples

When to use which one

See also

Sources and further reading

Books

Structure

All you have to do to use this grammar structure is put the 那么 or 这么 in front of the adjective.

Subj. + 那么 / 这么 + Adj.

Examples

你 说得 这么 快，我 怎么 能 听懂？
Nǐ shuōde zhème kuài, wǒ zěnme néng tīngdǒng ?
You speak so fast. How could I understand you?

你 怎么 那么 忙？
Nǐ zěnme nàme máng?
How come you are so busy?

雨 这么 大，明天 再 去 吧。
Yǔ zhème dà, míngtiān zài qù ba.
It's raining so heavily. How about we go tomorrow?

你 那么 有钱 ，为什么 还 要 工作 ？
Nǐ nàme yǒuqián, wèishénme hái yào gōngzuò.
You are so rich. Why are you still working?

中国 人口 这么 多 ，当然 会 有 很 多 社会 问题。
Zhōngguó rénkǒu zhème duō, dāngrán huì yǒu hěn duō shèhuì wèntí.
China has such a big population. Of course there will be many social problems.

我 没 想到 这个 考试 这么 难。
Wǒ méi xiǎng dào zhège kǎoshì zhème nán.
I didn't expect this exam is so difficult.

你 怎么 有 这么 多 问题 要 问？
Nǐ zěnme yǒu zhème duō wèntí yào wèn?
How come you have so many questions to ask?

这个 老外 怎么 会 了解 那么 多 中国 历史？
Zhège lǎowài zěnme huì liǎojiě nàme duō Zhōngguó lìshǐ?
How come this foreigner knows so much about Chinese history?

今天 这么 冷，你 怎么 穿 那么 少？
Jīntiān zhème lěng, nǐ zěnme chuān nàme shǎo?
It's so cold today. How come you wear so little?

科技 那么 发达 ，什么 都 是 有 可能 的。
Kējì nàme fādá, shénme dōu shì yǒu kěnéng de.
Science and technology is so developed. Nothing is impossible.

When to use which one

You might be thinking 那 and 这 have different meanings. “How can they be used the same way?” Well, there are some differences. "这么" is used when the thing you are talking about is close by, when you would say "this" or "这个." On the other hand, if the object is far away, you would use "那么." Furthermore, this distance doesn't have to be physical, it can also refer to time, so you would use "那么" with things like "yesterday" or "tomorrow."

See also

The "zui" superlative

Expressing "excessively" with "tai"

Sources and further reading

Books

Short-term Spoken Chinese: Elementary (汉语口语速成基础篇) (pp. 15)

Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 71 - 2)

New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4) (pp. 103)