等等 (děng děng), or simply 等 (děng), is just like saying “and so on” or “etc.” in English, but just a bit more formal. Both are placed after listing a series of items (generally with a list that exceeds two items).
Contents
- Structure
- Examples
- See also
- Sources and further reading
- Books
Basic Usage
The basic structure is easy. Just make a list of things, and add 等 (děng) or 等等 (děng děng) to the end of the list. It's the same as in English when we use "etc." at the end of a list.
Structure
Examples
- 西瓜、菠萝、苹果、葡萄 等等 都 是 我 喜欢 的 水果 。 Xīguā, bōluó, píngguǒ, pútáo děngděng dōu shì wǒ xǐhuan de shuǐguǒ.
Watermelons, pineapples, apples, grapes and so on are all the fruits that I like.
- 我 的 男朋友 会 说 很 多 外语 ， 英语、法语、西班牙语 等等 。 Wǒ de nánpéngyou huì shuō hěn duō wàiyǔ, Yīngyǔ, Fǎyǔ, Xībānyáyǔ děngděng.
My boyfriend can speak many foreign languages: English, French, Spanish, etc.
- 我 很 喜欢 运动，比如 跑步、游泳、做瑜伽 等等 。 Wǒ hěn xǐhuan yùndòng, bǐrú pǎobù, yóuyǒng, zuò yújiā děngděng.
I like exercising very much, for example, running, swimming, doing yoga, etc.
- 我们 公司 有 好几 个 部门，市场部、客户部、技术部 等 。 Wǒmen gōngsī yǒu hǎojǐ gè bùmén, shìchǎng bù, kèhù bù, jìshù bù děng.
Our company has several departments: marketing department, client department, technology department, etc.
- Jackie Chan、Jet Li、Bruce Li 等 都 是 中国 有名 的 功夫 明星 。 Jackie Chan, Jet Li, Bruce Li děng dōu shì Zhōngguó yǒumíng de gōngfu míngxīng.
Jackie Chan, Jet Li, Bruce Li, etc. are all famous Chinese martial arts stars.
Usage Before a Noun
Occasionally, 等 (děng) is added to the end of a list and is followed by a noun that represents the list. For example, if the list is a series of countries, 等 (děng) would be followed by 国家 (guójiā).
Structure
Examples
- 长城、故宫 等 地方 都 是 北京 有名 的 景点 。 Chángchéng, Gùgōng děng dìfang dōu shì Běijīng yǒumíng de jǐngdiǎn.
The Great Wall, the Forbidden City, etc. are all famous scenic spots in Beijing.
- 北京、上海、广州 等 城市 是 中国 最 发达 的 城市 。 Běijīng, Shànghǎi, Guǎngzhōu děng chéngshì shì Zhōngguó zuì fādá de chéngshì.
Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and so on are the most developed cities in China.
- 牛津、剑桥 等 大学 都 是 最 有名 的 英国 大学 。 Niújīn, Jiànqiáo děng dàxué dōu shì zuì yǒumíng de Yīngguó dàxué.
Oxford, Cambridge and so on are the most famous British Universities.
- 中国、印度、巴西 等 国家 都 不 是 发达 国家 。 Zhōngguó, Yìndù, Bāxī děng guójiā dōu bù shì fādá guójiā.
China, India, Brazil and so on are not developed countries.
- WTO, WHO 等 组织 都 是 国际 组织。 WTO, WHO děng zǔzhī dōu shì guójì zǔzhī.
WTO, WHO and so on are all international organizations.
See also
Sources and further reading
Books
- Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级)(p. 304)