The particle 着 (zhe) is one way of indicating the continuous aspect in Mandarin Chinese (another common way is using the adverb 在 in front of verbs). You may have heard that the Chinese particle 着 added onto the end of verbs is similar to the use of -ing in English. This isn't particularly helpful, however, because the use of 着 in Chinese is not nearly so frequent, and can also be quite idiomatic.
Contents
- Structure
- Examples
- See also
- Sources and further reading
- Books
Basic Usage
Structure
Examples
- 我 读 ，你 听 着 。 Wǒ dú, nǐ tīng zhe.
I'll read the letter, and you will listen.
- 我们 做 ，你们 看 着 。 Wǒmen zuò, nǐmen kàn zhe.
We will do it, and you will watch.
- 你们 坐 着 ，哪儿 都 别 去 。 Nǐmen zuò zhe, nǎr dōu bié qù.
You sit here. Don't go anywhere else.
- 我 出去 一下 ，你 帮 我 看 着 行李 。 Wǒ chūqù yīxià, nǐ bāng wǒ kān zhe xíngli.
I'll go out for a second, and you watch the luggage for me.
Used for Continuous State
While it's true that the "full progressive pattern" can make use of 着, this is not a pattern you're going to want to use all the time. The most commonly used verbs are the ones below:
- 开 (kāi) alone can mean "to open" or "to turn on." Adding 着 allows one to express that something "is open" or "is on."
- 关 (guān) alone can mean "to close" or "to turn off." Adding 着 allows one to express that something "is closed" or "is off."
- 穿 (chuān) alone means "to wear." Adding 着 allows one to express that one "is wearing" or "has" something (on one's person).
- 戴 (dài) alone means "to wear." Adding 着 allows one to express that one "is wearing" or "has" something (on one's person).
- 躺 (tǎng) alone means "to lie on one's back." Adding 着 allows one to express that someone "is lying down."
Examples
- 家里 的 灯 开 着 。 "Being on" is a state, so using 着 is natural. Jiālǐ de dēng kāi zhe.
- 家里 灯 在 开 。 "Being on" is not an action, so don't use 在. Jiālǐ de dēng zài kāi.
- 公司 的 门 开 着 ，可是 没 人 在 。 "Being on" is a state, so using 着 is natural.) Gōngsī de mén kāi zhe, kěshì méi rén zài.
- 公司 的 门 在 开 ，可是 没 人 在 。 "Being open" is not an action, so don't use 在.) Gōngsī de mén zài kāi, kěshì méi rén zài.
- 他 戴 着 眼镜 。 "Having his glasses (on him)" is a state, so using 着 is natural.) Tā dài zhe yǎnjìng.
- 他 在 戴 眼镜 。 "Having his glasses (on him)" is not an action, so don't use 在.) Tā zài dài yǎnjìng.
- 她 穿 着 一 条 小 黑 裙 。 "Be wearing" is a state, so using 着 is natural.) Tā chuān zhe yī tiáo xiǎo hēi qún.
- 她 在 穿 一 条 小 黑 裙 。 "Be wearing" is not an action, so don't use 在.) Tā zài chuān yī tiáo xiǎo hēi qún.
- 躺 着 最 舒服 。 "Lying here" is a state, so using 着 is natural.) Tǎng zhe zuì shūfu.
- 在 躺 最 舒服 。 "Lying here" is not strictly an action, so don't use 在.) Zài tǎng zuì shūfu .
Used for a Certain Way of Doing Things
If you do an action while in a particular state, you can make use of this pattern:
Structure
Note that the first verb (followed by 着) describes the state; the second verb is the action verb. In this case, the "-ing" translation can be useful.
Examples
- 她 喜欢 站 着 吃饭 。 "standing + eat = eating while standing" Tā xǐhuan zhàn zhe chīfàn.
- 我 不 喜欢 听 着 音乐 做 作业 。 "listening to music + do homework = listening to music while doing homework Wǒ bù xǐhuan tīng zhe yīnyuè zuò zuòyè.
- 他 笑 着 说 “对不起” 。 "smiling + say = saying "I'm sorry" while smiling Tā xiào zhe shuō "duìbuqǐ".
Note: If you want to make a sentence where both verbs are action verbs (neither is truly a state), then you don't want this pattern, you want 一边⋯⋯，一边⋯⋯.
着 Used Idiomatically
Certain verbs tend to take 着 more frequently than others, and exactly what the 着 is doing might not be apparent at all. It's best to think of these usages as colloquialisms. You can even think of them as set phrases.
Examples
- 你 听 着 ! "to listen and keep listening" Nǐ tīng zhe!
- 这个 你 拿 着 ! "to hold and keep holding" Zhège nǐ ná zhe!
- 你们 等 着 ! "to wait and keeping waiting" Nǐmen děng zhe!
There's also one colloquial usage of 着 that's been chosen by at least one textbook for special treatment, so we'll cover it here as well:
This pattern may look like that "doing an action in a particular state" pattern already covered above, but in practice it doesn't really work that way. It just means "[Verb] for fun" or "[Verb] as a joke."
Examples of this usage:
- 我 不 是 认真 的 ，我 是 闹 着 玩 的 。 Wǒ bùshì rènzhēn de, wǒ shì nào zhe wá de.
I'm not very serious, I like to have a lot of fun.
- 我 听不懂 英文 歌 ，只 是 听 着 玩 的 。 Wǒ tīng bù dǒng Yīngwén gē, zhǐshì tīng zhe wán de.
I don't understand English songs. I just listen for fun.
- 你 不要 生气 ，我 是 说 着 玩 的 ！ Nǐ bùyào shēngqì, wǒ gāngcái shì shuō zhe wán de!
Don't be mad.I was just joking.
See also
Sources and further reading
Books
- A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法) (pp. 414 - 423)
- Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 89)
- Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar (pp. 217 - 225)
- Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 242-3)
- Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (p. 17)
- New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2) (pp. 238-9)
- 40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (p. 255)
Websites