Non-exhaustive lists with "dengdeng"
等等 (děng děng) or simply 等 (děng), is just like saying “and so on” or “etc.” in English, but it's just a bit more formal. Both are placed after listing a series of items (generally with a list that exceeds two items).
Contents
- 1 Structure
- 2 Examples
- 3 See also
- 4 Sources and further reading
Structure
The basic structure is easy. Just make a list of things and add 等 (děng) or 等等 (děng děng) to the end of the list. It's the same as in English when we use "etc." at the end of a list.
A1，A2 ⋯⋯ 等 / 等等
Examples
- 西瓜、菠萝、葡萄、等等 ，我 都 喜欢 吃 。
Xīguā, bōluó, pútáo, děngděng, wǒ dōu xǐhuan chī.
Watermelons, pineapples, apples, grapes, and so on, I like them all.
- 我 爸爸 很 喜欢 运动 ，比如 跑步、游泳、打羽毛球、等等 。
Wǒ bàba hěn xǐhuan yùndòng, bǐrú pǎobù, yóuyǒng, dǎ yǔmáoqiú, děngděng.
My father likes different sports, for example, running, swimming, playing badminton, etc.
Bruce Li、Jackie Chan、Jet Li
- 等 都 是 有名 的 功夫 明星 。
Bruce Li, Jackie Chan, Jet Li děng dōu shì yǒumíng de gōngfu míngxīng.
Bruce Li, Jackie Chan, Jet Li, etc. are all famous Chinese martial arts stars.
- 我们 公司 有 市场部、设计部、技术部、 等等 。
Wǒmen gōngsī yǒu shìchǎng bù, shèjì bù, jìshù bù děngděng.
Our company has marketing department, design department, technology department, etc.
- 联合国 的 工作 语言 有 英语、法语、西班牙语 等 。
Liánhéguó de gōngzuò yǔyán yǒu Yīngyǔ, Fǎyǔ, Xībānyáyǔ děng.
The working languages of the UN are English, French, Spanish, etc.
等 (děng) can also be added to the end of a list and is followed by a noun that represents the list.
In this case, you can only use 等:
A1，A2 ⋯⋯ 等 + [Category] + Predicate
The predicate part of the pattern can be a verb or an adjective.
- 长城、故宫 等 景点 都 是 北京 有名 的 景点 。
Chángchéng, Gùgōng děng jǐngdiǎn dōu shì Běijīng yǒumíng de jǐngdiǎn.
The Great Wall, the Forbidden City, etc. are all famous tourist attractions in Beijing.
- 北京、上海、广州 等 城市 的 经济 都 很 发达 。
Běijīng, Shànghǎi, Guǎngzhōu děng chéngshì de jīngjì dōu hěn fādá.
Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and so on are economically developed cities.
- 牛津、剑桥 等 大学 是 英国 最 有名 的大学 。
Niújīn, Jiànqiáo děng dàxué shì Yīngguó zuì yǒumíng de dàxué.
Oxford, Cambridge and so on are the most famous British Universities.
- 中国、印度、巴西 等 国家 都 是 发展中 国家 。
Zhōngguó, Yìndù, Bāxī děng guójiā dōu shì fāzhǎn zhōng guójiā.
China, India, Brazil and so on are all developing countries.
- 食品安全、环保、和平 等 话题 都是 热点 话题 。
Shípǐn ānquán, huánbǎo, hépíng děng huàtí dōu shì rèdiǎn huàtí.
Food safety, environmental protection, peace and so on are all hot topics.
See also
- Ending a Non-Exhaustive List with "shenme de"
- "Stuff like that" with "zhileide"
Sources and further reading
Books
- Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级) (pp. 304) [ →buy]