Taiwanese Mandarin differs slightly from Mainland Mandarin. A characteristic of Taiwanese Mandarin is the usage of 有.
Completed Verbs
In the Chinese language, there are verbs called “completed verbs.” These verbs are usually followed by a compliment, as they are not verbs that are ongoing. This is referring to the past tense.
Structure
Examples
- 你 有 说 错 这 句 话 。 You said this sentence wrong.
- 老板 有 学 会 上海话 。 The boss studied the Shanghai dialect.
- 我们 有 听 懂 你的 话 。 I understood what you said.
- 我 有 看到 她 跟 你 前男友 在 一起。 I saw her and your ex-boyfriend together.
- 我们 都 有 听到 宝宝 哭。 We all heard the baby cry.
Action Verbs
There are also verbs categorized as “action verbs.” In Taiwanese Mandarin, when 有 is put in front of these verbs, it actually indicates that the verb is still continuing.
Structure
Examples
- 我 有 吃 药，可是 感冒 还是 美好 。 I have taken medicine, but my cold hasn’t gotten better.
- 他 有 告诉 我 你的 电话 号码 。 He has told me your phone number.
- 我 有 考虑 你 提的 建议。 I have considered the suggestion you proposed.
- 她 有 拿 你的 钱 吗？ Has she taken your money?
Adj. that follow 有 with 到
Adjectives can also follow 有. These adjectives are all in the past tense, with a 到 following the adjective.
Structure
Examples
- 第一次 做 这么 多 运动，真的 有 累 到 。 The first time I exercised so much, I was so tired.
- 他 突然 提出 跟 我 分手，我 真的 有 伤 到 。 He asked to break up out of nowhere. I was so hurt.
- 你 买 了 那么 多 二手 家具，有 省 到 吗？ You bought so many second-hand furniture. Does it save you a lot of money?
- 你们 突然 大叫 着 跑 出来，我 真的有 吓 到 ！ You guys suddenly came running out screaming loudly. I was so scared!
- 这 家 店 今天 全场 打 一 折，我 买 了 好 多，有 赚 到！ Everything in this store is 90% off today. I bought a lot. It was so cheap!
Adj. not in the past tense using 有
Some adjectives can follow 有 and are not used as the past tense.
Structure
Examples
- 你 跟 你 妈妈 有 像 耶 ！ You and your mom look alike!
- 他 那天 有 生气。 He was angry the other day.
- 我 有 紧张 吗？ Was I nervous?
- 她 当然 有 失望，你 又 忘了 她 的 生日！ Of course she was disappointed. You forgot her birthday again!
- 你 那么 大声 说话，我们 都 有 害怕。 We were all scared when you shout at us.
了 after the verb
When adding a 了 after the verb, you’re stressing that the action is completed.
Structure
Examples
- 我 刚才 有上 厕所 了。 I just now finished using the restaurant.
- 他 有 吃 中饭 了 。 He finished eating lunch.
- 老板 早上有 喝 咖啡 了。 The boss drank coffee this morning.
- 我 有 发 微信 给 你 了。 I already sent you a WeChat.
- 我们 昨晚 有 吵架 了 。 We fought last night.
过 after the verb
Structure
Subj. + 有 + Verb + 过 + Obj.
Examples
- 我 有 去 过 中国。 I have been to China.
- 他 有 吃 过 小笼包。 He has eaten steamed dumplings.
- 你 有 见 过 那 个 人 吗？ Have you seen that person before?
- 我 有 做 过 这样 的 工作。 I have done work like this before.
- 你 有 自己 做 过 饭 吗？ Have you ever cooked for yourself?
- 你 有 学 过 中文？ Have you ever studied Chinese?
- 你 有 看 过 这 个 电影 吗？ Have you seen this movie?
- 我 有 学 过 这 个 词。 I have studied this word.
- 我 有 用 过 电脑，我 会 用。 I have used a computer before, I can use it.
- 我 有 买 过 这里 的 巧克力，不 好吃。 I have bought the chocolate here, it's not good.
在 after 有
In Standard Mandarin, using 在 before a verb is the equivalent to the English –ing. When used with 有 in front of it, it is usually referring to habitual action, or an action that can be stopped. This is not in the past tense, but rather a continuing action.
Structure
Examples
- 那 时候 你 有 在 工作 吗？ At that time, were you working?
- 这家 店 有 在 卖 小孩子的 衣服 吗？ Is this store selling children’s clothes?
- 我 有 在 考虑 跟 她 分手 。 I am considering breaking up with her.
- 我 妈妈 有 在 吃素 。 My mom is a vegetarian.
- 你的 学生 有 在 写 日记 吗？ Do your students write diaries?
Sources and further reading
Books
- Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 59-60)
- Chinese Grammar Without Tears (简明汉语语法学习手册) (pp. 73-4)
- Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 83- 4)
- Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 345-7)
- Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 49-51)
- Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 76-7, 230-2)
- New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2) (pp. 175-6)
- 40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册） (p. 188)
Websites