<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta name="generator" content= "HTML Tidy for HTML5 for Linux version 5.2.0" /> <title></title> </head> <body> <p>You probably learned early on that 和 (hé) is used as an "<a href="and" class="uri" title="wikilink">and</a>" word to connect <a href="noun" title="wikilink">nouns</a> and noun phrases, but <em>not</em> sentences or clauses. This rule is fine for a while but eventually you will begin encountering what appears to be non-nouns linked by 和. This article addresses how you may see 和 used in other ways.</p> <p>It's worth mentioning that none of these uses of 和 <em>needs</em> to be "learned." You could do just fine only using 和 to connect nouns and noun phrases, and native speakers may prefer <em>not</em> to use 和 in some of the examples sentences given below. Still, uses like these <em>do</em> exist.</p> <h2 id="linking-verbs-with-和">Linking Verbs with 和</h2> <div class="jiegou"> <p>Verb 1 + 和 + Verb 2</p> </div> <p>Rather than give absolute rules, it's more helpful to give trends, because it's very difficult to provide a rule for using 和 with non-nouns which is never broken. There are just too many gray areas.</p> <p>In <em>most cases</em>, the following trends apply when 和 is used to connect verbs:</p> <ol> <li>The two verbs are very similar in nature. This could include characteristics such as level of formality, structure, and scope. Often you'll find that the verbs even overlap a little in meaning or are frequently used together. Thus "唱歌和跳舞" is natural (both are <a href="separable_verb" title="wikilink">separable verbs</a>, equally informal, frequently used together), whereas "玩游戏和跑" (the structure of the two is very different) is quite awkward.</li> <li>Both verbs share the same object (e.g. "管理和运营着家公司") or are both modified by the same adverbial phrase (e.g. "进一步地了解和交流").</li> <li>Normally (but not always) both verbs are disyllabic (two-syllable verbs), such as 维护, 修理.</li> </ol> <div class="liju"> <ul> <li>政府 每年 都 会 维护 <em>和</em> 修理 这些 建筑 。</li> <li>我们 需要 进一步 地 了解 <em>和</em> 交流。</li> <li>他 十八岁 的 时候 就 管理 <em>和</em> 运营 着 一 家 公司。</li> <li>这 种 材料 可以 无限 地 回收 <em>和</em> 利用。</li> <li>预防 <em>和</em> 治理 污染 需要 所有 人 共同 的 努力。</li> </ul> </div> <h2 id="linking-adjectives-with-和">Linking Adjectives with 和</h2> <div class="jiegou"> <p>Adj. 1 + 和 + Adj. 2</p> </div> <p>In <em>most cases</em>, at least one of the following trends apply when 和 is used to connect adjectives:</p> <ol> <li>The two adjectives do not act as the <a href="predicate" class= "uri" title="wikilink">predicate</a> of the sentence, but instead act as an <a href="attributive" class="uri" title= "wikilink">attributive</a> (coming before a noun), <a href="object" class="uri" title="wikilink">object</a> (coming after a verb), or other sentence element.</li> <li>There will be some kind of modification before the adjectives; they won't just be used "bare"</li> </ol> <div class="liju"> <ul> <li>我 就是 喜欢 她 任性 <em>和</em> 调皮，怎么了？<span class= "expl">做宾语)</span></li> <li>她 那么 单纯 <em>和</em> 天真，你 怎么 可以 这样 对 她？<span class= "expl">有修饰成分)</span></li> <li>她 安静 <em>和</em> 甜美 的笑容让我觉得温暖。<span class= "expl">做定语)</span></li> <li>这种 恐惧 <em>和</em> 担心 不 是 没有 道理。<span class= "expl">有修饰成分，做主语)</span></li> <li>你 什么时候 才 可以 像 他 那样 冷静 <em>和</em> 理性？<span class= "expl">有修饰成分)</span></li> </ul> </div> <h2 id="incorrect-uses-of-和">Incorrect uses of 和</h2> <p>Don't forget that in addition to 和, there are all kinds of other ways to express the "<a href="and" class="uri" title= "wikilink">and</a>" meaning, such as the words <a href="%E5%B9%B6" class="uri" title="wikilink">并</a>, <a href="%E5%B9%B6%E4%B8%94" class="uri" title="wikilink">并且</a>, and <a href= "%E8%BF%98%E6%9C%89" class="uri" title="wikilink">还有</a>, or the patterns <a href=""Both_A_and_B"_with_"you"" title="wikilink">又⋯⋯又⋯⋯</a> or <a href= ""Both%E2%80%A6_and%E2%80%A6"_with_"ji...you"" title="wikilink">既⋯⋯又⋯⋯</a>.</p> <p>The following sentences don't follow the trends laid out above, and are thus not good sentences.</p> <div class="liju"> <ul> <li>你自私和冷漠，怎么会有人喜欢你？！<span class="expl">The adjectives are acting as the predicate, and have nothing modifying them.)</span></li> <li>你这么自私和冷漠，怎么会有人喜欢你？！<span class="expl">Adding a modifier to the adjectives sounds much better.)</span></li> <li>我去了超市和买了水果。<span class="expl">You could look at these actions as two separate clauses or verbs with separate objects. Either way, it's bad.)</span></li> <li>我去了超市，并且买了水果。<span class="expl">Here we treated the verbs as separate clauses and used 并且 to connect them.)</span></li> <li>你需要买和装杀毒软件。<span class="expl">Although the verbs share an object, they're both monosyllabic verbs. While perhaps not blatantly incorrect, this sentence just sounds weird to most Chinese.)</span></li> <li>你需要购买和安装杀毒软件。<span class="expl">They still share the same object, but now the monosyllabic verbs have been converted to disyllabic verbs. Problem solved!)</span></li> </ul> </div> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li><a href="and" title="wikilink">Translations of "and"</a></li> <li><a href= "Expressing_"in_addition"_with_"haiyou"" title= "wikilink">Expressing "in addition" with "haiyou"</a></li> <li><a href=""In_addition"_as_"lingwai"" title= "wikilink">"In addition" as "lingwai"</a></li> <li><a href="Expressing_"not_only%E2%80%A6_but_also"" title="wikilink">Expressing "not only… but also"</a></li> <li><a href="Combining_verbs_with_"bing"" title= "wikilink">Combining verbs with "bing"</a></li> </ul> <h2 id="sources-and-further-reading">Sources and further reading</h2> <h3 id="books">Books</h3> <ul> <li><a href="Basic_Patterns_of_Chinese_Grammar" title= "wikilink">Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar</a> (pp. 74-5) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1933330899/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399373&creativeASIN=1933330899"> →buy</a></li> <li><a href="Chinese:_An_Essential_Grammar,_Second_Edition" title= "wikilink">Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition</a> (pp. 14-5) <a href= "http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415372615/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=0415372615"> →buy</a></li> <li><a href= "%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%99%9A%E8%AF%8D%E4%BE%8B%E9%87%8A" class="uri" title="wikilink">现代汉语虚词例释</a> (p. 236)<a href= "http://www.amazon.cn/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%85%AB%E7%99%BE%E8%AF%8D/dp/B004323J90/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1345693275&sr=8-1">→buy</a></li> <li><a href= "%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%85%AB%E7%99%BE%E8%AF%8D" class="uri" title="wikilink">现代汉语八百词</a> (p.265) <a href= "http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001198GSW&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001198GSW"> →buy</a></li> <li><a href= "%E5%AE%9E%E7%94%A8%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" class="uri" title="wikilink">实用现代汉语语法</a> (p.317)<a href= "http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B003YJGCSS&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B003YJGCSS">→buy</a></li> </ul> <h3 id="websites">Websites</h3> <ul> <li>Sinosplice: <a href= "http://www.sinosplice.com/life/archives/2008/10/13/syntactic-anguish-of-the-verb-object-modifier-variety"> Syntactic Anguish of the Verb-Object-Modifier Variety</a></li> </ul> <p><a href="Category:B2_grammar_points" title= "wikilink">Category:B2 grammar points</a></p> </body> </html>