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Potential complement
====================

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    Similar to

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    -   [Potential complement "-bu dong" for not
        understanding](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Potential_complement_%22-bu_dong%22_for_not_understanding) (A2)
    -   [Direction
        complement](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Direction_complement) (B1)
    -   [Advanced potential
        complements](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Advanced_potential_complements) (B2)
    -   [Advanced result
        complements](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Advanced_result_complements) (B2)
    -   [Using "zhao" as
        complement](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Using_%22zhao%22_as_complement) (B2)

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    Used for

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    [Describing
    actions](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Describing_actions)

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-   <div class="ibox-label">
    Keywords

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    [得](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E5%BE%97),
    [不](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E4%B8%8D)

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Verbs can take **potential complements** that indicate whether or not
the action is actually possible. They are useful in Chinese to say if an
action can take place.

<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle">
Contents
--------

<span class="toctoggle"> [hide]([# "wikilink")\] </span>

</div>
-   [<span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Affirmative
    Form</span>](#Affirmative_Form "wikilink")
    -   [<span class="tocnumber">1.1</span>
        <span class="toctext">Structure</span>](#Structure "wikilink")
    -   [<span class="tocnumber">1.2</span>
        <span class="toctext">Examples</span>](#Examples "wikilink")
-   [<span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Negative
    Form</span>](#Negative_Form "wikilink")
    -   [<span class="tocnumber">2.1</span>
        <span class="toctext">Structure</span>](#Structure_2 "wikilink")
    -   [<span class="tocnumber">2.2</span>
        <span class="toctext">Examples</span>](#Examples_2 "wikilink")
-   [<span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Potential
    Complement with
    Objects</span>](#Potential_Complement_with_Objects "wikilink")
-   [<span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Advanced
    Potential
    Complements</span>](#Advanced_Potential_Complements "wikilink")
-   [<span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See
    also</span>](#See_also "wikilink")
-   [<span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Sources and
    and further
    reading</span>](#Sources_and_and_further_reading "wikilink")
    -   [<span class="tocnumber">6.1</span>
        <span class="toctext">Books</span>](#Books "wikilink")
    -   [<span class="tocnumber">6.2</span>
        <span class="toctext">Websites</span>](#Websites "wikilink")
        -   [<span class="tocnumber">6.2.1</span>
            <span class="toctext">Yale</span>](#Yale "wikilink")

</div>
<span id="Affirmative_Form" class="mw-headline">Affirmative Form</span>
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Structurally, potential complements are closely related to both [result
complements](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Result_complement)
and [direction
complements](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Direction_complement),
so it helps to be familiar with those first. The most important and
commonly used potential complements are derived from other complements
such as the following:

-   Verb +
    [见](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E8%A7%81) e.g.
    看见, 听见 (result complements)
-   Verb +
    [懂](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E6%87%82) e.g.
    看懂, 听懂 (result complements)
-   Verb +
    [完](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E5%AE%8C) e.g.
    吃完, 做完, 用完, 花完 (result complements)
-   Verb +
    [Adj.](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Adjective) e.g.
    看清楚, 听明白, 洗干净 (result complements)
-   Verb +
    [到](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E5%88%B0) e.g.
    找到, 买到, 收到 (result complements)
-   Verb + Direction e.g. 上来, 下去, 进去, 起来, 走过去, 爬上去
    (direction complements)

Potential complements can be positive or negative. What this means is
fairly intuitive - potential complements can be used to express that
something *can* happen or that it *can't*.

### <span id="Structure" class="mw-headline">Structure</span>

<div class="jiegou">
Subj. + Verb + 得 + Complement

</div>
### <span id="Examples" class="mw-headline">Examples</span>

<div class="liju">
-   你 没 戴 眼镜 ,看 *得* **清楚** 吗 ?<span class="pinyin">Nǐ méi
    dài yǎnjìng, kàn *de* **qīngchu** ma?</span><span class="trans">You
    didn't wear glasses. Can you see things clearly?</span>
-   他 这么 粗心 ,做 *得* **好** 吗 ?<span class="pinyin">Tā zhème
    cūxīn, zuò *de* **hǎo** ma?</span><span class="trans">He'a
    so careless. Can he do it well?</span>
-   你 这么 聪明 ,肯定 学 *得* **会** 。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ zhème
    cōngming, kěndìng xué *de* **huì**.</span><span class="trans">You're
    so smart. You can definitely learn this.</span>
-   早上 五点 出发 ,孩子们 起 *得* **来** 吗
    ?<span class="pinyin">Zǎoshang wǔdiǎn chūfā, háizi men qǐ *de*
    **lái** ma?</span> <span class="trans">We're leaving at five a.m..
    Will the kids be able to get up?</span>
-   这么 高 的 山 ,你 爬 *得* **上去** 吗 ?<span class="pinyin">Zhème
    gāo de shān, nǐ pá *de* **shàngqù** ma?
    </span><span class="trans">The mountain is so high. Can you make it
    to the top?</span>

</div>
<span id="Negative_Form" class="mw-headline">Negative Form</span>
-----------------------------------------------------------------

### <span id="Structure_2" class="mw-headline">Structure</span>

<div class="jiegou">
Subj. + Verb + 不 + Complement

</div>
### <span id="Examples_2" class="mw-headline">Examples</span>

<div class="liju">
-   你 的 声音 太 小 了 ,我们 听 *不* **见** 。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ
    de shēngyīn tài xiǎo le, wǒmen tīng *bu*
    **jiàn**.</span><span class="trans">Your voice is too soft. We can't
    hear you.</span>
-   这里 太 暗 了 ,我 看 *不* **清楚** 。<span class="pinyin">Zhèlǐ tài
    àn le, wǒ kàn *bu* **qīngchu**.</span><span class="trans">It's too
    dim here. I can't see clearly.</span>
-   这个 自行车 太 破 了 ,谁 都 修 *不* **好**
    。<span class="pinyin">Zhège zìxíngchē tài pò le, shéi dōu xiū *bu*
    **hǎo** .</span><span class="trans">This bike is so broken. Nobody
    can fix it.</span>
-   她 的 腿 受伤 了 ,站 *不* **起来** 了 。<span class="pinyin">Tā de
    tuǐ shòushāng le, zhàn *bu* **qǐlái**
    le.</span><span class="trans">Her leg is injured. She can't
    stand.</span>
-   包 太 小 了 ,手机 放 *不* **进去** 。<span class="pinyin">Bāo tài
    xiǎo le, shǒujī fàng *bu* **jìnqù**.</span><span class="trans">The
    bag is too small. I can't fit the cell phone in it.</span>

</div>
<span id="Potential_Complement_with_Objects" class="mw-headline">Potential Complement with Objects</span>
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Objects in sentences with potential complements can occur either after
the complement or at the beginning of a sentence.

A few examples:

<div class="liju">
-   你 听 *得* **懂** 上海话 吗 ?<span class="pinyin">Nǐ tīng *de*
    **dǒng** Shànghǎi-huà ma?</span><span class="trans">Can you
    understand Shanghai dialect?</span>
-   她 这么 小 ,看 *得* **懂** 这 本 书 吗 ?<span class="pinyin">Tā
    zhème xiǎo, kàn *de* **dǒng** zhè běn shū
    ma?</span><span class="trans">She's so young. Can she really
    understand this book?</span>
-   我怕 我 做 *不* **好** 这份 工作 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ pà wǒ zuò
    *bu* **hǎo** zhè fèn gōngzuò.</span><span class="trans">I'm afraid
    that I can't do this job well.</span>
-   这 种 手机 现在 买 *不* **到** 了 。<span class="pinyin">Zhè zhǒng
    shǒujī xiànzài mǎi *bu* **dào** le.</span><span class="trans">You
    can't buy this type of cell phone now.</span>
-   这本书 我 一个星期 肯定 看 *得* **完** 。<span class="pinyin">Zhè
    běn shū wǒ yī gè xīngiqī kěndìng kàn *de*
    **wán**.</span><span class="trans">I can definitely finish reading
    this book within one week.</span>

</div>
<span id="Advanced_Potential_Complements" class="mw-headline">Advanced Potential Complements</span>
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

There are actually quite a few potential complements out there, and this
article touches on some of the simplest and most common ones. Be aware
that there are many more, but they all follow the same basic pattern
outlined here. You can also see our article on [advanced potential
complements](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Advanced_potential_complements).

<span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span>
-------------------------------------------------------

-   [Result
    complements](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Result_complements)
-   [Advanced potential
    complements](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Advanced_potential_complements)

<span id="Sources_and_and_further_reading" class="mw-headline">Sources and and further reading</span>
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

### <span id="Books" class="mw-headline">Books</span>

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    Grammar](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Basic_Patterns_of_Chinese_Grammar) (pp.
    71) [→buy](http://amzn.to/2ykU1OD)
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    291) [→buy](http://amzn.to/2femBuy)
-   [Practicing HSK
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    125)
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-   [Contemporary Chinese
    2 (当代中文2)](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Contemporary_Chinese_2_(%E5%BD%93%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%872)) (pp.
    63)
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-   [New Practical Chinese Reader
    3 (新实用汉语课本3)](https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/New_Practical_Chinese_Reader_3_(%E6%96%B0%E5%AE%9E%E7%94%A8%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%BE%E6%9C%AC3)) (pp.
    99)
    [→buy](http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/756191251X/ref%3das_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=756191251X)

### <span id="Websites" class="mw-headline">Websites</span>

#### <span id="Yale" class="mw-headline">Yale</span>

-   [The Potential
    Complement](http://comet.cls.yale.edu/mandarin/content/potential/grammar/potential.htm)
-   [Potential Complement And Degree Complement In
    Contrast](http://comet.cls.yale.edu/mandarin/content/degree/grammar/Degree-6.htm)

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