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<p>Taiwanese Mandarin differs slightly from Mainland Mandarin. A characteristic of Taiwanese Mandarin is the usage of <span class="hanzi">有</span>.</p>
<h2 id="completed-verbs">Completed Verbs</h2>
<p>In the Chinese language, there are verbs called “<b>completed verbs.</b>” These verbs are usually followed by a compliment, as they are not verbs that are ongoing. This is referring to the past tense.</p>
<h3 id="structure">Structure</h3>
<div class="jiegou">
<div class="deux">Subj. + <span class="hanzist">有</span> + Verb + Obj.</div>
</div>
<h3 id="examples">Examples</h3>
<div class="exemple">
<ul>
<li><span class="hanzi">你 有 说 错 这 句 话 。</span> <span class="trans">You said this sentence wrong.</span></li>
<li><span class="hanzi">老板 有 学 会 上海话 。</span> <span class="trans">The boss studied the Shanghai dialect.</span></li>
<li><span class="hanzi">我们 有 听 懂 你的 话 。</span> <span class="trans">I understood what you said.</span></li>
<li><span class="hanzi">我 有 看到 她 跟 你 前男友 在 一起。</span> <span class="trans">I saw her and your ex-boyfriend together.</span></li>
<li><span class="hanzi">我们 都 有 听到 宝宝 哭。</span> <span class="trans">We all heard the baby cry.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 id="action-verbs">Action Verbs</h2>
<p>There are also verbs categorized as “<b>action verbs.</b>” In Taiwanese Mandarin, when <span class="hanzi">有</span> is put in front of these verbs, it actually indicates that the verb is still continuing.</p>
<h3 id="structure-1">Structure</h3>
<div class="jiegou">
<div class="deux">Subj. + <span class="hanzist">有</span> + Verb + Obj.</div>
</div>
<h3 id="examples-1">Examples</h3>
<div class="exemple">
<ul>
<li><span class="hanzi">我 有 吃 药，可是 感冒 还是 美好 。</span> <span class="trans">I have taken medicine, but my cold hasn’t gotten better.</span></li>
<li><span class="hanzi">他 有 告诉 我 你的 电话 号码 。</span> <span class="trans">He has told me your phone number.</span></li>
<li><span class="hanzi">我 有 考虑 你 提的 建议。</span> <span class="trans">I have considered the suggestion you proposed.</span></li>
<li><span class="hanzi">她 有 拿 你的 钱 吗？</span> <span class="trans">Has she taken your money?</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 id="adj.-that-follow-有-with-到">Adj. that follow <span class="hanzist">有</span> with <span style="color: rgb(255, 127, 80); font-family: NotoSansCJKsc; font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal;">到</span></h2>
<p>Adjectives can also follow <span class="hanzi">有</span>. These adjectives are all in the past tense, with a <span class="hanzi">到</span> following the adjective.</p>
<h3 id="structure-2">Structure</h3>
<div class="jiegou">
<div class="deux">Subj. + <span class="hanzist">有</span> + Adj. + <span class="hanzist">到</span></div>
</div>
<h3 id="examples-2">Examples</h3>
<div class="exemple">
<ul>
<li><span class="hanzi">第一次 做 这么 多 运动，真的 有 累 到 。</span> <span class="trans">The first time I exercised so much, I was so tired.</span></li>
<li><span class="hanzi">他 突然 提出 跟 我 分手，我 真的 有 伤 到 。</span> <span class="trans">He asked to break up out of nowhere. I was so hurt.</span></li>
<li><span class="hanzi">你 买 了 那么 多 二手 家具，有 省 到 吗？</span> <span class="trans">You bought so many second-hand furniture. Does it save you a lot of money?</span></li>
<li><span class="hanzi">你们 突然 大叫 着 跑 出来，我 真的有 吓 到 ！</span> <span class="trans">You guys suddenly came running out screaming loudly. I was so scared!</span></li>
<li><span class="hanzi">这 家 店 今天 全场 打 一 折，我 买 了 好 多，有 赚 到！</span> <span class="trans">Everything in this store is 90% off today. I bought a lot. It was so cheap!</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 id="adj.-not-in-the-past-tense-using-有">Adj. not in the past tense using <span style="color: rgb(255, 127, 80); font-family: NotoSansCJKsc; font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal;">有</span></h2>
<p>Some adjectives can follow <span class="hanzi">有</span> and are not used as the past tense.</p>
<h3 id="structure-3">Structure</h3>
<div class="jiegou">
<div class="deux">Subj. + <span class="hanzist">有</span> + Adj.</div>
</div>
<h3 id="examples-3">Examples</h3>
<div class="exemple">
<ul>
<li><span class="hanzi">你 跟 你 妈妈 有 像 耶 ！</span> <span class="trans">You and your mom look alike!</span></li>
<li><span class="hanzi">他 那天 有 生气。</span> <span class="trans">He was angry the other day.</span></li>
<li><span class="hanzi">我 有 紧张 吗？</span> <span class="trans">Was I nervous?</span></li>
<li><span class="hanzi">她 当然 有 失望，你 又 忘了 她 的 生日！</span> <span class="trans">Of course she was disappointed. You forgot her birthday again!</span></li>
<li><span class="hanzi">你 那么 大声 说话，我们 都 有 害怕。</span> <span class="trans">We were all scared when you shout at us.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 id="了-after-the-verb"><span style="color: rgb(255, 127, 80); font-family: NotoSansCJKsc; font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal;">了</span> after the verb</h2>
<p>When adding a <span class="hanzi">了</span> after the verb, you’re stressing that the action is completed.</p>
<h3 id="structure-4">Structure</h3>
<div class="jiegou">
<div class="deux">Subj. + <span class="hanzist">有</span> + Verb + <span class="hanzist">了</span></div>
</div>
<h3 id="examples-4">Examples</h3>
<div class="exemple">
<ul>
<li><span class="hanzi">我 刚才 有上 厕所 了。</span> <span class="trans">I just now finished using the restaurant.</span></li>
<li><span class="hanzi">他 有 吃 中饭 了 。</span> <span class="trans">He finished eating lunch.</span></li>
<li><span class="hanzi">老板 早上有 喝 咖啡 了。</span> <span class="trans">The boss drank coffee this morning.</span></li>
<li><span class="hanzi">我 有 发 微信 给 你 了。</span> <span class="trans">I already sent you a WeChat.</span></li>
<li><span class="hanzi">我们 昨晚 有 吵架 了 。</span> <span class="trans">We fought last night.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 id="过-after-the-verb"><span style="color: rgb(255, 127, 80); font-family: NotoSansCJKsc; font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal;">过</span> after the verb</h2>
<h3 id="structure-5">Structure</h3>
<div class="jiegou">
<div class="deux">Subj. + <span class="hanzist">有</span> + Verb + <span class="hanzist">过</span> + Obj.</div>
</div>
<h3 id="examples-5">Examples</h3>
<div class="exemple">
<ul>
<li><span class="hanzi">我 有 去 过 中国。</span> <span class="trans">I have been to China.</span></li>
<li><span class="hanzi">他 有 吃 过 小笼包。</span> <span class="trans">He has eaten steamed dumplings.</span></li>
<li><span class="hanzi">你 有 见 过 那 个 人 吗？</span> <span class="trans">Have you seen that person before?</span></li>
<li><span class="hanzi">我 有 做 过 这样 的 工作。</span> <span class="trans">I have done work like this before.</span></li>
<li><span class="hanzi">你 有 自己 做 过 饭 吗？</span> <span class="trans">Have you ever cooked for yourself?</span></li>
<li><span class="hanzi">你 有 学 过 中文？</span> <span class="trans">Have you ever studied Chinese?</span></li>
<li><span class="hanzi">你 有 看 过 这 个 电影 吗？</span> <span class="trans">Have you seen this movie?</span></li>
<li><span class="hanzi">我 有 学 过 这 个 词。</span> <span class="trans">I have studied this word.</span></li>
<li><span class="hanzi">我 有 用 过 电脑，我 会 用。</span> <span class="trans">I have used a computer before, I can use it.</span></li>
<li><span class="hanzi">我 有 买 过 这里 的 巧克力，不 好吃。</span> <span class="trans">I have bought the chocolate here, it's not good.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 id="在-after-有"><span style="color: rgb(255, 127, 80); font-family: NotoSansCJKsc; font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal;">在</span> after <span style="color: rgb(255, 127, 80); font-family: NotoSansCJKsc; font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal;">有</span></h2>
<p>In Standard Mandarin, using <span class="hanzi">在</span> before a verb is the equivalent to the English <b>–ing</b>. When used with <span class="hanzi">有</span> in front of it, it is usually referring to <b>habitual action</b>, or an <b>action that can be stopped</b>. This is not in the past tense, but rather a continuing action.</p>
<h3 id="structure-6">Structure</h3>
<div class="jiegou">
<div class="deux">Subj. + <span class="hanzist">有</span> + <span class="hanzist">在</span> + Verb</div>
</div>
<h3 id="examples-6">Examples</h3>
<div class="exemple">
<ul>
<li><span class="hanzi">那 时候 你 有 在 工作 吗？</span> <span class="trans">At that time, were you working?</span></li>
<li><span class="hanzi">这家 店 有 在 卖 小孩子的 衣服 吗？</span> <span class="trans">Is this store selling children’s clothes?</span></li>
<li><span class="hanzi">我 有 在 考虑 跟 她 分手 。</span> <span class="trans">I am considering breaking up with her.</span></li>
<li><span class="hanzi">我 妈妈 有 在 吃素 。</span>  <span class="trans">My mom is a vegetarian.</span></li>
<li><span class="hanzi">你的 学生 有 在 写 日记 吗？</span>  <span class="trans">Do your students write diaries?</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 id="sources-and-further-reading">Sources and further reading</h2>
<h3 id="books">Books</h3>
<ul>
<li>Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 59-60) </li>
<li>Chinese Grammar Without Tears (<span class="hanzi">简明汉语语法学习手册</span>) (pp. 73-4) </li>
<li>Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 83- 4) </li>
<li>Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 345-7) </li>
<li>Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 49-51) </li>
<li>Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 76-7, 230-2) </li>
<li>New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (<span class="hanzi">新实用汉语课本2</span>) (pp. 175-6) </li>
<li>40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (<span class="hanzi">基础汉语40课上册</span>） (p. 188)</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="websites">Websites</h3>
<ul>
<li>ChinesePod: <a href="http://chinesepod.com/lessons/%E8%BF%87guo">Qing Wen - 过(guo)</a> (free podcast content)</li>
<li><a href="http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/60384/1/101501.pdf"> 1</a></li>
</ul>
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