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= The &quot;shi... de&quot; construction for emphasizing details =


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<span class="plainlinks">[https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/ASGE662E [[File:The%20%22shi...%20de%22%20construction%20for%20emphasizing%20details%20-%20Chinese%20Grammar%20Wiki_fichiers/link.png]]]</span>

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[https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/B1_grammar_points B1]

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<li>[https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/The_%22shi..._de%22_construction_for_indicating_purpose The &quot;shi... de&quot; construction for indicating purpose] (B1)</li>
<li>[https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/The_%22shi..._de%22_patterns:_an_overview The &quot;shi... de&quot; patterns: an overview] (B1)</li>
<li>[https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Using_%22de%22_(modal_particle) Using &quot;de&quot; (modal particle)] (B1)</li></ul>


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[https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Emphasizing Emphasizing], [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Referring_to_the_past Referring to the past]

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[https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E6%98%AF 是], [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E7%9A%84 的]

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''Also known as: 是⋯⋯的结构 (shì... de jiégòu), 是⋯⋯的 sentence and 是⋯⋯的 pattern.''
The 是⋯⋯的 (shì... de) construction is used to draw attention to certain information in a sentence. It's often used to ask questions that seek specific information, or to explain a situation by emphasizing a particular detail. While not strictly tied to any &quot;tense,&quot; the 是⋯⋯的 construction is frequently used when asking or telling details about the past.

This use of 是⋯⋯的 (shì... de) is usually emphasized in textbooks over other uses, and therefore is sometimes called the &quot;classic&quot; 是⋯⋯的 construction.

<div id="toc" class="toc">

<div id="toctitle">

== Contents ==

<span class="toctoggle"> [[[#|hide]]] </span>

</div>
* [[#When_to_use_it|<span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">When to use it</span>]]
* [[#Affirmative_Form|<span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Affirmative Form</span>]]
** [[#Structure|<span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Structure</span>]]
** [[#Examples|<span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Examples</span>]]
* [[#Negative_Form|<span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Negative Form</span>]]
* [[#Used_in_a_Question|<span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Used in a Question</span>]]
* [[#Is_.E6.98.AF_always_optional_.3F|<span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Is 是 always optional ?</span>]]
* [[#Position_of_.E7.9A.84|<span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Position of 的</span>]]
* [[#Completed_Action|<span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Completed Action</span>]]
* [[#See_also|<span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span>]]
* [[#Sources_and_Further_Reading|<span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Sources and Further Reading</span>]]
** [[#Books|<span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Books</span>]]
** [[#Websites|<span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Websites</span>]]


</div>
== <span id="When_to_use_it" class="mw-headline">When to use it</span> ==

Even if you understand that 了 is not used to mark &quot;past tense&quot; in Chinese, it's possible that you incorrectly use it that way sometimes. For example, what if you want to ask a question about something that happened in the past? Would you ever say one of the following sentences?

<div class="liju">

* 你 昨天 '''几点''' 到 ''了'' ？<span class="pinyin">Nǐ zuótiān '''jǐ diǎn''' dào ''le''?</span><span class="trans">What time did you arrive yesterday?</span>
* 你 跟 '''谁''' 去 ''了'' ？<span class="pinyin">Nǐ gēn '''shéi''' qù ''le''?</span><span class="trans">Who did you go with?</span>
* 他 '''用 什么''' 打 你 ''了'' ？<span class="pinyin">Tā '''yòng shénme''' dǎ nǐ ''le''?</span><span class="trans">What did he use to hit you?</span>


</div>
In each of these sentences above, 了 is not the right choice, because you're not asking if an event happened or not. You're asking about details of past events. When you are singling out details for emphasis--in a question or a statement--you need to use the 是⋯⋯的 construction.

A 是⋯⋯的 construction can pick out any detail that's related to a past event. Whatever comes immediately after 是 is emphasized. Check out this example:

<div class="liju">

* <span class="speaker">A:</span> 昨天 我 去 杭州 了。<span class="pinyin">Zuótiān wǒ qù Hángzhōu le.</span><span class="trans">I went to Hangzhou yesterday.</span>
* <span class="speaker">B:</span> 你 ''是'' '''怎么''' 去 ''的'' ？<span class="pinyin">Nǐ ''shì'' '''zěnme''' qù ''de''?</span><span class="trans">How did you get there?</span>
* <span class="speaker">A:</span> 我 ''是'' '''坐 火车''' 去 ''的'' 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ ''shì'' '''zuò huǒchē''' qù ''de''.</span><span class="trans">I went by train.</span>


</div>
Now let's revisit those other three sentences and ask the questions correctly with 是⋯⋯的:

<div class="liju">

* 你 昨天 ''是'' '''几点''' 到 ''的'' ？<span class="pinyin">Nǐ zuótiān ''shì'' '''jǐ diǎn''' dào ''de''?</span><span class="trans">What time did you arrive yesterday?</span>
* 你 ''是'' '''跟 谁''' 去 ''的'' ？<span class="pinyin">Nǐ ''shì'' '''gēn shéi''' qù ''de''?</span><span class="trans">Who did you go with?</span>
* 他 ''是'' '''用 什么''' 打 你 ''的'' ？<span class="pinyin">Tā ''shì'' '''yòng shénme''' dǎ nǐ ''de''?</span><span class="trans">What did he use to hit you?</span>


</div>
== <span id="Affirmative_Form" class="mw-headline">Affirmative Form</span> ==

是⋯⋯的 is not generally used for reporting new information but for adding important details that make the information clearer. You could think of 是⋯⋯的 as being equivalent to saying one of the following in English:

* &quot;The situation is that&quot;
* &quot;It's that... &quot;
* &quot;It was... that... &quot;

=== <span id="Structure" class="mw-headline">Structure</span> ===

<div class="jiegou">

Subj. + 是 + [Information to be Emphasized] + Verb + 的


</div>
This structure can be used to emphasize any detail, but most commonly it emphasizes '''time''', '''manner''', or '''place'''. Don't worry if this still seems a little confusing; lots of helpful examples are coming up!

=== <span id="Examples" class="mw-headline">Examples</span> ===

<div class="liju">

* <span class="speaker">A:</span> 你们 ''是'' '''什么 时候''' 到 ''的'' ？<span class="expl">Emphasizing &quot;when&quot;</span><span class="pinyin">Nǐmen ''shì'' '''shénme shíhou''' dào ''de''?</span><span class="trans">When did you arrive?</span>
* <span class="speaker">B:</span> 我们 ''是'' '''昨天''' 到 ''的'' 。<span class="expl">&quot;Yesterday&quot; is emphasized.</span><span class="pinyin">Wǒmen ''shì'' '''zuótiān''' dào ''de''.</span><span class="trans">We arrived yesterday.</span>


</div>
<div class="liju">

* <span class="speaker">A:</span> 你 ''是'' '''在 哪儿''' 出生 ''的'' ？<span class="expl">&quot;Where&quot; is emphasized.</span><span class="pinyin">Nǐ ''shì'' '''zài nǎr''' chūshēng ''de''?</span><span class="trans">Where were you born?</span>
* <span class="speaker">B:</span> 我 ''是'' '''在 香港''' 出生 ''的'' 。<span class="expl">&quot;In Hong Kong&quot; is emphasized.</span><span class="pinyin">Wǒ ''shì'' '''zài Xiānggǎng''' chūshēng ''de''.</span><span class="trans">I was born in Hong Kong.</span>


</div>
Although this structure is called the 是⋯⋯的 construction, the 是 is nearly always optional. You will often hear this structure with 是 omitted, so be aware. The only time 是 is required in this construction is when it's being negated. Other than that, 是 is commonly omitted.

<div class="liju">

* <span class="speaker">A:</span> 你 '''骑 自行车''' 来 ''的'' 吗 ？<span class="expl">Emphasizing &quot;by bike&quot;</span><span class="pinyin">Nǐ '''qí zìxíngchē''' lái ''de'' ma?</span><span class="trans">Did you come by bike? </span>
* <span class="speaker">B:</span> 我 '''走''' 来 ''的'' 。<span class="expl">Emphasizing &quot;by foot&quot;</span><span class="pinyin">Wǒ '''zǒu''' lái ''de''.</span><span class="trans">I came by foot.</span>


</div>
<div class="liju">

* <span class="speaker">A:</span> '''谁''' 告诉 你 ''的'' ？<span class="expl">Emphasizing &quot;who&quot;</span><span class="pinyin">'''Shéi''' gàosu nǐ ''de''?</span><span class="trans">Who told you? </span>
* <span class="speaker">B:</span> '''一 个 同事''' 告诉 我 ''的'' 。<span class="expl">Emphasizing &quot;a colleague&quot;</span><span class="pinyin">'''Yī gè tóngshì''' gàosu wǒ ''de''.</span><span class="trans">A colleague told me.</span>


</div>
You might be wondering, &quot;can I still say the same thing without the 是 and the 的?&quot; The answer is that in most cases, ''no, not really''. While the 是 can sometimes be dropped, these examples sound weird without the 的. It's just a part of learning to ask questions naturally in Mandarin. You don't have to learn a &quot;past tense,&quot; but you do have to learn this way of asking for details about the past sooner or later.

== <span id="Negative_Form" class="mw-headline">Negative Form</span> ==

是⋯⋯的 sentences can only be negated with 不, as 没 can not be used to negate 是.

Some examples:

<div class="liju">

* 他们 ''不是'' '''在 网上''' 认识 ''的'' 。<span class="pinyin">Tāmen ''bù shì'' '''zài wǎngshàng''' rènshi ''de''.</span><span class="trans">They didn't meet online.</span>
* 他 ''不是'' '''跟 我们 一起''' 去 ''的'' 。<span class="pinyin">Tā ''bù shì'' '''gēn wǒmen yīqǐ''' qù ''de''.</span><span class="trans">He didn't go together with us.</span>
* 我 ''不'' '''坐 地铁''' 来 ''的'' 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ ''bù'' '''zuò dìtiě''' lái ''de''.</span><span class="trans">I didn't come by metro.</span>
* 我 ''不'' '''在 中国''' 出生 ''的'' 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ ''bù'' '''zài Zhōngguó''' chūshēng ''de''. </span><span class="trans">I wasn't born in China.</span>


</div>
Note that negating a 是⋯⋯的 construction creates the implication that the action in the sentence ''was'' carried out, and only the detail emphasized by 是⋯⋯的 is being denied. So, in the second sentence, the implication is that 他 didn't go with 我们, but ''did'' go out with ''someone''. So negative 是⋯⋯的 constructions would work nicely in the final scenes of detective dramas.

== <span id="Used_in_a_Question" class="mw-headline">Used in a Question</span> ==

是⋯⋯的 constructions can be made into questions in the usual three ways to form questions in Chinese:

* With a [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Interrogative_Sentences#Question_particles question particle]
* Within [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Affirmative-negative_questions affirmative-negative questions]
* With a [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Word_order#Using_question_words_in_a_Chinese_sentence question word]

Some examples:

<div class="liju">

* 她 '''用 邮件''' 回复 ''的'' 吗 ？<span class="pinyin">Tā '''yòng yóujiàn''' huífù ''de'' ma?</span><span class="trans">Did she reply by email?</span>
* 你们 ''是 不 是'' '''去年''' 认识 ''的'' ？<span class="pinyin">Nǐmen ''shì bu shì'' '''qùnián''' rènshi ''de''?</span><span class="trans">Did you meet each other last year?</span>
* 这个 东西 '''多少钱''' 买 ''的'' ？<span class="pinyin">Zhège dōngxi '''duōshǎo qián''' mǎi ''de''?</span><span class="trans">How much did you buy this thing for?</span>


</div>
== <span id="Is_.E6.98.AF_always_optional_.3F" class="mw-headline">Is 是 always optional ?</span> ==

Generally, 是 can be omitted, and the meaning will not change. However, in a small number of cases, omitting 是 will make it unclear which part of the sentence is being emphasized. In these cases, 是 clearly indicates which words are being emphasized. Take a look at this example:

<div class="liju">

* 你 上周 和 他 去 北京 ''的'' 吗 ？<span class="pinyin">Nǐ shàng zhōu hé tā qù Běijīng ''de'' ma?</span><span class="trans">Did you go to Beijing with him last weekend?</span>


</div>
This sentence could emphasize 上周 (time), or 和他 (part of the subject). A simple 是 can make clear which one the speaker is emphasizing.

<div class="liju">

* 你 ''是'' '''上周''' 和 他 去 北京 ''的'' 吗 ？<span class="expl">上周 is emphasized</span><span class="pinyin"> Nǐ ''shì'' '''shàng zhōu''' hé tā qù Běijīng ''de'' ma?</span>
* 你 上周 ''是'' '''和他''' 去 北京 ''的'' 吗 ？<span class="expl">和他 is emphasized</span><span class="pinyin">Nǐ shàng zhōu ''shì'' '''hé tā''' qù Běijīng ''de'' ma?</span><span class="trans">Did you go to Beijing with him last weekend?</span>


</div>
== <span id="Position_of_.E7.9A.84" class="mw-headline">Position of 的</span> ==

Until now we've said that the 的 appears at the end of the sentence in a 是⋯⋯的 construction. This is very often the case. However, it can actually appear in one of two places. Take a look at the examples below:

<div class="liju">

* 我们 ''是'' '''用 Skype''' 开 '''会''' ''的'' 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒmen ''shì'' '''yòng Skype''' kāi '''huì''' ''de''.</span><span class="trans">We had a meeting by Skype.</span>
* 我们 ''是'' '''用 Skype''' 开 ''的'' '''会''' 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒmen ''shì'' '''yòng Skype''' kāi ''de'' '''huì'''.</span><span class="trans">We had a meeting by Skype.</span>


</div>
As you can see, when the verb is followed by an object, 的 can go before ''or'' after the object. Both sentences are grammatically correct, but the first the sentence could be referring to either a specific event in the past or habitual actions.

Take a look at these two sentences which remove the ambiguity by including a bit more information about the timeframe:

<div class="liju">

* '''那次''' 我们 ''是'' '''用 Skype''' 开 '''会''' ''的'' 。<span class="pinyin"> '''Nà cì''' wǒmen ''shì'' '''yòng Skype''' kāi '''huì''' ''de''.</span><span class="trans">That time we had the meeting by Skype.</span>
* 我们 '''平时''' ''是'' '''用 Skype''' 开 '''会''' ''的'' 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒmen '''píngshí''' ''shì'' '''yòng Skype''' kāi '''huì''' ''de''.</span><span class="trans">We usually have a meetings by Skype.</span>


</div>
For the most part, you should be fine regularly putting 的 at the end of your 是……的 sentences. Just be aware that there is some potential for ambiguity in certain situations. If you don't want to move 的 around, then including a bit of extra information about time can keep things clear.

== <span id="Completed_Action" class="mw-headline">Completed Action</span> ==

It's important to note that while the 是⋯⋯的 construction also indicates that an action has been completed, this is not the ''purpose'' of a 是⋯⋯的 construction. The completed action part is more like a ''prerequisite'' for using 是⋯⋯的. This means you shouldn't use 是⋯⋯的 just to indicate that an action is completed. Use the [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Aspect_particle_%E4%BA%86 aspect particle 了] for that. Instead, use 是⋯⋯的 to draw attention to certain details of a completed action.

== <span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span> ==

* [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E7%9A%84_(modal_particle) 的 (modal particle)]
* [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Adding_emphasis_with_%22jiushi%22 Adding emphasis with &quot;jiushi&quot;]
* [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/The_%22shi..._de%22_patterns:_an_overview The &quot;shi... de&quot; patterns: an overview]
* [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/The_%22shi..._de%22_construction_for_indicating_purpose The &quot;shi... de&quot; construction for indicating purpose]

== <span id="Sources_and_Further_Reading" class="mw-headline">Sources and Further Reading</span> ==

=== <span id="Books" class="mw-headline">Books</span> ===

* [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/A_Practical_Chinese_Grammar_For_Foreigners_(%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%AE%9E%E7%94%A8%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95) A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法)] (pp. 577-9) [http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA →buy]
* [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Basic_Patterns_of_Chinese_Grammar Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar] (pp. 54-5) [http://amzn.to/2ykU1OD →buy]
* [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Chinese:_An_Essential_Grammar,_Second_Edition Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition] (pp. 46-7, 173-80) [http://amzn.to/2h67UYa →buy]
* [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Chinese_Grammar_-_Broken_down_into_100_items_-_Basic_and_Intermediate_Levels_(%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E7%99%BE%E9%A1%B9%E8%AE%B2%E7%BB%83_-_%E5%88%9D%E4%B8%AD%E7%BA%A7) Chinese Grammar - Broken down into 100 items - Basic and Intermediate Levels (汉语语法百项讲练 - 初中级)] (pp. 319-22) [ →buy]
* [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Contemporary_Chinese_2_(%E5%BD%93%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%872) Contemporary Chinese 2 (当代中文2)] (pp. 46) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/7800529029/ref%3das_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=7800529029 →buy]
* [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Integrated_Chinese:_Level_1,_Part_2_(3rd_ed) Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed)] (pp. 119-121) [http://amzn.to/2femBuy →buy]
* [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Integrated_Chinese:_Level_2,_Part_1 Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1] (pp. 14-6) [http://amzn.to/2fdV2l3 →buy]
* [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Integrated_Chinese:_Level_2,_Part_2 Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2] (pp. 152-4) [http://amzn.to/2ftpILV →buy]
* [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Mandarin_Chinese:_A_Functional_Reference_Grammar Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar] (pp. 587-94) [http://amzn.to/2yOtlXc →buy]
* [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Modern_Mandarin_Chinese_Grammar:_A_Practical_Guide Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide] (pp. 233-5) [http://amzn.to/2xCpX2m →buy]
* [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/New_Practical_Chinese_Reader_2_(%E6%96%B0%E5%AE%9E%E7%94%A8%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%BE%E6%9C%AC2) New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2)] (pp. 88-9, 153) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/7561911297/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=7561911297 →buy]
* [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/New_Practical_Chinese_Reader_4_(%E6%96%B0%E5%AE%9E%E7%94%A8%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%BE%E6%9C%AC4) New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (新实用汉语课本4)] (pp. 204-5) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/7561913192/ref%3das_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=7561913192 →buy]
* [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Short-term_Spoken_Chinese:_Threshold_Vol._2_(%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%A3%E8%AF%AD%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8%E7%AF%87%E4%B8%8B) Short-term Spoken Chinese: Threshold Vol. 2 (汉语口语入门篇下)] (pp. 66-8) [ →buy]
* [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/40_Lessons_for_Basic_Chinese_Course_(%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD40%E8%AF%BE%E4%B8%8B%E5%86%8C%EF%BC%89 40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课下册）] (pp. 530) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B001FTL8D8/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B001FTL8D8&linkCode=as2&tag=allset-20 →buy]
* [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/40_Lessons_for_Basic_Chinese_Course_(%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD40%E8%AF%BE%E4%B8%8A%E5%86%8C%EF%BC%89 40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册）] (pp. 205) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B001FTL8D8/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B001FTL8D8&linkCode=as2&tag=allset-20 →buy]

=== <span id="Websites" class="mw-headline">Websites</span> ===

* University website: [http://www.ctcfl.ox.ac.uk/Lang%20work/Grammar%20database/grammar_database1.htm#The%20shi%20%E2%8B%AF%E2%8B%AF %20de%20%20construction The shi... de construction]
* East Asia Student: [http://eastasiastudent.net/2713/china/mandarin/cmn-grammar/shi-de-construction/ The 是 … 的 construction in Mandarin]

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