DLI-Chinese/Lesson-1.xml.bak

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.0/rng/docbook.rng" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?>
<?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.0/rng/docbook.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?>
<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
    version="5.0">
    <title>Lesson 1</title>
    <section>
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <para> In this lesson you will be learning about full names, surnames, and titles ("Mr.,"
            Mrs.," etc.). Also, you'll be introduced to the sound system of Standard Chinese and to
            its written representation in Pinyin romanization.</para>
        <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="Images/Lesson%201-4.png" align="center"/>
            </imageobject>
            <caption>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tóngzhì, nǐ xìng
                        shénme?</foreignphrase>
                </para>
            </caption>
        </mediaobject>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Objectives</title>
        <para> Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to identify yourself or someone else
            by title, surname, and/or full name.</para>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Glossary</title>


        <informaltable frame="all">
            <tgroup cols="5">
                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*" align="center"/>
                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="0.4*"/>
                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="0.5*"/>
                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="0.2*"/>
                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                <tbody>
                    <row>
                        <entry>1.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>PN:</entry>
                        <entry>you</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>2.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shéi</foreignphrase><footnote>
                                <para>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shéi,
                                        shénme.</foreignphrase> For the first several lessons, these
                                    two words will be used as "question words" (QW). Later, you will
                                    learn to use them in other ways.</para>
                            </footnote></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">谁</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>PN:</entry>
                        <entry>who, whom</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>3.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shénme</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">生么</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>PN:</entry>
                        <entry>what</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>4.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>EV:</entry>
                        <entry>to be</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>5.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase><footnote>
                                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā.</foreignphrase>
                                    The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >tā</foreignphrase> in the spoken language has no gender and
                                    can mean "her" "she" and on occasion "it." In the written
                                    language, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >tā</foreignphrase> has three different forms to indicate
                                    gender. All are pronounced <foreignphrase
                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase>.</para>
                            </footnote></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他，她，它</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>PN:</entry>
                        <entry>he, she, it</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>6.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >tàitai</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">太太</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>N:</entry>
                        <entry>Mrs.; wife, married woman, lady</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>7.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >tóngzhì</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">同志</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>N:</entry>
                        <entry>comrade</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>8.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>PN:</entry>
                        <entry>I, me</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>9.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xiānsheng</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">先生</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>N:</entry>
                        <entry>Mr., Sir, husband, teacher</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>10.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xiáojie</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">小姐</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>N:</entry>
                        <entry>Miss, lady, daughter (polite)</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>11.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xìng</foreignphrase><footnote>
                                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >xìng.</foreignphrase>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xìng</foreignphrase>
                                    is used in this lesson as a verb. In later lessons you will
                                    learn to use it also as a noun.</para>
                            </footnote></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">姓</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>N/EV:</entry>
                        <entry>to be surnamed</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>12.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">王</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>SN:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Wáng</foreignphrase></entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>13.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Dànián</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大年</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>GN:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Dànián</foreignphrase></entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>14.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú </foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">胡</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>SN:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú</foreignphrase></entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>15.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Měilíng</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">美㸳</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>GN:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Měilíng</foreignphrase></entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>16.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mā </foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">马</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>SN:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mā</foreignphrase></entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>17.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Mínglī</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">明理</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>GN:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Mínglī</foreignphrase></entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>18.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                            Dànián</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">王大年</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>FN:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                            Dànián</foreignphrase></entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>19.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
                            Měilíng</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">胡美㸳</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>FN:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
                            Měilíng</foreignphrase></entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>20.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mā
                            Mínglī</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">马明理</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>FN:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mā
                            Mínglī</foreignphrase></entry>
                    </row>
                </tbody>
            </tgroup>
        </informaltable>

        <para><emphasis role="bold">Abbreviations for parts of speech above</emphasis> (see preface,
            page <xref linkend="Abre"/>)</para>
        <para>PN - Pronoun</para>
        <para>N - Noun</para>
        <para>EV - Equative verb. <note>
                <title>Note</title>
                <para>Equative verbs connect or equate two nouns or nominal expressions. They
                    resemble in function the English verb is in the sentence "That man is my
                    brother." The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shi</foreignphrase>
                    is the most common EV.)</para>
            </note></para>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Classroom expressions</title>
            <para>
                <emphasis role="bold">Learn and use these expressions in class .</emphasis></para>

            <informaltable frame="all">
                <tgroup cols="4">
                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.2*"/>
                    <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                    <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="0.7*"/>
                    <colspec colname="c5" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                    <tbody>
                        <row>
                            <entry>1.</entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Zào</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>good morning</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>2.</entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen shàngkè
                                    ba</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我们上课八</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>let&apos;s begin class</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>3.</entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ dǒng
                                    ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你懂吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>do you understand?</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>4.</entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                                dǒng</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我懂</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>I understand</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>5.</entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                                    bùdǒng</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我不懂</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>I don&apos;t understand</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>6.</entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duì
                                le</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">对了</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>that&apos;s correct</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>7.</entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Búduì</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不对</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>that&apos;s not correct, that&apos;s not right</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>8.</entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                                    bùzhīdào</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我不知道</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>I don&apos;t know</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>9.</entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiàkè
                                    le</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">下课了</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>class is dismissed</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>10.</entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtiān
                                    jiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">明天见</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>see you tomorrow</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>11.</entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
                                    jiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">再见</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>good bye (see you again)</entry>
                        </row>
                    </tbody>
                </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
        </section>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Communicative exchanges</title>
        <section>
            <title>Frame 1</title>
            <formalpara>
                <title>Frame 1</title>
                <para>
                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.2*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="0.2*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="0.7*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>1.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì shéi?
                                        </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Who are you?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Wáng
                                            Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我是王大年。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I&apos;m <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                            Dànián</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>2.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì
                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Who are you?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Hú
                                            Měilíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我是胡美㸳。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I&apos;m <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
                                            Měilíng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>3.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì
                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Who is he?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mā
                                            Mínglī.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是马明理。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>He is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mā
                                            Mínglī</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>4.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi shì Hú
                                            Měilíng?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >谁是胡美㸳？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Who is ?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Hú
                                            Měilíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是胡美㸳。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>She is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
                                            Měilíng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                </para>
            </formalpara>
            <note>
                <title>Note №1</title>
                <para>he verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>
                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是</foreignphrase>　means "to be" in the sense
                    of "to be someone or something," as in "I am Daniel King." It expresses
                    identity. (Later, you will learn a verb which means "to be" in another sense,
                    "to be somewhere," as in "I am in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >Beǐjīng</foreignphrase>.” That verb expresses location.)</para>
            
            <para> Unlike verbs in European languages, Chinese verbs do not distinguish first,
                second, and third persons. A single form serves for all three persons.</para>
            <para><informaltable colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                <tgroup cols="4">
                    <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" align="left" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                    <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" align="left" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                    <colspec colname="newCol3" colnum="3" align="left" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                    <colspec colnum="4" colname="col2" align="left" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                    <tbody>
                        <row>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                    Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>I am <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                    Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
                                    Měilíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>You are <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
                                    Měilíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mā
                                    Mínglī.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>He is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mā
                                    Mínglī.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        </row>
                    </tbody>
                </tgroup>
            </informaltable></para>
            <para>Later, you will find that Chinese verbs (and nouns) do not distinguish singular
                and plural, either, and that they do not distinguish past, present, and future as
                such. You need to learn only one form for each verb. </para>
            </note>
            <note>
               <title>Note №2</title>
            
            <para>The question <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì
                        shéi?</foreignphrase> is actually too direct for most situations, although
                    it is all right from teacher to student or from student to student. (A more
                    polite question is introduced in Lesson 2.) </para></note>
            <note><title>Note №3</title>
            <para>The pronoun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase> is
                    equivalent to "he," "she," or (in limited use) "it.”</para></note>
            
            <note><title>Note №4</title>
            <para>Unlike English, changing a question into a statement does not alter word order.
                    Chinese uses the same word order in questions as in statements. </para>
            <informaltable frame="all" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                <tgroup cols="5">
                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                    <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                    <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                    <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                    <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                    <tbody>
                        <row>
                            <entry>Q1</entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>Who is he?</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>S1</entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mā
                                    Mínglī.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>He is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mā
                                    Mínglī.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        </row>
                    </tbody>
                </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                <tgroup cols="5">
                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                    <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                    <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                    <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                    <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                    <tbody>
                        <row>
                            <entry>Q2</entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Shéi</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
                                    Měilíng?</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>Who is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
                                    Měilíng</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>S2</entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
                                    Měilíng</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry> She is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
                                    Měilíng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                        </row>
                    </tbody>
                </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>When you answer a question containing a question word like <foreignphrase
                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shéi</foreignphrase>, "who," simply replace the
                question word with the information it asks for. </para></note>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Frame 2</title>

                <para>
                    <informaltable frame="all" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.2*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="0.2*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="0.7*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>5.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xìng
                                            shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你姓生么？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What is your surname?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
                                            Wáng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我姓王。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>6.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
                                            shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他姓生么？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What is his surname?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
                                            Mǎ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他姓马。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>His surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>7.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi xìng
                                            Hú?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >谁姓胡？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Whose surname is <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
                                            Hú.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他姓胡。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Her surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Hú</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                </para>
                <note>
                    <title>Note №5</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xìng</foreignphrase> is a
                        verb, "to be surnamed." It is in the same position in the sentence as
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>, "to
                        be."</para>
                
                <para>
                    <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="3">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                            Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>I </entry>
                                    <entry>am</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                            Dànián</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                </para>
                <para>
                    <informaltable frame="all" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="3">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >xìng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry> I </entry>
                                    <entry>am surnamed </entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                </para>
                    </note>
                <note><title>Note №6</title>
                <para>Notice that the question word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >shénme</foreignphrase>, "what," takes the same position as the question
                    word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shéi</foreignphrase>,
                    "who."</para>
                <para>
                    <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="3">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>You</entry>
                                    <entry>are</entry>
                                    <entry>who?</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                </para>
                <para>
                    <informaltable frame="all" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="3">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >xìng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>You</entry>
                                    <entry>are surnamed</entry>
                                    <entry>what?</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                </para></note>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shénme</foreignphrase> is the
                    official spelling. However, the word is pronounced as if it were spelled
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shémma</foreignphrase>, or even
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénma</foreignphrase> (often with
                    a single rise in pitch extending over both syllables). </para>
                <?custom-pagebreak?>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Frame 3</title>
                <para>
                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.2*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="0.2*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="0.7*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>8.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì
                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Who is he?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
                                            Xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是马先生.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>9.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì
                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Who is he?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
                                            Mínglǐ xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他是马明理先生。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                            Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                </para>
                <note>
                    <title>Note №7</title>
                    <para>After the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shì</foreignphrase>, you may have the full name alone, the surname plus
                        title, or the full name plus title.</para>
                
                <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                    <tgroup cols="5">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >Mǎ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Mínglǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >Mǎ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng.
                                    </foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >Mǎ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Mínglǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng.
                                    </foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
                </note>
                <note><title>Note №8</title>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng</foreignphrase>,
                    literally "first-born," has more of a connotation of respectfulness than "Mr."
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng</foreignphrase> is
                    usually applied only to people other than oneself. Do not use the title
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng</foreignphrase> (or any
                    other respectful title, such as "Professor") when giving your own name. If you
                    want to say "I am Mr. Jones," you should say "<foreignphrase
                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng </foreignphrase>Jones. "</para>
                <para>When a name and title are said together, logically enough it is the name which
                    gets the heavy stress: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                        xiānsheng</foreignphrase> . You will often hear the title pronounced with no
                    full tones: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                        xiānsheng</foreignphrase>. Sometimes, a westernized Chinese married woman
                    may refer to herself as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                        tàitai</foreignphrase>. "Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >Wáng</foreignphrase>" or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                        Dànián tàitai</foreignphrase> "Mrs. <foreignphrase
                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng Dànián</foreignphrase>." </para>
                </note>
                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                <section>
                    <title>Frame 4</title>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="5">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.2*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="0.2*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="0.7*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>10.</entry>
                                        <entry>A:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                                Xiānsheng, tā shì shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >王先生，他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Mr <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Wáng</foreignphrase>, who is he?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>B:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
                                                Mínglǐ Xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >他是马明里先生。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Mǎ Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>11.</entry>
                                        <entry>A:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng,
                                                tā shì shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >先生，他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Sir, who is he?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>B:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
                                                Xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >他是马先生。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>12.</entry>
                                        <entry>A:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng,
                                                tā shì shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >先生，他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Sir, who is he?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>B:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
                                                Tàitai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >他是马太太。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>She is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>13.</entry>
                                        <entry>A:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                                Xiānsheng, tā shì shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >王先生，他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Wáng</foreignphrase>, who is she?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>B:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
                                                Mínglǐ Tàitai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >他是马明理太太。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>She is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Mǎ Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>

                    <note>
                        <title>Notes №11</title>
                        <para>When you address someone directly, use either the name plus the title
                            alone. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Xiānsheng</foreignphrase> must be translated as "sir" when it is
                            used alone, since "Mr." would not capture its respectful tone.
                                (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tàitai</foreignphrase>,
                            however, is less respectful when used alone. You should address Mrs.
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ</foreignphrase> as
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                            tàitai</foreignphrase>.) </para>
                    </note>
                </section>
                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                <section>
                    <title>Frame 5</title>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="5">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.2*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="0.2*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="0.7*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>14.</entry>
                                        <entry>A:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                                Xiānsheng, tā shì shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >王先生，他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Wáng</foreignphrase>, who is she?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>B:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
                                                Xiáojie.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >他是马小姐。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>She is Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>15.</entry>
                                        <entry>A:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì
                                                shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Who is he?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>B:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
                                                Mínglǐ Tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >他是马明理同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He is Comrade <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                            Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>16.</entry>
                                        <entry>A:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tóngzhì, tā
                                                shì shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >同志，他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Comrade, who is she?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>B:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Fāng
                                                Baǒlán.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >他是方宝兰。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>She is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng
                                                Baǒlán.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>17.</entry>
                                        <entry>A:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóngzhì, tā
                                                shì shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >同志，塌是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Comrade, who is she?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>B:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā shì Fāng
                                                Bǎolán Tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >他是方宝兰同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>She is Comrade <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng
                                                Bǎolán</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Note №15</title>
                    <para>See the Background Notes on Chinese personal names and titles.</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Summary</title>
        <formalpara>
            <title>Frame 1</title>
            <para>
                <orderedlist numeration="loweralpha">
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>
                            "to be" expresses identity.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Chinese verbs and nouns do not indicate person, number, or
                            tense.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The pronoun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >tā</foreignphrase> means either "he," or "she."</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>In Chinese changing a question into a statement does not alter word
                            order.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </para>
        </formalpara>
        <formalpara>
            <title>Frame 2</title>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xìng</foreignphrase> means "to be
                surnamed." It can also be used as a noun, "surname."</para>
        </formalpara>
        <formalpara>
            <title>Frame 3</title>
            <para>People do not use titles, such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                    >xiānsheng</foreignphrase> etc. when referring to themselves.</para>
        </formalpara>
        <formalpara>
            <title>Frame 4</title>
            <para>
                <orderedlist numeration="loweralpha">
                    <listitem>
                        <para>When addressing someone directly, use the name plus <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiānsheng</foreignphrase>, or
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiānsheng</foreignphrase>
                            alone.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiānsheng</foreignphrase>
                            means "Mr." when used with a name. It means "sir" when used
                            alone.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </para>
        </formalpara>
        <formalpara>
            <title>Frame 5</title>
            <para>The title <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tóngzhì</foreignphrase>,
                "Comrade," is applied to all regardless of sex or marital status.</para>
        </formalpara>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Background notes:</title>
        <subtitle>About Chinese personal names and titles</subtitle>
        <para>A Chinese personal name consists of two parts: a surname and a given name. There is no
            middle name. The order is the reverse of ours: surname first, given name last. </para>
        <para>The most common pattern for Chinese names is a single-syllable surname followed by a
            two-syllable given name: <footnote>
                <para>The first version of each example is in Pinyon system pf romanization. The
                    versions in parenthesis are conventional spellings from other romanization
                    system.</para>
            </footnote></para>
        <informalexample>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máo Zédōng</foreignphrase> (Mao
                Tse-tung)</para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōu Enlái</foreignphrase> (Chou
                En-lai)</para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiǎng Jièshí</foreignphrase> (Chiang
                Kai-shek)</para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sòng Qìnglíng</foreignphrase> (Soong
                Ch'ing-ling --- Mme Sun Yat-sen)</para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sòng Mĕilíng</foreignphrase> (Soong
                Mei-ling--Mme Chiang Kai-shek)</para>
        </informalexample>
        <para>It is not uncommon, however, for the given name to consist of a single
            syllable:</para>
        <informalexample>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhŭ Dĕ</foreignphrase> (Chu Teh) </para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lín Biāo</foreignphrase> (Lin Piao) </para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú Shì</foreignphrase> (Hu Shih) </para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiang Qĭng</foreignphrase> (Chiang
                Ch'ing—Mme Mao Tse-tung) </para>
            <para>There are a few two-syllable surnames. </para>
            <para>These are usually followed by single-syllable given names: </para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sīmă Guāng</foreignphrase> (Ssu-ma
                Kuang) </para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ōuyáng Xiū</foreignphrase> (Ou-yang
                Hsiu) </para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhūgĕ Lìàng</foreignphrase> (Chu-ke
                Liang) </para>
        </informalexample>
        <para>But two-syllable surnames may also be followed by two-syllable given names:</para>
        <informalexample>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sīmă Xiāngrú</foreignphrase> (Ssu-ma
                Hsiang-ju) </para>
        </informalexample>
        <para>An exhaustive list of Chinese surnames includes several hundred written with a single
            character and several dozen written with two characters. Some single-syllable surnames
            sound exactly alike although written with different characters, and to distinguish them,
            the Chinese nay occasionally have to describe the character or "write" it with a finger
            on the palm of a hand. But the surnames that you are likely to encounter are fever than
            a hundred, and a handful of these are so common that they account for a good majority of
            China’s population. </para>
        <para>Given names, as opposed to surnames, are not restricted to a limited list of
            characters, Men's names are often but not always distinguishable from women's; the
            difference, however, usually lies in the meaning of the characters and so is not readily
            apparent to the beginning student with a limited knowledge of characters.</para>
        <para>Outside the People's Republic the traditional system of titles is still in use. These
            titles closely parallel our own "Mr.," "Mrs.," and "Miss." Notice, however, that all
            Chinese titles follow the name — either the full name or the surname alone — rather than
            preceding it.</para>
        <informalexample>
            <para>The title "Mr." is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                    >Xiānsheng</foreignphrase>. </para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Xiānsheng</foreignphrase>
            </para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Mínglĭ Xiānsheng</foreignphrase>
            </para>
        </informalexample>
        <informalexample>
            <para>The title "Mrs." is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                    >Tàitai</foreignphrase>. It follows the husband's full name or surname alone. </para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Tàitai</foreignphrase>
            </para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Mínglĭ Tàitai</foreignphrase>
            </para>
        </informalexample>
<informalexample>
        <para>The title "Miss" is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiăojiĕ</foreignphrase>.
            The Ma family's grown daughter, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                >Défēn</foreignphrase>, would be</para>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Xiăojiĕ</foreignphrase></para>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Défēn Xiăojiĕ</foreignphrase>
        </para>
</informalexample>
        <para>Even traditionally, outside the People's Republic, a married woman does not take her
            husband's name in the same sense as in our culture. If Miss Fang <foreignphrase
                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Băolán</foreignphrase> marries Mr. <foreignphrase
                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ma Mínglĭ</foreignphrase>, she becomes Mrs,
                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Mínglĭ</foreignphrase>, but at the same
            time she remains <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng~Băolán</foreignphrase>,
            She does not become <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Băolán</foreignphrase>;
            there is no equivalent of "Mrs. Mary Smith." She may, however, add her husband's surname
            to her own full name and refer to herself as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                >Mă Fāng Băolán</foreignphrase>. At work she is quite likely to continue as Miss
                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng</foreignphrase>. </para>
        <para>These customs regarding names are still observed by many Chinese today in various
            parts of the world. The titles carry certain connotations, however, when used in the PRC
            today: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tàitai</foreignphrase> should not be
            used because it designates that woman as a member of the leisure class. <foreignphrase
                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiăojiĕ</foreignphrase> should not be used because it
            carries the connotation of being from a rich family. </para>
        <para>In the People's Republic, the title "Comrade," <foreignphrase
                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tóngzhì</foreignphrase> is used in place of the titles
                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tàitai</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase
                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiăojiĕ</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase
                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Mínglĭ</foreignphrase> would be:</para>
        <informalexample>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Tóngzhì</foreignphrase></para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Mínglĭ Tóngzhì</foreignphrase></para>
        </informalexample>
        <para>The title "Comrade" is applied to all, regardless of sex or marital status. A married
            woman does not take her husband's name in any sense. <foreignphrase
                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Mínglĭ</foreignphrase>' s wife would be: </para>
        <informalexample>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Tóngzhì</foreignphrase>
            </para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Băolán
                Tóngzhì</foreignphrase></para>
        </informalexample>
        <para>Children may be given either the mother's or the father's surname at birth. In some
            families one child has the father's surname, and another child has the mother's surname.
                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Mínglĭ</foreignphrase>'s and
                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Băolán</foreignphrase>'s grown
            daughter could be </para>
        <informalexample>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Tŏngzhì </foreignphrase></para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Dĕfēn Tóngzhì</foreignphrase>
            </para>
            <para>Their grown son could be </para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Tóngzhì</foreignphrase></para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Zìqiáng
                Tóngzhì</foreignphrase></para>
        </informalexample>
        <para>Both in the PRC and elsewhere, of course, there are official titles and titles of
            respect in addition to the common titles we have discussed here. Several of these will
            be introduced later in the course. </para>
        <para>The question of adapting foreign names to Chinese calls for special consideration. In
            the People's Republic the policy is to assign Chinese phonetic equivalents to foreign
            names. These approximations are often not as close phonetically as they might be, since
            the choice of appropriate written characters may bring in non-phonetic considerations.
            (An attempt is usually made when transliterating to use characters with attractive
            meanings.) For the most part, the resulting names do not at all resemble Chinese names.
            For example, the official version of "David Anderson" is <foreignphrase
                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàiwĕi Āndésēn</foreignphrase>. </para>
        <para>An older approach, still in use outside the PRC, is to construct a valid Chinese name
            that suggests the foreign name phonetically. For example, "David Anderson" might be
                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">An Dàwèi</foreignphrase>. </para>
        <para>Sometimes, when a foreign surname has the same meaning as a Chinese surname, semantic
            suggestiveness is chosen over phonetic suggestiveness. For example, <foreignphrase
                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>, a common Chinese surname, means
            "king," so "Daniel King" might be rendered <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                >Wáng Dànián</foreignphrase>. </para>
        <para>Your instructor will give you a Chinese name to facilitate conversation.</para>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Drills 1</title>
        <para>
            <orderedlist numeration="upperalpha">
                <listitem>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Substitution Drill</emphasis>. After the teacher
                        gives the stimulus, you (the student) place it in the indicated structured
                            pattern.<informaltable frame="all" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="4">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>(T)</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                                Mínglǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>(S)</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Mǎ
                                                Mínglǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">⻢明理</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她是⻢明理</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                                Mínglǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>He is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                                Mínglǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Response Drill</emphasis>. After the teacher gives
                        the cue, you place it in the indicated structured pattern.<informaltable
                            frame="all" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="5">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>(T)</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi
                                                shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                                Dànián</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>(S)</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi Wáng
                                                Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">王大年</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是王大年</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Who are you?</entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                                Dànián</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry> I am <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                                Dànián</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi
                                                shéi? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
                                                Měilíng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi Hú
                                                Měilíng. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">胡美玲</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是胡美玲</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Who are you?</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
                                                Měilíng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>I am <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
                                                Měilíng</foreignphrase>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Response Drill</emphasis>.<informaltable frame="all"
                            colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="5">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>(T)</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
                                                shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                                xiānsheng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>(S)</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Mǎ
                                                xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">马先生</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是马先生</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Who is he?</entry>
                                        <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Mǎ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry> He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Response Drill</emphasis>. After the teacher gives
                        the cue in English, you translate it into Chinese and place it in the
                        indicated structured pattern. <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0"
                            colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="5">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>(T)</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì
                                                shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Wáng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>(S)</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Wáng
                                                xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">王先生</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是王先生。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Who is he?</entry>
                                        <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Wáng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Wáng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Transformation Drill</emphasis>. After the teacher
                        gives the stimulus, transform it into the structured pattern shown.
                            <informaltable frame="all" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="4">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>(T)</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Fāng
                                                Bǎolán.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>(S)</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi shì
                                                Fāng Bǎolán?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她是方宝 兰。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">谁是方宝 兰？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>She is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng
                                                Bǎolán</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Who is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng
                                                Bǎolán</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Response Drill</emphasis>. Answer the teacher's
                        questions using the cues and pattern shown.<informaltable frame="all"
                            rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="5">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>(T)</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi shì Mǎ
                                                tóngzhì? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>(S)</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
                                                tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">谁是马同志？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是马同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Who is comrade <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>He is comrade <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Response Drill</emphasis>. Respond to questions
                        according to cues, using the pattern shown. <informaltable frame="all"
                            colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="5">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>(T)</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi xìng
                                                Mǎ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He</entry>
                                        <entry>(S)</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
                                                Mǎ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">谁姓</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他姓马。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Whose surname is <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry> His surname is <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Response Drill</emphasis>. Respond to the questions
                        with cued surnames using the pattern shown. <informaltable frame="all"
                            rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="5">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>(T)</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
                                                shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Mǎ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>(S)</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
                                                Mǎ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她姓什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>马</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她姓马。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>What is her surname? </entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Her surname is <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </listitem>
            </orderedlist>
        </para>
    </section>
</chapter>