<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:epub="http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:pls="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon" xmlns:ssml="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis" xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><head><title>Chapter 3. The determinate</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="docbook-epub.css"/><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"/><link rel="prev" href="ch02.xhtml" title="Chapter 2. Verbs of motion"/><link rel="next" href="ch04.xhtml" title="Chapter 4. The indeterminate verbs of motion"/></head><body><header/><section class="chapter" title="Chapter 3. The determinate" epub:type="chapter" id="d0e1675"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title">Chapter 3. The determinate</h1></div></div></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Answer</strong></span>: indeterminate and determinate (either
order)</p><p>First let's take up the determinate imperfective. The most common determinate verb is
<span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">идти</em></span> "to go on foot". As you can see on the
card, <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">идти</em></span>, along with all imperfective verbs,
has a present tense, a past tense, an imperative, and an infinitive. You can also form a
future tense with the present tense forms of the verb <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">быть</em></span> "to be" plus the infinitive form.</p><p>One note of caution. If you are going to rely on that card, you will probably be making a
mistake. There are about twenty prefixes that can be added to these verbs to form new verbs —
approximately 100 verbs, and all are in common use! It wouldn't hurt to write them out for
practice right now.</p><p>Now that you know the forms of the imperfective determinate verb <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">идти</em></span> let us see how to use it. Since a determinate verb is a
subcategory of an imperfective verb, we shall start with our definition of an imperfective
verb.</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>What are the three meanings of an imperfective
verb?</strong></span></p><div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>________________________________</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>________________________________</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>________________________________</p></li></ol></div><p><span id="p16"/><span class="bold"><strong>Answer</strong></span>:</p><div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>progressive action</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>repeated action</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>naming the action</p></li></ol></div><p>The determinate verb describes a motion in progress at a given time — a progressive
motion. The determinate roughly correlates with the English progressive tenses.</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">I am going to the movies.</td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A motion in progress in the present tense.</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; ">He was going home.</td><td>A motion in progress in the past tense.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>NOT</strong></span>:</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">I go to school.</td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A repeated (habitual) action.</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">They went home every day.</td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A repeated (habitual) action.</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; ">The baby walks now.</td><td>Naming the motion (action) without reference to time.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The determinate imperfective verb roughly corresponds to the English progressive forms.
<span class="bold"><strong>Which of the following sentences in English would be translated into
Russian using the verb <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">идти</em></span></strong></span></p><p><span class="bold"><strong>DEFINITION</strong></span>: A determinate verb describes an action in
progress at a given (specific) moment in time.</p><p>Mary goes to church. (<a class="xref" href="ch03.xhtml#p18">page </a>)</p><p>Bobby usually comes to work late. (<a class="xref" href="ch03.xhtml#p19">page </a>)</p><p>Here comes Harry! (<a class="xref" href="ch03.xhtml#p17">page </a>)</p><p><span id="p17"/><span class="bold"><strong>Your Answer</strong></span>: Here comes
Harry!</p><p>Correct. "Here comes Harry" is an action in progress at a specific moment in time. In
English we do not always use the progressive form "is coming" to express a progressive
action.</p><p>Turn to <a class="xref" href="ch03.xhtml#p20">page </a>.</p><p><span id="p18"/><span class="bold"><strong>Your Answer</strong></span>: Mary goes to
church.</p><p>That's not it. "Mary goes to church" is a repeated action. Doesn't the English imply that
she goes to church regularly (or at least occasionally)? To express the idea of an action in
progress at a specific moment we would have to change this sentence to:</p><p>Mary is going to church (right this moment).</p><p>Return to <a class="xref" href="ch03.xhtml#p16">page </a> and select the correct
answer.</p><p><span id="p19"/><span class="bold"><strong>Your Answer: </strong></span> Bobby usually
comes to work late.</p><p>Very unlikely. The adverb "usually" implies something that takes place repeatedly. To
express the idea of an action in progress at a specific moment in time we would have to change
the sentence to read:</p><p>Bobby is coming to work late (today).</p><p>Return to page 16 and select the correct answer.</p><p><span id="p20"/>Whenever determinate verbs of motion are discussed, the notion of
a definite direction is brought up. A favorite textbook definition is: "Determinate verbs of
motion describe an action in progress at a given time in a definite direction.</p><div class="itemizedlist" epub:type="list"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>I am going to the movies.</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>He is coming home.</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>Olga is coming into the room.</p></li></ul></div><p>Although direction is sometimes a handy way of looking at determinate verbs, it can cause
some con-fusion. The phrases "to the movies", "home", and "into the room" really say more
about destination than direction. The point is this: if you can see (visualize in your mind's
eye) a motion in progress, then whoever or whatever is moving at any given moment can only be
moving In one direction. This is self-evident. A better way to look at determinate motion is
to visualize a simple progressive motion along a line. This line is not necessarily straight.
Turn to the next page and consider the drawings of determinate motion.</p><p>All of the motions below can be expressed by the determinate verb of motion.</p><div class="mediaobject"><table style="border: 0; width: 496px; cellpadding: 0; cellspacing: 0;"><tr><td><img src="Images/DLI-verbs-of-motion-1.png" width="496"/></td></tr></table></div><div class="mediaobject"><table style="border: 0; width: 496px; cellpadding: 0; cellspacing: 0;"><tr><td><img src="Images/DLI-verbs-of-motion-2.png" width="496"/></td></tr></table></div><div class="mediaobject"><table style="border: 0; width: 496px; cellpadding: 0; cellspacing: 0;"><tr><td><img src="Images/DLI-verbs-of-motion-3.png" width="496"/></td></tr></table></div><p>All of the above motions can be expressed by the determinate verb of motion.</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ольга шла мимо дома.</em></span></td><td>Olga was walking past the house.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p/><p>Using the definition "motion in progress along a line at a specific moment", are you able
to visualize in your mind's eye Olga's walking along a line (in the past)? It is a concrete
image. A simple act of motion progressing along a line at the moment you visualize it. In this
case, I saw in my mind's eye Olga walking in a fairly straight line on a sidewalk running past
a house. In this sentence I don't know her destination, but I do visualize her moving in some
direction. Here are two sentences with a determinate verb expressing a progressive motion
along a line at a specific moment in time.</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Which sentence has the more crooked line of
motion?</strong></span></p><div class="itemizedlist" epub:type="list"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Иван идёт туда в кино.</em></span> Ivan is going
there to the movies.</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Собака идёт зигзагами к дому.</em></span> The dog
zigzagged toward the house.</p></li></ul></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Answer</strong></span>. Your choice . It all depends on how you visualize
it. A determinate verb expresses the action along a line irrespective of how intricate the
line is.</p><p>Did you notice the adverb <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">туда</em></span> "there" in the
sentence <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Иван идёт туда в кино?</em></span> Until now you
have always used <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">там</em></span> in Russian for the concept
"there". Russian has two adverbs for the concept of "where", "there", and "here". These
adverbs have specific uses in Russian, and they are not interchangeable.</p><p>The adverb <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">где</em></span> "where" (you already know this
one)refers only to location — where someone or something is located. The adverb <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">куда</em></span> "where" is used when motion is involved. <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Куда</em></span> really means "whereto". In English we now generally use
the adverb <span class="bold"><strong>where</strong></span>, to mean both location and motion-to. Not
too long ago we had the same opposition in English as the Russians have. The adverb <span class="bold"><strong>whither</strong></span> was used with motion-to, and where referred only to location.
You are familiar with words of Ruth: "Whither thou goest, I shall go ...." Notice the
difference in the following sentences.</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Где Иван?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Куда идёт Иван?</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; ">Where is Ivan?</td><td>Where is Ivan going?</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Go to the next page.</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Can you fill In the "blanks below?</strong></span></p><div class="informaltable"><table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="newCol2"/><col class="c2"/><col class="c3"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c4"/><col class="c5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
<p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">где</em></span></p>
</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">=</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
<p>where</p>
</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
<p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">куда</em></span></p>
</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
<p>=</p>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
<p>where (whither)</p>
</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
<p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">здесь</em></span></p>
</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">=</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
<p>here</p>
</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
<p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">сюда</em></span></p>
</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
<p>=</p>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
<p>_____( _____)</p>
</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; ">
<p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">там</em></span></p>
</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">=</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; ">
<p>there</p>
</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; ">
<p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">туда</em></span></p>
</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
<p>=</p>
</td><td>
<p>_____(_____ )</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Answer</strong></span>:</p><div class="itemizedlist" epub:type="list"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">куда</em></span> = where (whither)</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">сюда</em></span> = here (hither)</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">туда</em></span> = there (thither)</p></li></ul></div><p>The adverbs <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">где</em></span>, <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">здесь</em></span>, and <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">там</em></span> are used for
location; and <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">куда</em></span>, <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">сюда</em></span>, and <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">туда</em></span> are used with
verbs expressing motion.</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Choose the correct form</strong></span>.</p><div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Иван, (куда/где) ты идёшь?</em></span> Ivan, where
are you going?</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ольга, (куда/где) ты работаешь?</em></span> Olga,
where do you work?</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Вы тоже шли (туда/там)?</em></span> Were you going
there also?</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Он живёт (сюда/здесь).</em></span> He lives
here.</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Она была (сюда/здесь) в комнате.</em></span> She was
here in the room.</p></li></ol></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Answer</strong></span>:</p><div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">куда</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">где</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">туда</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">здесь</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">здесь</em></span></p></li></ol></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Now, will you write a definition of determinate
verb?</strong></span></p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Answer</strong></span>: Determinate verbs express a simple progressive
motion along a line at a given (specific) moment in time. (It is not necessary to have the
same words as mine.)</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Does this motion have to visualized as a straight
line?</strong></span></p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Answer</strong></span>: NO.</p><p>Is a stated direction necessary for determinate verbs? __________</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Answer</strong></span>: NO.</p><p>Many Russian sentences can be generated without a stated direction. For example:</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Поезд идет быстро.</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">The train is going fast.</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Вор идёт!</em></span></td><td>A thief is coming!</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Fill in the blanks with the correct adverb</strong></span> (
<span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">куда</em></span>, <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">где</em></span>, <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">туда</em></span>, <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">там</em></span>, <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">сюда</em></span>, or
<span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">здесь</em></span> ).</p><div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>_____ <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">твоя мама живёт?</em></span> Where does your
mother live?</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я иду</em></span> _____ . I am going there.</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ольга шла</em></span> _____. Olga was coming
here,</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>_____ <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">автомобиль</em></span>? Where is the
car?</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Пётр стоял</em></span> _____ Peter was standing
there.</p></li></ol></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Answer</strong></span>: 1.</p><div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Где</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">туда</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">сюда</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Где</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">там</em></span></p></li></ol></div><p>This completes the section on determinate verbs of motion using the verb <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">идти</em></span>.</p><p>Turn the page when you are ready to start the next section on the indeterminate
verbs.</p></section><footer/></body></html>