11 Unit 2
11.1 References
11.1.1 Reference List
1. | A: | |
到展覽館有沒有直達車? | ||
Is there a direct bus to the exhibition hall? | ||
B: | ||
沒有 | ||
No | ||
2. | A: | |
到那兒去,坐幾路車呀? | ||
What bus do you take to get there? | ||
B: | ||
坐一路車。 | ||
Take the Number 1 bus. | ||
3. | B: | |
坐到西單換車。 | ||
4. | A: | |
咱們在哪兒買票? | ||
Where do we buy tickets? | ||
B: | ||
在車上買票。 | ||
We buy tickets on the bus. | ||
5. | B: | |
好,現在走吧! | ||
Okay, let’s go now! | ||
6. | A: | |
誒!咱們不是坐過站了吧? | ||
Hey! Haven’t we gone past our stop? | ||
B: | ||
Hái méi ne. Xià yízhàn cǎi xià chē. | ||
Not yet. We don’t get off until the next stop. | ||
7. |
C:a |
|
勞駕,十五路汽車站在哪兒? | ||
Excuse me, where is the Number 15 bus stop? | ||
D: | ||
就在那個路口上。 | ||
It’s (just) on that corner. | ||
8. | ||
公共汽車 | ||
public bus (local) | ||
9. | ||
裏 | ||
in (locational ending) | ||
10. | ||
上 | ||
on | ||
11. | ||
上班 | ||
to start work, to go to work | ||
12. | ||
下班 | ||
to get off from work, to leave work |
This exchange occurs on the P-1 tape only
11.1.2 Vocabulary
吧 | (tone softener) | |
才 | then and only then, not until | |
公共汽車 | public bus (local) | |
裏 | in (locational ending) | |
票 (一張) | ticket, coupon | |
qìchēzhàn | bus stop | |
上 | on (locational ending) | |
上班 | to go to work, to start work | |
下班 | to get off from work, to leave work | |
西單 | (a district in | )|
咱們 | we (specifically includes the listener) | |
展覽館 | exhibition hall | |
直達車 | direct bus, nonstop bus | |
坐到 | to ride to | |
坐過 | to ride past | |
安定門 | (a neighborhood in | )|
比較 | comparatively, relatively | |
動物園 | zoo | |
兩次 | two times, twice | |
小 | Little (name) [familiar form of name among friends] | |
熊貓 | panda | |
展覽 | to exhibit | |
這次 | this time |
11.1.3 Reference Notes
11.1.3.1 Notes on №1
1. | A: | |
到展覽館有沒有直達車? | ||
Is there a direct bus to the exhibition hall? | ||
B: | ||
沒有 | ||
No |
is the topic of the first sentence in exchange 1.
refers to a city bus in exchange 1, although the word is more properly used to refer to buses between cities.
Changed tones: You have now learned several three-syllable words in which the middle syllable changes tone in normal fast speech. These words and the changes you hear are:
加拿大 | |||
西門町 | |||
展覽館 | |||
直達車 |
(For further discussion of this type of tone change, see Tone Changes in the P&R Summary.)
11.1.3.2 Notes on №2
2. | A: | |
到那兒去,坐幾路車呀? | ||
What bus do you take to get there? | ||
B: | ||
坐一路車。 | ||
Take the Number 1 bus. |
Ya is a variant form of the marker a. If the word directly preceding the a ends in a vowel, the semivowel y or w may be inserted; the marker is then pronounced ya or wa. If the word directly preceding a ends in a consonant, that sound is carried forward as the initial sound of the marker: /(consonant sound)a/
你是哪兒的人哪? | |
你是哪兒的人哪? |
|
|
你好哇? |
|
他真快呀! |
11.1.3.3 Notes on №3
3. | B: | |
坐到西單換車。 | ||
: In earlier exchanges, phrases consisting of and a place word were placed before the main verb in a sentence. In this exchange, you see that + place word can also be placed after the main verb. is toneless when it follows the verb of a sentence.
is used in exchange 3 for “changing” from one bus to another. It was used in earlier modules for “changing” from one currency to another.
11.1.3.4 Notes on №4
4. | A: | |
咱們在哪兒買票? | ||
Where do we buy tickets? | ||
B: | ||
在車上買票。 | ||
We buy tickets on the bus. |
Although spelled
, this word is actually pronounced , and in everyday conversation even as . Both and are translated as “we.” Most speakers of Chinese outside use only .Many Chinese from
use the pronoun only when the person being spoken to is not included in the “we.” To show that the person being spoken to IS included in the “we,” is used.For instance, if everyone in a room is Chinese, any one person could say to all of the others
, “All of us are Chinese.” If an American then entered the room, someone might say to him , “We are Chinese, and you are American.”The phrase
consists of the verb followed by the noun plus the locational ending - . Some verbs like must be followed by a place word or phrase (or by time words or phrases). But not all nouns which refer to things which occupy space can be used as place words. You must learn which words can function as place words and which cannot., , relative location words ( , , , etc.), and names of cities and countries may be used as place words. In general, nouns which refer to buildings, institutions, organizations, parks, and other specific locations may be used as place words. Nouns which refer to vehicles, people, books, furniture, and other things, that can be moved around are NOT considered place words. When a noun from this group is to be used in a phrase with , either a locational ending is added to the noun or the place word or follows it.
|
在桌子上有很多書。 |
There are many books on the table. |
|
他在那個桌子哪兒念書。 |
He studies at that table。 |
Locational endings: -
, “on”; - , “in”; - , “outside”; and-
, “under,” are locational endings.
|
他在樓下買東西。 |
He is buying things downstairs. |
|
飯店裏有沒有賣糖的? |
Is there a place to buy candy in the hotel? |
You have learned three generally equivalent ways to form place expressions: noun + locational ending; noun followed by relative location word; noun + de followed by relative location word.
11.1.3.5 Notes on №5
5. | B: | |
好,現在走吧! | ||
Okay, let’s go now! |
Ba: You have seen the marker
used in different situations at the ends of sentences. In each case, however, its effect was to soften the impact of whatever the speaker was saying. Here is a summary of the uses you have seen:a. After a phrase which puts forth an opinion or guess,
adds a questioning tone (BIO, Unit 2).
|
他大概不來了吧? |
He’s probably not coming after all, is he? |
|
你是魏少校吧? |
You must be Major Weiss. |
b. After a statement which puts forth a course of action,
softens the tone. may be used at the end of a sentence with a meaning ranging anywhere from tentative and consulting to suggesting or advising to requesting or ordering. (The tone of sentences varies according to the person being spoken to, the speaker’s tone of voice, and other words, such as , “please,” in a sentence.) (MON, Unit 3)
|
你走吧! |
Leave! (ORDERING) |
|
你好好兒想想吧! |
You think it over carefully! (ADVISING) |
|
請吧! |
Please go ahead! (INVITING) |
|
咱們走吧。 |
Let’s go. (SUGGESTING) |
|
我買大的吧。 |
I guess I’ll get the large one. (TENTATIVE AND CONSULTING) |
There is no single way to translate this use of
. In the examples above, you can see that when the subject is “you,” goes untranslated; when the subject is “we,” is translated as “let’s”; and when the subject is “I,” is translated as “I guess.”11.1.3.6 Notes on №6
6. | A: | |
誒!咱們不是坐過站了吧? | ||
Hey! Haven’t we gone past our stop? | ||
B: | 還沒呢。下一站才下車。 | |
Hái méi ne. Xià yízhàn cǎi xià chē. | ||
Not yet. We don’t get off until the next stop. |
Below are some examples of affirmative questions and their negative counterparts (using ). Notice that in the two negative examples means something like “to be the case that....”
|
他已經走了吧。 |
Has he already gone? |
|
他不是已經走了吧? |
Hasn’t he already gone? (isn’t it the case that he has already gone?) |
|
她住在上海嗎? |
Does she live in ? |
|
她不是住在上海嗎? |
Doesn’t she live in ? (Isn’t it the case that she lives in ?) |
: To the main verb , “to ride,” “to take,” the ending - is added to indicate the result of the action—“going past/too far.” (The full verb means “to pass,” “to cross.”) The ending - may also be added to the verb , “to go,” to indicate result.
|
哦,你找南緯胡同!你坐過了!你得往回走。 |
Oh, you are looking for . You have walked past it. You will have to go back. |
Aspect marker
: You have frequently seen an aspect marker used to indicate a CHANGE: completion le shows that an action or process has been carried out ( , “He has left”); new situation le marks a change in the past, present, or future ( , “His coat is worn out”). In exchange 6, the aspect marker ne indicates the ABSENCE OF CHANGE. In this exchange, emphasizes that there has been no change in the situation. You may want to think of as the opposite of le.The marker
is used with ACTION and STATE verbs.
|
他現在念書呢。 |
He is studying now. |
|
他在這兒呢。 |
He’s here. |
|
這支筆還可以寫呢。 |
This pen is still good (can still write). |
, “still,” “yet”: When this adverb is used, the sentence very often ends with the marker .
|
明天我還沒走呢。 |
I’m not leaving tomorrow (yet). (i.e., I’ll still be here tomorrow.) |
|
他還沒來呢。 |
He hasn’t come yet. |
means “then and only then” or “not until then.” It is used to talk about something that has happened or will happen later than expected.
|
我們明天才走。 |
We don’t leave until tomorrow. |
Sentences in which
is used emphasize when something happened, rather than the fact that it happened. Therefore ( )...- , not , is used to indicate completed action.
|
他是八點鐘才來的。 |
He didn’t come until eight o’clock. |
|
我昨天才到的。 |
I didn’t arrive until yesterday. |
Notice that the
in the construction may be omitted. Also, is placed AFTER a time word or phrase and BEFORE the verb.You have learned three words for “then”:
, , . is used for action taking place earlier than expected. and imply that something happens later than expected. and are used in descriptions of completed or future action. is used mostly for plans, suggestions, and commands—in reference to future actions.
|
他昨天就到了。 |
He arrived yesterday (already). |
|
他是昨天才來的。 |
He didn’t come until yesterday. |
|
你明天再走吧。 |
Don’t go until tomorrow! |
Notice that, in the description of past events, most sentences containing
also contain the completion le marker.11.1.3.7 Notes on №7
7. | C: | |
勞駕,十五路汽車站在哪兒? | ||
Excuse me, where is the Number 15 bus stop? | ||
D: | ||
就在那個路口上。 | ||
It’s (just) on that corner. |
, literally “on the intersection”: means “road mouth,” a crossroads or intersection. The word is a place-word expression and may follow with or without the locational ending -shang.