CM 0185 S

STANDARD CHINESE

A MODULAR APPROACH

STUDENT TEXT

MODULE 5: TRANSPORTATION

MODULE 6: ARRANGING A MEETING

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UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN GOVERNMENTS

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DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE

FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER

NONRESIDENT INSTRUCTION DIVISION PRESIDIO OF MONTEREY, CA 939^0

TOPICS IN THE AREAS OF POLITICS, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, MORES ETC., WHICH MAY BE CONSIDERED AS CONTROVERSIAL FROM SOME POINTS OF VIEW ARE SOMETIMES INCLUDED IN THESE MATERIALS, SINCE STUDENTS MAY FIND THEMSELVES IN POSITIONS WHERE CLEAR UNDERSTANDING OF CONVERSATIONS OR WRITTEN MATERIALS OF THIS NATURE WILL BE ESSENTIAL. THE PRESENCE OF CONTROVERSIAL STATEMENTS—WHETHER REAL OR APPARENT—IN THESE MATERIALS IS NOT TO BE CONSTRUED AS REPRESENTING THE OPINIONS OF THE WRITERS, OF THE DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER, OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, OR OF ANY OF THE AGENCIES WHICH SUPPORTED THIS EFFORT.

IN THIS PUBLICATION, THE WORDS "HE," "HIM," AND "HIS" DENOTE BOTH MASCULINE AND FEMININE GENDERS. THIS STATEMENT DOES NOT APPLY TO TRANSLATIONS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEXTS.

STANDARD CHINESE

A MODULAR APPROACH

STUDENT TEXT

MODULE 5: TRANSPORTATION MODULE 6: ARRANGING A MEETING

AUGUST 1979

PREFACE

Standard. Chinese: A Modular Approach originated in an interagency conference held at the Foreign Service Institute in August 1973 to address the need generally felt in the U.S. Government language training community for improving and updating Chinese materials to reflect current usage in Beijing and Taipei.

The conference resolved to develop materials which were flexible enough in form and content to meet the requirements of a wide range of government agencies and academic institutions.

A Project Board was established consisting of representatives of the Central Intelligence Agency Language Learning Center, the Defense Language Institute, the State Department’s Foreign Service Institute, the Cryptologic School of the National Security Agency, and the U.S. Office of Education, later joined by the Canadian Forces Foreign Language School. The representatives have included Arthur T. McNeill, John Hopkins, and John Boag (CIA); Colonel John F. Elder III, Joseph C. Hutchinson, Ivy Gibian, and Major Bernard Muller-Thym (DLl); James R. Frith and John B. Ratliff III (FSl); Kazuo Shitama (NSA); Richard T. Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE); and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozoriz (CFFLS).

The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project in 197^ in space provided at the Foreign Service Institute. Each of the six U.S. and Canadian government agencies provided funds and other assistance.

Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a planning council was formed consisting of Mr. Kok, Frances Li of the Defense Language Institute, Patricia O’Connor of the University of Texas, Earl M. Rickerson of the Language Learning Center, and James Wrenn of Brown University. In the fall of 1977» Lucille A. Barale was appointed deputy project coordinator. David W. Dellinger of the Language Learning Center and Charles R. Sheehan of the Foreign Service Institute also served on the planning council and contributed material to the project. The planning council drew up the original overall design for the materials and met regularly to review their development.

Writers for the first half of the materials were John H. T. Harvey, Lucille A. Barale, and Roberta S. Barry, who worked in close cooperation with the planning council and with the Chinese staff of the Foreign Service Institute. Mr. Harvey developed the instructional formats of the comprehension and production self-study materials, and also designed the communication-based classroom activities and wrote the teacher’s guides. Lucille A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry wrote the tape scripts and the student text. By 1978 Thomas E. Madden and Susan C. Pola had joined the staff. Led by Ms. Barale, they worked as a team to produce the materials subsequent to Module 6.

All Chinese language material was prepared or selected by Chuan 0. Chao, Ying-chih Chen, Hsiao-Jung Chi, Eva Diao, Jan Hu, Tsung-mi Li, and Yunhui C. Yang, assisted for part of the time by Chieh-fang Ou Lee, Ying-ming Chen, and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang. Anna Affholder, Mei-li Chen, and Henry Khuo helped in the preparation of a preliminary corpus of dialogues.

Administrative assistance was provided at various times by Vincent Basciano, Lisa A. Bowden, Jill W. Ellis, Donna Fong, Renee T. C. Liang, Thomas E. Madden, Susan C. Pola, and Kathleen Strype.

The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M. Ramirez of the Foreign Service Institute Recording Studio. The Chinese script was voiced by Ms. Chao, Ms. Chen, Mr. Chen, Ms. Diao, Ms. Hu, Mr. Khuo, Mr. Li, and Ms. Yang. The English script was read by Ms. Barale, Ms. Barry, Mr. Basciano, Ms. Ellis, Ms. Pola, and Ms. Strype.

The graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign Service Institute Audio-Visual staff, under the general supervision of Joseph A. Sadote, Chief of Audio-Visual.

Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach was field-tested with the cooperation of Brown University; the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language Center; the Foreign Service Institute; the Language Learning Center; the United States Air Force Academy; the University of Illinois; and the University of Virginia.

Colonel Samuel L. Stapleton and Colonel Thomas G. Foster, Commandants of the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language Center, authorized the DLIFLC support necessary for preparation of this edition of the course materials. This support included coordination, graphic arts, editing, typing, proofreading, printing, and materials necessary to carry out these tasks.                                         _

James R. Frith, Chairman

Qninese Core Curriculum Project Board

CONTENTS

Preface

MODULE 5: TRANSPORTATION

Objectives

Map of Beijing

Map of Taipei

Target Lists

UNIT 1

Reference List

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

Using buses

’’When"

"First," "last," "next," "previous"

Duō, "to be many," and. shǎo, "to be few"

Vocabulary Booster (Modes of Transportation)

Drills

UNIT 2

Reference List

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

The marker a and its variant ya

The locational endings -shang and -li

More on the marker ba

The aspect marker ne

"Then": j iù, zài, cái Drills

UNIT 3 Reference List

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

The prepositional verb bǎ

Adverbs expressing manner Drills

UNIT U Reference List

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

Choice questions with háishi

More on topics and comments

Compound verbs of result Drills

UNIT 5 Reference List

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

Distances

Approximate numbers

Ban, "one half" Drills

UNIT 6 Reference List ................. .....

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

More on verb reduplication (two-syllable verbs)

Compound verbs of direction

More on new-situation le Drills

UNIT 7 Reference List

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

More on compound verbs of result

"If"

Vocabulary Booster (Animals)

Drills

UNIT 8 Reference List

Vocabulary

Reference Notes .

"Why" and "because"

Time NOT spent

"All," "not all," "all...not"

"Again": you, zài Drills

MODULE 6: ARRANGING A MEETING

Objectives

Target Lists

UNIT 1 Reference List

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

Making an appointment

Gēn for "and" and gēn for "with"

Three words for "time"

The prepositional verb duì, "to," "towards," "facing"

Comparisons: "more than"

More on compound verbs of result Drills..........................155

UNIT 2

Reference List

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

Making phone calls

The aspect marker zài for ongoing action "Whatever," "whenever," "whoever," "wherever"

Verbs and general objects

Vocabulary Booster (Occupations)

Drills

UNIT 3

Reference List

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

Extending an invitation

"Not only...but also..."

Comparisons: "equal to," "alike"

"Anyone," "anything," "anyplace," "anytime"

Comparison: compound verbs of result and manner adverbs "Furthermore"

Drills

UNIT 1

Reference List

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

Meeting people

More on completion le

The prepositional verb xiàng, "facing"

Duō and shǎo as adverbs Vocabulary Booster (Opposites)

Drills

UNIT 5

Reference List

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

Taking and leaving messages

Changing an appointment

The prepositional verb bǎ

Gang and gāngcái

More on compound verbs of result

Drills

UNIT 6

Reference List

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

Invitation to lunch

Comparisons: "less than" "even more"

Comparison overview

Sentence patterns: "although" and "both...and..." Drills..........................235

UNIT T

Reference List......................2U1

Vocabulary........................2^3

Reference Notes ...................... 2hU

Arranging an introduction

Using word order to express "the" and "a"

Objects of reduplicated verbs

Three-part motion verbs

Verbs for "remember" and "forget"

Drills

UNIT 8

Reference List....................  .

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

Declining invitations

The prepositional verb tì, "in place of"

More on compound verbs of result

Comparison: něng, kéyi, huì

Drills..........................266

MODULE 5: TRANSPORTATION

The Transportation Module (TRN) will provide you with the skills needed to use taxis, trains, buses, and planes in China.

Before starting this module, you must take and pass the DIR Criterion Test.

The TRN Criterion Test will focus largely on this module, but material from CRN, BIO, MON, DIR, and associated resource modules is also included.

OBJECTIVES

Upon successful completion of this module, the student should be able to

• 1. Give the English equivalent for any Chinese sentence in the TRN Target Lists.

• 2. Say any Chinese sentence in the TRN Target Lists when cued with its English equivalent.

• 3. Use the bus system: find out which buses go to a specific destination, at what times they leave, how often they run, where to buy tickets, where to change buses (if necessary), when the last bus of the day leaves, and where his stop is.

1. Take a taxi: hail one, tell the driver where to go, and use commands such as "hurry," "slow down," and "stop here."

• 5. Use the train system: find out which trains go to a specific destination, at what times they leave, when and where to buy tickets, whether or not tickets are available for a train leaving on a specific date at a specific time, the distance to the destination, the duration of the train trip to that place, which platform the train leaves from, what to do with luggage, and whether or not the train has a dining car.

• 6. Take a plane: reserve a ticket for a certain date and time; find out whether or not the flight is direct, the duration of the flight, and traveling time to the airport; and arrange for transportation to the airport.

• 7. Describe in detail a trip (taken in the past or planned for the future): places visited (which places and what they are like), traveling companions, transportation for the trip, length of stay, number of previous trips to the same places.

  ro

  
  
  

  NOTE The heavy dark lines show where rhe city walls were formerly located.

  
  

Taipei

• 1. Dao Ximending qù, zuò Jilù chē?

Zuò Shíbālù.

• 2. Shíbālù chē duo bu duo?

Bù hěn duō.

• 3. Měi gé jǐfēn zhōng you yìbān chē?

• h. Wo mēige Xīngqīliù dōu qù kàn diànying.

• 5. Zuìhòu yìbān chē shi jǐdiǎn zhōng?

• 6. Zhèbān chē shì bu shi qù Ximending?

Shì. Shàng chē ba!

• 7. Dao Xīméndīngde shíhou, qǐng gàosong wo.

• 8. Wǒ shì bu shi zài zhèli xià chē?

Bu shi. Xià yízhàn.

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY

(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)

• 9. shàng-

• 10. tōu-

• 11. gàosu

• 12. shǎo

• 13. xià chē

1U. yǒu(de) shíhou

• 15. chéng

What bus do you take to get to Ximending?

Take Number 18.

Are there many Number 18 buses?

Not very many.

How often is there a bus?

I go to see a movie every Saturday.

What time is the last bus?

Does this bus go to Ximending?

Yes. Get on!

When we get to Ximending, please tell me.

Is it here that I get off?

No. The next stop.

last, previous (something)

first (something)

to tell, to inform (alternate pronunciation for gàosong)

to be few

to get off the bus; "Out, please!"

sometimes

city

• 1. Dao zhǎnlǎnguǎn you meiyou zhfdàchē?

Meiyou. Zuò Yīlù chē, zuò dao Xīdān huàn chē.

• 2. Zanmen zài nǎr mǎi piào?

Zài chēshang mǎi piào.

• 3. Hǎo, xiànzài z3u ba!

U. Èi! Zǎnmen bú shi zuòguò zhàn le ba?

Hái mēi ne. Xià yízhàn cǎi xià chē.

• 5. Lǎojià, Shíwǔlù qìchēzhàn zài nǎr?

Jiù zài nèige líìkSurshang.

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)

• 6. gōnggòng qìchē

• 7. -li

• 8. -shang

• 9. shàng ban

• 10. xià ban

Is there a direct bus to the exhibition hall?

No. Take the Number 1 bus; take it to Xīdān and change buses.

Where do we buy tickets?

We buy tickets on the bus.

Okay, let’s go now!

Hey! Haven’t we gone past our stop?

Not yet. We don’t get off until the next stop.

Excuse me, where is the Number 15 bus stop?

It’s (just) on that corner.

public bus (local)

in (locational ending)

on

to start work, to go to work

to get off from work, to leave work

• 1. Wǒ yào zuò jìchéngchē dào huǒchēzhàn qu.

• 2. Wo zhǐ you zhè liǎngjiàn xíngli.

Hao, wǒ ba xíngli fang zai qiánbian.

• 3. Ní kāide tài kuài lei

• 4. Tā kāi chē, kāide bú kuài.

• 5. Women you shíjiān, láidejí.

• 6. Qǐng man yìdian kāi.

• 7. Biē kāi name kuài!

• 8. Qǐng ni zài qiánbian nèige yínháng ting yíxià.

• 9. Bú yòng zhǎo le.

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P~1 tapes)

• 10. chūzū qìchē

• 11. láibuj í

• 12. qìchē

• 13. zhème

• 14. zènme

I want to take a taxi to the train station.

I have only these two suitcases.

Okay, 1*11 put the suitcases in front.

You are driving too fast!

He doesn't drive fast.

We have time. We can make it in time.

Please drive a little slower.

Don't drive so fast!

Please stop at that bank up ahead for a moment.

Keep the change.

taxi (PRC)

can't make it in time car, motor vehicle so, to this extent, in this way so, to this extent, in this way

• 1. Wǒ xiǎng qù Tǎinān wan jitiān.

• 2. NǏ shuō shi zuò huǒchē qu hǎo ne, hǎishi zuò Gōnglùju qu hǎo ne?

Zuò huochē qu hǎo. Dào Tainán qù zuò Gōnglùju bú da fāngbian.

• 3. Zuò huǒchē děi xiān mǎi piào ma?

Nǐ zuìhǎo liǎngsāntiān yǐqiǎn qù mǎi piào.

Zuò Gōnglùju ne?

Bú bì xiān mǎi piào.

U. Nǐ yào zuò shēnme shíhoude chē?

Wǒ yào zuò shàngwǔde chē.

• 5. Duìbuqǐ, shàngwǔde piào dōu màiwǎn le.

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)

• 6. chuān

• 7. dìtiě

• 8. dìxià huǒchē

• 9. wan (wǎnr)

• 10. -wan

I’m thinking of going to Tainan to relax for a few days.

Would you say it’s better to go by train or to go by bus?

It’s better to go by train. To go to Tainan, it’s not very convenient to take the bus.

If I take the train, is it necessary to buy tickets ahead of time?

It would be best for you to go to buy your tickets two or three days ahead of time.

And if I take the bus?

It’s not necessary to buy tickets ahead of time.

What train do you want to take?

I want to take a morning train.

I’m sorry, the tickets for the morning trains are all sold out.

boat, ship

subway (abbreviation for dìxià tiědào)

underground train, subway

to play, to relax, to enjoy oneself

to be finished (occurs in compound verbs of result)

• 1. Wǒ xiǎng dào Nanjing qù kànkan.

Ní Jìhua něitiān qù?

MÍngtiān huòshi hòutiān qù dōu kéyi.

• 2. Shanghai if Nánjlng you duǒ yuan?

You liǎngbǎiwǔshiduō gōngll.

• 3. Zuò huǒchē yào zou duōshao shíhou?

Yào zǒu sìge bàn xiaoshí.

U. Zhèi shi wǒ dìyīcì dào Nánjlng qù. YÍqián méi qùguo.

• 5. Bànge xiàoshí gòu le.

• 6. Wǒ xīwang xiàwù líkāi zhèr.

Shísāndiǎn ling wǔfēn you yítàng tèkuài.

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)

• 7. dǎsuan

• 8. huòzhě (huòzhe)

• 9. ylhòu

• 10. zhōngtǒu

I would like to go to Nanjing to look around.

What day do you plan to go?

Tomorrow and (or) the day after are both possible.

How far is Shànghǎi from Nanjing?

It’s over 250 kilometers.

How long does it take to go by train?

It takes four and a half hours.

This will be the first time I have gone to Nanjing. I haven’t gone there before.

Half an hour is enough.

I hope to leave here in the afternoon.

There’s an express at 1305.

to plan to

or (alternate form of huòshi) afterwards, later on, in the future hour (alternate word for xiaoshí)

• 1. Huǒchē jǐdiǎn zhōng kāi?

Shíbādiàn wǔshiwǔfēn fā chē.

• 2. Qǐng nǐ hǎ nǐde hùzhào he luxíngzhèng gěi wo.

• 3. Dào Shanghai qùde chē zài dìjǐ zhàntái?

• U. Bú yòng JÍ. Hái zǎo ne. Nǐ xian zài zhèige jiēdàishì xiūxixiuxi.

• 5. Wǒ zhèijiàn xíngli zěnme bàn? Shi bu shi kēyi nashang chē qu?

Kéyi bǎ xíngli nashang chē qu.

• 6. Zhèibān chē you cánchē ba?

You. You Zhōngcān, yě you Xīcān.

Hǎojíle.

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)

• 7. ban

• 8. nashangqu náshanglai náxiaqu náxialai

• 9. pǎo

• 10. wan

• 11. yuètái

What time does the train leave?

It departs at 1855.

Please give me your passport and travel permit.

On which platform is the train to Shànghǎi?

No need to be anxious. It’s still early. First, rest a bit in this waiting room.

What should I do about this suitcase of mine? May I take it onto the train?

You may take the suitcase onto the train.

This train has a dining car, I suppose?

Yes. There’s Chinese food and there’s also Western food.

Great.

to move

to take up

to bring up

to take down

to bring down

to run

to be late

train platform (alternate word for zhàntái, more common in Taiwan)

• 1. Hǎo jiǔ méi jiàn, nín chū men le "ba?

• 2. Nín wèishénme gang huílai you qù le ne?

Wo zhèicì dào Guangzhou qù shi yǐnwei wo you yige hen hǎode péngyou cong Xianggang lai.

• 3. Women you yìnién měi jiàn le.

Tā ^ǐng ^wo Pei ta yìqǐ qù luxíng.

• 4. Sānge yuè yǐqiǎn tā hāi bù zhīdào néng bu néng lai.

• 5. Nǐmen dōu qùguo shěnme dìfang?

• 6. Hangzhou gēn Sūzhōu zhēn shi piàoliang.

• 7. You jīhui wǒ yào zài qù yícì.

• 8. Zhèixiē dìfang nǐ dōu qùguo le ba?

Méi dōu qùguo.

• 9. huí guo

• 10. huí J iā

• 11. huíqu

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)

• 12. rènao

• 13. you yìsi

1U. méi(yǒu) yìsi

15. suǒyǐ (suōyi)

I haven’t seen you in a long time. You have been away, I suppose?

Why did you go again when you had just come back from there?

This time I went to Guangzhou because I had a very good friend coming there from Hong Kong.

We had not seen each other for a year.

She asked me to accompany her (in her) travels.

Three months ago she didn’t know yet whether she would be able to come or not.

What places did you go to?

Hangzhou and Sūzhōu are really beautiful.

If I have the chance, I would like to go again.

You have gone to all those places, I suppose?

I haven't been to all of them.

to return to one's native country

to come/go home

to go back to be lively/bustling/noisy to be interesting to be uninteresting therefore, so

UNIT 1

REFERENCE LIST

• 1. A: Dào Xīméndīng qù, zuò jīlù chē?

• B: Zuò Shíbālù.

• 2. A: Shíbālù chē duō bu duo?

• B: Bù hēn duō.

• 3. A: Měi gé duōshao shíhou you yìbān chē?

B: Mei gé èrshifēn zhōng you yìbān.

U. C: Wo mēige Xīngqīliù dōu qù kàn diànyīng.

• 5. A: Zuìhōu yìbān chē shi Jidiǎn zhōng?

• B: Shíyīdiān shífēn.

• 6. D: Zhèbān chē shì bu shi qù Xīméndīng?

E: Shì. Shàng chē ba!

• 7. A: Dào Xíméndīngde shíhou, qing gàosong wS.

F: Hao.

• 8. A: Hai you Jīzhàn dào Xīméndīng?

F: Xià yízhàn Jiù shi Xīméndīng.

What bus do you take to get to Ximending?

Take Number 18.

Are there many Number 18 buses?

Not very many.

How much time is there between buses?

There’s one every twenty minutes.

I go to see a movie every Saturday.

What time is the last bus?

Eleven-ten.

Does this bus go to Ximending?

Yes, Get on!

When we get to Ximending, please tell me.

Okay.

How many more stops are there to (before) Ximending?

The next stop is Ximending.

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)

last, previous (something) first (something)

REFERENCE NOTES

• 1. A: Dào Xīméndīng qù, zuo jīlù chē?

• B: Zuò Shíbālù.

• 2. A: Shíbālù chē duō bu duo?

• B: Bù hen duō.

What bus do you take to get to Ximending?

Take Number 18.

Are there many Number 18 buses?

Not very many.

Notes on Nos. 1-2

Xīméndīng literally means "West Gate dīng"—dīng being a Japanese term for "district." Xīméndīng is the area of Taipei which surrounds the former west gate of the city. Today the district includes many shops, department stores, and movie theaters.

Lù is the word for "route." The question jīlù? asks for the route number of the bus.

Zuò, "to ride/to go by/to take Ea conveyance]":¹ Here zuò (literally, "to sit") means to go by some means of transportation which the passenger is inside of (e.g., car, plane, boat, train, bus, elevator—NOT a motorcycle or a horse). In exchange 1, zuò is used as a main verb. It can also be used as a prepositional verb, as in

Nī zěnme qù?                    How are you going? (i.e. , by what

means of transportation)

Wǒ zuò huǒchē qù.               I am going by train.

Duō, "to be many/much," is an adjectival verb.² There are several points to remember about duō:

• a. Adjectival verbs are sometimes used before a noun to modify it (e.g., xīn zhuōzi, "new table"; dà fángzi, "big house"). However, when duō is used in this way, it must be modified, for example, by hen or tài.

Tā māile hen duō dōngxi.     He bought a lot of things.

Běijīng jiēshang you hen     There are many toilets on the

duō cèsuǒ.                    streets of Béijīng.

• b. Much more often, however, duō is used as the main verb of a sentence.

Nīde shū zhēn duō!           You really have a lot of books!

Jīntiān jiēshangde rén       There are a lot of people out today,

hen duō.                      (literally, "on the streets

today")

• c. Often it does not occur to students to use duō as the main verb of a sentence because in English they do not usually say "The students are many." They would say "There are many students," with "many" as an adjective preceding "students." Compare:

  came.

  
  

(A lot of people

Láide rén hěn duō.

NOTE: Shao, "to be few," is used in almost the same ways as duō. (See Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary.)

• 3. A: Měi gé duōshao shíhou you How much time is there between buses? yìbān chē?

B: Mēi gé èrshifēn zhōng you There’s one every twenty minutes, yìbān.

Notes on No. 3

Měi- is the word for "each," "every."

Gé is a verb meaning "to separate," "to divide." It is used for intervals of time between regularly occurring events (e.g., "every half hour"). In exchange 3, gé refers to the length of time between buses.

"(every) how often"

The first sentence could also be translated as "How often is there a bus?" or "How often do the buses run?"

Yìbān chē: The counter -bān is used for scheduled trips, or runs, of a vehicle. Yìbān chē is one bus run.

Ershifēn zhōng: The counter -fēn, for minutes, is usually followed by zhōng, "clock." (Zhōng means "o’clock" in telling time.) "One minute" is yìfēn zhōng.

"There’s a bus every twenty minutes."

U. C: Wǒ měige Xīngqīliù dōu qù I go to see a movie every Saturday, kān diànyìng.

Notes on No. U

Měige: When used with a noun, měi- acts as a specifier and must be followed by a counter or a noun that does not require a counter.

měi(ge) rén                every person

měizhāng zhuōzi            every table

meitian                     every day

Dōu, "all": Here the adverb dōu implies "each and every," or "without

exception"—"every Saturday, without exception." When the subject of a sentence is specified by měi-, the following verb is usually modified by the adverb dōu.

Note on No. 5

Zuìhòu yìbān chē: Zuì is the word for "most," or "-est." Zuìhòu means "latest," or "last." Note the order in which the elements of this phrase appear:

(See Note on No. 8 and Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary for xià-, ’’next”; shàng-, ’’last,” ’’previous”; and tóu-, ’’first.”)

Notes on No. 6

Shì bu shi qù, ’’does it go to":³ The use of shì bu shi qù rather than qù bu qu in this sentence implies that the speaker has an idea that the bus does go to Ximending and wants to make sure. (Zhèbān chē qù bu qu Xīméndīng? would also be correct.)

Qù Xīméndīng, "go to Ximending": The destination directly follows the main verb qu. You now know two ways to indicate destination:

Wǒ dào Xīméndīng qù. I am going to Ximending.

Wǒ qù Xīméndīng.

The two forms are equally widely used.

Shàng chē: This verb has several meanings. In the Directions Module, the meaning was "to go up" in Shàng lóu, yòubian Jiù shi mài dìtúde. In this exchange, the meaning of shàng is "to get on/in Ca vehicle!."

Note on No. 7

Note on No. 8

Xià yízhàn: Here xià means "the next." It is a specifier. Xià is usually followed by a numeral or a counter, as in the following examples:

xiàge yuè                  next month

xià yìbān chē              the next bus

The phrase xià yízhàn contains no counter because -zhàn, like -nián and -tiān, is not used with a counter.

Notes on Additional Required. Vocabulary

The specifier shàng-, "last," "previous," is used in the same patterns as xià-.

shàngge yuè                last month

shàng yìbān chē            the previous bus

Tou-, "first," literally "head": Let’s contrast dì- and tóu-: Dì- has no meaning of its own. Its function is to make a cardinal number into an ordinal number: for example, sān, "three," becomes dìsān, "third," as in dìsānge men, "the third door." Tóu- has a meaning of its own: "first," as in tóusānge men, "the first three doors."

Tóu- is always followed by at least a number plus a counter (or a noun that does not require a counter).

tóuliǎngge rén             the first two people

tóusānběn                  the first three volumes

tóusìtiān                  the first four days

Notice that tóuliǎngge, "the first two," and dìèrge, "the second one," must use different words for "two," because

tóuliǎngge     (COUNTING)

dìèrge         (NOT COUNTING)

Tóuyige, "the first one," and dìyíge, "the first one," are similar in meaning and often interchangeable.

Gàosu, "to tell": Gàosong is the usual colloquial pronunciation in Beijing speech. Gàosu is the usual colloquial pronunciation in many other places in China, including Taiwan. The fact that, in a Taipei setting, the first speaker in exchange 7 uses gàosong tells you that he is almost certainly not a native of Taiwan.

Shǎo, "to be few": Most of the comments about duō in these Reference Notes (exchange 2) also apply to the adjectival verb shǎo. Most frequently shǎo is used as the main verb of a sentence.

One point deserves special attention: Although you may say hěn duō shū for "a lot of books," you may not say hěn shǎo shū. Hěn shǎo can rarely modify a noun which follows—and neither can tài shǎo, zhēn shǎo, and related expressions.

Xiǎ chē, "to get off Ea vehicle]," may be used to signal that you wish to get off—that this is your stop. The expression would be translated as "Out, please," or "Getting off, getting off," used by passengers in crowded buses and elevators.

You(de) shíhou, "sometimes," precedes the verb of a sentence, as other time expressions do.

Tā yǒude shíhou kǎn Yīngwén He sometimes reads English newspapers, bào.

Wǒ you shíhou zuò Shíbālù Sometimes I take the Number 18 bus. chē.

Originally, chěng meant "city wall." This early meaning still affects modern usage: you must say "going INto the city," not just "to the city."

Tā jīntiān dào chěnglǐtou qù. He is going to the city today.

VOCABULARY BOOSTER

Modes of Transportation

DRILLS

• A. Expansion Drill

• 1. Speaker: Dao Xīméndīng qù, zuò jīlù chē?

(cue) hasn’t yet

(What bus do you take to get to Ximending?)

• 2. Dao Wǔguānchù qù, zuò jīlù chē? has already

• 3. Dào Nanjing Lù qù, zuò Jīlù chē? did not

U. Dào Zhōngshān Lù qù, zuò jīlù chē? hasn’t yet

• 5. Dào Xīméndīng qù, zuò jīlù chē? has already

• 6. Dào tā jiā qù, zuò Jīlù chē? hasn’t yet

• 7. Dào càishichǎng qù, zuò jīlù chē? did not

You: Dào Xīméndīng qù, zuò jīlù chē tā hǎi méi gàosu wo.

(He hasn’t yet told me what bus to take to get to Ximending.)

Dào Wǔguānchù qù, zuò jīlù chē, tā yījīng gàosu wo le.

Dào Nǎnjīng Lù qù, zuò jīlù chē, tā méi gàosu wo.

Dào Zhōngshān Lù qù, zuò Jīlù chē, tā hāi méi gàosu wo.

Dào Xīméndīng qù, zuò jīlù chē, tā yījīng gàosu wo le.

Dào tā jiā qù, zuò jīlù chē, tā hǎi méi gàosu wo.

Dào càishichǎng qù, zuò jīlù chē, tā méi gàosu wo.

• B. Expansion Drill

• 1. Speaker: Zuò Shíbālù chē.

(Take the Number 18 bus.)

• 2. Zuò Yílù chē.

• 3. Zuò Shílù chē.

• U. Zuò Liùlù chē.

5. Zuò Wǔlù chē.

You: Qīng ni gàosu wo, zuò Shíbālù chē, kéyi bu keyi?

(Please tell me, would it be all right to take the Number 18 bus?)

Qīng ni gàosu wo, zuò Yílù chē, kéyi bu keyi?

Qīng ni gàosu wo, zuò Shílù chē, kéyi bu keyi?

Qīng ni gàosu wo, zuò Liùlù chē, kéyi bu keyi?

Qīng ni gàosu wo, zuò Wǔlù chē, kéyi bu keyi?

Qǐng ni gàosu wo, zuò Qílù chē, kéyi "bu keyi?

Qǐng ni gàosu wo, zuò Shíèrlù chē, kéyi bu keyi?

• C. Response Drill

• 1. Speaker: Mei gě duōshao shíhou you yìbān chē? (cue) èrshifēn zhōng (How often is there a bus?)

  2.	Měi gé duōshao shíhou you yìbān
  	chē?	shífēn zhōng
  3.	Měi gé chē?	duōshao shíhou yōu yìbān wǔfēn zhōng
  U.	Měi gé chē?	duōshao shíhou yōu yìbān bāfēn zhōng
  5.	Měi gé chē?	duōshao shíhou yōu yìbān èrshifēn zhōng
  6.	Měi gé chē?	duōshao shíhou yōu yìbān shíwǔfēn zhōng
  7.	Měi gé chē?	duōshao shíhou yōu yìbān shíèrfēn zhōng

You; Mei gé èrshifēn zhōng you yìbān chē.

(There’s a bus every twenty minutes.)

Měi gé shífēn zhōng yōu yìbān chē.

Měi gé wǔfēn zhōng you yìbān chē.

Měi gé bāfēn zhōng you yìbān chē.

Měi gé èrshifēn zhōng you yìbān chē.

Měi gé shíwǔfēn zhōng you yìbān chē.

Měi gé shíèrfēn zhōng you yìbān chē.

• D. Response Drill

• 1. Speaker: Shíbālù chē duō bu duo?

(cue) èrshifēn zhōng

(Are there many Number 18 buses?)

You: BÙ shǎo. Měi gě èrshifēn zhōng you yìbān.

(Quite a few. There’s one every twenty minutes.)

• E. Expansion Drill

• 1. Speaker: Nèibān chē shi jǐdiān zhōng?

(cue) Taizhōng

(What time is that bus?)

You: Qíngwèn, dào Taizhōng qùde nèibān chē shi jǐdian zhōng? (May I ask, what time is that bus to Taizhong?)

• 7. Nèibān chē shi jǐdiǎn zhōng? Gāoxiōng

Qǐngwèn, dào Gāoxiōng qu.de nèibān chē shi jǐdiǎn zhōng?

• F. Response Drill

• 1. Speaker: Zhè shi bu shi zuìhòu yìbān chē?

(cue) 11:10

(Is this the last bus?)

You: Bú shi. Zuìhòu yìbān chē shi shíyīdiǎn shífēn.

(No. The last bus is at 11:10.)

• G. Transformation Drill

• 1. Speaker: Zhèibān chē dào Xīméndīng qù ma?

(Does this bus go to Ximending?)

• 2. Zhèibān chē dào Zhōngshān Bǎilù qù ma?

• 3. Zhèibān chē dào Zhōnghuā Lù qù ma?

• 4. Zhèibān chē dào Zìyōu Lù qù ma?

You: Zhèibān chē shi bu shi qù Xīméndīng?

(Does this bus go to Ximending?)

Zhèibān chē shi bu shi qù Zhōngshān Běilù?

Zhèibān chē shi bu shi qù Zhōnghuā Lù?

Zhèibān chē shi bu shi qù ZÌyōu Lù?

• 5. Zhèibān chē dào Rénài LÙ qù ma?

• 6. Zhèibān chē dào Nānjīng Dōnglù qù ma?

• 7. Zhèibān chē dào Hépíng Xīlù qù ma?

Zhèibān chē shì bu shi qù Rénài Lù?

Zhèibān chē shì bu shi qù Nanjing Dōnglù?

Zhèibān chē shì bu shi qù Hépíng Xīlù?

• H. Transformation Drill

• 1. Speaker; Tā xià chē le.

(cue) Xīméndīng

(He got off the bus.)

OR Tā xià chē.

(cue) Xīméndīng

(He is getting off the bus.)

• 2. Tā shàng chē le. Zhōngshān Běilù

• 3. Tā shàng chē. Hépíng Dōnglù

U. Tā xià chē le. MÍnshēng Lù

5. Tā shàng chē le. Rénài LÙ

6. Tā xià chē. Zhōnghuā Lù

You; Tā shì zài Xīméndīng xiàde chē. (He got off the bus at Ximending.)

Tā zài Xīméndīng xià chē.

(He is getting off the bus at Ximending.)

Tā shì zài Zhōngshān Běilù shàngde chē.

Tā zài Hépíng Dōnglù shàng chē.

Tā shì zài MÍnshēng Lù xiàde chē.

Tā shì zài Rénài Lù shàngde chē.

Tā zài Zhōnghuā Lù xià chē.

I. Expansion Drill

• 1. Speaker; Dào Xīméndīng qīng gàosu wo.

(cue) shíhou

(When we GET TO Ximending, please tell me.)

You; Dào Xīméndīngde shíhou qīng gàosu wo.

(When we get to XIMENDING, please tell me.)

• 2. Dào Zhōngshān Běilù qīng gàosu Dào Zhōngshān Běilù yīqiān qīng wo.    yīqiān                       gàosu wo.

• 3. Dào Nānjīng Dōnglù qīng gàosu Dào Nānjīng Dōnglùde shíhou qīng wo.    shíhou                        gàosu wo.

!♦. Dào Rénài LÙ qǐng gàosu wo. yīqián

• 5. Dào Mínquán Lù qǐng gàosu wo. shíhou

• 6. Dào Hépíng Xīlù qǐng gàosu wo. yīqián

• 7. Dào Zìyéu Lù qǐng gàosu wo. shíhou

Dào Rénài Lu yīqián qǐng gàosu wo.

Dào Mínquán Lùde shíhou qǐng gàosu wo.

Dào Hépíng Xīlù yīqián qīng gàosu wo.

Dào Zìyéu Lùde shíhou qǐng gàosu wo.

• J. Response Drill

• 1. Speaker: Hái you Jīzhàn dào Xīméndīng?

(cue) xià

(How many more stops are there to [beforeJ Ximending?)

OR Hai you jīzhàn dào Xīméndīng?

(cue) 3

(How many more stops are there to [before! Ximending?)

• 2. Hai you jīzhàn dào Zhōnghuá Lù? xià

• 3. Hai you jīzhàn dào Nanjīng Dōnglù? 2

U. Hai you Jīzhàn dào Xīnshēng Nanlù?    xià

5. Hái you Jīzhàn dào Zìyéu Lù?

2

6. Hai you Jīzhàn dào MÍnshēng Lù?

xià

You: Xià yízhàn Jiù shi Xīméndīng. (The next stop is Ximending.)

Hai you sānzhàn Jiù shi Xīméndīng.

(Three more stops, and that’s Ximending.)

Xià yízhàn Jiù shi Zhōnghuá Lù.

Hai yōu liǎngzhàn jiù shi Nanjīng Dōnglù.

Xià yízhàn jiù shi Xīnshēng Nánlù.

Hai yōu liǎngzhàn Jiù shi Zìyéu Lù.

Xià yízhàn Jiù shi MÍnshēng Lù.

• K. Expansion Drill

• 1. Speaker: Tā dào Zhōngguo qù. (cue) nián

(He goes to China.)

• 2. Tā kàn Zhōngguo diànyīng.

yuè

• 3. Tā dào Niǔ Yuē qù.    xīngqī

U.  Tā dào xuexiào lai.    tiān

• 5. Tā mǎi Yīngwen zāzhì.

Xīngqīwǔ

• 6. Tā dào càishichǎng qù. tiān

• 7. Tā kàn bào. tiān

You: Tā měiniān dōu dào Zhōngguo qù (He goes to China every year.)

Tā meige yuè dōu kàn Zhōngguo diànyīng.

Tā meige xīngqī dōu dào Niǔ Yuē qù.

Tā měitiān dōu dào xuexiào lai.

Tā meige Xīngqīwǔ dōu mǎi Yīngwén zāzhì.

Tā meitiān dōu dào càishichǎng qù.

Tā měitiān dōu kàn bào.

UNIT 2

REFERENCE LIST

(in Běijīng)

• 1. A: Dào zhǎnlǎnguǎn you meiyou zhídāchē?

• B: Meiyou.

• 2. A: Dào nàr qù, zuò jīlù chē ya?

• B: Zuò Yílù chē.

• 3. B: Zuò dao Xīdān huàn chē.

U. A: Zānmen zài nǎr mǎi piào?

B: Zài chēshang mai piào.

5. B: Hao, xiànzài zǒu Bal

6. A: Èi! Zānmen bú shi zuòguò zhàn le ba?

• B: Hǎi méi ne. Xià yízhàn cài xià chē.

7^{4 4} C: Lāojià, Shíwùlù qìchēzhàn zài nǎr?

D: Jiù zài něige lùkǒurshang.

Is there a direct bus to the exhibition hall?

No.

What bus do you take to get there?

Take the Number 1 bus.

Take it to Xīdān and change buses.

Where do we buy tickets?

We buy tickets on the bus.

Okay, let’s go now!

Hey! Haven’t we gone past our stop?

Not yet. We don’t get off until the next stop.

Excuse me, where is the Number 15 bus stop?

It’s (just) on that corner.

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)

• 8. gōnggòng qìchē

• 9. -li

• 10. -shang

• 11. shàng ban

• 12. xià ban

public bus (local)

in (locational ending)

on

to start work, to go to work

to get off from work, to leave work

VOCABULARY

(introduced on C-2 and P-2 tapes)

REFERENCE NOTES

1. A: Dào zhǎnlǎnguǎn you meiyou Is there a direct bus to the exhibi-zhídǎchē?                       tion hall?

B: Meiyou.                          No.

Notes on No. 1

Dào zhǎnlǎnguǎn is the topic of the first sentence in exchange 1.

Zhídǎchē refers to a city bus in exchange 1, although the word is more properly used to refer to buses between cities.

Changed tones: You have now learned several three-syllable words in which the middle syllable changes tone in normal fast speech. These words and the changes you hear are

Jiǎnǎdà                               Jiānādà

Ximending                             Ximending

zhǎnlǎnguǎn        zhǎnlǎnguǎn        zhǎnlǎnguǎn

zhídǎchē                              zhídǎchē

(For further discussion of this type of tone change, see Tone Changes in the P&R Summary.)

Note on No. 2

Ya is a variant form of the marker a_. If the word directly preceding the a ends in a vowel, the semivowel y or w may be inserted; the marker is then pronounced ya or wa. If the word directly preceding a. ends in a consonant, that sound is carried forward as the initial sound of the marker: /(consonant sound)a/

Ni shi nǎrde ren /n/a?

Ni xìng Wǎng /ng/a?

Ni hǎo /w/a?

Tǎ zhēn kuài /j/a!

Notes on No. 3

Zuò dao Xīdān: In earlier exchanges, phrases consisting of dào and a place word were placed before the main verb in a sentence. In this exchange, you see that dào + place word can also be placed after the main verb. Dao is toneless when it follows the verb of a sentence.

Huàn is used in exchange 3 for "changing" from one bus to another. It was used in earlier modules for "changing" from one currency to another.

U. A: Zānmen zài nǎr mǎi piào?

B: Zài chēshang mǎi piào.

Notes on No. 4

Although spelled zānmen, this word is actually pronounced zámen, and in everyday conversation even as zām. Both women and zānmen are translated as "we." Most speakers of Chinese outside Běijīng use only women.

Many Chinese from Běijīng use the pronoun women only when the person being spoken to is not included in the "we." To show that the person being spoken to IS included in the "we," zānmen is used.

For instance, if everyone in a room is Chinese, any one person could say to all of the others Zānmen dōu shi Zhòngguo rén, "All of us are Chinese." If an American then entered the room, someone might say to him Women shi Zhòngguo ren, nǐ shi Měiguo ren, "We are Chinese, and you are American.’*

The phrase zài chēshang consists of the verb zài followed by the noun chē plus the locational ending -shang. Some verbs like zài must be followed by a place word or phrase (or by time words or phrases). But not all nouns which refer to things which occupy space can be used as place words. You must learn which words can function as place words and which cannot.

Zhèr, nàr, relative location words (zuǒbianr, dōngbianr, wàibianr, etc.), and names of cities and countries may be used as place words. In general, nouns which refer to buildings, institutions, organizations, parks, and other specific locations may be used as place words. Nouns which refer to vehicles, people, books, furniture, and other things that can be moved around are NOT considered place words. When a noun from this group is to be used in a phrase with zài, either a locatiohal ending is added to the noun or the place word zhèr or nàr follows it.

Zài zhuōzishang you hěn duō There are many hooks on the table, shū.

Tā zài nèige zhuōzi nàr        He studies at that table,

niàn shū.

Locational endings: -shang, ’’on*'; -li, "in"; -wài, "outside"; and -xià, "under," are locational endings.

Tā zài lōuxià mai dōngxi.      He is buying things downstairs.

Fàndiànli you meiyou mài       Is there a place to buy candy in

tángde?                        the hotel?

You have learned three generally equivalent ways to form place expressions: noun + locational ending; noun followed by relative location word; noun + de followed by relative location word.

• 5. B: Hǎo, xiànzài zǒu ba!

  Okay, let’s go now!

  
  

Note on No. 5

Ba: You have seen the marker ba used in different situations at the ends of sentences. In each case, however, its effect was to soften the impact of whatever the speaker was saying. Here is a summary of the uses you have seen:

• a. After a phrase which puts forth an opinion or guess, ba adds a questioning tone (BIO, Unit 2).

Tā dàgài bù lai le ba? He’s probably not coming after all, is he?

Nǐ shi Wèi Shàoxiào ba? You must be Major Weiss.

• b. After a statement which puts forth a course of action, ba softens the tone. Ba may be used at the end of a sentence with a meaning ranging anywhere from tentative and consulting to suggesting or advising to requesting or ordering. (The tone of ba sentences varies according to the person being spoken to, the speaker’s tone of voice, and other words, such as qǐng, "please," in a sentence.) (MON, Unit 3)

  Nǐ zǒu "ba!

  Nǐ hǎohāor xiǎngxiang ta!

  Qing ba!

  Zánmen zǒu ba.

  Wǒ mǎi dàde ba.

  
  

Leave! (ORDERING)

You think it over carefully! (ADVISING)

Please go ahead! (INVITING)

Let’s go.   (SUGGESTING)

I guess I’ll get the large one. (TENTATIVE AND CONSULTING)

There is no single way to translate this use of ba. In the examples above, you can see that when the subject is "you," ba goes untranslated; when the subject is "we," ba is translated as "let's"; and when the subject is "I," ba is translated as "I guess."

Zuòguò le: To the main verb zuò, "to ride," "to take," the ending -guò is added to indicate the result of the action—"going past/too far." (The full verb guò means "to pass," "to cross.") The ending -guò may also be added to the verb zǒu, "to go," to indicate result.

Òu, nǐ zhǎo Nánwèi Hútong! Oh, you are looking for Nánwèi Hútong. Nǐ zǒuguò le! Nǐ dei          You have walked past it. You will

wàng huí zǒu.                   have to go back.

Aspect marker ne: You have frequently seen an aspect marker used to indicate a CHANGE: completion le shows that an action or process has been carried out (Tā zǒu le, "He has left"); new situation le marks a change in the past, present, or future (Tāde dàyī pole, "His coat is worn out"). In exchange 6, the aspect marker ne indicates the ABSENCE OF CHANGE. In this exchange, ne emphasizes that there has been no change in the situation. You may want to think of ne as the opposite of le.

The marker ne is used with ACTION and STATE verbs.

Tā xiānzāi niān shū ne.        He is studying now.

Tā zài zhèr ne.                 He’s here.

Zhèizhī bl hai kéyi xiě ne. This pen is still good (can still write).

Hai, "still," "yet": When this adverb is used, the sentence very often ends with the marker ne.

Míngtiān wǒ hai bù zǒu ne. I’m not leaving tomorrow (yet).

(i.e., I’ll still be here tomorrow.)

Tā hai méi lai ne.              He hasn’t come yet.

"Still" and "yet" may, however, be translated into Chinese with either hái or ne.

Tā hai méi lai.                 He hasn't come yet.

Tā méi lai ne.

Cai means "then and only then" or "not until then." It is used to talk about something that has happened or will happen later than expected.

Women míngtiān cái zǒu.        We don’t leave until tomorrow.

Sentences in which cái is used emphasize when something happened, rather than the fact that it happened. Therefore (shi)... -de, not le, is used to indicate completed action.

Tā (shi) bādiǎn zhōng cái He didn’t come until eight o’clock, láide.

Wo zuótiān cái dàode.          I didn’t arrive until yesterday.

Notice that the shi in the shi...-de construction may be omitted. Also, cái is placed AFTER a time word or phrase and BEFORE the verb.

You have learned three words for "then": Jiù, zài, cái. Jiù is used for action taking place earlier than expected. Cái and zài imply that something happens later than expected. Cái and Jiù are used in descriptions of completed or future action. Zài is used mostly for plans, suggestions, and commands—in reference to future actions.

Tā zuótiān jiù dào le.         He arrived yesterday (already).

Tā (shi) zuótiān cái láide.    He didn’t come until yesterday.

Nǐ míngtiān zài zǒu ba.’         Don’t go until tomorrow.’

Notice that, in the description of past events, most sentences containing jiù also contain the completion le marker.

7. C: Láojià, Shíwǔlù qìchēzhàn zài nar?

D: Jiù zài nèige lùkǒurshang.

Excuse me. Where is the Number 15 bus stop?

It’s (just) on that corner.

Note on No. 7

Lùkǒurshang, literally "on the intersection": LùkSur means "road mouth," a crossroads or intersection. The word is a place-word expression and may follow zài with or without the locational ending -shang.

DRILLS

• A. Substitution Drill

• 1. Speaker: Dào Beijing Zhǎnlǎnguǎn You: Dào Mínzú Fàndiàn you meiyou you meiyou zhídáchē?           zhídáchē?

(cue) Mínzú Fàndiàn          (is there a direct bus to the

(is there a direct bus           Nationalities Hotel?)

to the Běijīng

Exhibition Hall?)

• 2, Dào Mínzú Fàndiàn you meiyou zhídáchē?    Sānlitún

• 3. Dào Sānlitún you meiyou zhídáchē?    Xīdān

U. Dào Xīdān you meiyou zhídáchē? Dōngdān Càishichǎng

• 5. Dào Dōngdān Càishichǎng you meiyou zhídáchē?

Dōngdān Diànyingyuàn

• 6. Dào Dōngdān Diànyingyuàn you meiyou zhídáchē?

Jiānádà Wǔguānchù

• 7. Dào Jiānádà Wǔguānchù you meiyou zhídáchē?

Dào Sānlitún you meiyou zhídáchē?

Dào Xīdān yōu meiyou zhídáchē?

Dào Dōngdān Càishichǎng you meiyou zhídáchē ?

Dào Dōngdān Diànyingyuàn yōu meiyou zhídáchē?

Dào Jiānádà Wǔguānchù yōu meiyou zhídáchē?

• B. Response Drill

• 1. Speaker: Dào Beijing Zhǎnlǎnguǎn yōu meiyou zhídáchē? (cue) Xīdān

(is there a direct bus to the Běijīng Exhibition Hall?)

• 2. Dào Sānlitún yōu meiyou zhídáchē?    Dōngdān

• 3. Dào Guānghuá Lù yōu meiyou zhídáchē?    tāmen nàr

You: Meiyou, děi zài Xīdān huàn chē. (There isn’t. You have to change buses at Xīdān.)

Meiyou, děi zài Dōngdān huàn chē.

Máiyou, děi zài tāmen nàr huàn chē.

U. Dào Dōngdān Diànyǐngyuàn you meiyou zhídǎchē? Qiǎnmén

• 5. Dào Jiānǎdà Wǔguānchù you meiyou zhídǎchē? Xīdān

• 6. Dào Qiánmén you meiyou zhídǎchē? Dōngdān

• 7. Dào Wǎngfǔjīng Dàjiē you meiyou zhídǎchē? càishichāng nàr

Meiyou, dēi zài Qiǎnmén huàn chē

Meiyou, dēi zài Xīdān huàn chē.

Meiyou, dēi zài Dōngdān huàn chē

Meiyou, dēi zài càishichāng nàr huàn chē.

C. Expansion Drill

• 1. Speaker: dào nàr qù (cue) jǐ (to go there)

OR dào zhǎnlǎnguǎn qù (cue) 3

(to go to the exhibition hall)

• 2. dào Dōngdān qù

• 3. dào nàr qù

U.  dào Xīnhuǎ Shūdiàn qù

5.  dào Sānlǐtún qù 6. dào Dōngdān Càishichāng qù You: Dào nàr qù zuò Jīlù chē?

(What Cnumber2 bus do you take to go there?)

Dào zhǎnlǎnguǎn qù zuò Sānlù chē.

(To go to the exhibition hall, take the Number 3 bus.)

Dào Dōngdān qù zuò Sānlù chē.

Dào nàr qù zuò jīlù chē?

Dào Xīnhuǎ Shūdiàn qù zuò Yīlù chē.

Dào Sānlǐtún qù zuò Wulù chē.

Dào Dōngdān Càishichāng qù zuò jīlù chē?

D. Response Drill

• 1. Speaker: Nín xiān zuò Yīlù chē, zuò dao Xīdān huàn chē.

(You first take the Number 1 bus. Take it to Xīdān and change buses.)

You: Wō xiān zuò Yīlù chē, zuò dao Xīdān huàn chē, duì bu dui?

(I first take the Number 1 bus. I take it to Xīdān and change buses. Right?)

• 2. Nín xiān zuò Sānlù chē, zuò dao Wángfǔjīng Dàjiē huàn chē.

• 3. NÍn xiān zuò Liùlù chē, zuò dao Dōngdān huàn chē.

U. Nín xiān zuò Wulù chē, zuò dao Qiánmen huàn chē.

• 5. NÍn xiān zuò Shílù chē, zuò dao Sānlǐtún huàn chē.

• 6. Nín xiān zuò Qílù chē, zuò dao Rìtān Lù huàn chē.

• 7. Nín xiān zuò Shíèrlù chē, zuò dao Guānghuá Lù huàn chē.

Wo xiān zuò Sānlù chē, zuò dao Wángfǔjǐng Dàjiē huàn chē, duì bu dui?

Wǒ xiān zuò Liùlù chē, zuò dao Dōngdān huàn chē, duì bu dui?

Wo xiān zuò Wǔlù chē, zuò dao Qiánmán huàn chē, duì bu dui?

Wo xiān zuò Shílù chē, zuò dao Sānlǐtún huàn chē, duì bu dui?

Wo xiān zuò Qílù chē, zuò dao Rìtān Lù huàn chē, duì bu dui?

Wǒ xiān zuò Shíèrlù chē, zuò dao Guānghuá Lù huàn chē, duì bu dui?

• E. Response Drill

• 1. Speaker: Dào nàr qù xiān zuò Sānlù chē, ránhòu zuò Wǔlù chē.

(To go there, first

take the Number 3 bus; then take the Number 5 bus.)

• 2. Dào Zhǎnlǎnguǎn qù xiān zuò Yilù chē, ránhòu zuò Sìlù chē.

• 3. Dào Wángfǔjǐng Dàjiē qù xiān zuò Èrlù chē, ránhòu zuò Wǔlù chē.

H. Dào Rìtán Lù qù xiān zuò Qílù chē, ránhòu zuò Sānlù chē.

You: Wǒ xiān zuò Sānlù chē, ránhòu zuò Wǔlù chē. Qǐngwèn, zài nǎr huàn chē?

(I first take the Number 3 bus; then take the Number 5 bus. May I ask, where do I change buses?)

chē?

• 5. Dào Sānlǐtún qù xiān zuò Liùlù chē, ránhòu zuò Èrlù chē.

• 6. Dào Rìtán Lù qù xiān zuò Shílù chē, ránhòu zuò Qílù chē.

Wo xiān zuò Liùlù chē, ránhòu zuò Èrlù chē. Qǐngwèn, zài nǎr huàn chē?

Wǒ xiān zuò Shílù chē, ránhòu zuò Qílù chē. Qǐngwèn, zài nǎr huàn chē?

• 7. Dào Xīdān qù xiān zuò Shíwùlù chē, ránhòu zuò Liùlù chē.

Wǒ xiān zuò Shíwùlù chē, ránhòu zuò Liùlù chē. Qǐngwèn, zài nǎr huàn chē?

• F. Expansion Drill

• 1. Speaker: Zánmen zài nǎr mǎi piào?

(cue) chēshang (Where do we buy tickets?)

• 2. Zánmen zài nǎr mǎi piào? zhèr

• 3. Zánmen zài nǎr mǎi piào? nar

U. Zánmen zài nǎr mǎi piào? Dōngdān nàr

• 5. Zánmen zài nǎr mǎi piào? chēshang

• 6. Zánmen zài nǎr mǎi piào? càishichǎng nàr

• 7. Zánmen zài nǎr mǎi piào? Xīdān nàr

You: Zánmen zài nǎr mǎi piào? Zài chēshang mǎi piào ma?

(Where do we buy tickets? Do we buy them on the bus?)

Zánmen zài nǎr mǎi piào? Zài zhèr mǎi piào ma?

Zánmen zài nǎr mǎi piào? Zài nàr mǎi piào ma?

Zánmen zài nǎr mǎi piào? Zài Dōngdān nàr mǎi piào ma?

Zánmen zài nǎr mǎi piào? Zài chēshang mǎi piào ma?

Zánmen zài nǎr mǎi piào? Zài càishichǎng nàr mǎi piào ma?

Zánmen zài nǎr mǎi piào? Zài Xīdān nàr mǎi piào ma?

G. Transformation Drill

• 1. Speaker: Zánmen jiùdiǎn zhōng shàng bān.

(We start work at nine o’clock.)

• 2. Women wùdiǎnbàn xià bān.

• 3. Women xià yízhàn xià chē.

U. YÍnháng Jiùdiǎn zhōng kāi men.

• 5. Women xià yízhàn huàn chē.

You: Zánmen jiùdiǎn zhōng cái shàng bān.

(We don’t start work until nine o * clock.)

Women wùdiǎnbàn cái xià bān.

Women xià yízhàn cái xià chē.

YÍnháng jiùdiǎn zhōng cái kāi men.

Women xià yízhàn cái huàn chē.

• 6. Tāmen liùdiǎn zhōng xià "ban.

Tāmen liùdiǎn zhōng cāi xià han.

• 7. Tāmen shídiǎn zhōng shàng han. Tāmen shídiǎn zhōng cāi shàng hān.

  • H. Response Drill

  • 1. Speaker: Nānjīng Dōnglù dào le ma?

  (cue) hai měi ne

  (Have we reached Nānjīng Dōnglù?)

  OR Nānjīng Dōnglù dào le ma?

  (cue) dào le

  (Have we reached Nānjīng Dōnglù?)

  • 2. Zhōnghuá Lù dào le ma? hāi mei ne

  • 3. Dàlī Jiē dào le ma? dào le

  U. Zhōngshān Běilù dào le ma? hāi mei ne

  5. Hépíng Xīlù dào le ma? dào le

  6. Jīlōng Lù dào le ma? hāi méi ne

  
  

  You: Hāi méi ne. Xià yízhàn cāi xià chē.

  (Not yet. We don’t get off until the next stop.)

  Dào le. Women zài zhèr xià chē.

  (We have already arrived. We get off here.)

  Hāi méi ne. Xià yízhàn cāi xià chē

  Dào le. Women zài zhèr xià chē.

  Hāi méi ne. Xià yízhàn cāi xià chē

  Dào le. Women zài zhèr xià chē.

  
  

  Hāi méi ne. Xià yízhàn cāi xià chē

  
  

I. Response Drill

J. Expansion Drill

(in Taipei)

1. A: Ài, jìchēngchē!

B: Nǐ dào nǎli?

A: Dào huǒchēzhān.

2, ⁵B: Zhǐ you zhè yíjiàn xíngli ma?

A: Shi.

3. ⁵B: Wǒ bǎ xíngli fàng zai qiánbian.

U. A: Nǐ kāide tài kuài le!

• 5. C: Tā kāi chē, kāide bú kuài.

• 6. A: Women you shíjiǎn, láidejí.

• 7. A: Qǐng màn yìdiān kāi.

• 8. ⁶ A: Bié kāi nàme kuài!

• 9. B: Zhè shi nínde xíngli.

• A: Xièxie. Duōshao qiān?

• B: Èr shiqīkuài.

A: Zhè shi sānshikuài, bú yòng zhǎo le.

• 10. A: Qǐng ni zài qiánbian nèige yínhāng ting yíxià.

B: Hǎo. Wǒ bǎ chē ting zai nèibian deng nín.

Hey, taxi!

Where are you going?

To the train station.

Is there only this one piece of luggage?

Yes.

I’ll put the suitcase in front.

You are driving too fast!

He doesn’t drive fast.

We have time. We can make it in time.

Please drive a little slower.

Don’t drive so fast!

Here is your suitcase.

Thank you. How much is it Ethe fare J?

Twenty-seven dollars.

Here’s thirty dollars. Keep the change, (literally, ”No need to give me change.”)

Please stop at that bank up ahead for a moment.

Okay. I’ll park the car over there and wait for you.

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)

Shànghǎi-made auto

in Guangzhou, 1978

VOCABULARY

(introduced in Communication Game)

Right on time.

REFERENCE NOTES

• 1. A: Ài, jìchéngchē!

B: Nǐ dào náli?

A: Dào huǒchēzhàn.

Hey, taxi!

Where are you going?

To the train station.

Note on No. 1

Nǐ dào náli? This expression, like the English "Where to?" is not a full sentence. The taxi driver is using a shortened form of Nǐ dào náli qù?

Notes on Nos. 2-3

Zhè yíjiàn xíngli: -Jiàn is the counter for xíngli.

Bǎ is a prepositional verb which often cannot be directly translated into English. Originally, as a full verb, bǎ meant "to hold something with one's hands." Today bǎ is usually used as a prepositional verb which brings the direct object to the front of the sentence, before the main verb. In some cases, bǎ may be translated as "take."

Tā bǎ zhèiběn shū fàng         He put the book on the table,

zai zhuōzishang.              (He took the book and put it on

the table.)

But, in many cases, the meaning of "take" does not correspond to the function of bǎ in the sentence.

Bǎ may be used with many types of objects, concrete and abstract. As a prepositional verb, bǎ shows that its object (the noun which follows) is the direct object in the sentence, even though it does not follow the main verb.

Tā mài tāde qìchē le.          He sold his car.

Tā bǎ tāde qìchē mài le.

The next questions are "Why use bǎ?" and "When is bǎ used?" On the next page are some basic rules for using bā.

• a. The object in a ba phrase must be a particular known thing. This rule follows the general pattern in Chinese of an object preceding the verb, in topic position or in a bǎ phrase, being specific.⁷ The object in a bǎ phrase should be translated by the English definite article "the" or by other words that indicate definiteness, such as "that" and "my."

Nǐ you xíngli ma?            Do you have any luggage?

You. Zhǐ you zhè yíjiàn.    Yes. I have only this one piece.

Hǎo. Wǒ bǎ xíngli fàngzai   Okay. I will put the suitcase in

qianbian.                      front.

• b. The object of a bǎ phrase must be at the disposal of the subject before the action begins. Thus the object of kànjian, "to see," cannot be used with bǎ, nor can the object of mǎi, "to buy."

Wǒ mǎile nèibǎn shū.         I bought the book.

Wo bǎ nèiběn shū mài le. I sold the book.

• c. Fàng zai qiánbian: The verb in a bǎ sentence is usually a transitive ACTION verb. An action verb refers to an activity that can be done voluntarily, either physically (mài, "to sell") or mentally (niàn, "to study"). Contrast this with a state verb, which refers to a quality or condition that the subject has no control over.

For instance, you can decide to study or to learn something, so xué is an action verb. But you cannot decide to know something, so zhīdao is a state verb. Although some state verbs, like zhīdao and xīhuan, are transitive, the objects of these verbs cannot be put in a bǎ phrase because these verbs are not action verbs.

• d. A bǎ sentence does not end with only a verb of one syllable. Either the verb has several syllables or a phrase follows the verb. In the final sentence of exchange 3, the action verb fang is followed by zai and the destination qiánbian.

U. A: Nǐ kāide tài kuài le!          You are driving too fast!

Notes on No. U

-de: To describe how action is performed, the marker -de is added to the verb describing the action, and that verb is followed by an adjectival verb which expresses the MANNER in which the action takes place.

Cultural information: Taxi drivers are not offended by comments about their driving such as the exclamation in exchange U. If ignored, a request to slow down should be repeated.

5. C: Tā kāi chē, kāide bú kuài.

Notes on No. 5

Verb, object, and the description of manner: If an action verb with a direct object is to be described in terms of how the action is done, use the following pattern.

"He speaks Chinese too/very/not slowly."

Notice that the main verb and direct object occur first; then the main verb is repeated, followed by -de and the description of manner. Compare the pattern above with the pattern you learned in the Biographic Information Module, Unit 8: W5 niàn Yīngwěn niànle liùnián, "I studied English for six years."

The main verb is repeated when BOTH the direct object and a duration phrase or a description of manner MUST follow the verb directly. In such a case, Chinese handles this post-verb "traffic jam" by making a topic out of the more general information (what is being done): the verb and direct object. The more specific information about how the action is done becomes the comment. A literal translation of the pattern example above is "As for (the way) he speaks Chinese, (he) speaks too/very/not slowly."

A special point to observe: In English, we may say "He doesn’t speak Chinese slowly," putting the negative word before "speak." In Chinese, the negation must be placed directly in front of the word that is referred to (in the example, man, "slow"—not saying that he doesn’t speak, but saying that his speech is not slow).

Linguists have pointed out the potentially comical effect of using English word order for sentences in Chinese with manner descriptions.

If you were to use English word order to say ”1 can’t speak Chinese very well," Wǒ hú huì shuō Zhongguo huà hěn hǎo, your sentence would mean, literally, "(The fact that) I can’t speak Chinese is very good." The right way to say "I can't speak Chinese very well" is Wǒ shuō Zhongguo huà shuōde hú tài hǎo.

Notes on Nos. 6-7

ShiJ iān: You now know two words for "time": shíhou and shíjiān. Shíjiān is used for an amount of time. Shíhou is usually used for a point or period in time when something happens.

Láidejí is an idiom meaning "ahle to make it on time Cto do something]." The negative, "not ahle to make it on time," is láibují. (See the Meeting Module for additional discussion of such idioms.)

Qǐng man yìdiǎn kāi, "Please drive a little slower": In the notes on exchange 5, you learned a pattern for describing manner: verb + -de + adjectival verb. In this sentence, however, the adjectival verb man + yìdiǎn precede the verb kāi. When the adjectival verbs man, kuài, zǎo, and wǎn are followed by yìdiǎn, the phrases thus formed may either precede or follow the verb of the sentence.

The marker -de is optional, and usually omitted, before adjectival verb + yìdiǎn phrases.

Note on No. 8

Here you see a third way to describe the performance of an action.

First, you saw a straight description:

Nǐ kāide tài kuài le!          You are driving too fast!

OR

Tā niàn shū niànde bu cuò. She is doing pretty well in her studies.

Then, you saw a command in which an adjectival verb + yìdiǎn phrase could be placed either before or after the main sentence verb:

Qǐng màn yìdiǎn kāi.           Please drive a little slower.

Qǐng kāi màn yìdiǎn.

Now, in Bié kāi nàme kuài, you see a negative command. The modifying adjectival verb follows the main verb. The marker -de is optional, and usually omitted, as long as the adjectival verb is preceded by nàme or zhème (zěnme).

Bié zǒu nàme màn le!           Quit walking so slowly!

Bié qǐlai zenme wan!           Don’t get up so late!

Nǐ zǒu nàme màn, zànmen Jiu If you walk so slowly, we won’t láibují le!                     make it in time!

Notes on No. 9

Èrshiqǐkuài: This money phrase does not contain the word qian because the counter kuài can stand alone if the reference could clearly be only to money. Other counters for money, such as mao and fēn, usually require the addition of qián.

Bú yòng zhǎo le: Bú yòng is an idiom meaning "no need to." A more literal translation of the sentence is "No need to give me change." Nǐ bú yòng kāi name kuài would be translated as "There’s no need for you to drive that fast."⁸

Note on No. 10

Yíxià, "awhile," is used to indicate a short, indefinite amount of time. The use of this word communicates indefiniteness, Just as reduplicating the verb would have done (tíngyitíng). The first speaker in this exchange does not commit himself to an exact length of time.

DRILLS

A. Expansion Drill

2. Women yōu sānshifēn zhōng,         Tài yuān. Jiù you sānshifēn zhōng,

láidejí láibují? tài yuān       láibují.

3. Women yōu èrshifēn zhōng,          Hěn jin. Yōu èrshifēn zhōng, láidejí

láidejí láibují? hěn J in

• G. Response Drill

  1. Speaker: Èrshiqīkuài.

  (cue) bù

  (Twenty-seven dollars.)

  
  

  You: Zhè shi sānshikuài. Bú yòng zhǎo le.

  (Here’s thirty dollars. Keep the change.)

  
  

OR Èrshiqīkuài.                    Zhè shi sānshikuài. Qǐng ni

• H. Expansion Drill

• 1. Speaker: Qǐng ni ting yíxià. (cue) yínháng

(Please stop for a moment.)

• 2. Qing ni ting yíxià. càishichǎng

• 3. Qǐng ni ting yíxià. diànyingyuàn

U. Qǐng ni ting yíxià. shūdiàn

• 5. Qǐng ni ting yíxià. xuéxiào

• 6. Qǐng ni ting yíxià. fàndiàn

• 7. Qǐng ni ting yíxià.

yínháng

You? Qǐng ni zài nèige yínháng ting yíxià.

(Please stop at that bank for a moment.)

Qǐng ni zài nèige càishichǎng ting yíxià.

Qǐng ni zài nèige diànyingyuàn ting yíxià.

Qǐng ni zài nèige shūdiàn ting yíxià.

Qǐng ni zài nèige xuéxiào ting yíxià.

Qǐng ni zài nèige fàndiàn ting yíxià.

Qǐng ni zài nèige yínháng ting yíxià.

UNIT 4

REFERENCE LIST

(in Taipei)

• 1. A: Wo xiǎng qù Tǎinǎn wan jitiān.

• 2. A: Zuò Gōnglùjú xíng bu xfng?⁹

• B: Dào Tainan qù zuò Gōnglùjú bú dà fāngbian.

• 3. C: Shi zuò huǒchē qu hǎo ne, hǎishi zuò Gōnglùjú qu hǎo ne?

• D: Zuò huǒchē qu hǎo.

• 4. E: Ni shuō shi zuò huǒchē qu hǎo ne, hǎishi zuò Gōnglùjú qu hǎo ne?

• F: Dào Tǎinǎn zuò huǒchē zuì fāngbian.

• 5. A: Dei xiān mǎi piào ma?

• B: Nì zuì hǎo liǎngsāntiǎn yíqiǎn qù mǎi piào.

• 6. A: Zuò Gōnglùjú yě děi xiān mǎi piào ma?

• B: Bú bì xiān mǎi piào.

• 7. B: Nǐ yào zuò shěnme shíhoude chē?

• A: Wo yào zuò shàngwude chē.

• 8. B: Duìbuqǐ, shàngwude piào dōu màiwǎn le.

I’m thinking of going to Tainan to relax for a few days.

Would it be all right to take the bus?

To go to Tainan, it’s not very convenient to take the bus.

Is it better to go by train or to go by bus?

It’s better to go by train.

Would you say it’s better to go by train or to go by bus?

To Tainan, it’s most convenient to take the train.

Is it necessary to buy tickets ahead of time?

It would be best for you to go to buy your tickets two or three days ahead of time.

If I take the bus, is it also necessary to buy tickets ahead of time?

It’s not necessary to buy tickets ahead of time.

What train do you want to take?

I want to take a morning train.

I’m sorry, the tickets for the morning trains are all sold out.

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)

verbs of result)

VOCABULARY

(introduced on C-2 tape)

REFERENCE NOTES

1. A: Wǒ xiǎng qù Tainan wǎn jitiān. I’m thinking of going to Tainan to relax for a few days.

Note on No. 1

The basic meaning of the verb wan is "to play." It is often best translated into English as "to relax," "to enjoy oneself."

Notes on No. 2

Gōnglùjú, "the Bureau of Highways" in Taiwan, is the agency which administers the island’s intercity bus system. The phrase zuò Gōnglùjú means "to take a Bureau of Highways bus." This phrasing is analogous to "I’m going by Greyhound." In talking about the buses themselves, you would have to say Gōnglùjúde chē, "the buses of the Bureau of Highways":

Gōnglùjúde chē hěn shūfu. The buses of the Bureau of Highways are very comfortable. (shūfu, "to be comfortable")

Sentences containing both dào and zuò phrases: The zuò phrase usually comes first in a sentence with both a prepositional phrase expressing destination (dào...) and a prepositional phrase expressing means of conveyance (zuò...).However, if the destination is being stressed, the dào phrase may be placed at the beginning of the sentence, in the topic position. (See the second sentence in exchange 2.)

Tā měitiān zuò gōnggòng        He rides the bus to school every

qìchē dào xuexiào lǎi.         day.

Dào yínhǎng qù, tā bú zuò To go to the bank, he doesn’t take gōnggòng qìchē. Tā            the bus. He walks there,

zǒu lù qu.

Bú dà might also be translated as "not too," "not so."

Notes on No. 3

Shi...háishi: In a choice-type question, shi and háishi serve to mark off the choices more clearly. Below are some of the most common ways of asking the question "Do you want the red one or the yellow one?"

Nǐ yǎo hóngde, háishi yào huángde? (PREFERRED FORMS)

Ni shi yào hongde, háishi yào huángde?

Nǐ yào hóngde, huángde? (FAMILIAR, VERY COLLOQUIAL; NO PAUSE AT COMMA)

Nǐ shi yào hóngde, shi yào huángde? (LEAST PREFERRED; shi UNSTRESSED HERE)

The marker ne clarifies the choices in a choice-type question. Ne may be placed after one or the other choice or after both choices.

Nǐ Jīntiān qù ne, háishi Are you going today or tomorrow? míngtiān qù?

Nǐ Jīntiān qù, háishi míngtiān

qù ne?

Nǐ Jīntiān qù ne, shi míngtiān

qù ne? (COMMUNICATES GENUINE PERPLEXITY)

Zuò huǒchē qu hǎo; Here a whole phrase, which could also be a sentence is used as the subject of the sentence.

Hǎo is translated here as "better," not as "good." Adjectival verbs used alone (i.e., not modified by words such as hen and tài) usually express comparison.

Neige xuésheng hǎo?            Which student is better?

Shéi kuài?                      Who is faster?

Note on No. 4

When nǐ shuō begins a question, the phrase is translated as "would you say" or "do you think."

Notes on No. $

The adverb xiān may sometimes be translated as "ahead of time," "beforehand."

Zuì hǎo, "best," acts as an adverb in exchange 5» coming after the subject nǐ in the second sentence. Zuì hǎo is used to offer advice politely not to warn a person that he had "better" or "best" do something.

Liǎngsāntiān: When approximate amounts, such as "two or three," are given in Chinese, the numbers are read together, with no equivalent of "or." This system is also used when two words are combined to indicate an approximate date.

sìwùge rén                 four or five people

mínghòutiān                tomorrow or the day after

Qībāyuè                    July or August

Liǎngsāntiān yǐqián: For "ahead of time," "in advance," yǐqián is used (instead of xiān) when the amount of time is stated. Yǐqián follows the word indicating the amount of time.

Nǐ děi xiān qù mǎi piào. You have to go ahead of time to buy tickets.

Nǐ děi liǎngsāntiān yǐqián You have to go two or three days qù mǎi piào.                    ahead of time to buy tickets.

Notes on No. 6

Zuò Gōnglùjú, "if I take the bus": The beginning of the first sentence in exchange 6 is translated with an "if" in English. Literally, the Chinese sentence is "Take the bus, also have to beforehand buy tickets?" In a sense the "if" part of the sentence is a kind of topic in Chinese, providing the setting for the second part of the sentence. In Chinese, the setting or condition can often be put in the topic position. In English, a particular word must be used to clarify the relationship of the first part of the sentence to the second part.

If I take the bus,....

„ v                     When one takes the bus.....

Zuo Gonglùjú,.... ----

For taking the bus,....

To take the bus,....

Bú bì, "not necessary," "don’t have to," is the phrase to use as the negative of the auxiliary dei, "must," "have to." Děi cannot be made negative.*

Note on No. 7

Shénme shíhoude chē has been translated simply as "what train." More literally, the phrase means "a train (arriving at) what time."

*"Must not" as in "You must not go" can be translated as bù néng: Nǐ bù néng qù.

8. B: Duibuqí, shàngwǔde piào dōu I’m sorry, the tickets for the màiwán le.                      morning trains are all sold out.

Notes on No. 8

Wan, "to end," "to he over," cannot take a direct object.

Wánle ma?                   Is it over?

Wánle meiyou?              Is it over yet?

Hái méi wán ne.             It isn’t over yet.

By itself, the expression Wan le! means "That’s all," "There’s no more," or "That’s it!" People often end speeches and recordings with Wán le!

Màiwán le, "to he sold out," literally "sell finished": Here is another example of a compound verh of result.¹⁰ Compound verbs of result communicate both the action being performed and its result. In compound verbs of result, the first verb indicates the action; and the second, the result. Not every action verb is used in compound verbs of result, nor are verbs indicating the result always predictable.

All examples which have been presented in this and previous modules occur with completion le.

When -wán is used as an ending, it indicates finishing, as in Wǒ hái méi shuōwán, "I haven’t finished speaking yet," or depletion, as in màiwán le, "sold out," and yǒngwán le, "used up." In English, you might Just say "finished," without indicating what you have finished doing. In Chinese, the action which has been finished is usually mentioned.

Wǒ chīwán le.               I have finished eating.

Wo huàwán le.               I have finished drawing.

Wo kànwán le.               I have finished reading.

Wǒ hái méi shuōwán ne.     I have not finished talking yet.

Tā hái méi zuòwán ne.      He has not finished (doing some

thing) yet.

DRILLS

A. Response Drill

1. Speaker: Nǐ qù náli?              You: Wo xiǎng qù Táinán wan jitiān.

(cue) Táinán                (I’m thinking of going to

(Where are you going?)          Tainan to relax for a few

days.)

You: Dào Táinán qù zuò Gōnglùjú xíng bu xíng?

(To go to Tainan, would it be all right to take the bus?)

Dào Jiāyì qù zuò huǒchē xíng bu xíng?

Dào Gāoxiōng qù zuò zhídáchē xíng bu xíng?

Dào Táidōng qù zuò jìchéngchē xíng bu xíng?

Dào Huālián qù zuò huǒchē xíng bu xíng?

Dào Jīlōng qù zuò jìchéngchē xíng bu xíng?

Dào Táizhōng qù zuò Gōnglùjú xíng bu xíng?

• C. Response Drill

• 1. Speaker: Zuò gōnggòng qìchē xíng bu xíng? (cue) kěshi bú dà

(Would it be all right to take the bus?)

OR Zuò gōnggòng qìchē xíng bu xíng? (cue) zuì

(Would it be all right to take the bus?)

• 2. Zuò huǒchē xíng bu xíng? kěshi bú dà

• 3. Zuò Gōnglùjú xíng bu xíng? zuì

• 4. Zuò Jìchěngchē xíng bu xíng? zuì

• 5. Zuò Sānlù chē xíng bu xíng? kěshi bú dà

• 6, Zuò Wulù chē xíng bu xíng? zuì

You: Zuò gōnggòng qìchē xíng, kěshi bú dà fāngbian.

(it would be all right to take the bus, but it’s not very convenient.)

Zuò gōnggòng qìchē xíng, zuì fāngbian.

(it would be all right to take the bus; it’s most convenient.)

Zuò huǒchē xíng, kěshi bú dà fāngbian.

Zuò Gōnglùjú xíng, zuì fāngbian.

Zuò Jìchěngchē xíng, zuì fāngbian.

Zuò Sānlù chē xíng, kěshi bú dà fāngbian.

Zuò Wǔlù chē xíng, zuì fāngbian.

• D. Expansion Drill

• 1. Speaker: Zuò huǒchē hǎo bu hǎo?

(cue) Gōnglùjú (is it all right to take the train?)

• 2. Jīntiān qù hǎo bu hao? míngtiān

• 3. Zuò Gōnglùjú hǎo bu hǎo? Jìchěngchē

U. Míngtiān qù hǎo bu hǎo? hòutiān

• 5. Zuò huǒchē hǎo bu hǎo? qìchē

You: Nǐ shuō shi zuò huǒchē qu hǎo ne, hǎishi zuò Gōnglùjú qu hǎo ne?

(Would you say it’s better to go by train or to go by bus?)

Nǐ shuō, jīntiān qù hǎo ne, hǎishi míngtiān qù hǎo ne?

Nǐ shuō shi zuò Gōnglùjú qu hǎo ne, hǎishi zuò jìchěngchē qu hǎo ne?

Nǐ shuō, míngtiān qù hǎo ne, hǎishi hòutiān qù hǎo ne?

Nǐ shuō shi zuò huǒchē qu hǎo ne, hǎishi zuò qìchē qu hǎo ne?

• 6. Jīntiān qù hǎo hu hǎo? míngtiān

• 7. Zuò fēijī hǎo hu hǎo? huochē

Nǐ shuō, jīntiān qù haǒ ne, háishi míngtiān qù hǎo ne?

Nǐ shuō shi zuò fēijī qu hǎo ne, háishi zuò huǒchē qu hǎo ne?

• E. Response Drill

• 1. Speaker: Dei xiān mǎi piào ma?

(cue) yes

(Is it necessary to buy tickets ahead, of time?)

OR Dei xiān mǎi piào ma?

(cue) no

(is it necessary to buy tickets ahead, of time?)

• 2. Dei xiān niàn Zhōngguo lìshī ma? yes

• 3. Dei xiān zuò Yílù chē ma? no

• H. Dei xiān dào Xīdān ma?    yes

• 5. Dei xiān huàn qián ma?    no

• 6. Dei xiān qù kàn gēge ma? no

You: Dei xiān mǎi piào.

(It's necessary to buy tickets ahead, of time.)

Bu bì xiān mǎi piào.

(it's not necessary to buy tickets ahead of time.)

Dei xiān niàn Zhōngguo lìshǐ.

Bú bì xiān zuò Yílù chē.

Dei xiān dào Xīdān.

Bú bì xiān huàn qián.

Bú bì xiān qù kàn gēge.

F. Response Drill

• 1. Speaker: Dei xiān mǎi piào ma? (cue) 2 or 3 days (is it necessary to buy tickets ahead of time?)

OR Dei xiān mǎi piào ma? (cue) no (is it necessary to buy tickets ahead of time?)

You: Nǐ zuì hǎo liǎngsāntiān yīqián mǎi piào.

(it would be best for you to buy your tickets two or three days ahead of time.)

Bú bì xiān mǎi piào.

(it's not necessary to buy tickets ahead of time.)

• 2. Dei xiān mǎi piào ma?              Nǐ zuì hǎo liǎngtiān yīqián mǎi piào

2 days

• 3. Dei xiān huàn qián ma? H or 5 days

• H. Děi xiān qù kàn gēge ma? no

• 5. Dei xiān kàn zhèiběn shū ma?

• 3 days

• 6. Děi xiān huàn qián ma? no

Ni zuì hǎo sìwǔtiān yiqián huàn qián.

Bú hi xiān qù kàn gēge.

Ni zuì hǎo sāntiān yiqián kàn zhěiběn shū.

Bú bì xiān huàn qián.

• G. Response Drill

• 1. Speaker: Ni yào zuò shénme shíhoude chē? (cue) shàngwǔ

(What train do you want to take?)

• 2. Ni yào zuò jidiǎn zhongde chē? xiàwǔ 2:10

• 3. NÌ yào zuò shénme shíhoude chē? wǎnshang

U. Ni yào zuò Jidiǎn zhongde chē? zǎoshang 9:50

• 5. Ni yào zuò shénme shíhoude chē? shàngwu

• 6. Ni yào zuò Jidiǎn zhongde chē? shàngwu ll:U0

• 7. Ni yào zuò shénme shíhoude chē? xiàwǔ

You: Wo yào zuò shàngwǔde chē.

(I want to take a morning train.)

Wo yào zuò xiàwǔ liǎngdiǎn shífēnde chē.

Wǒ yào zuò wǎnshangde chē.

Wǒ yào zuò zǎoshang Jiǔdiǎn wǔshifēnde chē.

Wo yào zuò shàngwǔde chē.

Wǒ yào zuò shàngwǔ shíyīdiǎn sìshifēnde chē.

Wǒ yào zuò xiàwǔde chē.

• H. Transformation Drill

• 1. Speaker: Qingwèn, shàngwǔde chēpiào hái you meiyou?

(May I ask, are there still tickets for the morning train?)

• 2. Qingwèn, dào Táinán qùde chēpiào hái you meiyou?

• 3. Qingwèn, míngtiān shàngwǔde chēpiào hái you meiyou?

U. Qingwèn, dào Huālián qùde chēpiào hái you meiyou?

• 5. Qingwèn, Jīntiān xiàwǔde chēpiào hái you meiyou?

• 6. Qǐngwèn, dào Gāoxiōng qùde chēpiào hái you meiyou?

• 7. Qingwèn, míngtiānde chēpiào hái you meiyou?

You? Qingwèn, shàngwǔde chēpiào dōu màiwán le meiyou?

(May I ask, are the tickets for the morning trains all sold out?)

Qingwèn, dào Táinán qùde chēpiào dōu màiwán le meiyou?

Qingwèn, míngtiān shàngwǔde chēpiào dōu màiwán le meiyou?

Qingwèn, dào Huālián qùde chēpiào dōu màiwán le meiyou?

Qingwèn, Jīntiān xiàwǔde chēpiào dōu màiwán le meiyou?

Qingwèn, dào Gāoxiōng qùde chēpiào dōu màiwán le meiyou?

Qingwèn, míngtiānde chēpiào dōu màiwán le meiyou?

(in Běijīng)

• 1. A: Wo ye xiǎng dào Nānjīng qù kànkan.

• B: Nǐ jìhua něitiān qù?

A: Míngtiān huòshi hòutiān qù dōu keyi.

• 2. A: Shanghai lí Nanjing you duō yuan?

• B: You liǎngbǎiwǔshiduō gōnglǐ.

• 3. A: Zuò huǒchē yào zǒu duōshao shíhou?

• B: Dàgài yào zǒu sìge bàn xiaoshí.

• U. C: Yào zǒu bànge xiaoshí.

• 5. B: Ni jìhua zài Nānjīng zhù jǐtiān?

• A: Zhèi shi wǒ dìyīcì dào Nānjīng qù. Yǐqiān méi qùguo. Nǐ shuō liǎngtiān gòu bu gou?

• B: Liǎngtiān gòu le.

• 6. A: Měitiān you jǐtàng chē?

• A: Xiàwǔ you meiyou chē?

A: Wo xīwang xiàwǔ líkāi zhèr.

• 7. ¹¹ B: Shísāndiǎn ling wǔfēn you yìbān tèkuài.

I would also like to go to Nānjīng to look around.

What day do you plan to go?

Tomorrow and (or) the day after are both possible.

How far is Shanghai from Nānjīng?

It’s over 250 kilometers.

How long does it take to go by train?

It probably takes four and a half hours.

It takes half an hour.

How many days do you plan to stay in Nanjīng?

This will be the first time I have gone to Nānjīng. I haven’t gone there before. Would you say two days are enough?

Two days are enough.

How many trips are there each day?

Are there trains in the afternoon?

I hope to leave here in the afternoon.

There’s an express at 1305.

8«,¹²B: Shísāndiǎn ling wǔfēn you There’s an express at 1305. yítàng tèkuài.

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)

• 9. dǎsuan

• 10. huòzhě (huòzhe)

• 11. ylhòu

• 12. zhōngtou

to plan to

or (alternate form of huòshi) afterwards, later on, in the future hour (alternate word for xiaoshí)

Gate at Shenzhen, where people get off the train from Hong Kong, walk across a bridge into China (through the gate in photo), and board a train for Guangzhou. Most of the people in the picture are Hong Kong residents on their way to visit relatives in Guangzhou.

VOCABULARY

(introduced on C-2 tape)

REFERENCE NOTES

1. A: Wǒ yě xiǎng dào Nanjīng qù kànkan.

B: Nī jìhua něitiān qù?

A: Míngtiān huòshi hòutiān qù dōu keyi.

I would also like to go to Nanjīng to look around.

What day do you plan to go?

Tomorrow and (or) the day after are both possible.

Wǒ qù mǎi yìdiǎnr píjiǔ huòshi mǎi yìdiǎnr qìshuī.

Tā míngtiān huòshi hòutiān lai kàn nī ma?

Haishi is used for "or" when a choice

Nī mǎi píjiǔ háishi mǎi qìshuī?

Nī xīhuan dàde háishi xīhuan xiǎode?

for "or" when both alternatives are

I will go to buy some beer or some soft drinks.

Is he coming to see you tomorrow or the day after? (i.e., sometime during the next two days)

is required between the alternatives

Are you buying beer or (are you buying) soft drinks?

Do you like the large one or (do you like) the small one?

Shànghǎi lí Nánjīng you duo yuǎn?

You liǎngbǎi wǔshiduō gōnglī.

How far is Shanghai from Nánjīng?

It’s over 250 kilometers.

Notes on No. 2

Shànghǎi lí Nánjīng you duo yuǎn? distance between two points.

"How far is Shànghǎi from Nanjing?"

"Tianjin is 120 kilometers from Beijing."

Approximate numbers may be expressed by When added immediately after a number, an indefinite amount within the

more than 200 kilometers (but fewer than 300)

more than 1,000 students (but fewer than 2,000)

more than 30 dollars (but fewer than ho)

this way with any round number.

-jǐ may be used instead of -duō

more than 20 persons (but fewer than 30)

more than ho kilometers (but fewer than 50)

never -duō.

more than 10 dollars (but fewer than 20)

3. A: Zuò huǒchē yào zǒu duōshao shíhou?

B: Dàgài yào zǒu sìge bàn xiǎoshí.

How long does it take to go by train?

It probably takes four and a half hours.

b. C: Yào zǒu bànge xiǎoshí.

Notes on Nos. 3-b

The auxiliary verb yào, "to want," "to have to." (See the first sentence is sometimes used as "to need to," in exchange 3.)

"How long does it take to go by train?"

Yào may also be used as a main verb meaning "to take Ca certain amount of time!":

"How long does it take by train?"

Bàn-, "a half (of)," is used like a number—before a counter or before a noun which does not require a counter.

bànge xiǎoshí              half an hour

bànniǎn                    half a year

bànge píngguǒ              half an apple

Sìge bàn: When bàn FOLLOWS a counter or a noun not requiring a counter, the word is translated as "and a half."

liǎngkuài bàn              two and a half dollars

sāntiān bàn                three and a half days

yíge bàn xiǎoshí           one and a half hours

Xiǎoshí: Formerly, the Chinese considered that one day and night (2b hours) was divided into twelve 2-hour periods of time. Each of these time periods was divided into two xiǎoshí, "small hours," when telling time by the Western 2b-hour system gained popularity throughout the world.

Note on No. 5

Gòu le: The last sentence in exchange 5 ends with the new-situation marker le. This marker is used to describe what a situation is, was, or will be AT A SPECIFIED TIME. The travel agent says that, when the visit has lasted two days, THEN it will be long enough.

Notes on No. 6

Jītàng: The counter -tàng is used when the trip mentioned is not a particular one, scheduled at a certain time. Similarly, it can also be used to talk about the number of trips a person has made, or will make.

Líkāi, "to leave," may be followed by an object (the place).  On the

other hand, zǒu, "to leave," is never followed by an object.

Nī shénme shíhou líkāi zhèr?   When are you leaving here?

Nī shénme shíhou zou?          When are you leaving?

7. B: Shisandiǎn ling wǔfēn you yibān tèkuài.

8. B: Shísāndiǎn ling wǔfēn you yítàng tèkuài.

Notes on Nos. 7-8

Shísāndiǎn ling wǔfēn: For train and Bus schedules, a 2U-hour clock is commonly used in China, beginning with 1 a.m. and continuing to midnight, or 2^00.

Ling is included to indicate the zero in "1305.”

Tèkuài is an abbreviation for tèbiě kuàichē, ’’special express train."

Yìbān and yítàng, counters for trips made by trains, buses, planes, and other conveyances, are sometimes interchangeable.

DRILLS

• A. Response Drill

• 1. Speaker; Wǒ dǎsuan dào Nǎnjīng qù kànkan.

(cue) něitiān

(I’m planning to go to Nanjing to look around.)

• 2. Wǒ xiǎng dào Xiān qù kànkan. jiyuè

• 3. Wǒ jìhua dào Húběi qù kànkan. xīngqīji

h. Wǒ dǎsuan dào Shanghai qù kànkan. jīhào

• 5. Wǒ jìhua dào Sùzhōu qù kànkan. jiyuè

• 6. Wǒ xiǎng dào Beijing qù kànkan. něitiān

• 7. Wǒ dǎsuan dào Wuchang qù kànkan. xīngqījl

You; Ni dǎsuan něitiān qù?

(What day do you plan to go?)

Nǐ xiǎng jiyuè qù?

Nǐ jìhua xīngqīji qù?

Nǐ dǎsuan jǐhào qù?

Nǐ jìhua jiyuè qù?

Ni xiǎng něitiān qù?

Ni dǎsuan xīngqījǐ qù?

• B. Response Drill

• 1. Speaker: Nǐ dǎsuan shénme shíhou dào Nǎnjīng qù? (cue) xiàge yuè

(When are you planning to go to Nǎnjīng?)

• 2. Ni jìhua jiyuè dào Shànghǎi qù? Liùyuè

• 3. Ni xiǎng něitiān dào Guǎngzhōu qù? hòutiān

You: Wǒ dǎsuan xiàge yuè dào Nǎnjīng qu kànkan.

(I’m planning to go to see Nanjing next month.)

Wǒ jìhua Liùyuè dào Shànghǎi qu kànkan.

Wǒ xiǎng hòutiān dào Guǎngzhōu qu kànkan.

U. Ni dǎsuan něinián dào Zhōngguo qù? míngnián

• 5. Nī jìhua Jīyuè dào Xianggang qù?    Èryuè

• 6. Ni xiǎng xīngqījī dào Beijing qù?    Xīngqīsān

• 7. Nī dǎsuan jīdiǎn zhōng dào tǎ nàr qù? sǎndiǎn zhōng

Wō dǎsuan míngnián dào Zhōngguo qu kànkan.

Wō jìhua Èryuè dào Xiǎnggǎng qu kànkan.

Wō xiǎng Xīngqīsān dào Běijīng qu kànkan.

Wō dǎsuan sǎndiǎn zhōng dào tā nàr qu kànkan.

• C. Response Drill

• 1. Speaker: Nī jìhua něitiān qù?

(cue) Xīngqīèr (What day do you plan

to go?)

• 2. Nī jìhua něitiān qù? wùhào

• 3. Nī xiǎng Jīyuè qù? Wùyuè

U. Nī xiǎng něinián qù?    1977

• 5. Nī dǎsuan shénme shíhou qù? xiàyuè sìhào

• 6. Nī dǎsuan jīdiǎn zhōng qù? shàngwù shídiǎn

• 7. Nī Jìhua jīhào qù? èrshiqī

You: Xīngqīèr huōzhě Xīngqīsān, dōu kéyi.

(Tuesday and CorJ Wednesday are both possible.)

Wùhào huōzhě liùhào, dōu kéyi.

Wùyuè huōzhě Liùyuè, dōu kéyi.

Yījiùqīqī huōzhě Yījiùqībā, dōu kéyi

Xiàyuè sìhào huōzhě xiàyuè wùhào, dōu kéyi.

Shàngwù shídiǎn huōzhě shàngwù shíyīdiǎn, dōu kéyi.

Èrshiqíhào huōzhě Èrshibáhào, dōu kéyi.

• D. Transformation Drill

• 1. Speaker: Shànghǎi lí Nanjing yuan ma?

(cue) duō

(is Shànghǎi far from NǎnjIng?)

OR Shànghǎi lí Nanjing yuǎn ma?

(cue) duōshao

(is Shànghǎi far from NǎnjIng?)

• 2. Beijing lí TiānjIn yuǎn ma? duō

• 3. Beijing lí Shànghǎi yuǎn ma? duōshao

Nǎnjīng lí Beijing yuǎn ma? duōshao

• 5. Guangzhou lí Wǔhàn yuǎn ma? duō

• 6. Shànghǎi lí Hǎngzhōu yuǎn ma? duōshao

You: Shànghǎi lí Nǎnjīng you duō yuǎn?

(How far is Shànghǎi from Nǎnjīng?)

Shànghǎi lí Nǎnjīng you duōshao gōnglī?

(How many kilometers is Shànghǎi from Nǎnjīng?)

Beijing lí Tianjin you duō yuǎn?

Beijing lí Shànghǎi yōu duōshao gōnglī?

Nǎnjīng lí Beijing yōu duōshao gōnglī?

Guǎngzhōu lí Wǔhàn yōu duō yuǎn?

Shànghǎi lí Hǎngzhōu yōu duōshao gōnglī?

• E. Response Drill

• 1. Speaker: Shànghǎi lí Nǎnjīng yōu duō yuǎn?

(cue) dàgài 270

(How far is Shànghǎi from Nǎnjīng?)

OR Tianjin lí Beijing yōu duō yuǎn?

(cue) 80duō

(How far is Tianjin from Beijing?)

• 2. Bǎijīng lí Hǎngzhōu yōu duō yuǎn? 900duō

You: Dàgài yōu èrbǎiqīshí gōnglī.

(it’s probably 270 kilometers.)

Dàgài lí Beijing yōu bāshíduō gōnglī.

(it’s probably more than 80 kilometers.)

Dàgài lí Hǎngzhōu yōu Jiǔbǎiduō gōnglī.

• 3. Běijīng lí Shanghai you duo yuan?    dàgài 800

• U. Nanjing lí Shànghǎi you duó yuǎn?    dàgài 200

5. Wuhàn lí Běijīng you duó yuǎn? TOOduō

6. Hǎngzhōu lí Shànghǎi you duó yuǎn? ITOduǒ

Dàgài you bǎbǎi gōnglī.

Dàgài you èrbǎi gōnglī.

Dàgài lí Běijīng you qībǎiduō gōnglī.

Dàgài lí Shànghǎi you yībǎiqīshíduō gōnglī.

F. Transformation Drill

• 1. Speaker: Shànghǎi lí Nǎnjīng you sǎnbǎi gōnglī.

(cue) měi

(Shànghǎi is 300 kilometers from Nǎnjīng.)

OR Shànghǎi lí Nǎnjīng yōu sǎnbǎi gōnglī.

(cue) dàgài

(Shànghǎi is 300 kilometers from Běijīng.)

OR Shànghǎi lí Nǎnjīng you sǎnbǎi gōnglī.

(cue) duō

(Shànghǎi is 300 kilometers from Běijīng.)

• 2. Běijīng lí Shànghǎi you yìqiǎn gōnglī.    měi

• 3. Wuhàn lí Běijīng you bǎbǎi gōnglī.    dàgài

U. Nǎnjīng lí Shànghǎi yōu èrbǎi gōnglī.    duō

5. Hǎngzhōu lí Shànghǎi yōu yìbǎi gōnglī.    duō

You: Shànghǎi lí Nǎnjīng měiyou sānbǎi gōnglī.

(Shànghǎi isn't Lis less thanJ 300 kilometers from Nǎnjīng,)

Shànghǎi lí Nǎnjīng dàgài yōu sǎnbǎi gōnglī.

(Shànghǎi is probably 300 kilometers from Běijīng.)

Shànghǎi lí Nǎnjīng yōu sǎnbǎiduō gōnglī.

(Shànghǎi is more than 300 kilometers from Běijīng.)

Běijīng lí Shànghǎi měiyou yìqiǎn gōnglī.

Wuhàn lí Běijīng dàgài yōu bǎbǎi gōnglī.

Nǎnjīng lí Shànghǎi yōu èrbǎiduō gōnglī.

Hǎngzhōu lí Shànghǎi yōu yìbǎiduō gōnglī.

• G. Substitution Drill

• 1. Speaker: Zuò huǒchē yào zǒu jǐge zhōngtǒu?