---
author: Foreign Service Institute
description: Standard Chinese
generator: ABBYY FineReader PDF 15
title: 'FSI - Standard Chinese - Module 07 SOC - Student Text and
Workbook'
---
[CM 0192 S]{.font2}
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[ī ]{.font4}[f]{.font1 style="font-style:italic;"}
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[]{#caption1}
[]{#bookmark0}[[]{#bookmark1}STANDARD CHINESE A Modular Approach]{.font7 style="font-weight:bold;"}
===================================================================================================
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[]{#bookmark2}[[]{#bookmark3}MODULE 7: SOCIETY]{.font6} [[]{#bookmark4}STUDENT TEXT AND WORKBOOK]{.font6}
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[SPONSORED BY]{.font5}
[AGENCIES OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN GOVERNMENTS]{.font5}
\
[This publication is to be used primarily in support of instructing
military personnel as part of the Defense Language Program (resident and
nonresident). Inquiries concerning the use of materials, including
requests for copies, should be addressed to:]{.font3}
[Defense Language Institute]{.font3}
[Foreign Language Center]{.font3}
[NonresidentTraining Division]{.font3}
[Presidio of Monterey, CA 93944-5006]{.font3}
[Topics in the areas of politics, international relations, mores, etc.,
which may be considered as controversial from some points of view, are
sometimes included in the language instruction for DLIFLC students since
military personnel may find themselves in positions where a clear
understanding of conversations or written materials of this nature will
be essential to their mission. The presence of controversial
statements-whether real or apparent-in DLIFLC materials should not be
construed as representing the opinions of the writers, the DLIFLC, or
the Department of Defense.]{.font3}
[Actual brand names and businesses are sometimes cited in DLIFLC
instructional materials to provide instruction in pronunciations and
meanings. The selection of such proprietary terms and names is based
solely on their value for instruction in the language. It does not
constitute endorsement of any product or commercial enterprise, nor is
it intended to invite a comparison with other brand names and businesses
not mentioned.]{.font3}
[In DLIFLC publications, the words ]{.font3}[he, him,]{.font3
style="font-style:italic;"}[ and/or ]{.font3}[his]{.font3
style="font-style:italic;"}[ denote both masculine and feminine genders.
This statement does not apply to translations of foreign language
texts.]{.font3}
[The DLIFLC may not have full rights to the materials it produces.
Purchase by the customer does not constitute authorization for
reproduction, resale, or showing for profit. Generally, products
distributed by the DLIFLC may be used in any not-for-profit setting
without prior approval from the DLIFLC.]{.font3}
[STANDARD CHINESE: A MODULAR APPROACH]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[STUDENT TEXT AND WORKBOOK]{.font12}
[MODULE 7: SOCIETY]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Before starting Unit 1 of this module, you should have completed core
modules 1 through 6 and the optional modules Personal Welfare,
Restaurant, and Hotel.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[May 1981]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
### []{#bookmark5}[[]{#bookmark6}PREFACE]{.font12}
[Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ originated in an interagency
conference held at the Foreign Service Institute in August 1973 to
address the need generally felt in the U.S. Government language training
community for improving and updating Chinese materials to reflect
current usage in Beijing and Taipei.]{.font12}
[The conference resolved to develop materials which were flexible enough
in form and content to meet the requirements of a wide range of
government agencies and academic institutions.]{.font12}
[A Project Board was established consisting of representatives of the
Central Intelligence Agency Language Learning Center, the Defense
Language Institute, the State Department's Foreign Service Institute,
the Cryptologic School of the National Security Agency, and the U.S.
Office of Education, later joined by the Canadian Forces Foreign
Language School. The representatives have included Arthur T. McNeill,
John Hopkins, and John Boag (CIA); Colonel John F. Elder III, Joseph C.
Hutchinson, Ivy Gibian, and Major Bernard Muller-Thym (DLl); James R.
Frith and John B. Ratliff III (FSl); Kazuo Shitama (NSA); Richard T.
Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE); and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozoriz
(CFFLS).]{.font12}
[The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project in 197 in
space provided at the Forign Service Institute. Each of the six U.S. and
Canadian government agencies provided funds and other
assistance.]{.font12}
[Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a planning council
was formed consisting of Mr. Kok, Frances Li of the Defense Language
Institute, Patricia O'Connor of the University of Texas, Earl M.
Rickerson of the Language Learning Center, and James Wrenn of Brown
University. In the fall of 1977, Lucille A. Barale was appointed deputy
project coordinator. David W. Dellinger of the Language Learning Center
and Charles R. Sheehan of the Foreign Service Institute also served on
the planning council and contributed material to the project. The
planning council drew up the original overall design for the materials
and met regularly to review their development.]{.font12}
[Writers for the first half of the materials were John H.T. Harvey,
Lucille A. Barale, and Roberta S. Barry, who worked in close cooperation
with the planning council and with the Chinese staff of the Foreign
Service Institute. Mr. Harvey developed the instructional formats of the
comprehension and production self-study materials, and also designed the
communication-based classroom activities and wrote the teacher's guides.
Lucille A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry wrote the tape scripts and the
student text. By 1978 Thomas E. Madden and Susan C. Pola had Joined the
staff. Led by Ms. Barale, they have worked as a team to produce the
materials subsequent to Module 6.]{.font12}
[All Chinese language material was prepared or selected by Chuan 0. Chao
Ying-chi Chen, Hsiao-Jung Chi, Eva Diao, Jan Hu, Tsung-mi Li, and Yunhui
C. Yang, assisted for part of the time by Chieh-fang Ou Lee, Ying-ming
Chen, and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang. Anna Affholder, Mei-li Chen, and Henry
Khuo helped in the preparation of a preliminary corpus of
dialogues.]{.font12}
[Administrative assistance was provided at various times by Vincent
Basciano, Lisa A. Bowden, Jill W. Ellis, Donna Fong, Renee T.C. Liang,
Thomas E. Madden, Susan C. Pola, and Kathleen Strype.]{.font12}
[The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M. Ramirez of
the Foreign Service Institute Recording Studio. The Chinese script was
voiced by Ms. Chao, Ms. Chen, Mr. Chen, Ms. Diao, Ms. Hu, Mr. Khuo, Mr.
Li, and Ms. Yang. The English script was read by Ms. Barale, Ms. Barry,
Mr. Basciano, Ms. Ellis, Ms. Pola, and Ms. Strype.]{.font12}
[The graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign Service
Institute Audio-Visual Staff, under the general supervision of Joseph A.
Sadote, Chief of Audio-Visual.]{.font12}
[Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ was field-tested with the
cooperation of Brown University; the Defense Language Institute, Foreign
Language Center; the Foreign Service Institute; the Language Learning
Center; the United States Air Force Academy; the University of Illinois;
and the University of Virginia.]{.font12}
[Colonel Samuel L. Stapleton and Colonel Thomas G. Foster, Commandants
of the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language Center, authorized
the DLIFLC support necessary for preparation of this edition of the
course materials.]{.font12}
[Jamies R. Frith, Chairman]{.font12}
[Chinese Core Curriculum Project Board]{.font12}
[CONTENTS]{.font12}
[[Preface]{.font12}](#bookmark5)
[[Introduction Section 1: To the Student]{.font12}](#bookmark7)
[[Section 2: To the Teacher]{.font12}](#bookmark8)
[[List of Tapes for Module 7]{.font12}](#bookmark9)
[[Objectives for the Society Module ]{.font12}](#bookmark10)
[[UNIT 1 Travel Plans Introduction ]{.font12}](#bookmark11)
[[Reference List]{.font12}](#bookmark12)
[[Vocabulary]{.font12}](#bookmark13)
[[Reference Notes ]{.font12}](#bookmark14)
[Phrases with ]{.font12}[guǎnyú]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"concerning,\"
\"about\"]{.font12}
[The directional ending -]{.font12}[lai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[huì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"might,\" \"be
likely to,\" \"will\"]{.font12}
[[The sentence marker -de, \"that's the way the situation is\" Review
Dialogue]{.font12}](#bookmark15)
[[Workbook]{.font12}](#bookmark16)
[[Exercise Dialogues ]{.font12}](#bookmark17)
[[UNIT 2 Equality of the Sexes Introduction ]{.font12}](#bookmark18)
[[Reference List]{.font12}](#bookmark19)
[[Vocabulary]{.font12}](#bookmark20)
[Reference Notes \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... ]{.font12}[by]{.font12
style="font-style:italic;"}
[biěde, \"other(s)\" \_\_\_V Ifxu.\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_
ft]{.font12}
[xiàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"like\*\*]{.font12}
[[The adverb ]{.font12}[Jiù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"as soon/early as that\" Review
Dialogue]{.font12}](#bookmark21)
[[Workbook]{.font12}](#bookmark22)
[[Exercise Dialogues ]{.font12}](#bookmark23)
[[UNIT 3 Family Values Introduction ]{.font12}](#bookmark24)
[[Reference List]{.font12}](#bookmark25)
[[Vocabulary]{.font12}](#bookmark26)
[[Reference Notes ]{.font12}](#bookmark27)
[The verb ending -]{.font12}[qilai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: the start of an action or
condition ]{.font12}[cáí7]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
\"only,\" before amounts]{.font12}
[-]{.font12}[zhe]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ showing
the manner of an action]{.font12}
[The verb ending -]{.font12}[dào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ---successful
reaching/obtaining/finding]{.font12}
[---(with verbs of speech) \"of,\" \"about\"]{.font12}
[---successful perceiving (]{.font12}[kàndao]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[)]{.font12}
[The adverb ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"anymore\"]{.font12}
[[Placement of phrases with ]{.font12}[dào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to,\" \"up to,\" \"until\"
Review Dialogue]{.font12}](#bookmark28)
[[Workbook]{.font12}](#bookmark29)
[[Exercise Dialogues ]{.font12}](#bookmark30)
[[UNIT h A Family History Introduction ]{.font12}](#bookmark31)
[[Reference List]{.font12}](#bookmark32)
[[Vocabulary]{.font12}](#bookmark33)
[[Reference Notes ]{.font12}](#bookmark34)
[More on ]{.font12}[ne]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
marker of absence of change/lack of completion]{.font12}
[Terms for grandparents]{.font12}
[More on indefinite pronouns (\"any/no\" expressions)]{.font12}
[[bāngzhu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and
]{.font12}[bang máng ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[Review
Dialogue]{.font12}](#bookmark35)
[[Workbook]{.font12}](#bookmark36)
[[Exercise Dialogues ]{.font12}](#bookmark37)
[UNIT 5 Traditional Attitudes and Modern Changes Introduction ]{.font12}
[[Reference List]{.font12}](#bookmark38)
[[Vocabulary]{.font12}](#bookmark39)
[[Reference Notes]{.font12}](#bookmark40)
[..,yě hao, \...yě hǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"whether\...or\...\"]{.font12}
[Necessary condition marked by ]{.font12}[cái]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Placement of specifier after a modifying phrase \"in order
to\"]{.font12}
[[Review Dialogue]{.font12}](#bookmark41)
[[Workbook]{.font12}](#bookmark42)
[[Exercise Dialogues ]{.font12}](#bookmark43)
[[UNIT 6 Politics and Culture Introduction ]{.font12}](#bookmark44)
[[Reference List]{.font12}](#bookmark45)
[[Vocabulary]{.font12}](#bookmark46)
[[Reference Notes ]{.font12}](#bookmark47)
[-]{.font12}[de hua]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, if,
in case]{.font12}
[More on -]{.font12}[guo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
vs. -]{.font12}[le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Reduplicating adjectival verbs for vividness ]{.font12}[qù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[lai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ expressing purpose]{.font12}
[[Review Dialogue ]{.font12}](#bookmark48)
[[Workbook]{.font12}](#bookmark49)
[[Exercise Dialogues ]{.font12}](#bookmark50)
[[UNIT 7 Social Problems Introduction ]{.font12}](#bookmark51)
[[Reference List]{.font12}](#bookmark52)
[[Vocabulary]{.font12}](#bookmark53)
[Reference Notes \...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 215]{.font12}
[-duo]{.font12}[ ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[le,
\"much more\" \"Not anymore,\" \"never again\"]{.font12}
[lián\...dōu\...]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"even\"]{.font12}
[zhǐ yào\... Jiù\...]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"provided that\...\"]{.font12}
[hú shi\...,1 iù shi\...]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ,
\"if not.. .then\...\"either.. .or\...\"]{.font12}
[[Review Dialogue]{.font12}](#bookmark54)
[[Workhook]{.font12}](#bookmark55)
[[Exercise Dialogues ]{.font12}](#bookmark56)
[UNIT 8 Directions for the Future]{.font12}
[[Introduction ]{.font12}](#bookmark57)
[[Reference List]{.font12}](#bookmark58)
[[Vocabulary]{.font12}](#bookmark59)
[[Reference Notes ]{.font12}](#bookmark60)
[Action-Process compound verbs]{.font12}
[The directional ending -]{.font12}[huí you]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"after all,\" \"anyway\"
]{.font12}[yě bu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"don't
even,\" \"won't even\"]{.font12}
\
[[Review Dialogue ]{.font12}](#bookmark61)
[[Workbook]{.font12}](#bookmark62)
[[Exercise Dialogues ]{.font12}](#bookmark63)
[[Vocabulary]{.font12}](#bookmark64)
### []{#bookmark57}[[]{#bookmark65}INTRODUCTION]{.font12}
- [SECTION 1: TO THE STUDENT]{.font12}
[With the ]{.font12}[Society]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ module, you are taking a step up to
a new level of expression in Chinese. Up till now, you have \"been
dealing with relatively short sentences about concrete situations. In
this module, you will start to encounter longer sentences and more
abstract statements. The transition will take some time, but you can
make it easier on yourself by developing methodical ways of approaching
the new material in each unit. The following suggestions may
help.]{.font12}
[Keep in mind from here on in that the two skills you will continue to
work on, production and comprehension, are no longer expected to stay at
approximately the same level. It is natural for your ability to
understand what others say to increase more rapidly than your ability to
express your own thoughts. As you work through the
]{.font12}[Society]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ module,
bear in mind that, while you are asked to ]{.font12}[understand]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ all the dialogues, you are required
to be able to ]{.font12}[produce]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ only a limited part of the language
you will hear. This is specified in the module objectives, the unit
vocabulary lists, and the introductions to the units.]{.font12}
[How to Use the Book]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Each unit of this book presents quite a bit of new information---much
more than anyone can master in a few days' time. This is because
information has also been included simply for comparison or for your
future reference. This is what you should master in each unit:]{.font12}
- [(1) The new grammar listed in the introduction for each
unit.]{.font12}
- [(2) The basic meanings of each vocabulary item. (Related meanings
may be given in the reference notes for purposes of comparison, but
you are not required to remember them.)]{.font12}
- [(3) The cultural background information discussed in some reference
notes and contained in each unit's review dialogue.]{.font12}
[You may find it helpful to read through the reference notes three
times. On the first time through, read only the notes on cultural
background. The second time, go through the notes that explain new
grammatical structures. The third time, read only the notes on the
meanings and usage of new words. For review, ]{.font12}[test
yourself]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ on the example
sentences in the notes by covering the Chinese column and trying to
translate the English column into Chinese. Check your answer
immediately.]{.font12}
[How to Use the Tapes]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Starting with Module 7, there will he only two thirty-minute tapes per
unit, instead of five.]{.font12}
[Tape 1]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ introduces the
material on the Reference List, giving you a chance to learn to
understand these sentences and to practice saying them. Tape 1 replaces
both the C-l and P-1 tapes which you used in Modules 1 through
6.]{.font12}
[You will find that the Tape 1 is denser in content and faster paced
than either the C-l or P-1 tapes. The number of new vocabulary items in
each unit has been increased from 20-25 to 30-35. You will also notice
that the sentences have increased in length. Since you must learn to
understand as well as say these sentences from a single tape, you may
find that you need to rewind the tape and review the presentation of
each sentence ]{.font12}[several times]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. In addition, explanations which
were formerly found on the C-l and P-1 tapes are now found only in the
Reference Notes.]{.font12}
[Tape 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ replaces the C-2
and P-2 tapes. Each Tape 2 will start off with a review of the sentences
from the Reference List. This will be followed by three exercise
dialogues. You should listen to each dialogue until you understand it
thoroughly. The workbook which accompanies Tape 2 describes the setting
of the conversation and provides you with the new vocabulary you need to
understand it. (You are ]{.font12}[not]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ required to learn these additional
vocabulary items.) The workbook also contains questions about each
dialogue, for which you will need to prepare answers in Chinese. Your
teacher will ask you to answer these and other questions about the
conversation in class.]{.font12}
[When you listen to the recorded dialogues, aim only for comprehension
of the ideas. Whether or not you can repeat the sentences word for word
is not critical. Since they are in colloquial style, the dialogues
sometimes contain phrasing which you are not expected to be able to
imitate at this stage, yet with a little effort (it is expected to take
repeated listenings), you will understand.]{.font12}
- [SECTION 2: TO THE TEACHER]{.font12}
[The format of the core modules from this point on differs considerably
from those preceding, and teaching methods should be adapted to the
requirements of this new format. Below are a few suggestions on how to
use this and subsequent core modules.]{.font12}
[How to Use the Reference Notes]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[The reference notes in ]{.font12}[Society]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ include grammatical explanations,
discussions of the usage of new words, and some cultural background
information. They are called ''reference" notes for a reason: they are
here for the student's present and ]{.font12}[future]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ reference. They are
]{.font12}[not]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ intended as
material for classroom study or discussion, for in these later modules,
as in the first six, the bulk of classroom time should be spent in the
actual use of Chinese. The thoroughness of the notes is intended to
relieve you of the need to give lectures on grammar and usage and allow
you to devote most of your time with students to live practice of the
language. You should familiarize yourself with the content of the notes
so that when students pose questions on word usage or a new structure,
you can simply refer them to the relevant note.]{.font12}
[The copiousness of example sentences in the notes has a double purpose.
First, along with the idiomatic English translations, they show the
versatility of the vocabulary items they introduce; at this level of
study, a single English translation can seldom fully do justice to the
range of nuances expressed by a Chinese word. Second, students can use
the example sentences at home for translation practice, either
Chinese-English or English-Chinese, using a strip of paper to cover the
target-language column and then checking their answer for immediate
reinforcement.]{.font12}
[How to Use the Exercise Dialogues]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[The three exercise dialogues in each unit (exercises 2, 3, and h)
present completely different situations and characters from the unit
review dialogue, but include the same new vocabulary and structures.
They provide extra listening comprehension practice at normal
conversational speed, an area which should receive increased attention
from both student and teacher beginning with this module.]{.font12}
[The language of many of the exercise dialogues is very colloquial and
thus a change from the style of the preceding modules. At this stage,
students must accustom themselves to hearing everyday Chinese, and if
given ample practice, their comprehension will improve quickly. But bear
in mind that students are not expected to be able to produce sentences
in this colloquial style, only to understand them.]{.font12}
[The taped exercises 2, 3, and h, are to be listened to outside of class
as many times as is necessary for the student to answer the questions in
the workbook section. In class, the teacher should ask the questions,
rephrased in Chinese, and have students answer from their notes or,
preferably, from]{.font12}
[memory. If students \"bring up questions on colloquialisms contained in
the dialogues at this time, handle them quickly; avoid digressions on
expressions which are not required for production. The point of this
activity is for the students to talk---to practice saying the new words
and structures of the unit]{.font12}
[Further Classroom Activities]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
- [(1) Use the subjects discussed in the dialogues as points of
departure for class discussions in which the teacher takes the part
of the Chinese who wants to understand American society and the
American students try to explain their ways of thinking and doing
things. Depending on class size, the level of the students, and
individual students' competitiveness or reticence, these
conversations will need to \"be more or less structured. If
necessary in order to maintain the flow of ideas or to keep a small
number of students from dominating the discussion, everyone can be
asked to outline possible answers before coming to class, or the
teacher may prepare an outline for the students.]{.font12}
- [(2) Students can be asked to tell the story of the review dialogue
or an exercise dialogue in their own words. This can be done by the
whole class together; if one student omits an important point in the
story, another student can remind him of it or supply it
himself.]{.font12}
- [(3) Have students pick out from the reference list and the
dialogues certain sentences which serve a particular communicative
function. The Chinese material in this book is especially suited to
this type of exercise because of the colloquial tone of the
dialogues and the range of emotions and linguistic functions
displayed within them. For example, the students may be asked to
find a sentence that conveys enthusiasm toward an idea, one that
conveys tentativeness when asking a question about a delicate
subject, or one that conveys a desire to be helpful. Using the
sentences thus found as takeoff points, the teacher can then ask the
students to come up with other sentences with the same linguistic
function, or ask them to change elements of the sentence to vary its
function.]{.font12}
[For example, Unit 1 of ]{.font12}[Society]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ presents some sentences (in the
reference list and dialogues) that can be used as responses to
proposals:]{.font12}
[Wǒ kǎolu kǎolu. I'll think it over.
(non-committal)]{.font12}
[Fěichǎng hǎo. Great. (enthusiastic)]{.font12}
[Nà women shuohǎo le . . . Then we've agreed . . .
(decisive)]{.font12}
[Jiù zhèiyang. It's settled, (decisive)]{.font12}
[Students can be asked to add to this list sentences expressing a wider
range of responses to a proposal, e.g., flat rejection (]{.font12}[Bù
xíng!]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[), scandalization
(]{.font12}[Nà zěnme kéyi a\*]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[), lukewarm acceptance
(]{.font12}[Kěyǐ . . .]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or
]{.font12}[Yě hǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[),
indecisiveness (]{.font12}[M . . .]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[Nà, wǒ hǎi děi
xiǎngyixiǎng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or
]{.font12}[Zài shuō ba]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[).
etc. If you make up supplementary exercises, you may find it effective
to base them on the communicative functions of sentences contained in
each unit. A list of these functions will be found in each unit's
introduction.]{.font12}
[(U) If the teacher and students find that the new grammar needs to be
separately discussed in class, such sessions should be confined to a
review of the essential new structures, as listed in each unit's
introduction.]{.font12}
[Review]{.font12}
[The two review tapes consist simply of exercises requiring the students
to translate the reference list sentences for Units 1 to U and 5 to 8,
respectively. The original order of the sentences in the text has been
scrambled. The first section of each tape is translation from Chinese to
English, the second from English to Chinese.]{.font12}
[Because material introduced in this module is frequently repeated in
subsequent lessons, regular review will not be as important as in the
earlier modules, where the situational nature of the lessons means that
some vocabulary introduced in order to handle one kind of situation
occurs in that one module only. However, if desired, one of each unit's
exercise dialogues can be reserved for review: have students listen to
only two instead of all three exercise dialogues while doing the unit,
and then return to the third dialogue several units later to brush up on
the vocabulary and structures.]{.font12}
### []{#bookmark66}[[]{#bookmark67}TAPES FOR MODULE 7 (SOC)]{.font12}
::: {style="border-top:solid;"}
[Unit 1:]{.font12}
[Unit 2:]{.font12}
[Unit 3:]{.font12}
[Unit U:]{.font12}
[Unit 5:]{.font12}
[Unit 6:]{.font12}
[Unit 7:]{.font12}
[Unit 8:]{.font12}
:::
\
[SOC 1.1, SOC 1.2 SOC 2.1, SOC 2.2 SOC 3.1, SOC 3.2 SOC U.l, SOC U.2 SOC
5.1, SOC 5.2 soc 6.1, soc 6.2]{.font12}
[SOC 7.1, SOC 7.2]{.font12}
[SOC 8.1, SOC 8.2]{.font12}
[Review Tapes: SOC Review 1-U, Tape 1 (Chinese to English)]{.font12}
\
[SOC Review 1-U, Tape 2 (English to Chinese) SOC Review 5-8, Tape 1
(Chinese to English) SOC Review 5-8, Tape 2 (English to
Chinese)]{.font12}
### []{#bookmark68}[[]{#bookmark69}MODULE 7: SOCIETY]{.font12}
[The Society Module (SOC) will provide you with the linguistic skills
and cultural background information you need to visit a Chinese family,
discuss some aspects of family life and society, to find out how
someone's family fits into the pattern of traditional Chinese society,
and how it reflects the changes of modern society.]{.font12}
[Before starting this module, you must take and pass the MTG Criterion
Test. In addition, it is assumed that by this point you will have
already completed the optional modules Personal Welfare, Restaurant, and
Hotel; vocabulary from these modules is now considered taught.]{.font12}
[The SOC Criterion Test will focus largely on this module, but material
from the first six core modules and associated resource modules is also
included.]{.font12}
[OBJECTIVES]{.font12}
[Upon successful completion of this module, you should be able
to]{.font12}
- [1. Give the English equivalent for any Chinese sentence in the SOC
Reference Lists.]{.font12}
- [2. Say any Chinese sentence in the SOC Reference Lists when cued
with its English equivalent.]{.font12}
- [3. Ask someone about the size of his family, which family members
live at home, and where other family members live and why.]{.font12}
[it. Use the rules of Chinese etiquette in social visits: the proper
times for visiting; the custom of offering refreshments to visitors and
the type of response expected from the visitor; and some polite ways to
end a social visit.]{.font12}
- [5. Discuss the status, duties, and responsibilities of sons in the
traditional Chinese family.]{.font12}
- [6. Discuss the different relationships within the Chinese family,
especially those between parents and children, and between
mother-in-law and daughter-in-law.]{.font12}
- [7. Explain why the large (extended) family was the ideal pattern in
traditional Chinese society.]{.font12}
- [8. Use the proper-terms for referring to your own or someone else's
children, and understand the terms for addressing one's children
directly; use the terms for paternal grandparents; use the terms for
the parents of one's friend.]{.font12}
- [9. Understand why early marriage was a common practice in
traditional China.]{.font12}
- [10. Discuss the effects of the development of industry and business
on traditional Chinese society.]{.font12}
- [11. Discuss the concept of filial obedience.]{.font12}
- [12. Compare the position of women in Chinese society before and
after the founding of the People's Republic of China.]{.font12}
- [13. Discuss traditional marriage arrangements in China and the
roles women were placed in as a result. Understand the government's
policy toward marriage after 19\^9 and the actual changes that have
occurred.]{.font12}
[1U. Explain and defend some of your personal views on topics such as
equality of the sexes, the status of women, living together, marriage,
parent-child relationships, care of the elderly, the effects of
political and economic conditions on society, crime, and drug
abuse.]{.font12}
[UNIT 1]{.font12}
[Travel Plans]{.font12}
[INTRODUCTION]{.font12}
[Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
- [1. The pattern ]{.font12}[(Verb) de shi\...]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
- [2. Phrases with ]{.font12}[guanyu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"concerning,\"
\"about.\"]{.font12}
- [3. The directional ending -]{.font12}[lai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [U. The auxiliary verb ]{.font12}[huì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"might,\" \"be likely to,\"
\"will.\"]{.font12}
[5. The sentence marker -de, \"that's the way the situation
is.\"]{.font12}
[Functional Language Contained in This Unit]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
- [1. Offering a visitor something to drink.]{.font12}
- [2. Responding to an offer of something to drink.]{.font12}
- [3. Concluding a social visit.]{.font12}
[U. Telling someone you can't take the time to explain something but
will talk about it later.]{.font12}
[5. Presenting a suggestion or proposal to do something.]{.font12}
[6. Responding to a suggestion or proposal to so something.]{.font12}
[1. A: Jīntiān wǒ ]{.font12}[jièd]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ao yìběn hǎo
]{.font12}[xiǎoshuō]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[B: Shénme xiǎoshuō, ]{.font12}[rang]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ni zènme gāoxìng?]{.font12}
[Today I \"borrowed a good novel (from someone).]{.font12}
[What novel is it that makes you so happy?]{.font12}
\
[2. A: Zhèiběn xiǎoshuō xiěde shi ]{.font12}[dàlùd]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e ]{.font12}[qíngkuàng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[B: ]{.font12}[Guānyu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
dàlùde? Jiè gěi wǒ kànkan xíng bu xíng?]{.font12}
[3. A: Xiàge ]{.font12}[xuéqī]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ní xiǎng ]{.font12}[yánjiū]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ shénme?]{.font12}
[B: Hái shi lǎo wentí: Zhōng-guóde ]{.font12}[zhèngzhi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ qíngkuàng.]{.font12}
[h. A: Zuótiān Xiǎo Ming gěi tā nùpéngyou xiě xìn, xiěde hǎo
]{.font12}[cháng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[!]{.font12}
[B: ]{.font12}[Niánqīng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
rén ]{.font12}[zǒng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ shi
niánqīng rén. Wo niánqīngde shihou yě shi zhèiyang, nī wàng
le?]{.font12}
\
[This novel is about the situation on the mainland.]{.font12}
[About the mainland? How about lending it to me to read?]{.font12}
[What are you going to do research on next semester?]{.font12}
[It's still the same old topic: the political situation in
China.]{.font12}
[Yesterday Xiǎo Ming wrote a letter to his girl friend, and it was
really long!]{.font12}
[Young people are always young people. When I was young I was like that
too, have you forgotten?]{.font12}
\
[5. A: ]{.font12}[Shǔ\^iàd]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e shihou, nī xiǎng dào nǎr qu
wànrwanr?]{.font12}
[B: Wǒ xiǎng dào ]{.font12}[Yàzhōu ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[Jīge ]{.font12}[guǒjiā]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ qu kankan.]{.font12}
[6. A: Zenme, nī xiǎng yánjiū Yàzhōude ]{.font12}[wénhuà
chuántǒng?]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[B: Bù néng shuō yánjiū. Wǒ zhī shi xiǎng qù kànkan nàlide
]{.font12}[shèhuì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
qíngkuàng.]{.font12}
\
[Where do you want to go over summer vacation?]{.font12}
[I'd like to go visit a few countries in Asia.]{.font12}
\
[Oh? Do you want to do research on Asia's cultural tradition?]{.font12}
[It can't be called research. I Just want to go have a look at the
social situation there.]{.font12}
\
[7. A: Lǎo Wáng, wǒ Jīntiān ]{.font12}[gǎnJué ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[hen bu shūfu.]{.font12}
\
[Lǎo Wáng, I feel awful today.]{.font12}
\
[B: Kuài ]{.font12}[zuòxia]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, wǒ qù gěi ni dào bēi chá
lai.]{.font12}
\
[Sit down and I'll go pour you a cup of tea.]{.font12}
\
- [8. A: Nǐ qùde nèige dìfang zhèngzhi, jīngji
]{.font12}[fāngmiàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[de
]{.font12}[qíngxing]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
zěnmeyàng?]{.font12}
[B: Jǐjù huà ]{.font12}[shuōbuqǐngchu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, you shíjiān wǒ zài gen ni
]{.font12}[mànmānr]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ shuō
ba.]{.font12}
- [9. A: Yǎnjiū Zhōngguo xiànzàide wèntí yídìng děi ]{.font12}[dongde
]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[Zhōngguo
lìshǐ.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [B: Nǐ shuōde zhèiyi]{.font12}[diǎn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ hen yàojīn, wǒ
]{.font12}[kǎolù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
kǎolū.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [10. A: Nǐ zài Zhōngguo zhù liǎng-nián, yídìng
]{.font12}[huì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ xuéhǎo
Zhōngwénde.]{.font12}
[B: Shi a, ]{.font12}[yìfāngmiàn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ kéyi xuéhǎo Zhōngwén, yìfāngmiàn yě
kéyi duō zhīdao yidiǎnr Zhōngguóde shìqing.]{.font12}
\
[What was the political and economic situation like where you
went?]{.font12}
[I can't explain it clearly in just a few sentences; when I have time
I'll tell you all about it.]{.font12}
[To study the problems of China now, you have to understand Chinese
history.]{.font12}
[This point of yours is very important; I'11 think it over.]{.font12}
\
[If you live in China for two years, you're sure to learn Chinese very
well.]{.font12}
[Yes, on the one hand I can learn Chinese well, and on the other hand I
can find out more things about China.]{.font12}
\
[ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY 11. yìbiān(r)\...yìbiān(r) 12.
yímiàn\...yímiàn\...]{.font12}
[doing\...while doing\...]{.font12}
[doing\...while doing\...]{.font12}
\
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| | [VOCABULARY]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [cháng chuántǒng]{.font12} | [to be long]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [tradition, traditional]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [dàlù dào -diǎn dǒngde]{.font12} | [mainland, continent]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [to pour]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [point]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [to understand, to grasp, to |
| | know]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [-fāngmiàn (-fāngmiàn)]{.font12} | [aspect, side, area, |
| | respect]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [gǎnjué]{.font12} | [feeling, sensation; to feel, to |
| | perceive]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [guānyú]{.font12} | [as to, with regard to, |
| | concerning, about]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [guojiā]{.font12} | [country, state, nation; |
| | national]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [huì]{.font12} | [might, be likely to, |
| | will]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [Jiè]{.font12} | [to borrow; to lend]{.font12} |
| | |
| [J ièdao]{.font12} | [to successfully borrow]{.font12} |
| | |
| [-Jù]{.font12} | [sentence; (counter for sentences |
| | or utterances, often followed by |
| | ]{.font12}[huà]{.font12 |
| | styl |
| | e="text-decoration:underline;"}[, |
| | \"speech\")]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [kǎolu]{.font12} | [to consider, to think |
| | about]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [mànmānr (mànmàn)]{.font12} | [slowly; gradually, by and by; |
| | taking one's time; in all |
| | details]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [niánqīng]{.font12} | [to be young]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [qíngkuàng]{.font12} | [situation, circumstances, |
| | condition, state of |
| | affairs]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [qíngxing]{.font12} | [situation, circumstances, |
| | condition, state of |
| | affairs]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [rang]{.font12} | [to make (someone a certain |
| | way)]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [shèhuì]{.font12} | [society, social simmer vacation |
| | can't explain clearly]{.font12} |
| [shǔjià shuōbuqīngchu]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [wénhuǎ]{.font12} | [culture]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [xiǎoshuō (-)xuéqī]{.font12} | [fiction, novel]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [semester, term (of |
| | school)]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [yánjiū (yánjiu, | [to study (in detail), to do |
| yánjiù)]{.font12} | research on; research]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [Yàzhōu (Yǎzhōu)]{.font12} | [Asia]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
[yìbiān(r). . .yìbiān(r).. .]{.font12}
[yìfāngmiàn\..., yìfāngmiàn\...]{.font12}
\
[yímiàn(r)\...yímiàn(r)\...]{.font12}
\
[doing\...while doing\...]{.font12}
[on the one hand\..., on the other hand; for one thing\..., for
another\...; doing\...while doing\...]{.font12}
[doing\...while doing\...]{.font12}
[zhèngzhi zǒng]{.font12}
[zuòxia]{.font12}
\
[politics, political always; inevitably, after all, in any]{.font12}
[to sit down]{.font12}
\
[affairs; political without exception, case]{.font12}
\
[Unit 1, Reference Notes]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[1. A: Jintiān wǒ ]{.font12}[jièd]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ao yìběn hǎo
]{.font12}[xiǎoshuō]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Today I borrowed a good novel (from someone).]{.font12}
[What novel is it that makes you so happy?]{.font12}
\
[B: Shénme xiǎoshuō, ]{.font12}[rang]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ni zènme gāoxìng?]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 1]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[jiè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: "to borrow" CAlso
"to lend," see Notes on No. 2.3]{.font12}
[Wǒ dào túshūguǎn qù jiè shū. I'm going to the library to
borrow]{.font12}
[Etake outl some books.]{.font12}
[For \"from," use ]{.font12}[gēn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[xiang]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[\" for people and
]{.font12}[cong]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ for place
names like the library.]{.font12}
[Wǒ méi dài qián, xiǎng gēn (xiǎng) Níngning qù jiè.]{.font12}
[Wǒ cōng túshūguǎn jièle yìběn Zhōngguó lìshǐ shū.]{.font12}
\
[I didn't bring any money. I want to go borrow some from
Níngning.]{.font12}
[I borrowed a Chinese history book from the library.]{.font12}
[Cong]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can only be followed
by a person if the person is made into a place name, for example by the
addition of ]{.font12}[nèr]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
(]{.font12}[nǎli]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[):]{.font12}
[Wǒ cóng tā nèr jièle wǔkuǎi qián. I borrowed five dollars from
him.]{.font12}
[For people, you may also use the common pattern
]{.font12}[wèn\...jiè\...]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
literally "ask\...borrow\...":]{.font12}
[Wǒ wèn ta jièle yiběn shū. I borrowed a book from
him.]{.font12}
[Wǒ bù hǎo yìsi wèn biérén jiè I'm too embarrassed to borrow
money]{.font12}
[qián. from other people.]{.font12}
[jièdao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: The ending
-]{.font12}[dǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ expresses
that the borrowing results in the thing being obtained. You learned
-]{.font12}[dǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and the
similar Běijīng -]{.font12}[zháo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in the verb
]{.font12}[jiēdao/jiēzhao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
"to receive," in the Meeting module.]{.font12}
[You need to know not only what the ending -]{.font12}[dǎo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means, but also when to use it and
when not to. This can't be summed up in one neat formula, but you will
see from the following examples that -]{.font12}[dǎo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used when there was a question
of not being able to get the thing. ]{.font12}[Jiè]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ by itself does not necessarily
imply obtaining, so you can use it in situations when you tried to
borrow something but couldn't get it.]{.font12}
[Wǒ gēn tā jièle yìběn I borrowed a dictionary from
him.]{.font12}
[zìdiǎn.]{.font12}
[Xiǎng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used more in
written style.]{.font12}
[Wǒ qù jièguo, kěshi méi jièdao.]{.font12}
- [A: Ni cong túshūguān jièdao nèiběn Mǒiguo lìshí shū le
ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Méiyǒu, dōu jièchuqu le. Dàgài xià Xīngqiyi cái néng
jièdao.]{.font12}
\
[I went and tried to \"borrow it, \"but]{.font12}
[I didn't get it.]{.font12}
[Did you get that American history \"book out of the library?]{.font12}
[No, they had all been taken out.]{.font12}
[I probably won't be able to (borrow and) get it until next
Monday.]{.font12}
\
[Jie may have certain other directional or resultative endings. Here
are]{.font12}
[examples.]{.font12}
[Zài zhèr kàn kéyi, bù néng ]{.font12}[jièchuqu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Tā bǎ wǒde chē ]{.font12}[jièqu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le.]{.font12}
[Tā ba nèiběn shū ]{.font12}[jièzǒu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le.]{.font12}
[Wǒ cong tā nèr ]{.font12}[jièlai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ wǔkuài qián.]{.font12}
\
[You can read it here, but you can't take it out.]{.font12}
[He borrowed my car (and took it away).]{.font12}
[He borrowed that book (and took it away).]{.font12}
[I borrowed five dollars from him.]{.font12}
\
[rang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''to make'' someone
a certain way, or ''to cause'' someone to become a certain way. When
used this way, ]{.font12}[rang]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is followed by a person and an
adjectival verb. You learned ]{.font12}[rang]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ as ''to let'' in the Welfare
module: ]{.font12}[Rang wǒ kànkan nǐde hùzhào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ''Let me see your passport.'' I
]{.font12}[Rang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can also
mean "to have," "to tell,'' or "to make" someone do
something.\]]{.font12}
[Tā shuōde huà rang wo hen shēng- What he said made me very angry,
qi.]{.font12}
[Tā name bú kèqi rang tā péngyou hen bù hǎo yìsi.]{.font12}
\
[He embarrassed his friend by being so rude.]{.font12}
\
[Shénme xiāoshuō?---rang ni zhème gāoxìng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: question ]{.font12}[shénme
xiāoshuǒ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, and the rest of
the sentence, is like an afterthought. Compare these examples:]{.font12}
\
[There is a pause after the ]{.font12}[rang ni zhème gāoxìng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
\
[Zhèi shi shénme kāfēi?---zhème hǎo hē.]{.font12}
[Zhèi jiù shi ni māide chē?--- zènme nánkàn!]{.font12}
[Ni xǐhuan shùxué a?---name méi yìsi!]{.font12}
\
[What kind of coffee is this? It's so good.]{.font12}
[So this is the car you bought? It's so ugly!]{.font12}
[You like math?---such a boring thing!]{.font12}
\
[2. A: Zhèiběn xiǎoshuō xiěde shi ]{.font12}[dàlùd]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e ]{.font12}[qíngkuàng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[B: ]{.font12}[Guānyú]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
dàlùde? Jiè gěi wǒ kànkan xíng bu xíng?]{.font12}
\
[This novel is about the situation on the mainland.]{.font12}
[About the mainland? How about lending it to me to read?]{.font12}
\
[Notes on No. 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[xiě]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This verb which you
learned as "to write" is also one of several ways that ''about" is
expressed in Chinese. When used with this meaning, ]{.font12}[xiě
]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[usually appears in the
]{.font12}[(Verb) de shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
construction discussed immediately below.]{.font12}
[xiěde shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This
structure, ]{.font12}[(Verb) de shi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, is a major structure of Chinese,
so pay extra attention! Use ]{.font12}[(Verb) de shi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ when the verb is ]{.font12}[not
]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[new information and you
want to focus instead on the ]{.font12}[identity]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ of the thing talked about. The
pattern itself makes an equational sentence, that is, an A EQUALS B
sentence:]{.font12}
--------------------- ---------------- --------------------
[A]{.font12} [IS]{.font12} [B]{.font12}
[VERB de]{.font12} [shi]{.font12} [B]{.font12}
[Tā zuóde]{.font12} [shi]{.font12} [báicài.]{.font12}
--------------------- ---------------- --------------------
[''What he's making is cabbage."]{.font12}
[In sentence 2A, the verb ]{.font12}[xiě]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is not new information because any
novel must "be written about" something. The object ]{.font12}[dàlùde
qíngkuàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is new
information which is focused on.]{.font12}
- [A: Nǐ zài JiāzhŌu Dàxué niànde shi shénme?]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ niànde shi JīngJixué.]{.font12}
[Zhèige diànyīng Jiāngde shi yige Zhōngguo rén qù Měiguo wánde
shi.]{.font12}
[Gāngcái nǐ Jiàode shi shénme? Shi fan háishi miàn?]{.font12}
[Nǐ xiànzài shuōde shi wǒ háishi tā?]{.font12}
[Tā hěn xǐhuan kàn shū, kěshi tā kànde dōu shi yìxiē méi yìside
xiǎoshuō.]{.font12}
\
[What is it that you study at the University of California?]{.font12}
[It's economics.]{.font12}
[This film is about a Chinese going to America to visit.]{.font12}
\
[What did you order Just now? Rice or noodles?]{.font12}
[Is the person you're talking about now me or him?]{.font12}
[He likes to read, but all he reads are stupid novels.]{.font12}
\
[dàlù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''continent,
mainland" ]{.font12}[Zhōngguo dàlù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is ''mainland China," which may
also be called ]{.font12}[dàlù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ for short Just as we say ''the
mainland".]{.font12}
[\'\'other ways are by using the verb ]{.font12}[Jiang]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, "to talk about," as in
]{.font12}[Zhèiběn shū Jiang shénme?]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ''What is this book about?"; and
]{.font12}[guānyu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (see the
note in this section).]{.font12}
[qíngkuàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"situation,
circumstances, state of affairs, condition\" Used much more frequently
in Chinese than any single one of these translations is used in English.
Sometimes the Chinese language uses ]{.font12}[qíngkuàng ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[when in English we would just say
\"things\" or \"the way things are.\"]{.font12}
[Nǐde qíngkuàng gēn tāde chàbuduō.]{.font12}
[Wǒ dìdide jíngji qíngkuàng bu tài hǎo.]{.font12}
[Nà shi sìshinián qiánde shi, xiànzài qíngkuàng bù tong le.]{.font12}
- [A: Nǐ néng bu néng gěi wǒ jiǎng-jiang nǐ zài dàlùde
qíngkuàng?]{.font12}
- [B: Nǐde yìsi shi wǒ zìjǐde qíngkuàng ma?]{.font12}
\
[You and he are in about the same situation.]{.font12}
\
[Líy younger brother's financial situation isn't too good.]{.font12}
[That was forty years ago. Now things are different.]{.font12}
\
[Could you tell me about the way things were for you on the
mainland?]{.font12}
[Do you mean my own situation?]{.font12}
\
[Sometimes ]{.font12}[qíngkuàng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means the \"picture\" about a place
(especially an organization); in such cases it may not be necessary to
translate it literally.]{.font12}
[Tā gěi women jièshaole tāmen He gave us a presentation (briefing)
xuéxiàode qíngkuàng. on their school. (E.g.,
what]{.font12}
[grades, how many students and teachers, what subjects are taught, etc.
)]{.font12}
[Wǒ bù tài shùxī Měidàsīde I'm not too familiar with (the
way]{.font12}
[qíngkuàng. things are at) the Department
of]{.font12}
[American and Oceanic Affairs.]{.font12}
[guānyù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''with regard to,
concerning\" The phrase ]{.font12}[guānyù dàlùde]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means literally \"one concerning
the mainland.\" ]{.font12}[Guānyù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is rather formal. In everyday
speech, the idea of \"about\" is more often expressed in other ways\*,
but ]{.font12}[guānyù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is
often used in formal contexts.]{.font12}
[Guānyù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is a prepositional
verb, which means it is followed by a noun (its object) and is related
to the main verb. It is not the best behaved of prepositional verbs,
however. ]{.font12}[Guānyù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
does not occur where you would normally expect to find a prepositional
verb phrase (before the verb, e.g., ]{.font12}[dào Zhōngguo ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[qù) ■ Nor does
]{.font12}[guānyù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ occur in
a sentence the way \"about\" does in English. \"About\" phrases in
English are free to occur after the verb, e.g., \"talk about Chinese
history,\" \"think about your problem.\" A ]{.font12}[guānyù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ phrase (that is, ]{.font12}[guānyù
]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[and its object) can only
occur in the following places in the sentence:]{.font12}
[Other ways include using the verbs ]{.font12}[jiǎng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[xiě]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (see Notes on No. 2). For example,
if I am watching a T.V. program and you walk into the room and want to
ask, \"What's this about?\" the most \"everyday\" way would be
]{.font12}[Jiǎng shenme de? ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[(actually an abbreviated form of
]{.font12}[Zhèige jiēmù CprogramJ shi jiǎng shenme de]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[?). It would sound stilted to use
]{.font12}[guānyu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in such
an informal situation. You see another example of how \"about\" is
expressed in Chinese on the next page under number (3) in the little
dialogue: \"About what?\" is ]{.font12}[Shénme diànyǐng?]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[(1) ]{.font12}[Guānyú]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can
occur at the \"beginning about to \"be commented, on.]{.font12}
[Guānyú nèijiān shi, wǒ shénme dōu \"bù zhīdāo.]{.font12}
[Guānyú nèrde qíngkuāng, ni gěi wo dating dating hǎo ba?]{.font12}
[Guānyú zhèige, nǐmen hái you méiyou shénme wèntí?]{.font12}
[(2) ]{.font12}[Guānyú]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can
also occur in a phrase]{.font12}
[Xièxie ni gàosu wo zhème duō guānyú dàlùde qíngkuāng.]{.font12}
[Tā zhǐdao hen duo guānyú zhèi-fāngmiānde shìqing.]{.font12}
[Women zhèli méiyou duōshao guānyú Zhōngguode shū.]{.font12}
\
[of the sentence to introduce the topic]{.font12}
[Concerning that matter, I don\'t know anything. (OR I don\'t know
anything about that matter.)]{.font12}
[Would you please ask for me about the situation there?]{.font12}
[Do you have any other questions about this?]{.font12}
[with -]{.font12}[de]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ which
modifies a noun.]{.font12}
[Thank you for telling me so much about the situation on the
mainland.]{.font12}
[He knows a lot (of things) about this field.]{.font12}
[We don\'t have very many books about China here.]{.font12}
\
[It also occurs in a phrase with -de, the whole phrase acting as a
noun.]{.font12}
[Wo cong Xiao Zhāo ner jièlai yi-běn shū, shi guānyú Zhōngguo cāide, nǐ
kànkan.]{.font12}
[(3) A ]{.font12}[guānyú]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
phrase (]{.font12}[guānyú]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
+ noun) viated sentence.]{.font12}
\
[I borrowed a book from Xiǎo Zhao. It\'s (a book) about Chinese food.
Have a look at it.]{.font12}
[is occasionally used alone as an abbre]{.font12}
\
[Wǒ zuótiān kànle yige diānyǐng.]{.font12}
[Shénme diānyǐng?]{.font12}
[Guānyú Fǎguo\...]{.font12}
[Guānyú Fǎguode shénme?]{.font12}
[Guānyú Fǎguode jǐngji.]{.font12}
\
[I saw a movie yesterday.]{.font12}
[About what?]{.font12}
[About France\...]{.font12}
[About what (aspect) of France?]{.font12}
[About the French economy.]{.font12}
\
[Compare the following English and Chinese sentences. Although the parts
in parentheses are optional in English, the Chinese sentences would be
considered wrong without the underlined -de phrases. (For the first
example you need to know ]{.font12}[xiāoxi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"news.\")]{.font12}
[Nǐ tīngshuō guānyú Tiǎtuōde ]{.font12}[xiāoxi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ma?]{.font12}
[Bú yāo wen wo guānyú shùxuéde wèntí.]{.font12}
\
[Have you heard (the news) about Tito? (i.e., that he had
died)]{.font12}
[Don\'t ask me (any questions) about math.]{.font12}
\
[jiè gěi wǒ kànkan]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"lend
(it) to me to read\" In exchange 1, ]{.font12}[jiè]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ was translated \"borrow.\" Now you
see it used for \"to lend.\" To say \"lend something to someone,\" the
]{.font12}[gěi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ phrase
always follows the verb ]{.font12}[jiè]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.\* If the indirect object (person
who receives) is a pronoun, ]{.font12}[gěi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may be omitted:]{.font12}
[Jiè wo yìzhī bǐ. I]{.font12}
[Jiè gěi wo yìzhī bǐ. ]{.font12}[í]{.font12 style="font-style:italic;"}[
Lend me a pen.]{.font12}
[(in this extremely common sentence, the ]{.font12}[gěi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is more frequently
omitted.)]{.font12}
[3. A: Xiàge ]{.font12}[xuéqǐ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ nǐ xiǎng What are you
going to do]{.font12}
[yánjiū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ shénme?
research on next semester?]{.font12}
[B: Hài shi lǎo wèntí: Zhōng- It's still the same old topic: guóde
]{.font12}[zhèngzhi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
qíngkuàng. the political situation in China.]{.font12}
[xueqǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"semester, term\"
Since ]{.font12}[xuéqǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
means literally just \"school-period,\" it could conceivably apply to a
scholastic term of any length, including quarters. Chinese schools,
however, run on the semester system (fall-winter and
winter-spring).]{.font12}
[Xiànzài yěude Měiguo dàxué yíge Some American colleges have semesters
xuéqǐ zhǐ you shíèr-sānge lǐbài. which last only twelve or thirteen
weeks.]{.font12}
[Shàngge xuéqǐ nǐ dōu niànle What (courses) did you take
last]{.font12}
[shénme? semester?]{.font12}
[Xuéqǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may also be used
without the counter -ge: ]{.font12}[shàngxuéqǐ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[xiàxuéqǐ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[yìxuéqǐ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, etc.]{.font12}
[yánjiū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to do research
on\" a topic (usually at the graduate level or abovehSometimes may be
translated as \"to study\" (in depth, not just preparing for a
test).]{.font12}
[Tā yánjiūde shi něifāngmiande wèntí?]{.font12}
[Kē Jiàoshòu zài jīngji fāngmian-de yánjiū shi dàjiā hěn
shóuxīde.]{.font12}
[Tāde yanjiū gōngzuò hěn zhèng-yào.]{.font12}
[Another meaning is \"to look into, ties, opinions,
questions):]{.font12}
\
[What area does she study (OR do research on)?]{.font12}
[Everyone is familiar with Professor Kē's research in the area of
economics.]{.font12}
[His research work is very important.]{.font12}
[to consider, to discuss\" (possibili-]{.font12}
\
[A ]{.font12}[gěi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ phrase
before ]{.font12}[jiè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
would mean \"for,\" not \"to.\" ]{.font12}[jièle jǐběn shū]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"He borrowed a few books for
me.\"]{.font12}
[Example: ]{.font12}[Tā gěi wo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
\
[Zhèige wèntí women děi yánjiū We should discuss (OR look into this)
yanjiū. question.]{.font12}
[zhèngzhi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"politics,
political affairs; political\"]{.font12}
[Keep in mind that \"because of China's political system, the word
]{.font12}[zhèngzhi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ has a
different set of meanings than we are used to. This is a large question
which we will not go into in depth here. But to give you an idea of this
concept, here is the definition of ]{.font12}[zhèngzhi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ from a Chinese
dictionary.\*]{.font12}
[zhèngzhi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: The
concentrated expression of economics. It comes into being on a
particular economic base, serves the economic base, and has a tremendous
influence on economic development. In a class society, economic
interests are the most fundamental interests of the different classes.
In order to safeguard their own interests, the classes inevitably wage
intense class struggle among each other. Therefore, class struggle and
handling relations between the classes becomes the main content of
politics. The relations which politics must handle are the internal
relations of a class, relations between the classes, relations between
nationalities, and international relations. Politics is manifested in
policies and activities in the areas of national life and international
relations of political parties, social groups, and social forces which
represent certain classes. The politics of the exploiting class has as
its aim to oppress the working people and to preserve its own narrow
interests. In the politics of the proletariat, bourgeois rule is
overthrown with revolutionary violence under the leadership of the
proletarian political party, and the dictatorship of the proletariat is
established; after power has been seized, socialist revolution is
carried through to the end, class struggle is properly waged, and
contradictions between ourselves and the enemy as well as contradictions
among the people . . . are properly handled; then the focus of struggle
is progressively turned towards engaging in the cause of socialist
construction and devoting major efforts to developing production, and
creating the conditions needed to completely abolish classes and bring
about communism.]{.font12}
[Note in particular how the politicization of everyday personal
relations in the PRC has resulted in ]{.font12}[zhèngzhi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ being used in a host of phrases
such as \"political influence,\" \"political relations,\" \"political
background,\" \"political qualifications,\" etc.]{.font12}
[Cíhǎi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, Shanghai Císhū
Chūbánshè, 1979.]{.font12}
[U. A: Zuotian Xiao Ming gei ta nupengyou xie xin, xiede hǎo
]{.font12}[cháng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[!]{.font12}
[B: ]{.font12}[Niánqīng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
rén ]{.font12}[zǒngs]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[hi
niánqīng rén.Wǒ niánqīngde shihou yě shi zhèiyang, ní wàng le?]{.font12}
[Yesterday Xiao Ming wrote a letter to his girl friend, and it was
really long!]{.font12}
[Young people are always young people; when I was young I was like that
too, have you forgotten?]{.font12}
\
[Notes on No. U]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[cháng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be long\"
opposite of ]{.font12}[cháng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is ]{.font12}[duǎn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,]{.font12}
\
[in physical length, \"to be short. '']{.font12}
\
[Chángchéng you duo cháng?]{.font12}
[You liùqiānduō gōnglí (cháng).]{.font12}
[Ní xiěde tài cháng le, duǎn yidiǎnr, hǎo bu hǎo?]{.font12}
[Wǒ hěn cháng shíjiān méi kànjian ta le.]{.font12}
[Wǒ xiǎng ní zài nàr zhǎo fángzi yídìng xūyào yige hěn chángde
shíjiān.]{.font12}
[Tā zài zhèr gōngzuòde shíjiān you duo cháng?]{.font12}
[niánqīng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be
young]{.font12}
\
[or in some cases, time. The]{.font12}
[How long is the Great Wall?]{.font12}
[It's over six thousand kilometers (long).]{.font12}
[You made this (piece of writing) too long. Could you shorten
it?]{.font12}
[I haven't seen him in a long time. (]{.font12}[Hěn cháng
shijiān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is the same as
]{.font12}[hěn jiǔ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[)]{.font12}
[I'm sure it will take you a long time to find a house there.]{.font12}
\
[How long did he work here?]{.font12}
\
[While the idea of being young is often]{.font12}
\
[relative to a particular situation, the teens through the
twenties."]{.font12}
\
[niánqīng rén]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ usually
means people from]{.font12}
\
[Tā niánqīngde shihou bī xiànzài When she was young she was even more
gěng hǎo kàn. beautiful than now.]{.font12}
[Niánqīng rén dōu xíhuan wánr. All young people like to have
fun.]{.font12}
[zǒng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"always,
invariably\" Like other adverbs such as ]{.font12}[zhēn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"really,\" and
]{.font12}[hái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"still,\"
]{.font12}[zǒng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is often
followed by ]{.font12}[shi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Ní zǒngshi wen wo wèntí. You always ask me
questions.]{.font12}
['There are other words for \"long\" in other contexts. When referring
to distance, use ]{.font12}[yuǎn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ]{.font12}[Lu hěn yuǎn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"it's a long way.\" For time, you
will also need ]{.font12}[jiǔ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ]{.font12}[Tā zǒule duo jiǔ
le?]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"How long has it
been since he left?\"]{.font12}
[Remember that ]{.font12}[xiǎo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is another word for \"young\":
]{.font12}[Tā bí wǒ xiǎo yísuì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"He\'s a year younger than I.\"
]{.font12}[Wǒ xiǎode shihou]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ usually means \"When I was a
child.\" When speaking to a child, you would say ]{.font12}[Ní hái
xiǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ for \"You're still
young.\"]{.font12}
[Zheizhong shiqing zongshi rang This type of thing always makes one rén
hěn gāoxìng. very happy.]{.font12}
[Zǒng bù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"always
not\...,\" is one way of saying \"never\":]{.font12}
[Tā zǒng bù xǐhuan biérén wen tā He never likes other people to ask
jiālide shi. about his famjly.]{.font12}
[Zǒng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ has another use,
which is the one you see in exchange U: Instead of meaning literally
\"on every occasion\" or \"at all times,\" ]{.font12}[zǒng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used to suggest that a certain
state of affairs should be obviously true, regardless of other
circumstances. Translations for this meaning depend upon the context;
some are \"after all, surely, always, in any case, when all is said and
done, inevitably, eventually.\" Other possible translations are
suggested in]{.font12}
[the following examples.]{.font12}
[Xiǎoháizi zǒng shi xiǎoháizi, dale jiu hǎo le.]{.font12}
[Nǐ bú Jiè wo, wǒ zài zhèr kàn-kan zǒng kéyi ba?]{.font12}
[Nǐ niàn shū shi hǎo shi, zǒng bù néng bù chi fan ba?]{.font12}
[Nǐ shi Měiguo rén, nǐ zǒng bù néng bù zhǐdào Dézhǒu zài nǎr
ba?.']{.font12}
[Nǐ názǒu wǒde shū, zǒng děi wen wo yíxiǎ!]{.font12}
[Zǒng you yìtiān, tā huì huílaide.]{.font12}
[Èrshige bū gòu, nà nǐ shuō sān-shige zǒng gòu le ba?]{.font12}
- [A: Gōnggòng qìchē méiyou dào nèige dìfangde, women děi qí zìxíngchē
qu.]{.font12}
- [B: ōu, qí chē duo lèi\...]{.font12}
[A: Zǒng bǐ zǒuzhe qù hǎoduō le.]{.font12}
[Lai wan yidiǎnr zǒng bǐ bù lai hǎo.]{.font12}
\
[Children will be children; after they grow up it will be
better.]{.font12}
[If you won't lend it Cthis book! to me, at least I can read it here,
can't I?]{.font12}
[It's great that you're studying, but after all, you can't go without
eating, can you?]{.font12}
[You're an American, you can't very well not know where Texas is, can
you?.']{.font12}
[You really should ask before you take one of ]{.font12}[my]{.font12
style="font-style:italic;"}[ books.]{.font12}
[Someday he will surely come back.]{.font12}
[If twenty isn't enough, then thirty should surely be enough, wouldn't
you say?]{.font12}
[There aren't any buses that go there. We'll have to go by
bicycle.]{.font12}
[Oh, but it's so tiring to ride a bicycle.]{.font12}
[Well, it's much better than walking!]{.font12}
[It's better to come a little late than not to come at all.]{.font12}
\
- [A: Guānyu nǐ zhèige wèntí, wǒ zhīdaode bù duō, dàgài méiyou bànfǎ
huídáhāo.]{.font12}
- [B: Nǐ zǒng zhǐdaode bī wǒmen duō, jiù qǐng ni jiangjiang
ba!]{.font12}
\
[I don't know much about this question of yours. I probably can't give
you a good answer.]{.font12}
[In any case, you know more than we do, so please try.]{.font12}
\
[5. A: ]{.font12}[Shǔjiàd]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e
shihou, nǐ xiǎng Where do you want to go]{.font12}
[dào nǎr qu wánrwanr? over summer vacation?]{.font12}
[B: Wǒ xiǎng dào ]{.font12}[Yàzhōu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ I'd like to go visit a
few]{.font12}
[jǐge ]{.font12}[guojiā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ qu
kànkan. countries in Asia.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 5]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[shùjià]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''summer
vacation\" In China, summer vacation starts in August and ends in
September for high schools; college ends in June and starts in late
August.]{.font12}
[Zhèige shùjià wǒ bú dào nǎr qù. This summer vacation I'm not going
anywhere.]{.font12}
[Yàzhōu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"Asia\" Yà comes
from the transliterated word for Asia, ]{.font12}[Yàxìyà]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. ]{.font12}[Zhōu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"continent.\~ Many people
say ]{.font12}[Yazhōu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[guojiā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"country,
nation, state,\" literally, \"country-family.\" The bound word
-]{.font12}[guō]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used
only in certain phrases or compound words. ]{.font12}[Guojiā ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[is the word to use everywhere else.
(Sometimes ]{.font12}[guō]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
may be used alone, such as in reference to kingdoms or dukedoms of
ancient China. But a modern nation is called ]{.font12}[guojiā]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.)]{.font12}
[6. A: Zenme, nǐ xiǎng yánjiū Yàzhōude ]{.font12}[wenhuà
chuántǒng?]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[B: Bù néng shuō yánjiū. Wǒ zhǐ shi xiǎng qù kànkan nàlide
]{.font12}[shèhuì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
qíngkuàng.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 6]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Zenme?]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"oh?; what?;
really?\"]{.font12}
[tion.]{.font12}
[Zènme, nǐ yè dào zhèr lai le!]{.font12}
[Zènme? Tā bū shi Zhōngguo rén? Nà tāde Zhōngwén zènme zènme hǎo
ne?]{.font12}
- [A: Nǐ xiàwu you shíjiān ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Zènme? You shi ma?]{.font12}
\
[Oh? Do you want to do research on Asia's cultural tradition?]{.font12}
[It can't be called research. I just want to go have a look at the
social situation there.]{.font12}
\
[The intonation can change the implica-]{.font12}
[Well, you've come here too!]{.font12}
[What? He's not Chinese? Then how is his Chinese so good?]{.font12}
[Do you have any time this afternoon?]{.font12}
[Why? Is something happening?]{.font12}
\
[wénhuà: \"culture, civilization\" Also ]{.font11}[\"education, cultural
background'' as in méiyou]{.font12}[ ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[wénhuàde]{.font12}[ ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[rén, \"an uncultured person\" or an
\"uneducated person.\"]{.font12}
[shèhuì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"society;
social\" ]{.font12}[Xīn shèhuì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[jiù shèhuì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ are jargon for the new and old
societies (after and before the socialist transformation). \"in
society\" is more often ]{.font12}[zài shèhuìshang]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, less frequently ]{.font12}[zài
shèhuìli]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Xiānggǎngde shèhuì wèntí zhēn duō.]{.font11}
\
[Hong Kong sure has a lot of social problems, (e.g., drugs,
killings)]{.font12}
\
[7. A: Lao Wang, wǒ Jīntiān ]{.font12}[gǎnjué ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[hen bu shūfu.]{.font12}
\
[Lao Wang, I feel awful today.]{.font12}
\
[B: Kuài ]{.font12}[zuòxia]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, wǒ qù gěi ni dào bēi chá
lai.]{.font12}
\
[Sit down and I'll go get you a cup of tea.]{.font12}
\
[Notes on No. 7]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[gǎn jué]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to feel;
feeling\" In are other examples:]{.font12}
[Nǐ gǎnjué zěnmeyàng?]{.font12}
[Nǐ jīntiān gǎnjué hǎo yidiǎnr le ma?]{.font12}
[Wǒ gǎnjué tā jīntiān you diǎnr bu gāoxìng.]{.font12}
[Suīrán wǒ bù fā shāo le, kěshi zǒng gǎnjué hen lèi.]{.font12}
[Here is an example of ]{.font12}[gǎnjué]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ used as]{.font12}
[Zhèi shi wǒde gǎnjué, nīde kànfa zěnmeyàng?]{.font12}
\
[7a, ]{.font12}[gǎnjué]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is
used as a verb. Here]{.font12}
[How do you feel?]{.font12}
[Do you feel better today?]{.font12}
[I get the feeling he's a little unhappy (OR bothered) today.]{.font12}
[Although I don't have a fever any more, I feel very tired all the
time.]{.font12}
[noun:]{.font12}
[That's my feeling, what is your opinion?]{.font12}
\
[zuòxia]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to sit down\"
Also ]{.font12}[zuòxialai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Qǐng zuòxia(lai) tan.]{.font12}
\
[Have a seat and let's talk about it.]{.font12}
\
[dào\...lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:
]{.font12}[Dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is \"to
pour\"; ]{.font12}[dàolai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
is \"to pour and bring here.\" You have seen ]{.font12}[lai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ used as a directional ending
before, as in ]{.font12}[nǎxialai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"bring down and here,\" or
]{.font12}[pǎolāi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"run
here.\" There are two things to notice about the meaning of
]{.font12}[lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ as a
directional ending: 1) ]{.font12}[Lai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can be used after verbs which tell
of movement from one place to another, like ]{.font12}[pǎo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to run\" or
]{.font12}[nā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to
carry\"; OR after verbs which describe an action without movement from
one place to another, such as ]{.font12}[dào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to pour.\" 2) The thing
]{.font12}[lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ refers to,
which is what ends up \"here,\" may be the subject OR the object of the
sentence. For example, in ]{.font12}[Tā pǎolai le]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"He ran here,\" it is the subject
tā who performs the action of running and comes here. In ]{.font12}[Tā
xiělai yìfēng xìn le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"He
has written a letter which has come here,\" it is the object
]{.font12}[xìn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ which is
written and comes here. In ]{.font12}[Yǐfu dōu yǐjǐng xǐlai le]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"All the clothes have already
been washed and brought here,\" it is the topic ]{.font12}[yǐfu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ which were washed and brought
here.]{.font12}
[You will often split ]{.font12}[lai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ from the verb by inserting an
object like ]{.font12}[yìbēi chá]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, as in sentence 7B. In fact, in
sentence 7B, ]{.font12}[dào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[lai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ must be split up;
]{.font12}[lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may not
precede the object. The rules allowing ]{.font12}[lai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to precede the object are complex,
and here we will just give some examples of usage.]{.font12}
[Nǐ nǎr jièlai zhème yíliàng pò]{.font12}
\
[Where did you borrow such a beat-up]{.font12}
\
[old car from?]{.font12}
\
[Wǒ zuì xǐhuan nǐ cóng Shanghai mǎilaide nèijiàn máoyī.]{.font12}
\
[I like the sweater you bought in Shanghai best.]{.font12}
\
[Wǒ yídìng gěi ni zhǎolai něiběn shū OR Wǒ yídìng gěi ni zhǎo něiběn shū
lai.]{.font12}
[Nǐ shénme shihou you shíjiān, dǎ ge diànhuà lai, wǒmen yìqǐ qù kàn
diànyǐng.]{.font12}
[Bié~w~wàngle míngtiān yě bǎ nǐde nūpéngyou dàilai.]{.font12}
\
[I'll be sure to find that book for you.]{.font12}
[When you get the time, give me a calx, and we'll go see a movie
together. (]{.font12}[Lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
must follow the object.)]{.font12}
[Don't forget to bring your girlfriend tomorrow too.]{.font12}
\
------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[8. A:]{.font12} [Nǐ qùde něige dìfang, zhèngzhi, jīngji ]{.font12}[fāngmiànd]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e ]{.font12}[qíngxing]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ zěnmeyàng?]{.font12} [What was the political and economic situation like where you went?]{.font12}
[B:]{.font12} [Jǐjù huà ]{.font12}[shuǒbuqǐngchu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, yǒu shíjiān wǒ zài gēn ni mànmānr shuō ba.]{.font12} [I can't explain it clearly in just a few sentences; when I have time I'll tell you all about it.]{.font12}
------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Notes on No. 8]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[fāngmiàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"aspect; area;
respect; side\" This noun is used without a counter. It is a useful,
sometimes overused word. You won't have any trouble understanding how
]{.font12}[fāngmiàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is
used, but there will be sentences where you wouldn't have thought to use
it. When translating, it is sometimes better just to leave
]{.font12}[fāngmiàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ out of
the English than to strain to use the word \"aspect,\" \"side,\"
etc.]{.font12}
[Fāngmiàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ has two main
uses:]{.font12}
[(1) \"aspect, respect, area, field\"]{.font12}
[Zheige wěntí you liǎngfāngmiàn. There are two aspects to
this]{.font12}
[question.]{.font12}
[Wǒmen zài zhěifāngmiàn zuǒde We haven't done enough in this
area,]{.font12}
[hái bu gòu.]{.font12}
[Yīngguo zài jīngjixué fāngmiànde yánjiū zuòde bù shǎo.]{.font12}
[Wǒ méi shìde shihou xíhuan kànkan wénxué fāngmiànde shū.]{.font12}
- [A: Wǒ kànle ní xiěde yíhòu juéde you yìfāngmiàn kéyi xiěde gèng
hǎo.]{.font12}
- [B: Něifāngmiàn ne?]{.font12}
[(2)]{.font12}
\
[A lot of research in the area of economics has been done in
England.]{.font12}
[When I don't have anything to do I like to read books on the subject of
literature.]{.font12}
[After reading what you wrote, I feel there's one respect in which you
can make it better.]{.font12}
[What respect?]{.font12}
\
[party, side, referring to a group of people]{.font12}
\
[Niǔyuē fāngmiàn dàgài bū huì you shénme wentí, kěshi women yīnggāi hé
Běijǐng fāngmiàn xiān shāngliang yixia zài shuō.]{.font12}
[Guānyū zhèige wèntí, liǎng fāngmiànde kànfǎ you diǎn bù tong.]{.font12}
\
[New York won't have any problem with this, but we should check with
Běijīng before going ahead, (meaning groups of people, e.g., offices of
a company.)]{.font12}
\
[The two sides have somewhat different views on this question.]{.font12}
\
[qíngxing]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: In most cases
interchangeable with ]{.font12}[qíngkuàng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. In present-day Běijīng speech, at
least among the younger generation, ]{.font12}[qíngkuàng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is the more common of these two
words.]{.font12}
[shuōbuqǐngchu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''can't
say/explain clearly" ]{.font12}[Shuǒqǐngchu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is a compound]{.font12}
[verb of result. Here are other examples:]{.font12}
\
[Wǒ shuōbuqīngchu wèishenme tā shěngqì.]{.font12}
[Bù shuōqǐngchule bù xíng.]{.font12}
[Tā shuōqīngchule tāde mùdi.]{.font12}
[Ní néng bu néng shuōqīngchu ''niánqīng" hé ''xiǎo" de bù
tong?]{.font12}
\
[I can't really explain why he got angry.]{.font12}
[It won't do not to explain it clearly.]{.font12}
[He explained his goal clearly.]{.font12}
[Can you explain clearly the differences between
]{.font12}[niánqīng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and
]{.font12}[xiǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[?]{.font12}
\
[mànmānr]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Also
]{.font12}[mànmàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Many
adjectival verbs can be doubled to make an adverb, which is used between
the subject and the verb. In Běijīng speech, when you double certain
adjectival verbs of one-syllable, the second one becomes first tone (no
matter what its original tone) and -r\_ is added. These adverbs can take
the adverbial ending -de. Other examples are
]{.font12}[kuàikuāir(de)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
''quickly," and ]{.font12}[hǎohāorde]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ''well, properly."]{.font12}
[Mànmàn(de)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or
]{.font12}[manmānr(de)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ has
these meanings:]{.font12}
- [(1) ''slowly" Don't forget, however, that ''slowly" can sometimes
be translated by ]{.font12}[man]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ alone.]{.font12}
[Tā mànmānrde zǒu huí jiā qu le. He slowly walked home.]{.font12}
[BUT Zǒu man yidiǎnr. I]{.font12}
[Man diǎnr zǒu. J Walk more slowly.]{.font12}
- [(2) \"gradually, bit by bit, by and by\"]{.font12}
[Nǐ gang lai, duì zhèrde qíngkuàng You just arrived and are unfamiliar
bù shúxī, mànmānr nī Jiu zhīdao with the situation here, but you'll le.
come to know it by and by.]{.font12}
[Mànmānrde, tā Jiu dong le. Gradually he began to
understand.]{.font12}
- [(3) Sentences which instruct someone to ]{.font12}[mànmānr]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ do this or that can often be
translated as \"take your time\...,\" or \"don't rush.\"]{.font12}
[Mànmānr zǒu, zānmen lāidejí. Let's take our time walking.
We'll]{.font12}
[make it.]{.font12}
[Bù jí, mànmānr chī, wǒ děng nī.]{.font12}
[(U) With verbs meaning \"to tell\" more of the meaning \"in all
details. '']{.font12}
[Nī zuòxia, wǒ mànmānr gēn ni jiǎng.]{.font12}
[Wǒ hái xiǎng gēn ni duō tāntan zhèijiàn shi.]{.font12}
[Hǎode, yīhòu wǒmen mànmàn tan.]{.font12}
\
[There's no hurry, so take your time eating. I'll wait for
you.]{.font12}
[someone about something, ]{.font12}[mànmānr]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ has]{.font12}
[Sit down and I'll give you the whole story.]{.font12}
[I'd like to talk some more with you about this.]{.font12}
[Okay, later we can talk all about it.]{.font12}
\
[9. A: Yanjiū Zhōngguo xiànzàide wèntí yídìng děi ]{.font12}[dǒngde
]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[Zhōngguo lìshī.]{.font12}
\
[To study the problems of China now you have to understand Chinese
history.]{.font12}
\
[B: Nī shuōde zhèiyi]{.font12}[diǎn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ hěn yàojīn, wǒ
]{.font12}[kǎolu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
kǎolu.]{.font12}
\
[This point of yours is very important; I'll think it over.]{.font12}
\
[Notes on No. 9]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[dǒngde]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to understand\"
Narrower in use than ]{.font12}[dǒng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. You ]{.font12}[dǒngde]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ the meaning of a word, the
implications or significance of an event, or the way to do something;
but not a foreign language (that you ]{.font12}[dǒng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[), nor what the teacher just said
(that you ]{.font12}[tīngdǒng le]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[), nor someone else's feelings (that
you ]{.font12}[liǎojiě]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
which will be presented in the Traveling in China module).]{.font12}
[You have seen the component -]{.font12}[de]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in the verbs
]{.font12}[rènde]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and
]{.font12}[j ide]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. It is
only used in a handful of verbs, sometimes acting like a resultative
ending. For example, you can say ]{.font12}[rènbude]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"can't recognize,\" and
]{.font12}[jìbude]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"can't
remember,\" but you may not use ]{.font12}[dǒngde]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in the potential form; for \"can't
understand,\" you just say ]{.font12}[bù dǒngde]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[-]{.font12}[dian]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:
\"point" one's heart.\")]{.font12}
\
[(For the second example, you need to know ]{.font12}[xīnli]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"in]{.font12}
[0, hái you yìdiǎn.]{.font12}
[Zhèi shi rang rén xīnli zuì bù shūfude yìdiǎn.]{.font12}
[Nèi yidiǎn women yǐjīng tánguo le.]{.font12}
[Wǒ juéde tā shuōde měiyidiǎn dōu duì.]{.font12}
\
[Oh, there's one more point \[that should be made J.]{.font12}
[This is the most upsetting point.]{.font12}
\
[We've been over that point already.]{.font12}
\
[I think that every point of his was right.]{.font12}
\
[kǎolū:]{.font12}
\
[\"to consider, to think over; consideration\"]{.font12}
\
[Zhèi yidiǎn women yīnggāi kǎolū.]{.font12}
[Wǒ děi hǎohāor kǎolū zhèige wèntí.]{.font12}
[Zhèi fāngmiànde qíngkuàng nī kǎolule ma?]{.font12}
\
[We should consider this point.]{.font12}
[I have to think this matter over carefully.]{.font12}
[Have you taken this aspect of the matter into consideration?]{.font12}
\
[10. A: Nī zài Zhōngguo zhù liǎng-nián, yídìng ]{.font12}[huì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ xuéhǎo Zhōngwénde.]{.font12}
\
[B: Shi a, ]{.font12}[yìfāngmiàn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ kéyi xuéhǎo Zhongwén, yìfāngmiàn yě
kéyi duō zhīdao yidiǎnr Zhǒngguóde shìqing.]{.font12}
\
[If you live in China for two years you're sure to learn Chinese very
well.]{.font12}
[Yes, on the one hand I can learn Chinese well, and on the other hand I
can find out more things about China.]{.font12}
\
[Notes on No. 10]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[huì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"might, be likely
to, will\" You already know ]{.font12}[huì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ meaning \"to know how to, can.\"
Here you see ]{.font12}[huì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ used in a new way, to express
likelihood. As you can see from these three English translations,
]{.font12}[huì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ranges in
meaning from possible to probable to definite. The context may be
sufficient to indicate which, but often the degree of probability is not
important to the message, and there might be no single \"correct\"
English translation. Various adverbs can be added before
]{.font12}[huì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to clarify
the degree of certainty, for example, ]{.font12}[yídìng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"definitely,\"
]{.font12}[dàgài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"probably,\" ]{.font12}[yěxǔ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"perhaps,\" etc.]{.font12}
[Here are some examples of how ]{.font12}[huì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can be used to indicate likelihood:
]{.font12}[huì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Yījīng shíèrdiān bàn le, zhè It's half past twelve. Who would shihou
shéi huì lai ne? come at this hour?]{.font12}
[Yídìng yào wǒ qù, tā cái huì qù. I'll have to go or else he won't
go.]{.font12}
[Cai yàoshi fàngde tai duō le, baobǐng huì pò.]{.font12}
[Nǐde chènshān zāngle bù yàojǐn, wǒ huì gěi nǐ xǐ.]{.font12}
[bu huì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Bu dà huì ba?]{.font12}
[Dàgài bu huì shi tā.]{.font12}
[Yàoshi zài Taiwan māi jiù bu huì zhème guì le.]{.font12}
[Nǐ bu huì zhǎobudào ba?]{.font12}
[Nǐ bu yào jí le, wǒ bù huì chū shide.]{.font12}
[huì\...ma?]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Nǐ kàn jīntiān wǎnshang huì liāngkuai yidiǎn ma?]{.font12}
[Tā huì qù ma? Tā huì qù.]{.font12}
[huì bu huì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Míngtiān tā huì bu huì lai?]{.font12}
[Women xiěde nèifēng xìn, dào xiànzài tāmen hāi meiyou shōudào, women
huì bu hui xiěcuǒle dìzhǐ?]{.font12}
[Wǒ bǎ men kāi le, zhèiyang nǐ huì bu hui juěde tài lěng?]{.font12}
\
[If you put too much food in, the pancake will break:.]{.font12}
[It doesn't matter that your shirt got dirty. I'll wash it for
you.]{.font12}
\
[That's not very likely.]{.font12}
[It's probably not him.]{.font12}
[If you buy it in Taiwan, it won't be so expensive.]{.font12}
[You won't be unable to find it, will you?]{.font12}
[Don't get anxious, I won't have an accident.]{.font12}
\
[Do you think it might be cooler tonight?]{.font12}
[Will he go? He'll go.]{.font12}
\
[Nǐ kàn jīntiān huì bu hui xià yǔ?]{.font12}
\
[Will he come tomorrow?]{.font12}
[They still haven't gotten the letter we wrote. Could we have written
the address wrong?]{.font12}
[I opened the door. Will you feel too cold like this?]{.font12}
[Does it look to you as if it might rain today?]{.font12}
\
[nǐ huì zǒucuǒde]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: So far
you have seen -]{.font12}[de]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ used as a marker of possession or
of modification, and in the ]{.font12}[shi\... de]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ construction. Here it is used in an
entirely new way: at the end of a sentence, -]{.font12}[de]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can mean \"that's the way the
situation is.'' Generally speaking, this -]{.font12}[de]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used in emphatic assertions or
denials, especially those expressing probability, necessity, desire,
etc.]{.font12}
[Usage note]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Unless the
sentence contains ]{.font12}[shi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or is understood to have an omitted
]{.font12}[shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, the
majority of native Běijīng speakers seem to feel that this -de is
]{.font12}[nānfāng huà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
southern Chinese (e.g., Nanjing), or a carry-over into Standard Chinese
from southern dialects. Because of these regional connotations you
needn't try to use it a lot; it will be enough for you to understand
this -de; in fact, you will see that in most of the following examples,
the -]{.font12}[de]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is
completely unnecessary.]{.font12}
[(1) Sentences with ]{.font12}[shi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in the sense of This
]{.font12}[shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may often
he omitted.]{.font12}
[Wǒ shi bú qùde.]{.font12}
\
[Zhèige, nǐ shi zhīdaode.]{.font12}
[Nèige rén (shi) you wèntíde.]{.font12}
- [A: Nǐ zènme lai le?]{.font12}
- [B: (Shi) Lī Xiānsheng Jiao wǒ laide.]{.font12}
\
[\"it is that\..., it is a case of\...\"]{.font12}
[I'm not going. (More literally, \"As for me, it is that I'm not
going.'')]{.font12}
[This you ]{.font12}[know]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[There's something wrong with that guy]{.font12}
[Why are you here?]{.font12}
[Mr. Lǐ told me to come.]{.font12}
\
[Cóngqián wǒ cóng Xianggang In the past whenever I have
bought]{.font12}
[mǎi shūde shihou, měicì (mail-order) books from Hong
Kong,]{.font12}
[dōu (shi) jì zhīpiàode. I have always paid by check
(lit.,]{.font12}
[\"sent a check\").]{.font12}
[(2) Sentences with an auxiliary verb (]{.font12}[huì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[néng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[yào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[yǐnggāi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, etc.)]{.font12}
[Nǐ gàosu ta, tā huì shēngqìde.]{.font12}
[Zài xiě yìliǎngge zhōngtóu, wǒ xiǎng néng xièwánde.]{.font12}
[Nǐ zènme méi mǎi a, yìdiǎn dōu bú guì, nǐ yǐnggāi mǎide.]{.font12}
[Nǐ zhème bù shūfu, Jīntiānde huì nǐ bù yǐnggāi qùde.]{.font12}
[Women zǒng you yìtiān yào hui dàlùde.
[]{#footnote1}^[1](#bookmark70)^]{.font12}
[If you tell him he'll get angry.]{.font12}
[If I write for another hour or two I think I can finish writing
it.]{.font12}
[How come you didn't buy it? It's 1 at all expensive. You should ha^1^
bought it.]{.font12}
[Since you're feeling so ill, you shouldn't go to today's
meeting.]{.font12}
[There will come a day when we will go back to the mainland.]{.font12}
[Zhèixiē shū ]{.font12}[yídìng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ xūyaode.]{.font12}
[Wǒ he kāfēi ]{.font12}[cōnglái]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ bú fàng tángde.]{.font12}
[Mapó Doùfu ]{.font12}[píngcháng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ dōu yǒu ròude.]{.font12}
[Wǒmende gōngzuò zhēnshi tài duō le, zuòbuwánde.']{.font12}
[Zhèige diànyǐng wǒ cóngqián kànguode.]{.font12}
[These books are definitely needed.]{.font12}
[I never take sugar in my coffee.]{.font12}
[Mapó Beancurd usually has meat in it.]{.font12}
[We really have an awful lot of work.]{.font12}
[We'll never be through with it.]{.font12}
[I've seen this movie before.]{.font12}
\
[Bu yào.jǐnde.]{.font11}
\
[Tt doesn\'t, matter.]{.font11}
[Hǎode, hǎode.]{.font12}
\
[All right, all right.]{.font11}
[yìfāngmiàn\...yìfāngmiàn\...]{.font11
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Th i s hand\..., on the other
hand\...\" or \"for and (?) \"doing\...while doing\...\"]{.font11}
[Zài Xianggang yìfāngmiàn nǐ you Jǐhui he Zhōngguo ren tan huà,
yìfāngmiān keyi zhǐdao dalude qíngkuāng.]{.font11}
[Tā yìfāngmiàn kàn diànshì, yì-fāngmiàn chǐ dōngxi.]{.font11}
[1\]. yìbiān(r)\...yìbiān(r).. .]{.font11}
[12.]{.font11 style="font-style:italic;"}[
yímiàn(r)\...yímiàn(r)\...]{.font11}
[has two meanings: (1) \"on (die one one thing\..., for another
thing\...\"]{.font11}
[In Hong Kong, on the one hand you\'ll have a chance to talk with
Chinese and on the other hand you can learn about the situation on the
mainland]{.font11}
[He watches television while eating.]{.font12}
[doing\...whi1c doing \...]{.font11}
[doing\...while doing \...]{.font11}
[Notes on Mos. 11 and 12]{.font11 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[yìbiān(r)\...yìbiān(r)\...]{.font11
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and doing. . . Both of these
patterns ]{.font11}[mian\...yìfāngmiàn. ..]{.font11
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font11}
[Yìbiān zuò yìbiān xué ba.\']{.font11}
[Wo yìbiānr ting yìbiānr xiě.]{.font11}
[Women yìbiān zǒu yìbiān tan, hǎo bu hǎo?]{.font11}
[yímiàní r)\...yímiàn(r)..■]{.font11
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"doing\...whi I e are similar to
the second meaning of ]{.font11}[yì fāng-]{.font11
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Learn by doing (learn as you do it).\']{.font11}
[I write as 1 listen.]{.font11}
[Let\'s talk as we walk, okay?]{.font11}
\
[Unit 1, Tape 1, Review Dialogue]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[As Tom (A) (]{.font12}[Tāngmǔ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[), a graduate student in Chinese
Area Studies at Georgetown University, is studying in his apartment, a
knock comes at the door It is his classmate Lǐ Ping (B), an exchange
student from Hong Kong.]{.font12}
- [A: A! Shi ni ya! Hao Jiǔ Bu jiàn!]{.font12}
[Jīntiān zenme you shíjiān chūlai zouzou?]{.font12}
[B; Yíge zhōngtóu yǐqián, wo cóng xuéxiào gei ni dǎ diànhuà, ní bú zài
jiā, gāngcái wo dào zhèli fūjìn mǎi dōngxi, jiù lái kàn-kan. Zhen bú
cuò, ni yījīng huilai le.]{.font12}
[A: Duìbuqī, wǒ gāngcái dào]{.font12}
[péngyou jiā jiè shū qu le.]{.font12}
- [B: Shénme shū? You shi guānyú]{.font12}
[Zhōngguóde ba?]{.font12}
[A: Duì le, you Xiānggǎngde,]{.font12}
[dàlùde, ye you Táiwānde, dōu shi xiāoshuōr. Ni zuòxia kàn, wo qù gei ni
dào bēi chá lai.]{.font12}
\
[Well, it's you! I haven't seen you in a long time! How is it you\'ve
got time to come out for a walk today?]{.font12}
[I called you an hour ago from school, but you weren\'t home. I just
came over to this neighborhood to do some shopping, so I stopped by to
visit. It\'s great that you\'re back already.]{.font12}
[Sorry. I just went over to a friend\'s house to borrow a
book.]{.font12}
[What book? More about China, I bet.]{.font12}
[Yes, there are ones from Hong Kong, the mainland and Taiwan, all
fiction. Sit down and have a look. I\'ll go get you a cup of
tea.]{.font12}
\
--------------- ------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------
[B:]{.font12} [Bú yào máfan, shénme hēde dōu xíng.]{.font12} [Don\'t go to any trouble. Anything to drink is fine.]{.font12}
[A:]{.font12} [Kěkōukelè, Júzi shuīr , háishi]{.font12} [Coke, orange Juice or beer?]{.font12}
[píjiù?]{.font12}
[B:]{.font12} [M, júzi shui ba!]{.font12} [Um, orange juice.]{.font12}
[A:]{.font12} [Hao, wo mashàng j iù lái, yào]{.font12} [Okay, I\'ll get it right now. Do]{.font12}
[bīngkuàir ma?]{.font12} [you want ice cubes?]{.font12}
[B:]{.font12} [Bú yào, xièxie.]{.font12} [No, thanks.]{.font12}
--------------- ------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------
[(Li Ping sits down and leafs through the books, and Tom returns
with]{.font12}
[two]{.font12}
[glasses of orange juice. )]{.font12}
[B:]{.font12}
[Tāngmǔ?.\']{.font12}
[Tom?]{.font12}
[A:]{.font12}
[Ng?]{.font12}
[Yeah?]{.font12}
[B:]{.font12}
[Zhè sānge dìfangde shū, ni dōu]{.font12}
[Reading books from]{.font12}
[all three of]{.font12}
[kàn, ní juéde zenmeyàng?]{.font12}
[these places, what do]{.font12}
[you think?]{.font12}
[A:]{.font12}
[Wǒde gānjué bú shi yíjù huà]{.font12}
[I can\'t explain my]{.font12}
[feelings in]{.font12}
[°K]{.font12}[ekoukělè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"Coca-Cola\"; ]{.font12}[júzi shuí(r]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[), \"orange juice\" (Beijing
usage)]{.font12}
[kéyi shuōqīngchude. Eng\... zhème shuō ba, wǒ zǒng Juéde dàlù rén,
Xianggang rén, he Taiwan rén dōu shi Zhōngguo rén, tāmen you yíyàngle
wénhuà chuán-tǒng, kěshi yīnwei zhèngzhide qíngkuàng bù tong, shèhuìde
qíngkuàng yě jiu bù yíyàng le.]{.font11}
[Nǐ shuōde duì, dànshi nǐ yào dǒngde Zhōngguo shèhuì, zhǐ kàn shū shi bù
gōude.]{.font11}
[Ei, nǐ zhīdào ma, xiànzài xué Zhōngwénde xuéshēng you hen duō jíhui dào
Zhōngguo qu. Suǒyǐ wǒ jìhuà zài zhèige xuéqī wánle de shihou, qù
Zhōngguo kànkan. Erqiě, wǒ hái xiǎng zhǎo ]{.font11}[ze]{.font11
style="font-style:italic;"}[ hǎo péngyou yìqǐ qù.]{.font11}
[Zuótiān wǒ Jiedao wǒ mǔqlnde xìn, ]{.font11}[tā]{.font11
style="font-style:italic;"}[ xǐwàng wǒ hui Xiānggǎng guo shùjià;
zěnmeyàng, nǐ he wo yìqǐ huíqu ba. Nǐ kéyi zhù zai wǒmen jiāli, erqiě,
zài Xianggang yìfāngmiàn nǐ you Jīhui hé Zhōngguo rén tan huà, yì
fāngmiàn kéyi zhīdao dàlù, Xiānggǎng he Tai-wǎr.ie qíngkuàng, nǐ kàn hǎo
bu hǎo?]{.font11}
[Fēicháng hǎo.']{.font11}
[Name, nǐ hái yào he nǐ jiāli rén shāngliang yixiar ha?]{.font11}
[Bu bì, gěi fùmǔ dǎ diànhuàde shihou, gàosu tamen wǒde jìhua Jiu xíng
le. Wo yào yánjiū Zhōngguo shèhuì, fùmǔ yídìng huì gāoxìngde.]{.font11}
[just a few words. Hmm\...let\'s say that I\'ve always felt that people
on the mainland, in Hong Kong and Taiwan are all Chinese, all have the
same cultural tradition, but because the political situations are
different, the social situations are also different.]{.font11}
[You\'re right. But if you want to understand Chinese society, it\'s not
enough Just to read books.]{.font11}
[Say, you know, students of Chines\'-have a lot of opportunities to go
to China now. So I\'m planning to go • \' China for a visit when this
se®est\<'r is over. And what\'s more, I\'d like to find a good friend to
go with.]{.font11}
[Yesterday I got a letter from my mother, and she\'d like me to come
back to Hong Kong for summer vacation. How about going back with me? You
can stay at our house; what\'s more, in Hong Kong, on the one hand
you\'ll hav\'-a chance to talk with Chinese and on the other hand you
can learn about \* m situation m the na\'.r.l and . ^:^n Hong Kong and
in Taiwan. What do you think]{.font11}
[Great.\']{.font11}
[Well then, you\'ll still want to discuss this a bit with your parents,
I suppose?]{.font11}
[That\'s not necessary. When I call them, I\'ll tell them my plan, and
then everything should be all right. I\'m sure they\'ll be happy that I
want to study Chinese society.]{.font11}
[Měiguo niánqīng rén dōu you zìjǐde xiǎngfǎ, zhèi yidiǎnr, wǒ fēicháng
xǐhuan.]{.font11}
[Young people in America really think for themselves (:'.ave tneir cwn
ideas). T really like that.]{.font11}
[Niánqīng rén you zìjǐde xiǎngfǎ shi duìde, kěshi fùmǔde huà vě ymggai
kaolu.]{.font11}
[It\'s good that young people think for tneicselves, bun you still ought
to consider wha\' ycur •arents say.]{.font11}
[B: M. Na women shuōhǎo le, Jin-]{.font12}
[nián shǔjià qù Xianggang, xiànzài hái you wǔge yuède shíjiān kéyi
zhǔnbèi.]{.font12}
- [A: Duì, Jiù zhème bàn! Jīnnián]{.font12}
[xiàtiān wǒ Jiù yào dào zhèige dìfang dà, rénkǒu duō, lìshǐ you chángde
guójiā qu le. Hài Zhèige Jìhua zhēn ràng wo gāoxìng!]{.font12}
- [B: Hǎo, jiù zhèiyang. Wǒ yinggāi]{.font12}
[zǒu le!]{.font12}
- [A: Nǐ máng shenme! Hái zǎo ne!]{.font12}
- [B: Bù zǎo le, huíqu hái děi niàn]{.font12}
[shū ne!]{.font12}
- [A: Nà, you shíjiān nǐ zài lái]{.font12}
[wánr!]{.font12}
- [B: Hǎo, míngtiān jiàn.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Míngtiān Jiàn!]{.font12}
[Mm. Well then we have decided.]{.font12}
[This summer vacation we\'ll go to Hong Kong. We still have five months
to prepare.]{.font12}
[Right, that\'s what we\'ll do. This summer we will go to that country
with a large area, a great population, and a long history. Boy, this
plan really makes me happy.]{.font12}
[Good, it\'s settled. I have to go.]{.font12}
[What\'s the hurry? It\'s still early!]{.font12}
[No it isn\'t. I still have to study when I get back.]{.font12}
[Well then, come again when you have time!]{.font12}
[Okay, see you tomorrow.]{.font12}
[See you tomorrow.]{.font12}
[Exercise 1]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit.
The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed, by a pause for you
to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your
answer.]{.font12}
[All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may
want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several
times.]{.font12}
[Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[This exercise contains a conversation in which a Chinese mother and
son, who have lived in the United States for five years, discuss the
possibility of his taking a summer trip to China.]{.font12}
[The conversation occurs only once, you'll probably want to rewind the
tape listen a second time.]{.font12}
[Here are the new words and phrases conversation:]{.font12}
[xīnshì]{.font12}
[zhǎngdà]{.font12}
[dàxuéshēng]{.font12}
[gèguó]{.font12}
[gāozhōng]{.font12}
[haohSor]{.font12}
[Jìzhu]{.font12}
[After listening to it completely, and answer the questions below as
you]{.font12}
[you will need to understand this]{.font12}
[something weighing on one's mind, worry]{.font12}
[to grow up]{.font12}
[college student]{.font12}
[various countries]{.font12}
[senior high school]{.font12}
[properly, carefully, thoroughly]{.font12}
[to remember]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be
able to give them orally in class.]{.font12}
- [1. How does Xiao Ming's mother know that something is on his mind?
How does she bring up the subject?]{.font12}
- [2. What are his classmates doing over the summer?]{.font12}
- [3. Why does he think Asian culture is interesting?]{.font12}
[í+. How does Xiǎo Ming's mother react to his idea?]{.font12}
[5. What advice does she give?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take
a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your
answers.]{.font12}
[Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate
the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than
the literal meaning of the Chinese.]{.font12}
[Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In this conversation a Chinese student studying at a university in the
U.S. comes home on a Friday night and finds his American roommate
engrossed in his studies.]{.font12}
[Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second
time through, look below and answer the questions.]{.font12}
[Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
conversation:]{.font12}
[Wode tiān na!]{.font12}
[My God!]{.font12}
\
[xuéshēnghuì]{.font12}
\
[guānxīn]{.font12}
\
[student association to be concerned about]{.font12}
[jìndàishī modern history]{.font12}
[xiàndài modern]{.font12}
[pǐchá bíng pizza]{.font12}
[gushū ancient books]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be
able to give them orally in class.]{.font12}
- [1. Why does the Chinese student object to his roommate studying the
classics?]{.font12}
- [2. Why doesn't the American student like to talk about
politics?]{.font12}
- [3. What other subjects does the Chinese student feel his roommate
should become familiar with for a well-rounded education?]{.font12}
[Does the American student agree? Why or why not?]{.font12}
[5. What will the roommates do after the American student finishes his
homework?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take
a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which
you have prepared.]{.font12}
[Exercise 4]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In this exercise, an American university student visits her Chinese
literature professor after class in his office.]{.font12}
[Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape
and listen again. On the second time through, answer the
questions.]{.font12}
[You will need the following new words and phrases:]{.font12}
[Jidòng]{.font12}
\
[to get worked up, to be agitated]{.font12}
[liùshi niándài]{.font12}
[the decade of the sixties]{.font12}
[yí as soon as]{.font12}
[gaibi an change(s)]{.font12}
[liúxia to leave]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise h]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
- [1. Why was Professor Tang so upset in class?]{.font12}
- [2. Why did the student visit her professor?]{.font12}
- [3. What things does she bring him? Why?]{.font12}
[What recent changes have there been in the state of Chinese
literature?]{.font12}
[5. What is Professor Tang's attitude about the future?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take
a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers
correctly.]{.font12}
[Dialogue and. Translation for Exercise 2]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[A mother and. her son who immigrated, to America from China five years
ago]{.font12}
[are talking after dinner:]{.font12}
- [A: Xiǎo Ming, nǐ zài chǐ yidiǎnr]{.font12}
[a.]{.font12}
- [B: Mā, wǒ chibǎo le, bù xiǎng chǐ]{.font12}
[le.]{.font12}
- [A: Měitiān niàn shū niànde zhème]{.font12}
[wan, zài bu duō chi yidiǎnr, zěnme xíng na?]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ zhēnde chibǎo le, yidiǎnr]{.font12}
[dōu bù xiǎng chi le.]{.font12}
- [A: Hǎizi, nǐ you shénme ]{.font12}[xǐnshì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Kě bu kéyi hé wo tántan?]{.font12}
- [B: Mā, ni zuòxia. Zanmen lai]{.font12}
[Měiguo sìwǔnián le, lāide shihou wǒ hai shi ge haizi, xiànzài yǐjīng
shi dàren le. Wǒ suīran ]{.font12}[zhǎngdà]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le, kěshi zuò shénme shir, haishi
xiǎng xiān he nín tántan.]{.font12}
- [A: Hǎode, you shénme shir, nǐ]{.font12}
[jiù shuō ba!]{.font12}
- [B: Mā, wǒ you Jǐge Měiguo tōng-]{.font12}
[xué, dōu shi xué Zhōngwénde, jīnnián shujià, tāmen xiǎng dào Yàzhōu qù
kànkan, wǒ yě xiǎng hé tǎmen yìqǐ qù.]{.font12}
- [A: Dōu shi nianqīng rén ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Shi a, dōu shi ]{.font12}[dàxuéshěng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Tāmen qù Yǎzhōu, shi qù wánr]{.font12}
[háishi qù yánjiū Yǎzhōude zhèngzhi, wénhuà qíngxing?]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ xiǎng, tāmen juéde Yàzhōu]{.font12}
[wénhuà hěn you yìsi, Yàzhōu ]{.font12}[gèguō]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ shèhuìde qíngkuàng yě hěn you
yìsi.]{.font12}
[Xiǎo MÍng, have some more to eat.]{.font12}
[I'm full, Mom. I don't want any more.]{.font12}
[You study so late every day, if you keep eating so little, how will
that do?]{.font12}
[I've really had enough. I Just don't want any more.]{.font12}
[Son, what do you have on your mind? Can you talk about it with
me?]{.font12}
[Mom, sit down. We've been in America for four or five years now. When
we came I was still a child, but now I'm an adult. But even though I've
grown up, whenever I do something I still like to discuss it with you
first.]{.font12}
[Okay, if you have something you'd like to talk about, go
ahead.]{.font12}
[Mom, I have a few American classmates who study Chinese. This summer
vacation, they want to go to Asia, and I'd like to go with
them.]{.font12}
[Are they all young people?]{.font12}
[Yes, they're all college students.]{.font12}
[Are they going to Asia for fun or to study the political and cultural
situation in Asia?]{.font12}
[I think they find Asian culture and the social situation in the Asian
countries very interesting.]{.font12}
- [A: Tāmen Juéde zuì you yìside]{.font12}
[dìfang shi nǎr a?]{.font12}
- [B: Dāngrán shi Zhōngguo!]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Nǐ líkāi Zhōngguo zhǐ you]{.font12}
[sìwǔniān, Jiù xiǎng huíqu le?]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ laide shihou cái shàng]{.font12}
[gāozhōng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, duì Zhōngguo
wénhuà dǒngdede tài shǎo. Wǒ xiǎng wǒ yǐnggāi huíqu kànkan.]{.font12}
- [A: Zhōngguode wénhuà yǐjīng you]{.font12}
[sìqiānniānde lìshǐ, yōu yìside dōngxi hěn duo. Nǐ yào yánjiù Zhōngguo
wénhuà, wǒ bù ]{.font12}[fǎnduì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Búguò, zǒu yǐqián, nǐ yídìng yào
hé ]{.font12}[Yéye hǎohāor]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
tan yícì. Tā Jǐshíniān méiyou huíqu le, yídìng you hěn duō huà yào hé ni
shuō.]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ Jìzhu le, yídìng hé Yéye]{.font12}
[haohāor tányitán.]{.font12}
[Which place do they think is the most interesting?]{.font12}
[China, of course!]{.font12}
[You left China only four or five years ago, and already you want to go
back again?]{.font12}
[When I came I was only in senior high, and I understood too little
about Chinese culture. I think I ought to go back to visit.]{.font12}
[Chinese culture already has four thousand years of history, and there
are many interesting things. I'm not against your wanting to study
Chinese culture. But before you go you have to talk it over thoroughly
with Grandpa. He hasn't been back in several decades and I'm sure he'll
have a lot to say to you.]{.font12}
[I'll remember. I'll make sure I talk it over thoroughly with
Grandpa.]{.font12}
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Two classmates, an American (B) and a Chinese (A), share an apartment
somewhere in America. The American is at home studying ]{.font12}[Shǐ
Jì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[Records of
the Historian,]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ a classical
history. His Chinese classmate comes in the door.]{.font12}
- [A:]{.font12}[ Wǒde tiān, na!]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ Nǐ hái zài niàn]{.font12}
[shù? Ai, he bēi píjiǔ xiūxi xiuxi hǎo bu hǎo?]{.font12}
- [B: Hǎo hǎo hǎo, ràng wo bǎ]{.font12}
[zhèiyidiǎnr kànwàn xíng bu xíng?]{.font12}
[bty God! Are you still studying? Hey, how about taking a break for a
beer?]{.font12}
[Okay, okay, let me finish reading this little bit, okay?]{.font12}
- [A: Hài, nǐ zǒngshi kàn ]{.font12}[gǔshù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[!]{.font12}
[Xiànzài shèhuìde qíngxing, nǐ Jiu yìdiǎnr dōu bu kǎolù ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Shéi shuō wǒ bù kǎolù, ]{.font12}[xué-]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[shēnghuìd]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e shi wǒ yě
zuòle bù shǎo ma!]{.font12}
- [A: Nǐ zhén you yìsi! Zuò]{.font12}
[yidiǎnr xuéshěnghuìde shi Jiu shi ]{.font12}[guānxǐn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ shèhuì le!]{.font12}
[Come on, you're always reading classics! Don't you ever think about the
condition of today's society?]{.font12}
[Who says I don't think about it. I've done a lot with the Student
Association, you know!]{.font12}
[You're something else! Just doing a little work with the Student
Association means you're concerned about society\*]{.font12}
[B:]{.font12}
[A:]{.font12}
\
[Na nǐ shuō, wo yǐnggāi zuò diǎn shénme ne?]{.font12}
[Dàlùshang you name duō rén, nǐ zenme bu wènwen tamende qíngxing
zěnmeyàng?]{.font12}
[Wǒ Juéde zhèngzhi wèntí tài máfan, wǒ bù xiǎng tan zhèngzhi.]{.font12}
[Wo yě méiyou yào gēn nǐ tan zhèngzhide yìsi. Wǒde yìsi shi, nǐ yanjiū
Zhōngguode shihou, yìfāngmiàn yào kànkan gǔshǔ, yánjiuyanjiu Zhōngguo
chuántōng wénhuà, yifāngmiàn yě kéyi kànkan zhèi yìbǎiniānde Zhōngguo
lìshǐ.]{.font12}
\
[B:]{.font12}
[A:]{.font12}
[B:]{.font12}
[A:]{.font12}
[B:]{.font12}
[A:]{.font12}
\
[Zhèiyidiǎn shi duìde. Zhèi yìxuéqǐ wǒ bú shi you Zhōngguo
]{.font12}[jìndàishǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ kè
ma?]{.font12}
[Wǒ xiǎng chúle shàng xué yīwài, nǐ hai kéyi kàn yidiǎnr
xiǎo-shuōr.]{.font12}
[Kàn xiǎoshuōr?! Wǒ nǎr you shíjiān kàn shenme xiǎoshuōr?]{.font12}
[Wǒ zuìjìn zài kàn Jǐběnr Zhōngguo Jìndài xiǎoshuōr, fēicháng you yìsi.
Nī rúguǒ xiǎng dǒngde Zhōngguo ]{.font12}[xiàndài]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ shèhuì, zhēn děi duō kàn
diǎnrzhèi-zhǒng xiǎoshuōr.]{.font12}
[Wǒ zenme kéyi hé nī bī, nī kànde nàme kuài! E, zheiyang hǎo bu hǎo, nī
kànwán yīhòu gàosu wo něiyiběn hǎo yidiǎnr, wǒ zài kàn, xíng bu
xíng?]{.font12}
[Hǎo hǎo hǎo, Jiù zhèiyang ba! Xiànzài wǒ bú zài máfan ni le. Ei, duì
le, Jīntiān wǎnshang zánmen chī shénme? Wǒ lái zuò yidiǎnr, hǎo bu
hǎo?]{.font12}
[BÚ bì zuò le, suíbiàn chǐ diǎnr ba! Wǒ niànwán zhèiyi-diǎnr, zánmen
chūqu chī ]{.font12}[pǐchá bǐng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, hǎo bu hǎo?]{.font12}
\
[Well then, what do you think I should do?]{.font12}
[There are so many people on the mainland, how come you don't try to
find out what their situation is like?]{.font12}
[I think that political problems are too much bother (tedious and
involved). I don't like to talk about politics.]{.font12}
[I didn't mean I wanted to talk politics with you. I mean that as you
study China, on the one hand you should read the classics and study
traditional Chinese culture, but on the other hand you can also read
some Chinese history of the past hundred years.]{.font12}
[You're right about that. I have modern Chinese history class this
semester, don't I?]{.font12}
[But I think that besides taking classes, you could read some fiction,
too.]{.font12}
[Read fiction?! When (lit. \"where") do I have time to read any
fiction?]{.font12}
[Lately I've been reading a few modern Chinese novels which are very
interesting. If you want to understand modern Chinese society, you
really have to read more of this kind of fiction.]{.font12}
[How can I compare with you; you read so fast! Hey, how about this:
after you've finished reading them, tell me which book is best and then
I'll read it, okay?]{.font12}
[Okay, that's what we'll do. Now I'll leave you alone. Oh yeah---what
are we going to eat tonight? I'll make something, okay?]{.font12}
[You don't have to make anything. Why don't we Just have something easy.
After I finish reading this, how about going out and having a
pizza?]{.font12}
[A: Hǎo! Ní kuài diǎnr niàn,]{.font12}
[niànwán zǎnmen jiu zǒu.]{.font12}
[Okay! Hurry up and read, we'll leave right after you finish.]{.font12}
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[At an American university, a student (A), who has studied in Taiwan,
comes to see her professor from China, Professor Tang (B).\*]{.font12}
[A: Tang Xiǎnsheng, wǒ kéyi Professor (Teacher) Tang, may
I come]{.font12}
[jìnlai ma? in?]{.font12}
- [B: Dǎngrán, qǐng jìnlai ba! You Of course, please come in!
Is]{.font12}
[shi ma? there some matter (you want to
see]{.font12}
[me about)?]{.font12}
- [A: Mm, jǐntiǎn shàng kède shihou]{.font12}
[nín dàgài hěn bu shūfu, wǒ lái kànkan nín.]{.font12}
- [B: Ou! Hai dàile huār lai!]{.font12}
[Xièxie ni.]{.font12}
- [A: Mei shenme, yǐnggāide. Tang]{.font12}
[Xiansheng, nín xiànzàide gǎnjué zěnmeyàng, hǎo yidiǎnr ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Hǎoduō le, xièxie ni.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: You shénme wǒ kéyi gěi nín]{.font12}
[zuòde\...nín bié kèqi.]{.font12}
- [B: Nǐ qù dào liǎngbēi kāfěi lai,]{.font12}
[hǎo bu hǎo?]{.font12}
- [A: Wǒ xiǎng, Jǐntiǎn shàng kède]{.font12}
[shihou nín tài ]{.font12}[jīdòng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, xiànzài zuì hǎo bù he
kǎfēi.]{.font12}
- [B: Hǎo ba, nǐ dào liǎngbēi Júzi-]{.font12}
[shu? lai. Wǒ bú yào bīng.]{.font12}
[A: Hǎode, wǒ Jiù lái.]{.font12}
[(She gets the orange Juice out of the and brings it over to his
desk.)]{.font12}
[Um, in class today, you must have felt very bad, so I've come to see
you.]{.font12}
[Oh! You even brought flowers!]{.font12}
[Thank you.]{.font12}
[Not at all, it's only proper. Dr. Táng, how do you feel now,
better?]{.font12}
[Much better, thank you.]{.font12}
[If there's anything I can do for you\...don't be polite.]{.font12}
[How about going and pouring Cusl a couple of cups of coffee?]{.font12}
[I think that during class today you got too worked up. It would be best
if you didn't have any coffee now.]{.font12}
[Okay, then get us two glasses of orange Juice. I don't want any
ice.]{.font12}
[Okay, I'll be right back.]{.font12}
[refrigerator in Professor Táng's office]{.font12}
[\'Professor Táng first studied literature in the early 1930's in
Shànghǎi and himself belonged to several literary clubs and publications
which included some of the authors he now discusses with his
students.]{.font12}
- [A: Tang Xiansheng, you yíjù huà]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [•wǒ bù zhīdào kéyi bu kéyi shuō.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [B: You shénme huà, nǐ jiù shuō]{.font12}
[ba!]{.font12}
- [A: Nín měicì Jiang Zhōngguo]{.font12}
[liùshi niándài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ wénxué dōu
fēicháng Jīdòng, zhèiyangr duì nínde shēntī bù hǎo!]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ yě zhīdao, kěshi ]{.font12}[yì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ tan]{.font12}
[zhèi fāngmiànde wèntí, zǒngshi rang wo hen Jīdòng.]{.font12}
- [A: Zhōngguo wénxuéde qíngkuāng]{.font12}
[zhèijīnián youle hěn dàde ]{.font12}[gǎibiàn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Yǒude shíhou hǎo yidiǎnr, yǒude
shíhou bù zěnme hǎo.]{.font12}
- [B: Zhōngguode shìqing Jiù shi]{.font12}
[zhèiyàng, hé zhèngzhide guānxi tài dà. Wǒ lǎo le, wǒ méi bànfǎ dong
le.]{.font12}
- [A: Nín shi wǒmende lǎoshī. Ruguǒ]{.font12}
[nín bù dong, shéi dong ne?]{.font12}
- [B: Èi, yīhòude yánjiū, Jiù shi]{.font12}
[nǐmen niánqīng rénde shi le.]{.font12}
- [A: Tang Xiansheng, nín bu yào]{.font12}
[zhèiyangr xiǎng, women dōu xīwàng yīhòu Zhōngguo wénxuéde qíngxing huì
hǎo yidiǎnr. Jīntiān wǒ zài tùshūguǎn Jièle Jīběnr xīn shu, dōu shi bu
cuòde. Gěi nín ]{.font12}[liúxia]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ba!]{.font12}
- [B: Hǎo, you shiJian wo kànyikan.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Wǒ zǒu le, nín duō xiūxi]{.font12}
[yihuīr. Zàijiàn.]{.font12}
- [B: Hǎo, zài Jiàn. Xièxie nī]{.font12}
[lai kàn wo.]{.font12}
[A: Bu kèqi.]{.font12}
[Dr. Tang, there's something I want to say but I don't know if I
can.]{.font12}
[Whatever you have to say, Just say it!]{.font12}
[Every time you talk about Chinese literature of the sixties you get
very agitated.\" That's bad for your health!]{.font12}
[I know, but as soon as I talk about the topic it always makes me very
agitated.]{.font12}
[There have been big changes in the state of Chinese literature in the
past few years. Sometimes it's been a little better and sometimes it
hasn't been too good.]{.font12}
[That's exactly the way things are in China; their relationship with
politics is too great. I'm too old, I can't understand it any
more.]{.font12}
[But you're our teacher. If you don't understand, who does?]{.font12}
[(Sigh) In the future, research will be the Job of you young
people.]{.font12}
[Dr. Tang, don't think that way. All of us hope that the state of
Chinese literature will get better in the future. I got a few new books
out of the library today which are all pretty good. I'll leave them with
you!]{.font12}
[Okay, I'll look through them when I have time.]{.font12}
[I'm going to leave now. You get some more rest. Good-bye.]{.font12}
[All right, good-bye. Thanks for coming to see me.]{.font12}
[You're welcome.]{.font12}
[Many authors of considerable fame and accomplishment were persecuted
during the Cultural Revolution. One unfortunate instance of this
resulted in Lǎo Shě's suicide.]{.font12}
[UNIT 2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Equality of the Sexes]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[INTRODUCTION]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}
- [1. The uses of ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[biěde,]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"other(s)\"
and ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[lìngwài]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"other.\"]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
- [2. The pattern ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[měi\...jiu\...]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
- [3. The pattern ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[yuè\...yuè\...]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"the
more\...the more\....\"]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
```{=html}
```
- [U. The pattern ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[yuè lai
yuè\....]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"more and
more\....\"]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
```{=html}
```
- [5. The verb ending ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[-xiaqu,]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"to
continue,\" \"to go on.\"]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
- [6. The prepositional verb ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[xiang]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"like.\"]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
- [7. The adverb ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[jiù,]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"as
soon/early as that.\"]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Functional Language Contained in This Unit]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}
- [1. Asking a person\'s views on an issue.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
- [2. Being tactfully hesitant when asking about a delicate
topic.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
- [3. Correcting a false impression given by something you
said.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
```{=html}
```
- [U. Dismissing an idea or proposal.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
```{=html}
```
- [1. A: Zhèiběn Fǎwén ]{.font12}[zhōukān xiāngdāng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ bú cuò!]{.font12}
[B: A! Nǐ xiànzài duì Fǎwén hen ]{.font12}[you yánjiū]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le, néng kàn Fǎwén zázhì
le!]{.font12}
[This French weekly is quite good!]{.font12}
[Oh! You know a lot about French now you can read French
magazines!]{.font12}
- [2. A: ]{.font12}[Nánnū píngděng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ shi bu shi Zhōngguo rénde
kànfǎ?]{.font12}
[B: Shi, kěshi nèi shi Zhōngguo rénde xīn ]{.font12}[guānniàn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, bú shi lǎo guānniàn.]{.font12}
[Is equality between men and women a Chinese viewpoint?]{.font12}
[Yes, but that\'s a new concept of the Chinese, not an old
one.]{.font12}
- [3. A: Zhèi]{.font12}[piān wénzhāng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ bù hǎo ma?]{.font12}
[B: Bú shi zhèige yìsi. Wénzhāng bú cuò, jiù shi chángle
yidiǎnr.]{.font12}
[B: Nǐ hái you shénme biéde wénzhāng ma?]{.font12}
[Isn't this article any good?]{.font12}
[That wasn't what I meant. The article is pretty good, it's just that
it's a bit long.]{.font12}
[Do you have any other articles?]{.font12}
[h. A: Nǐ ]{.font12}[jiēhūn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ yīqián ]{.font12}[yìzhí]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ dōu gēn fùmǔ yìqǐ zhù ma?]{.font12}
[B: Bú shi, wǒ méi jiēhūn jiu líkāi jiā ]{.font12}[dúlì
shēnghuōl]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e qī-bā
nián.]{.font12}
- [5. A: Nǐ kàn, zhèr you yìpiān guānyù ]{.font12}[tōngjūde
xǐnwén]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[B: ]{.font12}[Suànle]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ba.
Zhèizhǒng xǐnwén you shénme yìsi?]{.font12}
[Before you got married did you live with your parents all
along?]{.font12}
[No, I left home before I got married and lived independently for seven
or eight years.]{.font12}
[Look, here's a news article about ''living together.\"]{.font12}
[Forget it. What's interesting about that kind of news?]{.font12}
- [6. A: Nī jiejie ]{.font12}[yǐxué]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ fāngmiànde shū
]{.font12}[yuè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ lái
]{.font12}[yuè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ duō
le!]{.font12}
[B: Shi a, tā zài ]{.font12}[pǐnmìng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ xué]{.font12}
[yǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ne.]{.font12}
\
[Your sister is getting more and more medical books!]{.font12}
[Yes, she's studying medicine with all her energy.]{.font12}
- [7. A: Liu Xiānshengde kè ]{.font12}[shízài ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[méi yìsi.]{.font12}
[B: Nǐ tǐn]{.font12}[gxiaqu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, mànmānr huì ]{.font12}[you
xìngqud]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e.]{.font12}
- [8. A: ]{.font12}[Xiang]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ Wang Jiàoshòu zhèi-yangde
lǎoshǐ zhēnshi bù duo.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [B: Nǐ shuōduì le. Ruguǒ bú shi tā ]{.font12}[bāngzhu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ wo, wǒ zhēn bù xiǎng xué
le.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [9. A: Sānnián yīqián wǒ jiu bú ]{.font12}[kào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ fùmǔ shēnghuo le.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [B: Nī néng zìjǐ ]{.font12}[guan]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ zìjī, zhēn bú cuò.]{.font12}
[Mr. Liu's class is really boring.]{.font12}
[If you keep attending it, gradually you'll become interested.]{.font12}
[There really aren't many teachers like Professor Wang.]{.font12}
[You're right. If it weren't for the help he's given me, I wouldn't want
to study anymore.]{.font12}
[I stopped depending on my parents for a living three years
ago.]{.font12}
[It's really great that you can take care of yourself Cbe your own
bossí\'.]{.font12}
- [10. A: Tā xiěde jǐběn xiǎoshuō xiànzài dōu hěn
]{.font12}[liúxíng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [B: Nà dāngrān, xiàng tā nèiyang you ]{.font12}[dìwei]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ you ]{.font12}[zhǐshid]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e rén, xiěde xiǎoshuō yídìng you
yìsi.]{.font12}
[The novels he wrote are all very popular now.]{.font12}
[Of course. Novels written by someone with his position and knowledge
are sure to be interesting.]{.font12}
[ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY]{.font12}
- [11. you bāngzhu]{.font12}
- [12. you dàolī]{.font12}
- [13. zìyou]{.font12}
[12\*. -bèizi]{.font12}
[15. ]{.font12}[Xǐnwén Zhōukān]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[16. fùnu]{.font12}
[to be helpful]{.font12}
[to make sense]{.font12}
[to be free; freedom]{.font12}
[all one's life, lifetimi]{.font12}
[Newsweek]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[woman; women, womankind]{.font12}
\
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| | [VOCABULARY]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [bāngzhu]{.font12} | [help; to help]{.font12} |
| | |
| [-bèizi]{.font12} | [all one's life, |
| | lifetime]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [dàolǐ]{.font12} | [principle, truth, hows and whys; |
| | reason, argument, sense]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [dìwei dull]{.font12} | [position, status]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [to be independent; |
| | independence]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [funú]{.font12} | [woman; women, |
| | womankind]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [guan]{.font12} | [to take care of; to mind, to |
| | bother about]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [guānniàn]{.font12} | [concept, idea, notion]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [jiéhūn (jiēhūn)]{.font12} | [to get married]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [kào]{.font12} | [to depend on, to rely on; to |
| | lean against; to be near, to be |
| | next to]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [liúxíng]{.font12} | [to be common, to be popular, to |
| | be prevalent]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [méi yìsi]{.font12} | [to be uninteresting, to be |
| | boring;]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [to be pointless, to be |
| | meaningless; to be a drag; to be |
| | without value, not worthy of |
| | respect]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [nánnū]{.font12} | [men and women, |
| | male-female]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [-pi an]{.font12} | [(counter for sheets, articles or |
| | pieces of writing)]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [píngděng pínmìng]{.font12} | [equality; to be equal (of |
| | people) with all one's might, for |
| | all one is worth, desperately, |
| | like mad; to risk one's life, to |
| | defy death]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [shēnghuó shizài suàn | [life; to live; |
| le]{.font12} | livelihood]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [really; to be real]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [forget it, let's drop the |
| | matter, let it go at that; come |
| | off it, come on]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [tóngjū]{.font12} | [to cohabit; |
| | cohabitation]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [wénzhāng]{.font12} | [article, essay; prose (writing) |
| | style]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [xiang]{.font12} | [to be like, to resemble; like; |
| | such as]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [xi āngdāng]{.font12} | [quite, pretty, |
| | considerably]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [-xiaqu]{.font12} | [(resultative ending which |
| | indicates continuing an |
| | action)]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [xìngqu]{.font12} | [interest]{.font12} |
| | |
| [xinwén]{.font12} | [news]{.font12} |
| | |
| [Xinwén Zhōukān]{.font12 | [Newsweek]{.font12 |
| st | st |
| yle="text-decoration:underline;"} | yle="text-decoration:underline;"} |
| | |
| [xué yī]{.font12} | [to study medicine]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [yī]{.font12} | [medical science, medicine (used |
| | in phrases like xué yī)]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [yīxué yìzhí]{.font12} | [medical science, |
| | medicine]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [all along, continuously, all the |
| | time (up until a certain |
| | point)]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [you bāngzhu you dàolī you xìngqu | [to be helpful]{.font12} |
| you yánjiū]{.font12} | |
| | [to make sense]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [to be interested]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [to have done research on; to |
| | know a lot about]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [yuè\...yuè\...]{.font12} | [the more\...the |
| | more\...]{.font12} |
| [yuè lai yuè\...]{.font12} | |
| | [more and more\..., |
| | increasingly\...]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [zhīshi zhōukān]{.font12} | [knowledge]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [weekly publication, |
| | weekly]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [zìyou]{.font12} | [magazine, a \"weekly\" freedom; |
| | to be free]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
[1. A: Zhèiběn Fǎwén ]{.font12}[zhōukān ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[xiāngdāng bú cuò.']{.font12}
[B: A.' Nǐ xiànzài duì Fǎwén hěn ]{.font12}[you yánjiū]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le, néng kàn Fǎwén zázhì
le.']{.font12}
\
[This French weekly is quite good.']{.font12}
\
[Oh.' You know a lot about French now you can read French
magazines!]{.font12}
\
[Notes on No. 1]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[zhōukān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''weekly
publication, weekly magazine'' One of the meanings for
]{.font12}[zhōu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is
''week.\" (Other meanings include ''cycle, circuit.'')
]{.font12}[Kān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is a word
element meaning \"to print, to publish\" or \"a periodical, a
publication.\" Notice that this is a different word from the
falling-tone ]{.font12}[kàn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"to read.\" Some other words using
these syllables (which you will often hear, but need not learn now)
are:]{.font12}
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [zhōumò zhōubào zhōukān yuèkān | [weekend]{.font12} |
| bàokān qīkān kānwù]{.font12} | |
| | [weekly publication, weekly |
| | weekly publication]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [monthly publication newspapers |
| | and magazines |
| | periodicals]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [publications]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
[xiāngdāng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"quite,
pretty,\" as in \"quite a lot\" or \"pretty good.\" This word is not
quite as positive as ]{.font12}[zhēn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"really, truly,\" but more so than
]{.font12}[hái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"fairly,
rather\" (which will be presented in Unit U).]{.font12}
[Tā chǎode cài xiāngdāng hǎo chǐ. He cooks pretty well.]{.font12}
[Zhèige zhǎnlǎnguǎn xiāngdāng This exhibition hall is quite
good,]{.font12}
[bú cuò.]{.font12}
[you yánjiū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to have
done research on, to know a lot about, to be expert on, to be
knowledgeable about.\" You have often seen ]{.font12}[you]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ used with a noun, such as
]{.font12}[ming]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"name,\"
or ]{.font12}[qián]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"money,\" to form a phrase which acts like an adjectival verb.
]{.font12}[You míng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is
\"to be famous,\" ]{.font12}[you qián]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is \"to be rich.\" ]{.font12}[You
yánjiū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is Just such a
phrase.]{.font12}
[As shown in sentence IB, to say \"knowledgeable ABOUT\" something, use
the prepositional verb ]{.font12}[duì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"towards, with regard to,\" as
in:]{.font12}
---------------------------- --------------------------------- ---------------------------
[duì]{.font12} [\...\...]{.font9} [you yánjiū]{.font12}
[(with regard to]{.font12} [Ca subject of study2]{.font12} [have research)]{.font12}
---------------------------- --------------------------------- ---------------------------
[\"to know a lot about (something)\"]{.font12}
[le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: The marker
]{.font12}[le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used
twice in the sentence above to show a new situation. This person's
French seems to have improved because NOW he knows a lot about French
and can read magazines.]{.font12}
[2. A: ]{.font12}[Nánnū píngděng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ shi bu shi Is equality between men
and women Zhōngguo rénde kànfǎ? a Chinese viewpoint?]{.font12}
[B: Shi, kěshi nèi shi Zhōngguo Yes, but that's a new concept of the
rénde xin ]{.font12}[guānniàn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, bú Chinese, not an old
one.]{.font12}
[shi lǎo guānniàn.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[nánnū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"male and
female,\" used only for humans.]{.font12}
[Nánnūde shìqing zuì nan shuō. Matters between men and women are the
hardest to judge.]{.font12}
[Women xuéxiào nánnū xuéshēng There are both men and women
students]{.font12}
[dōu you. at our school.]{.font12}
[W X X]{.font9}
[Nan]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and
]{.font12}[nū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ma\^r modify
nouns referring to people, e.g., ]{.font12}[nuxuésheng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"woman student, ''
]{.font12}[nutōngzhì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ,
\"woman comrade. \"]{.font12}
- [A: Chen Yīngmíng dào nǎr qu le? Where did Chen Yīngmíng
go?]{.font12}
- [B: Tā he yíge tóngxué chūqu le. He went out with a
classmate.]{.font12}
[A: Shi nántóngxué shi Was it a male classmate or a
female]{.font12}
[nutōngxué? classmate?]{.font12}
[Nánde]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and
]{.font12}[nūde]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ are
sometimes used for \"man\" and \"woman,\" but when used to refer to an
individual (e.g., ]{.font12}[nèige nánde]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[) they are rather impolite. When
used for \"men\" and \"women\" in general or to distinguish between the
sexes, they are, however, acceptable.]{.font12}
- [A: Wǒ mǎi zhèizhǒng xíng bu xíng? Should I buy this kind?]{.font12}
- [B: Bù xíng, zhèi shi nánde yòngde. No, this is for men's
use.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Gāngcái you yíge rén dǎ diàn- Just now someone telephoned for
you. huà lai zhǎo ni.]{.font12}
- [B: Shi nánde shi nude? Was it a man or a
woman?]{.font12}
[nánnū píngděng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:
\"equality of the sexes,\" literally \"man-woman equality.\" The
marriage law of May 1, 1950, established a policy in the PRC which has
\*For animals, \"male\" is ]{.font12}[gōng(de)]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and \"female\" is
]{.font12}[mǔ(de)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, e.g.,
]{.font12}[gōngniū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"bull,\" ]{.font12}[mǔniū]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"cow.\"]{.font12}
[Tāde gǒu shi gōngde háishi mǔde? Is his dog a male or a
female?]{.font12}
[You rén shuō kāidāo yihòu bù Some people say that after an
opera-]{.font12}
[yīnggāi chi gōngjī, yīnggāi tion one shouldn't eat
rooster;]{.font12}
[chi mǔjī. one should eat hen.]{.font12}
[remained basically the same up to the present day. It forbade bi
g]{.font12}[amy]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[polygamy,
and the traditional practice of adopting a young girl for the purpose of
later marrying her to one's son. It also fixed a minimum age for
marriage, urged the acceptance of remarriage of widows, allowed divorce
by mutual consent, and gave women the choice not to take their husband's
surname at marriage. Today, although traditional attitudes toward women
and marriage persist especially in rural China, official policy has made
some tangible inroads toward the goal of equality. Most importantly, men
and woman are regarded as equal under the law. They receive the same
schooling. They must receive equal compensation for equal work. (it is
expected, however, that women doing heavy physical work are not as
strong or productive as men, and so their pay will be correspondingly
lower.) In addition, the leadership of communes, production teams, and
unions must include special women personnel who represent the interests
of women in matters of politics, finance, work, and personal
relations.]{.font12}
[píngděng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This word is
both a noun and a verb: \"to be equal; equality\"]{.font12}
[Cóngqián zài Zhōngguo nánnū bù Formerly men and women were unequal
píngděng, xiànzài bù tong le. in China. Now it is different.]{.font12}
[Měiguo rén gēn Zhōngguo rén duì Americans and Chinese don\'t have nánnù
píngděngde guānniàn bú all that similar an idea of]{.font12}
[tài yíyàng. equality of the sexes.]{.font12}
[guānniàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"way of
thought, concept; sense (of), mentality (of)\" This is a way of thinking
about the larger issues of life, the way \"things\"]{.font12}
[(values, responsibilities, and so on) should be. One
]{.font12}[guānniàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is
only part]{.font12}
[of a whole system of attitudes, thoughts and beliefs. In given
contexts, you can sometimes translate it as an \"idea\" held by a person
or group (but it]{.font12}
[does ]{.font12}[not]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ mean
\"idea\" as in \"I have a good idea\" Cthis would be
]{.font12}[zhúyìl]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[). In
a]{.font12}
[society, ways of thinking come and go; people have a mixture of
]{.font12}[xīn guānniàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"new ways of thought, new ideas,\" and ]{.font12}[lao guānniàn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"old ways of thought, old
ideas.\" Ways of thinking which are no longer current are called
]{.font12}[jiù guānniàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"outmoded ways of thinking.\" For instance, equality of the sexes is a
]{.font12}[xín guānniàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[;
the idea that arranged marriages are superior to marriages of free
choice is a ]{.font12}[lǎo guānniàn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[; the idea of child brides as
acceptable and practical is a ]{.font12}[jiù guānniàn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Some ]{.font12}[guānniàn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ are considered \"correct\" and
\"good\" by the majority, and some are considered \"incorrect\" and
\"bad.\" ]{.font12}[Jiātíng guānniàn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"a sense of family,\" is usually
considered good.' \"Bad\" concepts have names too Efor example,
]{.font12}[síyǒu guānniàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"sense of personal ownership\"!. People are sometimes criticized
because their such-and-such ]{.font12}[guānniàn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is too weak or too strong, and they
are told accordingly either to strengthen it or get rid of it.]{.font12}
[Měiguo rénde guānniàn gēn Zhōngguo rénde guānniàn yǒude yíyàng, yǒude
bù yíyàng.]{.font12}
\
[Sometimes the American way of thinking and the Chinese way is the same,
sometimes not.]{.font12}
['Other \"good\" concepts containing words that haven't been presented
yet are ]{.font12}[dàodé guānniàn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"sense of morality,\"
]{.font12}[zǔzhí guānniàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"sense of organization,\" and ]{.font12}[zhèngcè guānniàn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"sense of official
policy.\"]{.font12}
[Nǐ kàn ba, zài guò jǐnián nián-qīngrén yīnggāi wǎnliàn wǎnhūn jiù huì
biàncheng ° yizhǒng guānniàn.]{.font12}
\
[You watch, in a few more years, it will have become an accepted idea
that young people should get involved late and marry late.]{.font12}
\
[3. A: Zhèi]{.font12}[piān wenzhang]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ bù hǎo ma?]{.font12}
[B: Bú shi zhèige yìsi. Wénzhāng bú cuò, jiù shi chángle
yidiǎnr.]{.font12}
[B: Nǐ hái you shénme biéde wénzhāng ma?]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
\
[Isn't this article any good?]{.font12}
[That wasn't what I meant. The article is pretty good, it's just that
it's a bit long.]{.font12}
[Do you have any other articles?]{.font12}
\
[-]{.font12}[piān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This is
a counter. First, -]{.font12}[piān]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is the counter for whole short
pieces of writing, such as articles or essays. Second,
-]{.font12}[piān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can count
single sheets of paper with writing or printing on them (compare
]{.font12}[yìzhāng zhǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
which is a sheet of paper without regard to what is on it). Third,
-]{.font12}[piān(r)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ by
itself means a leaf of a book; that is, ]{.font12}[yìpiān(r)]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ equals both sides of one
page.]{.font12}
[wénzhāng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: (1) "a writing,
literary composition, article, essay\" (counter:
-]{.font12}[piān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[); (2)
\"prose style,\" as in]{.font12}
::: {style="border-bottom:solid;"}
[Tāde wénzhāng bú cuò.]{.font12}
:::
\
[His (prose) writing is very good.]{.font12}
[Bú shi zhèige yìsi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:
\"That wasn't what I meant,\" or more literally, \"Not that meaning (the
one you just said).\"]{.font12}
[jiù shi\...]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:
]{.font12}[Jiù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ here means
\"merely, only, just.\"]{.font12}
[chángle yidiǎnr]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"a
little bit too long.\" The marker ]{.font12}[le]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ following an adjectival verb, such
as \"to be long\" can mean either: 1) new situation, the article is now
a bit long, or 2) excessive degree, the article is a bit too long.
You've seen the second meaning in sentences such as ]{.font12}[Tai hǎo
le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"That's wonderful."'
Sentence 3B tells you that the speaker feels the article is overly
long.]{.font12}
[biéde:]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"other, others\"
Distinguish in Chinese between ]{.font12}[biéde]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"others in general,\" and
]{.font12}[lìngwài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"another\" or \"the other.\" Use ]{.font12}[biéde]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ when you are ]{.font12}[not
specifying]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"which
others.\" Use ]{.font12}[lìngwài]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ + Number + Counter when you refer
to a ]{.font12}[certain]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
\"other\" or ]{.font12}[certain]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"others.\" Contrast this pair of
sentences■ \"]{.font12}[wǎnliàn wǎnhūn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"late involvement and late
marriage\" This refers to waiting until young people are in their late
twenties before they become romantically involved or think of
marriage.]{.font12}
[\*\"]{.font12}[biàncheng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:
\"to change into\" (SOC Unit 3)]{.font12}
[Nǐ hái yào kàn biéde ma?]{.font12}
[Nǐ hái yào kàn lìngwài yíge ma?]{.font12}
[Contrast also:]{.font12}
[Zhèiběnr zìdiǎn bù hǎo, wǒ yào lìngwài yìběnr.]{.font12}
[Zhèiběnr zìdiǎn bù hǎo, wǒ yào biéde.]{.font12}
[Would you like to look at some other ones? (UNSPECIFIED
OTHERS)]{.font12}
[Would you like to see the other one, too? (A CERTAIN ONE---\"THE\"
OTHER)]{.font12}
[This dictionary is no good. I want the other one. (A CERTAIN OTHER
ONE---e.g., the other one which the sales clerk showed you)]{.font12}
[This dictionary is no good. I want another. (UNSPECIFIED---e.g., you
don't know whether the store has any others, but you would like to see
some)]{.font12}
[Other examples:]{.font12}
[Tāmen liǎngge rén, yíge shi wǒ gēge, lìngwài yíge shi wǒ
péngyou.]{.font12}
[Women zhèixiē rén lǐbiānr, chùle wǒ dào Xianggang qù yīwài, biéde rén
dōu dào Taiwan qù.]{.font12}
[Zuótiān láide rén, wǒ zhǐ rènshi Tang Huìyíng, lìngwài sānge rén wǒ dōu
bù rènshi.]{.font12}
[Of those two, one is my older brother, and the other is my friend. (A
CERTAIN OTHER---\"THE\" OTHER)]{.font12}
[Of those of us here, only I am going to Hong Kong; all the others are
going to Taiwan. (UNSPECIFIED--- ANY AND ALL OTHERS IN THE
GROUP)]{.font12}
[Of the people who came yesterday, I only know Tang Huìyíng. I don\'t
know any of the other three.]{.font12}
[(CERTAIN OTHERS---\"THE\" OTHER ONES)]{.font12}
[If you do not specify the set of things mean any others in the whole
world:]{.font12}
\
[you are]{.font12}
\
[talking about, ]{.font12}[biéde]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ tends to]{.font12}
\
[Women zhǐ you zhèiyiběn, méiyou biéde.]{.font12}
\
[We only don\'t]{.font12}
\
[have this one volume. We have any others.]{.font12}
\
[Women xūyào biéde shū.]{.font12}
\
[We need (an)other book(s).]{.font12}
\
[This last sentence you want to change supplement the one]{.font12}
\
[can mean either 1) the content of the book(s) is bad and to another
book entirely, or 2) you need other books to you are using.]{.font12}
\
[hái\...biéde]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Now that
you have seen how to say \"other\" in Chinese, you should note that the
words ]{.font12}[lìngwài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
and ]{.font12}[biéde]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ are
often used in combination with certain adverbs meaning \"additionally\"
or \"again\": ]{.font12}[hái]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, and ]{.font12}[you]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. For now, concentrate on
]{.font12}[hái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. As used in
sentence 3B, it means literally \"in addition to what has come
before.\"]{.font12}
\
[Tā hai yào biéde. He wants more of them.]{.font12}
[Tā hai zuōle hiéde cài. He made other dishes as
well.]{.font12}
[Ní hai zhīdao hiéde hao fànguānr Do you know any other good
restaurants? ma?]{.font12}
[shénme]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"any\" The
meaning of ]{.font12}[shénme]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is changed from \"what\" to \"any\"
hy the question word ]{.font12}[ma]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ at the end of the sentence.
(Without ma, the sentence would mean, \"What other articles do you
have?\")]{.font12}
[Ní yào shénme? What do you want?]{.font12}
[Ní yào shénme ma? Do you want anything?]{.font12}
[Ní dōu zhīdao shénme hao fàn- What good restaurants do you know?
guǎnr?]{.font12}
[Ní zhīdao shénme hǎo fàn- Do you know of any good
restaurants?]{.font12}
[guǎnr ma?]{.font12}
[U. A: Nī ]{.font12}[jiēhūn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ yíqián yìzhí dōu Before you got
married did you gēn fùmǔ yìqī zhù ma? live with your parents
all along?]{.font12}
[B: Bu shi, wǒ méi jiēhūn jiu No, I left home Before I got married líkāi
jiā ]{.font12}[dull shēnghuōl]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e and lived independently for seven
qī-bā nián. or eight years.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. U]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[jiéhūn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to get
married\" Also pronounced ]{.font12}[jiēhūn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. ]{.font12}[Jiéhūn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is a process verb, not a state
verb. It is often seen with an aspect marker such as
]{.font12}[le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, or negated
with ]{.font12}[méi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Tāmen jiéhūnle méiyou? Have they gotten married yet?
(This]{.font12}
[is the equivalent of \"Are they married?\")]{.font12}
[Tāmen méi jiéhūn. They have not gotten married.
(Equi]{.font12}
[valent to \"They are not married.\")]{.font12}
[Tāmen bù jiéhūn. They are not going to get
married.]{.font12}
[Nī jiéhūn duo jiǔ le? Have long have you been
married?]{.font12}
[Jiéhūn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is a verb-object
compound, literally meaning \"to knot marriage.\" ]{.font12}[Jié
]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[and
]{.font12}[hūn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can be
separated by aspect markers, such as -de. or -]{.font12}[guo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Nī shi shénme shihou jiéde hūn? When did you get married?
]{.font12}[or]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ Nī shi
shénme shihou jiéhūnde?]{.font12}
[Liu Xiānsheng Jiéguo sāncì hūn. Mr. Liu has been married three
times.]{.font12}
[To say \"get married TO SOMEONE\" use the pattern
]{.font12}[gēn\...jiéhūn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
or ]{.font12}[he\...Jiéhūn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Tā gēn shéi jiéhūn le? To whom did he get
married?]{.font12}
[yìzhí]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"all along,
continuously, always" You have seen ]{.font12}[yìzhí]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"straight,\" used to refer to
direction, as in ]{.font12}[yìzhí zōu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Here ]{.font12}[yìzhí]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used to refer to time.]{.font12}
[Women yìzhí zài zhèli gōngzuò. We've always worked here.]{.font12}
[Tā yìzhí zài Taidà niàn shū. He studied all along at
Taiwan]{.font12}
[University.]{.font12}
[Yìzhí]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can \"be used with
reference to a phrase telling of a period of time
(]{.font12}[sānnian]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"three years,\" or ]{.font12}[jiéhūn yǐqiān]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"before getting married\") to say
\"all during (that time).\"]{.font12}
[Yù yìzhí xiàle sāntiān.]{.font12}
\
[It rained for three days straight.]{.font12}
[Often the time phrase and ]{.font12}[yìzhí]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ are followed by
]{.font12}[dōu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Tā wūtiān yìzhí dōu méi xiūxi. He didn't rest for]{.font12}
[wō méi jiehūn jiu líkāi jiā\...]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This might look like married and
left home,'' but is actually \"when I wasn't yet left home.\" The order
of events is made explicit and ]{.font12}[jiù\...]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (already.••)•]{.font12}
\
[five days on end.]{.font12}
["l didn't get married, I already]{.font12}
\
[Tā méi xué sìwǔge yuè Yīngwén Jiù shuōde bú cuò le.]{.font12}
[Tā bìng méi hǎo Jiù lai shàng ban le.]{.font12}
[Wō gàosu nǐ méi Jītiǎn, nī you wàng le.']{.font12}
[Méi duō jiǔ, tā jiù shuìzháo le.]{.font12}
[Yù xiàle méi duō jiù jiù ting le.]{.font12}
\
[by ]{.font12}[méi\...]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
(hadn't yet.•.)]{.font12}
[Before he had studied even three or four months of English, he could
speak it pretty well.]{.font12}
[She came back to work before she had recovered from her
illness.]{.font12}
[I told you Just a few days ago and you've forgotten again.]{.font12}
[He fell asleep before long.]{.font12}
[It hadn't rained long when it stopped.]{.font12}
[literally]{.font12}
\
[dúlì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be
independent, to be on one's own; independence, singly stand.\"]{.font12}
\
[Měiguo shi yīqīqīliùnián dúlìde.]{.font12}
[Zuìjìn jǐniàn you Jǐge xīn dúlìde guōjiā.]{.font12}
\
[America became independent in 1776.]{.font12}
[There have been several newly independent countries in the last few
years.]{.font12}
\
[Neige háizi hěn xǐhuan dull That child really likes to he
inde-]{.font12}
[shēnghuó, tā zài zhōngxuéde pendent. He started to work
when]{.font12}
[shíhou yǐjíng kāishǐ gōngzuò le. he was in high school.]{.font12}
[Tā zhème dà, JīngJi hái méiyou He\'s so old and still not econom-dúlì.
ically independent.]{.font12}
[shēnghuo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to live;
life; livelihood\" ]{.font12}[Sheng-]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is stressed and
-]{.font12}[huo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is
unstressed or neutral tone. A ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ phrase may come either before or
after the verb ]{.font12}[shēnghuo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Xiongmāo chàbuduō dōu shēnghuo zài gāoshānshang.]{.font12}
\
[Almost all panda bears live in]{.font12}
\
[the high mountains.]{.font12}
\
[Tā zài shēnghuoshang duì wo hěn zhàogu.]{.font12}
[Tā xiǎo shíhou shēnghuo qíngxing hěn bù hǎo.]{.font12}
\
[She takes good care of me in my daily life.]{.font12}
[When he was a child, he lived in very bad circumstances.]{.font12}
\
[5. A: Nǐ kàn, zhèr you yìpiān Look, here\'s a news article
on]{.font12}
[guānyú ]{.font12}[tongJud]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e ]{.font12}[xǐnwén]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. \"living
together.\"]{.font12}
[B: ]{.font12}[Suànl]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e ba.
Zhèizhǒng Forget it. What\'s interesting about]{.font12}
[xǐnwén you shénme yìsi? that kind of news?]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 5]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[tongjū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to live
together, to cohabit\" ]{.font12}[Jū]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is a literary word for \"to
live.[]{#footnote2}^[2](#bookmark71)^' Although some dictionaries define
]{.font12}[tongjū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ simply
as \"to live together,\" giving examples such as an uncle and nephew
living together, ]{.font12}[tongjū]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ almost always implies sexual
relations. It may even be used to describe romances of shorter
durations, whether or not a household was set up. You\'ll notice that in
some dialogues in this unit, the speakers prefer the phrase
]{.font12}[nannū tongju ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[in
order to be explicit.]{.font12}
[xǐnwén]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"news\" This is
the word for \"news\" as in \"the evening news,\" \"the news in the
paper today,\" \"official news.\" It is not the word for news between
friends, unless one is Joking about the importance of what is about to
be said. EThe word for news between people is ]{.font12}[xiāoxi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"tidings,\" (MBD, Unit 5) which
has a second meaning of \"official news.\"3]{.font12}
[Nǐ kàn diànshi xǐnwén le ma? Did you see the television
news?]{.font12}
[Jintiān bàoshangde xǐnwén hěn The news in the paper today is
very]{.font12}
[you yìsi, yīnggāi hǎohāor interesting; you should read
it]{.font12}
[kànkan. carefully.]{.font12}
- [A: Jintiān tā gàosu wǒ yíge xinwén, shuō Xiǎo Wáng he Xiǎo Lǐ
\"Shíyī\" jiēhūn.]{.font12}
- [B: Zhēnde? Zhèi zhēn shi ge dà xǐnwén.]{.font12}
\
[Today she told me some real news. She said that Xiǎo Wang and Xiǎo Lǐ
are getting married on October 1 (National Day).]{.font12}
[Really? Boy, that really ]{.font12}[is]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ big news]{.font12}
\
[suàn le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"Forget it.\"
]{.font12}[Suàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is the
verb \"to calculate, to figure, to compute.\" The idiom ]{.font12}[suàn
le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is translated as \"let
it be,\" \"let it pass,\" \"drop the matter,\" \"let it go at that.
'']{.font12}
[Suàn le, bu yào zài wèn tā le.]{.font12}
[Ràng tā zìjǐ bàn, jiù suàn le.]{.font12}
\
[Forget it, don't ask him about it any more.]{.font12}
[Let him do it himself, and the heck with it.]{.font12}
- [A: Zánmen chūqu chi fàn ba?]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ jiù xiǎng zài jiāli suíbiàn chī yidiǎnr suàn le.]{.font12}
[Dōu gěi ni, suàn le.]{.font12}
[Nǐ yào qù jiù qù, bú qù jiù suàn le.]{.font12}
\
[How about going out to eat?]{.font12}
[I just want to eat a little bit at home and leave it at that.]{.font12}
\
[Go ahead and take them all.]{.font12}
[If you want to go, then go. If you don't want to go, then forget
it.]{.font12}
\
[6. A:]{.font12}
\
[Nǐ jiějie ]{.font12}[yīxué]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ fāngmiànde shū
]{.font12}[yuè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ lái
]{.font12}[yuè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ duō
le.']{.font12}
\
::: {style="border-bottom:solid;"}
[B: Shǐ a, tā zài ]{.font12}[pīnmìng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ xué ]{.font12}[yī]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ne.]{.font12}
:::
\
[Your sister is getting more and more medical books!]{.font12}
[Yes, she's studying medicine with all her energy.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 6]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[nǐ jiějie yīxué fāngmiànde shū]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"your sister's medical books\" To
say just \"your sister's books\" you put a -]{.font12}[de]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ on ]{.font12}[jiějie]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ]{.font12}[Nǐ Jiějiede
shū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. But
-]{.font12}[de]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is not used
after ]{.font12}[jiějie]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in
6A. This is because of the modifying phrase ]{.font12}[yīxué
fāngmiànde]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which ends in
-de. To have two -]{.font12}[de]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ phrases in a row before a noun is
often considered stylistically bad; the way to get around it is to keep
only the last -de. Other examples:]{.font12}
[Běijīng C-dei]{.font12}
\
[zuì hǎo -de fànguǎnr]{.font12}
\
[Zhōu Xiānsheng E-del tàitai -de péngyou]{.font12}
[yuè lái yuè duō le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:
\"more and more\...\" The pattern ]{.font12}[yuè\...yuè\...]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used to express the idea \"the
more\...the more\...\" Fill in the blanks with verbs (state or
action).]{.font12}
-------------------- --------------------
[yuè duō]{.font12} [yuè hao]{.font12}
-------------------- --------------------
[\"the more the better\"]{.font12}
[yue kan \| yue bu dong]{.font12}
[\"the more one reads, the]{.font12}
[more confused one gets\"]{.font12}
[Péngyou yuè duō yuè hǎo.]{.font12}
[Dìtú yuè dà yuè qīngchu.]{.font12}
[Tā bù xǐhuan qǐng kè, juéde kèren yuè duō yuè máfan.]{.font12}
[Wǒ yuè xiǎng yuè pà.]{.font12}
[Tā yuè shuō yuè shēngqì.]{.font12}
[Nèipiān wénzhāng xiěde hěn bu qīngchu, nǐ yuè kàn yuè bù
dong.]{.font12}
\
[The more friends you have, the better.]{.font12}
[The larger a map is, the clearer it is.]{.font12}
[She doesn\'t like to invite guests; she feels that the more guests
there are, the more trouble it is.]{.font12}
[The more I thought about it, the more frightened I got.]{.font12}
[The more he talked, the madder he got.]{.font12}
[The article is very unclear. The more you read it, the less you
understand.]{.font12}
\
[When the verb ]{.font12}[lai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used in the first blank of this
pattern, the whole phrase expresses the idea of \"increasingly\...\" or
\"\...-er and \...-er\":]{.font12}
[I yuè lai \| yuè gāo \|]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[\"to become taller and taller\"]{.font12}
[Huang Taitaide nuer yue lai yue Mrs. Huang\'s daughter is getting
piàoliang le. prettier all the time.]{.font12}
[Dōngxi yuè lai yuè guì le. Things are getting more and
more]{.font12}
[expensive.]{.font12}
[zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:
]{.font12}[Zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is the
marker of ongoing action which you learned in the Meeting module, Unit
2: ]{.font12}[Tā xiànzài zài kāi huì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"She is attending a meeting
now.\" Note that ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used in sentence 6B even though
the action of studying is not necessarily going on at this very second,
but only at intervals. She might not be studying right when this
sentence is said, but she still is going to medical school. Likewise, if
you are in the middle of a novel, you can say ]{.font12}[Wǒ zài kàn
yiběn xiǎoshuō]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ even if you
have put it aside for a day or two.]{.font12}
[zài\...ne]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Sentences with
]{.font12}[zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, the marker
of ongoing action, often end in ]{.font12}[ne]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, the marker of absence of change or
lack of completion. (See Unit 2 of the Transportation module and Unit h
of this module.)]{.font12}
[pǐnmìng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"exerting the
utmost strength, with all one's might, for all one is worth,
desperately, like mad\" ]{.font12}[Pǐnmìng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means literally \"to risk one's
life\" or \"to defy death.\" One translation which captures the spirit
of ]{.font12}[pǐnmìng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is
\"knocking oneself out.\"]{.font12}
[Shìqing tài duo, tā pīnmìngde zuǒ yě zuòbuwān.]{.font12}
\
[There's too much to do. She's working like mad and still won't be able
to finish.]{.font12}
[Xiǎoháir yí kànjian lǎoshǔ[]{#footnote3}^[3](#bookmark72)^ jiù pīnmìng
pǎo hui Jiā qu le.]{.font12}
\
[As soon as the child saw the rat, he ran like mad for home.]{.font12}
\
[7. A: Liu Xiānshengde kè ]{.font12}[shízài ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[méi yìsi.]{.font12}
[B: Nǐ tǐn]{.font12}[gxiaqu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, mànmānr huì ]{.font12}[you
xìngqud]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e.]{.font12}
[Notes On No. 7]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
\
[Mr. Liu's class is really boring.]{.font12}
[If you keep attending it, gradually you'll become interested.]{.font12}
\
[shízài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:]{.font12}
\
[''really, indeed, honestly; to be true]{.font12}
\
[an adjectival verb which is most often actually."]{.font12}
\
[Tā shízài yonggong", měitiān wǎnshang niàn hǎo jǐge zhōngtéu
Yīngwén.]{.font12}
[Wǒ shízài bù zhīdào.]{.font12}
[Wǒ shízài gàosu nǐ ba, wǒ bù xiǎng qù.]{.font12}
[Yàoshi nǐ shízài méi bànfa, nà Jiù suàn le.]{.font12}
[Shízài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can also be used
in speaking connotation of dependability.]{.font12}
[Tā zhèige rén hěn shízài.]{.font12}
\
[to be real" This is used as an adverb meaning ''really,]{.font12}
[He is really industrious; every night he studies several hours of
English.]{.font12}
[I really (OR honestly) don't know.]{.font12}
[I'll tell you the truth: I don't want to go.]{.font12}
[If you really can't do it, then Just forget it.]{.font12}
[of people; when so used it carries the]{.font12}
[He is very sincere and dependable.]{.font12}
\
[méi yìsi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This phrase,
meaning literally ''has no meaning," has an abundance of uses: (1)
uninteresting, boring; (2) pointless, meaningless; (3) to be a drag; (U)
without value, not worthy of respect, cheap.]{.font12}
- [(1) Zhèiběn shū zhēn méi yìsi.]{.font12}
[Wǒ kàn nǐ bú bì qù nèige dìfang, méi shenme yìsi.]{.font12}
- [(2) Jīntiān kāi huì, shénme dōu méi zuò, zhēn méi yìsi.]{.font12}
[Tā bù dong, zài Jiang ye méi yìsi.]{.font12}
[This book is really boring.]{.font12}
[I don't think you need to go there.]{.font12}
[It's not particularly fun (interesting)]{.font12}
[We didn't get anything done at today's meeting. How
pointless.]{.font12}
[He doesn't understand. It's pointless to try to explain it any
more.]{.font12}
[Tā bú zài, zánmen qù yě méi yìsi, shénme dōu bù néng zuò.]{.font12}
- [(3) Tā zài Měiguo, tā àiren zài Déguo, zhēn méi yìsi.]{.font12}
[(U) Zài tā bèihōu° shuō zhèiyangrde huà, zhēn méi yìsi!]{.font12}
[Since he's not there, it would be pointless for us to go. We wouldn't
be able to do anything.]{.font12}
[He's in America and his love is in Germany. What a drag!]{.font12}
[Talking like that behind her back is really low.]{.font12}
[tīngxiaqu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to go on
listening\" You've seen the action verb ]{.font12}[ting]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to listen\" and the directional
ending -]{.font12}[xiàqu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
\"to go down\" before. Here ]{.font12}[xiàqu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is not used as a directional
ending, but rather a resultative ending \"to continue, to go on.\" As a
resultative verb, ]{.font12}[tīngxiaqu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may take ]{.font12}[de]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and bu as middle syllables to make
verbs which say \"can\" and \"cannot.\"]{.font12}
[Zhèiběn shū tài méi yìsi, wǒ kànbuxiàqù le.]{.font12}
[Nǐ shuōde duì, Jiǎngxiaqu.]{.font12}
- [A: Gàosu wo, hòulái zěnme le?]{.font12}
- [B: Gàosu ni méi yìsi. Nǐ kàn-xiaqu Jiù huì zhīdao le.]{.font12}
[Shuōxiaqu a, women dōu ài tīng.]{.font12}
[Nǐ zhèiyang děngxiaqu zěnme xíng ne?]{.font12}
[you xìngqu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be
interested\" what you are interested in.]{.font12}
[Wǒ duì nèijiàn shi yidiǎnr xìngqu yě méiyou.]{.font12}
[Nǐ duì shénmeyàngrde shū zuì you xìngqu?]{.font12}
\
[This book is too boring. I can't read on.]{.font12}
[That's right. Go on (speaking).]{.font12}
[Tell me, what happens later?]{.font12}
[It would be no fun to tell you. Go on reading and you'll find
out.]{.font12}
[Go on talking. We all love to listen.]{.font12}
[How can you go on waiting like this?]{.font12}
[Use the prepositional verb ]{.font12}[duì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to say]{.font12}
[I have no interest at all in that matter.]{.font12}
[What kind of books are you most interested in?]{.font12}
\
[8. A: ]{.font12}[Xiàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
Wang Jiàoshòu zhèi- There really aren't many teachers yangde lǎoshī
zhēnshi bù like Professor Wáng.]{.font12}
[duō.]{.font12}
[B: NǏ shuōduì le. Rúguo bú You're right. If it weren't
for]{.font12}
[shi tā ]{.font12}[bāngzhu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
wo, wǒ the help he's given me, I]{.font12}
[zhēn bù xiang xué le. wouldn't want to study
anymore.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 8]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[xiàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be similar
to, to resemble\" ]{.font12}[Xiàng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may be used as a full verb or as a
prepositional verb. Here it is a full verb:]{.font12}
[Tā xiang fùqin, bú xiang mǔqin. He resembles his father, not his
mother.]{.font12}
[As a prepositional verb, ]{.font12}[xiang]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used in making comparisons.
Notice the similarity of the word order between comparison sentences
with ]{.font12}[xiang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and
those with ]{.font12}[you]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
and ]{.font12}[gēn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Tā xiang tā gēge name cōngming. She\'s as intelligent as her
brother.]{.font12}
[Nǐ you tā name gāo. You\'re as tall as he is.]{.font12}
[Nǐ gēn tā yíyāng gāo. You\'re the same height as
he.]{.font12}
[Comparison sentences with ]{.font12}[xiang]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ must have either
]{.font12}[yíyàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
]{.font12}[zhème]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
(]{.font12}[zènme]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[), or
]{.font12}[name]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ before the
main verb. ]{.font12}[Xiang]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ makes rather imprecise comparisons;
its original meaning is, after all, \"resemble" or \"like," not exact
equality.\*]{.font12}
[Nǐ xiang wǒ zhème ná kuàizi.]{.font12}
[Xiang huàr name hǎokàn.]{.font12}
[Zhèiliǎngtiānde tiānqi xiang chūntian name shūfu.]{.font12}
[Tāde yǎnjing xiang hǎishuǐ yíyàng lán.]{.font12}
\
[You hold chopsticks like I do. (It's) as beautiful as a
painting.]{.font12}
[The weather the past couple of days has been as nice as
spring.]{.font12}
[Her eyes are as blue as sea water.]{.font12}
[The negative ]{.font12}[bù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ comes before the prepositional verb
]{.font12}[xiang]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Tā bú xiang tā mèimei name He\'s not as intelligent as
his]{.font12}
[cōngming. little sister.]{.font12}
[Nèi shihou shēnghuo bú xiang Life was not as good then as it xiànzài
zhème hǎo. is now.]{.font12}
[Xiàng\...zhèiyang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:
]{.font12}[Zhèiyang(r)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or
]{.font12}[nèiyang(r)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ are
sometimes used after a noun or pronoun in phrases with
]{.font12}[xiàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, for
example:]{.font12}
[xiàng tā zhèiyangde rén people like him (lit., \"like him
this]{.font12}
[kind of people\")]{.font12}
[xiàng Wang Jiàoshòu zhèiyangde teachers like Professor Wang (lit.,
lǎoshī \"like Professor Wang this kind
of]{.font12}
[teachers\")]{.font12}
[In such sentences, the ]{.font12}[zhèiyang(r)]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[nèiyang(r)]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ are hard to translate into smooth
English. It is usually best to leave those words out of the
translation.]{.font12}
[Měitiān dōu xiàng jīntiān zhèi- If every day were like today, we yang
jiù shūfu le. would have it easy.]{.font12}
[Beijing kao yā zhèiyangde cài, It would be too expensive to eat
tiāntiān chī tài guì le. dishes like Běijīng roast
duck]{.font12}
[every day.]{.font12}
--------------- --------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[9.]{.font12} [A:]{.font12} [Sānnián yīqián wo Jiu bú ]{.font12}[kào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ fùmǔ shēnghuó le.]{.font12} [I stopped depending on my parents for a living three years ago.]{.font12}
[B:]{.font12} [Nī néng zìjī ]{.font12}[guān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ zìjī, zhēn bú cuò.]{.font12} [It\'s really great that you can take care of yourself (be your own boss)]{.font12}
--------------- --------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Notes on No. 9]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Jiù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: The adverb
]{.font12}[jiù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is often
used after expressions of time, and stresses that the time when the
event happens is comparatively prompt, soon, or early. The English
translations may vary; this use of ]{.font12}[jiù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ has the flavor of ''as soon as
that\" or \"as early as that,\" but it can also be conveyed in English
simply by putting extra stress on the time expression. For example,
\"He\'s coming TODAY.\'\" (]{.font12}[Tā jīntiān jiu lái le.\*]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[). When used this way,
]{.font12}[jiù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is always
unstressed or neutral tone.]{.font12}
[As in sentence 9A, new-situation ]{.font12}[le]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is often (but not always) used at
the end of a sentence in connection with the adverb
]{.font12}[jiù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Nǐde yīfu yìhuīr Jiù xīhāo le.]{.font12}
[Míngtiān wǒ Jiù you gōngfu, kéyi qù le.]{.font12}
[Nī zài děng yìhuīr, yìdiān-zhōng Jiù you dìxià huǒchē le.]{.font12}
\
[Your clothes will be all washed in Just a while (that soon).]{.font12}
\
[I\'ll have time to go tomorrow (that soon).]{.font12}
\
[Wait a while longer, there will be a subway train at one o\'clock (that
soon).]{.font12}
\
[Jīntiān zǎoshang wǒ wùdian zhōng jiù qīlai le.]{.font12}
\
[I got up at five this morning (that early).]{.font12}
\
[kào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This verb has
several commonly used meanings: (1) to lean against, to lay back on, (2)
to depend/rely on, and (3) to be near/next to.]{.font12}
[Bié kào chēmén. Don\'t lean against the door of
the]{.font12}
[car.]{.font12}
[Wǒde Yīngwén bù hāo, xie My English isn\'t good. When I
write]{.font12}
[wénzhāng wánquán kào zìdiān. essays, I depend completely on
a]{.font12}
[dictionary.]{.font12}
[Tā zǒngshi kào zài chuāngshang\* kàn shū.]{.font12}
[Mài'āmì shi yíge kào hǎide chéngshì.]{.font12}
[guǎn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: "to tend/take care
of/look]{.font12}
[Nǐmen liǎngge chūqu wānr, shéi guǎn hāizi?]{.font12}
[Lǐ Xuěméi guǎn jiā guǎnde hǎo.]{.font12}
[Liu Xiansheng shi guǎn kǎo-shìde.']{.font12}
[Another meaning is "to care, to \"bother]{.font12}
[Tā bù xǐhuan guǎn biérénde shi.]{.font12}
[Wǒ yào zuò shénme, wǒ zìjǐ zhīdao, nǐ shǎo guǎn wǒde shi, hǎo bu
hǎo?]{.font12}
[Wǒ bù guǎn, suíbiàn nǐ.]{.font12}
\
[He's always laying back in bed reading.]{.font12}
[Miami is a city on the sea.]{.font12}
[after/manage/run/be in charge of"]{.font12}
[If you two go out (for fun), who'll look after the kids?]{.font12}
[Lǐ Xuěméi runs the house very well]{.font12}
[Mr. Liu is in charge of testing.]{.font12}
[about, to concern oneself with."]{.font12}
[He doesn't like to mind others' business.]{.font12}
[I know what I want to do, would you please not interfere with my
affairs so much! (IMPOLITE)]{.font12}
[I don't care. Whatever you like.]{.font12}
\
[The ending ]{.font12}[-zhāo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ''succeed (in connecting with or
touching)," can also be used with ]{.font12}[guǎn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. ]{.font12}[Guǎnbuzhāo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means ''can be no concern of\...,
to be none of one's business."]{.font12}
[Zhèi shi women zìjǐde shi, nǐmen guǎnbuzhāo.]{.font12}
\
[This is our own affair; it's none of your business.]{.font12}
\
[The colloquial ]{.font12}[Guǎn ta (ne)!]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ expresses brusque dismissal: ''Who
cares about]{.font12}
[him!" or ''Who cares about that!"]{.font12}
\
- [A: Nǐ Jīntiān wǎnshang ruguǒ bu qù, tā huì hěn bu
gāoxìng.]{.font12}
- [B: Guǎn ta ne! Wo yào niàn shū, méi shíjiān qù.]{.font12}
\
[If you don't go tonight he'll be very unhappy.]{.font12}
[Who gives a damn about him! I've got to study; I don't have time to
go.]{.font12}
\
[zìjǐ.. .zìjǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''oneself"
Use the pronoun ]{.font12}[wǒ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ for "l, me, my, mine," but use
]{.font12}[zìjǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or
]{.font12}[wǒ zìjǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ for
''myself." Depending on the context, ]{.font12}[zìjǐ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can mean ''myself, yourself,
him/herself, ourselves, themselves." Sometimes ]{.font12}[zìjǐ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used twice in the same clause,
as in sentence 9B.]{.font12}
[Wǒ bù xǐhuan wǒ zìjǐ.]{.font12}
[chuáng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''bed]{.font12}
[kǎoshì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''test, exam;
testing"]{.font12}
\
[I don't like myself, (as said by a confused teenager)]{.font12}
\
[Nǐ bù xiǎo le, yinggāi zìjī zhàogu zìjī.]{.font12}
\
[zhīdao]{.font12}
\
[Nī bú yào zìjī gěi zìjī zhǎo máf an.]{.font12}
\
[Tā zhèiyangr zuò, zìjī pian"]{.font12}
\
[zìjī.]{.font12}
\
[You're not a child anymore; you should know how to take care of
yourself.]{.font12}
[Don't go asking for trouble for yourself.]{.font12}
[By doing this, he's only fooling himself.]{.font12}
\
- [10. A: Tā xiěde jīběn xiǎoshuō xiànzài dōu hěn
]{.font12}[liúxíng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [B: Nà dāngrán, xiàng tā nèiyang you ]{.font12}[dìwei]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ yōu ]{.font12}[zhīshid]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e rén, xiěde xiǎoshuō yídìng yōu
yìsi.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [11. yōu bāngzhu]{.font12}
- [12. yōu dàolī]{.font12}
[Notes on Nos. 10 through 12]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[liúxíng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: '']{.font12}
\
[The novels he wrote are all very popular now.]{.font12}
[Of course. Novels written by someone with his position and knowledge
are sure to be interesting.]{.font12}
[to be helpful]{.font12}
[to make sense]{.font12}
\
[common. '' negative with ]{.font12}[bù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[This kind of talk is very popular these days, but I don't think it's
very true.]{.font12}
[It's not popular to wear long skirts anymore.]{.font12}
[following it to mean \"to be popular to]{.font12}
[It is popular to wear long skirts now.]{.font12}
[In a lot of places, it is getting more and more common for men and
women to live together.]{.font12}
\
[to be popular, prevalent, current, widespread]{.font12}
\
[This is an adjectival verb. Make it]{.font12}
[Zhèizhōng huà xiànzài hěn liúxíng, kěshi wō xiǎng zhè huà bú tài
duì.]{.font12}
[Xiànzài chuān duǎn qúnzi bù liúxíng le.]{.font12}
[You can also use ]{.font12}[liúxíng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ with a phrase (do
something).\"]{.font12}
[Xiànzài liúxíng chuān cháng qúnzi.]{.font12}
[Zài hěn duō dìfang, yuè lái yuè liúxíng nánnu tóngjū le.]{.font12}
\
[Liúxíng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is also used in
compound nouns, such as ]{.font12}[liúxíngbìng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"epidemic.\"]{.font12}
[Zhè yíge xlngqī yōu liúxíng- This past week there has been
an]{.font12}
[bìng, nīmen Jiāde háizi epidemic; it would be best
if]{.font12}
[zuì hǎo bié chū men. your children didn't go
out.]{.font12}
[\*]{.font12}[zhàogu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to
take care of, to care for\" (Society, Unit 5) ]{.font12}[piàn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to fool, to deceive\"]{.font12}
[dìwei]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"position, place
or status]{.font12}
[Tāde dìwei hen gāo.]{.font12}
[Nǐ cái gōngzuòle shíjinián jiù yǒule Jīntiānde dìwei hen bù
rōngyi.]{.font12}
[Tāmen yào you dúlìde jīngji he shèhuì dìwei.]{.font12}
\
[(in an organization or society)'']{.font12}
[He has a very high position.]{.font12}
[Having worked only ten or so years, it wasn't easy to get the position
you have today.]{.font12}
[They want independent economic and social status.]{.font12}
\
[you zhǐshi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be
knowledgeable,\" literally \"to have knowledge\" ]{.font12}[you
dàolǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to make sense,\"
literally \"to have reason\" ]{.font12}[you bāngzhu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be helpful,\" literally \"to
have help\"]{.font12}
[Here you see three more examples of how ]{.font12}[you]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to exist, to have,\" and a noun
can be used to make an adjectival verb. Sometimes the meaning of the
resulting phrase is more than Just the sum of its parts. ]{.font12}[You
xìngqu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is \"to be
interested (in something),\" while ]{.font12}[you yìsi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is \"to be interesting.\" Here are
some of the others you have already learned.]{.font12}
[you guānxi you yánjiū]{.font12}
\
[to be related to yòu míng to be expert you yòng]{.font12}
[to be famous to be useful]{.font12}
\
[13• zìyóu]{.font12}
- [14. -bèizi]{.font12}
- [15.]{.font12}[ Xǐnwén Zhōukān]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
- [16. fùnū]{.font12}
[Notes on Nos. 13 through 16]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[-]{.font12}[bèizi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This
word is usually used]{.font12}
[Wo gōngzuòle yíbèizi, xiànzài liùshisuì le, kéyi xiūxixiuxi
le.]{.font12}
\
[to be free; freedom]{.font12}
[all one's life, lifetime]{.font12}
[Newsweek]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[woman; women, womankind]{.font12}
[with yī-, as in]{.font12}
[I've worked all my life and am now sixty years old. I can take a little
rest now.]{.font12}
\
[Jiéhūn shi yíbèizide shi, děi Marriage is a lifetime thing; you hǎohāor
xiǎngxiang. should think it over carefully.]{.font12}
[fùnū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: In Taiwan, a
]{.font12}[funū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is
generally a married woman, but in PRC usage the word has no connotations
about marital status. ]{.font12}[Fùnū]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is also used in a collective sense,
\"women\" or \"womankind.\"]{.font12}
[Unit 2, Tape 1, Review Dialogue]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[At the entrance to Lauinger Library at Georgetown University, Lǐ Ping
(B) encounters Tom (A).]{.font12}
[B: Èi! Tāngmǔ, nǐ hǎo a! Hey! Hi, Tom!]{.font12}
- [A: Nǐ hǎo, Lǐ Ping! Lai kàn Hi, Lǐ Ping. Did you come here
to]{.font12}
[shū ma? do some reading?]{.font12}
[B: Chile wǎnfàn, chūlai zǒuzou,]{.font12}
[dào túshūguǎn kànkan xīn dàode zázhì.]{.font12}
- [A: Nǐ zuì xǐhuande Yǐngwén zázhì]{.font12}
[shi shénme?]{.font12}
- [B: Ng, ]{.font12}[Xǐnwén Zhōukān]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Wèishenme ne?]{.font12}
- [B:]{.font12}[ Xǐnwén Zhōukān]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ hěn hǎo, duì]{.font12}
[xué Yǐngwén hěn you bāngzhu.]{.font12}
- [A: Duì, kàn zhèige zázhì, yìfāng]{.font12}
[miàn kéyi xué Yǐngwén, yìfāngmiàn kéyi zhīdao Měiguo shèhuìde
qíngkuāng, shi bu cud. Zhèige xīngqī you shénme yěu yìside wénzhāng
ma?]{.font12}
- [B: You, yěu yìpiān guānyú nánnū]{.font12}
[píngděngde wénzhāng hěn you yìsi.]{.font12}
- [A: Ou, \"nánnū píngděng\"\...wěde]{.font12}
[nupéngyou duì zhèige tímu' hěn yěu yánjiū. Zěnme? Nǐ yě duì zhèige
wèntí you xìngqu ma?]{.font12}
- [B: You, wǒ you xìngqu, érqiě]{.font12}
[xiǎng zhīdao nǐmende kànfǎ. Wo kéyi wèn jǐge wèntí ma?]{.font12}
- [A: Dāngrán, qǐng wèn ba!]{.font12}
- [B: Zhèipiān wénzhāng shuō, zài]{.font12}
[hěn duō dìfāng yuè lái yuè liú-xíng nánnū tongjū le. E, duì-]{.font12}
\
[After dinner I went out for a walk and came to the library to read
through some of the new magazines.]{.font12}
[What's your favorite English magazine?]{.font12}
[Um, ]{.font12}[Newsweek]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Why?]{.font12}
[Newsweek]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is very good.
It's a big help in learning English.]{.font12}
[Right. When you read it, you can-study English at the same time you
learn about conditions in American society; it ]{.font12}[is]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ good. Are there any interesting
articles in it this week?]{.font12}
[Yes, there's an article about equality of the sexes that's very
interesting.]{.font12}
[Oh, \"equality of the sexes\"\...My girl friend is an expert on the
subject. Don't tell me---are you interested in that issue too?]{.font12}
[Yes, I am, and I'd also like to know your views on it. Can I ask a few
questions?]{.font12}
[Sure. What would you like to know?]{.font12}
[The article says that in a lot of places cohabitation is getting more
and more common. Uh, excuse]{.font12}
\
[\*]{.font12}[tímu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"subject, topic\" (see Unit 5)]{.font12}
[buqǐ\...]{.font12}
- [A: Méi shenme, nǐ shuōxiaqu.]{.font12}
- [B: Zhèipiān wénzhāng hái shuō]{.font12}
[zhèizhōng shi hé fùnude dìwei you guānxi. Zhèi yidiǎn wǒ zhēnshi bù
dong le. Zhōngguo rénde chuántǒng guānniàn shi, fùnu méiyou jiēhūn, bù
yīnggāi hé tāde nánpéngyou zhù zai yìqī.]{.font12}
- [A: Wǒmende guānniàn bú tài yí]{.font12}
[yàng. Yìxiē fùnu, tèbié shi zhīshi fùnu, tāmen bú yào kào xiānsheng
shēnghuó, tāmen yào you dúlìde jīngji hé shèhui dìwei. Xiàng wǒde
nupéngyou, tā jiù you zhèiyangde kànfǎ. Erqiě wǒ xiǎng, tóngjūde wèntí
hé hěn duō shining you guānxi, bù zhī shi fùnude dìwei wèntí.]{.font12}
- [B: Rúguo kéyi tánde huà, nī gěi]{.font12}
[wo jiǎngjiang zěnmeyàng?]{.font12}
- [A: Hǎo, zhèiyangr ba, wǒ gěi ni]{.font12}
[tántan wode shi, nī jiu zhīdao women zěnme xiǎng le. Wǒde nupéngyou, tā
shi xué yīde. Xué yī bú shi yíjiàn rongyide shir. Tā hái yào zài dàxué
xuéxí liùnián.]{.font12}
- [B: Nà nīmen shénme shihou jiēhūn]{.font12}
[ne?]{.font12}
- [A: Xiànzài women hái bù xiǎng]{.font12}
[jiēhūn.]{.font12}
- [B: Weishénme? Nīmen juéde jiēle]{.font12}
[hūn, yǒule háizi huì hěn máfan, shi bu shi?]{.font12}
[A: Bú shi zhèige yìsi. Jiùshi]{.font12}
[women jiēhūnle, yě bù yídìng mǎshàng yào háizi. Zhǒngyàode shi women
zhèi yíbèizi yào zuò shénme, hái méiyou hǎohāor xiǎng-guo ne, yīnggāi
xiān xiǎng nèige]{.font12}
\
[me. . .]{.font12}
[Not at all, go on.]{.font12}
[It also said in the article that this is related to the status of
women. I really don't understand that point. The traditional Chinese
idea is that a woman should not live with her boyfriend before they get
married.]{.font12}
[We have a somewhat different concept. Some women, especially women
intellectuals, don't want to depend on their husbands in order to live;
they want to have independent economic and social status. Like my
girlfriend--- that's the way her view is. But also, I think that living
together has to do with a lot of things. It's not just a question of the
status of women.]{.font12}
[If it's all right to talk about it, would you tell me more?]{.font12}
[Okay, how about this. I'll tell you about ]{.font12}[my]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ situation, and then you'll know the
way we think. My girlfriend is studying medicine. Studying medicine
isn't the easiest thing. She still has six more years of
university.]{.font12}
[Then when are you getting married?]{.font12}
[We don't want to get married just yet.]{.font12}
[Why not? You think that once you get married and have children it'll be
a lot of trouble, rigjrt?]{.font12}
[That's not the point. Even if we get married, we won't necessarily have
children right away The important thing is that we haven't even thought
out well what we want to do in our lives. We should think
about]{.font12}
\
[°The reason Lī Ping is being so careful here is that he knows Tom and
his girlfriend are living together.]{.font12}
[wèntí. Erqiě wǒmen dōu yuànyi zài jiēhūn yǐqiān qīngchǔde zhīdao zìjī
xǐhuande nèige rén shi yíge shénmeyàngrde rén. Zhèi yě xūyào
shíjiān.]{.font12}
- [B: Kěshi you rén huì juéde]{.font12}
[nīmen zhèiyang zuò shi yīnwei nīmen juéde tóngjū bǐ jiēhūn
zìyóu.]{.font12}
- [A: You rén zhème shuō, kěshi wǒ]{.font12}
[xiǎng tāmen méi dǒng wǒmende zìyóu shi shénme.]{.font12}
- [B: Shi shénme ne?]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Měiguo rén Juéde zìjī kéyi]{.font12}
[jìhua zìjǐde shēnghuó shi zuì zhòngyàode zìyóu. Rūguo Měiguo méiyǒu
zhèizhǒng zìyóu, jiù bú huì you name duō rén xiǎng lai Měiguo le, nī
shuō wǒ shuōde duì bu dui?]{.font12}
- [B: Nī shuōde you diǎnr dàoli.]{.font12}
[Ou . . . Wǒ hai wangle wèn ni, jīnniàn xiàtiān, nǐde nupéngyou néng péi
ni dào Xiānggǎng qu ma?]{.font12}
- [A: Bù xíng. Tā jìhua dào Déguo]{.font12}
[qu niàn shū. Shǔjiàde shihou tā yào zài Déguo zhù sānge yuè, nà duì
tāde Déwén yídìng hěn you bāngzhu.]{.font12}
- [B: Duì.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Zěnmeyàng, nī duì ]{.font12}[Xǐnwén Zhōu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[kān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ zhèipiān wénzhāng hai
you shénme biéde kànfǎ ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Kanfǎ you. Zhèige tímu hěn]{.font12}
[dà, women yīhòu mànmàn zài tan.]{.font12}
[A: Hǎo, yīhòu zài tan.]{.font12}
[that problem first. What's more, we each want to have a clear idea of
of what kind of person the other is ]{.font12}[before]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ we get married. And that takes
time.]{.font12}
[But some people will think you are doing this because you feel that
living together is freer than marriage.]{.font12}
[Some people say that, but I don't think they have understood what our
freedom is.]{.font12}
[What is it, then?]{.font12}
[Americans feel that to be able to plan their own life is the most
important freedom. If America didn't have that kind of freedom, there
wouldn't be so many people who want to come here. Don't you think I'm
right?]{.font12}
[There's something to what you say. Oh \... I forgot to ask you
something else: Will your girlfriend be able to come with you to Hong
Kong this summer?]{.font12}
[No. She's planning to go to school in Germany. During summer vacation
she's going to live in Germany for three months. I'm sure that will help
her German a lot.]{.font12}
[That's right.]{.font12}
[So what about it, do you have any other opinions about that article in
]{.font12}[Newsweek?]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Yes, I have other opinions about it. But it's a big topic. We can talk
all about it later.]{.font12}
[Okay, we'll talk about it later.]{.font12}
[Unit 2, Tape 2 Workbook]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Exercise 1]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit.
The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you
to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your
answer.]{.font12}
[All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may
want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several
times.]{.font12}
[Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[This exercise ia a conversation in which a young man in Beijing talks
with a middle-aged man about a problem.]{.font12}
[The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely,
you\'ll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below
as you listen a second time.]{.font12}
[Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
conversation:]{.font12}
[húshuō to talk nonsense; drivel]{.font12}
[xiangbuchū can\'t think up, can\'t come up
with]{.font12}
[Xiao Lin tamen Xiao Lin and the others]{.font12}
[shēnqǐng to apply for]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be
able to give them orally in class.]{.font12}
- [1. Propose a reason why Xiao Míngzi is no longer in school. (Hint:
What are his other friends doing? What is the policy emphasis in
China on careers for youth?)]{.font12}
- [2. Is Xiao Míngzi looking for a job? Why or why not?]{.font12}
- [3. What kind of job does his middle-aged friend suggest?]{.font12}
[1. To whom must Xiao Míngzi apply before he goes out to take
pictures?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take
a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your
answers.]{.font12}
[Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate
the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than
the literal meaning of the Chinese.]{.font12}
[Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In this conversation a grandmother and her granddaughter discuss sexual
equality and changes in morality in new China.]{.font12}
[Listen to the conversation second time through, look below]{.font12}
\
[once straight through. Then, on the and answer the questions.]{.font12}
\
[Here are the new words and conversation:]{.font12}
\
[phrases you will need to understand this]{.font12}
\
[Nà hái yòng shuō]{.font12}
\
[That goes without saying]{.font12}
\
[duo hào!]{.font12}
\
[How great that is!]{.font12}
\
[qíguài]{.font12}
\
[to be strange]{.font12}
\
[Zhōngguo Qīngnián]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
\
[China Youth]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (a
periodical)]{.font12}
\
[hòulái]{.font12}
\
[afterwards]{.font12}
\
[dàodé]{.font12}
\
[morality, morals, ethics]{.font12}
\
[Questions for Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be
able to give them orally in class.]{.font12}
- [1. What was the status of women before liberation?]{.font12}
- [2. What did the granddaughter read about in the latest issue of
]{.font12}[China Youth?]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
- [3. What is her grandmother's reaction?]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [h. What things does a \"sense of morality\" probably include for
the grandmother?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to ta a
look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to li
to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which you
hav prepared.]{.font12}
\
[Exercise]{.font12}
[In this exercise, as a mother and. son finish dinner, they discuss his
future.]{.font12}
[Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape
and listen again. On the second time through, answer the
questions.]{.font12}
[You will need the following new words and phrases:]{.font12}
[shuoshi]{.font12}
[bóshì]{.font12}
[zhǎobudǎo Zhōngxuěshēng]{.font12}[ ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[gāozhōng]{.font12}
\
[fādá]{.font12}
\
[Master's degree]{.font12}
[Ph.D.]{.font12}
[to be unable to find]{.font12}
[High School Student]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (a
periodical) senior high school]{.font12}
[to be developed]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise h]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
- [1. What is Xiǎo Lin's mother's major concern about his
future?]{.font12}
- [2. Why doesn't he want to go to college anymore?]{.font12}
- [3. Who does Xiǎo Lin use as an example of why a college education
is useless?]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [U. What is his mother's position on the advantages of college
education in Hong Kong?]{.font12}
[5. Does Xiǎo Lin's mother act as an advisor or does she expect her son
to obey her wishes on this matter?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take
a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers
correctly.]{.font12}
[wǒ kéyi]{.font12}
\
[Dialogue and. Translation for Exercise 2]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Conversation between a middle-aged man]{.font12}
- [A: Xiǎo Míngzi, jīntiān zěnme you]{.font12}
[shíjiān zài jiā?]{.font12}
- [B: Zěnme méi shíjiān? Líkāi]{.font12}
[xuéxiào yīhòu, shíjiān duōduō le.]{.font12}
- [A: Bié ]{.font12}[hushuō]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[■ Nǐ you gōngzuò]{.font12}
[le meiyou?]{.font12}
- [B: You gōngzuò! Yǒule gōngzuò]{.font12}
[hái zài zhèr zuòzhe! you yìsi!]{.font12}
[Ni zhēn]{.font12}
\
- [A: Ao! Wǒ zhīdao le,]{.font12}
[nī hái méi]{.font12}
\
[gōngzuò na!]{.font12}
[s ~w~ • •]{.font9}
- [B: Ng. Laoshi shuo]{.font12}
[děngyiděng.]{.font12}
- [A: Nǐ zhèiyang děngxiaqu zěnme]{.font12}
[xíng ne? Yìtiān méi gōngzuò, yìtiān jiù děi kào fùmǔ a.]{.font12}
- [B: Hài, wǒ yě zhīdao, zhèiyang]{.font12}
[xiàqu bù xíng, kěshi wǒ shizài ]{.font12}[xiǎngbuchū]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ shenme hǎo bànfa ya! Nī shuō wǒ
zěnme bàn?]{.font12}
- [A: Nī huì shénme?]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ shénme dōu bú huì. Xiàng]{.font12}
[Xiǎo Lin tamen]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ huì zuò
zhuōzi yǐzi shenmede, yě dōu you gōngzuò le.]{.font12}
- [A: Ei, nǐ huì bu hui zhào xiàng?]{.font12}
[(A) and a young man (B) in Běijīng.]{.font12}
[Xiǎo Míngzi, how is it that you have time to be at home
today?]{.font12}
[How would I not have time? Since I left school, I've had lots more
time.]{.font12}
[Cut it out. Do you have a job yet?]{.font12}
[Have a job! If I had a Job would I still be sitting here! You're
something else!]{.font12}
[Oh! I see, you still don't have a job!]{.font12}
[Uh-huh. My teachers said I can wait a while.]{.font12}
[How will it do for you to go on waiting like this? Every day you
don't have a job, you have to depend on your parents.]{.font12}
[(Sigh), I know that it won't do to go on like this, but I really
can't think of any good solution! What do you think I should
do?]{.font12}
[What do you know how to do?]{.font12}
[I don't know how to do anything. Like Xiǎo Lin and the others, who
can make tables, chairs, and so on, all have jobs already.]{.font12}
[Say, can you take photographs?]{.font12}
\
- [B: Bú huì. No.]{.font12}
[\*Work is assigned, so getting a job is not a matter of personal
initiative. Work assignment is done by the work assignment committee of
the city district, under coordination of the citywide office.]{.font12}
[\"Teachers, while not directly involved in the assignment of work, can
be influential in the process. There is a group of teachers in each high
school or university who make specific recommendations to city offices
which decide whether a student finds work in the city or is sent to the
country.]{.font12}
- [A: Nǐ duì zhào xiang you méiyou]{.font12}
[xìngqu?]{.font12}
- [B: You a]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Zhèiyang ba! Wǒ you yíge Rìběn]{.font12}
[zhàoxiàngjī, wǒ jiao ni zěnmeyàng zhào xiàng, nǐ jiu kéyi you gōngzuǒ
le.]{.font12}
- [B: Suàn le ba, huì zhào xiàng]{.font12}
[zěnme huì you gōngzuǒ ne!]{.font12}
- [A: Hài, nǐ zhēn bù cōngming.]{.font12}
[Měitiān dōu you bù shǎo rén lai Beijing, shéi bù xiǎng zài Tiān'ānmén
qián zhào zhang xiàng! Nǐ zài zhao liǎngge tóngxué, you guǎn
zhàoxiàngde, you guǎn shōu qiánde, bu jiù xíng le ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Nín shuōde you dàolǐ, jiù]{.font12}
[zenme ban! Duì le, yào chūqu zhào xiàng, hái xūyào ]{.font12}[shēnqǐng
]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ba?]{.font12}
- [A: Nà róngyi. Míngtiān, nǐ qù]{.font12}
[zhǎo lǎoshī, tāmen huì bāngzhu ni bànde.]{.font12}
[Are you interested in photography?]{.font12}
[Sure!]{.font12}
[How about this: I have a Japanese camera. I'll teach you how to -take
pictures, and then you can have a job.]{.font12}
[Come on! How can I have a job by knowing how to take
pictures!]{.font12}
[Tsk, you're really not on the ball. Every day there are lots of people
who come to Běijīng; who doesn't want to get their picture taken in
front of Tiān'ānmén! If you find a couple of classmates, and have one in
charge of taking the pictures and one in charge of collecting the money
then you're all set, right?]{.font12}
[What you say makes sense; that's just what I'll do! Oh yes---if you
want to go out and take pictures, you have to apply, too, don't
you?]{.font12}
[That's easy. Tomorrow, go see your teachers. They'll help you do
it.]{.font12}
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Conversation between a grandmother Běijīng.]{.font12}
[A: Nǎinai, nín shuō, xīn Zhōngguo,]{.font12}
[nánnū píngděng, fùnude dìwei gāoduō le, duì bu dui?]{.font12}
- [B:]{.font12}[ Nà hái yǒng shuō]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Women]{.font12}
[niánqīngde shihou, fùnū zài jiāli, zài shěhuìshang dōu méiyou shenme
dìwei, zhǐ you hěn shǎode nūháizi you jǐhui niàn shū. Bu xiàng nǐmen,
gēn nánháizi yíyàng, niàn shū, zuǒ shi, ]{.font12}[duo hǎo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[!]{.font12}
[A: Nǎinai, nà nǐ shuō, tongjū]{.font12}
[zhèijiàn shir shi bu shi duì fùnù bù hǎo?]{.font12}
[(B) and her granddaughter (A) in]{.font12}
[Grandma, don't you think that in new China, with equality of the sexes
the status of women is much higher?]{.font12}
[That goes without saying. When we were young, women didn't have much
status in the family or in society. Only a very few girls had a chance
to study. It wasn't like the way it is for you, who study and work just
the same as boys. How great that is!]{.font12}
[Then what do you think, Grandma, is cohabitation a bad thing for
women?]{.font12}
[B: Nǐ zěnme yuè shuō yuè ]{.font12}[qíguài]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[le? Zài xīn Zhōngguo nǎr you tōngjūde shir?]{.font12}
- [A: Zěnme méiyou? Wǒ gāngcái]{.font12}
[kànde ]{.font12}[Zhōngguo Qǐngniáns]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[hang jiù you yìpiān wénzhāng,
zhèipiān wénzhāng shuō, you yíge nánháizi he yíge nùháizi tōngjū
le.]{.font12}
- [B: Tāmen wèishénme bù jiēhūn?]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Nèige nánde xiǎng shàng dàxué.]{.font12}
- [B: Ou, duì le, jiēle hūn jiu hù]{.font12}
[néng shàng dàxué le. Nà ]{.font12}[hòulǎi ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ne?]{.font12}
- [A: Hòulái, nèige nánde zhēn shàng]{.font12}
[dàxué le.]{.font12}
- [B: Niànwánle shū tāmen jiēhūn le]{.font12}
[ha?]{.font12}
- [A: Méiyou. Niànwán shū, nèige]{.font12}
[nánde xiǎng, nèi nuháizi méi dìwei, yě méi qián, tāmen jiu suàn
le.]{.font12}
- [B: Suàn le?.' Nà shi shénme huà!]{.font12}
[Tā hái you méiyou yidiǎnr ]{.font12}[dàodé ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[guānniàn!]{.font12}
- [A: Dàodé guānniàn?! Hng, xiànzài]{.font12}
[shèhuishang jiù you zhèizhǒng shir! Nín shuō zhèi shi
wèishénme?]{.font12}
- [B: Ai! Zhèi shíjǐnián ]{.font12}[qíqíguài-]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[guàid]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e xǐnwén zhēn duō!
Shénme shihou cái néng hǎo yidiǎnr ne?]{.font12}
- [A: Shéi zhīdào! Wǒ xiǎng kuài]{.font12}
[le! Kuài hǎo yidiǎnr le!]{.font12}
[What's with these odd topics you're bringing up? Where is there such a
thing as cohabitation in new China?]{.font12}
[There isn't, huh? Well in the ]{.font12}[China Youth]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ that I just read there\'s an
article that said there was a young man who was living with a young
woman.]{.font12}
[Why didn't they get married?]{.font12}
[The man wanted to go to college.]{.font12}
[Oh, right, you can't go to college after you're married. So what
happened afterwards?]{.font12}
[Afterwards, the man really went to college.]{.font12}
[And after he finished school they got married, I suppose?]{.font12}
[No. After he finished school, the guy thought, she didn't have any
status or any money, so they should call it quits.]{.font12}
[Call it quits.' What kind of thing is that to say! Didn't he have any
sense of morality!]{.font12}
[Sense of morality?.\' Ha, that\'s just the sort of thing that society
is full of these days! Why do you think that is?!]{.font12}
[(Sigh) The last decade or so there sure has been a lot of strange news!
When will it get better?]{.font12}
[I think it will be soon! It's going to get better soon!]{.font12}
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In Hong Kong, a mother (A) and son (B) have just finished
dinner.]{.font12}
[A: Xiǎo Lin, chīle fàn bú yào]{.font12}
[niàn shū le, xiūxi xiuxi ba!]{.font12}
[Xiǎo Lin, don\'t study any more after dinner, just relax a
bit!]{.font12}
- [B: Hǎo. Nín yào he chǎ ma? Wǒ]{.font12}
[qù dào.]{.font12}
- [A: Deng yíxià, ràng wo kànkan,]{.font12}
[nǐde máoyí shi bu shi pò le? Míngtiān wǒ děi qù gěi ni mǎi jiàn
xínde.]{.font12}
- [B: Mā, wǒ bú yào xinde, zhèijiàn]{.font12}
[hai kéyi chuān ne.]{.font12}
- [A: Tiān lěng le, nǐ xūyào yíjiàn]{.font12}
[xǐn máoyǐ, wǒ huì gěi ni yùbei-hǎo. Míngniàn nǐ shàng dàxuéde shihou,
wǒ huì duō gěi ni yùbei jijiàn xǐn yīfu.]{.font12}
- [B: Bú yòng le, wǒ bù xiǎng shàng]{.font12}
[dàxué le.]{.font12}
- [A: Wèishénme? Nǐ bú shi yào]{.font12}
[xué yī ma?]{.font12}
- [B: BÙ shǎo rén shuō bú shàng]{.font12}
[dàxué yě kéyi gōngzuò, yě yíyàng kéyi shēnghuó. Wèishénme yídìng yào
shàng dàxué ne?]{.font12}
- [A: Zhèizhōng huà xiànzài hěn]{.font12}
[liúxíng, kěshi wǒ xiǎng zhè huà bú tài duì.]{.font12}
- [B: Wèishénme? Yǒude rén zài]{.font12}
[dàxuéli pǐnmìng niàn shū, xiàng women Jiā duìmiànde Zhōu Xian-sheng,
duì shùxué nàme you yān-jiū, déle ]{.font12}[shuòshì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[boshì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, hái bu shi
]{.font12}[zhǎobudào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
gōngzuò!]{.font12}
- [A: Zhōu Xianshengde qíngxing]{.font12}
[gēn biérén bù tong, suírǎn tā xiāngdāng you zhīshi, kěshi tā bù
xǐhuande gōngzuò tā jiu bú zuò, nà dāngrán bù róngyi
]{.font12}[zhǎo-dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
gōngzuò.]{.font12}
- [B: Duì le, tā bù xǐhuan zuò]{.font12}
[lǎoshǐ, tā Jiù xǐhuan xiě wénzhāng, zài
]{.font12}[Zhōngxuéshēng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
zhōu-kānshang wǒ hái kànjianguo tāde wénzhāng ne!]{.font12}
[Do you want to drink some tea? I'll go pour it.]{.font12}
[Wait a second, let me see, is your sweater torn? Tomorrow I'll have to
go buy you a new one.]{.font12}
[Mom, I don't want a new one. I can still wear this one.]{.font12}
[The weather's getting cold, you need a new sweater. I'll get one ready
for you. Next year when you go to college I'll get a few more new things
ready for you to wear.]{.font12}
[You don't need to, I don't want to go to college anymore.]{.font12}
[Why not? Don't you want to study medicine?]{.font12}
[A lot of people say that you can work and live Just the same without
going to college. Why is it necessary to go to college?]{.font12}
[This kind of talk is very popular these days, but I don't think it's
very true.]{.font12}
[Why not? Some people study like mad at a university, like Mr. Zhōu who
lives across from us; he's such an expert in mathematics, he's got a
Master's degree and a Ph.D., and isn't he still unable to find a
job!]{.font12}
[Mr. Zhou's situation is different from other people's. Although he is
quite knowledgeable, he won't take a Job he doesn't like. So of course
it isn't easy for him to find a job.]{.font12}
[Right. He doesn't like to be a teacher, he just likes to write
articles. I've even seen his articles in the weekly ]{.font12}[High
School Student]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
.\*]{.font12}
- [A: Tāde wénzhāng hǎo bu hǎo?]{.font12}
- [B: Hǎo, kǎshi bù rongyì dong,]{.font12}
[zhōngxuéshēng kàn zhèiyangde wénzhāng tài nan le.]{.font12}
- [A: Suóyi, nǐ bù néng shuō Zhōu]{.font12}
[Xianshengde qíngxing jiù shi dàjiāde qíngxing. Wǒ xiǎng, kéyi zhèiyang
shuō: niànguo hěn duō shūde rén bù yídìng you hěn hǎode gōngzuǒ. Kěshi
duō niàn yidiǎnr shū duì zhǎo gōngzuǒ yídìng you bāngzhu.]{.font12}
- [B: Kěshi, wǒde jīge tongxué]{.font12}
[gāozhōng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ méiyou niǎnwán
jiu zuǒ shile, xiànzài tāmende shēnghuo dōu bū yòng kào fùmǔ le, tāmen
dōu dūlì le.]{.font12}
- [A: Dànshi wǒ xiǎng, shèhuì hǎishi]{.font12}
[xūyào you zhīshide rén, shèhuì yuè ]{.font12}[fādá]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ yuè xūyào you zhīshi. Nǐ shuō duì
bu dui?]{.font12}
- [B: Duì!]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Name hǎo le, nǐ niàn dàxuéde]{.font12}
[shi zěnmeyàng?]{.font12}
- [B: Mm . . . wǒ zài xiǎngyixiǎng.]{.font12}
[A: Hǎo, women míngtiān zài]{.font12}
[tantan.]{.font12}
[Are his articles good?]{.font12}
[Yes, but they're not easy to understand. They're too hard for high
school students to read.]{.font12}
[So you can't say that Mr. Zhou's situation is everyone\'s situation. I
think you might say this: someone who has had a lot of education
doesn\'t necessarily get a very good job. But getting more education
will certainly be helpful in looking for a job.]{.font12}
[But several classmates of mine started working before they had finished
high school, and now they don\'t have to depend on their parents to
support them; they\'re all independent.]{.font12}
[But I think that society still needs knowledgeable people. The more
developed society is, the more it needs knowledge. Don\'t you think
so?]{.font12}
[Right!]{.font12}
[All right then, what about the matter of your going to
college?]{.font12}
[Mm . . . I\'ll think it over some more.]{.font12}
[Okay, we\'ll talk more about it tomorrow.]{.font12}
[UNIT 3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Family Values]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[INTRODUCTION]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Gra]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
\
[rm ]{.font0}[hi]{.smallcaps}
\
[ar Topics Covered in This Unit]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
\
- [1. The verb ending -]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[qilai]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ showing the
start of an action or condition.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
- [2. The pattern ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[(méi)you shénme
(Adjectival Verb)]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
- [3.]{.font12}[ Cónglái bù/méi]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"never.
'']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[h. The adverh ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[cái]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"only,\"
\"before amounts.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
- [5.]{.font12}[ The marker -]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[zhe]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ showing the
manner of an action.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
- [6.]{.font12}[ The vert ending -]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[dào]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ for (1)
successful reaching/obtaining/finding, (2) \"of,\" \"about\" (with
certain verbs), (3) successful perceiving (e.g., ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[kàndao]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to
see\").]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
- [7.]{.font12}[ The adverb ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[zài]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"anymore.\"]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
- [8. Placement of phrases with the prepositional verb ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[dào]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to,\" \"up
to,\" \"until.\"]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
- [9. The use of ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[suǒyoude]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"all.\"]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Functional Language Contained in This Unit]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}
- [1. Narrating a brief story about a person.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
- [2. Expressing approval and disapproval of someone's attitude or way
of thinking.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
- [3. Expressing puzzlement at a situation.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[U. Stressing how understandable a situation is.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
--------------- --------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[1.]{.font12} [A:]{.font12} [Nǐ jiějie xiànzài zěnme duì zhèngzhi wèntí ]{.font12}[rèxīnqilai ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[le?]{.font12} [How is it that your older sister has become so interested and enthusiastic about political questions now?]{.font12}
[B:]{.font12} [Zhèi méiyou shénme ]{.font12}[qíguài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, tā jīnnián kāishǐ xué zhèngzhixué le.]{.font12} [There's nothing strange about that, she started studying political science this year.]{.font12}
[2.]{.font12} [A:]{.font12} [Nǐ zěnme bù chī le?]{.font12} [Why aren't you eating?]{.font12}
[B:]{.font12} [Wǒde wèi hěn ]{.font12}[nánshòu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[chību-xiàqù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le.]{.font12} [My stomach is uncomfortable, I can't eat anymore.]{.font12}
[A:]{.font12} [Nà wǒ gěi ni ]{.font12}[nòng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ dianr tāng ]{.font12}[lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12} [I'll go get you some soup then.]{.font12}
--------------- --------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY]{.font12}
---------------- --------------------- -------------------------------------------
[11.]{.font12} [you yòng]{.font12} [to be useful]{.font12}
[12.]{.font12} [hěiyè]{.font12} [(darkness of) night, nighttime]{.font12}
[13.]{.font12} [xīn]{.font12} [heart]{.font12}
---------------- --------------------- -------------------------------------------
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| | [VOCABULARY]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [báitiān biàn biàncheng]{.font12} | [daytime]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [to change, to become different |
| | to turn into, to become]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [cái]{.font12} | [only (before an |
| | amount)]{.font12} |
| [-chéng chíbuxiàqù | |
| cónglái]{.font12} | [into]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [cannot eat (cannot get |
| | down)]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [ever (up till now), |
| | always]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [(up till now)]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [cónglái bù/méi]{.font12} | [never]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [-dào]{.font12} | [(resultative ending used for |
| | perception by one of the |
| | senses:]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [-dào]{.font12} | [Jiàndao]{.font12 |
| | styl |
| | e="text-decoration:underline;"}[, |
| | ]{.font12}[kàndao]{.font12 |
| | styl |
| | e="text-decoration:underline;"}[, |
| | ]{.font12}[tīngdao]{.font12 |
| | styl |
| | e="text-decoration:underline;"}[, |
| | etc.) (resultative ending used to |
| | indicate reaching: |
| | ]{.font12}[xiǎngdao]{.font12 |
| | styl |
| | e="text-decoration:underline;"}[, |
| | ]{.font12}[shuōdao]{.font12 |
| | styl |
| | e="text-decoration:underline;"}[, |
| | ]{.font12}[tán-dao]{.font12 |
| | styl |
| | e="text-decoration:underline;"}[, |
| | etc. , often translated as |
| | \"about\")]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [děng dào]{.font12} | [to wait until; when, by the |
| | time]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [hēiyè]{.font12} | [(darkness of) night, |
| | nighttime]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [Jiǎng]{.font12} | [to stress, to pay attention to, |
| | to be particular about]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [Jiātíng]{.font12} | [family]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [kàndao kū]{.font12} | [to see to cry]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [liáo]{.font12} | [to chat to chat]{.font12} |
| | |
| [liáo tian(r)]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [ma]{.font12} | [(marker of obviousness of |
| | reasoning)]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [nánshòu]{.font12} | [to be uncomfortable; to feel |
| | bad, to feel unhappy]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [nòng (neng) nònglai]{.font12} | [to do; to fool with; to get to |
| | get and bring]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [qíguài]{.font12} | [to be strange, to be odd, to be |
| | surprising]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [-qilai]{.font12} | [(resultative ending which |
| | indicates starting)]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [rèxīn]{.font12} | [to be enthusiastic and |
| | interested; to be warmhearted; to |
| | be earnest]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [rèxínqilai]{.font12} | [to become enthusiastic and |
| | interested]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [shuōdao]{.font12} | [to speak of; as for |
| | all]{.font12} |
| [suǒyǒude\...dōu]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [xiǎngdào xiǎoshun]{.font12} | [to think of]{.font12} |
| | |
| [-xiaqu]{.font12} | [to he filial; filial |
| | obedience]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [down (directional ending used |
| | for eating or drinking |
| | down)]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [xǐn]{.font12} | [heart; mind]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [-yì]{.font12} | [hundred million]{.font12} |
| | |
| [yì tian dào wan | [all day long]{.font12} |
| yònggōng]{.font12} | |
| | [to be industrious, to be |
| | hardworking (in one's |
| | studies)]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [you yòng]{.font12} | [to be useful]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [zhang]{.font12} | [to grow]{.font12} |
| | |
| [zhǎngdà]{.font12} | [to grow up]{.font12} |
| | |
| [zhòng nan qīng nū zhuàn | [to regard males as superior to |
| qián]{.font12} | females]{.font12} |
| | |
| [zuìjìn zuò]{.font12} | [to earn money, to make |
| | money]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [recently; soon]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [to be, to act as]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
[3. A: Wǒ qù zhǎo Xiǎo Lan ]{.font12}[liáo tiānr]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[B: Nǐ bié qù le, tā ]{.font12}[yìtiān dào wan yònggōng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, mei shijiān péi ni liào
tiānr.]{.font12}
\
[I'm going to go look for Xiǎo Lan to have a chat.]{.font12}
[Don't go, she works hard all day long and doesn't have the time to chat
with you.]{.font12}
\
[U. A: Wang jiā Xiǎo Lan ]{.font12}[cónglái ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[méiyou nánpéngyou ma?]{.font12}
[B: Tā ]{.font12}[cai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
shíjiùsuì, mángzhe niàn shū, hái méiyou ]{.font12}[xiǎngdào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ zhèixie shir ne.']{.font12}
[5. A: Wǒde xiǎo nuér liǎngsānsuìde shihou cháng ]{.font12}[kū]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, xiànzài
]{.font12}[zhǎngdà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le, hū
zài kū le.]{.font12}
\
[Hasn't the Wang family's Xiǎo Lan ever had a hoy friend?]{.font12}
[She's only nineteen years old, busy studying, and hasn't thought of
these things yet.']{.font12}
[My youngest daughter cried a lot when she was two or three years old,
but now she has grown up and doesn't cry anymore.]{.font12}
\
[6. A: ]{.font12}[Zuò]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
fùmǔde bù yīnggāi ]{.font12}[zhòng nan qīng nu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
\
[Those who are parents shouldn't regard males as superior to
females.]{.font12}
\
[B: Duì. Zuò háizide yě yīnggāi ]{.font12}[xiàoshun]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ fùmū.]{.font12}
\
[Right. And those who are children should show filial obedience to their
parents.]{.font12}
\
- [7- A: Nǐ dìdi ]{.font12}[báitiān]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ zài Jiā ma?]{.font12}
[B: Bu zài, nǐ ]{.font12}[děng dào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ wǎnshang zài dǎ diànhuà lai
ba.]{.font12}
- [8. A: Zhōngguo rén ]{.font12}[conglái bù jiǎng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ nánnù píngděng ma?]{.font12}
[B: ]{.font12}[Shuōdao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
nánnū píngděng, nà shi ]{.font12}[zuìjìn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ jǐshíniánde xīn guānniàn.]{.font12}
- [9. A: Da ]{.font12}[jiātíng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ you shénme hǎo?]{.font12}
[B: Zenme bù hǎo? Rén duō, ]{.font12}[zhuàn qiánd]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e rén yě duō ]{.font12}[ma]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[!]{.font12}
\
[Is your younger brother at home during the day?]{.font12}
[No, wait until the evening and then call him.]{.font12}
\
[Didn't the Chinese ever stress equality between men and
women?]{.font12}
[As for equality of the sexes, that\'s a new concept of the last few
decades.]{.font12}
\
[A: Yàoshi ]{.font12}[suōyōude]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ rén ]{.font12}[dōu ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[xiàng nín zhèiyang xiǎng, Zhōngguo
xiànzài bù zhīdào you duōshao ]{.font12}[yì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ rén le!]{.font12}
\
- [10. A: Nǐ zhèicì hui guó ]{.font12}[kàndao]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ nǐ lǎojiāde rén le
ma?]{.font12}
[B: Kàndao le. Tāmen shěng-huóde bu cuò, wo lǎojiā yě
]{.font12}[biànchéng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ yíge
hěn rènaode dìfangr le.]{.font12}
\
[What\'s good about large families?]{.font12}
[What could be bad about them? After all, if there are more people,
there are also more people earning money!]{.font12}
[If everyone thought the way you do, who knows how many hundreds of
millions of people there would be in China now!]{.font12}
[Did you see the people in your hometown on this visit back to your
country?]{.font12}
[Yes. They're living pretty well, and my hometown has become quite a
bustling place.]{.font12}
\
------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[1. A:]{.font12} [Nǐ jiějie xiànzài zěnme duì zhèngzhi wèntí ]{.font12}[rèxīnqilai ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[le?]{.font12} [How is that your older sister has become so interested and enthusiastic about political questions now?]{.font12}
[B:]{.font12} [Zhèi méiyou shénme ]{.font12}[qíguài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, tā jīnnián kāishǐ xué zhèngzhixué le.]{.font12} [There's nothing strange about that, she started studying political science this year.]{.font12}
------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Notes on No. 1]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[rèxīn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be
enthusiastic and interested; to he warmhearted, to he earnest\"There are
two meanings for this adjectival verh. It can he used to describe a
positive feeling toward a cause or issue, or to describe warm feelings
toward other people.]{.font12}
[Like many adjectival verbs, ]{.font12}[rèxīn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may be used either as a main verb
or as an adverb (that is, modifying another verb).]{.font12}
[As main verb]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Tā duì xué Zhongwén hěn rèxīn.]{.font12}
\
[He's very enthusiastic about studying Chinese.]{.font12}
[Tā duì rén hěn rèxīn, shénme shíhou dōu xǐhuan bāng rén máng.]{.font12}
[As an adverb]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Tā hěn rèxīn yánjiū dàlùde qíngkuāng.]{.font12}
[Hǎo hāizi, nǐ zènme rèxīn bāngzhu biérén, hěn hǎo.]{.font12}
\
[He's ]{.font12}[very]{.font12 style="font-style:italic;"}[ warmhearted
towards people. He always likes to help people out.]{.font12}
\
[She studies the mainland situation very enthusiastically.]{.font12}
[Good child. It's good that you're so eager to help others.]{.font12}
\
[-]{.font12}[qilai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: As a
verb by itself, ]{.font12}[qǐlāi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"to rise up.\" As part of a
compound verb, -]{.font12}[qilai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ has several different functions.
First, it can be a directional or resultative ending meaning \"go up,
rise up (physically)\":]{.font12}
[Tā zhànqilai le.]{.font12}
[Tā tiàoqilai le.]{.font12}
[Zhèige zhuōzi women tāibuqilāi, nǐ lai bangbang máng hǎo bu
hǎo?]{.font12}
\
[He stood up.]{.font12}
[She jumped up.]{.font12}
[We can't lift this table up. Come and help us, okay?]{.font12}
\
[tiào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to jump, to
leap\"]{.font12}
[In addition to meaning literally "to go up,\"
]{.font12}[-qilai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can \"be
used to tell something about the aspect of the verb: to show \*'the
start of the action or condition.\" In the example in the Reference List
above, -]{.font12}[qilai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
indicates that older sister's enthusiasm has newly started up. Other
examples:]{.font12}
[(WITH AN ACTION VERB)]{.font12}
[Haizi kūqilai le. The child began (has begun) to
cry.]{.font12}
[(WITH AN ADJECTIVAL VERB)]{.font12}
[Tiānqi rèqilai le. The weather has warmed up.]{.font12}
[As with many other compound verbs, the object of the verb may be
inserted between the two parts of the verb ending:]{.font12}
[Bù zhīdao wèishénme, tā xiànzài I don't know why, but he has started
hēqi jiù lai le. to drink now.]{.font12}
[Wǒ liùge yuè méi xiāngguo jiā, I haven't thought of home for kěshi
jīntiān xiāngqi jiā six months, but today I started]{.font12}
[lai le. to feel homesick.]{.font12}
[Another function of the ending ]{.font12}[-qilai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is to make generalized statements
which are sometimes translated using \"when \...ing,\" or \"when it
comes to \...ing\":]{.font12}
[Zheige yizide yangzi hěn hāo kàn, kěshi zuòqilai bù shūfu.]{.font12}
[Tā shuōqi Zhōngwén lai zhēn nāntīng.]{.font12}
[Zuòqi shi lai, tā bī shéi dōu kuài.]{.font12}
[Shuōqilai rōngyi, zuòqilai nan.]{.font12}
[When -]{.font12}[qilai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is
used this way with verbs of \"it seems\" is communicated:]{.font12}
[Kànqilai tā zhīdao zhèijiàn shi.]{.font12}
[Tā kànqilai hěn niánqīng.]{.font12}
[Tīngqilai hěn you dàolī.]{.font12}
\
[This kind of chair is very attractive, but when you sit in it, it's
uncomfortable.]{.font12}
[It sounds terrible when he speaks Chinese.]{.font12}
[When it comes to working, he is faster than anyone else.]{.font12}
[It \* s easy to talk about, but hard to do.]{.font12}
[of perception, the additional meaning]{.font12}
[It looks as if he knows about this matter.]{.font12}
[He looks very young.]{.font12}
[It sounds reasonable.]{.font12}
\
[-Qilai is also used in several idiomatic expressions where its meaning
is harder to pinpoint, e.g., ]{.font12}[xiangqilai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to think of, to remember,\"
where -]{.font12}[qilai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
seems to indicate the coming \"up\" into consciousness of an
idea.]{.font12}
[Wo xiǎngqilai le, tā xing Mài. Now I remember, his surname is
Mài.]{.font12}
[qiguài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be strange,
to be surprising, to be odd\"]{.font12}
[qiguai, ta tiantian lai, Jǐntiǎn zěnme méi lái ne?]{.font12}
[Nèige shihou, shénme qíguàide shi dōu you, bié shuō le.]{.font12}
[Tāmende guānxi wǒ Juéde hěn qíguài.]{.font12}
[In colloquial style, the verb ]{.font12}[qíguài]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is that\..., can't understand
(why).?., can]{.font12}
[Wǒ zhēn qíguài tā wèishenme yào zěnme zuò.]{.font12}
[Wo zhēn qíguài zhèiJiàn shi tā zěnme kéyi bàndedào.]{.font12}
\
[How strange. He comes every day. How is it he didn't come
today?]{.font12}
[Back then, there were all kinds of strange things; don't talk about it
any more.]{.font12}
[I find their relationship very strange.]{.font12}
[also used to mean \"to find it strange t imagine (how)\...,\"
e.g.,]{.font12}
[I really can't understand why he wanted (OR wants) to do
that.]{.font12}
[I really can't imagine how he can (OR could) do it.]{.font12}
\
[Zhèi méiyou shénme qíguài]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"There's nothing strange about
that.\" ]{.font12}[You shénme]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used before an adjectival verb,
as in]{.font12}
--------------------- -------------------------- --------------------
[Nà]{.font12} [you shénme]{.font12} [hǎo?]{.font12}
[Nà]{.font12} [méiyou shénme]{.font12} [hǎo.]{.font12}
[Gàosu ta]{.font12} [you shénme]{.font12} [bú duì?]{.font12}
--------------------- -------------------------- --------------------
\
[\"What's so good about that?\"]{.font12}
[\"There's nothing good about that.\" \"What's wrong with telling
him?\"]{.font12}
\
- [A: Tā duì Zhōngguóde qíngkuàng zhǐdaode bù shǎo.']{.font12}
- [B: Nà you shénme qíguài, tā zài Zhongguo zhùguo shínián.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [2. A: Nǐ zěnme bù chǐ le?]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [B: Wǒde wèi hěn ]{.font12}[nánshòu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
]{.font12}[chǐbu-xiǎqù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
le.]{.font12}
[A: Nà wǒ gěi ni ]{.font12}[nòng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ dianr tāng lai.]{.font12}
\
[He knows so much about China!]{.font12}
[What's strange about that, he lived in China for ten years!]{.font12}
[Why aren't you eating?]{.font12}
[My stomach is uncomfortable, I can't eat anymore.]{.font12}
[I'll go get you some soup then.]{.font12}
\
[Notes on No. 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[nánshòu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to feel
uncomfortable; to feel bad, to feel unhappy,\" literally , \"to find
something hard to bear\" This adjectival verb can be used to describe
physical aches and pains, or emotional ones.]{.font12}
[Zài fēijīshang zuòle èrshige xiǎoshí, tài nánshòu le!]{.font12}
[Zhēn ràng rén nánshòu.]{.font12}
\
[Twenty hours on an airplane. How uncomfortable!]{.font12}
[It really makes one feel bad.]{.font12}
[Zánmen dōu shi zuò yīshēngde, kànjian bìngren' méi yào chi, zhēn
nánshòu.]{.font12}
\
[We're both in medicine; seeing sick people without medicine to take was
really upsetting.]{.font12}
\
[To make it clear you are talking about sadness and not a physical pain,
you can use the phrase ]{.font12}[xīnli hěn nánshòu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (]{.font12}[xīn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, No. 13 on this reference list,
being the equivalent of either the heart or mind in such
instances).]{.font12}
[Tīngdàole zhèiyàngrde huà, tā He was very sad after hearing xīnli hěn
nánshòu. that kind of talk.]{.font12}
[chībuxiàqù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''unable to
eat (it all) up\" Here you see an example of -]{.font12}[xiàqù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ used for its meaning as a
directional ending. While in English we might say \"eat it UP,\" the
Chinese, more analytically, say \"eat it down.\" Using the verb
]{.font12}[hē]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to
drink,\" you can also say ]{.font12}[hēxiaqu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to drink down.\" The meaning of
]{.font12}[chīxiaqu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and
]{.font12}[hēxiaqu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ might
be better conveyed as \"to take in\" or \"to get down\" food or drink;
you use these verbs when you want to stress getting food or drink down
into the stomach, rather than just the action of eating.]{.font12}
[As a resultative verb, ]{.font12}[chīxiaqu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[hēxiaqu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may take -de- or -bu- as a middle
syllable for the additional meaning of \"can\" or \"cannot.\" In
]{.font12}[chīde-xiàqù/chībuxiàqù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and
]{.font12}[hēdexiàqù/hēbuxiàqù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, the syllables
-]{.font12}[xià]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and
-]{.font12}[qù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ are still
somewhat stressed (you can still hear their falling tones), whereas they
are unstressed and often neutral tone in the words
]{.font12}[chīxiaqu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and
]{.font12}[hēxiaqu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[chīdexiàqù ]{.font12}[chībuxiàqù ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[méi chīxiaqu chīxiaqu le]{.font12}
\
[able to eat it down ]{.font12}[unable to eat it down ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[didn't eat it down ate it
down]{.font12}
[Wǒ chīde tài bǎo le, chībuxiàqù I'm too full, I can't eat any more
le.]{.font12}
[Zhèige yào chīxiaqu jiù huì hǎo You'll feel better after you take le.
this medicine.]{.font12}
- [A: Zhèige yào zhēn kǔ, wǒ hēbuxiàqù.]{.font12}
- [B: Méiyou guānxi, kuài diǎnr hēxiaqu jiu kéyi le.]{.font12}
[nòng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This is a very
common verb]{.font12}
\
[ings. First of all it means \"to do, to]{.font12}
[Zánmen kāishī nòng fàn, hǎo bu hǎo?]{.font12}
\
[This medicine is really bitter. I can't get it down.]{.font12}
[Sure you can. Just drink it down real fast.]{.font12}
[with several especially useful mean\' make\" in a broad, vague
sense:]{.font12}
[Let's start to make dinner, okay?]{.font12}
\
[Tā bù zhīdào zěnme nòngle hǎoduō Somehow he made himself a lot of qián.
money.]{.font12}
[\"]{.font12}[bìngren]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:
\"sick person, patient\"]{.font12}
[Wǒ xiǎng nǐ bú bì guan zhèijiǎn shi, nòngde bù hǎo dōu shi nǐde
cuò.]{.font12}
[Shìqing yuè nòng yuè da, zhēn bù zhǐdǎo zěnme ban cái hǎo.]{.font12}
[Tā zhème shuō nòngde wǒ zhēn bù hǎo yìsi.]{.font12}
[I don't think you should try to take charge of this. If you handled it
badly it would be all your fault.]{.font12}
[This matter is getting blown up bigger and bigger. I really don't know
what to do.]{.font12}
[His saying that really embarrassed me.]{.font12}
[Nong]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can mean ''to play
with, to fool]{.font12}
[Bie nòng wǒde biǎo.]{.font12}
[Nòng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can be followed by
another verb e.g., ]{.font12}[nòngzāng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ''to make (something) (lit., \"to
make Csomething! break''); thing! die"). Examples:]{.font12}
[Shi shéi bǎ wǒde yùsǎn nònghuǎi le?]{.font12}
[with, to monkey with":]{.font12}
[Don't fool with my watch.]{.font12}
[which shows the result of some action, dirty";
]{.font12}[nòngpò]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, "to
break something\" ]{.font12}[nòngsǐ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to kill\" (lit., \"to make
Csome]{.font12}
[Who was it who broke my umbrella? (literally, \"made it so that it
broke\")]{.font12}
[Wǒ qù bǎ zǎofǎn nònghǎo.]{.font12}
[Zhèige wèntí hěn yǎojǐn, děi nòngqǐngchu.]{.font12}
[Bié nòngzāngle nǐde yǐfu.]{.font12}
[Nǐ nòngcuò le ba, tā qùnián cái cōng dàlù chūlai.]{.font12}
[Zhèige wèntí, nǐ zuótiān gěi wo jiǎngguò le, jīntiān wǒ you nòngbudong
le, nǐ kě bu kéyi zai gěi wo jiǎng yícì?]{.font12}
\
[I'll go get breakfast ready.]{.font12}
[This question is very important, we must get it clear.]{.font12}
[Don\'t get your clothes dirty.]{.font12}
[You're mistaken, I think. He didn't leave the mainland until last
year.]{.font12}
[Yesterday you explained this question to me, but today I can't
understand it again. Could you explain it to me once again?]{.font12}
[nònglai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to get and
bring (here)\" Compare the use of the directional ending
-]{.font12}[lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in
]{.font12}[nònglai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to its
use in ]{.font12}[Wǒ gěi ni dǎo bēi chá lai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which you learned in Unit
1.]{.font12}
[Nǐ cong nǎr nònglaide?]{.font12}
\
[Where did you get this from?]{.font12}
[3. A: Wǒ qù zhǎo Xiǎo Lan ]{.font12}[liǎo tiānr]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[B: Nǐ Lie qù le, tā ]{.font12}[yìtiān dao wǎn yònggōng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, méi shíjiān péi ni liào
tiānr.]{.font12}
[I'm going to go look for Xiǎo Lan to have a chat.]{.font12}
[Don't go, she works hard all day long and doesn't have the time to chat
with you.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[liāo tiān(r)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: "to chat"
]{.font12}[Liao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means "to
chat," and ]{.font12}[tiān(r)]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ acts as its
object\^]{.font12}[Tiān(r)\~]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[may also be omitted.]{.font12}
[Women liāole yíge zhōngtōu. We chatted for an hour.]{.font12}
[Nǐ shénme shihou you gōngfu, When you have time, we'll go find women
zhǎo ge dìfang liāoliao a place and chat a while, tiānr.]{.font12}
[Nǐ bié qù le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''don't go"
The English translation here can't really be adequate without getting
cumbersome. The one syllable ]{.font12}[le]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ tells you that not going is a
change from what was earlier expected. To show the meaning of the marker
]{.font12}[le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ for new
situation, the translation might be ''Change your plans and don ' t go.
"]{.font12}
[yìtiān dào wǎn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''all day
long" The syllable ]{.font12}[yǐ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (''one") is sometimes used to mean
''the whole, the entire." ]{.font12}[Yìtiān dào wǎn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can be literally translated as
''the whole day until late," but is also often used to mean ''all the
time, always." You can use the whole phrase as you would a time-when
word (e.g., ]{.font12}[jǐntiǎn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[), or you can split it up with a
verb, as in ]{.font12}[yìtiān máng dào wǎn ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[''busy the whole day until late," or
''busy all day long."]{.font12}
[Tā yìtiān dào wǎn dōu zài māng. He's busy all day long.]{.font12}
[Tā yìtiān dào wǎn shuō tāde She's always saying from
morning]{.font12}
[qián bú gòu yòng. to night that she doesn't
have]{.font12}
[enough money.]{.font12}
[yònggōng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: "to be
diligent, to be hardworking" in one's ]{.font12}[studies]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Nī bú yònggōng jiù bú rang ni If you don't work hard, I won't let niàn
dàxué le. you go to college.]{.font12}
[Women zhèrde xuésheng dōu hěn All our students here are very yònggōng.
hardworking.]{.font12}
[péi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: "to accompany; to
keep somebody company" In the Transportation module, you saw the verb
]{.font12}[péi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
meaning~w~"to accompany, to go along with" in the sentence ]{.font12}[Tā
qǐng wo péi tā yìqǐ qù lúxíng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"She asked me to accompany her on
her trip."Here you see ]{.font12}[péi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ used in another sense, \"to keep
someone company.\"]{.font12}
[Míngtiān wǒ yào péi wǒ mùqin qù kàn bìng.]{.font12}
\
[Tomorrow I'm going along with my mother to see the doctor.]{.font12}
\
[Méi rén péi wǒ qù, wǒ Jiu \"bú qù le.]{.font12}
[Women lái péipei nǐ.]{.font12}
[Lǎo rén chángcháng xǐhuan you rén péizhe tā shuō huà.]{.font12}
\
[If no one goes along with me, I won't go.]{.font12}
[We'11 keep you company.]{.font12}
[Older people often like to have someone to keep them company and talk
with them.]{.font12}
\
[h. A: Wáng jiā Xiǎo Lán ]{.font12}[conglái ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[méiyou nánpéngyou ma?]{.font12}
\
[B: Tā ]{.font12}[cái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
shíjiǔsuì, mángzhe niàn shū, hái méiyou ]{.font12}[xiǎngdào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ zhèixie shir ne!]{.font12}
\
[Hasn't the Wáng family's Xiǎo Lan ever had a boyfriend?]{.font12}
[She's only nineteen years old, busy studying, and hasn't thought of
these things yet.']{.font12}
\
[Notes on No. U]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[conglái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''ever (up till
now), always (up till now)" ]{.font12}[Conglái]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means that something remains the
same or unchanged from the past up to now. It is almost always followed
by an adverb---]{.font12}[jiù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[dōu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, or the negatives
]{.font12}[bù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or
]{.font12}[méi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. The two
most common combinations are ]{.font12}[conglái bù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[cónglái méi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. ]{.font12}[Bù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[méi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, of course, have different uses;
roughly speaking, ]{.font12}[conglái bù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"(habitually) never (do X)''
and ]{.font12}[cónglái méi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
means ''have never (done X in the past).\" With ]{.font12}[cónglái
méi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, the verb of the
sentence usually takes the aspect marker -]{.font12}[guo ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[(experience at any previous
time).]{.font12}
[Tā cónglái bù dào wǒ Jiā lái.]{.font12}
[Tā cónglái méi dào wǒ jiā láiguo.]{.font12}
[Wǒ cónglái méiyou xiǎngdào xiànzài hái you zhèiyangde jiātíng,
zhèiyangde fùmǔ.]{.font12}
\
[She never comes to my house.]{.font12}
[She has never been to my house (before).]{.font12}
[I never imagined that there were still families and parents like this
these days.]{.font12}
\
[cái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: In the
Transportation Module, you saw the adverb ]{.font12}[cái]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ used to mean \"then and only then\"
or \"not until then.\" It was used to talk about something that happened
later than expected, for example, ]{.font12}[Tā shi zuótiān cái
láide]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"He didn't get
here until yesterday.\" In sentence ]{.font12}[Ub,]{.smallcaps}[ you see
]{.font12}[cái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (still an
adverb) used to mean \"only\" a certain amount.]{.font12}
[Cái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"only\" in the
sense of \"as little as,\" \"so little.\" It stresses that the amount is
less than expected, less than normal, etc.]{.font12}
[You already know two other adverbs which mean \"only\":
]{.font12}[zhǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and
]{.font12}[jiù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.
]{.font12}[Cái ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[is used
with the meaning \"only\" strictly before amounts, while
]{.font12}[zhǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and
]{.font12}[Jiù ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[are also
used for \"only\" in the sense of \"no other way\" or \"no
others\":]{.font12}
[Zhǐ/Jiù néng zènme zuò. (We) can only do it this
way.]{.font12}
[Wǒmen jǐge rén, zhǐ/jiù you wǒ I am the only one of us who can speak
huì shuō Fǎguo huà. French.]{.font12}
[(]{.font12}[Cái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may not
be used in such sentences.)]{.font12}
[(That is, it could have \"been, should have \"been, or might later
\"become more.)]{.font12}
[Tā cái xuéle sānnián, jiù shuōde name hǎo.]{.font12}
\
[He's only studied three years and speaks so well. (AS LITTLE AS THREE
YEARS)]{.font12}
[Tā yígòng cái kànle sānpiān wen- He only read three articles zhāng.
altogether. (SO FEW)]{.font12}
[Although adverbs normally come only before a verb,
]{.font12}[cái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may stand
directly before an amount:]{.font12}
[Cái wùge rén?]{.font12}
- [A: Tāde fángzi yìnián cái sānbǎi kuài.]{.font12}
- [B: Cái zènme yidiǎnr?]{.font12}
\
[Only five people? (SO FEW?)]{.font12}
[His house costs only three hundred dollars a year. (SO
LITTLE!)]{.font12}
[Is that all? (SO LITTLE?)]{.font12}
[Sentence UB illustrates that when speaking about a person's age,
]{.font12}[cái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ should be
used for \"only\" rather than ]{.font12}[jiù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. It is also much better to use
]{.font12}[cái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ for
\"only\" when speaking about the time of day, the date, etc.:]{.font12}
[Cái yìdiǎn zhōng, hái láidejí.]{.font12}
\
[It's only one o'clock, we can still]{.font12}
\
[make it.]{.font12}
\
[Jintiān cái shísānhào, hái zǎo ne!]{.font12}
\
[Today is only the thirteenth (of the month). It's still
early!]{.font12}
[Cái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is not used in
sentences meaning the speaker imposes a restriction on an amount. This
includes suggestions, instructions, commands, wishes, or sentences
expressing intention. In these sentences, use ]{.font12}[jiù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[zhǐ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, e.g.: ]{.font12}[Nǐ jiù gěi ta
yidiǎnr ba]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"Just give
him a little\"; ]{.font12}[Wǒ zhǐ yào chi yìwǎn fan]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"l only want to eat one bowl of
rice.\"]{.font12}
[mángzhe niàn shū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be
busy studying\" ]{.font12}[Máng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ here is not the state verb \"to be
busy,\" but an action verb, \"to busily engage in (something).\" Here
are other examples:]{.font12}
[Nǐ zài máng shénme ne? What are you busy with?]{.font12}
[Wǒ mángle yìtiān le. I have been busily working all
day.]{.font12}
[Tā yìtiān dào wan máng zhèige He is busy with all sorts of things máng
nèige. all day long.]{.font12}
[-]{.font12}[zhe]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: In
sentence hB, you see the marker -]{.font12}[zhe]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ used in a sentence with word order
like that of one in the Directions module: ]{.font12}[Zǒuzhe qù kéyi ma?
]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[\"Can you get there by
walking?\" -]{.font12}[Zhe]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
is the marker of DURATION. It may be attached to an action or process
verb. The combination action verb plus -]{.font12}[zhe ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[refers to the duration of the
action, that is, the action has started and is continuing, e.g.,
]{.font12}[Tā pǎozhe ne]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"He is running.\" The combination process verb plus
-]{.font12}[zhe]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ refers to
the duration of the new state entered into through the process (remember
that \"process\" here means a change from one state to]{.font12}
[another), for example, ]{.font12}[Tā bìngzhe ne]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"He is ill,\" or ]{.font12}[Men
kāizhe ne]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"The door is
open.\"]{.font12}
[Often you see the combination verb plus ]{.font12}[-zhe]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ followed by another verb, as in
]{.font12}[mángzhe niàn shū]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. In this case, the verb plus
-]{.font12}[zhe]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ describes
the means or manner of the following verb.]{.font12}
[Women zǒuzhe qù.]{.font12}
\
[Tā pǎozhe xiā lóu qu le.]{.font12}
[Tā kāizhe chē lái le.]{.font12}
[Tā názhe dōngxi shàng chē le.]{.font12}
[Tā zhèi jǐtiān mángzhe kāi huì.]{.font12}
[Tā jízhe zǒu, bǎ yàoshi wàng zai jiāli le.]{.font12}
[Women zǒuzhe liáo tiān.]{.font12}
\
[Let's go on foot.]{.font12}
[He went running downstairs.]{.font12}
[He came driving a car.]{.font12}
[Carrying the things, he boarded the bus.]{.font12}
[The last few days he has been busy with meetings.]{.font12}
[He was in a hurry to leave, and left the keys at home.]{.font12}
[We talked while walking.]{.font12}
\
[xiǎngdào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to think of\"
-]{.font12}[Dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ here is
not the prepositional verb \"to\" but the ending for compound verbs of
result which you have so far seen in ]{.font12}[jièdao]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to successfully borrow\" and
]{.font12}[shuōdao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to
talk about.\" The verb ending -]{.font12}[dào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"to successfully
reach/obtain/find.\" In the compound verb ]{.font12}[xiǎngdào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, the verb ]{.font12}[xiǎng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ expresses the action of thinking
about it, and -]{.font12}[dào ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[says that your thought \"reached
to\" the idea---came into your head.]{.font12}
[Another verb like ]{.font12}[xiǎng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in referring to mental activity is
]{.font12}[kǎolū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to
consider,\" which you learned in Unit 1, and just as with
]{.font12}[xiǎng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, you can
use -]{.font12}[dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ with
]{.font12}[kǎolū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Here are
examples of ]{.font12}[xiǎngdào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[kǎolùdào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Notice the different translations
possible for ]{.font12}[mei xiǎngdào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[xiǎngbudào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Wǒ hái xiǎngdào lìngwài yidiǎn.]{.font12}
[Wǒ xiǎng dàgài jiù nǐ yíge rén lái, shéi xiǎngdào nǐmen dōu lái
le!]{.font12}
[Wǒ méi xiǎngdào huì you zhèi-zhǒng qíngkuàng.]{.font12}
[Xiǎngbudào tāmen huì zenme kuài jiēhūn.]{.font12}
[A: Ni mei kaolūdao zhei yidian ba?]{.font12}
[B: Zěnme kǎoludedào nàme duō shìqing!]{.font12}
\
[I've thought of another point.]{.font12}
[I thought you would probably be the only one coining. Who would have
thought all of you would come!]{.font12}
[I didn't expect this kind of situation. (Lit., \"I didn't think there
would be this kind of situation.\")]{.font12}
[I was surprised they got married so soon.]{.font12}
[You didn't consider that point, did you?]{.font12}
[How could I take so many things into consideration!]{.font12}
[5. A: Wǒde xiǎo nūér liǎngsānsuìde My youngest daughter cried a lot
shihou cháng ]{.font12}[kū]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, xiànzài when she was two or
three years]{.font12}
[zhǎngdà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le, bú zài kū le.
old, but now she has grown up]{.font12}
[and doesn't cry anymore.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. \$]{.font12}
[xiǎo nūér]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Not \"little
daughter,\" as you might have thought, but \"youngest daughter.\"
]{.font12}[Xiǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and
]{.font12}[dà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ are used,
respectively, for the \"youngest\" and \"oldest\" of brothers and
sisters. The ones in between, if there are any, are numbered. For
example, a mother would refer to her four sons, starting with the
eldest, as her ]{.font12}[dà érzi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[èr érzi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[sān érzi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, and ]{.font12}[xiǎo érzi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[zhǎngdà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to grow up\"
This is a compound verb of result made of ]{.font12}[zhang ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[\"to grow\" and
]{.font12}[dà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"to be
big.\"]{.font12}
[Nǐ zhǎngdàle xiǎng zuǒ shénme? What do you want to do when you grow
up?]{.font12}
[Sānge yuè bū jiàn, zhèige hǎizi It's been just three months since I
zhǎngdàle bù shǎo. last saw this youngster and he
has]{.font12}
[grown quite a bit.]{.font12}
[bū zài kū le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"doesn't
cry anymore\" ]{.font12}[Zài]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is the adverb which you learned
meaning \"again.\" Here it means \"anymore,\" referring to the
continuing of a]{.font12}
[situation.]{.font12}
[Wǒ tài lèi le, méiyou bànfǎ zài xiě le.]{.font12}
[Wǒ bù néng zài chǐ le, zài chī jiù bù shūfu le.]{.font12}
[Bū yào zài xiǎng zhèixiē shìqing le.]{.font12}
[Bū yào zài shuō le, hǎo bu hǎo?]{.font12}
[Yǐhòu wǒ bū zài name màn le.]{.font12}
\
[I'm too tired. I can't write any more.]{.font12}
[I can't eat any more. If I eat more I won't feel well.]{.font12}
[Stop thinking about these things.]{.font12}
[Don't talk about it anymore, okay?]{.font12}
[In the future, I won't be so slow anymore.]{.font12}
\
[6. A: ]{.font12}[Zuò]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
fùmǔde bù yǐnggāi Those who are parents shouldn't]{.font12}
[zhòng nan qǐng nu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.
regard males as superior to]{.font12}
[females.]{.font12}
[B: Duì. Zuò háizide yě yǐnggāi Right. And those who are children
]{.font12}[xiàoshun]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ fùmǔ.
should show filial obedience to]{.font12}
[their parents.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 6]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[zuò]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be, to act as\"
As you are well aware, there are times when you can't use
]{.font12}[shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to
translate English \"to be.\" One of these is when \"to be\" means that a
person takes on a certain role, position, or occupation. An example is
\"to be president\" as in \"I want to be president\" or \"He was
president for eight years.\" In such cases you use the same verb \"to
do\", ]{.font12}[zuò]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:]{.font12}
[Wǒ xiǎode shihou chángcháng xiǎng When I was young I often thought
jiānglái yào zuò yíge yǐsheng, I wanted to be a doctor
when]{.font12}
[kěshi xiànzài zhīdao zuò yǐsheng I grew up, but now I know
that]{.font12}
[tài nán le. it's too hard to be a
doctor.]{.font12}
[Tā congqián zuòguo Jīngji Bùzhǎng. He was once the Minister of Einance.
(You could also say ]{.font12}[Tā cóngqián shi Jǐngji Bùzhǎng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.)]{.font12}
[Zhèi shi wǒ dìyǐcì zuò zhǔrén This is the first time I am to be qīng
kè, xīnli hěn jǐnzhāng.°° host and have guests over. I'm
nervous.]{.font12}
[Phrases like ]{.font12}[zuò fùmǔde]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[zuò háizide]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in the reference list sentence are
used to talk about categories of people as defined by a certain role,
position, occupation, etc.]{.font12}
[Zhèizhǒng shìqing, zuò fùmǔde Those in the position of parents yǐnggāi
xiān xiǎngdào. should foresee things like this.]{.font12}
[Kàndao xuéshengde Zhōngwén When we see that our students
have]{.font12}
[xuéde nàme hǎo, women zuò learned their Chinese so well,
it]{.font12}
[lǎoshīde zhēn gāoxìng. makes us teachers very
happy.]{.font12}
[zhòng nán qīng nǔ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to
treat men as important and women as unimportant,\"
]{.font12}[Zhòng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is the
verb \"to be heavy,\" with the additional meaning, in literary style, of
\"to stress, to put importance on.\" ]{.font12}[Qīng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is the verb \"to be light (in
weight),\" with an extended meaning in literary Chinese of \"to regard
lightly, to attach little importance to.\"]{.font12}
[In the traditional Chinese family, a son had a starring role. One
reason was that sons assured the family's continuity, something which
every man felt was his duty to his ancestors. In addition, the son
usually became the family representative after the father's death or
retirement. A daughter, on the other hand, was expected to leave the
family and become part of her]{.font12}
[zhǔrén]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"host, master\"
\*\*]{.font12}[,jǐnzhāng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to be nervous, to be tense\"
husband's household, so her importance was considerably less than that
of a son. A woman was always subject to a man's authority: a daughter
had to obey her father, a wife had to obey her husband, and a widow had
to obey her son.' Of course, individual women, by their strength,
intelligence, and personality, were able to exert great influence on the
family, but this was often accomplished indirectly.]{.font12}
[xiàoshun]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This can be
used either as a verb with an object, \"to be filial toward (someone),\"
as in the Reference List sentence above, or as an adjectival verb
meaning \"to be filial\":]{.font12}
[Zhèige háizi hěn xiàoshun. This child is very filial.]{.font12}
[In traditional society, filial obedience was regarded as the primary
virtue in life and the source of all other virtues. It consisted of
respect for one's parents and ancestors, obedience in all cases to one's
parents' will, consideration and care for their daily welfare,
continuation of the family line, and avoidance of any actions which
would shame the good name and reputation of the family. But more than
formal adherence to rules of good conduct, filial obedience was also an
attitude of warmth, founded in the deep love of son and daughter for
their parents. And although its origin and center is the relationship of
child to parents, this important concept extended outside the family to
govern all other relationships in the life of a Chinese. It was said
that if a son was not filial to his parents, he would probably not
fulfill the duties of a good husband, a faithful friend, or a loyal
citizen.]{.font12}
[7. A: Nǐ dǐdi ]{.font12}[báitiān]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ zài jiā ma?]{.font12}
[B: Bu zài, nǐ ]{.font12}[děng dào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ wǎnshang zài dǎ diànhuà lai
ba.]{.font12}
\
[Is your younger brother at home during the day?]{.font12}
[No, wait until the evening and then call him.]{.font12}
\
[Notes on No. 7]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[báitiān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"daytime;
during daylight,\" literally \"white-day\" In the sense of \"daylight,\"
the opposite of ]{.font12}[báitiān]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is ]{.font12}[hēiyè]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"dark of night,\" literally,
\"black-night.\" In the sense of \"daytime, working hours,\" the
opposite of ]{.font12}[báitiān]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is ]{.font12}[wǎnshang]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"evening, night.\"]{.font12}
[Tā báitiān zuò shǐ, wǎnshang She works during the day
and]{.font12}
[niàn shū. studies at night.]{.font12}
[děng dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"wait until\"
Here you see the prepositional verb ]{.font12}[dào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"to, up to\" used after another
verb. (Contrast this with ]{.font12}[xiǎngdào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"to think of\" where
]{.font12}[-dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used as
a verb ending showing result and is written as part of the verb.) You
now know two meanings for the prepositional verb ]{.font12}[dào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, one having to do with location and
the other with time: 'This is from an old saying called the
]{.font12}[Sān Cong]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"the
Three Follows,\" i.e., the three paths to be followed. The saying is
usually quoted in its original classical style: ]{.font12}[Zài jiā cong
fù, chū jià cong fū, fū sǐ cong zǐ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"When at home obey your father,
when married, obey your husband., when your husband dies obey your
son.\"]{.font12}
- [(1) location: \"to, up to\"]{.font12}
- [(2) time: \"until\"]{.font12}
[What is the difference between putting your ]{.font12}[dào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ phrase after the verb or before
it?]{.font12}
[Dào phrase after verb]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[If the ]{.font12}[dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
phrase tells where or at what time you end up ]{.font12}[as a
result]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ of the action, then
it comes after the verb:]{.font12}
[Wǒ zǒu dào shūfáng wàibian, ting- I walked up to the door of the study
Jian tāmen zài lǐbian shuō huà. and heard them inside talking.]{.font12}
[Wǒ yǐjīng kàn dao dìyìbǎilíngyī I've already read up to page 101. yè
le.]{.font12}
[Wǒ zuótiān wǎnshang kàn shū Last night I read until past
three]{.font12}
[kàn dao sāndiǎnduō zhōng. o'clock (in the morning).]{.font12}
[In sentences which show that something changes location,
]{.font12}[lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"to this
place\" or ]{.font12}[qù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
\"to that place\" will usually come at the end of the whole
clause:]{.font12}
[I MAIN VERB dào TIME OR PLACE lai OR qu\~\|]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Tā zǒu dào wǒ qiánmian qu le. He walked in front of me.]{.font12}
[Qīng bǎ nèijǐběn shū ná dào Please bring those books
here,]{.font12}
[zhèli lai.]{.font12}
[Dào phrase before the verb]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
- [a. Put the ]{.font12}[dào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ phrase before
]{.font12}[lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or
]{.font12}[qù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ when
they are the main verb of the sentence:]{.font12}
[Tā dào Chongqing qù le. He has gone to Chongqing.]{.font12}
[Tā yào dào wǒ zhèr lái. He is coming to my place.]{.font12}
- [b. If another verb phrase follows the ]{.font12}[dào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ phrase, ]{.font12}[qù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may sometimes be omitted making
the ]{.font12}[dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
phrase appear to modify the second verb phrase:]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Women dào nǎr chī fàn? Where shall we go to
eat?]{.font12}
- [B: Dào fàntīng chī fàn. We'll go to the dining room to
eat.]{.font12}
[(Literally, these mean \"To where shall we eat?\" and \"We'll to the
dining room eat.\")]{.font12}
- [c. A ]{.font12}[dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
phrase may come before the verb if the phrase shows that a point is
reached prior to the action or condition:]{.font12}
[à, \"page\"]{.font12}
[Dào xiàwu zài tan.]{.font12}
\
[Let's wait until the afternoon and then talk. (Contrast ]{.font12}[tan
dào xiàwu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"talk until
the afternoon.\")]{.font12}
[8. A: Zhōngguo rén ]{.font12}[conglái bù j iǎng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ nánnù píngděng ma?]{.font12}
[B: ]{.font12}[Shuōdao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
nánnu píngděng, nà shi ]{.font12}[zuìjin]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ jǐshíniánde xìn guānniàn.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 8]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
\
[Didn't the Chinese ever stress equality between men and
women?]{.font12}
[As for equality of the sexes, that's a new concept of the last few
decades.]{.font12}
\
[conglái bù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"never,
never does\... Earlier in this unit (No. h), you saw the phrase
]{.font12}[conglai mei]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
\"have never, had never\...\" ]{.font12}[Conglái]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ itself means \"at any time in the
past up until now.\"]{.font12}
[Wǒ conglái bù xiǎng zǎoshang I never feel like studying in
the]{.font12}
[niàn shū. morning.]{.font12}
[Whether you choose ]{.font12}[conglái bù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[conglái mei]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ depends on what kind of verb you
are using and how it is normally negated. To summarize what you learned
back in the Biographic Information module, STATE verbs (which include
adjectival verbs and auxiliary verbs) are always negated with bù.
PROCESS verbs are always negated with ]{.font12}[mei]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ when referring to an actual state
of affairs. ACTION verbs can be negated with ]{.font12}[bù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[méi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ depending on the meaning. While
there are grammar rules for choosing ]{.font12}[bù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[méi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to negate your verb, there are also
semantic reasons for choosing one or the other: Are you generalizing
about something habitual or speaking of a specific instance?]{.font12}
[STATE VERBS (Use bù. )]{.font12}
[Wǒde qián ]{.font12}[conglái]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ dōu ]{.font12}[bu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ gòu.]{.font12}
[Tā ]{.font12}[cónglái bù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
xiǎng zuò zhèiyangde gōngzuò.]{.font12}
[Wǒ ]{.font12}[cónglái bù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
xíhuan qù Niù Yuē.]{.font12}
[PROCESS VERBS (Use ]{.font12}[mei]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.)]{.font12}
[Tā ]{.font12}[cónglái méi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
jiēguo hūn.]{.font12}
[Tā ]{.font12}[cónglái méi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
bìngguo.]{.font12}
[Zhèige diànshì cónglái méi huài-guo.]{.font12}
\
[I have never had enough money.]{.font12}
[He never wants/has never wanted to do this kind of work.]{.font12}
[I never like/have never liked going to New York.]{.font12}
[She has never gotten married.]{.font12}
[He has never gotten sick.]{.font12}
[This television has never broken.]{.font12}
\
[ACTION VERBS (]{.font12}[Bù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[méi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ make a difference in
meaning.)]{.font12}
[(1) Wǒ ]{.font12}[conglái méi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ kànguo zhèi-yangrde shū.]{.font12}
\
[I have never read a book like this. (PAST EXPERIENCE)]{.font12}
\
[(2) Wǒ ]{.font12}[conglái bú]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ kàn zheiyangrde shū.]{.font12}
\
[I never read (present) this kind of book OR I never used to read this
kind of book. (HABITUAL)]{.font12}
\
[Conglái vs. cóngqián]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:
]{.font12}[Cóngqián]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"the
past,\" is a noun, a time word. It may, for example, be the object of
the prepositional verb ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, e.g., ]{.font12}[Zài congqián you
rén zenme zuò]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"in the
past, some people did it that way.\" ]{.font12}[Conglai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may also be used as a moveable
adverb, in which case it can be translated \"in the past, before,
formerly\": ]{.font12}[Wǒ congqián (OR Cóngqián wǒ) méiyou chē, xiànzài
you le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"Before I didn\'t
have a car, but now I do.\"]{.font12}
[Conglái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"always (in the
past), from the beginning,\" is not a noun; it cannot, for example, be
the object of the prepositional verb ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. It is used adverbially, always
between the subject and the verb. Both ]{.font12}[cóngqián méi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[conglái méi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may sometimes be translated as
\"never,\" but ]{.font12}[conglái méi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ makes a stronger
statement.]{.font12}
[Wǒ ]{.font12}[cóngqián méi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ chiguo Zhōngguo I haven\'t eaten
Chinese food before, cài. (There wasn\'t
one time when I ate]{.font12}
[Chinese food.)]{.font12}
[Wǒ ]{.font12}[conglái méi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
chīguo Zhōngguo cai.]{.font12}
[jiǎng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be particular
about, ]{.font12}[jiǎngjiu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.J]{.font12}
[Zhèige rén hěn jiǎng chi, hěn jiǎng chuān.]{.font12}
[Tāmen jiā tài jiǎng guīju.' Women Xiǎo Lán yīnggāi xiǎoxīn.]{.font12}
\
[I have never eaten Chinese food (from the very beginning).]{.font12}
[to stress, to pay attention to\" LAlso]{.font12}
[This person is fastidious about what he eats and what he
wears.]{.font12}
[Their family is overly particular about manners. Our Xiǎo Lán should be
careful.]{.font12}
\
[shuōdao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to speak of;
as for\" In this unit, you have seen ]{.font12}[dào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ used as a resultative ending \"to
sucessfully reach/obtain/find,\" as in ]{.font12}[xiǎngdào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to think of.\" You also saw it
as a prepositional verb in ]{.font12}[děng dào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"wait until.\" Here you see
another example of -]{.font12}[dao]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ as a resultative ending. When
-]{.font12}[dao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used
with verbs of speech, such as ]{.font12}[shuō]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[tán]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[jiǎng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, they are translated as \"to speak
of\" or \"to talk about.\" (In this meaning, -]{.font12}[dao]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is not interchangeable with
-]{.font12}[zháo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.)]{.font12}
[Women gāngcái hái shuōdao nǐ, We were talking about you just nǐ jiù lái
le. now, and here you are!]{.font12}
[Jǐntiǎn nǐ gēn ta jiǎngdao wǒ Did you talk about me with him méiyou?
today?]{.font12}
[Wǒ chángcháng xiǎngdào wǒde I often think of my child,]{.font12}
[háizi.]{.font12}
["]{.font12}[guīju]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:
\"manners\" (see Unit U)]{.font12}
[Notice that in sentence 8B, ]{.font12}[shuōdao]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used at the beginning of the
sentence to introduce a topic, as we use \"when it comes to\" or
\"speaking of\" in English. Here are some other examples.]{.font12}
[Shuōdao jiéhūnde shi, wǒ hai When it comes to the marriage,
I]{.font12}
[děi xiǎngyixiǎng. have to think it over some
more.]{.font12}
[Tandao Zhōngguo wénhuà, When it comes to Chinese
culture,]{.font12}
[tā bǐ wǒ zhīdaode duō. he knows a lot more than I
do.]{.font12}
[Shuōdao Lǐ Xiansheng, wǒ jiu xiǎngqilai le, hǎo jiǔ méi qù kàn ta
le.]{.font12}
[zuìjǐn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"recently,
lately; recent word, coming either before or after the]{.font12}
[Zuǐjǐn, women gōngsí you pàile yíge rén qù Xianggang.]{.font12}
[Wǒ zuǐjǐn tài máng, méi shíjiān gēn ta shuō.]{.font12}
\
[Speaking of Mr. Lǐ, it occurs to me that we haven't been to see him in
quite a while.]{.font12}
[last\" ]{.font12}[Zuǐjǐn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
may be used as a time subject, but always before the verb.]{.font12}
[Recently, our company sent another person to Hong Kong.]{.font12}
[I've been very busy lately, and haven't had time to tell him.]{.font12}
[zuìjǐn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used
as]{.font12}
\
[In sentence 8B (]{.font12}[,..nà shi zuìjǐn jǐshíniánde xīn
guānniàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[), an adjective
modifying a Number-Counter-Noun. Other examples:]{.font12}
\
[Zuìjǐn yíge yuè, tā dōu méiyou She hasn't written for the last month,
lai xìn.]{.font12}
[Tā shi zuìjǐn jǐtiān cái láide. She just arrived within the last few
days.]{.font12}
[Besides referring to the near past, ]{.font12}[zuìjǐn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can also refer to the near
future--- \"soon\":]{.font12}
[Tā zuìjǐn yào chū guo. He will be going abroad
soon.]{.font12}
[To make it clear you are talking about the future rather than the past,
use ]{.font12}[zuìjǐn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in
combination with auxiliary verbs like ]{.font12}[yào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[xiǎng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[dǎsuan]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[zhǔnbèi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[jǐhuà]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, etc.]{.font12}
[9. A: Dà ]{.font12}[jiātíng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ yǒu shénme hǎo?]{.font12}
[B: Zěnme bù hǎo? Rén duō, ]{.font12}[zhuàn qiánde]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ rén yě duo ma!]{.font12}
\
[A: Yàoshi ]{.font12}[suǒyǒude]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ rén ]{.font12}[dōu ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[xiàng nín zhèiyang xiǎng, Zhōngguo
xiànzài bù zhǐdào yǒu duōshao ]{.font12}[yì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ rén le!]{.font12}
\
[What's good about large f]{.font12}[ami]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ lies?]{.font12}
[What could be bad about them? After all, if there are more people there
are also more people earning money.']{.font12}
[If everyone thought they way you do, who knows how many hundreds of
millions of people there would be in China now!]{.font12}
\
[Notes on No. 9]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[dà jiātíng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"large
family; extended family\" The phrases ]{.font12}[dà jiātíng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[xiǎo
jiātíng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, literally \"large
family\" and \"small family,\" are often used in a specific sense. In
traditional Chinese society, ]{.font12}[dà jiātíng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ referred not merely to the number
of people in the family, but to the number of generations living
together. Although opinions on this vary greatly, you need at least
three generations living together to be considered a ]{.font12}[dà
jiātíng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[---an \"extended
f]{.font12}[ami]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ly\"---and
each generation must be several people \"deep.\" Ideally, such a family
contained a father and mother, all their sons and their wives, their
sons' sons and their wives, and all their children, extending to about
the fourth generation. A classic example of a ]{.font12}[dà
jiātíng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, like the Jiǎ
family in the novel ]{.font12}[Dream of the Red Chamber]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, might include over 130 people all
living in households within one complex of houses and
courtyards.]{.font12}
[Do not misuse ]{.font12}[jiātíng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which refers to the family as an
entity, for ]{.font12}[jiā rén]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[jiālide rén]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which refer to the people in the
family. This mistake is easy to make because both ideas can be expressed
in English by the word \"family\":]{.font12}
[Wǒ dào Niǔ Yuē qù kàn wǒ Jiā rén I'm going to New York to see my (OR wǒ
jiālide rén). family.]{.font12}
[zěnme bù hǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"How could
they be bad?\" or, more idiomatically, \"What could be bad about them?\"
Use ]{.font12}[zěnme]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to
make a rhetorical question disagreeing with someone else's
position.]{.font12}
- [A: Bú duì, bú duì. That's not right, that's not
right.]{.font12}
- [B: Zěnme bú duì.' What do you mean it's
wrong!]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Women bù kéyi zhèiyangr zuò. We can't do it this
way.]{.font12}
- [B: Zěnme bù kéyi?.' Zhèi méiyou Why not?! There's nothing wrong
with]{.font12}
[shenme bù kéyide. it.]{.font12}
[ma]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This little marker is
sometimes used at the end of a sentence to imply that the reasoning
behind the statement is obvious. It can be translated as \"you know\" or
\"after all,\" or by a tone of voice conveying that one thinks one's
statement is self-evident. (For the following example, you
need]{.font12}
\
[to know ]{.font12}[dào lājī]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to take out Hit.,]{.font12}
[Husband: Wèishenme zǒng děi wǒ zuò fàn ne?]{.font12}
[Wife: Nǎnnu píngděng ma!]{.font12}
[H: Nà hǎo, yǐhǒu nǐ guǎn dào lājǐ.]{.font12}
[W: Wèishenme?]{.font12}
[H: Nannu píngděng ma!]{.font12}
\
['dump'\] the garbage.\")]{.font12}
[Why do I always have to do the cooking?]{.font12}
[Equality of the sexes.']{.font12}
[Okay, then from now on, you take care of taking out the
garbage.]{.font12}
[Why?]{.font12}
[Equality of the sexes!]{.font12}
\
[suǒyǒude]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"all\" This is
the word for \"all\" used to modify nouns. (The adverb
]{.font12}[dōu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used to
modify verbs.) ]{.font12}[Suǒyǒude]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is mostly used with nouns at the
front of the sentence (that is, subjects or objects in topic position).
In sentences with ]{.font12}[suǒyǒude]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[dōu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is almost always used,
too.]{.font12}
[Suǒyǒude cài dōu hěn hǎo chi. All the food is delicious.]{.font12}
[SuǒySude cài wǒ dōu chīwán le. I finished all the food.]{.font12}
[Suǒyǒude]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can be used with
the ]{.font12}[bǎ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
construction, in which case ]{.font12}[dōu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ goes before the main verb, not
before the prepositional verb ]{.font12}[bǎ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Wǒ bǎ suǒyǒude cài dōu chiwán le. I finished all the food.]{.font12}
[Suǒyǒude]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can also be used
without a noun following it, as long as the context makes it clear what
things ]{.font12}[suǒyǒude]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
refers to:]{.font12}
[Wǒ xǐhuan gōngyuán, Huáshèngdùn I like parks. I've been to all the
suǒyǒude wǒ dōu qùguo le. ones in Washington.]{.font12}
[Here are some more example sentences with ]{.font12}[suǒyǒude]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Notice that the
-]{.font12}[de]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is
sometimes omitted.]{.font12}
[Suǒyǒude kāfēitīng wǒ dōu qùguo.]{.font12}
[Ruguo wǒ you qián wǒ jiù yào mǎi suǒyǒu zhàixiē Hàn-Yīng
zìdiǎn.]{.font12}
[Tā dàoguo Měiguo suǒyǒu(de) you yìside dìfang.]{.font12}
\
[I've been to all the coffeehouses.]{.font12}
[If I had money, I'd like to buy all of these Chinese-English
dictionaries.]{.font12}
[He has been to all the interesting places in the U.S.]{.font12}
\
[yì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"hundred]{.font12}
[single syllable to]{.font12}
\
[million\" After ]{.font12}[qiān]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"1000,\" and
]{.font12}[wan]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"10,000,\" the next represent a higher number in Chinese is
]{.font12}[yì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"100,000,000.\"]{.font12}
\
[1,000]{.font12}
[10,000]{.font12}
[100,000]{.font12}
[1,000,000]{.font12}
[10,000,000]{.font12}
[100,000,000]{.font12}
[1,000,000,000]{.font12}
\
[yìqiān]{.font12}
[yíwàn]{.font12}
[shíwàn]{.font12}
[yìbǎi wàn (\"one million\")]{.font12}
[yìqiān wàn]{.font12}
[yíy\\]{.font12}
[shíyì (\"one billion\")]{.font12}
\
[10. A: Nǐ zhàicì hui guo ]{.font12}[kàndao]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ nǐ lǎojiāde rén le ma?]{.font12}
[B: Kàndao le. Tāmen shēng-huóde bú cuò, wǒ lǎojiā yě
]{.font12}[biànchéng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ yíge
hěn rànaode dìfangr le.]{.font12}
\
[Did you see the people in your hometown on this visit back to your
country?]{.font12}
[Yes, they're living pretty well, and my hometown has become quite a
bustling place.]{.font12}
\
[Notes on No. 10]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[kàndao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to see, to
perceive by sight\" This is another example of the ending
-]{.font12}[dao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ used as
part of a compound verb of result. You have now seen -dao meaning (1)
\"to successfully reach/obtain/find\" and (2) \"about.\" With verbs of
perception, the meaning of -]{.font12}[dao]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can be thought of as \"sucessfully
reach\" by means of the senses, or \"to successfully perceive.\" Another
instance of this is ]{.font12}[tīngdao]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"to hear, to perceive by
listening.\"]{.font12}
[Běijīng speakers prefer ]{.font12}[kànjian]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[tīngjian]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in many contexts, but
]{.font12}[kàndao ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[and
]{.font12}[tīngdao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ are
used by all speakers of Standard Chinese.]{.font12}
[biàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to change, to
become different, to transform, to alter\"]{.font12}
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [Zhèige rén zhēnde biàn le, | [This fellow has really changed, |
| yǐqiān tā bú shi | he wasn't this way |
| zhèiyangrde.]{.font12} | before.]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [Zhèijiàn máoyī xǐle jǐcì, biàn | [After this sweater was washed a |
| yānsè le.]{.font12} | few times, it changed |
| | color.]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [Jǐniān bú jiàn, tā yǐjīng biàn | [I hadn't seen him for a few |
| lǎo le.]{.font12} | years;]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [he had aged a lot. (refers to |
| | his appearance)]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
[You can also use ]{.font12}[biàn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in the pattern
]{.font12}[biàn---de---STATE VERB]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, as in:]{.font12}
[Cong qùniàn dào xiànzài, tā He has become a lot
healthier]{.font12}
[biànde jiànkāngduō le. since last year.]{.font12}
[Wo shíjīnián méi jiàndao ta, I haven't seen him in over ten
years,]{.font12}
[bù zhīdào tā biànde zěnme- I wonder what he is like
now?]{.font12}
[yang le?]{.font12}
[-]{.font12}[chéng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:
\"become,\" \"into\" This is used with a number of verbs to form a
compound: ]{.font12}[gǎichéng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to change (one thing) into
(another)\"; ]{.font12}[fānyichéng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to translate into\";
]{.font12}[zuòchéng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to
make into\"; ]{.font12}[zhǎngchéng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to grow into.\"]{.font12}
[Wǒ bā tāde chènshān gǎichéng yíjiàn xiǎoháizide yīfu le.]{.font12}
[Qīng ni bā zhàipiān wénzhāng fānyichéng Rìwén.]{.font12}
[Zhèige haizi yǐjīng zhǎngchéng dàren le.]{.font12}
\
[I took his shirt and altered it into an article of clothing for a
child.]{.font12}
[Please translate this article into Japanese.]{.font12}
[This child has already grown into an adult.]{.font12}
\
- [11. you yòng to be useful]{.font12}
- [12. hēiyè (darkness of) night,
nighttime]{.font12}
- [13. xīn heart; mind]{.font12}
[Notes on Nos. 12 and 13]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[hēiyè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This is mostly
used in sentences where ]{.font12}[baitiān]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"(light of) day, daytime,\" is
contrasted with its opposite (see the first exchange of the review
dialogue for this unit). The normal word for \"nighttime\" is
]{.font12}[wǎnshang]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[xīn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: The abstract concept
\"heart, Tā(de) xīn hǎo.]{.font12}
[Tā zuòle zhèijiàn shi, xīnli hěn nánguò.]{.font12}
[Tā xiěwánle zhěipiān xiǎoshuō, xīnli hěn gāoxìng.]{.font12}
[Tā xīnli xiǎngde he tā zuòde bù yíyàng.]{.font12}
[(For the organ \"heart,]{.font12}
[use ]{.font12}[xīnzàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
literally,]{.font12}
\
[or, in many contexts, \"mind\":]{.font12}
[He has a good heart (i.e., he is kind).]{.font12}
[He felt very bad after he did that.]{.font12}
[He was very happy after he finished writing this short story.]{.font12}
[He acts differently than he thinks.]{.font12}
[\"heart-organ.\")]{.font12}
[Unit 3, Review Dialogue]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[On the flight from Washington to Hong Kong (via New York and.
Anchorage), Lǐ Ping (B) and Tom (A) are chatting.]{.font12}
- [A: Zai fēijǐshang zuòle zhème yì-]{.font12}
[tiān, gǎnjué zěnmeyàng?]{.font12}
- [B: Zhēn bu shūfu, měicì zuò fēi-]{.font12}
[jī dōu xiàng shēng bìng yíyàng. Tèbié shi zài fēijǐshang huànle
shíjiān, bāitiān biànchengle hēiyè, hēiyè biànchengle bái-tiān, tài
nánshòu le!]{.font12}
- [A: Duì le, bù shūfude shihou]{.font12}
[yǐnggāi hē diǎnr bǐngshuǐr. Wǒ qù gěi ni nòng dianr bǐngshuǐr lai, hǎo
bu hǎo?]{.font12}
- [B: Hǎo shi hǎo, kěshi wǒ shizài]{.font12}
[hēbuxiàqù le. . . . Suàn le ba, women liàoliao tiānr, yěxǔ huì hǎo
yidiǎnr.]{.font12}
- [A: Zài guò jǐge zhōngtóu nǐ jiu]{.font12}
[dào jiā le, xiǎng jiā ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Xiǎng. Zài Měiguo liǎngniān]{.font12}
[le, yìtiān māng dào wǎn, méiyou xiǎngguo jiā, kěshi xiànzài xiǎngqi jiā
lai le. Nǐ shuō qíguài bu qíguài?]{.font12}
- [A: Nà méiyou shénme qíguài. Rén]{.font12}
[ma, zǒng yào you diǎnr jiātíng guānniàn. Tèbié shi Zhōngguo rén;
Zhōngguo rén shi jiǎng xiàoshunde.]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ juéde zuò fùmǔ shi hěn bù]{.font12}
[rōngyide, háizi yǐnggāi xiàoshun fùmǔ.]{.font12}
- [A: Zhèige xiǎngfǎ shi nǐ fùmǔ]{.font12}
[jiāo nide ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Bu shi, shi shèhuì jiāo wode.]{.font12}
\
[How do you feel after being on a plane all day like this?]{.font12}
[I don't feel well at all. Every time I take a plane it's like getting
ill. Especially with the time change on the plane, daylight turning into
night and night turning back into daylight, how uncomfortable!]{.font12}
[Right; You should have some ice water when you don't feel well. I'll go
get you some ice water, okay?]{.font12}
[Well, okay, but I really couldn't drink any. . . . Forget it, let's
just chat and maybe it'll get a little better.]{.font12}
[Just another few hours and you'll be home. Are you homesick?]{.font12}
[Yes. The whole two years I was in America, I was busy all day long and
never got homesick, but now here I am feeling homesick. Don't you think
that's strange?]{.font12}
[There's nothing strange about that. People are people! They have to
have a sense of attachment to their family. Especially Chinese people;
the Chinese put a lot of importance on filial obedience.]{.font12}
[I think that it's very difficult to be parents, so children ought to be
filial toward their parents.]{.font12}
[Did your parents teach you that way of thinking?]{.font12}
[No, society taught it to me. My]{.font12}
\
["]{.font12}[hǎo shi hǎo, kěshi\...]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means literally, ''as for being all
right, it is all right, but\..." This means \"It is. okay, but\...\" or
in more idiomatic English, \"Well, okay, but\...\"]{.font12}
[Wǒ mǔqin conglái bù he wo tan xiàoshun.]{.font12}
- [A: Zhēnde?]{.font12}
- [B: Zhēnde. Wǒ dìyǐcì zhuàn qián-]{.font12}
[de shihou, cái shíwǔsuì. Hui dao Jiāli, Jiù bǎ kǒudàili suǒ-yǒude qián
dōu gěi wǒ mǔqin le, hái shuō wǒ yǐhòu yào xiàoshun mama.]{.font12}
- [A: Nǐ mama zěnme shuō?]{.font12}
- [B: Tǎ kū le. Tā shuō wǒ néng]{.font12}
[dull, néng zài shèhuishang zuò ge you yòngde rén Jiù shi zuì hǎode
xiàoshun. Wǒ gěi tāde qián, tā dōu gěi wo mǎicheng shū. Yǐhòu, wǒ Jiu
gèng yònggōng le.]{.font12}
- [A: Zhēn shi yíwěi hǎo māma.]{.font12}
- [B: Shi. . . . Wǒ xiě xìn gěi tā,]{.font12}
[gàosu ta wǒ yào hé yíwèi Měiguó péngyou yìqǐ huilai guò shǔjià, tā hěn
gāoxìng. Tā hěn huānyíng nǐ lái.]{.font12}
- [C: Duìbuqǐ, liǎngwèi xiānsēn,]{.font12}
[nǐmen yào hē diǎn sénme?]{.font12}
[B: Wǒ bū dà shūfu, bǔ yào shenme.]{.font12}
[C: Ou, bú dà sūfǔ, yìbēi zè cá,]{.font12}
[hǎo bu hǎo?]{.font12}
[B: Hǎode, xièxie ni.]{.font12}
[A: Wǒ lái yipíng píjiǔ. Nǐmen]{.font12}
[you méiyou Heineken?]{.font12}
[C: Yǒu.]{.font12}
[A: Xièxie.]{.font12}
[C: Bǔ kèqì. Zèiwèi xiānsēn, nǐ]{.font12}
[hái yào sénme, qǐng gàosu wǒ.]{.font12}
\
[mother never talks to me about filial obedience.]{.font12}
[Really?]{.font12}
[Really. The first time I made money I was only fifteen. When I got
home, I gave all the money I had in my pocket to my mother, and I said
that in the future I must be filial toward her.]{.font12}
[What did she say?]{.font12}
[She cried. She said that if I could be independent and be a useful
person in society that would be the best way to show filial obedience.
She used all the money I gave her to buy books for me. After that, I
worked even harder.]{.font12}
[She\'s really a good mother.]{.font12}
[Yes, she is. . . . She was very happy when I wrote her telling her that
I was going to come back with an American friend for the summer
vacation. She\'s very glad to have you at (welcomes you to) our
house.]{.font12}
[Excuse me, what would you two gentlemen like to drink?]{.font12}
[I\'m not feeling too well, I don\'t want anything.]{.font12}
[Oh, you don\'t feel well? How about a cup of hot tea?]{.font12}
[All right, thank you.]{.font12}
[I\'d like a beer. Do you have Heineken?]{.font12}
[Yes.]{.font12}
[Thank you.]{.font12}
[You\'re welcome. Sir, if you want anything else, please let me
know.]{.font12}
\
[We have altered the spelling to show the stewardess\'s non-standard
pronunciation.]{.font12}
[B: Hǎode, xièxie ni.]{.font12}
- [A: Women shuō dao nǎr le? Duì le,]{.font12}
[nīmen jiāli chúle nǐ fùmǔ he zǔmǔ yǐwài hái you shénme rén
ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Nǐ wangle, wo hái you yíge]{.font12}
[mèimei, zài yínháng zuò shìde.]{.font12}
- [A: Ou, duì le, n? gēn wo shuōguo,]{.font12}
[wǒ zěnme wangle ne!]{.font12}
- [B: Shuōdao wo mèimei, Jiù xiǎngdào]{.font12}
[wǒ mǔqin. Nǐ zhidao zài Zhōng-guō, zhòng nán qīng nude guānniàn háishi
yǒude. Kěshi wǒ mèimei shi líkāi dàxué yǐhòu you zài Yīngguó niànle
liǎngnián shū cái zuò shìde. Zhèi yě yào gǎnxiè wǒ mǔqin.]{.font12}
- [A: Nǐ mèimei xiànzài zh? zuò shi,]{.font12}
[háishi yě niàn diǎnr shū?]{.font12}
- [B: Tā zhǐ zuò shi. Buguò tā hěn]{.font12}
[rèxīn yánjiū dàlùde qíngxing, cháng kàn hěn duō guānyu dàlùde shū. Tā
cháng shuō, \"Wo shi Zhōngguo rén, dàlùshang you shí-yì Zhōngguo rén, wǒ
zěnme kéyi bù zhídào tāmende shēnghuó, gōngzuò, hé xuéxíde qíngkuàng
ne?]{.font12}
- [A: Tāde huà hěn you dàolǐ.]{.font12}
- [B: Tā you hěn duō dàlù láide]{.font12}
[péngyou; nǐ hé tā tántan, yě huì Juéde hěn you yìsi.]{.font12}
- [A: Tā duì dàlùde qíngxing zenme]{.font12}
[rèxǐn, nǐ mǔqin you shénme kànfa ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Tā cháng shuō: \"Háizi zhǎng-]{.font12}
[dàle, tāmen yào zǒu shénme lù yīnggāi zìjī kǎolū.\"]{.font12}
[A: Zhēn hǎo, shízài shi tài hǎo]{.font12}
[le.]{.font12}
\
[All right. Thank you.]{.font12}
[Now, where were we? Oh yes: Is there anyone else in your family besides
your parents and your grandmother?]{.font12}
\
[You've forgotten that I also have a younger sister who works in a
bank.]{.font12}
[Oh, of course. You told me before. How could I have
forgotten!]{.font12}
\
[Mentioning my sister reminds me of my mother again. You know, in China
people still have the concept that men are superior to women. But after
my sister graduated from college, she studied for two more years in
England before she started working. That was also thanks to my
mother.]{.font12}
\
[Does your sister Just work now, or does she also take some
classes?]{.font12}
\
[She's Just working, but she studies the mainland situation very
enthusiastically. She reads a lot of books about the mainland. She often
says, \"I'm Chinese, and there are one billion Chinese on the mainland.
How can I be ignorant of the way they live, work, and study?\"]{.font12}
[What she says is quite right.]{.font12}
[She has a lot of friends from the mainland; you'll find it very
interesting to talk with her.]{.font12}
[Does your mother have anything to say about her enthusiastic interest
in the situation on the mainland?]{.font12}
[She often says, \"When children grow up, they should decide for
themselves what road they want to take.\"]{.font12}
[That's great! That's really wonderful.]{.font12}
\
[\*]{.font12}[gǎnxiè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to
be grateful/thankful to\"]{.font12}
[B: Deng dao nǐ jiàndao tade shihou, When you meet her I'm sure
you'll]{.font12}
[nǐ yídìng huì xǐhuan ta, yě huì like her, and our home, too. xǐhuan
wǒmen jiāde.]{.font12}
[A: Yídìng!]{.font12}
\
[I'm sure I will, too!]{.font12}
[Exercise 1]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit.
The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you
to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your
answer.]{.font12}
[All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may
want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several
times.]{.font12}
[Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[This exercise is a conversation between a Chinese student and an
American student in their dormitory room somewhere in the the
U.S.]{.font12}
[The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely,
you'll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below
as you listen a second time.]{.font12}
[Here are the new words you will need to understand this
conversation:]{.font12}
[Kěkǒukělè]{.font12}
[Coca Cola]{.font12}
\
[-ban (counter for a class of
students)]{.font12}
[nūshēng coeds, women students]{.font12}
[zǎo a long time ago]{.font12}
[diào yǎnlèi to cry (lit., \"fall
tears\")]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be
able to give them orally in class.]{.font12}
- [1. What is the Chinese student's girlfriend studying? Why is he
worried about her?]{.font12}
- [2. What was the traditional Chinese attitude toward educating
women?]{.font12}
- [3. How did the Chinese student first meet his girlfriend?]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [U. Why do you suppose she would let herself cry in the
library?]{.font12}
[What was her boyfriend's reaction?]{.font12}
[5. How was she able to come to college?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take
a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your
answers.]{.font12}
[Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate
the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than
the literal meaning of the Chinese.]{.font12}
[Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In this conversation a mother and son in Beijing talk after a day of
work.]{.font12}
::: {style="border-bottom:solid;"}
[Listen to the conversation second time through, look helow]{.font12}
[Here are the new words you kělián sǐ hu fàngxīn rìzi jǐngshen]{.font12}
:::
\
[once straight through. Then, on the and answer the questions.]{.font12}
[will need to understand this conversation]{.font12}
[to he pitiful]{.font12}
[to die]{.font12}
[to worry]{.font12}
[days]{.font12}
[energy, spirits]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will he
ahle to give them orally in class.]{.font12}
- [1. What is Wang Li's problem?]{.font12}
- [2. How does the son propose to help her?]{.font12}
- [3. What problem does the mother see with this proposal? What does
the son volunteer to do?]{.font12}
[U. What is the mother's reaction to her son's suggestion?]{.font12}
[5. What two other things would lift Wáng Li's spirits?]{.font12}
[After you have prepared your answers, you may want to look at the
translation for the conversation. You may also want to listen to the
conversation again to help you pronounce your answers
correctly.]{.font12}
[Exercise 1+]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In this conversation, a husband, and wife talk in their home in
Běijīng.]{.font12}
[Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape
and listen again. On the second time through, answer the
questions.]{.font12}
[You will need the following new words:]{.font12}
---------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------
[Qīnghǎi]{.font12} [(a province in Western China)]{.font12}
[bìngrén]{.font12} [sick person, patient]{.font12}
[fǎnzhèng]{.font12} [anyway, in any case]{.font12}
[chéngli rén yě hǎo, xiāngxia rén yě hǎo]{.font12} [whether it\'s city people or country people]{.font12}
[yīyuàn]{.font12} [hospital]{.font12}
---------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------
[Questions for Exercise h]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can give
them orally in class.]{.font12}
- [1. Why was Xiùyun late coming home?]{.font12}
- [2. Why did she get medicine for her husband? For what reason does
she insist he take the medicine?]{.font12}
- [3. What did they see in Qīnghǎi ten years ago?]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [h. What are their professions?]{.font12}
[5. What kind of situation does the husband hope China will never have
again?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take
a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers
correctly.]{.font12}
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Conversation between an American student and a Chinese student in their
college dormitory in America.]{.font12}
- [A:]{.font11}[ Nǐ zěnme yíge rén zài zhèli?]{.font12}
[Hide nūpéngyou ne?]{.font12}
- [B: Zài tūshūguǎn niàn tāde]{.font12}
[Jīngjixué.]{.font12}
- [A: Tā ]{.font11}[zhēn yònggōng! Zhème hǎode]{.font12}
[tiānqi, hái zài pīnmìng niàn shū!]{.font12}
\
- [B: Shi a! Gāngcái, wǒ qù gěi]{.font12}
[ta sòngle yidiǎn ]{.font12}[Kěkǒukělè]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, wǒ gēn ta shuō, zhèiyang niànxiaqu
shi yào shēng hìngde, kěshi tā bù ting, háishi zài nar niàn.]{.font12}
- [A:]{.font11}[ Wǒ xiǎng nīde nūpengyou you]{.font12}
[diǎnr tèbié, women ]{.font12}[bānl]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ide jīge ]{.font12}[nūshēng
zǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ jiu pǎo dao hǎi-biānr
qu wánr le.]{.font12}
\
- [B: Zhè he tāde jiātíng yǒu guānxi.]{.font12}
[A: ]{.font11}[Zěnme ne?]{.font12}
\
[B: Tāde fùmù yǒu zhòng nan qīng]{.font12}
[nude lǎo guānniàn. Tāmen xiǎng érzi shi zìjīde, nuér zhǎngdàle zǒng yào
Jiēhūnde, Jiēle hūn Jiù shi biérén Jiāde rén le, niàn shū you shénme
yòng?]{.font12}
\
[A: ]{.font11}[Wǒ conglái méiyou xiǎngdào,]{.font12}
[xiànzài hái yǒu zhèiyangde Jiātíng, zhèiyangde fùmǔ.]{.font12}
\
[B: Zhè méiyou shénme qíguài, bǎ]{.font12}
[lǎo guānniàn biàncheng xìn guānniàn bu shi yíjiàn róngyide
shi.]{.font12}
\
[A: Nà, nīde nūpéngyou yǒu xiōng-]{.font12}
[dì Jiěmèi ma?]{.font12}
\
[How come you're all alone here? Where's your girlfriend?]{.font12}
[She's in the library studying her economics.]{.font12}
[She really works hard! The weather is so nice, and she's still knocking
herself out studying.]{.font12}
[That's right! Just now, I went to take her a Coke, and I told her she
was going to get sick if she kept on studying like this, but she
wouldn't listen. She Just went on studying.]{.font12}
[I think your girlfriend is a little unusual. Several of the women
students in our class took off for the beach a long time ago.]{.font12}
[It has to do with her family.]{.font12}
[What do you mean?]{.font12}
[Her parents have the old idea of regarding men as superior to women.
They think that a son is theirs, but a daughter gets married sooner or
later when she grows up, and after she's married she belongs to another
family, so what use is it for her to get an education?]{.font12}
[I never imagined that there were still families and parents like that
these days.]{.font12}
[There's nothing so strange about that; it's not an easy thing to change
one's old ideas into new ideas.]{.font12}
[Then, does your girl friend have any brothers and sisters?]{.font12}
\
[B: ]{.font11}[Yǒu, Jiù yǒu yíge gēge.]{.font12}
\
[Yes, Just one older brother.]{.font12}
\
[A: ]{.font11}[Tā niàn shū niànde hǎo bu hǎo? How does he do in
school?]{.font12}
[B: Mǎmǎhūhū, wǒ xiǎng tā bú shi]{.font12}
[yíge hěn yònggōngde xuéshēng.]{.font12}
- [A: Nǐ rènshi ta?]{.font12}
- [B: Rènshi. Wǒ he tāmen shi]{.font12}
[zhōngxué tóngxué, tā gēge zhīdao tā niànwánle zhōngxué jiu kéyi shàng
dàxué, kěshi tā fùmǔ bú ràng mèimei niàn dàxué. Wǒ kàndao tā changcháng
yíge rén zài túshūguǎn ]{.font12}[diào yǎnlèi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, jiù wèn ta wèishénme, mànmànde, wǒ
jiu zhīdao tāde qíngxing le.]{.font12}
- [A: 0, shi zhèiyang.' Nà tā shi]{.font12}
[zěnme lái dàxué niàn shūde ne?]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ fùmǔ bāngzhu ta. \^ùnián,]{.font12}
[tā zìjī yě zhuànle diǎn qián. Wǒ mǔqin shuō zhèige háizi zènme xiǎng
niàn shū, women duō bāngzhu ta yidiǎnr, ràng ta hǎohāo niàn shū ba.'
Zhèi-yàng tā jiù bú zuò shi, zhǐ niàn shū le.]{.font12}
- [A: Shi zhèiyang.' Women qù]{.font12}
[kànkan ta, ràng ta xiūxi-xiuxi.]{.font12}
- [B: Hǎo, zǒu.']{.font12}
\
[Just so-so, I don't think he's a very hard worker.]{.font12}
[You know him?]{.font12}
[Yes. We were classmates in high school. Her brother knew that after he
finished high school he could go to college, but her parents wouldn't
let her go. I used to see her alone in the library, crying, and I asked
her why. Gradually, I found out about her situation.]{.font12}
[Oh, so that's the story! So then, how was it that she came to
college?]{.font12}
[My parents helped her out. Also, last year she earned some money on her
own. My mother said she wanted so badly to study, that we should help
her out and let her do it properly.' This way she can just study without
having to work.]{.font12}
[Oh, is that so! Let's go see her, and make her take a break.]{.font12}
\
[Good, let's go!]{.font12}
\
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In Běijīng, a mother and son talk after a day of work.]{.font12}
- [A: Mā, nín dào nǎr qu le?]{.font12}
- [B: Zài Lǎo Wáng jiā zuòle yihuǐr.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Wáng LǏde qíngkuàng hǎo]{.font12}
[yidiǎnr ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Hǎo yidiǎnr, bù kū le, kěshi]{.font12}
[háishi yìtiān dào wǎn méiyou yíjù huà.]{.font12}
- [A: Zhēn ràng rén nánshòu.]{.font12}
- [B: Kě bu shi ma, shizài shi]{.font12}
[kělián]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, Wáng Li fùqin
sǐle cái]{.font12}
[Where have you been, Mom?]{.font12}
[I was over at Lǎo Wáng's for a while.]{.font12}
[Is Wáng Li's situation better now?]{.font12}
[Somewhat better. She isn't crying anymore, but she still doesn't say a
thing all day long.]{.font12}
[It really makes one feel bad.]{.font12}
[Doesn't it, though? It's really pitiful: first Wáng Li's
father]{.font12}
[bànnián mǔqin you sǐ le. Báitiān hǎo yidiǎnr, dàjiā ké\^i qù péipei ta.
Wǎnshang, nū-háizi yíge rén zài jiāli, zhēn rang rén ]{.font12}[bú
fàngxǐn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
- [A: Mā, wǒ xiǎngdào yíge hǎo]{.font12}
[bǎnfǎ, rang Wang LÌ bān dao zánmen jiā lái ba! Nín gēn tā liáoliao
tiānr, yěxǔ huì hǎo yidiǎnr.]{.font12}
- [B: Mm, zhèige bǎnfǎ hǎo shi hǎo,]{.font12}
[kěshi zánmen jiā jiù zhè liǎngjiān xiǎo wūzi, wǒ bǎ nǐ fang zai nǎr
ne?]{.font12}
- [A: Wǒ xiǎng Wáng Lì bānlái yǐhoù]{.font12}
[wǒ kéyi zǎi Wáng jiā zhù jǐtiān, děng Wáng Lìde qíngkuàng hǎo yì-diǎnr,
wǒ zǎi bānhuilai ma!]{.font12}
- [B: Hǎo háizi, nǐ zhème rèxīn]{.font12}
[bāngzhu biérén, hěn hǎo. . . . Wáng Li hěn xiàoshun, zhèixiē
]{.font12}[rìzi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, tā huì
chángcháng xiǎng tāde fùmǔ, duō hé tā tántan, mǎnmānrde, tā huì hǎo
yidiǎnr.]{.font12}
- [A: Wǒ zǎi qù zhǎozhao tā cóng-]{.font12}
[qiánde tǒngxué, rǎng tamen dōu lái hé ta tántan, péi ta chūqu
zǒuzou.]{.font12}
- [B: Duì le, děngdǎo tā shàng]{.font12}
[bān le, jiù hǎo le. Rén mángde shihou ]{.font12}[jǐngshén]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ huì hǎo yìxiē.]{.font12}
- [A: Duì. Nà zánmen xiànzài jiù]{.font12}
[qù jiē ta ba!]{.font12}
- [B: Děngyiděng, bǎ wūzi shōushi-]{.font12}
[hǎo zài qù.]{.font12}
- [A: Wǒ gēn nín yíkuàir shōushi.]{.font12}
[dies, and then less than half a year later her mother dies, too. During
the daytime it's not so bad, everybody goes and keeps her company. But
in the evening the girl is alone at home. It really makes one
worry.]{.font12}
[Mom, I've thought of a good way (to solve the problem). Have Wáng Lì
move to our house! If you can chat with her, maybe that will
help.]{.font12}
[That ]{.font12}[is]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ a good
idea, but our place only has these two small rooms. Where would I put
you?]{.font12}
[I think I could go live at the Wáng\'s house. When Wáng Li's condition
is a little better, I'll move back here!]{.font12}
[Good boy. It's good that you're so eager to help others. . . . Wáng Lì
is very filial, and she'll miss her parents a lot during this time. If
we talk with her a lot, gradually, she\'ll get better.]{.font12}
[I'll go call on some of her former classmates and have them come talk
with her and go out for walks with her.]{.font12}
[Right. When she starts work, everything will be all right. When a
person is busy, their spirits improve.]{.font12}
[Right. Well, let\'s go get her right now!]{.font12}
[Wait. Let's straighten up the room before we go.]{.font12}
[I'll straighten it up with you.]{.font12}
[Dialogue and. Translation for Exercise U]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[A husband, and wife talk in Běijīng.]{.font12}
- [A: Xiùyun, nǐ huílai le. Jīntiān]{.font12}
[zěnme zěnme wǎn?]{.font12}
- [B: Xiàle bānr, wǒ you qù mǎi]{.font12}
[diSnr yào.]{.font12}
- [A: Wǒ xiǎng wǒ yǐjīng hǎo le,]{.font12}
[hái mǎi shénme yào?]{.font12}
- [B: Nǐ cái yìtiān bù fā shāo, jiù]{.font12}
[shuō hǎo le? Kuài yidiǎnr bǎ zhèi liǎngzhǒng yào dōu
chīxiaqu.]{.font12}
- [A: Wǒ nǎr xūyào zěnme duō yào!]{.font12}
- [B: Zhèizhǒng gǎnmào bu shi]{.font12}
[yìtiān liǎngtiān jiù huì hǎode, nǐ yídìng děi bǎ zhèi jǐzhǒng yào dōu
chīle.]{.font12}
- [A: Hǎo hǎo hǎo, wǒ chī.]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ gěi ni dào bēi rèshuǐ lai,]{.font12}
[xiànzài jiù chī.]{.font12}
- [A: Ei°, shuōdao chī yào, wǒ jiu]{.font12}
[xiǎngqilai le, nǐ hái jìde shí-nián qián, zánmen zài Qīnghǎi xiāngxià
kànjiande nèijiàn shi ma?]{.font12}
\
[Hi Xiùyun, you're back. How come you're so late tonight?]{.font12}
[After work I went to buy some medicine.]{.font12}
[I think I've already recovered. What are you buying medicine
for?]{.font12}
[Your fever has only been gone for one day and you say you've recovered?
Come on and take these two medicines.]{.font12}
[As if I needed all this medicine!]{.font12}
[This kind of cold doesn't get better in just a day or two.]{.font12}
[You have to take all of these medicines.]{.font12}
[Okay, okay, I'll take them.]{.font12}
[I'll get you a cup of hot water, and you take them right now.]{.font12}
[Say, speaking of taking medicine reminds me, do you remember what we
saw out in the country of Qīnghǎi ten years ago?]{.font12}
\
- [B: Zěnme bu jìde, zánmen dōu shi]{.font12}
[zuò yīshēngde, kànjian ]{.font12}[bìngren ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[méi yào chī, zhēn nánshòu.]{.font12}
- [A: Kěshi, hái yǒu rén shuō]{.font12}
[zhèizhǒng qíngxing méi guānxi, ]{.font12}[fanzhèng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ Zhōngguo rén duō, zhēn shi bù jiǎng
dàolǐ!]{.font12}
- [B: Hài! Nèige shihou, shénme]{.font12}
[qíguàide shir dōu you, bié shuō le.]{.font12}
[A: Kéyi bù shuō, kěshi bū huì]{.font12}
[wàng. Zhōngguo yǒu jǐyì rén, ]{.font12}[chéngli rén yě hǎo,
xiāngxià]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
\
[How could I forget. We're both doctors; seeing sick people without
medicine to take was really upsetting.]{.font12}
\
[But you know what some people say? They say that this sort of situation
doesn't matter, that there are plenty of Chinese anyway. How
crazy!]{.font12}
[(Sigh). Back then, there were all sorts of strange things; don't talk
about it any more.]{.font12}
\
[We don't have to talk about it, but we won\'t forge\* it. ■ .er ■■ are
several hundred million peonle in China.]{.font12}
\
[Ei]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is an interjection
which tells that the speaker just thought of something.]{.font12}
[ren yě hǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, you hing hù
néng kàn yǐsheng, you hing méi yào chide shi, zài yě hù néng you
le.]{.font12}
- [B: NǏ shuōde duì. Hǎo le, hǎo le,]{.font12}
[nǐde hing cái hǎo yidiǎnr, nǐ chile yào zǎo diǎnr xiūxi ha.]{.font12}
- [A: Wǒ xiān hǎ yào chile, děng]{.font12}
[yihuǐr, wo hái děi chūqu yítàng, ]{.font12}[yiyuànl]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[i hái you jǐjiàn shi děi hàn, wǒ qù
kàn yixia jiu huilai.]{.font12}
- [B: Zǎo diǎnr huílai.']{.font12}
[Whether it's people in the city or people in the country, we can't have
any more situations where people are sick and yet unahle to see a doctor
or get medicine.]{.font12}
[You're right. Okay, your illness is only a little better, after you
take your medicine go to hed early.]{.font12}
[I'll take the medicine now, but I have to go out again in a while. I
still have a few things I have to take care of at the hospital. I'll be
back right after I go take a look there.]{.font12}
[Don't come back too late.']{.font12}
[soc]{.font12}
[UNIT U]{.font12}
[A Family History]{.font12}
[INTRODUCTION]{.font12}
[Grammar Topics Covered, in This Unit]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
- [1. More on ]{.font12}[ne]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, marker of absence of
change/lack of completion.]{.font12}
- [2. The adverb ]{.font12}[duō]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (]{.font12}[duō]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[), \"how\...."']{.font12}
- [3. More on indefinite pronouns (\"any/no\" expressions).]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [U. Review of ]{.font12}[you (Noun)]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ phrases.]{.font12}
[Functional Language Contained in This Unit]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
- [1. Expressing worries or reservations about doing
something.]{.font12}
- [2. Reassuring someone that they need not worry.]{.font12}
- [3. Asking for clarification of the meaning of what someone just
said.]{.font12}
[U. Commenting on other's good fortune.]{.font12}
- [1. A: Nǐ Laba zhème zǎo jiu ]{.font12}[qǐlai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le!]{.font12}
[B: Tā ]{.font12}[niánji]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
dà le, měitiān shuìde zǎo.]{.font12}
[Your father got up so early!]{.font12}
[He's getting on in years, and]{.font12}
[he goes to bed early.]{.font12}
- [2. A: Xiǎo Wangde ]{.font12}[yeye]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ you he nèixie ]{.font12}[xiǎo
péngyou ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[liáo tiānr
ne!]{.font12}
[B: Tā ]{.font12}[rén]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ hěn
hǎo, hěn xǐhuan háizi.]{.font12}
[Xiǎo Wang's grandfather is talking with those kids again!]{.font12}
[He's a very good person, and he likes children a lot.]{.font12}
- [3. A: Zhèi liǎngnián nǐ ]{.font12}[nǎinai shēntǐ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ hǎo ma?]{.font12}
[B: ]{.font12}[Hái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ hǎo,
you shihou hái néng qǐlai ]{.font12}[shōushi ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[shoushi wūzi.]{.font12}
[U. A: Zhāng jiāde ]{.font12}[érxífu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ hěn you ]{.font12}[guǐju]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[B: Shi a, Zhāng jiā nǎinai zhēn you ]{.font12}[fuqi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
- [5. A: ]{.font12}[Guòqù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, Zhōngguo rén chū guō niàn shū
]{.font12}[duō ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[nán!]{.font12}
[B: Xiànzài hǎo le, zǒu dao nǎr yě méi rén ]{.font12}[kànbuqǐ ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[le.]{.font12}
- [6. A: ]{.font12}[Rénjia]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ dōu juéde Xiǎo Wáng shi ge hěn
yōu ]{.font12}[lǐmàod]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e
háizi.]{.font12}
[Has your grandmother's health been good the past couple of
years?]{.font12}
[Fairly good; sometimes she can still get up and straighten up the
room.]{.font12}
[The Zhāng family's daughter-in-law is a proper young woman.]{.font12}
[Yes, the Zhāng family's grandmother is really blessed with good
fortune.]{.font12}
[In the past how difficult it was for Chinese to go abroad to
study!]{.font12}
[Now it's better, no matter where they go, no one looks down on them
anymore.]{.font12}
[Everyone feels Xiǎo Wáng is a very well-mannered child.]{.font12}
- [7. A: Zhèi yì ]{.font12}[jiā]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ rén dōu niànguo bù shǎo
shū.]{.font12}
[B:]{.font12}
\
[8.]{.font12}
\
[A:]{.font12}
\
[B:]{.font12}
\
[Tǐngshuō tāmende ]{.font12}[sūnzi sūnnu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ xiànzài dōu niàn ]{.font12}[Si
Shū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ne!]{.font12}
[Tāmen Jiā guòqù shi ]{.font12}[you qián]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ rén, you bù shǎo
]{.font12}[cáichǎn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Nǐ shuōde cáichǎn shi ]{.font12}[tǔdǐ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ba?]{.font12}
[This whole family has had quite a good education.]{.font12}
[I understand that their grandsons and granddaughters are (all) studying
the Four Books now!]{.font12}
[Their family used to be rich. They had quite a lot of
property.]{.font12}
[The property you're talking about is land, isn't it?]{.font12}
[9.]{.font12}
\
[B:]{.font12}
\
[Nǐ ]{.font12}[zhùxialai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
ba, yě kéyi gěi women ]{.font12}[bāng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ dianr ]{.font12}[máng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Wǒ báitiān you kè, ]{.font12}[zhǐ hǎo ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[wǎnshang zuò diǎnr shǐ.]{.font12}
\
[Stay (live) here and you can help us a bit.]{.font12}
\
[I have classes during the day;]{.font12}
[I can only work at night.]{.font12}
\
- [10. A: Wǒ mǔqin zǒng ]{.font12}[dānxǐn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ wǒ gěge zài wàibianr
]{.font12}[chǐ kǔ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [B: Tāmen Jǐge xiǎo péngyou ]{.font12}[hùxiāng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ bāng máng, bú huì chǐ
kǔde.]{.font12}
[My mother is always worried that my older brother is having a rough
time away from home.]{.font12}
[His bunch of friends help each other out. They don't have such a rough
time.]{.font12}
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| | [VOCABULARY]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [baba]{.font12} | [father, dad, papa]{.font12} |
| | |
| [bang máng bù shǎo]{.font12} | [to help; help]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [to be quite a lot, to be much, |
| | to be many]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [cáichǎn chī kǔ]{.font12} | [property]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [to suffer, to undergo |
| | hardship]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [dānxīn duo (duō)]{.font12} | [to be worried, to be uneasy |
| | how\...]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [érxífu(r) (érxífer)]{.font12} | [daught er-in-law]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [fuqi]{.font12} | [blessings, good |
| | fortune]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [guīju]{.font12} | [rules of proper behavior, social |
| | etiquette, manners; rule (of a |
| | community or organization), |
| | established practice, |
| | custom]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [guòqù]{.font12} | [the past]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [hái hùxiāng]{.font12} | [fairly, passably |
| | mutually]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [-jiā]{.font12} | [(counter for families)]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [kànbuqǐ]{.font12} | [to look down on, to scorn, to |
| | despise]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [lǐmào]{.font12} | [manners, politeness]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [nǎinai niánji]{.font12} | [grandmother (on father's side) |
| | age]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [qǐlai]{.font12} | [to get up (in several |
| | senses)]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [rén]{.font12} | [person; body; self people; they; |
| | he, she; I]{.font12} |
| [rénjia]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [shēntǐ shōushi]{.font12} | [body; health]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [to straighten up; to get one's |
| | things ready]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [Si Shū]{.font12} | [the Four Books |
| | (]{.font12}[Dàxué]{.font12 |
| | styl |
| | e="text-decoration:underline;"}[, |
| | ]{.font12}[Zhōngyōng]{.font12 |
| | styl |
| | e="text-decoration:underline;"}[, |
| | ]{.font12}[Lúnyǔ]{.font12 |
| | style="text-de |
| | coration:underline;"}[.]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [sūnnū sūnzi]{.font12} | [Mèngzǐ]{.font12 |
| | style="text-de |
| | coration:underline;"}[)]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [granddaughter (through one's |
| | son) grandson (through one's |
| | son)]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [tǔdì]{.font12} | [land]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [xiǎo péngyou]{.font12} | [little friend; kids]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
[yéye you you guǐju you lǐmào you qián]{.font12}
[zhǐ hǎo zhùxialai]{.font12}
\
[grandfather (on the father's side) also]{.font12}
[to have manners, to he proper]{.font12}
[to he well mannered, to he polite]{.font12}
[to he rich]{.font12}
[can only, to have to, to he forced to]{.font12}
[to move and stay (in a place), to settle down]{.font12}
[Unit U, Reference Notes]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[1. A: Nǐ ]{.font12}["baba]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
zhème zǎo jiu Your father got up so early.]{.font12}
[qǐlai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le.]{.font12}
[B: Tā ]{.font12}[niánji]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
dà le, měitiān He's getting on in years, and]{.font12}
[shuǐde zǎo. he goes to bed early.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 1]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[zhème zǎo jiu qǐlai le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:
The adverb ]{.font12}[jiù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
is used to stress the earliness (]{.font12}[zhème zǎo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[) of father's getting up. On this
use of ]{.font12}[jiù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
review Unit 2, Notes on No. 9• Here are more examples:]{.font12}
[Tā wǔdiǎn zhōng jiu qǐlai le. He got up at five (that early).]{.font12}
[Wǒ mǎshàng jiu lái. I'll be there in a
minute.]{.font12}
[Bù jiù, tā jiu líkāi le. Shortly afterwards, he
left.]{.font12}
[qǐlai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to get up,\"
from a bed or just from a sitting position. In an abstract sense it
means \"to arise,\" e.g., \"to arise and revolt\" C]{.font12}[qǐlai
gemǐngi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Nǐ tiāntiān shénme shihou qǐlai? When do you get up every
day?]{.font12}
[Tā niánji dà le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:
Literally, \"As for him, the age is now big.\" ]{.font12}[Le]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used here to indicate change of
state, as it often is in sentences telling a person's age (]{.font12}[Tā
sānshi suǐ le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[).]{.font12}
[You should learn the following typical examples of how to use
]{.font12}[niánji]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:]{.font12}
[Tā (you) duo dà niánji le? How old is he? (USED ONLY OF
ADULTS)]{.font12}
[Tā niánji dà le. He's advanced in years.]{.font12}
[Tā niánji bù xiǎo le. She's not young any more.]{.font12}
[Use ]{.font12}[Nín duo dà niánji le?]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to ask an adult's age. To ask a
child's age, though, say ]{.font12}[Nǐ duo dà le?]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[Nǐ you duo
dà?]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[Nǐ jǐsuǐ
(le)?]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[The Chinese are not secretive about their age the way many Westerners
are. It is not considered impolite to ask someone's age, even women and
old people. As in the West, old people are often proud of their age and
glad to let you know it.]{.font12}
[Měitiān shuǐde zǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:
Literally, \"every day goes to bed early.\" ]{.font12}[Měitiān ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[is needed in Chinese to express the
idea of \"habitual\" which in English is conveyed simply by the present
tense of \"goes.\" Without ]{.font12}[měitiān]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, the Chinese sentence might refer
to one particular instance only. For example, it might mean that
grandfather went to bed early the night before.]{.font12}
[shuì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which you may know
from the Welfare module, means \"to sleep,\" hut also \"to go to hed, to
retire.\" It is like many verbs in Chinese which can indicate either the
continuing performance of an action (sleeping) or the start of an action
(trying to sleep, i.e., going to hed). In the following examples, the
pair of translations show the ambiguity. In real conversation, of
course, the ambiguity rarely causes problems because the listener
interprets one way or the other according to the context:]{.font12}
[{]{.font8}[Has he gone to bed?]{.font12}
[Did he sleep (and then get up)?]{.font12}
[{]{.font8}[Has it started to rain?]{.font12}
[Did it rain (and then stop)?]{.font12}
[í Has the bell gone off?]{.font12}
[Diànlíng xiǎngle' ma? (]{.font12}
[I Did the bell ring (and then stop)?]{.font12}
[To remove this ambiguity, you can use more specific phrasing. For
example, the aspect marker ]{.font12}[ne]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ specifies absence of change, lack
of completion, and so rules out the second translation for each of the
above three sentences: ]{.font12}[Tā shuì ne]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"He is sleeping,\" ]{.font12}[Xià
yǔ ne]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"It's raining,\"
]{.font12}[Diànlíng xiǎng ne]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"The bell is ringing.\" To be
even more specific you could use \~]{.font12}[zhe]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, the marker of duration (usually
used in combination with ]{.font12}[ne]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[): ]{.font12}[Tā shuìzhe ne]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[Xiàzhe yǔ ne]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[Diànlíng xiǎngzhe
ne]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Or you could use the
marker ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ for
ongoing action:]{.font12}[Tā zài shuì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"He is (in the midst of)
sleeping,\" etc. To be the most specific of all, you can use
]{.font12}[zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
-]{.font12}[zhe]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, and
]{.font12}[ne]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ all in the
same sentence: ]{.font12}[Tā zài shuìzhe ne]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, etc.]{.font12}
[Shuì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can also be used to
mean \"to lie down,\" regardless of whether the person sleeps or not.
(The meaning \"lie down\" for ]{.font12}[shuì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is only accepted by some speakers;
others always use the verb ]{.font12}[tang]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to lie down,\" which you learned
in the Welfare module.)]{.font12}
[Tā shuì zai dìshang kàn diànshì. He lies on the floor and watches
television.]{.font12}
[Nǐ kàn tā shuì dao zhuōzishang Look at him lying on the table! lai
le!]{.font12}
[shuìde zǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is another
example of a manner expression following a verb plus -de, a structure
which was introduced back in the Transportation module (]{.font12}[Nǐ
kāide tài kuài le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"You
are driving too fast\"). ]{.font12}[Shuìde wǎn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means either \"to go to bed late\"
or \"to sleep late.\"]{.font12}
[\*]{.font12}[xiǎng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to
sound, to make a sound\"]{.font12}
- [A: Xiǎo Wangde ]{.font12}[yéye]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ you he nèixie ]{.font12}[xiǎo
péngyou ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[liáo tiānr
ne.']{.font12}
\
- [B: Tā ]{.font12}[rén]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
hěn hǎo, hěn xǐhuan háizi.]{.font12}
\
[Xiǎo Wang's grandfather is talking with those kids again.']{.font12}
[He's a very good person, and he likes children a lot.]{.font12}
\
[Notes on No. 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[yéye]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"grandfather,"
only for the father's father. Back in the Biographic Information module
you learned ]{.font12}[zǔfù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ for \"paternal grandfather.\"
]{.font12}[Yéye]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is the
same person, but is the word you would use when addressing him directly
or when talking about him informally. See the diagram under
]{.font12}[nǎinai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ below
(Notes on No. 3). COne\'s mother\'s father is ]{.font12}[lǎoyé]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[wàigōng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.1]{.font12}
[Xiǎo péngyou]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"little
friends,\" is a warm term for young children. It may be used either to
address children directly or to talk about them in the third person. The
host of a children\'s television show, for example, would address the
young viewers as ]{.font12}[xiǎo péngyou(men)]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. You may someday need to use this
word to address a young child whom you don\'t know, for example, one
that you meet on the street. And, of course, ]{.font12}[xiǎo
péngyou]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is also used in
its literal sense to refer to the \"young friends\" of a
child.]{.font12}
[Xiǎo péngyou.\' Tiān hēi le, kuài Little boy/girl, it\'s getting dark
hui jiā qu ba.\' out. You\'d better go back
home.]{.font12}
[Nèixiē xiǎo péngyou dōu zài Those kids are playing
outdoors,]{.font12}
[wàitou wānr ne.]{.font12}
[liāo tiānr ne]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:
]{.font12}[Ne]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which you
first learned in the sentence ]{.font12}[Hái méi ne]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, is the marker which emphasizes
ABSENCE OF CHANGE or LACK OF COMPLETION. (it is, in a way, the opposite
of ]{.font12}[le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which
marks CHANGED SITUATION or COMPLETION.) In what specific situations can
or should you use ]{.font12}[ne?]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ We can note two kinds of meaning
for sentences in which absence-of-change ]{.font12}[ne]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ often appears:]{.font12}
[(1) Continued State, e.g.,]{.font12}
[Hai you ne. There is still some
more.]{.font12}
[Hai méiyou ne. Not yet.]{.font12}
[(2) Ongoing Action, e.g.,]{.font12}
[Tā chī fàn ne. He\'s eating.]{.font12}
[Nǎinai zuò fàn ne. Grandma is cooking.]{.font12}
[Remember also that ]{.font12}[ne]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is often used in sentences which
contain ]{.font12}[-zhe]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
the marker of DURATION (something like continued state), or
]{.font12}[zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, the marker
of ONGOING ACTION.]{.font12}
::: {style="border-top:solid;"}
[Tā shuì jiào ne.]{.font12}
[Tā shuìzhe ne.]{.font12}
[Tā zài shuì ne.]{.font12}
:::
\
[(NO CHANGE)]{.font12}
[(DURATION + NO CHANGE) (ONGOING + NO CHANGE)]{.font12}
[He is sleeping.]{.font12}
\
[There is a famous nursery rhyme which contains two ongoing-action
sentences that end in ahsence-of-change ]{.font12}[ne]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. In one of its many versions, the
rhyme goes like this (just read and enjoy; ignore the words you don't
know):]{.font12}
[Xiǎo hàozir]{.font12}
[Shàng dēngtáir]{.font12}
[Tōu you he]{.font12}
[Xiabulái]{.font12}
[Jiao Yéye]{.font12}
[Yéye zá suàn ne ]{.font12}[\^(ONGO]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ING ACTION)]{.font12}
[Jiào Nǎinai ]{.font12}[y\']{.font1 style="font-style:italic;"}
[Nǎinai zhǔ fan ne\^]{.font12}
[Jiào Niūer]{.font12}
[Bào māo lai]{.font12}
[Zēr! Zā! Deizhao le!]{.font12}
\
[A little mouse]{.font12}
[Went up the lampstand To steal oil to drink But he couldn't get down He
called Grandpa]{.font12}
[But Grandpa was crushing garlic He called Grandma But Grandma was
cooking He called Granddaughter Who \"brought the cat Squeak! Scratch!
Got him!]{.font12}
\
[rén]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Besides the meaning
of ''man, person,\" ]{.font12}[rén]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can also \"be used to refer more
specifically to someone's (1) character, (2) mental state of \"being, or
(3) physical self.]{.font12}
[(1) character]{.font12}
[Tā rén hěn rèxīn, chāngchàng bāngzhu biérén.]{.font12}
[Tā rén zuò shi hǎo you xiǎoxīn.]{.font12}
[Tā rén zhēn bú cuò.]{.font12}
- [(2) mental state]{.font12}
[Tā hēduō le, rén yòu diǎnr bú tài qīngchu.]{.font12}
- [(3) physical self]{.font12}
[Nǐ rén hǎo diǎnr le ma?]{.font12}
- [A: Cao Yǔshēng bú shi shuō wǔ-diǎn zhōng kāi huì ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Shi a!]{.font12}
[A: Tā rén ne?]{.font12}
[Tā gāngcái hái zài zhèr, zěnme yìhuǐr rén bú Jiàn le?]{.font12}
[Rén lǎo xǐn bu lǎo.]{.font12}
\
[He is a very warmhearted person.]{.font12}
[He often helps others.]{.font12}
[He does things well and carefully.]{.font12}
[He is a very nice person.]{.font12}
[He had too much to drink and is a little foggy.]{.font12}
\
[Are you better today? (i.e., your health)]{.font12}
[Didn't Cáo Yǔshēng say there would be a meeting at five
o'clock?]{.font12}
[That's right!]{.font12}
[So where ]{.font12}[is]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
he?]{.font12}
[He was Just here a minute ago, how could he have disappeared so
fast?]{.font12}
[(saying) The person is old, but his heart is not old. (\"young at
heart\")]{.font12}
\
[Ren yì zǒu, chá jiu liáng.]{.font12}
\
[(saying) As soon as the person has left, the tea gets cold. (describes
someone who forgets a friendship no sooner than he has left---often used
to describe Americans)]{.font12}
\
[3. A: Zhèi liǎngnián nǐ ]{.font12}[nǎinai ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[shēntǐ hǎo ma?]{.font12}
[B: ]{.font12}[Hái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ hǎo,
you shihou hái néng qǐlai ]{.font12}[shōushi ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[shoushi wūzi.]{.font12}
\
[Has your grandmother's health been good the past couple of
years?]{.font12}
[Fairly good; sometimes she can still get up and straighten up the
room.]{.font12}
\
[Notes on No. 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[zhèi liǎngnián]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"the
last couple of years\" ]{.font12}[Zhèi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ before an amount of time often
means \"the last\" or \"the past.\" ]{.font12}[Liang]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ does not necessarily mean exactly
\"two\" but can mean \"a couple,\" an indefinite small number.]{.font12}
[Guo liǎngtiān women Jiù qù.]{.font12}
\
[We are going there in a couple of days.]{.font12}
[nǎinai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"paternal
grandmother\" For \"grandma and grandpa,\" the Chinese order is almost
always ]{.font12}[yéye nǎinai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. LA maternal grandmother is called
]{.font12}[lǎolao ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[or
]{.font12}[wàipó]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.J Here is
a tree showing what to call grandparents in Chinese. The top two rows
are conversational terms used either to address grandparents directly or
refer to them. The third row shows the more formal words which you
learned in BIO; these are ]{.font12}[not]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ used in addressing one's
grandparents directly. (The labels \"Northern\" and \"Southern,\" are
generalizations; many more terms exist, but these are widely
encountered.)]{.font12}
[(Northern) (Southern)]{.font12}
\
\
[shēntǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"body\" OR
\"health\"]{.font12}
[Tāde shēntǐ zhēn bang.']{.font12}
\
[He is in great shape.]{.font12}
\
[\"]{.font12}[bang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to
be great/fantastic/terrific\"]{.font12}
[Bié zǒngshi pīnmìng niàn shū, děi duo zhùyì shēntǐ.]{.font12}
\
[Don't always he knocking yourself out studying; you should look after
your health more.]{.font12}
[hái hǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"fairly good\"
You first learned the adverb ]{.font12}[hái]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ as meaning \"still.\" When used
before a state verb, ]{.font12}[hái]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can also mean that the quality
expressed by that verb may still be said to apply, although just barely.
Often it may be translated as \"fairly, passably\":]{.font12}
[Zhèige dianyǐng hái bū cuè, The movie was fairly good.
Although]{.font12}
[suīrán cháng yidiǎn, kěshi it was a little long, it
was]{.font12}
[duì wǒde Zhōngwén you bāngzhu. good for my Chinese.]{.font12}
[Sometimes, however, you]{.font12}
[Nèige fànguǎnr hái keyi, yǒu jǐge cài nǐ keyi shishi.]{.font12}
- [A: Nǐ zuìjìn zěnmeyàng?]{.font12}
- [B: Hái mámahūhū, jiù shi máng yidiǎnr.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Zhōngguo you yìqiānniánde lìshǐ\...]{.font12}
- [B: A, nǐ shuō shenme? Yìqiān-nián?.']{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: ōu, bū shi, ]{.font12}[sānq]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[iānnián.]{.font12}
- [B: Nà hái chàbuduō.]{.font12}
[shōushi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to straighten
up\"]{.font12}
[Nǐ yīnggāi bǎ nǐde wūzi shōushi shoushi le.]{.font12}
[Wǒ xiansheng zǒngshi shuō wǒ wūzi shōushide bù gānjing.]{.font12}
[Zhèijiàn shi yì kāishǐ jiù zuòde bù hǎo, xiànzài méi bànfǎ shōushi
le.]{.font12}
\
[will need to find other translations:]{.font12}
\
[That restaurant isn't too bad. They have a few dishes you might
try.]{.font12}
[How have you been lately?]{.font12}
[Enh, all right, just a little busy.]{.font12}
[China has one thousand years of history\...]{.font12}
[What? How's that? ]{.font12}[One]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ thousand years?.']{.font12}
[Oh, I mean ]{.font12}[three]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ thousand years.]{.font12}
[That's more like it.]{.font12}
\
[You ought to straighten up your room (]{.font12}[Le]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ indicates \"It's gotten to that
point.\")]{.font12}
[My husband always says I don't keep my room neat.]{.font12}
[This thing was handled poorly right from the start. Now there's no way
it can be remedied.]{.font12}
\
[Shōushi xíngli]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"to
pack one's baggage.\"]{.font12}
[U. A: Zhāng jiāde ]{.font12}[érxífu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ hěn yǒu ]{.font12}[guǐju]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[B: Shi a, Zhāng jiā nǎinai zhēn you ]{.font12}[fūqi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
\
[The Zhāng family's daughter-in-law is a proper young woman.]{.font12}
[Yes, the Zhāng family's grandmother is really blessed with good
fortune.]{.font12}
\
[Notes on No. U]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Zhāng jia]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"the Zhāng
family\" In Běijīng pronunciation, the ]{.font12}[jiā]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is unstressed and often neutral
tone, like a suffix: ]{.font12}[Zhāngjia]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[érxífu:]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
\"daughter-in-law\" In Běijīng, this word is often pronounced]{.font12}
[ěrxífur]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or
]{.font12}[érxífer]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (note
the vowel change).]{.font12}
\
[guīju]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: A definite
standard, regulation, or custom which forms part of the conduct of a
group of people (e.g., a community, a company, a gang, etc.)]{.font12}
[Zhao Zhōngguode lǎo guīju, qīng kède shihou kèren yīnggāi xiān kāishǐ
chī.]{.font12}
[Zai qù nèige guójiā yīqián, zuì hǎo wǒ neng zhīdao yìxiē nèrde
guīju.]{.font12}
[Jūnrén you hěn duō tèbiéde guīju.]{.font12}
[Zhè shi wǒmende guīju.]{.font12}
[Zhème duō guīju!]{.font12}
\
[It is an old Chinese custom that when you have guests, the guests
should start eating first.]{.font12}
[Before going to that country it would best if I could find out about
some of their customs.]{.font12}
[Military people have a lot of special regulations.]{.font12}
[That's the way we do things here.]{.font12}
[All this formality!]{.font12}
\
[You guīju]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, as you see in
exchange U, means \"to have manners, to be proper (in benavior).\"
]{.font12}[Mei guīju]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is
\"to be badly behaved,\" said, for example, of a child. (]{.font12}[Bù
guīju]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may be used to imply
unfaithfulness of a wife.)]{.font12}
[Zhāng Taitai jiāo háizi jiāode Mrs. Zhāng teaches her children well,
hǎo, tāde háizi dōu hěn you they are all very
well-behaved,]{.font12}
[guīju.]{.font12}
[Xiǎo Sānr! Bié zhèiyangr. Ke- Cut it out, Xiǎo Sānr. What will the ren
kànjian nǐ zènme méi guests think when they see you
mis-]{.font12}
[guīju, zěnme hǎo yìsi? behaving so?]{.font12}
[fúqi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This is a
traditional Chinese concept: the destiny to enjoy happiness in life. It
is different from the Western idea of luck Ewhich is closer to Chinese
]{.font12}[yùnqiZ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[I. Luck
refers to chance occurrences like winning a lottery, while
]{.font12}[fúqi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ refers to
one's whole life situation. Some people have more
]{.font12}[fúqi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and some
less. In practice, ]{.font12}[fúqi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is measured by a person's wealth,
prestige, and especially his or her family situation. In traditional
China, for a man to have a lot of sons was reason to say he had
]{.font12}[fúqi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. In
exchange U, the grandmother is said to have ]{.font12}[fúqi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ because her daughter-in-law is a
very proper or well-behaved woman.]{.font12}
[Tā zhēn yōu fúqi, búdàn yōu yíge He is really blessed with good
for-]{.font12}
[hǎo jiātíng, you yōu yíge hǎo tune. Not only does he have a nice
gōngzuò. family, but a good job,
too.]{.font12}
[Nǐ fūqi zhēn hǎo, da érzi jì You are really blessed with good
for-]{.font12}
[qián, xiǎo nūér song huār! tune. Your oldest son sent
you]{.font12}
[money and your little girl gave you flowers]{.font12}
[Daughters-in-law]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: The
relationship between the husband's wife and his mother is different in
traditional China from in the West. A wife, after all, is considered to
become a member of her husband's family, so she is supposed to regard
her mother-in-law as her new mother, and show her the same filial
obedience. The husband's mother, for her part, tries to find for her son
a young woman who will obey and get along with her, who will work hard
for the family and around the house.]{.font12}
[5. A: ]{.font12}[Guòqù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
Zhōngguo rén chū guō niàn shū ]{.font12}[duo ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[nán.']{.font12}
[B: Xiànzài hǎo le, zǒu dao nǎr yě méi rén ]{.font12}[kànbuqǐ ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[le.]{.font12}
\
[In the past how difficult it was for Chinese to go abroad to
study.']{.font12}
[Now it's better, no matter where they go, no one looks down on them
anymore.]{.font12}
\
[Notes on No. 5]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[guòqù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"the past\"
Distinguish this noun from the verb \"to pass,\" which in Beijing has a
neutral-tone ]{.font12}[qu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ]{.font12}[guòqu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Since it is a time word, the noun
]{.font12}[guòqù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may go
either before the subject or between the subject and verb. Most commonly
it is placed at the very beginning of the sentence, before the
subject:]{.font12}
[Guòqu, tā zài Xiānggǎngde shihou, In the past, when he was in Hong tā
jiāo shū. Kong, he taught school.]{.font12}
[Guòqù, tā bāngguo wo hěn duō máng. In the past he has been a great help
to me.]{.font12}
[Guòqù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may also be used to
modify a noun]{.font12}
[Nà dōu shi guòqùde shi le.']{.font12}
[duō nán]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"how
difficult.'\" ]{.font12}[Duō]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, used before a state verb to
express a]{.font12}
[Jīntiān tiānqi duō hǎo.]{.font12}
[Nǐ bù zhīdào zài zhèr mǎi diàn-yīng piào you duō nán.']{.font12}
[Duō piàoliangde háizi a.']{.font12}
[Tā zěnme kéyi zhème shuō? Duō ràng rén shěngqì.']{.font12}
[Nǐ kàn tā duō xǐhuan niàn shū.]{.font12}
[phrase:]{.font12}
[Those are all things of the past.']{.font12}
[in Běijīng often pronounced ]{.font12}[duō]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, is high degree, like \"how\" in
English:]{.font12}
[How nice the weather is today.]{.font12}
[You don't know how hard it is to buy a movie ticket here.']{.font12}
[What a beautiful child!]{.font12}
[How can he say such a thing? How infuriating!]{.font12}
[Look at how he loves to study.]{.font12}
\
[zǒu dào nǎr yě méi rén kànbuqǐ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ]{.font12}[Nǎr]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ here is used as an indefinite
pronoun, \"anywhere, no matter where.\" You learned about indefinite
pronouns in the Meeting module, where you had the sentence
]{.font12}[Míngtiān xiàwu shénme shíhou dōu kéyi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. A question word, such as
]{.font12}[shéi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
]{.font12}[shénme]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
]{.font12}[něig]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e or
]{.font12}[nǎr]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ followed by
the adverb ]{.font12}[dōu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
before the verb expresses the idea of \"any.\" When the verb has
]{.font12}[bù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or
]{.font12}[méi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ before it,
the pattern expresses the ideas of \"nobody, nothing, neither,
nowhere,\" etc.]{.font12}
[Shéi dōu kéyi qù. Anyone may go.]{.font12}
[Shéi dōu bù kéyi qù. No one may go.]{.font12}
[Shénme dōu kéyi yòng.]{.font12}
[Shénme dōu bù kéyi yòng.]{.font12}
[Něige dōu yíyàng.]{.font12}
[Něige dōu bù qīngchu.]{.font12}
\
[Nǎr dōu kéyi qù.]{.font12}
[Nǎr dōu méi zhèr hǎo.]{.font12}
\
[You may use anything.]{.font12}
[You may not use anything.]{.font12}
[Any of them would be the same.]{.font12}
[None of them is clear.]{.font12}
[You can go anywhere.]{.font12}
[No place is as good as here.]{.font12}
[When ]{.font12}[bù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or
]{.font12}[méi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used
before the verb, the adverb ]{.font12}[yě]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can be used in place of
]{.font12}[dōu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:]{.font12}
[Shéi yě bù kéyi qù. No one can go.]{.font12}
[Shénme yě bù kéyi yòng. You may not use anything.]{.font12}
[Něige yě bù qíngchu. None of them is clear.]{.font12}
[Nǎr yě méi zhèr hǎo. No place is as good as
here.]{.font12}
[The \"any/no\" expression may be the subject or object of the sentence,
or as in exchange 5, it may be the object of a prepositional
verb:]{.font12}
[Mai gěi shéi dōu kéyi. It's okay to sell it to
anyone.]{.font12}
[Mai gěi shéi dōu bu kéyi. It's not okay to sell it to
any-]{.font12}
[Mài gěi shéi yě bu kéyi. J one.]{.font12}
[Fang zai nǎr dōu yíyàng. It's the same wherever you put
it.]{.font12}
[Fàng zai nǎr dōu bù yíyàng. It's different every place you put
it.]{.font12}
[Dào něige yóujú qù jì dōu kéyi. It would be all right to go to any post
office to mail it•]{.font12}
[Gēn shéi shuō dōu (OR yě) méi It doesn't matter who you tell it to.
guānxi.]{.font12}
[kànbuqǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: A resultative
compound verb meaning \"to look down on, to scorn, to despise.\" Unlike
other resultative verb compounds, this one occurs only with -de- or
-bu-. (]{.font12}[Méi kànqǐ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[kànqǐ le]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ are very rare.)]{.font12}
[Bié kànbuqǐ zhèixiē xiǎo shi. Don't look down on these little
matters.]{.font12}
[Wǒ zuì kànbuqǐ zhèiyangde rén. I despise this kind of person
most.]{.font12}
[Bù yǐnggāi kànbuqǐ fùnū, nánrén Don't look down on women.
Anything]{.font12}
[néng zuǒde shi, nùrén yě néng a man can do a woman can do.
zuò.]{.font12}
[The positive form ]{.font12}[kàndeqǐ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means to treat someone or something
seriously because you believe them/it to be capable, important, worthy,
etc. It may be translated as \"to think a lot of,\" \"to think highly
of\":]{.font12}
[Wǒ kàndeqǐ ni cái ràng nǐ guan zhèijiàn shi.]{.font12}
[Nǐ yàoshi xiǎng ràng biérén kàndeqǐ ni, n? děi bī biérén zuò-de
hǎo.]{.font12}
\
[It's only because I think a lot of you that I'm letting you have charge
of this matter.]{.font12}
[If you want to have others think highly of you, you have to do better
than they.]{.font12}
\
[6. A: ]{.font12}[Rénjia]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
dōu juéde Xiǎo Wáng Everyone feels Xiǎo Wáng is a very shi ge hěn you
]{.font12}[lǐmàod]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e
well-mannered child,]{.font12}
[háizi.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 6]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[rénjia]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This pronoun has
a few different meanings. As used in exchange 6 it means \"everyone,
people (in general), they\":]{.font12}
[Rénjia dōu shuō nèige dìfang hěn People say that place is very pretty,
hǎo kàn.]{.font12}
[It can also mean \"other people\" or \"someone else\":]{.font12}
[Zhèiběnr shū dàgài kéyi jiè gěi I can probably lend you this book, nī,
būguò shi rénjiade, wǒ děi but it's someone else's. I have xiǎn wènwen.
to ask them first.]{.font12}
[Besides referring to unspecified people, ]{.font12}[rénjia]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can also refer to specific people.
Most often it refers to a specific third party, \"he,\" \"she,\" or
''they\":]{.font12}
[Rénjia bu jiè, suàn le ba.']{.font12}
- [A: Nǐ nūér you háizi le meiyou?]{.font12}
- [B: Méiyou---rénjia bú yào.']{.font12}
[Wǒ gěi rénjia, rénjia bú yào. Zěnme ban?]{.font12}
[Nǐ kàn rénjia Xiǎo Huá xuéde duo hǎo, nǐ ne.']{.font12}
\
[If he doesn't want to lend it, then just forget it.']{.font12}
[Has your daughter had any children yet?]{.font12}
[No---she doesn't want any.']{.font12}
[I tried to give it to her, but she didn't want it. What can you
do?]{.font12}
[Look at how well Xiǎo Huá does in her studies, but you.']{.font12}
[Renjia]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may also refer to
the speaker, in other words, \"l.\" In such a case, the speaker is being
intentionally playful, witty, or cute:]{.font12}
[Nǐ yào zenme duō?.' Gěi rénjia yidiǎnr ma.\']{.font12}
[Rénjia bù xǐhuan zhèizhōng diànyīng.\' Wèishénme yídǐng yào qù
kàn?]{.font12}
[Rénjia děng nǐ yíge zhōngtōu le.]{.font12}
[Jǐntiǎn shi Xǐngqǐtiān, ràng rénjia duō shuì yihuǐr ma!]{.font12}
\
[You want so much?! Come on, give me a little!]{.font12}
[I don\'t like this kind of movie!]{.font12}
[Why do I have to go see it?]{.font12}
[I've been waiting for you for an hour.]{.font12}
[Today\'s Sunday. Let me sleep a little later!]{.font12}
[1ǐmào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"manners,
etiquette,\" the expression in speech and behavior of modesty and
respectfulness. This includes politeness of speech, saying the right
things at the right times, table manners, and so on.
C]{.font12}[LǏ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is
\"ritual.\" ]{.font12}[Mào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
is \"appearance.\"!]{.font12}
[Congqian zài Zhōngguo lǐmào hěn yàojǐn.]{.font12}
\
[Etiquette used to be very important in China.]{.font12}
\
[Yōu lǐmào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"to be
well-mannered,\" ]{.font12}[méiyou lǐmào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"to be ill-mannered.\"]{.font12}
[7. A: Zhèi yǐ]{.font12}[jiā]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ rén dōu niànguo bù shǎo
shū.]{.font12}
[B: Tīngshuō tāmende ]{.font12}[sūnzi sūnnū]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ xiànzài dōu ni àn ]{.font12}[Si
Shū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ne.\']{.font12}
\
[This whole family has had quite a good education.]{.font12}
[I understand that their grandsons and granddaughters are (all) studying
the Four Books now!]{.font12}
\
[Notes on No. 7]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
\
[Zhèi yìjiā rén]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"this
family\" You already a noun meaning \"family,\" for example,
]{.font12}[women jiā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, also
be used as a counter. It may be used alone ing. The translation is still
\"family.\"]{.font12}
\
[know that ]{.font12}[jiā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
can be used as \"our family.\" But ]{.font12}[jiā]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can or with the noun rén
follow-]{.font12}
\
[Nèi yijiā, rénrén dōu gōngzuò, yìtiān dào wǎn méi rén zài
jiā.]{.font12}
\
[Everyone in that family works.]{.font12}
\
[There\'s no one home all day long.]{.font12}
\
[Cong zhèi sānjiā rénde qíngxing, nǐ kéyi zhīdao yìxiē guānyū Zhōngguo
rénde shēnghuo.]{.font12}
\
[From the situations of these three families, you can learn something
about the life of the Chinese.]{.font12}
\
[niànguo bù shǎo shū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:
Literally, \"studied a lot of books.\" This is the GENERAL OBJECT
]{.font12}[shū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ which you
first learned back in the Biographic Information module. It doesn\'t
really mean \"books,\" but anything at all which is studied.
]{.font12}[Niàn shū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ Just
means \"to study, to be in school,\" so we translate ]{.font12}[niànguo
bù shǎo shū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ as \"to be
very well educated\" or \"to have a good education.\"]{.font12}
[Sūnzi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"grandson,\" and
]{.font12}[sūnnu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"granddaughter\" include only the children of one's son. CThe children
of one's daughter are called ]{.font12}[wàisūnzi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[wài-sūnnu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.i ]{.font12}[Sūnnu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may also have an -r ending:
]{.font12}[sūnnur]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (the
real Běijīng pronunciation of -]{.font12}[nur]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is kind of tricky; ask a native
Běijīng speaker to say ]{.font12}[sūnnur ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[for you).]{.font12}
[Si Shū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"the Four
Books,\" which are ]{.font12}[Daxué]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"The Great Learning\";
]{.font12}[Zhōn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[g-]{.font12}[yōng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"The Doctrine of the Mean\";
]{.font12}[Lunyǔ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"The
Analects of Confucius\"; and ]{.font12}[Mèngzǐ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"Mencius.\"
]{.font12}[Dàxué]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and
]{.font12}[Zhōngyōng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ are
chapters from ]{.font12}[Lǐ Jì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"The Book of Rites,\" which were
raised to the status of separate \"books\" by the Southern Song Dynasty
philosopher ]{.font12}[Zhū Xī]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. After the Song Dynasty,
philosophers of the Idealist school looked upon the Four Books as the
classics of Confucianism. Many older Chinese you meet today studied the
Four Books when they were children.]{.font12}
[8. A: Tāmen jiā guòqù shi ]{.font12}[yǒu qián]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ Their family used to be rich, rén,
yǒu bù shǎo ]{.font12}[cáichǎn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. They had quite a lot of
property.]{.font12}
[B: Nǐ shuōde cáichǎn shi The property you're
talking]{.font12}
[tǔdì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ba?
about is land, isn't it?]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 8]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[yǒu qián]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be rich,\"
literally, \"to have money.\" You have now seen quite a few phrases
built around the state verb ]{.font12}[yǒu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:]{.font12}
[you yìsi to you bāngzhu to yǒu dǎolī to you xìngqu to yǒu yánjiū
to]{.font12}
\
[be interesting, to be fun]{.font12}
[be helpful]{.font12}
[be reasonable, to be logical]{.font12}
[be interested]{.font12}
[be expert]{.font12}
\
[Like other state verbs (such as ]{.font12}[hǎo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to be good,\"
]{.font12}[ài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to
love,\" ]{.font12}[huì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"to be able to, to know how to,\"), ]{.font12}[yǒu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can be modified by adverbs such as
]{.font12}[hěn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"very\";
]{.font12}[fēicháng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"very, extremely\"; ]{.font12}[zhēn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"really\";
]{.font12}[tài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"too\";
etc.]{.font12}
----------------------- ------------------- --------------------------
[Tā]{.font12} [hěn]{.font12} [yǒu qián.]{.font12}
[Nèiběn shū]{.font12} [zhēn]{.font12} [you yìsi.]{.font12}
[Lǐ Ping]{.font12} [zuì]{.font12} [méi xìngqu.]{.font12}
[Zenme shuō]{.font12} [shízài]{.font12} [méiyou dàolǐ.]{.font12}
----------------------- ------------------- --------------------------
\
[\"He is very rich.\"]{.font12}
[\"That book is really interesting.\" \"Lǐ Ping is the least
interested.\" \"To say that is really unreasonable.]{.font12}
\
[You]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, of course, differs
from all other state verbs in that it is made negative with
]{.font12}[méi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ instead of
]{.font12}[bù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.
]{.font12}[BÙ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may
nevertheless modify an adverb preceding ]{.font12}[yǒu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:]{.font12}
[Tā bū tài yǒu qián.]{.font12}
\
[He isn't too rich.]{.font12}
\
[You cannot use ]{.font12}[méi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in this sentence because the
negation goes with ]{.font12}[tài]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, not with ]{.font12}[yǒu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. In fact, switching around the
order of negative and adverb results in a big difference in
meaning:]{.font12}
[Bū tài you yìsi.]{.font12}
[Tài méiyou yìsi.']{.font12}
\
[Not too interesting.]{.font12}
[So boring!]{.font12}
[you qián rén]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:]{.font12}
\
[\"wealthy people\" This is a sort of compound noun, so]{.font12}
\
[-de is not used.]{.font12}
\
[9. A: Nǐ ]{.font12}[zhùxialai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ba, yě kéyi Stay (live) here
and you can help]{.font12}
[gěi wǒmen ]{.font12}[bāng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
dianr us a bit.]{.font12}
[máng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[B: Wǒ báitiān you kè, ]{.font12}[zhǐ hǎo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ I have classes during the day;
wǎnshang zuò diǎnr shǐ. I can only work at night.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 9]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[either mean The ending not going away.]{.font12}
\
[zhùxialai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to stay; to
settle down\" in a place. ]{.font12}[Zhù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can \"to live, to reside\" or just
\"to stay\" temporarily in a place, -xialai adds the meaning of coming
to rest,]{.font12}
[Gang láide shihou bù zhīdao, zhùxialai yǐhǒu cái zhīdao wèishénme méi
rén xǐhuan dǎo zhèige dìfang lái.]{.font12}
- [A: Wǒ xiǎnzǎi qù zhǎo yige lùguǎn qu.]{.font12}
- [B: Méi guānxi, nǐ jiù zǎi wǒ jiā zhùxialai baJ]{.font12}
[bāng máng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to help;
help\" Unit 6. common.]{.font12}
\
[When you first get here you don't know, it's only after you've lived
here for a while that you realize why nobody likes to come
here.]{.font12}
[I'm going to go look for a hotel now]{.font12}
[That's all right, why don't you just stay at my house?]{.font12}
[You first saw this in the Welfare module, Both are very]{.font12}
[Then in Unit 2 of this module, you learned ]{.font12}[bāngzhu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Bāngzhu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is a little more
formal than ]{.font12}[bāng máng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which is purely]{.font12}
\
[conversational.]{.font12}
[Bāng máng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is a
verb-object phrase (literally, \"help-busy,\"---\"help me in my
busy-ness\"). For example, you can say]{.font12}
[Bāng wo yidiǎnr máng. Help me a little.]{.font12}
[Wǒ zǎi Měiguode shihou, tā He helped me a lot when I was
in]{.font12}
[bāngle wǒ bù shǎo máng. America.]{.font12}
[Bāngzhu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, however, is just
a verb. The word order is therefore simpler with
]{.font12}[bāngzhu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ than
with ]{.font12}[bāngmáng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
--------------- --------------- ---------------------------------
[Tā]{.font12} [bāngzhu wo.]{.font12}
[Tā]{.font12} [bāng wǒde máng.]{.font12}
[or]{.font12} [Tā]{.font12} [gěi wo bāng máng.]{.font12}
--------------- --------------- ---------------------------------
[\"He helps me.\"]{.font12}
[You can see that when ]{.font12}[bāng máng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used, the person helped is
expressed either (1) in a phrase modifying ]{.font12}[máng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or (2) in a prepositional phrase
with gěi.]{.font12}
[zhǐ hǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"can only, have
no choice hut to\"]{.font12}
[Xiǎ zhème dàde yù, women zhǐ hǎo hú qù le.]{.font12}
[Dǎjiǎ dōu hú yuǎnyi péi wo qù, wō zhǐ hǎo yíge rén qù le.]{.font12}
[Oqyou yuè lai yuè guǐ, hěn duō rén zhǐ hǎo zuò gōnggòng qìchē
le.]{.font12}
\
[Since it's raining so hard, we have no choice hut not to go.]{.font12}
[Nobody wants to go with me. All I can do is go hy myself.]{.font12}
[With gasoline getting more and more expensive, many people have no
choice hut to take the hus.]{.font12}
\
[10. A: Wō mùqin zǒng ]{.font12}[dǎnxǐn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ wǒ gēge zǎi wǎihianr ]{.font12}[chǐ
kù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[B: Tāmen jīge xiǎopéngyou ]{.font12}[hùxiǎng hang mǎng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, hú huì chǐ kǔde.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 10]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[dǎnxǐn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to he worried
(that)\"]{.font12}
[Yǐjīng shíyīdiǎn le, Xiǎo Ping hái méi huílai, tāde fùmǔ hěn
dǎnxǐn.]{.font12}
[Nī hú hi dǎnxǐn, háizi dale, tǎ zìjī huì dǒngde.]{.font12}
[Wǒ dǎnxǐn tǎde xuéxí.]{.font12}
[Wǒ dǎnxǐn wǒ nǎinaide shēntǐ.]{.font12}
[Wǒ dǎnxǐn tǎ you shénme wèntí.]{.font12}
[Tǎ dǎnxǐn tǎ zuòbuhǎo nèijiǎn shi.]{.font12}
\
[My mother is always worried that my older brother is having a rough
time away from home.]{.font12}
[His bunch of friends help each other out. They don't have such a rough
time.]{.font12}
\
[It's eleven o'clock already and Xiǎo Ping hasn't gotten back home yet.
His parents are very worried.]{.font12}
[You don't need to worry. When the child grows up he'll
understand.]{.font12}
[I'm worried about his studies.]{.font12}
[I'm worried about my grandmother's health.]{.font12}
[I'm worried that he has some problem.]{.font12}
[He's worried he won't be able to do it well.]{.font12}
\
[zǎi wǎihianr]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Literally,
\"on the outside,\" a common way of saying \"away from home\" or \"away
from one's hometown.\" The Chinese have an expression (in literary
style), ]{.font12}[Zǎi jiǎ qiǎn rì hǎo, chū wǎi yì shi nán]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"At home one thousand days are
good, but when one is on the outside (away from one's hometown) even one
moment is difficult.\"]{.font12}
[chǐ kǔ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to have a rough
time, to suffer hardships\" ]{.font12}[Kǔ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"bitter,\" when referring to life
or an experience, means \"hardship, suffering, pain.\"]{.font12}
[Tǎ chīle bù shǎo kù cái cong dǎ- He went through some rough times xué
bìyè. before he graduated from
college.]{.font12}
[Méiyou chīguo zhànzhēngde' kǔ, If you haven't experienced the
suffer-jiù bù zhīdao jīntiānde shēng- ing of war, you don't know that
our huó láide bù róngyi. life today didn't come
easily.]{.font12}
[Neng chi kǔ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"to be
able to take hardships,\" \"to have fortitude.\"]{.font12}
[Zhōngguo hěn duō rénde kànfǎ shi In China many people think that
young]{.font12}
[niánqīng rén yīnggāi néng chī people ought to be able to take kǔ.
hardship.]{.font12}
[Tā neige rén hěn néng chī kǔ, He can take a lot of hardship. Don't bú
yòng dānxīn. worry.]{.font12}
[hùxiāng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"mutually,
reciprocally, with each other\" This is an adverb, so it must go after
the subject (if there is one) and before the verb.]{.font12}
[Women kéyi hùxiāng xuéxí. Nǐ We can learn from each other. You jiāo wo
Yǐngwén, wō Jiāo ni teach me English and I'll teach you]{.font12}
[Zhōngwén. Chinese.]{.font12}
[\"]{.font12}[zhànzhēng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"war\"]{.font12}
[Unit b, Review Dialogue]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Early in the morning the day after Hong Kong, Lǐ Ping's grandmother (C)
is when Lǐ Ping walks in.]{.font12}
[B: Nǎinai, nín zhēn zǎo. Wǒ mā]{.font12}
[ne? \*]{.font12}
[C: Tā ya, chūqu mǎi cai le. Erzi]{.font12}
[huilai le, zǒng yào duō mǎi diǎnr cài ma.' Nǐde péngyou ne? Tā hái
méiyou qǐlai La?]{.font12}
[B: Qilai le, xǐ liǎn ne.]{.font12}
[C: Xiǎo Ping a, nǐde péngyou]{.font12}
[Jiao shénme míngzi, wǒ you wang le.]{.font12}
[B: Jiao ''Tāngmǔ.'']{.font12}
[C: 5, \"Tāngmǔ,\" hái hǎo jì. Nǐ hé]{.font12}
[tā shuō, dàole zánmen jiā, Jiù shi yìjiā rén, shénme shir dōu bié kèqi.
Tā yí kèqi, wǒ Jiu hù zhidao zěnme bàn hǎo le.]{.font12}
[B: Wǒmen huilai yǐqián zài Tāngmǔ]{.font12}
[Jiā zhùle liǎngtiān, tā Laba māma duì wǒ hěn hǎo. Tāngmǔ rén yě hěn
hǎo, zài Měiguode shihou, tā gěi wo bù shǎo bāngzhu.]{.font12}
[C: Ò, zhèiyang hǎo, niánqīng rén]{.font12}
[yǐnggāi hùxiāng bāng máng. Ai.' Jìde nī yéye zài Rìběn nèi shihou,
pīnmìng niàn shū, rénjia Rìběn rén háishi kànbuqǐ ya, nǎr you shénme
Rìběn péngyou. Zhǐ hǎo Jīge Zhōngguo xuésheng zhù zai yìqǐ.
Ai.']{.font12}
[B: Nǎinai, guǒqùde shi Jiu bié qù]{.font12}
[xiǎng ta le.]{.font12}
\
[Lǐ Ping (B) and Tom (A) arrive in straightening up the living
room,]{.font12}
[You're up so early, Grandma. Where's Mom?]{.font12}
[Oh, she went out to buy some groceries. When a son comes back, you've
always got to buy some extra food. Where's your friend? He's not up yet,
is he?]{.font12}
[Yes, he's up. He's washing his face.]{.font12}
[Xiǎo Ping, what's your friend's name? I've forgotten it
again.]{.font12}
[\"Tom. '']{.font12}
[Hm, \"Tom,\" that's fairly easy to remember. You tell him that in our
house he's Just part of the family and he shouldn't be polite about
anything. Once he starts in with the politeness, I won't know what to
do.]{.font12}
[Before we came back we stayed at Tom's house for a couple of days. His
parents were very nice to me. Tom is also a very good person; when we
were in America, he helped me a lot.]{.font12}
[Mm. That's good. Young people ought to help each other out. (Sigh) I
remember when your grandfather was in Japan, he studied like crazy, but
those Japanese still looked down on him. He didn't have any Japanese
friends to speak of. The Chinese students just had to live together.
(Sigh)]{.font12}
[Grandma, don't go thinking about things from bygone days
anymore.]{.font12}
\
[Questions ending in ]{.font12}[ne]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ often ask the whereabouts of
someone or something, hence the translation \"Where's Mom?\"]{.font12}
[C: Xiànzài hǎodeduō le, nǐ zài]{.font12}
[wàibianr niàn shū, wǒ bu nàme dǎnxǐn le.
\...]{.font12}
[(Tom enters. )]{.font12}
[A: Lǐ Nǎinai , nín zǎo!]{.font12}
[C: Zǎo, Tāngmǔ, zuòle yìtiān fēijǐ]{.font12}
[bù duō shuì yihuǐr?]{.font12}
- [A: Shuìgòu le. Lǐ Nǎinai, nín]{.font12}
[zuòzhe ba, women bāng nín shōushi.]{.font12}
[C: Duō you līmàode háizi!]{.font12}
\
[These days, it's much better. I don't worry so much about you out there
studying.]{.font12}
\
[Good morning, Grandma Lǐ!]{.font12}
[Good morning, Tom. After a day on the airplane don't you want to get
some more sleep?]{.font12}
[No, I've gotten enough sleep. Grandma Lǐ, you sit down, we'll
straighten up for you.]{.font12}
[What a well-mannered child!]{.font12}
\
[A: Lǐ Nǎinai, nín he érzi, érxífur]{.font12}
[zhù zai yìqǐ, sūnzi, sūnnǔ yě cháng lái, nínde fúqi zhēn hǎo.]{.font12}
\
[C: Shéi shuō bú shi ne? Wǒ cháng]{.font12}
[shuō, women jiāde fúqi dōu shi wǒ nà xiàoshunde érxífur
dàilaide.]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ nǎinai you gāi' shuō women]{.font12}
[jiāde lìshǐ le.]{.font12}
\
[A: Lǐ Nǎinai, zhèixiē shir nín]{.font12}
\
[gěi wǒ jiǎngjiang xíng bu xíng?]{.font12}
\
- [C: Hǎo wa. Shuōqilái huà jiu]{.font12}
[cháng le.'" Wǒ he Xiǎo Ping yéye dōu shi Shěnyáng rén. Rìben rén láile
yǐhòu, cáichǎn ya, tǔdì ya, dōu bù néng guan le, líkāi jiā pǎo dàole
Nánfāng. Xiǎo Ping bàba zài Shànghǎi niàn shū cái rànshile women zhèige
érxífu.]{.font12}
\
[Grandma Lǐ, you're so fortunate to live with your son and
daughter-in-law, and to have your grandson and grandaughter come
often.]{.font12}
[That's for sure. I often say that the good fortune of our f
]{.font12}[ami]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ 1y was all
brought to us by that filial daughter-in-law of mine.]{.font12}
[Here goes Grandma telling our family history again.]{.font12}
[Grandma Lǐ, could you tell me about these things?]{.font12}
[Sure! It's a long story. Xiao Ping's grandfather and I are both from
Shěnyáng (Mukden). When the Japanese came, we couldn't bother with our
property or land any more; we left our home and fled to the South.. Xiǎo
Ping's father didn't meet our daughter-in-law' until he was going to
school in Shànghǎi.]{.font12}
\
[\*Tom knows that this way of addressing Grandma is proper for a friend
of her grandson. He intentionally calls her ]{.font12}[Lǐ
Nǎinai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ as soon as he sees
her in order to establish the relationship.]{.font12}
["gāi: \"will probably\"]{.font12}
['''More literally, \"When it comes to telling it, the talk is long.\"
''''Notice that grandma's phrasing shows that the woman is first a
daughter-in-law, then a wife.]{.font12}
[A: Nei shihou nuhaizi shang da-]{.font12}
[xuéde duō hu duō?]{.font12}
[C: Méiyou xiànzài zhème duō.]{.font12}
[Women érxífu jiā xiāngdāng yǒu qián, érqiě yídàjiā rén yǒu qī-hāshígè,
zài Sūzhōu shéi dōu zhīdao tāmen jiā.]{.font12}
- [A: Zhèiyangrde jiātíng' guīju]{.font12}
[yídìng bù shǎo.]{.font12}
[C: Shéi shuō hu shi ne.' Tāmen]{.font12}
[jiāde xiáojie bù néng zài wài-hianr niàn shū, zhǐ néng qīng lāoshǐ dào
jiāli jiāo diǎnr Si Shū shenmede. Xiǎo Ping mǔqin juéde yíge fùnǔ yào
zài shèhuìshang dull, yídìng děi chūqu niàn shū. Jiù zhèiyang, tā cái
pǎo dào Shànghǎi niàn shū qu le.]{.font12}
[A: Zài nèi shihou, zhēn hu róngyi.]{.font12}
[C: Zài dàxuéde shíhou, Xiǎo]{.font12}
[Píngde fùmǔ shi hěn hǎode péngyou, kěshi zěnme hàn ne? Women shénme dōu
méiyou le, yě méiyou qián, zìjǐde érzi zěnme néng hé zhèiyangr yíwèi
xiáojie jiēhūn ne? Xiǎo Ping mā hu name xiǎng. . . .]{.font12}
[A: Tā zěnme xiǎng?]{.font12}
[C: Tā shuō tā yào zhǎo yíge zìjǐ]{.font12}
[xǐhuande rén jiēhūn, dìwei he qián dōu hu zhǒngyào. Ai, tā chile
duōshao kǔ cái líkāile nèige dà jiātíng.]{.font12}
[A: Nà, nǐmen zěnme dào Xiānggǎng]{.font12}
[lái le ne?]{.font12}
[C: Tāmen zài Yīngguó niànwán shū]{.font12}
[jiù lái Xiānggǎng zuǒ shi, yìnián yǐhòu you hǎ women jiē-lai le,
zhèiyangr yìjiā rén cái zài Xiānggǎng zhùxialai le. Xiànzài wǒ niánji dà
le, jiāli dà shir xiǎo shir dōu shi Xiǎo]{.font12}
[Were there many women who went to college in those days?]{.font12}
[Not as many as there are now. My daughter-in-law's family was quite
rich, and there were seventy or eighty people in that one big family.
Everyone in Sūzhōu knew them.]{.font12}
[A family like that must have had a strict code of behavior.]{.font12}
[You bet they did! Their young ladies couldn't go to school outside the
home: they could only hire a teacher to come to the house and teach them
a little of the Four Books and so forth. Xiǎo Ping's mother felt that if
a woman wanted to be independent in society, she had to leave home to
study. That's why she ran away to Shànghǎi to go to school.]{.font12}
[That must have been really hard back then.]{.font12}
[When they were in college, Xiǎo Ping's parents were very good friends,
but what were we to do? We didn't have a thing left, and we didn't have
any money. How could our (own) son marry a young lady like that? But
Xiǎo Ping's mother didn't think so. . . .]{.font12}
[What did she think?]{.font12}
[She said she wanted to find a person she herself liked to get married
to, and that status and money weren't important. (Sigh) What she went
through to leave that big family.]{.font12}
[Well then, how did you come to Hong Kong?]{.font12}
[When they finished school in England they came to Hong Kong to work; a
year later they brought us out, and then our whole family settled here.
Now that I'm getting on in years, Xiǎo Ping's mother takes care of all
the big and small matters]{.font12}
[Ping mùqin guan. Nǐ shuō wǒ fúqi hǎo, zhēn shi yidiǎnr yě bū
cuò.]{.font12}
- [B:]{.font11}[ Nǎinai, wǒ mǎ kuài huilai le]{.font12}
[ba?]{.font12}
- [C: Kuài huilai le, women qù bǎ]{.font12}
[zǎofàn nònghǎo ba.]{.font12}
[A, B: Hǎo, zǒu ba.]{.font12}
[here at home. So when you say I'm blessed with good fortune, you're
absolutely right.]{.font12}
[Grandma, Mom will be home soon, won't she?]{.font12}
[Yes. Let's go get breakfast ready.]{.font12}
[Okay, let's go.]{.font12}
[Unit U, Tape 2 Workbook]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Exercise 1]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit.
The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you
to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your
answer.]{.font12}
[All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once.]{.font12}
[You may]{.font12}
\
[want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several
times.]{.font12}
[Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[This exercise is a conversation between two neighbors who meet in their
courtyard in Beijing.]{.font12}
[The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely,
you'll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below
as you listen a second time.]{.font12}
[Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
conversation:]{.font12}
[Dàjiě]{.font12}
[shàng bānde shàng bān, shàng xuéde shàng xué]{.font12}
[zuòbuliǎo]{.font12}
[yí]{.font12}
[gai]{.font12}
[zhàngfǔ]{.font12}
[gāi]{.font12}
\
[\"Older Sister,\" a familiar way of addressing a woman about one\'s own
age or older]{.font12}
[They\'re either at the office or at school; some are at the office and
others at school]{.font12}
[unable to do]{.font12}
[as soon as]{.font12}
[to build, to construct]{.font12}
[government]{.font12}
[should]{.font12}
\
[Questions for Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be
able to give them orally in class.]{.font12}
- [1. Why does Older Sister Lin do all of her own housework?]{.font12}
- [2. What does she think of her daughter-in-law?]{.font12}
- [3. What can you infer about what housing is like in Older Sister
Lin\'s neighborhood?]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [k. From this conversation you can see that a
daughter-in-law]{.font12}
[is very important in the Chinese family. Make a list of her
responsibilities.]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take
a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your
answers.]{.font12}
[Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate
the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than
the literal meaning of the Chinese.]{.font12}
[Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In this conversation a Chinese man invites his girlfriend over for
dinner.]{.font12}
[Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second
time through, look below and answer the questions.]{.font12}
[Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
conversation:]{.font12}
[pa to be afraid]{.font12}
[shǒuchāode handwritten]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be
able to give them orally in class.]{.font12}
- [1. Why is Xiao Lan hesitant to go to her boyfriend's home for
dinner?]{.font12}
- [2. Why does Xiao Lan think large families are difficult?]{.font12}
- [3. Where would the couple live if they got married? Why must they
wait for a place of their own to live?]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [U. What does Xiao Lan think of bringing to her boyfriend's home
that evening? Why?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take
a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which
you have prepared.]{.font12}
[Exercise U]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In this exercise a grandmother talks with her granddaughter.]{.font12}
[Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape
and listen again. On the second time through, answer the
questions.]{.font12}
[You will need the following new words and phrases:]{.font12}
[quánjiā rén]{.font12}
\
[xìngkuí]{.font12}
\
[guò rìzi]{.font12}
[rìzi bù hǎo guò]{.font12}
[qiāo men]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise U]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
\
[the whole family fortunately, luckily to live; to get along hard to get
along to knock at the door]{.font12}
\
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be
able to give them orally in class.]{.font12}
- [1. What does Grandma think of the new generation of
daughters-in-law?]{.font12}
- [2. How does Grandma remember her own experience as a
newlywed?]{.font12}
- [3. What is the difference between \"standards of conduct\" and
\"manners\"?]{.font12}
[U. Why does Grandma reprimand Xiǎo Yun? Do you think she was
justified?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take
a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers
correctly.]{.font12}
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In Beijing, two old neighbors meet in their courtyard.]{.font12}
- [A: Lin ]{.font12}[Dajiě]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, xī yifu na!]{.font12}
- [B: Bù xī zěnme ban, ]{.font12}[shàng bānde]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[shàng ban, shàng xuéde shang xué]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, jiālide shir hai bu shi dōu děi wǒ
zuò!]{.font12}
- [A: Haizimen dōu mang, you nín zài]{.font12}
[jiā, gěi tamen bāng bù shǎo mángr.]{.font12}
- [B: Ai, nianJi dà le, ]{.font12}[zuòbuliāo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[duōshǎo shir le!]{.font12}
- [A: Wǒ kàn, nín érxífur zài jiāde]{.font12}
[shihour, yě bāng nín zuò bù shǎo shi a.]{.font12}
- [B: Nǐ shuōde yidiǎnr yě bú cuò,]{.font12}
[wǒ nèige érxífur bǐ wǒ érzi hāo-duō le, ]{.font12}[yí]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ dào jiā, you zuò fàn, you xǐ yifu,
you shōushi wūzi, ài! Kěxi wǒ bù néng shénme shir dōu kào ta
ya.]{.font12}
\
- [A: Wèishenme ne?]{.font12}
- [B: Rénjia duō mang! Yíge yuè cái]{.font12}
[néng hui jiā yícì.]{.font12}
- [A: Nà tā bù néng zài nín jiāli]{.font12}
[zhùxialai ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Bù xíng a! Wūzi tài xiǎo!]{.font12}
[Erxífur huílaile, ràng ta zhù zai nǎr?]{.font12}
[A: Shi a! Yàoshi you fángzi,]{.font12}
[yijiā rén zhù zai yíkuàir, hùxiāng bāngmángr, nà you duō hǎo! Duì le,
ting wǒ nuér shuō, tāmen xuéxiào nèibiānr ]{.font12}[gàil]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e hǎo duō xīn fángzi.]{.font12}
\
[Older Sister Lin, doing your laundry?]{.font12}
[If I didn't do it what would we do; everyone is either at the office or
at school, don't I have to do all the house work in the end!]{.font12}
[Your children are all busy, but you're at home helping them out a
lot.]{.font12}
[(Sigh), I'm getting old, I can't do very much any more!]{.font12}
[I see that when your daughter-in-law is home she helps you do a lot of
things too.]{.font12}
[You're absolutely right. That daughter-in-law of mine is much better
than my son. As soon as she gets to the house, she cooks and washes and
straightens up the room. (Sigh), it's too bad I can't depend on her for
everything.]{.font12}
[Why not?]{.font12}
[She's so busy! She can only come home once a month.]{.font12}
[Well, can't she move in with you?]{.font12}
[That wouldn't do! The house is too small! If my daughter-in-law came
back, where would I have her stay?]{.font12}
[Yes! If you had enough housing, how nice it would be to have the whole
family living together and helping each other. Oh yes---I hear from my
daughter that a lot of new buildings have been built over by their
school.]{.font12}
\
[B: Fángzi wèntí shi ge dà shir,]{.font12}
[zhèngfǔ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ bú huì bù guǎn.
Yǒule xǐn fangzi, zánmen jiu hǎo le.]{.font12}
- [A: Kě bu shi ma! Dàole nèige]{.font12}
[shihour, nín jiu bú yòng dǎnxǐn le. Nín gēn nín érxífur yídìng néng bǎ
zhèige jiā nòngde shūshufufude.]{.font12}
- [B: Shi a! Nà jiu hǎo le!]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Hǎo, Lin Dàjiě, bù zǎo le,]{.font12}
[wǒ yě gāi hui jiā zuò fàn qu le. You shíjiān zài liáo a.]{.font12}
\
- [B: Méi shir jiu lái zuòzuo.]{.font12}
[Màn zǒu a!]{.font12}
\
[The housing problem is a big thing; the government wouldn't ignore it.
After we get some new housing Tin this areai we'll be all
right.]{.font12}
[That's for sure! When that time comes you won't have to worry any more.
I'm sure you and your daughter-in-law will be able to make a very
comfortable home.]{.font12}
[Yes.' Then everything will be all right.']{.font12}
[All right, Older Sister Lin, it's getting late, and I should really be
going back home to fix dinner. We'll chat some more when we have
time.]{.font12}
[Stop in sometime when you're not busy. Take care!]{.font12}
\
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In Běijīng, a S\^-year-old man (M) talks with his 23-year-old woman
friend]{.font12}
\
[(F). They have been close friends for]{.font12}
[M: Xiǎo Lán, jǐntiǎn wǒ bàba zài]{.font12}
[jiā, wǎnshang dào women jiā chǐ fàn ba!]{.font12}
[F: Wǒ bú qù.]{.font12}
[M: Wèishénme? Wǒ bàba rén hěn]{.font12}
[hǎo, nǐ bú bì dǎnxǐn.]{.font12}
[F: Wǒ mā shuō . . .]{.font12}
[M: Nǐ mā shuō shénme?]{.font12}
[F: Wǒ mā shuō: nǐ jiā rén duō, nǐ]{.font12}
[yéye, nǎinai hái zài, xiōngdì jiěmèi hǎojǐgè, jiāli guīju yě bù shǎo,
]{.font12}[pà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ wǒ qùle
yǐhòu chǐ kǔ.]{.font12}
\
[a while.]{.font12}
[Xiǎo Lán, my father is home today, why don't you have dinner at our
house tonight?]{.font12}
[I'm not going.]{.font12}
[Why? My father's a very good person you don't have to worry.]{.font12}
[My mother said . . .]{.font12}
[What did your mother say?]{.font12}
[My mother said that you have a big family. Your grandparents are still
alive, you have so many brothers and sisters, and your family has such a
strict code of behavior, that she was afraid I would have a rough time
after I went Ci.e., after I married you and went to live with your
family!.]{.font12}
\
["]{.font12}[shūshufufude]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"very comfortable\" \*"]{.font12}[yě gāi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"really should\"]{.font12}
[M: Hai, nǐ xiǎngde tài duō le, wo]{.font12}
[nainai guòqǔ zuò érxífude shihou chǐguo hěn duō kǔ, suōyǐ tā duì wō
mama tèbié hǎo, nǐ xiǎng wǒ nǎinai, wǒ mama tāmen zěnme huì rang ni chǐ
kǔ ne?]{.font12}
[F: ]{.font11}[Xiànzài dāngrán hái hǎo, yǐhòu]{.font12}
[ne? Yídàjiā rén zhǔ zai yíkuàir, shíjiān chángle zǒng shi hěn
máfande.]{.font12}
[M: Zhèi yidiǎn wǒ yě xiǎngdàole,]{.font12}
[niánji dàle, xiǎngfa youde shihou he niánqīng rén bǔ tài yíyàng, yǐhòu
youle fángzi women bānchulai jiu xíng le.]{.font12}
[F: ]{.font11}[Shénme shíhour cái néng yǒu]{.font12}
[fángzi ne?]{.font12}
[M: Bié jí, wǒ xiǎng bǔ huì děng]{.font12}
[hěn cháng shíjiānde.]{.font12}
[F: ]{.font11}[Èng.]{.font12}
[M: Nàme, jīntiān wǎnshang dào]{.font12}
[women jiā qu, hǎo ma?]{.font12}
[F: Mm . . . Jīntiān wǎnshang dōu]{.font12}
[yǒu shéi?]{.font12}
[M: Zhǐ yǒu wǒ bàba, māma, hé wǒ,]{.font12}
[xiōngdì jiěmèi dōu bǔ zài.]{.font12}
[F: Nà, yéye, nǎinai ne?]{.font12}
[M: Yéye nǎinai hē cháde shihou]{.font12}
[guòlai zuò yixiar, ránhòu jiu hui tāmen wūzi xiūxi qu le.]{.font12}
[F: Tōuyicì qǔ, wǒ dài diǎnr]{.font12}
[shénme hǎo a?]{.font12}
[M: Shénme dōu bǔ yào dài.]{.font12}
\
[Oh come on, you're thinking too much. Back when my grandmother was a
daughter-in-law she had quite a rough time, so she's particularly good
to my mother. Really, how could my grandmother and mother give you a
hard time.']{.font12}
[Of course it's okay now, but how about later on? When a large family
lives together, it always gets difficult after a while.]{.font12}
[I've thought of that too. When people get older, their way of thinking
is sometimes kind of different from young people. Afterwards when we get
a place Cof our own\] we'll move out, and then it will be all
right.]{.font12}
[And when will we be able to get a place to live?]{.font12}
[Don't worry, I don't think we'll have to wait too long.]{.font12}
[Mm.]{.font12}
[Then, how about going to our house tonight?]{.font12}
[Mm . . . Who's going to be there tonight?]{.font12}
[Just my father, mother, and I. None of my brothers and sisters will be
there.]{.font12}
[What about your grandparents?]{.font12}
[They'll come out and sit for a while when we have tea, and then they'll
go back to their room to rest.]{.font12}
[What should I bring, since this is my first visit?]{.font12}
[Don't bring anything at all.]{.font12}
\
[\"]{.font12}[Fángzi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ here
refers to any type of housing, including an apartment or just a room.
The housing situation in Běijīng is so tight that this couple will
probably have to wait months to get one room.]{.font12}
[F: Na zěnme xíng? Tǐngshuō nǐ]{.font12}
\
[yéyede zì xiěde hěn hǎo a?]{.font12}
\
[M: Shǐ a, zěnme la?]{.font12}
[F: Wǒ hàha you yítǎo ]{.font12}[shǒuchāode]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Si Shū, song gěi nǐ yéye hǎo hu hǎo?]{.font12}
[M: Na tài hǎo le.]{.font12}
[F: Wǒ hui jiā shōushi yixiar jiu]{.font12}
[lái.]{.font12}
[M: Děng yihuǐr wǒ lái jiē ni a.']{.font12}
[B: Èi!]{.font12}
\
[How can I do that? I hear your grandfather is very good at writing
characters?]{.font12}
[That's right. Why?]{.font12}
[My father has a handwritten copy of the Four Books. How about if I give
it to your grandfather?]{.font12}
[That would be great.]{.font12}
[I'm going to go home now to straighten up a bit and then I'll be right
there.]{.font12}
[I'll come and get you in a while.']{.font12}
[Okay.']{.font12}
\
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Conversation between a grandmother]{.font12}
- [A: Xiǎo Yun na.' Bādiǎn ban le,]{.font12}
[hai bu qǐlai.']{.font12}
- [B: Nǎinai, jintiān shi Xīngqītiān,]{.font12}
[rang rénjia duō shuì yihuǐr ma.']{.font12}
- [A: Xiǎnzǎide niánqīng rén zhēn]{.font12}
[you fūqi, shuì dao bādiǎn ban hái bu xiǎng qǐ. Women zuò érxífu-de
shihou, wǔdiǎn zhōng jiu děi qǐlai, zuò ]{.font12}[quánjiā rénd]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e zǎofǎn le, nǎr néng shuì dao
bādiǎn ban?!]{.font12}
- [B: Nà dōu shi guǒqùde shir le!]{.font12}
[A: Shi a. Guǒqùde shi, zhēn shi]{.font12}
[méi bǎnfar shuō. Wǒ gēn nǐ yéye jiēhūnde shihou, nǐ yéye Jiā hěn you
qián, yě you bù shǎo tǔdì, wǒmen jiāli méi shenme cáichǎn, dǎole rénjia
jiāli, yídàjiā rén dōu kǎnzhe wǒ zhèige xīn láide érxífu. Zěnme ban ne?
Wǒ zhī-hǎo zuǒle zhèiyangr zuǒ nèi-yangr\*, yìtiān dǎo wǎn méiyou tíngde
shihou. Ai! ]{.font12}[Xìngkuī]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ nǐ]{.font12}
[zuǒle zhèiyangr zuǒ nèiyangr]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''After i.e., \"do one task after
another.\"]{.font12}
\
[and granddaughter in Běijīng.]{.font12}
[Xiǎo Yun! It's half past eight, aren't you getting up!]{.font12}
[Grandma, today's Sunday. Let me sleep a little later!]{.font12}
[Young people today are so fortunate. They sleep until eight-thirty and
still don't want to get up. When we were daughters-in-law, we had to get
up at five o'clock and make breakfast for the whole family. Who could
sleep until eight-thirty!]{.font12}
[Those are all things of the past!]{.font12}
[Yes. The things of the past are really sad to recall. When I married
your grandfather, his family was rich and had a lot of land. Our family
didn't have much property. When I arrived in his household, everyone in
that huge family stared at me, the new daughter-in-law. What could I do?
Just keep slaving away. I didn't stop the whole day long. (Sigh) It's a
good thing your grandfather]{.font12}
\
[having done this thing, do that thing,\"]{.font12}
\
[yéye shi ge hao rén, wode ]{.font12}[rìzi ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[cái hǎo ]{.font12}[guò]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ yidiǎnr.]{.font12}
[B: Xiànzài bù tong le, xiànzài]{.font12}
[niánqīng rén jiéhūn yīhòu hú yòng zài dǎnxǐn zhèixiē le.]{.font12}
- [A: Kěshi guīju háishi děi you a!]{.font12}
[Dei you lǐmào, jiǎli lǎorén dōu qǐlai le, nǐ hái shuì zài chuángshang,
nà zěnme xíng?]{.font12}
- [B: Hǎo le, hǎo le, nǎinai, wǒ mǎ-]{.font12}
[shàng jiu qǐlai le. Nī tīng, shéi zài ]{.font12}[qiǎo men]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ na?!]{.font12}
- [A: Hái wen shenme?' Hái hu shi]{.font12}
[nīde péngyou lái le.]{.font12}
- [B: Láojià, láojià, hǎo nǎinai,]{.font12}
[nín qù kǎi mén ha, wǒ kuài hǎ wūzi shōushi yixiar.]{.font12}
[A: Hǎo hǎo hǎo, wǒ jiù qù, kuài]{.font12}
[shōushi ha!]{.font12}
\
[was a good man; that's the only thing that made life a little
easier.]{.font12}
[Things are different now. Now young people don't have to worry about
that sort of thing after they get married.]{.font12}
[But you still have to have standards of conduct! You have to have
manners. If the old people in the family are up and you're still in hed
sleeping, is that any way to act?]{.font12}
[Okay, okay, grandma. I'll get up right away. Listen, who's knocking at
the door?.']{.font12}
[You have to ask? It's your friend, of course.]{.font12}
[Oh, please, please, would you go get the door, dear grandma? I'll
straighten the room real quickly.]{.font12}
[Okay, I'll get it right away. You hurry and straighten up.]{.font12}
\
[°]{.font12}[Hái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"still\" is used in rhetorical questions; here it implies \"The answer
to your question is so obvious, why are you still asking?\"
]{.font12}[Shénme]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, here in
the neutral tone, means \"why, what for\" rather than
\"what.\"]{.font12}
[°]{.font12}[Hái bu shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is
used in rhetorical questions; literally, it means, \"Is it not still (a
case of\...),\" or in more colloquial English, \"Could it be anything
but\....\" Here, it is best translated as \"of course.\"]{.font12}
[°]{.font12}[hǎo nǎinai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: A
rather theatrical, humorously cajoling form of address, \"dear
grandma.\" The girl uses this term in order to get her grandmother to do
her the favor of answering the front door.]{.font12}
[UNIT 5]{.font12}
[Traditional Attitudes and Modern Changes]{.font12}
[INTRODUCTION]{.font12}
[Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
- [1. The pattern ]{.font12}[yě hǎo, \...yě hǎo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"whether\... or\"]{.font12}
- [2. The adverb ]{.font12}[cai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ marking necessary
condition.]{.font12}
- [3. Placement of specifier after a modifying phrase.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [U. ]{.font12}[Wèile]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"in order to.\"]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [5- Comparison of two words for \"afterwards,\"
]{.font12}[yǐhòu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and
]{.font12}[hòulǎi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Functional Language Contained in This Unit]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
- [1. Inquiring about customs in the culture.]{.font12}
- [2. Expressing that you don't understand something and asking
another's interpretation of it.]{.font12}
- [3. Expressing that you don't see the value of something and asking
another\'s point of view on it.]{.font12}
- [4. Expressing partial agreement, specifying one\'s
reservations.]{.font12}
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| [1.]{.font12} | [A:]{.font12} | [Zhèi | [What has your |
| | | liǎngnián, | income been |
| | | nǐmende | like the past |
| | | ]{.font12}[ | couple of |
| | | shōurù]{.font12 | y |
| | | style= | ears?]{.font12} |
| | | "text-decoratio | |
| | | n:underline;"}[ | |
| | | zěnme | |
| | | yàng?]{.font12} | |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| | [B:]{.font12} | [Zhèi | [The past |
| | | liǎngnián, | couple of |
| | | ]{ | years, |
| | | .font12}[nongyè | agricultural |
| | | shē | production |
| | | ngchǎn]{.font12 | conditions have |
| | | style= | been pretty |
| | | "text-decoratio | good, and our |
| | | n:underline;"}[ | income has been |
| | | qíngkuàng bu | all right, |
| | | cuò, shōurù yě | too.]{.font12} |
| | | hái | |
| | | hǎo.]{.font12} | |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| [2.]{.font12} | [A:]{.font12} | [Tāde | [I didn't |
| | | ]{.font12}[ | understand the |
| | | shuōfǎ]{.font12 | way he said |
| | | style= | that. Did you |
| | | "text-decoratio | understand |
| | | n:underline;"}[ | it?]{.font12} |
| | | wǒ méi | |
| | | ting-dong, nǐ | |
| | | tǐng]{. | |
| | | font12}[míngbai | |
| | | ]{.font12 | |
| | | style="t | |
| | | ext-decoration: | |
| | | underline;"}[le | |
| | | ma?]{.font12} | |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| | [B:]{.font12} | [Méiyou, wǒ yě | [No, I didn't |
| | | méi | understand it |
| | | tīngmíngbai, | ei |
| | | érqiě zhèige | ther.]{.font12} |
| | | ]{.font12 | |
| | | }[tímu]{.font12 | [Moreover this |
| | | style= | topic is too |
| | | "text-decoratio | hard.]{.font12} |
| | | n:underline;"}[ | |
| | | yě tài nán | |
| | | le.]{.font12} | |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| - [7. A: Tā wèishénme | [Why did she get married |
| ]{.font12}[zǎohūn]{.font12 | early?]{.font12} |
| style="text-de | |
| coration:underline;"}[?]{.font12} | [Last year her father died and |
| | there was no one to take care of |
| [B: Qùnián tā fùqin | her. All she could do was get |
| ]{.font12}[sǐ]{.font12 | married.]{.font12} |
| sty | |
| le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ | [Most people like |
| le, méi rén | freedom.]{.font12} |
| ]{.font12}[zhàogu]{.font12 | |
| sty | [But not many people can obtain |
| le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ | freedom.]{.font12} |
| ta, zhǐ hǎo jiehūn le.]{.font12} | |
| | [All three generations live |
| - [8. A: | together so that they can take |
| ]{.font12}[Duōshù]{.font12 | care of each other.]{.font12} |
| sty | |
| le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ | [I've heard that in the past you |
| rén dōu xǐhuan | had a lot of interesting customs |
| zìyou.]{.font12} | here.]{.font12} |
| | |
| ```{=html} | [Yes. Later, when industry and |
| | commerce developed, customs |
| ``` | changed, too.]{.font12} |
| - [B: Kěshi, hú shi hěn duō rén | |
| néng | [to labor; labor]{.font12} |
| ]{.font12}[dédao]{.font12 | |
| sty | [labor force, labor]{.font12} |
| le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ | |
| zìyou.]{.font12} | [industry]{.font12} |
| | |
| ```{=html} | [business, commerce]{.font12} |
| | |
| ``` | [the great majority]{.font12} |
| - [9.]{.font12}[ Weile]{.font12 | |
| sty | [to live; to become alive; to |
| le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ | survive; to be live/alive/living; |
| néng hùxiāng zhàogu, tāmen | to be movable/moving]{.font12} |
| yìjiā | |
| sān]{.font12}[dài]{.font12 | [habit, custom, usual practice; |
| sty | to be accustomed to, to be used |
| le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ | to]{.font12} |
| zhù zai yiqi.]{.font12} | |
| | [to heed, to obey (someone's |
| - [10. A: Tīngshuō cóngqián, | orders)]{.font12} |
| nǐmen zhèli you hěn duō you | |
| yìside | |
| ]{.font12}[fēngsú]{.font12 | |
| style="text-de | |
| coration:underline;"}[.]{.font12} | |
| | |
| ```{=html} | |
| | |
| ``` | |
| - [B: Shi a. | |
| ]{.font12}[Hòulái]{.font12 | |
| sty | |
| le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ | |
| gōngshāngyè fādá le, fēngsú | |
| yě ]{.font12}[gǎibiàn | |
| ]{.font12 | |
| style="text-deco | |
| ration:underline;"}[le.]{.font12} | |
| | |
| [ADDITIONAL REQUIRED | |
| VOCABULARY]{.font12} | |
| | |
| - [11. láodòng]{.font12} | |
| | |
| - [12. láolì]{.font12} | |
| | |
| - [13. gōngyè]{.font12} | |
| | |
| [11. shāngyè]{.font12} | |
| | |
| - [15. dàduōshù(r)]{.font12} | |
| | |
| - [16. huó]{.font12} | |
| | |
| - [17- xíguàn]{.font12} | |
| | |
| - [18. ting]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
[VOCABULARY]{.font12}
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [bǎochí]{.font12} | [to keep, to preserve, to |
| | maintain]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [cái]{.font12} | [only in that case, only under |
| | this condition]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [dàduōshù(r)]{.font12} | [the great majority]{.font12} |
| | |
| [-dài]{.font12} | [generation (counter); era, |
| | (historical) period]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [de dédao duōshù(r)]{.font12} | [to get]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [to get]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [the majority of, most |
| | of]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [fādá]{.font12} | [to be (highly) developed, to be |
| | flourishing, to be |
| | prosperous]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [fēngsú]{.font12} | [custom(s)]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [gǎibiàn gōngyè | [to change]{.font12} |
| gōngshāngyè]{.font12} | |
| | [industry]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [industry and commerce]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [hǎochù hòulái huó]{.font12} | [benefit, advant age]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [later, afterwards]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [to live; to become alive; to |
| | survive; to be live/alive/living; |
| | to be movable/moving]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [láodòng láodònglì | [to labor]{.font12} |
| láolì]{.font12} | |
| | [labor force, labor; able-bodied |
| | persor labor force, |
| | labor]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [míngbai]{.font12} | [to understand, to be clear on, |
| | to comprehend; to be clear, to be |
| | obvious]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [nóngyè]{.font12} | [agriculture]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [shāngyè shēngchǎn shōurù | [commerce, business]{.font12} |
| shuōfǎ]{.font12} | |
| | [to produce; production]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [income, earnings]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [way of saying a thing; |
| | statement, version, |
| | argument]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [sǐ]{.font12} | [to die]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [tímu (tímù)]{.font12} | [topic, subject; title; (test) |
| | question, problem]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [ting tóngyì]{.font12} | [to heed, to obey (someone's |
| | orders) to agree, to consent; |
| | agreement, consent]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [wèile]{.font12} | [in order to; for the purpose of; |
| | for the sake of]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [lUT]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
[xíguàn habit, custom, usual practice;
to]{.font12}
[be accustomed to, to be used to]{.font12}
[. . .yě hǎo, \...yě hǎo whether\...or\...;
both\...and\...]{.font12}
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [yě jiù you hǎochù]{.font12} | [accordingly, correspondingly, so |
| | to be beneficial, to be good |
| | (for)]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [zǎohūn]{.font12} | [early marriage; child marriage; |
| | to marry as a child, to marry |
| | early]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [zhàngfu zhǎogu zhèng]{.font12} | [husband]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [to take of; care]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [just, precisely, right]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
[3. A: Xué pinyin ]{.font12}[yě hǎo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, bù xué pinyin ]{.font12}[yě
hǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, Zhōngguo zì zong děi
xue.]{.font12}
[B: Shi a, zhèiyang Zhōngguo wénhuà ]{.font12}[cái]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ néng ]{.font12}[bǎochíx]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[iàqù.]{.font12}
\
[Whether you study romanization or not, you'll always have to study
Chinese characters.]{.font12}
[Yes, this is the only way Chinese culture can continue to be
preserved.]{.font12}
\
[U. A: Jiāli ]{.font12}[láodònglì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ duō, shēnghuo ]{.font12}[yě
jiù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ huì hǎo
yidiǎnr.]{.font12}
[B: Kěshi xiànzài rénkǒu duō bù yídìng yǒu shénme
]{.font12}[hǎochù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[5. A: Zài nàr xiě zìde neige rén shi bu shi tā
]{.font12}[zhàngfu?]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[B: ]{.font12}[Zheng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ shi
tā!]{.font12}
[6. A: ]{.font12}[Gōngshāngyè fādá]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ you shénme haochù?Nali dōu name
zāng!]{.font12}
[B: Zhèi yìdiǎn wǒ bù ]{.font12}[tōngyì, ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[gōngshāngyè fādá you bù shǎo
hǎochù.]{.font12}
\
[If a family has more manpower, then it follows that life will be a
little better.]{.font12}
[But now it's not necessarily an advantage to have a lot of
people.]{.font12}
[Is that person writing over there her husband?]{.font12}
[That's him all right!]{.font12}
[What benefit is there in having a flourishing industry and commerce?
It's so dirty everywhere!]{.font12}
[I don't agree with that. There are a lot of benefits to having a
flourishing industry and commerce.]{.font12}
\
[1. A: Zhèi liSngnián, nīmende ]{.font12}[shōurù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ zěnmeyàng?]{.font12}
[B: Zhèi liSngnián, ]{.font12}[nongyè shēngchǎn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ qíngkuàng hú cuò, shōurù yě hái
hao.]{.font12}
\
[What has your income heen like the past couple of years?]{.font12}
[These past couple of years agricultural production conditions have heen
pretty good, and income is all right, too.]{.font12}
\
[Notes on No. 1]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[zhèiliǎngnián]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: See Unit
U, Notes on No. 3-]{.font12}
[shōurù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"income,
earnings\" While in English you say \"income\" is \"large\" or
\"small,\" in Chinese you say \"much\" (]{.font12}[duō]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[) or \"little\"
(]{.font12}[shǎo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[).]{.font12}
[Tāde shōurù hù shao. Her income isn't small. (lit.,
\"little\")]{.font12}
[Tāde shōurù hú tài duō. His income isn't very
high.]{.font12}
[shēngchǎn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to produce
(agricultural or industrial products), to manu-facture (industrial
products); production, operation (of a plant)\"]{.font12}
[Nīmen dōu shēngchǎn shénme?]{.font12}
[Yōu rén shuō xiāngxiade shēngchǎn hé shēnghuo qíngkuàng hǎo yìdiǎn
le.]{.font12}
- [A: Wō zhǎo Lī Guoqiáng.]{.font12}
- [B: Duìhuqī, xiànzài shi shēngchǎn shíjiān, hù néng zhǎo
rén.]{.font12}
\
[What (all) do you produce?]{.font12}
[Some people say that production and living conditions in the
countryside have gotten somewhat better.]{.font12}
[I'm looking for Lī Guoqiáng.]{.font12}
[I'm sorry, it's production time now You can't visit people.]{.font12}
\
[2. A: Tāde ]{.font12}[shuōfǎ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ wō méi tīng-dōng, nī
tīn]{.font12}[gmínghai ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[le
ma?]{.font12}
[B: Méiyou, wō yě méi tīngmínghai, érqiě zhèige ]{.font12}[tímu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ yě tài nán le.]{.font12}
\
[I didn't understand the way he said that. Did you understand
it?]{.font12}
[No, I didn't understand it either.]{.font12}
[Moreover, this topic is too hard.]{.font12}
\
[Notes on No. 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[mínghai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to he clear
on, to understand,\" literally, \"hright-white\" This is an adjectival
verh which may or may not he followed hy an object:]{.font12}
[Xiànzài wō míngbai le.]{.font12}
\
[Now I see.]{.font12}
\
[Wō míngbai nīde yìsi.]{.font12}
\
[I understand what you mean.]{.font12}
[Gāngcǎi nǐ you gěi wǒ jiǎngle Now that you\'ve just explained it to
yícǐ, wo bǐjiǎo míngbai le. me again, I understand it
better.]{.font12}
[Míngbai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can also be used
to mean \"to be clear, to be obvious,\" as in:]{.font12}
[Zhèijiàn shìqing hěn míngbai. This matter is very
clear/obvious.]{.font12}
[tīngmíngbai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to hear
and understand\" This is a compound verb of result with an adjectival
verb, ]{.font12}[míngbai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
indicating the result. As just stated ]{.font12}[míngbai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can mean either \"to understand\"
or \"to be clear,\" but ]{.font12}[tingmíngbai ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[means only \"to understand by
listening,\" NOT \"to hear clearly.\" Use
]{.font12}[tīngqǐng-chu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to
mean \"to hear clearly.\"]{.font12}
[Zuótiānde ke wǒ yidiǎnr dōu tīngbumíngbai.]{.font12}
\
[I couldn\'t understand a thing in yesterday\'s class.]{.font12}
[Gāngcāi lǎoshí shuōde wo méi tīngqīngchu.]{.font12}
\
[I didn\'t hear (clearly) what the teacher just said.]{.font12}
\
[Another verb of perception which can take ]{.font12}[míngbai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to show the result is
]{.font12}[kàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to see,
to read.\"]{.font12}
[Nǐ kàn méi kànmíngbai zhèige Did you understand the (test)
question]{.font12}
[tímu? (when you read it)?]{.font12}
[As a compound verb of result, ]{.font12}[tingmíngbai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can take the syllables -de- and
-bu- to add the meaning of \"can\" and \"can\'t.\" (For the following
example you need to know ]{.font12}[wàiwén]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"foreign language,\" and
]{.font12}[bù guǎn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"no
matter.\")]{.font12}
[Gang xué yìzhong wàiwénde shihou, When you\'re just beginning to study
bù guǎn tīngdemíngbai tǐngbu- a foreign language, it\'s good
for]{.font12}
[míngbai, duō ting duì nǐ yídìng you to listen a lot whether
you]{.font12}
[you hǎochù. understand or not.]{.font12}
[tímu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This noun has three
commonly used meanings: (1) \"topic, subject,\" (2) \"title,\" and (3)
\"question, problem\" (e.g., on a test or in an exercise).]{.font12}
[Wǒmen jīntiān huàn yíge tan huàde tímu, tányitǎn shēnghuó fāngmiànde
shi.]{.font12}
\
[Today let\'s change the topic of conversation and chat about things
from daily life.]{.font12}
\
[Zhèiběn shūde tímu shi ]{.font12}[Zhōngguó-]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
\
[The title of this book is Chinese]{.font12}
\
[de Shèhuì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.\"]{.font12}
\
[Society]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
\
[Zuótiān kǎoshìde tímu name duō, wǒ zhēn bù zhīdao xiān zuò něige
hǎo.]{.font12}
\
[There were so many problems on yesterday\'s test, I didn\'t know which
to do first.]{.font12}
\
[Zhèiyangde tímu wǒ zài gāozhōng de shihou dōu zuòguo, xiànzài dōu
wangle.]{.font12}
\
[I did this sort of problems when I was in senior high school, but now I
have forgotten all about them.]{.font12}
\
[\"]{.font12}[gāozhōng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"senior high,\" short for ]{.font12}[gǎojí zhōngxué]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
\
[3. A: Xué pinyin ]{.font12}[yě hǎo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, bù xué pinyin ]{.font12}[yě
hǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, Zhōngguo zì zǒng děi
xué.]{.font12}
[B: Shi a, zhèiyang Zhōngguo wénhuà ]{.font12}[cai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ néng ]{.font12}[bǎochíx]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[iàqù.]{.font12}
\
[Whether you study roma.ni y.a+.ì nn or not, you'll always have to study
Chinese characters.]{.font12}
[Yes, this is the only way Chinese culture can continue to be
preserved.]{.font12}
\
[Notes on No. 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[. . . yě hǎo, . .. yě hǎo:]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ This pattern can mean either (1)
''whether\... or\... "]{.font12}
\
[or (2) ''both. . . and\....'']{.font12}
[Nǐ qù yě hǎo, bú qù yě hǎo, wo yídìng qù.]{.font12}
[Tā ting yě hǎo, bù ting yě hǎo, zǒng you yìtiān tā huì
míngbaide.]{.font12}
[Tā lái yě hǎo, bù lái yě hǎo, zánmen xiān chī fàn ba.]{.font12}
[Nǐ qù yě hǎo, huòshi wō qù yě hǎo, zǒng děi you yíge rén qù.]{.font12}
[In the review dialogue, you will see an and..]{.font12}
[Buguò wō xiǎng, dàlù yě hǎo, Tái-wān yě hǎo, jǐshínián lái dōu yōule
hěn dàde gǎibiàn.]{.font12}
[Zhōngguo rén yě hǎo, Měiguo rén yě hǎo, dōu yīnggāi bǎochí tāmende
wénhuà chuántōng.]{.font12}
\
[Whether or not you are going, I\'m going for sure.]{.font12}
[Whether he listens or not, there\'ll be a day when he
understands.]{.font12}
[Whether or not he comes, let\'s start eating.]{.font12}
[Whether you go or I go, somebody has to go.]{.font12}
[example of the second meaning, \"both\...]{.font12}
[But I think that both the mainland and Taiwan have undergone big
changes in the past few decades.]{.font12}
[Chinese people and American people should both preserve their cultural
heritage.]{.font12}
\
[cái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: You\'ve already seen
]{.font12}[cái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in talking
about TIME (\"not until\") as in ]{.font12}[Tā zuotiān cái
láide]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"He didn\'t come
until yesterday.\" Here you see another use of cái, \"not unless.\" It
points out a NECESSARY CONDITION.]{.font12}
[Zhèijiàn shi,]{.font12}
[tā guǎn]{.font12}
[cái xíng.]{.font12}
[As for this]{.font12}
[(if) he takes]{.font12}
[only in that]{.font12}
[case]{.font12}
[matter,]{.font12}
[care of it,]{.font12}
[will it be]{.font12}
[okay.]{.font12}
[\"it won\'t be okay unless he takes care of this matter.\"]{.font12}
[Here are other examples:]{.font12}
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [Shi ge Zhèiyang Piānyi Nǐ | [cāi gòu.]{.font12} |
| qù]{.font12} | |
| | [cāi hǎo. wǒ cāi mǎi. wǒ cāi |
| [Zhèitào pānziwǎn you kèren | qù.]{.font12} |
| lāi]{.font12} | |
| | [wǒ cāi yòng.]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
\
[\"No fewer than ten is enough.\" \"Only in this way is it good.\" \"I
won't huy it unless it's cheap.\" \"I won\'t go unless you do.\" \"I
don't use this set of dishes]{.font12}
[unless I have guests.\"]{.font12}
\
[bǎochí:]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"to keep, to
preserve, to maintain\"]{.font12}
[Yàoshi nǐ néng hǎochí měitiān jì' sìge xǐn zì, yìniān kéyi jì yìqiān
duō ge zì le.]{.font12}
\
[Zhōngguo shèhuì hěn duō dìfang dōu hǎochízhe lǎode fēngsú
xíguǎn.]{.font12}
\
[If you can keep on memorizing four new characters a day, you\'ll he
ahle to memorize over a thousand a year.]{.font12}
[There are a lot of places in Chinese society which are still holding on
to old customs and hahits.]{.font12}
--------------- --------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[U.]{.font14} [A:]{.font12} [Jiāli ]{.font12}[lāodònglì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ duō, shēnghuo ]{.font12}[yě jiù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ huì hǎo yidiǎnr.]{.font12} [If a family has more manpower, then it follows that life will be a little better.]{.font12}
[B:]{.font12} [Keshi xiànzài rénkǒu duō bù yídìng you shénme ]{.font12}[hǎochù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12} [But now it\'s not necessarily an advantage to have a lot of people.]{.font12}
--------------- --------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Notes on No. h]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[lāodònglì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"work
force,\" literally \"lahor-power\"]{.font12}
[Fùnu zài nóngcūn shi xiāngdāng In rural areas, women are a very
zhòngyàode lāodònglì. important source of labor.]{.font12}
[Lāodònglì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may also he
used to refer to ahle-hodied individuals who do manual labor:]{.font12}
- [A: Tāmen jiā you jǐge lāodònglì? How many able-bodied persons are
there in their family?]{.font12}
- [B: You sìge ban lāodònglì. There are four and a half. (The
half]{.font12}
[may be a child or an older person who cannot do as much
work.)]{.font12}
[-lì hy itself means \"power\" or \"ability,\" and is used in
combinations:]{.font12}
[nénglì ability rénlì manpower]{.font12}
[diànlì electric power tīnglì hearing ability]{.font12}
[huōlì firepower; thermal shuǐlì water power,
hydraulic]{.font12}
[dònglì motivating power, force, power]{.font12}
[impetus, driving force]{.font12}
[°Jì, \"to remember,\" can also mean \"to commit to memory.\"]{.font12}
[yě Jiù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"accordingly,\"
literally \"also then\" Other translations for this are
\"correspondingly,\" \"so.\" The tone of ]{.font12}[Jiù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is often neutral.]{.font12}
[Tā duì wǒ hěn hu kèqi, wo yě Jiu \"bù gēn tā shuō huà le.]{.font12}
[Wo Jiao ta bu yào bāng wo xǐ wan, tā yídìng yào xí, wǒ yě Jiu ràng ta
xǐ le.]{.font12}
[Wǒ shi liangnián yǐqián xuéde Zhōngwén kěshi yìzhí mei Jihui shuō, yě
Jiu wàng le.]{.font12}
[Wǒ xiǎng qù, kěshi méi biérén yào qù, yě Jiu suàn le.]{.font12}
[Wo gang xué Zhōngwénde shíhou, hěn zhùyì fāyīn, shíjiān chángle yě Jiu
bù guǎn le.]{.font12}
\
[He was very rude to me, so I won't talk with him anymore.]{.font12}
[I told him not to help me wash the dishes, but he insisted, so I let
him wash them.]{.font12}
[I studied Chinese two years ago, but I never had the chance to speak
it, so I forgot it.]{.font12}
[I wanted to go, but nobody else did, so I said the heck with
it.]{.font12}
[When I first started studying Chinese I payed a lot of attention to
pronunciation, but as time went on, I stopped paying attention to
it.]{.font12}
\
[hǎochù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"benefit,
advantage\" You may also hear ]{.font12}[hǎochù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (Neutral-tone
-]{.font12}[chu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[). The
phrase ]{.font12}[yǒu hǎochù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"to be advantageous, to be
beneficial.\"]{.font12}
[Nǐ tiāntiān dōu he Jiǔ you shénme hǎochù.']{.font12}
\
[What good does it do you to drink every day.']{.font12}
[Use the pattern ]{.font12}[duì\...yǒu hǎochù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ for \"to be good for\..., to be of
benefit to..]{.font12}
- [A: You rén shuō he piJiǔ duì shěntǐ you hǎochù.]{.font12}
- [B: Bù yídìng ba, wǒ you xuěyā gāo, duì wo méi shenme
hǎochù.]{.font12}
\
[Some people say that it is good for the health (body) to drink
beer.]{.font12}
[Not necessarily! I have high blood pressure. It's not good for
me.]{.font12}
\
[Women yíkuàir niàn shū duì liǎngge rén dōu yǒu hǎochù.]{.font12}
\
[It would be advantageous to both of us to study together.]{.font12}
\
- [5. A: Zài nàr xiě zìde nèige rén Is that person writing over there
shi bu shi tā ]{.font12}[zhàngfu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[? her
husband?]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [B: ]{.font12}[Zheng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
shi tā! That's him all right!]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 5]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[zài nàr xiě zìde nèige rén]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''the person writing over there\"
Notice once again that the preferred word order is to put the
specifier-number-counter between the modifying phrase and the
noun.]{.font12}
[Specifier-Number-]{.font12}
[Modifying phrase]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.font12}[Counter]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.font12}[Noun]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
-------------------------- ---------------------- -------------------
[xiě zìde]{.font12} [nèige]{.font12} [rén]{.font12}
[hěn hǎo kànde]{.font12} [nèi sānge]{.font12} [nuháir]{.font12}
-------------------------- ---------------------- -------------------
[It is also possible to put the ]{.font12}[nèige]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[zhèige]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ at the head of the phrase
(]{.font12}[nèige xiě zìde rén]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[) but especially in longer phrases
it sounds better to keep ]{.font12}[nèige]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[zhèige]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ close to the noun, as in the
Reference List sentence above.]{.font12}
[zhèng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"just, right,
exactly, precisely Like other adverbs, ]{.font12}[zhèng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is placed in front of a
verb.]{.font12}
[Wo zheng yao zhao ni shangliang zhèijiàn shìqing.]{.font12}
[Nǐ chuān zhèige yánsè zhèng héshì.]{.font12}
[Wǒ yào kànde zhèng shi zhèiběn shū.]{.font12}
[Zuótiān lái kàn nǐde zhèng shi zhèige rén.]{.font12}
[Zhèng shi yǐnwei zhèige, tā cái zǒu le.]{.font12}
[Jiù shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is more
colloquial than ]{.font12}[zhèng ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[shi tā!]{.font12}
\
[I was just looking for you to talk about this matter.]{.font12}
[This color is just right for you (to wear).]{.font12}
[This is just the book I want to read.]{.font12}
[This is precisely the person who came to see you yesterday.]{.font12}
[That's precisely why he left.]{.font12}
[shi. For 5B, you could also say ]{.font12}[Jiù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
\
[6. A: ]{.font12}[Gōngshāngyè fādá]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ you shénme hǎochù? Náli dōu nàme
zāng!]{.font12}
[B: Zhèi yìdiǎn wǒ bú ]{.font12}[tōngyì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, gōngshāngyè fādá you bù shǎo
hǎochù.]{.font12}
\
[What benefit is there in having a flourishing industry and commerce?
It's so dirty everywhere!]{.font12}
[I don't agree with that. There are a lot of benefits to having a
flourishing industry and commerce.]{.font12}
\
[Notes on No. 6]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[gōngshāngyè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''industry
and commerce'' This is a compound of ]{.font12}[gōngyè ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[''industry\'\* and
]{.font12}[shāngyè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"commerce. '' ]{.font12}[Gōngyè]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[nongyè]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can also combine as
]{.font12}[gōngnongyè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, as
in ]{.font12}[gōngnongyè shēngchǎn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"industrial and agricultural
production.\"]{.font12}
[fādá]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be developed,
to be well-developed; to be prosperous, to be flourishing\" This is an
adjectival verb, that is, it describes a state or condition. A literal
translation of the Reference List sentence above might be: \"(For)
industry-commerce to be flourishing, there is what benefit?\" In
addition to describing industry, ]{.font12}[fādá]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can be used to describe a person's
muscular build or a developed country.]{.font12}
[Zhèige guójiā hěn fādá. This country is very
prosperous.]{.font12}
[Tāmen nàrde wenhuà hěn fādá. The culture there is very
developed.]{.font12}
[Don't confuse the state verb ]{.font12}[fādá]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ with the action verb
]{.font12}[fāzhǎn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which
can take an object, e.g., ]{.font12}[fāzhǎn nongyè]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to develop
agricultureT"]{.font12}
[náli dōu\...]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:
\"everywhere\" Here you see another example of a question word (here
]{.font12}[náli]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"where\")
used to mean \"every\...\" or \"any\...\" In order to get such a
meaning, you must use ]{.font12}[náli]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (or ]{.font12}[shéi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[shenme]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, etc.) before
]{.font12}[dōu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or
]{.font12}[yě]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Notice that
the question word can come in various places in the sentence.]{.font12}
[Q: Tā xiàtiān xiǎng qù shénme dìfang?]{.font12}
[B: Tā shénme dìfang dōu bú qù.]{.font12}
[Q: Shéi yào qù nèibiānr kāi huì?]{.font12}
[A: Shéi dou qù.]{.font12}
[Zěnme zuò dōu bù xíng.]{.font12}
\
[Where is he going this summer?]{.font12}
[He is not going anywhere.]{.font12}
[Who is going to the meeting there?]{.font12}
[Everybody is going.]{.font12}
[Any way you do it, it Just doesn't work.]{.font12}
\
[tongyì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to agree, to
consent; agreement, consent\" As a verb, the meaning of
]{.font12}[tongyì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is the
same as in English. But there is a difference in how you say WHO it is
you agree with. In Chinese, you don't agree with a person; you agree
with an idea, opinion, statement, etc. In sentence
]{.font12}[6b,]{.smallcaps}[ the object ]{.font12}[zhèi yìdiǎn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is up front in the sentence. Notice
the placement of the object in the sentences below.]{.font12}
[Tāde xiǎngfa ní tongyì ma?]{.font12}
\
[Do you agree with his opinion?]{.font12}
\
[Wo tongyì tāde kànfa.]{.font12}
\
[I agree with him (his ideas).]{.font12}
[CAUTION: Often speakers of English want to say
]{.font12}[gēn\...tongyì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
because we say \"agree with\...\" in English, but there is no such form
in Chinese. Instead, use the last example above.
]{.font12}[Tongyì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may also
be directly followed by a clause, as in]{.font12}
[Tā bù tongyì tāmen jiēhūn.]{.font12}
\
[He doesn't approve of (OR won't agree to) their getting
married.]{.font12}
[As a noun, ]{.font12}[tongyì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"agreement" or
\"consent.\"]{.font12}
[Women xūyào tāmende tongyì cái néng zuò zhèijiàn shi.]{.font12}
\
[We need their consent before we can do this.]{.font12}
- [7. A: Tā wèishénme ]{.font12}[zāohūn?]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ Why did she get
married early?]{.font12}
[B: Qùnián tā fùqin ]{.font12}[sǐ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le, méi Last year her father died
and there rén ]{.font12}[zhàogu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ta, zhǐ hao was no one to
take care of her, so]{.font12}
[jiēhūn le. all she could do was get
married.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 7]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[This exchange illustrates that old ways of thinking persist in China
today. Although in urban areas an increasing number of women are
self-sufficient, great variations in social and economic conditions are
starkly obvious in a comparison of city and country life.]{.font12}
[zāohūn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"early
marriage\" This can refer to two different things, sometimes causing
confusion.]{.font12}
[First, it refers to the Chinese practice of marrying a young girl off
long before she was an adult in order to bring some money into her
parents' home and to add to the number of able-bodied workers in her
in-laws' home. Her \"husband\" was also very young---as young as twelve
to fourteen years old, and often younger than she.]{.font12}
[Second, these days ]{.font12}[zāohūn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can simply mean marrying at a
somewhat younger age than is normally expected. This is the meaning in
exchange 7-]{.font12}
[Ershisìsuì jiēhūn zěnme néng How can you say getting married
at]{.font12}
[shuō shi zāohūn? twenty-four is early
marriage?]{.font12}
[Zhōngguo guòqù dàduōshù rén dōu In the past most people in China
zāohūn. married at an early age.]{.font12}
[sǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to die\" This is a
process verb, like ]{.font12}[bìng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"to become ill, to get sick,\" and
therefore corresponds to the English \"to become dead\" rather than \"to
be dead.\" ]{.font12}[Sǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
is a process verb; it describes an instantaneous change of state. In
English one can say of a person with a terminal illness that he \"is
dying,\" but this cannot be translated directly into Chinese. Rather,
one must say ]{.font12}[Tā kuài (yào) sǐ le]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"He is about to die,\" or
]{.font12}[Tā huōbuliāo duō jiǔ le]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"He won't live much longer,\" or
]{.font12}[Tā huōbucháng le]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"He hasn't long to
live.\"]{.font12}
[Tīngshuō Lāo Liūde fùqin sǐ le. I heard that Lāo Liu's father has
died.]{.font12}
[The verb ]{.font12}[sǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is
not usually negated with ]{.font12}[bù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, but rather with
]{.font12}[méi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or
]{.font12}[hái méi ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[(even
when it corresponds to English \"to be dead\").]{.font12}
[Nèi shihou, tā fùqin méi sǐ, At that time, his father was
alive,]{.font12}
[kéyi chángcháng zhàogu ta. and was able to take care of
him.]{.font12}
[Sǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can \"be used directly
\"before a noun as an adjective meaning \"dead.\" ]{.font12}[Shi
side]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may \"be used to mean
"is dead."]{.font12}
[Zhèi shi yìtiáo sǐ yu. This is a dead fish.]{.font12}
[Zhèitiáo yu shi side. This fish is a dead one OR
This]{.font12}
[fish is dead.]{.font12}
[Sǐ may he considered \"blunt and uncouth or inauspicious when used for
people. To he respectful, use ]{.font12}[guòqu le]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ''passed away," or
]{.font12}[qùshì le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
''left the world." Sometimes you can avoid saying ]{.font12}[sǐ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ hy using ]{.font12}[hái
zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[hái
huozhe]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ''still living,"
e.g., ]{.font12}[Nèi shihou tā yeye hái zài/hái huozhe]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, "At that time, his grandfather was
still living." (See Notes on No. 15-)]{.font12}
[In some parts of traditional China, the usage of ]{.font12}[sǐ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ was affected hy superstition. This
is especially true in Taiwan. Even today, during the lunar New Year
holidays, some traditionalists take pains to avoid uttering
]{.font12}[sǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, "to die,"
lest they he plagued hy had luck and death in the clan for the next
twelve months. In Taiwan, the superstition extends to the
similar-sounding word ]{.font12}[si]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ''four." Some hospitals have no
fourth floor; ]{.font12}[sìlou]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ''fourth floor," could too easily
become ]{.font12}[sǐlou]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
''death floor," in rapid speech. For a similar reason, some motorists
refuse to drive cars with license plates hearing the number h. And if
money is given as a wedding present, the figure must not contain the
number h, or the donor would be guilty of wishing death on the
couple.]{.font12}
[zhàogu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''to look after,
to take care of; care" ]{.font12}[You zhàogu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can mean ''to be well taken care
of, to receive good treatment." (For the first example, you need to know
that ]{.font12}[yòueryuán]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
means ''kindergarten.")]{.font12}
[Háizimen zài Jiāli bǐ zài yòuér-yuánli you zhàogu.]{.font12}
[Tā yíge rén zài jiā, méiyou zhàogu bù xíng.]{.font12}
[Tā bìngde hěn lìhai, xūyào tèbié-(de) zhàogu.]{.font12}
[Tāde háizi duì tā hěn hǎo, tāde shēnghuó you zhàogu.]{.font12}
\
[The children get better care at home than they would at
kindergarten.]{.font12}
[With his being all alone at home, it won't do for him to be without
care.]{.font12}
[He is very ill and needs special care.]{.font12}
[His children are very good to him;]{.font12}
[his daily needs are well taken care of.]{.font12}
\
- [8. A: ]{.font12}[Duōshù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ rén dōu xǐhuan zìyou. Most
people like freedom.]{.font12}
[B: Kěshi, hú shi hěn duō rén néng But not many people can obtain
]{.font12}[dédao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ zìyou.
freedom.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 8]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[duōshù(r)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"majority,
most,\" literally, \"the larger number\" ]{.font12}[Dàduōshù(r)
]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[is \"the great majority.\"
In many instances, there isn't much difference in meaning between
]{.font12}[duōshù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and
]{.font12}[dàduōshù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.
]{.font12}[Duōshù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can be
used to modify a noun, as in ]{.font12}[duōshùdǎng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"the majority party,\" or
]{.font12}[duōshù mínzú]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"majority nationalities.\" CThe opposite of ]{.font12}[duōshù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is ]{.font12}[shǎoshù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"minority.\" See Traveling in
China module, Unit 1.J]{.font12}
[bú shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"it is not the
case that\" To translate the subject \"not many people\" into Chinese,
you need to use a verb (]{.font12}[shi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[you]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[). You can't put bù directly before
]{.font12}[hěn duō rén]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.
Other examples:]{.font12}
[Nèige dìfang, ]{.font12}[bú shi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ nǐ xiǎng qù jiù kéyi qù(de), nǐ děi
xiān dédao tongyì.]{.font12}
[Bú shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ wǒ bú yuànyi gēn
ni jiēhūn , shi wǒ fùmǔ bù tongyì.]{.font12}
\
[You can't go there any time you want You need to get approval
first.]{.font12}
[It's not that I don't want to marry you; it's that my parents don't
approve.]{.font12}
\
[dé]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to get, to
receive\" ]{.font12}[Dé]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is
much more limited than English \"to get.\" Use ]{.font12}[dé]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ only for
]{.font12}[passively]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
receiving a prize, a degree, a grade, and the like. (For these examples,
you need to know ]{.font12}[kǎoshì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"test\"; ]{.font12}[yōu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"excellent\" Fused in mainland
schools like the grade \"A\" in the U.S.!; ]{.font12}[fēn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"points\";
]{.font12}[jiǎng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"prize\"; ]{.font12}[shuǒshì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"Master's degree.'')]{.font12}
[Zuótiānde kǎoshì wǒ déle ge I got an \"A\" on yesterday's
test,]{.font12}
[\"you.\"]{.font12}
[Tǎ déle yìbǎi fēn. He got 100 (points).]{.font12}
[Shéi dé jiǎng le? Who won the prize?]{.font12}
[Tā shi něiniǎn déde shuǒshì? What year did he receive his
Master's]{.font12}
[degree?]{.font12}
[De]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is also used for
\"contracting\" diseases. (in the second example, ]{.font12}[lǎnwěiyǎn
]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[is
\"appendicitis.\")]{.font12}
[Tā dé bìng le, bù néng qù le. He came down with something and cannot
go.]{.font12}
[Tā déle lānwěiyán, děi mǎshǎng He got appendicitis and had to be kāi
dāo. operated on immediately.]{.font12}
[dedao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to receive, to
get, to gain, to obtain\" Add the ending -]{.font12}[dào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to the verb ]{.font12}[de]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to get the meaning of successful
obtaining (cf. ]{.font12}[jièdao]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to successfully borrow,\" in
Unit 1).]{.font12}
[Tā dédao hùzhào yǐhòu mǎshàng He left immediately after getting jiù zǒu
le. his passport.]{.font12}
[Tā gēn ta jiēhūn, jiù shi xiǎng dédao tāde qián.]{.font12}
[Hěn duō rén débudào zìyóu.]{.font12}
[Tā cóng zhèli débudào shenme hǎochù.]{.font12}
\
[He only married her to get her money.]{.font12}
[Many people are unable to obtain freedom.]{.font12}
[He won't be able to gain anything from this.]{.font12}
\
[\"To get\" in English often means to ]{.font12}[actively]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ seek to obtain a thing. In those
cases, do not use ]{.font12}[dé(dào)]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Use such verbs as
]{.font12}[ná/nádào/nálai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
]{.font12}[zhǎo/zhǎodào/ zhǎolai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
]{.font12}[nòngdao/nònglai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, or a more specific verb such as
]{.font12}[mǎi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
]{.font12}[yào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (\"to ask
for\"), ]{.font12}[jiè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[;
and ]{.font12}[qǐng(lai)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
or ]{.font12}[jiào(lai)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
for \"getting\" people.]{.font12}
- [9.]{.font12}[ Wèile]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
néng hùxiāng zhàogu, All three generations live
together]{.font12}
[tāmen yìjiā sā]{.font12}[ndài]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ zhù zai so that they can
take care of each]{.font12}
[yìqǐ. other.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 9]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[wèile]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"in order to, for
the purpose of; for the sake of\" A phrase with
]{.font12}[wèile]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may come
at the very front of the sentence or after the subject.]{.font12}
[Tā wèile yào dào Zhōngguo qù Because he wants to go to China to
gōngzuǒ, suóyi xiànzài zài xué work, he is studying Chinese now.
Zhōngwén ne.]{.font12}
[Wèile kàn diànyǐng, tā méi qù He didn't go to class so he could go
shàng kè. see a movie.]{.font12}
[Wèile]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may also come after
]{.font12}[shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:]{.font12}
[Zhèijiàn shi dōu shi wèile tā. This was done all for him.]{.font12}
[This prepositional verb covers a range of meanings falling under the
categories of (1) benefit, (2) purpose, or (3) motive. It is sometimes
hard to pinpoint exactly which of these meanings is the one expressed by
a particular sentence.]{.font12}
[Benefit, sake]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Wǒ wèile tā cái láide. I came only for his sake.]{.font12}
[Wǒ wánquán shi wèile nǐ. I am (doing this) entirely for
your]{.font12}
[sake.]{.font12}
[Purpose, goal]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Wèile qián, tā shenme dōu zuǒde-chūlái.]{.font12}
[Wèile mǎi zhèiběn shū, tā qùle liùge shūdiàn.]{.font12}
[Nǐ pǎo zhème yuǎnde lù, jiù shi wèile ná zhèizhāng piào?]{.font12}
[Wèile bǎochí niánqīng, tā yòng niūnǎi xǐzǎo.]{.font12}
[Wèile yào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is a common
combination]{.font12}
[Wèile yào qù kàn péngyou, jīntiān wǒ děi zǎo yidiǎnr xià bān.]{.font12}
[Wèile yào niàn shū, wǒ zhèige Xǐngqītiān bù chūqu le.]{.font12}
[Wèile bú yào tài lèi, wǒ měitiān dōu zuǒ chē shàng bān.]{.font12}
[Wèile néng dull shēnghuō, tā hěn zǎo jiù líkāi fùmǔ le.]{.font12}
\
[For money, he is liable to do anything]{.font12}
\
[He went to six bookstores in order to get this book.]{.font12}
[You came all this way just to get that ticket?]{.font12}
[She washes with (cow\'s) milk to preserve her youth.]{.font12}
[which often means the same as ]{.font12}[wèile]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:]{.font12}
[In order to go visit a friend, I have to leave work a little early
today.]{.font12}
[I\'m not going out this Sunday so that I can study.]{.font12}
[In order not to get too tired, I take the bus to work every
day.]{.font12}
[In order to live independently, she left her parents very
early.]{.font12}
\
[Motive or reason for some act, thought, or feeling]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Wèile zhèijiàn shi, wǒ juéde hěn bù hǎo yìsi.]{.font12}
\
[I feel very embarrassed about (because of) this matter.]{.font12}
\
[Wèile zhèijiàn shi, tā yíyè dōu shuìbuzháo jiào.]{.font12}
[Wǒ jiù shi wèi(le) zhèijiàn shi láide.]{.font12}
\
[He couldn\'t get to sleep all night on account of this
matter.]{.font12}
[I have come precisely because of this matter.]{.font12}
\
[Jiù wèi(le) zhème yidiǎnr shi, You got angry over such a small nǐ jiù
shēngqì la? thing?]{.font12}
[Even though you will find that ]{.font12}[wèile]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is sometimes idiomatically
translated as \"because,\" as in these last examples, it is still not
completely a synonym of ]{.font12}[yǐnwèi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. When you want to say \"because,\"
you should use ]{.font12}[yǐnwèi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. When you want to say \"for the
sake of\" or \"for the purpose of,\" use ]{.font12}[wèile]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
- [10. A: Tīngshuō cóngqián, nǐmen I've heard that in the past you had
zhèli you hěn duō you a lot of interesting customs
here,]{.font12}
[yìside ]{.font12}[fēngsú]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
- [B: Shi a. ]{.font12}[Hòulái]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ gōngshāngyè Yes. Later, when
industry and fādále, fēngsú yě ]{.font12}[gǎibiàn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le. commerce developed, customs
changed, too.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 10]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[fēng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[sú: \"custom" The
definition of ]{.font12}[fēngsú]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in a Chinese dictionary reads:
''the sum total of etiquette, usual practices, etc., adhered to over a
long period of time in the development of society." Compare this with
]{.font12}[xíguàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:
\"behavior, tendency or social practice cultivated over a long period of
time, and which is hard to change abruptly.\" Notice that
]{.font12}[xíguàn ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[may
refer to the practices or habits of either an individual or a community,
whereas ]{.font12}[fēngsú]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
refers only to those of a community.]{.font12}
[Guòqù Zhōngguo you zǎohūnde In the past China had the
custom]{.font12}
[fēngsú. of early (child)
marriage.]{.font12}
[hòulái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"afterwards,
later\" Both ]{.font12}[hòulái]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[yǐhòu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ are time nouns which can be
translated as \"afterwards\" or \"later.\" But there are differences
between them:]{.font12}
[(1) ]{.font12}[Differences in patterns]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ]{.font12}[Yǐhòu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can either follow another element
(trans-lated as \"after\...\") or it can be used by itself.]{.font12}
[Tā láile yǐhòu, women Jiù zou le. After he came, we left.]{.font12}
[Yǐhòu tā méiyou zài láiguo. Afterwards, he never came back
again.]{.font12}
[Hòulái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can only be used
by itself.]{.font12}
[Hòulái tā jiù shuì jiào le. Afterwards he went to
sleep.]{.font12}
[(2) ]{.font12}[Differences in meaning]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Both ]{.font12}[jrǐhòu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[hòulái]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may be used to refer to]{.font12}
[the past. For example, either ]{.font12}[yǐhòu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[hòulái]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may be used in the
sentence]{.font12}
[Kāishǐde shihou tā bù zhǐdào zěnme bàn, kěshi hòulái/yǐhòu xiǎngchūle
yíge hǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[bànfa]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"in the
beginning, he didn't know what to do, but later he thought up a good
way.\"]{.font12}
[But if you want to say \"afterwards\" or \"later\" referring to the
future, you can only use ]{.font12}[yǐhòu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. When it refers to the future time,
]{.font12}[yǐhòu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can be
translated in various ways, depending on the context:]{.font12}
[Yǐhòude shìqing, děng yǐhòu zài Let's wait until ]{.font12}[the
future]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to see shuō•
about ]{.font12}[future]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ matters.]{.font12}
[Yǐhòu n? you kòng, qǐng cháng In the ]{.font12}[future]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ when you have time, lái wán.
please come over more often.]{.font12}
[Wo yǐhòu zài gàosu ni. I'll tell you ]{.font12}[later
on]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Tāde hāizi shuōle, yǐhòu tā His child said that
]{.font12}[someday]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, he
wants]{.font12}
[yào gēn yíge Rìběn rén jiēhūn. to marry a Japanese.]{.font12}
[Usage Note]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:
]{.font12}[Yǐhòu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ has the
literal meaning of \"after that.\" It implies that some past event
functions as a dividing point in time, a sort of time boundary.
]{.font12}[Yǐhòu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ refers to
the period from the end of that time boundary up to another point of
reference (usually the time of speaking). It is often translated as
\"since.\"]{.font12}
[Tā zhǐ xiěle yìběn shū, yǐhòu He only wrote one book, and hasn't zài
méi xiěguo. written any since (if he is
still]{.font12}
[alive) OR He wrote only one book, and after that never wrote another.
(if he is dead)]{.font12}
[gāibiàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to change;
change\"]{.font12}
[Wǒ bù míngbai tā wèishénme háishi I don't understand why he still
can\'t bù néng gaibiàn tāde guānniàn. change his ideas (way of
thinking).]{.font12}
[Biàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which you learned
in Unit 3, can be used only as a verb, not as a noun.
]{.font12}[Biàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and
]{.font12}[gāibiàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may be
interchangeable in a small number of contexts, but there is an essential
difference between them: ]{.font12}[Biàn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is a process verb, \"to become
different,\" and ]{.font12}[gāibiàn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is an action plus process, \"to
alter in such a way as to become different.\"This can cause
English-speaking students confusion because the English verb \"change\"
covers both these meanings. Here are some examples:]{.font12}
[Tāde xiāngfā biàn le. His way of thinking changed
(became]{.font12}
[different).]{.font12}
[Women yínggāi gāibiàn zhèige We should change this state
of]{.font12}
[qíngkuāng. affairs (alter this state of
affairs]{.font12}
[so that it becomes different).]{.font12}
[Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[lāodòng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: The verb \"to do
physical labor, to labor, to work\" or the noun \"physical labor, manual
labor.\"]{.font12}
[shēngchān lāodòng productive labor]{.font12}
[lāodòng shōurù income from work]{.font12}
[huo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to live\"
]{.font12}[Huō]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
]{.font12}[shēnghuo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, and
]{.font12}[zhù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may all be
translated as \"to live\" but actually have different meanings.
]{.font12}[Huo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ basically
refers to the body's having life or breath, and is the opposite of
]{.font12}[sǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.
]{.font12}[Shēnghuo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
emphasizes day-to-day living; it is used mostly when describing the
needs or quality of daily life. ]{.font12}[Zhù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used to talk about residence in
a particular place, either as one's home, or temporarily (]{.font12}[zhù
lūguān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to stay at a
hotel,\" and ]{.font12}[zhù yuan]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to stay in the
hospital\").]{.font12}
[Yu zai shuǐli cai neng huo. Fish can live only in
water.]{.font12}
[Nèige dìfangde rén kéyi huó dao The people there live to be
very]{.font12}
[hěn lǎo. old.]{.font12}
[Tā huóde hěn cháng.]{.font12}
[Tā dàgài huóbucháng le.]{.font12}
[Huó]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ often means \"to
live\" in the sense]{.font12}
[Tā Jin yīyuànde shihou, shéi dōu xiǎng tā bù néng huó le, kěshi tā you
huóle yìnián cái sǐ.]{.font12}
[Huó]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can modify a noun
directly, for example, ]{.font12}[huó yu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, live fish,\" ]{.font12}[huó
rén]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"living person.\"
But to say, \"is he alive?\" you must use ]{.font12}[huó]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ with the ending
-]{.font12}[zhe]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:
]{.font12}[Tā huozhe ma?]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Huó]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can also mean
\"movable, moving,\" as in: ]{.font12}[huózì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"movable type\";
]{.font12}[huóyè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"loose-leaf\" C]{.font12}[huóyèjiāzi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is \"loose-leaf binder\"!;
]{.font12}[huóshuǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"flowing water.\"]{.font12}
[xíguàn:]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ As a noun, this
means \"habit\" or, in a more general sense,]{.font12}
\
[\"custom, usual practice.\"]{.font12}
[Tǎng zai chuángshang[]{#footnote4}^[4](#bookmark73)^ kàn shū shi yíge
bù hǎode xíguàn.]{.font12}
[Wo you zǎo qǐde xíguàn.]{.font12}
[Taitai bù xǐhuan tā xiānsheng bànyè yīhòu cái hui jiāde
xíguàn.]{.font12}
[Zhèige jùzi bù zhīdào wèishenme zènme shuō, zhèi jiù shi wǒmen-de
xíguàn.]{.font12}
[He had a long life.]{.font12}
[He probably won't live much longer.]{.font12}
[of \"to survive\":]{.font12}
[When he went into the hospital, no one thought he could live (survive),
but he lived another year before he died]{.font12}
[It's a bad habit to read in bed.]{.font12}
[I'm an early riser. (Lit., \"I have the habit of getting up
early.\")]{.font12}
[The wife doesn't like her husband's habit of not coming home until
after midnight.]{.font12}
[I don't know ]{.font12}[why]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ this sentence is said this way.
It's just the way we say it.]{.font12}
[\'to get/be used to,]{.font12}
\
[As a verb, ]{.font12}[xíguàn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means]{.font12}
[Jīntiān shi wǒ dìyītiān dài yǎn-jìng, wǒ hái méi xíguàn. Wǒ xīwàng hěn
kuài jiu kéyi xíguàn le.]{.font12}
[Wǒ hěn bù xíguàn chī zhèrde fàn.]{.font12}
[Wǒ yījīng xíguàn zhème zuò le, hěn nán gǎi.]{.font12}
[to become/be accustomed to\":]{.font12}
[Today is my first day wearing glasses and I'm not used to them yet. I
hope I can get used to them quickly.]{.font12}
[I'm not at all used to the food here.]{.font12}
[I'm already used to doing it this way It's very hard to
change.]{.font12}
[ting]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This word., which
you already know as \"to listen,\" can also mean \"to heed, to obey\"
someone's suggestions, directions, or orders.]{.font12}
[Tā shuōde yǒu dàolǐ, nǐ yīnggāi What he says makes sense. You should
ting tāde huà. listen to him (do as he
says).]{.font12}
[Wǒ gàosu tā yīnggāi zhèiyang I told him he should, do this,
but]{.font12}
[zuò, tā bù tīng. he wouldn\'t listen.]{.font12}
[Hǎo ba, tīng nīde. Okay, I'll do as you say.
(]{.font12}[nīde]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
is]{.font12}
[short for ]{.font12}[nīde huà]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.)]{.font12}
[Lǐ Ping (B), Tom (A), and Lī Ping's classmate from Taiwan, Wáng Chéng
(D), have Just gone to the movie ]{.font12}[The Dream of the Red
Chamber]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[\*. On their way
home , they chat.]{.font12}
[B: Tāngmǔ, nī zěnme bù shuō huà?]{.font12}
[A: Duìbuqī, kàn zhèige diànyīng,]{.font12}
[shizài ràng rén bu shūfu, tèbié shi kàn dao nèige dìfangr . .
.]{.font12}
[D: Nǎge dìfang?]{.font12}
- [A: Jiù shi Dàiyù side shihou . . .]{.font12}
- [B: Ng, duì le, Dàiyù sīde shihou]{.font12}
[zhèng shi Bǎoyù Jiēhūnde shihou. Kan dao zhèli, zhēn shi ràng rén hěn
bu shūfu.]{.font12}
[D: Nīmen you méiyou zhùyidào, hěn]{.font12}
[duō nude kàn dao zhège dìfang dōu kū le.]{.font12}
- [A: Wǒ kàndao le. Ai, yǒude shihou,]{.font12}
[wǒ zhēnde bù míngbai, wèishenme hěn duō shūli háishi shuō Zhōng-guō
chuántǒngde dà Jiātíng you bù shǎo hǎochu, hǎochu zài náli? Wèile bǎochí
dà Jiātíngde chuán-tǒng, ràng niánqīngde yídài huò-zhě Jīdài chī name
duō kǔ, zhè Jiù shi dà Jiātíngde hǎochù ma?]{.font12}
[D: Dà Jiātíngde hǎochù xiànzài bu]{.font12}
[duō le. Nīmen zhīdào Zhōngguode dà Jiātíng gēn lìshī you guānxī.
Zhōngguo shi nongyè shèhuì, shēngchǎn dōu yào kào rénlì, shéi Jiāde
láolì duō, shéi Jiāde shēnghuo Jiù huì hǎo yìdiǎn. Lī Ping, nǐ xiǎng shi
bu shi zhèyàng ne?]{.font12}
- [B: Shi, shi zhèiyangde.]{.font12}
[A: Nàme, xiànzài qíngxing bù tong]{.font12}
\
[How come you aren't talking, Tom?]{.font12}
[I'm sorry. Watching this movie was really distressing. Especially when
it got to that part . . .]{.font12}
[Which part?]{.font12}
[The part when Dàiyù dies . . .]{.font12}
[Mm, right, Dàiyù dies Just when Bǎoyù is getting married. At that
point, I really felt uncomfortable.]{.font12}
[Did you notice, a lot of women started crying when it got to that
part.]{.font12}
[Yes. (Sigh) Sometimes I really don't understand why a lot of books say
that there were many advantages to the traditional Chinese large family.
What advantages? Just in order to preserve the tradition of the large
family, the younger generation or generations were made to suffer so
much. That's the advantage of the large family?]{.font12}
[The large family doesn't have many advantages any more. You know, the
large family has to do with Chinese history. China was an agricultural
society, and production depended on manpower. If a family had a larger
labor force they had a better life. Lī Ping, do you think that's
right?]{.font12}
[Yes, that's right.]{.font12}
[But now the situation is different.]{.font12}
\
['This novel by Cáo Xuěqín (172U?-1?6U) tells of the twilight years of
the Jiǎ family, grown wealthy in the service of Qīng Dynasty emperors.
The story revolves around the spoiled and effeminate young man of the
house, ]{.font12}[Jiǎ Bǎoyù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (Precious Jade), and his love for
his cousin, ]{.font12}[Lin Dàiyù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (Black Jade).]{.font12}
[le, xiànzài gōngshāngyè fādá le, wèishenme hái yǒu ren shuō dà Jiātíng
hao ne?]{.font12}
[D: Dà Jiātíngde guānniàn yǐjíng]{.font12}
[yǒu Jǐqiānniánde lìshǐ le, yào gaibiàn tā, xūyào bǐjiào chángde
shíjiān. Dàlùde qíngxing wǒ bù qíngchu, Taiwānde qíngxing shi dà Jiātíng
yuè lái yuè shǎo le. Suīrán Zhōngguo rén xǐhuan dà Jiātíng, Juédé dàjiā
zhù zai yìqǐ, hùxiāng yǒu zhàogu, dànshi gōngshāngyè fādá le, gōngzuòde
Jíhuì duō le, xiǎo Jiātíng yě Jiu yuè lái yuè duō le.]{.font12}
\
[B: Xiànzài dà Jiātíng yuè lái yuè]{.font12}
[shǎo, zǎohūnde fēngsú yě Jiu méiyou le.]{.font12}
\
[A:]{.font12}
\
[Zāohūn hé dà Jiātíng yǒu shénme]{.font12}
\
[guānxi ma?]{.font12}
\
[D: You guānxi. Zhè zhǔyào° shi láo-]{.font12}
[lìde wèntí.]{.font12}
\
[B: Nǐ xiǎng, zāohūn, zǎo you háizi,]{.font12}
[Jiāli láodònglì duō, lǎorén yě Jiu kéyi zǎo yidiǎn dédào
zhàogu.]{.font12}
\
[A: Kěshi zài gōngshāngyè shèhuìli,]{.font12}
[duōshù lǎorén dōu yǒu shōurù. Xiànzài Táiwān yǐjíng shi gōngshāngyè
shèhuì, zhèiyangde wèntí yě Jiu méiyou le.]{.font12}
[B: Dànshi, nǐ bié wàngle, dàlù hái]{.font12}
[shi nongyè shèhuì, zhàogu lǎorén-de wèntí hái shi dà wèntí, zǎohūnde
fēngsú yě háishi yǒu.]{.font12}
\
[A: Nǐ dàgài nòngcuòle ba, dàlùde]{.font12}
[zhèngfù zěnme huì tongyì rénmen zāohūn ne?]{.font12}
\
[Now that industry and commerce are highly developed, why do some people
still say that the large family is good?]{.font12}
[The concept of the large family has already existed for several
thousand years. It'll take a rather long time to change it. I don't know
about the situation on the mainland. But on Taiwan, the situation is
that there are fewer and fewer large families. Although the Chinese like
big families and think that if everyone lives together they can take
care of each other, industry and commerce are flourishing and there are
more Job opportunities, so there are more and more small
families.]{.font12}
[Now as large families grow fewer and fewer, the custom of child
marriage will disappear.]{.font12}
[Is child marriage related to the large family?]{.font12}
[Yes. It's mainly a question of labor force.]{.font12}
[After all, with child marriage, children are born sooner, the family
has more work hands, and the old people can get taken care of
sooner.]{.font12}
[But in an industrial-commercial society, most of the old people have an
income. Today Taiwan is already an industrial-commercial society, so
that kind of problem doesn't exist there anymore.]{.font12}
[But don't forget that the mainland is still an agricultural society.
Caring for old people is still a big problem, and the custom of child
marriage still exists there.]{.font12}
[You must be mistaken. How could the government on the mainland agree to
let people marry as children?]{.font12}
\
[zhǔyào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"mainly\"]{.font12}
[B: Wǒ shuōde shi nóngcūn,! shénme]{.font12}
[zǎohūn na, zhòng nán qīng nú a, zhèizhǒng shi zǒng shi he Jīngji bù
fādá you guānxide.]{.font12}
\
[D: Wǒ shizài bù xǐhuan zaohūn. Wo]{.font12}
[xiang duōshù zǎohūnde rén hòulái-de shēnghuó dōu you diǎn
wèntí.]{.font12}
\
[B: Tèbié shi fùnū.]{.font12}
\
- [A: Duì le, wǒ tīngshuōguo zhèiyang]{.font12}
[yìzhong shuōfā: Zhōngguo fùnu méiyou Jiēhūn yǐqián yào ting fùmǔde,
Jiele hūn děi tīng zhàngfude, zhàngfu sǐle děi tīng érzide.\^ Qīngwèn,
Zhōngguo fùnu shénme shihou cái néng you tāmen zìjǐde xiǎngfǎ, shénme
shihou cái néng you yidiǎnr zìyóu ne?]{.font12}
- [B: Ou, xiànzài méiyou rén Jiǎng]{.font12}
[zhèixiē le.]{.font12}
- [A: Suīrán méiyou rén Jiǎng, kěshi]{.font12}
[zhèizhǒng chuántong sīxiǎng\^ hái-shi you a!]{.font12}
[D: Nī shuōde yě you dàolǐ, háishi]{.font12}
[nàjù huà, Jīqiānniánde lǎo guānniàn bǔ shi hěn kuài kéyi
gǎibiànde.]{.font12}
- [B: Ììg, búguò wǒ xiǎng, dàlù yě]{.font12}
[hǎo, Táiwān yě hǎo, Jīshínián lái dōu yǒule hěn dàde gǎibiàn, fùnude
dìwei yě dōu yǒule tígāo, chuántǒngde guānniàn yě zài biàn.]{.font12}
[A: Ng, zheyidian wo tongyi.]{.font12}
\
[I'm talking about rural areas, Things like child marriage or regarding
males as superior to females always have to do with an undeveloped
economy.]{.font12}
[I really don't like child marriage. I think that most people who are
married as children have problems later on in life.]{.font12}
[Especially women.]{.font12}
[Right. I've heard a saying to the effect that before a Chinese woman
gets married she has to obey her parents, after she gets married she has
to obey her husband, and after her husband dies she has to obey her son.
I ask you, when will Chinese women be able to think for themselves? When
will they be able to have a little freedom?]{.font12}
[Nobody is strict about those customs anymore.]{.font12}
[Nobody is strict about them, but the traditional thinking is still
there!]{.font12}
[That's right. It's still the same old story. Ideas which are several
thousand years old can't be changed very quickly.]{.font12}
[Yeah, but I think that both the mainland and Taiwan have undergone big
changes in the past few decades. The status of women has improved, and
traditional ideas are changing.]{.font12}
[Mm, that I agree with.]{.font12}
\
[I\']{.font12}[nóngcūn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"rural area\" (See Unit 6)]{.font12}
[\^]{.font12}[Zhōngguo funu meiyou jiēhūn yiqian yao tīng
fùmǔde]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: (1)
]{.font12}[méiyou jiēhūn yǐqián]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is completely equivalent to
]{.font12}[Jiēhūn yǐqián]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
\"before getting married\". The ]{.font12}[méiyou]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ does not change the meaning. (2)
]{.font12}[Tīng fùmǔde]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is
equivalent to ]{.font12}[tīng fùmǔde huà]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to obey one's
parents.\"]{.font12}
[\^]{.font12}[sīxiǎng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"thought, thinking\" (See Life in China module, Unit h)]{.font12}
[\^]{.font12}[tígāo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"raise, improve(ment)\" (See Traveling in China module, Unit
2)]{.font12}
[B: Hǎo, women dào jiǎ le. Wang]{.font12}
[Chéng jìnqu zuòzuo ba!]{.font12}
[D: Hǎo, jìnqù yíxià.]{.font12}
[Okay, we are at my house. Come in for a while, Wang Chéng,
okay?]{.font12}
[Okay, I'll come in for a while.]{.font12}
[Exercise 1]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit.
The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed, by a pause for you
to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your
answer.]{.font12}
[All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may
want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several
times.]{.font12}
[Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[This exercise is a conversation between a grandmother and her
high-school-age granddaughter in Tianjin.]{.font12}
[The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely
you'll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below
as you listen a second time.]{.font12}
[Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
conversation:]{.font12}
[Zhāng Lǐ Shi (an old way of referring to
a]{.font12}
[woman whose own surname is Lǐ and whose husband's surname is
Zhāng)]{.font12}
[zài shuō besides, moreover]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk
about them in class.]{.font12}
- [1. Can you infer how people generally learn about new policies like
birth control in China?]{.font12}
- [2. What does Grandma think of the new policy?]{.font12}
- [3. What is the difference between the old and the new custom with
regard to taking one's husband's surname after marriage?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take
a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your
answers.]{.font12}
[Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate
English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the
literal meaning of the Chinese.]{.font12}
[Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In this conversation two classmates are talking in Hong Kong about the
situation on the mainland.]{.font12}
[Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second
time through, look below and answer the questions.]{.font12}
[Here are the new words you will need to understand this
conversation:]{.font12}
[shichang market]{.font12}
[nóngmín peasant]{.font12}
[For this conversation, you also need to know what \"free markets\" are.
The Chinese term is ]{.font12}[zìyou shìchǎng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. These are government-controlled,
negotiated-price markets which individual peasants, brigades, or
communes hold in the cities at officially designated locations to sell
agricultural products, livestock, and fish. After units have fulfilled
state quotas for an agricultural sideline product, any surplus (with the
exception of certain restricted products) may be sold on the open
market. Free markets are supposed to encourage agricultural sideline
production, stimulate the exchange of urban and rural products, improve
the supply of non-staple foods in the cities, and supplement
state-operated commerce.]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk
about them in class.]{.font12}
- [1. How do free markets help peasants? How do they help agricultural
production?]{.font12}
- [2. How do free markets improve life for people in the
cities?]{.font12}
- [3. What other developments in the countryside do the classmates
think will affect the mainland's economic situation?]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [U. For how long did classmate B's family live in the Jiangxi
countryside?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take
a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which
you have prepared.]{.font12}
[.]{.font12}[Exercise U]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In this exercise two classmates in Hong Kong discuss a death in the
family of a friend.]{.font12}
[Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape
and listen again. On the second time through, answer the
questions.]{.font12}
[You will need the following words and phrases:]{.font12}
[lǎoxiānsheng old gentleman]{.font12}
[gǔhuī ashes (of a person)]{.font12}
[sònghuiqu to take back]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise U]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can
t]{.font12}[alk ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[about them
in class.]{.font12}
- [1. Where will Mr. Wang's remains be buried?]{.font12}
- [2. What was the nature of family clashes between Mr. Wang and his
five sons?]{.font12}
- [3. From Mr. Wang's point of view, what were the advantages in
having his sons get married young?]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [U. What did his sons think about early marriage?]{.font12}
[5. What did Mr. Wang gradually come to understand that made him give up
trying to have his sons marry early?]{.font12}
[6. What sentence can you say to someone in a conversation to suggest
that you talk about a different topic?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions, you may want to take a look at
the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to
the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers
correctly.]{.font12}
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In Tiānjīn, a grandmother talks with her high school age
daughter.]{.font12}
- [A: Xiǎolán, kàn hào na!]{.font12}
- [B: Nǎinai, jǐntiǎn hàoshang shuōle,]{.font12}
[\"Yíge zuì hǎo, liǎngge gòu le, sānge tài duō\"!]{.font12}
- [A: Shénme? \"Yíge zuì hǎo\"? Wǒ]{.font12}
[méi tīngmínghai.]{.font12}
- [B: Nà shi shuō shēng háizi, shēng]{.font12}
[yíge zuì hǎo, liǎngge jiù gòu le, sānge tài duō.]{.font12}
- [A: ~w~\"Shēng yíge zuì hǎo\"? Shēng ge nuháizi zěnme hàn? Hái děi
zài shēng yíge nánde ma!]{.font12}
- [B: Ei, nǎinai, nuháizi you shenme]{.font12}
[hù hǎo? Nánháizi yě hǎo, nuháizi yě hǎo, dōu shi zìjīde háizi
ya!]{.font12}
- [A: Nà hù yíyàng, nuháizi jiēle hūn,]{.font12}
[shēngle háizi, háizi děi xing zhàngfude xìngr, nī xiǎng nánháizi he
nuháizi yíyàng ma?]{.font12}
- [B: ~w~Nà wǒ hù tongyì. Nín yě shi nude, nín wèishenme nàme kànbuqī
fùnu a?]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Bu shi kànhuqǐ, shèhuìde qíng]{.font12}
[xing jiù shi zhèiyangr. Nǐ yéye xing Zhāng, wǒ zìjǐ xing LǏ, jiēhūn
yǐhòu rénjia jiào wo ]{.font12}[Zhāng Lǐ Shi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, zěnme méiyou rén jiào wo Lǐ Zhāng
Shi?]{.font12}
- [B: Zhèi shi jiù fēngsú, xiànzài]{.font12}
[méiyou zhèixiē shuōfǎr le. Wǒ shi Zhāng Xiǎolán, jiēhūn yǐhòu wǒ hái
shi Zhāng Xiǎolán.]{.font12}
- [A: Yǐhòu háizi yě xing Zhāng ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Zěnme bù kéyi, nín kàn duìmiànr-]{.font12}
[de Wáng Āyí, yǒule háizi jiào Wang Lin, yě méiyou rén shuō bù kéyi ma!
]{.font12}[Zài shuō]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, duō
shēng háizi you]{.font12}
\
[Reading the paper, Xiǎolán?]{.font12}
[Grandma, today it says in the paper, \"One is best, two are enough,
three are too many\"!]{.font12}
[What? \"One is best\"? I don\'t understand.]{.font12}
[It\'s about having children. It\'s best to have one, two are enough,
and three are too many.]{.font12}
[\"It\'s best to have one\"? What do you do if you have a girl? Then you
have to try to have a boy!]{.font12}
[But Grandma, what\'s wrong with girls? Boys or girls, they\'re all
one\'s own children!]{.font12}
[It\'s not the same thing. When a girl gets married and has a child, the
child has to take the husband\'s surname. You think boys are the same as
girls?]{.font12}
[That I don\'t agree with. You\'re a woman too. Why do you look down on
women so much?]{.font12}
[It\'s not that I look down on them. That\'s the way society is. Your
grandfather\'s name is Zhāng and mine is Lǐ. After we got married people
called me Zhāng LǏ Shi. Why didn\'t anyone call me Lǐ Zhāng
Shi!]{.font12}
[That\'s the old custom. Those terms aren\'t used anymore. I\'m Zhāng
Xiǎolán, and after I get married I\'ll still be Zhāng Xiǎolán.]{.font12}
[And will your children use the surname Zhāng too?]{.font12}
[Why not? Look at Auntie Wáng across the way. When she had her child it
was called Wáng LÍn, and no one said there was anything wrong with
that.]{.font12}
\
[shénme hǎochur, dajiā shōurù dōu bù duō, háizi duōle, dàren duō
kǔ!]{.font12}
\
[A: Hǎole, hāole, jiù suàn nǐ shuōde]{.font12}
[duì. Kuài chī fàn ba! Chīwánle hái děi shàng xué qu na!]{.font12}
\
[Besides, what's the advantage in having a lot of children? Everyone has
a small income, and if there are a lot of children, how hard it is for
the adults!]{.font12}
[Okay, okay, let's say you're right. Hurry up and eat! You have to go to
school after you finish eating!]{.font12}
\
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In Hong Kong, two classmates are talking.]{.font12}
- [A: Nǐ zuìjìn kàn bào le meiyou?]{.font12}
- [B: Shénme bào?]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Dàlù bàozhī. You yíjiàn shìqing]{.font12}
[hěn you yìsi, bù zhīdào nǐ zhùyì le meiyou?]{.font12}
- [B: Shénme shi?]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Zìyóu ]{.font12}[shìchāng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
- [B: Ng, wǒ yě kàndao le, wǒ xiàng]{.font12}
[zhei shi yíge bāngzhu ]{.font12}[nóngmín ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[zhuàn qiánde hāo bànfa.]{.font12}
- [A: Lìngwài yidiǎn, nóngmínde shōurù]{.font12}
[duō le, duì nóngyè shēngchǎn yě you hāochu.]{.font12}
- [B: Duì, wǒ xiǎng wèile ràng xiāng-]{.font12}
[xiade shēngchǎn hé shēnghuó qíngkuàng hǎo yidiǎn, zhèiyangde shìchāng
yǐnggāi bànxiaqu.]{.font12}
- [A: Erqiě, chéngli rénde shēnghuó yě]{.font12}
[huì hǎo yidiǎnr, tāmen kéyi zài zìyóu shìchāng mǎidao xīnxiande cài,
zhēnshi bú cuò.]{.font12}
- [B: Yǐhòu zìyóu shìchāng yuè bàn]{.font12}
[yuè hǎo, xiāngxiade xiǎo gōngshāngyè yě huì fādáqilai, dàlùde jīngji
qíngkuàng huì you hěn dàde gǎibiàn.]{.font12}
\
[Have you been reading the papers lately?]{.font12}
[What papers?]{.font12}
[The mainland newspapers. I wonder if you've noticed something very
interesting.]{.font12}
[What?]{.font12}
[Free markets.]{.font12}
[Mm, I've seen that too. I think it's a good way to help peasants make
money.]{.font12}
[And another point is that it will be good for agricultural production
if the peasants' income goes up.]{.font12}
[Right. I think they ought to continue running these markets in order to
make production and living conditions in the country better.]{.font12}
[What's more, life will be better for people in the cities. They can buy
fresh foods at the free markets. It's really pretty good.]{.font12}
[In the future, free markets will get better and better, small industry
and commerce in the countryside will begin to prosper, and there will be
big changes in the mainland's economic situation.]{.font12}
\
- [A: Wǒ jìde nǐ lǎojiā zài Jiangxi.]{.font12}
\
- [B: Shi. Ting wǒ fùqin shuō, tāmen]{.font12}
[jǐdài rén dōu zhù zai Jiāngxǐ xiāngxià.]{.font12}
- [A: Xiànzài lǎojiā hái yǒu rén ha?]{.font12}
- [B: Yǒu, wǒ tíngshuō nerde qíngkuàng]{.font12}
[xiànzài hú cuò le.]{.font12}
- [A: Nà hǎo, yǒu jíhui xiǎng huíqu]{.font12}
[kànkan ha?]{.font12}
- [B: Yídìng!]{.font12}
\
[I remember your family is from Jiāngxǐ.]{.font12}
[Yes. My father tells me that they lived in the Jiāngxǐ countryside for
several generations.]{.font12}
[You still have family there, don't you?]{.font12}
[Yes. I understand that the situation there is pretty good
now.]{.font12}
[That's good, if you have the chance do you want to go hack to
visit?]{.font12}
[Sure!]{.font12}
\
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise u]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Conversation between two classmates in]{.font12}
- [A: Wǒ tíngshuō Wang Tāode fùqin sǐ]{.font12}
[le.]{.font12}
- [B: Shi. Wang Tāo hé tā mǔqin xià]{.font12}
[Xīngqīyī yào bǎ ]{.font12}[lǎoxiānshengd]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e ]{.font12}[gǔhuǐ
sònghuiqu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
- [A: Tāmen lǎojiā zài nǎr?]{.font12}
- [B: Zài Guǎngdōng.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Tíngshuō Wang Lǎoxiānsheng huó-]{.font12}
[zhede shihou chángcháng xǐhuan tan lǎojiāde shir?]{.font12}
- [B: Shi a! Wang Lǎoxiānsheng rén]{.font12}
[hěn hǎo, jiù shi yǒu diǎnr lǎo guānniàn, zǒng xiǎng bǎochí dà jiātíngde
chuántǒng, kěshi jiā-lide niánqīng rén duōshu dōu bù ting tāde huà, you
shihou tā yě hěn bu gāoxìng.]{.font12}
[A: \' Nǐ néng bu néng gěi wo jiǎng-jiang ne?]{.font12}
\
[Hong Kong.]{.font12}
[I hear that Wang Tāo's father died.]{.font12}
[Yes. Wang Tāo and his mother are going to take the old gentleman's
ashes back next Monday.]{.font12}
[Where's their family from?]{.font12}
[Guǎngdōng.]{.font12}
[I understand that when Mr. Wang was alive he often liked to talk about
the way things were back in their old home, is that right?]{.font12}
[Yes! Mr. Wang was a very good person, but he was a bit old-fashioned in
his way of thinking. He always wanted to keep the tradition of the large
family, but most of the young people in the family wouldn't listen to
him. So sometimes he was very displeased.]{.font12}
[Can you tell me about it?]{.font12}
\
[°It is the custom to take the remains back to one's hometown.]{.font12}
[B: Xíng a! Wáng Lǎoxiānsheng you]{.font12}
[wǔge érzi, tā yuànyi érzimen zǎohūn, tā xiǎng, zǎo jiēhūn, zǎo you
sūnzi, nà duo hǎo!]{.font12}
- [A: Zǎohūn, lǎorén yě kéyi zǎo]{.font12}
[yidiǎnr you zhàogu, zhè bú cuò.]{.font12}
- [B: Wáng Lǎoxiānsheng zhèng shi]{.font12}
[zhèige yìsi. Keshi érzimen bú nàme xiǎng.]{.font12}
- [A: Tāmen zěnme xiǎng?]{.font12}
- [B: Tāmen shuō nèizhǒng \"zǎohūn,]{.font12}
[jiāli láodònglì duō, shōurù jiu duō, shēnghuo jiu hǎo\" de xiǎngfǎ
shizài shi tài jiù le. Tāmen shi niánqīng rén, tāmende guānniàn dōu shi
xīnde.]{.font12}
- [A: Wáng Lǎoxiānsheng zěnme bàn ne?]{.font12}
- [B: Hòulái tā mànmànde yě míngbai]{.font12}
[xiànzài gēn guòqù wánquán bù tong le, tā yě jiù bù shuō shenme le.
Suōyi yìzhí dào Wáng Xiān-sheng sǐ, Jiāli yě méiyou shenme dà
wèntí.]{.font12}
- [A: Hǎo le, women huàn ge tímu ba,]{.font12}
[tántan nīde qíngxing. Nī zuìjìn zěnmeyàng? Niàn shū niànde hǎo bu
hǎo?]{.font12}
- [B: Bu cuò, jiù shi máng. Jǐntiǎn]{.font12}
[you diǎn shíjiān xiūxi xiuxi, women qù hē chá hǎo bu hǎo?]{.font12}
[A: Hǎo, zǒu ba!]{.font12}
[Sure! Mr. Wáng had five sons. He wanted his sons to marry
early.]{.font12}
[He thought that if Chis sons3 got married young, he would get grandsons
sooner, and how great that would be.]{.font12}
[With early marriage, old people can be cared for sooner; that\'s good
too.]{.font12}
[That\'s exactly what Mr. Wáng had in mind. But his sons didn\'t think
think so.]{.font12}
[What did they think?]{.font12}
[They thought the idea that \"early marriage brings the family more
manpower, and therefore more income and a better life\" is really too
old. They\'re young people and all their ideas are new ones.]{.font12}
[What did Mr. Wáng do?]{.font12}
[Later he gradually came to understand that things are completely
different now from the way they used to be, so he stopped talking about
it. So there weren\'t any big problems in the family up until Mr. Wáng
died.]{.font12}
[Okay, let\'s change the subject and talk about your situation. How have
you been lately? Are your studies going well?]{.font12}
[Pretty well, its just that I\'m busy. But today I have time to take a
break. Let\'s go have some tea, okay?]{.font12}
[Okay, let\'s go!]{.font12}
[UNIT 6 Politics and. Culture]{.font12}
[INTRODUCTION]{.font12}
[Grammar Topics Covered, in This Unit]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
- [1. -]{.font12}[de huà]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ''if,\" "in case."]{.font12}
- [2. Choosing between -]{.font12}[guo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and -le.]{.font12}
- [3. More on ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"in the midst of."]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [U. ]{.font12}[Bù guǎn. ..]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ , ''no matter.'']{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [5.]{.font12}[ Nǎr]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
used in rhetorical questions to make a denial.]{.font12}
- [6. Reduplicating adjectival verbs for vividness.]{.font12}
- [7.]{.font12}[ Qù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and
]{.font12}[lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
expressing purpose.]{.font12}
- [8.]{.font12}[ (Amount of time) lai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ''in the past\...," ''over the
past\....'']{.font12}
[Functional Language Contained in This Unit]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
- [1. Requesting to speak with someone.]{.font12}
- [2. Making a comment in order to verify a piece of
information.]{.font12}
- [3. Expressing that you are disturbed by a troublesome
circumstance.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [U. Expressing scandalized disapproval.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [1. A: Nǐ yàoshi xiǎng tīng ]{.font12}[gùshi-de huà]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, wǒ gěi ni jiǎng yíge
ya!]{.font12}
[B: Suàn Le. Wǒmen ]{.font12}[xiǎ qí]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ba!]{.font12}
- [2. A: Tīngshuǒ ]{.font12}[jiěfàng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ yǐhòu,
]{.font12}[Gǒngchǎndǎng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ zuǒle xiě hǎo shi.]{.font12}
[B: Eng, you xiě ]{.font12}[zhèngcè]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ shi hú cuò, you xiě hú tǎi
hǎo.]{.font12}
- [3. A: Lǎo Wangde érzi ]{.font12}[rùg]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[uo ]{.font12}[Tuan]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ma?]{.font12}
[B: Méiyou, tīngshuǒ cānjiǎguo ]{.font12}[Hongwèibīng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[U. A: Nǐ tīngshuǒ le ma, Lǎo Zhǎngde nuér ]{.font12}[àishang ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[Xiǎo Wang le.]{.font12}
[B: Zhè zhēn shi mafan shir, Lǎo Zhang zuì ]{.font12}[hen]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ Wang-jiǎde rén.]{.font12}
[5. A: Rúguo nī hú ]{.font12}[jièyìd]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e huà, wǒ xiǎng hé nǐde mishu tan
Jifēn zhōng.]{.font12}
[B: Tā zài ]{.font12}[dǎ zì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, mashàng Jiù lai.]{.font12}
[If you want to listen to a story, I'll tell you one.]{.font12}
[Forget it. Let's play chess.]{.font12}
[I've heard that the Communist Party did some good things after
liberation. []{#footnote5}^[5](#bookmark74)^]{.font12}
[Yes, some policies were all right, hut some weren't too good.]{.font12}
[Did Lǎo Wang's son ever Join the Communist Youth League?]{.font12}
[No, hut I've heard that he was in the Red Guards.]{.font12}
[Have you heard? Lǎo Zhang's daughter has fallen in love with
Xiǎo]{.font12}
[Wáng.]{.font12}
[This is really trouble. Lǎo Zhāng really hates the Wáng
family.]{.font12}
[If you don't mind, I'd like to talk with your secretary for a few
minutes.]{.font12}
[He's typing, he'll be here in a moment.]{.font12}
[6.]{.font12}
\
[A:]{.font12}
\
[Zhèige háizi ]{.font12}[bú xiàng huà]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[bù guǎn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ zěnme shuō dōu bù tīng.]{.font12}
[B: Duì ma, zhè nǎr xiàng Xīn Zhōngguode ]{.font12}[értong]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[!]{.font12}
[This child is too much. No matter what you say, he Just doesn't
listen.]{.font12}
[Yes, he's certainly no Cnot like anyl child of \"New China.\"]{.font12}
- [7. A: Zhèipiān ]{.font12}[duǎnpiān]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ xiǎoshuō xiěde shi
shénme?]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [B: Xiěde shi yíge ]{.font12}[nongcūn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[gànhud]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e gùshi.]{.font12}
- [8. A: Nǐ ]{.font12}[Jí Jímángmángd]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e, zuò shénme qu a?]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [B:]{.font12}[ Shàng xué]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ qu a!]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [9. A: ]{.font12}[Zhèngfǔ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ shǐ hu shi ]{.font12}[hǎohù
]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[rénmende
cáichǎn?]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [B: Shǐ. Zhèngfǔ ]{.font12}[shíxíng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[hǎohù rénmen cáichǎnde zhèngcè.]{.font12}
- [10. Zài Gòngchǎndǎng ]{.font12}[lǐngdǎoxià]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, Zhōngguo zài
]{.font12}[shǐjiès]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[hangde dìwei yǒule hěn dàde
gǎihiàn.]{.font12}
[What is this short story about?]{.font12}
[It's the story of a cadre in a rural area.]{.font12}
[What are you in such a hurry to go do?]{.font12}
[I'm going to school!]{.font12}
[Does the government protect people's property?]{.font12}
[Yes. The government is carrying out a policy of protecting people's
property.]{.font12}
[Under the leadership of the Communist Party, China's position in the
world has changed greatly.]{.font12}
- [11. A: Shínián ]{.font12}[lái]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, zhèi liǎngge
]{.font12}[chéngshǐd]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e
gōngshāngyè yuè lái yuè fādá le.]{.font12}
[B: Zhè hé zhèngfǔde lǐngdǎo]{.font12}
[shi fēnbùkāide.]{.font12}
[In the past ten years industry and commerce in these two cities have
hecome more and more developed.]{.font12}
[This can't he separated from the government's leadership.]{.font12}
[ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY]{.font12}
- [12. dang]{.font12}
- [13. yuányīn]{.font12}
[1U. Jiārù]{.font12}
[political party; (capital D-) the (Communist) Party]{.font12}
[reason, cause]{.font12}
[to Join]{.font12}
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| | [VOCABULARY]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [ài àishang]{.font12} | [to love]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [to fall in love with]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [bǎohù]{.font12} | [to protect]{.font12} |
| | |
| [bù guan]{.font12} | [no matter (what, whether, |
| | etc.)]{.font12} |
| [bú xiàng huà]{.font12} | |
| | [to be ridiculous, to be |
| | outrageous, to be absurd (talk, |
| | acts, etc.)]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [canjiā]{.font12} | [to participate in, to take part |
| | in, to Join, to attend]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [chéngshì]{.font12} | [city; urban]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [dang dǎ zì -de huà | [(political) party to type (on a |
| duǎnpiān]{.font12} | typewriter) if; in case; |
| | supposing that short (stories, |
| | articles)]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [értóng]{.font12} | [child (formal word)]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [fen fēnkāi]{.font12} | [to divide, to separate, to split |
| | to separate, to split |
| | up]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [gànbu Gòngchǎndǎng | [cadre]{.font12} |
| gùshi]{.font12} | |
| | [the Communist Party |
| | story]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [hen]{.font12} | [to hate, to loathe, to detest |
| | (a) Red Guard; the Red |
| [Hóngwàibīng]{.font12} | Guards]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [Jiǎrù Jiěfàng jièyì jíjímángmang | [to join]{.font12} |
| jímáng]{.font12} | |
| | [to liberate, to emancipate; |
| | liberation]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [to mind, to take |
| | offense]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [in a big hurry]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [to be hasty, to be |
| | hurried]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [\...lái lǐngdǎo]{.font12} | [for the past\...(amount of time) |
| | to lead, to direct, to |
| | exercise]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [leadership (over); leadership; |
| | leader, leading cadre]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [nóngcūn]{.font12} | [country, rural area; rural; |
| | village]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [ru]{.font12} | [to enter; to Join]{.font12} |
| | |
| [rù Tuan]{.font12} | [to Join the Communist Youth |
| | League |
| | (]{.font12}[Gòngqingtuán]{.font12 |
| | sty |
| | le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ |
| | or ]{.font12}[Gòngchǎnzhǔyì |
| | Qīngniántuán]{.font12 |
| | style="text-de |
| | coration:underline;"}[)]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [-shang]{.font12} | [(verb ending indicating starting |
| | and continuing)]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [shàng xué]{.font12} | [to go to school; to attend |
| | school]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [shijiè shijièshang | [world]{.font12} |
| shíxíng]{.font12} | |
| | [in the world, in the whole |
| | world]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [to practice, to carry out, to |
| | put into effect, to |
| | implement]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [-tuán Tuan]{.font12} | [group, society]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [the (Communist Youth) |
| | League]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [-xia xia qí]{.font12} | [under]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [to play chess]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [yuányīn]{.font12} | [reason, cause]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [zhèngcè zhèngfǔ]{.font12} | [policy government]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
[1. A: Nǐ yàoshi xiǎng tīng ]{.font12}[gùshi-]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ If you want to listen to a story,
]{.font12}[de huà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, wǒ gěi
ni Jiang I'll tell you one.]{.font12}
[yíge ya!]{.font12}
[B: Suàn le. Women ]{.font12}[xià qí]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ha! Forget it. Let's play
chess.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 1]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[gùshi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"story,\" only in
the sense of a short, fictional tale. Remember that another word you
have learned, ]{.font12}[xiǎoshuō]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, can also be used for \"story\" in
the sense of a literary work. Also take special note that a news
\"story\" should be translated as ]{.font12}[xǐnwěn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (NOT ]{.font12}[gùshi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[).]{.font12}
[\"To tell stories\" is ]{.font12}[Jiǎng (OR shuō) gùshi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (don't use the verb
]{.font12}[gàosu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[).]{.font12}
[Nǐmen zhèr yǒu shénme értǒng Do you have any children's stories gùshi
ma? here? (in a bookstore)]{.font12}
[Zhèipiān gùshi xiěde zhēn hǎo. This story is very well
written.]{.font12}
[Gùshi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may take as a
counter either -ge, -]{.font12}[duàn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, or -]{.font12}[pian]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (for written stories).]{.font12}
[-]{.font12}[de huà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:
\"if,\" \"in case,\" or \"supposing that\" Used at the end of a clause
which tells a hypothetical situation, often in combination with another
word for \"if\" (]{.font12}[yàoshi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[rúguǒ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, etc.) earlier in the same
clause.]{.font12}
[Yàoshi nǐ bu qùde huà, wǒ yě bu If you don't go, I won't go.
qù.]{.font12}
[Chǐ fàn chībǎo le, yàoshi zài chǐ If you eat more after you're already
de huà, dùzi Jiu bù shūfu le. full, your stomach won't feel
well.]{.font12}
[Wǒ qǐlai tài zǎode huà, wǒ Jiù If I get up too early I feel tired, huì
Juéde lèi.]{.font12}
[Yào shi wǒde huà, wǒ bu nàme zuò. If it had been me, I wouldn't
have]{.font12}
[done it that way.]{.font12}
[xià qí]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"play chess\"
This is actually a general word for several different kinds of chess or
other board games. CSpecific names do exist for each game:
]{.font12}[xiàngqí]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"Chinese chess\"; ]{.font12}[tiàoqí]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"(the Chinese form of)
checkers\"; ]{.font12}[wéiqí]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"go\" (a board game);
]{.font12}[guojì xiàngqí]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
(PRC) or ]{.font12}[xǐyáng qí]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (Taiwan), \"international or
Western chess\"; etc.J]{.font12}
[Nǐ gēn shéi xià qí?]{.font12}
\
[Who did you play chess with?]{.font12}
[Tā xià qí xiàde hěn hǎo.]{.font12}
\
[He plays chess very well.]{.font12}
\
[2. A: Tīngshuǒ ]{.font12}[jiěfàng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ yīhòu,
]{.font12}[Gòngchǎndǎng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
zuole xiě hǎo shi.]{.font12}
[B: Eng, you xiě ]{.font12}[zhèngcè]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ shi hú cuò, you xiē hú tài
hǎo.]{.font12}
\
[I've heard that the Communist Party did some good things after
liberation.]{.font12}
[Yes, some policies were all right, hut some weren't too good.]{.font12}
\
[Notes on No. 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[jiěfàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to liberate,
to emancipate; liberation\" This word is applied in Communist ideology
to the overthrow of what is considered \"reactionary\" rule. In China
today ]{.font12}[jiěfàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
may be used to refer to the actual occupation of an individual area by
Communist forces at any time from 19\^+5 up until 1950 (when the
administrative authority of the Communist government had finally
extended throughout the mainland and Hǎinán Island). For example, if
someone says]{.font12}
[Women zhèige dìfang jiěfàngde Our area was liberated late (in the wǎn.
revolution).]{.font12}
[this means that Communist forces reached their area at a late date
(perhaps in late 19\^+9 or early 1950). ]{.font12}[Jiěfàng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may also be used to refer to the
end of \"China's War of Liberation,\" marked by the official
proclamation of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 19\^+9. For
example,]{.font12}
[Jiěfàng yīhòude jīnián, wǒ zhù For the first few years after liber-zai
Shànghǎi. ation I lived in Shànghǎi.]{.font12}
[Gòngchǎndǎng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"the
Communist party,\" literally \"share-property party\" In a mainland
China context, the Communist party is often referred to simply as
]{.font12}[Dǎng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"the
Party." The official name is ]{.font12}[Zhongguo Gòngchǎndǎng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"Chinese Communist Party
(CCP).\"]{.font12}
[zhèngcè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"policy\"
(especially of a government)]{.font12}
[Zuìjìnde zhèngcè gǎibiàn le. The (government's) policy has
changed]{.font12}
[recently.]{.font12}
[3. A: Lǎo Wangde érzi ]{.font12}[rùg]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[uo ]{.font12}[Tuán]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ma?]{.font12}
[B: Méiyou, tīngshuǒ cānjiāguo ]{.font12}[Hǒngwèibīng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
\
[Did Lǎo Wang's son ever join the Communist Youth League?]{.font12}
[No, but I've heard that he was in the Red Guards.]{.font12}
\
[rù: \"to enter\" ]{.font12}[Rù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is most often used in literary
Chinese. In the spoken language, it is mainly used in a handful of set
phrases like ]{.font12}[rù xué]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to enter school, to start
school,\" or ]{.font12}[rù yuàn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to be hospitalized.\" Otherwise,
\"to enter\" is expressed by the verbs ]{.font12}[jin]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[jìnlai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, or ]{.font12}[jìnqu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[In the set phrases ]{.font12}[rù Tuán]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to join the Communist Youth
League,\" and ]{.font12}[rù Dǎng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to Join the Communist Party,\"
]{.font12}[rù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is actually
short for the verb ]{.font12}[jiǎrù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (No. 11+ on the Reference List),
which means \"to join\" an organization.]{.font12}
[Tuan]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"the League,\"
short for ]{.font12}[Zhongguo Gòngchǎnzhùyì Qīngniāntuān]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"China Communist Youth League,\"
also abbreviated as ]{.font12}[Gòngqingtuān]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. This is a nationwide organization
for working youth and students between the ages of fourteen and
twenty-five. Its aim is to cultivate members' political awareness and
their cultural and scientific knowledge. The League's history goes back
to 1922, but its name, goals, and influence have changed over the years.
During the Cultural Revolution, the functions of the League were largely
taken over by the Red Guards (see note on next page), but in 1973 the
League began to recover its former influence. Today, the League
organizes political study sessions as well as educational and
recreational activities at schools, universities, factories, and other
places of work. The League also provides leadership for the Young
Pioneers (]{.font12}[Shàoxiǎnduì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[), an organization for children from
seven to fourteen.]{.font12}
[The connection between the Communist Party and the League is a close
one, although the League is independently organized and has its own
central committee with a national congress that meets periodically.
Policy leadership for the League comes from the Youth Department of the
Communist Party Central Committee. By no means do all League members go
on to become Party members, but leadership experience in League
activities makes many likely candidates for later Party
membership.]{.font12}
[cānjiǎ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to Join; to
participate in, to take part in; to attend\"]{.font12}
[Canjiā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ refers to the
action of Joining a group or Joining in an activity. It also means \"to
participate\" or \"to take part in.\" ]{.font12}[Cānjiǎ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is also the word to use for \"to
attend\" a meeting, convention, or other gathering (but not a play,
film, or other non-participatory event).]{.font12}
[Zhōngguo cānjiǎ Shìjiè Yínháng le.]{.font12}
[Women jìhuà xià xīngqī kai ge wanhuì,° nǐ xiǎng bu xiǎng
cānjiǎ?]{.font12}
[Dàjiǎ dou yinggāi cānjiǎ lāodòng.]{.font12}
[Tā cānjiāle yíge xùnliànbǎn.\"]{.font12}
\
[Wǒ yào qù cǎnjiǎ míngtiǎn xiàwude huì.]{.font12}
\
[China has Joined the World Bank.]{.font12}
[We're planning to have an evening party next week. Would you like to
Join in?]{.font12}
[Everyone should participate in (physical) labor.]{.font12}
[He is attending a training class OR He attended a training class,
(depends on context)]{.font12}
[I'm going to attend the meeting tomorrow afternoon.]{.font12}
\
[rùguo Tuan]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
]{.font12}[cǎnjiǎguo Hongwèibing]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: You were introduced to the marker
-]{.font12}[guo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in the
Biographic Information module, with sentences like ]{.font12}[NǏ
cōngqiān lāiguo ma?]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"Have you ever been here before?\" You also saw that
-]{.font12}[guo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can
provide by itself the meaning of \"ever\": ]{.font12}[Tǎ qùguo Zhōngguo
ma?]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"Has he ever been to
China?\" In exchange 3, the speakers use -]{.font12}[guo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ with the meaning of \"ever\" having
done something.]{.font12}
[\"]{.font12}[wǎnhuì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"evening party\" ]{.font12}[xùnliànbǎn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"training class\"]{.font12}
[Why use -]{.font12}[guo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
and not -]{.font12}[le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in
these sentences? A helpful rule of thumb is to use
-]{.font12}[guo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in Chinese
when you would say \"ever\" in English. But -]{.font12}[guo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and \"ever\" do not
]{.font12}[always]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
correspond; as you can see in sentence 3B, the English does not contain
the word \"ever.\" The reason speaker B decided to use -]{.font12}[guo
]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[there rather than
]{.font12}[le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is that he
knows Lǎo Wang's son is no longer in the Red Guards. Using
-]{.font12}[guo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ rather
than ]{.font12}[le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ implies
that the Joining (]{.font12}[cānjiā]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[) was later undone---that the son is
not a Red Guard now.]{.font12}
[The verb ]{.font12}[cānjiā]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ tells an action that results in a
new state: the action of Joining results in the state of being part of
something. Similar verbs include ]{.font12}[zuò]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to sit,\" (the action of sitting
results in the state of being seated) and ]{.font12}[chuān]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (the action of putting on clothes
results in the state of the clothes being on). Process verbs as well
show the change from one state to a new state, like
]{.font12}[bìng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (to go
from wellness to sickness), ]{.font12}[dào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (to go from not being here to being
here). When -]{.font12}[guo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used with these kinds of verbs
it often implies that the resulting state is no longer in
effect.']{.font12}
[Hongwèibíng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"the Red
Guards,\" lit., \"Red Guard-Soldiers\" It was in Beijing in 1966 that
middle school and college students first began to form groups calling
themselves ]{.font12}[Hóngwèibìng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. At that time CCP Chairman Máo
Zedong had been trying with little success to stir up a mass movement
against \"revisionist\" elements in the Chinese Communist Party, and to
infuse the country with a new revolutionary spirit. The newly formed Red
Guard groups first directed their efforts at reactionary leaders in the
schools. After Mao publicly expressed his support for the Red Guards,
their movement quickly grew into a major force in the first stage of the
Cultural Revolution. Their opposition to Liu Shàoqí, then Chairman (head
of state) of the PRC, was instrumental in his downfall. Before long,
groups of Red Guards were crisscrossing China by train, bus, any means
of transportation---many on foot---to spread the concepts of the
Cultural Revolution. The scale of these excursions is difficult to
imagine; Red Guards, other student groups, and tagalongs--- altogether
millions of young people---were to be seen everywhere, bringing
Beijing's political movements to the rest of the country.]{.font12}
[After their inception, the thousands of Red Guard groups nationwide had
difficulty forming a cohesive organization, and after the first three
years of the Cultural Revolution (1966 to 1968) their power began to
wane. They remained a prestige group, however, until their official
abolishment in 1978.]{.font12}
[Outside observers, as well as many Chinese, had mixed opinions of the
Red Guards. That they were a major force in stirring the country to Join
in the movements of the time is beyond question. But the zealous
excesses and cruelties of many Red Guards toward people of
\"undesirable\" political or family backgrounds are equally well
known.]{.font12}
['-]{.font12}[Guo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may also
be used when the speaker does not know for sure whether the state is
still in effect. But do not use -]{.font12}[guo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ when you know for sure that the
state ]{.font12}[is]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ still
in effect. For example, if you know that a person has come here and is
still here, you can only say ]{.font12}[Tā lái le]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[b. A: Ní tīngshuǒ le ma, Lǎo Zhāngde nuěr ]{.font12}[àishang ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[Xiǎo Wang le.]{.font12}
[B: Zhè zhēn shi máfan shir, Lǎo Zhang zuì ]{.font12}[hen]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ Wáng jiāde rén.]{.font12}
[Notes on No.]{.font12}
\
[Have you heard? Lǎo Zhang's daughter has fallen in love with Xiǎo
Wáng.]{.font12}
[This is really trouble. Lǎo Zhang really hates the Wáng
family.]{.font12}
\
[ài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: 'to love (state
verb)]{.font12}
[Wǒ xiǎng tǎ shi zhènde ài ní. I think she really loves you.]{.font12}
[Tā you ài xuéxí, you ài láodòng, She loves study and loves physical shi
ge hǎo tongzhì. labor. She is a good comrade.]{.font12}
[Ai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can also mean to like,
to be fond etc. It is usually used before a verb,]{.font12}
[Wǒ zuì ài chī tángcù páigǔ le!]{.font12}
[Tā zhēn ài jiǎng huà.]{.font12}
- [A: Nǐ ài kàn diànyǐng ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Bú ài.]{.font12}
[Wǒ fùqin ài xià qí.]{.font12}
[àishang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to fall in
love (with]{.font12}
[Zài zhèige xuéxiào shàng kè yíge yuè yǐhòu, tā jiu àishang tāde
Zhōngwén lǎoshī le.]{.font12}
[Cong dìyīcì kànjian ta, wǒ jiu àishang ta le.]{.font12}
[Wǒ zhīdao nī bú ài wo le, xīhuan shang Wáng Cheng le.]{.font12}
\
[a food, hobby, sport, activity, as in the following examples:]{.font12}
[I just love sweet and sour spareribs!]{.font12}
[He really loves to talk.]{.font12}
[Do you like to go to the movies?]{.font12}
[No.]{.font12}
[My father is fond of (playing) chess.]{.font12}
[someone)'']{.font12}
[After attending classes at this school for one month, he fell in love
with his Chinese teacher.]{.font12}
[I fell in love with her right from the first time I saw her.]{.font12}
[I know you don't love me anymore; you've taken a liking to Wáng
Cheng.]{.font12}
[Particularly in Beijing speech, the ending ]{.font12}[-shang]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ added to some verbs has the meaning
of starting and then continuing, \"to set about (doing something), to
fall into the habit of (doing something), to take to (doing
something).\"]{.font12}
[Tāmen you xiàshang qí le.]{.font12}
\
[Nī you chōushang yān\* le?!]{.font12}
\
[They have started to play chess again OR They're back playing chess
again.]{.font12}
[You're smoking again?!]{.font12}
[chǒu yān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to
smoke\"]{.font12}
[Rénjia shuì jiào le, nǐ zěnme chàngshang gē le?.']{.font12}
\
[There are people trying to sleep. What are you doing
singing?.\']{.font12}
\
[Kànshang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"to take
a fancy to, to settle on\":]{.font12}
[Wǒ kànshang nèizhǒng chē le, děng wǒ yǒule qián wǒ yídìng mǎi
yíliàng.]{.font12}
\
[I\'ve taken a fancy to that kind of car. When I have money I\'ll cer
tainly \"buy one.]{.font12}
\
[àishang Xiǎo Wang le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: A
new-situation ]{.font12}[le]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is extremely common when presenting
an event as \"hot news,\" as the speaker does in this sentence. Hot news
should, after all, he presented to the listener as something he doesn\'t
already know---as a new situation. (For the second example you need to
know ]{.font12}[zǒngtǒng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"president,\" and ]{.font12}[fǎngwèn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to visit.\")]{.font12}
[Wǒ zhǎodao yige xīnde gōngzuò I\'ve found a new joh! le!]{.font12}
[Jǐntiǎn hàozhǐshang shuō Měiguo It says in today\'s paper that the
zǒngtǒng yào dào Zhōngguo lái president of the U.S. is going to fǎngwèn
le. come visit China!]{.font12}
[Of course, this ]{.font12}[le]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is sometimes optional. It may he
omitted in the above two examples, hut not in sentence
]{.font12}[Ua.]{.smallcaps}
[hen]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to hate,\" only in
the literal meaning of \"to loathe, to detest, to have intense ill
feelings toward\"]{.font12}
[Wǒ hen nèiyìjiā rén. I hate that whole family.]{.font12}
[Wǒ hen ta gěi wo dàilaile name I hate him for bringing me so much duō
máfan. trouble.]{.font12}
[Wǒ zuì hen zuò zhèizhōng shi. I detest doing this sort of thing most of
all.]{.font12}
[\"To hate\" in the milder sense of \"to dislike\" or \"to wish to
avoid\" is expressed in Chinese by other words. (For the last example
below you need to know ]{.font12}[tǎoyàn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to dislike, to be disgusted
with.\")]{.font12}
[Zǎoshang wǒ zhēn bú yào qǐlai. I hate to get up in the
morning.]{.font12}
[Zhèiyang máfan nǐ, wǒ zhēn bù hǎo I hate to put you to all this yìsi.
trouble.]{.font12}
[Xiàng tā zhèiyangde rén méiyou I hate to see someone like him yíge hǎo
gōngzuò, tài kěxī le. without a good job.]{.font12}
[Wǒ tǎoyàn mǎi dōngxi.]{.font12}
\
[I hate shopping.]{.font12}
\
[\*]{.font12}[chang gē]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"to sing (songs)\" (a verb plus general object, like ]{.font12}[niàn
shū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[)]{.font12}
- [5. A: Rúguo nǐ bú ]{.font12}[jièyìd]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e huà, wǒ xiǎng he nǐde mishu
tan jifěn zhong.]{.font12}
[B: Tā zài ]{.font12}[dǎ zì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, mǎshàng jiù lái.]{.font12}
\
[If you don't mind, I'd like to talk with your secretary for a few
minutes.]{.font12}
[He's typing, he'll be here in a moment.]{.font12}
\
[Notes on No. \$]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[jièyì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to take offense,
to mind\' a negative word (bù or ]{.font12}[bié]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[).]{.font12}
[Wǒ shi shuǒzhe wánrde, xīwàng nǐ bú yào jièyì.]{.font12}
- [A: Nǐ bú huì jièyì ba?]{.font12}
- [B: Bú huì.]{.font12}
[Nǐ Jièyì bu Jièyì wǒ míngtiān dài ge pengyou qù canjiā nǐde
wǎnhuì[]{#footnote6}^[6](#bookmark75)^?]{.font12}
\
[This is mostly used when preceded by]{.font12}
[I was kidding (when I said that). I hope you don't take
offense.]{.font12}
[You don't mind, do you?]{.font12}
[No, that's all right.]{.font12}
[Do you mind if I take a friend along to your party tomorrow
night?]{.font12}
\
[dǎ zì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to type\" on a
typewriter, literally \"to hit characters.\"]{.font12}
[Tā dǎ zì dǎde hěn kuài. He types very fast.]{.font12}
[Zì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ here is a general
object like ]{.font12}[huà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
in ]{.font12}[shuo huà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.
Speakers of English are often tempted to say ]{.font12}[dǎ zì
zhèige]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ for \"type this,\"
but that is incorrect. To specify the thing which is typed, use
]{.font12}[dǎ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ without the
word ]{.font12}[zì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Some
verb]{.font12}
[endings, especially -]{.font12}[chulai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, are often]{.font12}
[Gěi wo dǎ yíxiàr (zhèige).]{.font12}
[Qǐng ni bǎ zhèifēng xìn dǎ yíxiàr.]{.font12}
[Wǒ děi qù dǎ yifeng xìn.]{.font12}
[Nǐ dǎwán nèifēng xìn le ma?]{.font12}
[Nèifēng xìn dǎchulai le meiyou?]{.font12}
[Wǒ bǎ zhèige dǎchulaile mǎshàng gěi ni sòngguoqu.]{.font12}
[Used as a noun, ]{.font12}[dǎ zì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"typing\"]{.font12}
[Wǒ xuéguo dǎ zì.]{.font12}
[Tā zài yíge zhōngxué Jiāo Yǐngw dǎ zì.]{.font12}
\
[used with ]{.font12}[da]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:]{.font12}
[Type this for me.]{.font12}
[Please type this letter.]{.font12}
[I have to go type a letter.]{.font12}
[Have you finished typing that letter?]{.font12}
[Has that letter been typed?]{.font12}
[I'll bring this over to you as soon as I finish typing it.]{.font12}
[like the school subject):]{.font12}
[I've studied typing.]{.font12}
[She teaches English typing at a middle school.]{.font12}
[Zì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, by itself, may be
used as follows:]{.font12}
[Wǒ dǎcuòle yíge zì. I typed a character (letter or
word)]{.font12}
[wrong.]{.font12}
[Zhèiběn shū, zì tài xiǎo.]{.font12}
\
[The type is too small in this hook.]{.font12}
[zài dǎ zì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"He's (in the
midst of) typing\" You first learned ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, the marker of ongoing action, in
Meeting, Unit 2: ]{.font12}[Tā zài kāi huì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"He is (in the midst of)
attending a meeting.\" Use ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to specify that an action is in the
midst of progressing or evolving.]{.font12}
[Because ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
denotes \"continuing action,\" it is used with action verbs, which
indicate the event has duration. On the other hand, process verbs, which
indicate simply a change of state, are not compatible with
]{.font12}[zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:
]{.font12}[sǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to die,\"
]{.font12}[dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to
arrive,\" ]{.font12}[ting]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"to (come to a) stop,\" ]{.font12}[qù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to go.\" The verb
]{.font12}[sǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, for
example, describes the instantaneous transition from a living state to a
dead state. It makes no sense to speak of being \"in the midst of
dying\"; a person is either alive or dead.\" Likewise, you have either
arrived (]{.font12}[dàole]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[)
or not; are either stopped (]{.font12}[tingle]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[) or still moving; are either gone
(]{.font12}[qùle]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[) or still
present.]{.font12}
[You can make ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ negative with either
]{.font12}[bù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or
]{.font12}[méi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Questions
are usually best formed with ]{.font12}[shi bu shi zài]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[; some speakers use ]{.font12}[you
méiyou zài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or
]{.font12}[zài bu zai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Sentences with ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ often end in ]{.font12}[ne]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, the emphatic marker of absence of
change (see Unit U, Notes on No. 2).]{.font12}
- [6. A: Zhèige háizi ]{.font12}[bú xiàng huà]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, This child is too much. No
matter ]{.font12}[bù guǎn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ zěnme shuō dōu what you
say, he Just doesn't]{.font12}
[bù ting. listen.]{.font12}
[B: Duì ma, zhè nǎr xiàng Xīn Yes, he's certainly no Cnot like
Zhōngguōde ]{.font12}[értōng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[! any\] child of \"New
China.\"]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 6]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[bú xiàng huà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be
outrageous, to be ridiculous, to be absurd\" Literally this means
\"doesn't resemble speech.\" As used today, ]{.font12}[bú xiàng
huà]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may be applied not
only to things which are said, but also to situations and
people.]{.font12}
[Zhèiyang zhēn bú xiàng huà, Jiù yào qián bú zuò shi, zěnme
xíng!]{.font12}
[Bú xiàng huà, bǎ wūzi nòngde zhème luàn, yě bù shōushi
shoushi.]{.font12}
[This is outrageous! To Just want money but not work. How can that
do!]{.font12}
[This is too much! He made the room such a mess and doesn't even
straighten up.]{.font12}
[Zhèige háizi yìtiān dào wan wánr, This child plays all day long and bú
niàn shū, zhēn bú xiàng huà. doesn't study. He's really too
much.]{.font12}
[bù guan]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: "no matter\..."
The first half of a ]{.font12}[bù guan]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ sentence contains either (1) an
interrogative word, e.g.,]{.font12}
-------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------
[Bù guǎn]{.font12} [shénme]{.font12} [No matter what]{.font12}
[shéi]{.font12} [who]{.font12}
[shénme shihou]{.font12} [when]{.font12}
[nǎr]{.font12} [where]{.font12}
[wèishénme]{.font12} [why]{.font12}
[zěnme]{.font12} [how]{.font12}
[duōshǎo]{.font12} [how much]{.font12}
[duo lèi]{.font12} [how tired]{.font12}
[etc]{.font12}
-------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------
[or (2) a clause expressing alternatives, e.g.,]{.font12}
-------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Bù guǎn]{.font12} [tā qù bu qù shi bu shi zhēnde tā shi Zhōngguo rén háishi Měiguo rén jintiǎn (háishi) míngtiān]{.font12} [No matter whether he goes or not whether it's true or not whether he is Chinese or American whether it's today or tomorrow etc.]{.font12}
-------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[The last half of a ]{.font12}[bù guan]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ sentence usually (not always) has
dōu or sometimes ]{.font12}[yě]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Bù guan ní gěi duōshāo qián, wō dōu (yě) bú mài.]{.font12}
[Bù guan ní xǔyào shénme, tā nèr yídìng (dōu) yōu.]{.font12}
\
[No matter how much money you offer, I'm not selling it.]{.font12}
\
[No matter what you need, he is sure to have it at his place.
(]{.font12}[Dōu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is
optional and ]{.font12}[yě]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
is not used here.)]{.font12}
\
[Bù guan xià bu xià yǔ, wō dōu qù. Whether it rains or not, I'm
going.]{.font12}
[nǎr]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Literally ''where,"
used in rhetorical questions to make a denial. Compare this with
]{.font12}[Náli!]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which
you learned in the Biographic Information module to deny
compliments.]{.font12}
- [A: Zhèixiē fángzi dōu shi nǐde ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Nǎr a!]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Tā dào nǎr qù le?]{.font12}
- [B: Wō nǎr zhīdao!]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Wō qù wen ta.]{.font12}
- [B:]{.font12}[ Tā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ nǎr
zhidao! (stress on \"tā\")]{.font12}
\
[Do these houses all belong to you?]{.font12}
[Heck no!]{.font12}
[Where did he go?]{.font12}
[How should I know! (MAY BE IMPOLITE)]{.font12}
[I'll go ask him.]{.font12}
[He]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ doesn't know! (MAY BE
IMPOLITE)]{.font12}
[Sāndiǎn zhōng nǎr néng dào!]{.font12}
\
[How could we possibly arrive by three o'clock!]{.font12}
[értong]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"child\" This is
the word used in formal contexts. It usually refers to children under
approximately ten years of age.]{.font12}
[értong wénxué értong yīyuàn]{.font12}
\
[children's literature children's hospital]{.font12}
- [7. A: Zhèipiān ]{.font12}[duǎnpiān]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ xiǎoshuō What is this short
story about? xiěde shi shénme?]{.font12}
[B: Xiěde shi yíge ]{.font12}[nongcūn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ It's the story of a cadre in
a]{.font12}
[gànbud]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e gùshi.
rural area.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 7]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[duǎnpiān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"short,\" of
written compositions. ]{.font12}[Duǎnpiān xiǎoshuō]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"short story\"?^1^In China, the
short story began to develop as a genre as early as the Tang and Song
dynasties. In modern times, Chinese short story writers were greatly
influenced by Western short stories.]{.font12}
[nongcūn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This has three
main uses: (1) \"country, rural area\"; (2) \"rural,\" when used to
modify a noun; and (3) \"rural community, farm village\" (counter: ge).
In mainland China, this third use is no longer common because of the
reorganization of rural areas into communes, with village-sized units
becoming production brigades (]{.font12}[shēngchǎn dàduì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[).]{.font12}
[In the Welfare module, you learned another word for \"country, rural
area\": ]{.font12}[xiāngxià]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. ]{.font12}[Xiāngxià]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[nongcūn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ are comparable in meaning.
]{.font12}[Xiāngxià ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[is
chiefly a conversational word, however, rarely used in formal contexts.
]{.font12}[Xiāngxià]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may
even be used in a disparaging manner; ]{.font12}[nongcūn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, being more neutral]{.font12}
[in connotation, cannot.]{.font12}
[Tāmen Jiā zài nongcūn.]{.font12}
[Nōngcūnde kōngqì bǐ chéngli hǎoduō le.]{.font12}
[Tā māma cong nongcūn lai, dàilai hǎo duō xīnxian Jídàn.]{.font12}
[Tā zài yíge nongcūn(de) yíyuàn gōngzuō.]{.font12}
[Zhèige xuéxiàode xuésheng dōu dào nongcūn cānjiā lāodòng qu
le.]{.font12}
\
[Their home is in the country.]{.font12}
[The air in the country is much better than in the city.]{.font12}
[His mother came from the country and brought lots of fresh eggs with
her.]{.font12}
[She works in a rural hospital.]{.font12}
[The students of this school have all gone to the country to participate
in labor.]{.font12}
\
['The expressions ]{.font12}[zhèige cūnr]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"this village,\" ]{.font12}[wǒmen
cūnr]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"our village,\"
]{.font12}[nǐmen cūnr]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"your village,\" etc., are nevertheless still used in the
PRC.]{.font12}
[Zhèige nóngcūn yǒu duōshǎo What is the population of this
farm]{.font12}
[rénkǒu? village? (not mainland,
usage)]{.font12}
[gànbu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Usually translated
into English \"by the French word \"cadre,\" this word has two meanings
in China.[]{#footnote7}^[7](#bookmark76)^ First, it can refer to
full-time functionaries of the (usually central) Party or government.
Second---this is the sense of ]{.font12}[gànhu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in sentence 7B---it can have the
broader meaning of any person who has a leadership job. There are cadres
in the army, factories, schools, communes, anywhere leadership positions
exist. It is always clear who is a ]{.font12}[gànbu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and who is not; positions and
people are well defined as cadre or not. ]{.font12}[Gànbu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is contrasted with
]{.font12}[qúnzhòng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"the
masses.\" For example, certain meetings may be attended by \"cadres\"
but not by \"the masses,\" and certain documents are distributed to
\"cadres\" of a certain level but not to \"the masses.\"]{.font12}
[Most cadres are \"not engaged in production\" C]{.font12}[tuōchǎn
lei]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, but some are \"half
released from production\" E]{.font12}[bàn tuōchǎnJ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Very few are \"not released from
production\" E]{.font12}[bù tuōchǎnJ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. In general, cadres' salaries are
higher than ordinary workers, and they have more privileges.]{.font12}
[Lǎo gànbu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is translated
as \"veteran cadre,\" that is, a cadre from before liberation.]{.font12}
[In the PRC, the English word \"cadre\" is usually pronounced
\"cah-der,\" with the first syllable stressed.]{.font12}
- [8. A: Nǐ ]{.font12}[jíjímangmangd]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e zuò What are you in
such a hurry to]{.font12}
[shénme qu a? go do?]{.font12}
[B: ]{.font12}[Shàng xué]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
qu a! I'm going to school!]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 8]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[jíjímangmǎng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"in a
great hurry\" This comes from a repetition of each syllable of the
adjectival verb ]{.font12}[jímang]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which means \"hasty, hurried.\" Jí
means \"anxious\" and ]{.font12}[mang]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which you have learned as
\"busy,\" here means \^īn a rushed manner.\"]{.font12}
[Many adjectival verbs may be reduplicated to make them more vivid. For
example:]{.font12}
- [A: Něige shi Chén Bin?]{.font12}
- [B: Gǎogāode neige.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Něige gǎogāode? Nǐ shi shuō hēihēi shòushòude neige?]{.font12}
- [B: Bú shi. Báibǎi pàngpàngde neige.]{.font12}
\
[Which (of those people) is Chén Bin? The tall one.]{.font12}
[Which tall one? You mean the dark, thin one?]{.font12}
[No. The pale (light-complexioned), fat one.]{.font12}
\
[Bǎobǎode]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"very
full\":]{.font12}
[Wǒ chide bǎobǎode.]{.font12}
\
[I'm very full.]{.font12}
\
[Adjectival verbs of two syllables are reduplicated in an AABB pattern:
repeat the first syllable twice and then the second syllable
twice.]{.font12}
[gāoxìng becomes gāogāoxìngxìng]{.font12}
[píngcháng becomes píngpíngchángcháng]{.font12}
[kèqi becomes kèkeqìqì]{.font12}
[Adjectival verbs reduplicated this way can be used to modify nouns, as
in]{.font12}
[Tā Jiù shi yíge píngpíngcháng- He is Just an ordinary fellow, chángde
rén.]{.font12}
[or to modify verbs, as in]{.font12}
[Women kèkeqìqìde tántan. Let\'s talk it over
politely.]{.font12}
[Tāmen gāogāoxìngxìngde zǒu le.]{.font12}
[They left happily.]{.font12}
\
[These reduplicated adjectival verbs are not made negative or used in a
comparative sentence.]{.font12}
[zuò shénme qu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Literally,
\"you are going in order to do what?\" ]{.font12}[Qù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[lái]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may be used at the end of a
sentence to show purpose: \"go ]{.font12}[in order to]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[\...\" or \"come ]{.font12}[in order
to]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[\...\" Whether you
choose ]{.font12}[lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or
]{.font12}[qu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ depends, in
many cases, on the direction of the action; if the direction is towards
\"here,\" use ]{.font12}[lai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, and if it is \"away,\" use
]{.font12}[qu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Wen ]{.font12}[tā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ qu ba!
Go ask ]{.font12}[him]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[!]{.font12}
[Nǐ kuài máng qu ba! Go about your business!]{.font12}
[Wǒ kàn ni lai le. I've come to see you.]{.font12}
[Putting ]{.font12}[qu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or
]{.font12}[lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ before or
after the verb phrase gives about the same meaning. In fact, in Běijīng
speech, they may be used both before ]{.font12}[and]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ after the verb phrase. The
following three patterns are equivalent:]{.font12}
[Nī qù wen tā.]{.font12}
[Nī wen tā qu.]{.font12}
[You go ask him.]{.font12}
\
[He came (has come) to get the tickets.]{.font12}
\
[Nī qù wen tā qu.]{.font12}
[Tā]{.font12}
[Tā]{.font12}
[Tā]{.font12}
\
[lái ná piào le.]{.font12}
[ná piào lai le. lái ná piào lai le.]{.font12}
[Here are more examples:]{.font12}
[Tā zuò shénme qu le? Shuì Jiào qu le. Hui Jiā qu le. Xī yīfu qu le.
Nòng fàn qu le. Mǎi dōngxi qu le.]{.font12}
\
[What did he go to do?]{.font12}
[He went to go to bed.]{.font12}
[He went to go home.]{.font12}
[He went to do some laundry.]{.font12}
[He went to get dinner ready.]{.font12}
[He went to do some shopping.]{.font12}
\
[Sometimes there can he ambiguity about whether ]{.font12}[qu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[lai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ are being used to express
''purpose" or \"direction." For example, the phrase ]{.font12}[ná piào
lai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"bring the
tickets here\" if ]{.font12}[lai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is a directional ending, but \"come
here in order to get the tickets\" if ]{.font12}[lai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ indicates purpose.]{.font12}
[shàng xué]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This phrase
means either \"to go to school\" in the sense of \"it's eight o'clock,
the children have already gone to school,\" or \"to attend school,\" as
in \"I attended high school in Chicago.\" ]{.font12}[Xué]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is a general object like
]{.font12}[shū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in
]{.font12}[niàn shū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to
study.\" You can replace it by a more specific object such as
]{.font12}[xiǎoxué]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"elementary school,\" or ]{.font12}[Jíngshān Zhōngxué]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"Jíngshān Middle
School.\"]{.font12}
[Tā shàng xué qu le. He has gone to school.]{.font12}
[Suīrán tā niānji dà le, kěshi Although he's old, he still wants to tā
hái xiang shàng xué. go to school.]{.font12}
[9. A: ]{.font12}[Zhěngfǔ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
shi bu shi ]{.font12}[bǎohù ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[rénmende cáichǎn?]{.font12}
[B: Shi. Zhengfǔ ]{.font12}[shíxíng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[bǎohù rénmen caichande zhèngcè.]{.font12}
\
[Does the government protect people's property?]{.font12}
[Yes. The government is carrying out a policy of protecting people's
property.]{.font12}
\
[Notes on No. 9]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[zhèngfǔ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"government\"
]{.font12}[Zhèng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
originally meant \"political affairs,\" and fǔ was the word for
\"government offices.\"]{.font12}
[Tā zài Měiguo zhèngfǔlí gōngzuò. He works in the U.S.
government.]{.font12}
[Distinguish ]{.font12}[zhèngfǔ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ from ]{.font12}[guojiā]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"the state.\"\* In PRC
terminology, ]{.font12}[guojiā]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is the entire organization by means
of which the ruling class exercises its rule, including administrative
bodies, the military, police, courts, and prisons.
]{.font12}[Zhèngfǔ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ refers
to the administrative bodies of the state---for example, the State
Council.]{.font12}
[bǎohù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to protect\"
from harm or loss, or \"to safeguard\"]{.font12}
[huánjìng bǎohù]{.font12}
[fùnu értong bǎohù]{.font12}
[Cong xiǎo jiù děi bǎohù yǎnjīng.]{.font12}
[Ní kàn rénjiade chē bǎohùde duo hǎo, níde ne?!]{.font12}
[Women yǐnggāi bǎohù guojiā cáichǎn.]{.font12}
\
[environmental protection]{.font12}
[woman and child protection]{.font12}
[One should protect one's eyes from the time one is a child.]{.font12}
[Look at how well maintained his car is! But yours!]{.font12}
[We should protect state property.]{.font12}
\
[Here we are not talking about ]{.font12}[guojiā]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[\*s other meaning, \"country,
nation.\"]{.font12}
[Even \"before liberation, the Chinese Communists attempted to allay
widespread fears that a Communist government would signal an end to
private property \"by proclaiming ]{.font12}[bǎohǔ rénmín
cáichǎn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ as an official
policy.]{.font12}
[shíxíng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to carry out,
to put into practice/effect, to implement\" an idea, plan, policy,
system, or program.]{.font12}
[Zhèige jìhuà néng bu néng shíxíng Whether or not this plan can be
im-hái shi ge wèntí. plemented is still a
question.]{.font12}
[Xiàge yuè women yào kāishǐ shi- Next month we are going to put a new
xíng yìzhǒng xínde kǎoshì method for testing into
practice,]{.font12}
[bànfǎ.]{.font12}
- [10. Zài Gòngchǎndǎng ]{.font12}[lǐngdǎoxià]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, Zhongguo zài
]{.font12}[shìjiès]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[hangde dìwei yǒule hěn dàde
gaibiàn.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 10]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[lǐngdǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to lead, to
direct, to leader, leading cadre\"]{.font12}
[Tāde lǐngdǎo nénglì hěn qiáng.°]{.font12}
[Tā nàme niánqǐng jiu lǐngdǎo name duō rén?]{.font12}
- [A: Nǐmende gōngzuò zuòde bú cuò.]{.font12}
- [B: Nà dōu shi zhèngfǔ lǐngdǎode hǎo.]{.font12}
\
[Under the leadership of the Communist Party, China's position in the
world has changed greatly.]{.font12}
\
[Zhèijiàn shìqing women děi wèn-wen lǐngdǎo.]{.font12}
[Tā lǐngdǎo zhèige gōngzuò, zhèijiàn shi yídìng zuòbuhǎo.]{.font12}
[Gòngqǐngtuán lǐngdǎo Shàoxiān-duì.]{.font12}
\
[exercise leadership (over); leadership;]{.font12}
[He has great leadership ability.]{.font12}
[He is in charge of so many people at such a young age?]{.font12}
[You do your job well.]{.font12}
[It's all thanks to the good leadership of the government. (Lit., \"That
is all because the government leads well.\")]{.font12}
[We'll have to ask our leading cadres about this.]{.font12}
[If he directs this project, it surely won't be done well.]{.font12}
[The Communist Youth League exercises leadership over (provides guidance
for) the Young Pioneers.]{.font12}
\
[so]{.font12}
\
[-]{.font12}[xià]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:
\"under,\" used only after certain nouns. The ones you have learned far
in this course are ]{.font12}[lǐngdǎo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[qíngkuàng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[bāngzhù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[zhàogu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Zài zhèizhǒng qíngkuàngxià, zuì In this kind of situation, it is hǎo
shénme dōu bú zuò. best not to do anything.]{.font12}
["]{.font12}[nénglì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"ability\"; ]{.font12}[qiáng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"strong\"]{.font12}
[shi j iè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:
''world."]{.font12}
[Zhèige dìfang duì tā lái shuō To him, this place seemed like a new
hǎoxiàng shi yíge xǐn shìjiè. world.]{.font12}
[Tā duì dìsān shìjiè guójiāde He is interested in the
political]{.font12}
[zhèngzhi qíngkuàng you xìngqu. situation in third world
countries.]{.font12}
[To say \"in the world,'' use ]{.font12}[shìjièshàng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. This is often equivalent to
English ''in the whole world.\"]{.font12}
[Shìjièshàng méiyou yíge rén There is no one like him in
the]{.font12}
[xiàng tā zhèiyang. whole world.]{.font12}
[Ruìshì hiǎo zài shìjièshàng hěn Swiss watches are famous throughout you
ming. the world.]{.font12}
[Shìjiè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can also he used
to modify other nouns:]{.font12}
[Zhōngguo shi Shìjiè Yínhángde China is a member country of the
chéngyuánguō.° World Bank.]{.font12}
[11. A: Shínián ]{.font12}[lái]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, zhèi liǎngge In the past ten
years, industry and ]{.font12}[chéngshìd]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e gōngshāngyè commerce in
these two cities have]{.font12}
[yuè lái yuè fādá le. become more and more
developed.]{.font12}
[B: Zhè hé zhèngfǔde lǐngdǎo This can't be separated from the shi
]{.font12}[fēnbukāid]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e.
government's leadership.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 11]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[shínián lái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"for the
past ten years\" or \"over the past ten years\"]{.font12}
[Shínián lái, wǒ xuéle hěn duō Over the past ten years, I've learned
Yíngwén. a lot of English.]{.font12}
[Jǐnián lái wǒ dōu méiyou shōudao I haven't gotten any letters from her
tāde xìn le. for the past few years.]{.font12}
[Lái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is usually used with
a relatively long period of time, especially months or years. There are
no definite rules for how long is \"long,\" but you would not, for
example, use ]{.font12}[lái]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to say \"for the last half hour\"
(which would be ]{.font12}[zhèi bànge zhōngtōu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[).]{.font12}
[The expression of time may be preceded by ]{.font12}[zhèi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"these,\" for example,
]{.font12}[zhèi jǐnián lái]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"for the past few
years.\"]{.font12}
[chéngshì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"city\" or
\"(comparatively large) town\" Originally ]{.font12}[chéng ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[meant a city wall and
]{.font12}[shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ a
\"market.\" (]{.font12}[Shi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is now also an administrative unit,
as in ]{.font12}[Běijīng shi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"Běijīng municipality.'')
\"]{.font12}[chéngyuánguō]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"member country\"]{.font12}
[You have already learned the word ]{.font12}[chéng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ for \"city, town.\"
]{.font12}[Cheng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which
originally meant \"city walls,\" is now mostly used in set phrases such
as ]{.font12}[jin cheng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"to go into the city, to go into town, to go downtown\" (to the part
within the original city walls); or ]{.font12}[chénglǐ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"in the city,\" and
]{.font12}[chéngwài ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[\"outside the city\" (again using
the walls to differentiate the two). ]{.font12}[Chéng ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[is also used to translate \"town\"
in foreign place names, e.g., ]{.font12}[Qiáozhìchéng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"Georgetown.\" The Chinese also
use ]{.font12}[xiǎo chéng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
to translate \"town\" when referring to foreign situations, as
in]{.font12}
[Tā zhù zai lí Niǔ Yuē hù yuǎnde He lives in a little town near New yíge
xiǎo chéngli. York.]{.font12}
[But ]{.font12}[xiǎo chéng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
is not used to speak of a town in China; instead people say \"county\"
(]{.font12}[xiàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[) or
\"commune\" (]{.font12}[gōngshè]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[) or Just \"place\"
(]{.font12}[dìfang]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[).]{.font12}
[To translate \"city,\" ]{.font12}[chéngshì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is the word you will use most
often.]{.font12}
[Lúndūn shi shiJiè you míngde London is a world-famous
metropolis,]{.font12}
[dà chéngshì.]{.font12}
[Shànghǎi shi shìjièshang zuì Shànghǎi is the largest city in
the]{.font12}
[dàde chéngshì. world.]{.font12}
[fēnhukāi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"cannot he
separated\" A more English-sounding translation for sentence 11B would
he, \"This is directly related to the government\'s
leadership.\"]{.font12}
[The verh ]{.font12}[fēn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
means \"to separate, to divide,\" as in]{.font12}
[Women fēn yige píngguǒ, hǎo hu Let\'s split (share) an apple, okay?
hǎo?]{.font12}
[Bǎ nèige píngguǒ fēn liǎngkuài. Divide the apple in two.]{.font12}
[Píngguǒ fēn hǎo duo zhong. There are lots of different
kinds]{.font12}
[of apples. (Lit., \"Apples are divided into many kinds.")]{.font12}
[The verh ending -]{.font12}[kāi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which you have seen meaning
\"open\" as in ]{.font12}[dǎkai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, here is something like English
\"apart.\"]{.font12}
[Bǎ hāizimen fēnkāi. Keep the children apart.]{.font12}
[Bǎ hóngde gēn lānde fēnkāi. Keep the red ones separate from
the]{.font12}
[hlue ones.]{.font12}
[Zhèi liǎngzhāng zhǐ shi fēnde- These two sheets of paper can he kāide.
taken apart.]{.font12}
[Notes on Additional Required. Vocabulary]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[yuányǐn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"reason,
cause\"]{.font12}
[Nà shi shénme yuányǐn?]{.font12}
- [A: Shi shénme yuányǐn ta jīntiān méi lái?]{.font12}
- [B: Shéi zhīdao, wèn tā zìjǐ qu ha!]{.font12}
[Wo niàn Zhōngwénde yuányǐn shi yīnwei wǒ yào dào Zhongguo qu
gōngzuò.]{.font12}
[Wo ding' zhème duō Zhōngguo hàozhǐ shi yǒu yuányīnde.]{.font12}
\
---------------- ----------------------------------------
[Why]{.font12} [is that?]{.font12}
[Why]{.font12} [is it he didn't come today?]{.font12}
[Who]{.font12} [knows? Go ask him!]{.font12}
---------------- ----------------------------------------
\
[The reason I'm studying Chinese is that I am going to go work in
China.]{.font12}
[There's a reason for my subscribing to so many Chinese
newspapers.]{.font12}
\
[Nǐ zuò zhèige jìhua yǒu méiyou shénme tèbiéde yuányǐn?]{.font12}
\
[Is there some special reason why you are making this plan?]{.font12}
\
[Méiyou shénme tèbiéde yuányǐn yào zhèiyangr zuò.]{.font12}
\
[There's no particular reason for doing it this way.]{.font12}
\
[jiārù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This is the formal
word for \"to join.\" (You will recognize ]{.font12}[jiā]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"add,\" from
]{.font12}[canjiā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and
]{.font12}[rù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"enter,\"
from ]{.font12}[rù Tuan]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.)]{.font12}
[Ding]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is the same word you
learned in the Meeting module for \"to reserve.\"]{.font12}
[On the balcony of Lǐ Ping's apartment, Tom (A) and Lǐ Ping's sister Lǐ
Wen ]{.font12}[(ē)]{.smallcaps}[ have a conversation.]{.font12}
[A: Lǐ Wen, nǐ yíge rén zài zhèr Are you playing chess all by
your-]{.font12}
[xia qi?]{.font12}
[E: Suíbiàn wānrwanr, jǐntiǎn Bàba]{.font12}
[bú zài jiā, píngchāng zǒng shi wǒ he Bàba xià qí. Zenme, nǐ yě xiǎng
wánr ma?]{.font12}
[A: Bù, wǒ bú tài huì xià; rúguǒ]{.font12}
[nǐ you kǒng, wǒ xiǎng he ni liāoliao.]{.font12}
[E: Wǒ yě zhěng xiǎng he ni liao]{.font12}
[liao ne, qǐng zuò.' Rúguǒ nǐ bú Jièyìde huà, wǒ xiǎng wen nǐ liǎngge
wèntí.]{.font12}
[A: Bú yào kèqi, qǐng wen ba.']{.font12}
[E: Měiniǎn shǔjiàde shihou, nǐ]{.font12}
[dōu líkāi jiā, yíge rén qù lùxíng ma?]{.font12}
[A: Chàbuduō shi zhèiyangr.]{.font12}
[E: Nàme, nǐde fùmǔ hěn you qian]{.font12}
[ba?]{.font12}
[A: Tāmen dōu zài dàxué jiāo shū,]{.font12}
[bú shi hěn you qiánde rén, érqiě wǒ luxíngde qian dōu shi wǒ zìjǐ
zhuànde. Píngchāng shàng xuéde shihou, wǒ hai zuò diǎnr shir, xiàng dǎ
zì, fānyi diǎnr xiǎo wénzhāng shenmede. Zhuànle qian, shǔjiàde shihou
chūqu zǒuzou, kànkan shìjiè.]{.font12}
[E: Zhēn bú cuò. Nǐ néng fānyi,]{.font12}
[nàme nǐde Zhōngwén hěn hǎo le? Néng shuō yě néng kàn?]{.font12}
[A: Néng kàn yidiǎnr. Wo duì]{.font12}
[Zhōngguo wénhuà, Zhōngguo shè-huì hěn you xìngqu, hěn xiǎng yanjiū
yanjiū. Suǒyǐ, rúguǒ nǐ]{.font12}
\
[self out here, Li Wen?]{.font12}
[Just fooling around. My father isn't home today. Usually he and I play
against each other. What's up? Do you want to play too?]{.font12}
[No, I'm not too good at chess. But if you've got the time I'd like to
chat with you a bit.]{.font12}
[It just so happens I felt like talking with you myself. Have a seat. If
you don't mind, I'd like to ask you a couple of questions.]{.font12}
[Certainly, go right ahead.]{.font12}
[Do you leave home and go traveling by yourself every summer?]{.font12}
[Just about.]{.font12}
[Then your parents must be very rich, I guess?]{.font12}
[They both teach college, Csol they're not very rich; besides, I earn my
own travel money. During the school year I usually do some outside work
like typing, translating little articles, and so on. Then when I've
earned the money I go away to see the world during summer
vacation.]{.font12}
[That's great. If you're able to translate, your Chinese must be very
good. You can speak and also read?]{.font12}
[I can read a little. I'm very interested in Chinese culture and
society, and I'd like very much to study them. So, if you don't
mind,]{.font12}
\
[°Lǐ Wén may be working out chess strategies or playing Chinese chess
(which can be done alone).]{.font12}
[E:]{.font12}
[A:]{.font12}
[E:]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
\
[A:]{.font12}
\
[A:]{.font12}
[E:]{.font12}
\
[A:]{.font12}
[E:]{.font12}
\
[bú jièyìde huà, wo yě hěn xiǎng wèn ]{.font12}[nǐ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ jǐge wèntí.]{.font12}
[Qīng!]{.font12}
[Tīng Lǐ Ping shuō, nǐ zhīdao xiě dàlùde qíngkuàng.]{.font12}
[Wo you hěn duō tóngxué he péngyou, tāmen dōu shi cong dàlù laide. Tāmen
zài nàr shēnghuole èrsānshínián, dāng-rán hěn qīngchù. Wo he tamen
chángcháng zài yìqǐ, yě jiù zhīdaole yidiǎnr.]{.font12}
[Tīngshuǒ, Zhōngguo zhèngfǔ shíxíng nánnù píngděngde zhèngcè, suōyi
Zhōngguo fùnǔde dìwèi tígāole hěn duō, Jiātíngde qíngkuàng yě he Jiěfàng
yǐqián bù yíyàng le.]{.font12}
[Nī shuōde duì. Zài Gòngchǎndǎng lǐngdǎoxià, bù guǎn shi nongcūn háishi
chéngshì, nu-háizi hé nánháizi yíyàng, dōu kéyi shàng xué, zhǎngdàle yě
yíyàng ké\^ri you gōngzuò. Jiātíng, fùnu hé értong, dōu kéyi dédao
shèhuìde bǎohù.]{.font12}
[Zhè bú shi hěn hǎo ma?]{.font12}
[Mm, yīnggāi shi hěn hǎo, kěshi cōng Liù Liù nián dào Qī Liù niàn, zài
zhèi shíniánlī, shèhuì-shang yǐnwèi zhèngzhide yuányǐn youle hěn duō
wèntí. Wo kéyi gěi ni jiǎng yige gùshi.]{.font12}
[Nǐ kuài shuōshuo ba!]{.font12}
[Nī tīngzhe, ā. You yíwèi lǎo gànbu, zài Shànghǎi gōngzuò. Tā zhǐ you
yíge nuér. Kěshi zài Liù Qī niánde shihour, līngdǎo shuō tā you zhèngzhi
wèntí.]{.font12}
[I'd like to ask ]{.font12}[you]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ a few questions.]{.font12}
[Be my guest!]{.font12}
[I hear from Lǐ Ping that you know a bit about the situation on the
mainland.]{.font12}
[I have a lot of classmates and friends who come from the mainland. They
lived there for twenty or thirty years, so naturally they know quite
well what goes on there. I spend a lot of time with them, so I've gotten
to know something about it too.]{.font12}
[I understand that the Chinese government carries out a policy of
equality of men and women, so the position of women has improved a great
deal, and families are in quite a different way than before
liberation.]{.font12}
[That's right. Under the leadership of the Communist Party, no matter
whether in the countryside or the cities, girls can go to school Just as
boys can, and when they grow up they can also get jobs Just the same.
Families, women and children all receive society's protection.]{.font12}
[That's great, isn't it?]{.font12}
[Yeah, it ought to be great, but in the ten years from \*66 to \*?6, a
lot of social problems came about because of political reasons. I can
tell you a story.]{.font12}
[Oh, please do!]{.font12}
[Listen t\" this. There was this old cadre who worked in Shànghǎi. She
only had one daugher. But in '67 the the leadership said she had
political problems.]{.font12}
[A: Zāogāo.' Na tā nǔér yě yǒu]{.font12}
[māfan le.]{.font12}
[E: Yidiǎnr dōu t\>ú cuǒ. Zhèige]{.font12}
[nǔhāizi bù néng rù Tuan, bù néng cānjiǎ Hongwèibīng. Péngyou, tongxué
dōu líkāile ta. Yǒude shihour, zài dàjiēshang, hěn shóuxǐde rén yě
hǎoxiàng bú rènshi ta yíyàng.]{.font12}
[A: Nà, tā zěnme bàn ne?]{.font12}
[E: Nèige shíhou, tā juéde shēng-]{.font12}
[huó zhěn shi yidiǎnr xīwàng yě méiyou. Tā kāishí hèn tāde mǔqin. Tā yào
líkāi ta, tā yào líkāi tāde jiā.]{.font12}
[A: Hǒulái ne?]{.font12}
[E: Hǒulāi, tāmen zhēnde fēnkāi le.]{.font12}
[Nuér dàole nóngcǔn.]{.font12}
[A: Zhèiyang, tāde qíngkuāng huì]{.font12}
[hǎo yidiǎnr ba?]{.font12}
[E: Yidiǎnr yě méiyou. Zài nongcǔn]{.font12}
[suīrān tā gōngzuòde hěn hǎo, tā hāishi méiyou shénme zhèngzhi shēnghuo,
lǐngdǎo hé rénmen yě méiyou yīnwei tā líkāile mǔqin jiu gāibiàn duì tāde
kànfǎ.]{.font12}
[A: Nà, tā dàgài bú huì you shénme]{.font12}
[péngyou, yě bù róngyi àishang shénme rén.]{.font12}
[E: Shi. Tài nan le. Tā àishangle]{.font12}
[yíge nānhāizi, nèige nānhāizi yě ài tā, érqiě yīnwei tā, bù né\^g yǒu
ge bǐjiǎo hǎode gōngzuǒ.]{.font12}
[A: Zhè shízài tài bú xiàng huà le.]{.font12}
[E: Jiǔniān yǐhòu, lǐngdǎo nǒng-]{.font12}
[qǐngchǔ le, tā mǔqin méiyou wèntí. Zhèige nuhāizi jíjímāng-māng pǎohuí
Shànghǎi, kěshi tā zài yě jiànbudào tāde mǔqin le. Tā mǔqin yǐjīng sǐ
zài yīyuànli le.]{.font12}
[Uh-oh.' Then her daughter was in for some trouble too.]{.font12}
[Absolutely right. This girl couldn't join the (Communist Youth), League
or the Red Guards. Her friends and classmates all left her. Sometimes
when she was walking down the street, people she knew well would act as
if they didn't know her.]{.font12}
[Well then, what did she do?]{.font12}
[At that time she felt that her life was completely hopeless. She began
to hate her mother. She wanted to leave her. She wanted to leave her
home.]{.font12}
[And after that?]{.font12}
[Afterwards, they really did split up. The daughter went to the
countryside.]{.font12}
[That way her situation got a little better, I guess?]{.font12}
[Not a bit. Although she worked very well in the countryside, she still
didn't have any political life. The leadership and the people didn't
change their opinion of her just because she left her mother,
either.]{.font12}
[Well then, she probably didn't have any friends, and it probably wasn't
easy to fall in love with anyone.]{.font12}
[Yes. It was really hard. She fell in love with a boy, and he loved her.
But because of her, he couldn't get a better job.]{.font12}
[That's really absurd.]{.font12}
[Nine years later, the leadership got it straightened out that her
mother was (politically) okay. The girl rushed back to Shanghai in a
flurry, but she was never to see her mother again. She had already died
in a hospital.]{.font12}
[A:]{.font12}
[E:]{.font12}
[A:]{.font12}
[E:]{.font12}
[E:]{.font12}
\
[A:]{.font12}
[E:]{.font12}
[A:]{.font12}
\
[Yíge jiātíng jiù zhèiyang wan le! Ní zěnme huì zhīdao zhèige
gùshi?]{.font12}
[Yàoshi nī zhùyi yíxiàr Qī Qī nian, Qī Bā niande Zhōngguo bào-zhī, jiu
kéyi kàndao hěn duō zhèiyangde gùshi. Wo zài gěi ni jièshao yìhěn
shū.]{.font12}
[Shénme shū?]{.font12}
[Zhōngguo Yī Jiǔ Qī Qī nian dào Yī Jiu ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[Ofc]{.font12
style="font-style:italic;text-decoration:underline;"}[ Bā nian Duǎnpiān
Xiǎoshuō]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Nī zhīdao, ruguo yōu rén xiǎng dōngde Zhōngguo shèhuì, Jiù yídìng yào
yánjiū cōng Liù Liù nian dào Qī Liù niànde qíngkuàng. Yánjiūle yīhòu cai
néng míngbai jīntiānde Zhōngguo zhèngfǔ hé Zhōngguo rén wèishenme yào
gǎi-biàn zhè shínián lái zhèngzhi-shang, Jīngjishangde qíngkuàng, ràng
Zhōngguo rén zhěnde dédao jiěfàng.]{.font12}
[Nī néng bāng wo zhǎodào nèiběn shū ma?]{.font12}
[Wō yōu zhèiběn shū, kéyi song' gei ni. Kàn shū hái bu gòu, yōu jīhui qù
dàlù kànkan.]{.font12}
[Wō yōu jīhui yídìng qù.]{.font12}
[Just like that, a family was destroyed! How do you happen to know this
story?]{.font12}
[If you watched the newspapers in \'77 and '78 you could see lots of
stories like that. Let me recommend a book to you, too.]{.font12}
[What book?]{.font12}
[Chinese Short Stories of 1977-]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[1978.]{.font12}
[You know, if someone wants to understand Chinese society they have to
study the situation from '66 to '76. Only after you've studied it can
you understand why today the Chinese government and people are trying to
change the political and economic conditions of the past ten years and
let the Chinese people really be liberated.]{.font12}
[Can you help me find that book?]{.font12}
[I have it, and I can give it to you. But reading isn't enough. If you
get the chance, go visit the mainland.]{.font12}
[If I get the chance, I certainly will.]{.font12}
[\*]{.font12}[Sòng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ here
means "to give" something as a gift.]{.font12}
[Exercise 1]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit.
The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you
to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your
answer.]{.font12}
[All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may
want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several
times.]{.font12}
[Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[This exercise is a conversation in which an evening university teacher
visits the home of her student, Gāo Xiǎohuà, who also works in a
Shànghǎi factory, to talk with her mother.]{.font12}
[The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely,
you'll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below
as you listen a second time.]{.font12}
[Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
conversation:]{.font12}
[yèdà evening university]{.font12}
[pǎolai pǎoqù to run around]{.font12}
[xuéhuì to learn, to master]{.font12}
[gōngchǎng factory]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk
about them in class.]{.font12}
- [1. What kind of student is Xiǎohuà?]{.font12}
- [2. What was Teacher Liu's main concern in visiting Comrade Fang
Bǎolán?]{.font12}
- [3. What were schools like during the Cultural Revolution?]{.font12}
[U. Did Teacher Liu come as a representative of the university, factory,
or both? How do you know?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take
a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your
answers.]{.font12}
[Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate
the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than
the literal meaning of the Chinese.]{.font12}
[Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In this exercise a husband and wife in the city of Harbin in northeast
China talk at home.]{.font12}
[Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second
time through, look below and answer the questions.]{.font12}
[Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
conversation:]{.font12}
[Xiǎo Èr (the couple's son, \"Little No.
Two,"]{.font12}
[so called because he is their second child)]{.font12}
[zhǐ yào as long as, provided that]{.font12}
[gāogàn senior cadres]{.font12}
[běnrén herself, himself, oneself,]{.font12}
[myself, etc.]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk
about them in class.]{.font12}
- [1. Where did Xiǎo Er go after work?]{.font12}
- [2. What kind of trouble does Xiǎo Èr's father anticipate?]{.font12}
- [3. What does Xiǎo Èr's mother think of his girlfriend?]{.font12}
- [4. To whom does she refer when discussing political trouble?
Why?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take
a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which
you have prepared.]{.font12}
[Exercise 4]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In this exercise a student talks with another student from mainland
China in their dorm in Hong Kong.]{.font12}
[Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape
and listen again. On the second time through, answer the
questions.]{.font12}
[You will need the following new word:]{.font12}
[wénxuéJiā]{.font12}
\
[writer, literary man]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise U]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk
about them in class.]{.font12}
- [1. Why do the roommates decide to stay home? What do they decide to
do instead?]{.font12}
- [2. Where did Chén Bin learn to play chess? Why do you suppose he
was living there?]{.font12}
- [3. What was the countryside like during the Cultural
Revolution?]{.font12}
- [4. What did Chén Bin do besides play chess?]{.font12}
- [5. After Chén Bin's experience, what does he think of the situation
in mainland China?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions, you may want to take a look at
the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to
the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers
correctly.]{.font12}
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[A young woman named Gāo Xiǎohuá works at a factory in Shànghǎi and
attends the factory's evening university. One afternoon her teacher (A)
at the university pays a visit to Gāo Xiǎohuá\*s mother, Fāng Bǎolán
(B).]{.font12}
- [A: Nǐ shi Fāng Bǎolán Tongzhì]{.font12}
[ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Shi. Nín guìxìng?]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Wǒ xing Liu, shi Gāo Xiǎohuá]{.font12}
[Tongzhì zài ]{.font12}[yèdàd]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e lǎoshī.]{.font12}
- [B: Ou, shi Xiǎohuáde lǎoshī.]{.font12}
[Kuài qǐng jìnlai zuò.]{.font12}
[Are you Comrade Fāng Bǎolán?]{.font12}
[Yes. May I ask your name?]{.font12}
[My name is Liú. I'm Comrade Gāo Xiǎohuá\*s teacher at the evening
university.]{.font12}
[Oh, Xiǎohuá\*s teacher! Please come in and sit down.]{.font12}
[(Gāo sits down and Fāng brings some tea.)]{.font12}
- [B: Liu Lǎoshī, Xiǎohuá zài yèdà]{.font12}
[zěnmeyàng a?]{.font12}
- [A: Xiǎohuá hěn yònggōng, xuéxide]{.font12}
[hěn hǎo. Kěshi wǒ zǒng juéde Xiǎohuá shēntǐ bú gòu hǎo. Měitiān dōu
hǎoxiàng hěn lèi, shi bu shi shuìde bú gòu?]{.font12}
- [B: Yidiǎnr dōu bú cuò, shi]{.font12}
[xiūxide bú gòu. Zhèi háizi měitiān huílai niàn shū dōu děi niàn dao
liǎng-sāndiǎn zhōng.]{.font12}
- [A: Xiànzàide niánqīng rén zhèi]{.font12}
[yang niàn shū shi you yuányīnde.]{.font12}
- [B: Shéi shuō bú shi ne? Shínián]{.font12}
[lái xuéxiàode qíngxing tài bú xiàng huà le. Nèi shihou háizi-men
niànbuliǎo shū, cānjiāle Hōngwèibīng, yìtiān dào wǎn zài wàibiānr
]{.font12}[pǎolai pǎoqù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
shénme yě méi ]{.font12}[xuéhuì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Xiànzài cānjiāle gōngzuò, zài bú
niàn shū, zěnme néng bǎ gōngzuò zuòhǎo ne?]{.font12}
- [A: Kěshi, shíniánde shū bú shi]{.font12}
[shítiān bànyuè\* kéyi niànwánde.]{.font12}
[How is Xiǎohuá doing in the evening university, Teacher Liú?]{.font12}
[Xiǎohuá is very hardworking and does very well in her studies, but it
does seem to me that her health is not good enough. She seems tired
every day. Is it because she doesn't get enough sleep?]{.font12}
[Absolutely right. She doesn't get enough rest. Every day the child
comes home and studies until two or three o'clock.]{.font12}
[There's a (good) reason for the way young people study now.]{.font12}
[That's for sure! For the past ten years conditions in the schools have
been unspeakable. During that time, students couldn't study. They joined
the Red Guards and were out running around from morning till night. They
didn't learn a thing. Now that they are participating in work, if they
go on without studying, how can they do their work well?]{.font12}
[But you can't complete ten years of study in ten days or half a
month.]{.font12}
['This is an idiom for \"a short time."]{.font12}
[Women zuò lǎoshǐde, zuò fùmǔde hái děi bǎohù tāmende jiànkāng. Bù neng
ràng tāmen tài lèi le. Nǐmen Xiǎohuá měitiān yídìng yào zǎo diǎnr
xiūxi.]{.font12}
- [B: Zhēn xièxie nín. Nín huíqu]{.font12}
[yǐhòu yě tì wǒmen xièxie ]{.font12}[gōngchǎng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ he yèdàde lǐngdǎo.]{.font12}
- [A: Bú kèqi. Zhèixiē dōu shi wǒmen]{.font12}
[yínggāi zuòde.]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ yě huì zhàogu Xiǎohuá, ràng]{.font12}
[tā hǎohāor gōngzuò, hǎohǎor xuéxi.]{.font12}
- [A: Hǎo, wǒ zǒu le. Zàijiàn!]{.font12}
- [B: Zàijiàn! You kòngr lái zuò a!]{.font12}
[Those of use who are teachers and parents still must protect their
health. We can\'t let them get too tired. Your Xiǎohuá must go to bed
earlier.]{.font12}
[Thank you very much. When you get back, thank the leadership at the
factory and the evening university.]{.font12}
[Not at all. All this is what we should be doing.]{.font12}
[And I'll take care of Xiǎohuá, and see that she works well and studies
well.]{.font12}
[All right. I'll be on my way. Good-bye.]{.font12}
[Good-bye. When you have time, come over and sit a while.]{.font12}
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In at]{.font12}
\
[the city of Harbin in northeast China, a mother (B) and father (A) talk
home.]{.font12}
[V ~w~ V ~v~]{.font10}
- [A:]{.font11 style="font-style:italic;"}[ Ei, ]{.font12}[Xiao
Er]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ xiale ban,
Jiji-]{.font12}
[mángmángde you dào nǎr qù le?]{.font12}
- [B: Tā shuō, qù gēn tāde yíge tǒng-]{.font12}
[xué xué Yǐngwén dǎ zì.]{.font12}
- [A: Xué Yǐngwén dǎ zì? Shi nán-]{.font12}
[tóngxué háishi nùtongxué?]{.font12}
- [B: Jiù shi shàngcì láiguode nèige]{.font12}
[nutongxué.]{.font12}
- [A: ~w~Xiǎo Er yàoshi àishang nèige]{.font12}
[nǔháizi jiù máfan le.]{.font12}
- [B: You shénme máfan? Nà háizi]{.font12}
[shi dàxuéshēng, you you lǐmào, láile hái bāng wǒ zuò fàn shenme-de. You
shénme bù hǎo?]{.font12}
- [A: Nǐ zhǐdao shénme? Tā fùqin]{.font12}
[you zhèngzhi wèntí.]{.font12}
[Say, where did Xiǎo Èr go off to in such a rush after work?]{.font12}
[He said he was going to learn English typing from a
classmate.]{.font12}
[To learn English typing? Was it a male classmate or a female
classmate?]{.font12}
[It's the female classmate who was over last time.]{.font12}
[If Xiǎo Er falls in love with that girl it's going to be
trouble.]{.font12}
[What trouble? That girl is a college student, and well mannered. And
when she came over she even helped me cook and so on. What\'s wrong with
that?]{.font12}
[What do you know? Her father has political problems.]{.font12}
- [B: Bu duì ha?.' Wǒ tīng Xiǎo Èr]{.font12}
[shuō, jīnniān xiàtiān tā rù Tuan le. Yàoshi tā fùqin yǒu zhèngzhi
wèntíde huà, tā néng rù Tuan ma?]{.font12}
- [A: Néng, xiànzài you zhèngcè, ]{.font12}[zhǐ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[yào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ hāizi hǎo, jiù kéyi
rù Tuan, bù guǎn tā fùmǔde wèntí you duo dà.]{.font12}
- [B: Zhè jiù duì le ma, wǒ shuō]{.font12}
[nèi hāizi shi hǎo hāizi!]{.font12}
- [A: Bù xíng, hāishi děi ràng tāmen]{.font12}
[fēnkāi, yǐhòu māfan tài duō!]{.font12}
- [B: Shéi méiyou māfan? ]{.font12}[Gāogànd]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e]{.font12}
[hāizi jiù méiyou māfan le? Lin Biāo cóngqiān yě shi dà gànhur, nǐ néng
ràng nǐ érzi gěn tā nuér jiēhūn ma?]{.font12}
- [A: Hǎo hǎo hǎo, hié shuō le.]{.font12}
[Hāizide shi zhēn hù hǎo hàn!]{.font12}
- [B: You shénme hù hǎo hànde?! Zhǐ]{.font12}
[yào nèi hāizi ]{.font12}[hěnrén]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ hǎo, tāmen you hùxiāng xǐhuan, jiù
xíng le.]{.font12}
- [A: Hǎo hǎo hǎo! Tīng nīde.]{.font12}
[You must he wrong! I've heard from Xiǎo Èr that she joined the
(Communist Youth) League this summer. If her father had political
problems, could she join the League?]{.font12}
[Yes. Now there's a policy that as long as the child is good, he or she
can enter the League, no matter how great his or her parents' problems
are.]{.font12}
[There you have it, then! I ]{.font12}[said ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[she was a good child.]{.font12}
[No, it won't do. We should still make them break up. There will be too
much trouble later on.]{.font12}
[Who doesn't have trouble? Do you think the children of senior cadres
don't have any trouble? Lin Biāo was a big cadre too, but would you let
your son marry his daughter?]{.font12}
[Okay, okay. Don't say any more! Children's matters are really hard to
handle.]{.font12}
[What's hard to handle? As long as the girl herself is good, and they
like each other, it will be fine.]{.font12}
[Okay. We'll do as you say.]{.font12}
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise H]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In Hong Kong, a student (A) talks with in their dorm.]{.font12}
[A: Chén Bīn, jīntiān wǎnshang bù]{.font12}
[chūqu ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Wàimian zài xià yǔ, bù xiǎng]{.font12}
[chūqu le, nǐ ne?]{.font12}
- [A: Wǒ yě bù chūqu, women xià qí]{.font12}
[hǎo bu hǎo?]{.font12}
- [B: Hǎo a!]{.font12}
[another student from mainland China (B)]{.font12}
[Chén Bīn, aren't you going out tonight?]{.font12}
[It's raining outside. I don't want to go out. How about you?]{.font12}
[I don't want to go out either.]{.font12}
[How about playing chess?]{.font12}
[Okay!]{.font12}
- [A: Duì le, nǐ xià qí xiàde zhème]{.font12}
[hǎo, shi zài nǎr xuéde?]{.font12}
- [B: Nnnn . . .]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Duìbuqī, rúguo nǐ bú jièyìde]{.font12}
[huà, jiù jiǎng gěi wo tíngting.]{.font12}
- [B: Méiyou shenme. Nǐ zhǐdao,]{.font12}
[wǒ zài nongcūn zhùguo shinian.]{.font12}
- [A: Wǒ zhǐdao.]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ zhùde nèige dìfang zài shān-]{.font12}
[li, méiyou gōnggòng qìchē, gèng méiyou huǒchē. Erqiě, nèige shihou wǒ
jiālide rén yě dōu cōng chéngshì bān dao xiāngxià qu le.]{.font12}
- [A: Nà, nī yìnián sānbǎi liùshiwǔ-]{.font12}
[tiān bù líkāi nèige dìfang le?]{.font12}
- [B: Jiù shi.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Nǐ měitiān zuò shénme ne?]{.font12}
- [B: Nèige dìfang you ge xiǎo tú]{.font12}
[shūguǎn .]{.font12}
- [A: Lībianr you shénme shū?]{.font12}
- [B: Ou, chúle zhèngzhi shū yīwài,]{.font12}
[jiù shi értong gùshi, méi shénme yìsi.]{.font12}
- [A: Nà nǐ zěnme bàn?]{.font12}
- [B: Túshūguǎnli yě you rén xià qí,]{.font12}
[wǒ gēn tāmen xué, mànmànde, wǒ xià qí xiàde bú cuò le.]{.font12}
- [A: Chúle xià qí nī hái zuò shénme?]{.font12}
- [B: Ou, xiěguo yidiǎn duǎnpiān]{.font12}
[xiǎoshuō.]{.font12}
- [A: Òu! Nǐ shi ge ]{.font12}[wénxuéjiā]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[! You]{.font12}
[jǐhui gěi wo kànkan, xíng bu xíng?]{.font12}
[Say, you play chess so w\*»ll. Where did you learn it?]{.font12}
[Mnnn . . .]{.font12}
[Excuse me, if you don't mind, tell me about it.]{.font12}
[That's all right. You know I lived in the country for ten
years.]{.font12}
[I know.]{.font12}
[The place I lived was in the mountains. There were no buses, much less
trains. Also, at that time my whole family had moved from the city to
the country.]{.font12}
[Then you didn't leave the place 365 days a year?]{.font12}
[That's right.]{.font12}
[So what did you do every day?]{.font12}
[There was a small library there.]{.font12}
[What kind of books did it have?]{.font12}
[Oh, apart from political books, there were only children's stories,
which weren't very interesting.]{.font12}
[Well then, what did you do?]{.font12}
[There were people who played chess in the library. I learned from them.
By and by I began to play chess pretty well.]{.font12}
[What did you do besides playing chess?]{.font12}
[Oh, I wrote a few short stories.]{.font12}
[Oh, you're a writer! When you have a chance, let me read some,
okay?]{.font12}
- [B: Xiěde bù hǎo.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Hai, hu yào kèqi ma! Duì le,]{.font12}
[you yíge wèntí, wǒ hěn zǎo jiù xiǎng wen ni.]{.font12}
- [B: Shénme wèntí?]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Xiànzài nǐ dàole Xianggang,]{.font12}
[kàndàole hù tōngde shìjiè, nǐ xiǎng shénme? Nǐ hú hèn nèi shíniánde
shenghuo ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Měi yícì xiǎngdào nèi shí]{.font12}
[niánde shēnghuo, wǒ dōu hěn nánshòu, kěshi nèi hú shi wǒ yíge rénde
shi, shi shèhuìde wèntí. Wǒ xiǎng xiànzài zhèngfǔde zhèngcè yǒule
gǎihiàn. Wǒ xí-wàng zài zhèige zhèngfǔ lǐngdǎo-xiàde Zhōngguo rén hú yào
zài you nèi shíniánde qíngkuàng.]{.font12}
[A: Wǒ yě xǐwàng. Hǎo, women]{.font12}
[xià qí ha.]{.font12}
[They're not very good.]{.font12}
[Oh, don't he polite! Oh yes, there's a question I've heen wanting to
ask you for a long time.]{.font12}
[What?]{.font12}
[Now that you've come to Hong Kong and seen a different world, what do
you think? Aren't you hitter about life during those ten
years?]{.font12}
[I'm always sad whenever I think of those ten years of life. But I am
not alone in this, it's a problem of society. I think that the
government's policy has changed. I hope that under the leadership of
this government, what went on during those ten years will never happen
to the Chinese people again.]{.font12}
[Me too. Okay, let's play chess.]{.font12}
[UNIT T]{.font12}
[Social Problems]{.font12}
[INTRODUCTION]{.font12}
[Grammar Topics Covered, in This Unit]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
- [1.]{.font12}[ (Adjectival Verb)-duō le]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"much more\....\"]{.font12}
- [2.]{.font12}[ (Verb) (Verb) kàn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"try and (Verb).\"]{.font12}
- [3. How to express \"not anymore,\" \"never again.\"]{.font12}
[U. The pattern ]{.font12}[cong X (Verb)-qǐ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to start (Verb)-ing from
X.\"]{.font12}
- [5. How to express billions.]{.font12}
- [6. The pattern ]{.font12}[lián\...dōu\...]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"even.\"]{.font12}
- [7. The pattern ]{.font12}[zhǐ yào\...Jiù\...]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"provided
that\....\"]{.font12}
- [8.]{.font12}[ Lái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
indicating that someone will perform a specified action.]{.font12}
- [9. The pattern ]{.font12}[bú shi\...Jiù shi\...]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"either.•.or\....\"]{.font12}
- [10.]{.font12}[ Shǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"to cause/make/enable.\"]{.font12}
[Functional Language Contained in This Unit]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
- [1. Stating hypotheses about the causes of phenomena.]{.font12}
- [2. Stating hypotheses about the interrelationships of
phenomena.]{.font12}
- [3. Expressing value Judgments about abstract phenomena.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [U. Expressing different degrees of agreement and
disagreement.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [1. A: Nǐ juéde zuìjin shèhuìshang ]{.font12}[āndìng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ yidiǎnr ma?]{.font12}
[B: Dāngrán, yǒule xǐn ]{.font12}[fǎlù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[fàn zuìd]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e rén shǎoduō le.]{.font12}
- [2. A: Wǒ xiǎng kànkan jǐntiǎn you shénme
]{.font12}[guǎnggào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[B: Zhèr you yífèn ]{.font12}[Huáshèngdùn Youbào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, náqu ]{.font12}[zhǎozhǎo kàn
]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ha!]{.font12}
[Do you think society has heen calmer lately?]{.font12}
[Of course. Since there have heen new laws, there are far fewer people
committing crimes.]{.font12}
[I'd like see what ads there are today.]{.font12}
[Here's a copy of the ]{.font12}[Washington Post]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Take it and try to find
some.]{.font12}
- [3. A: Zuìjin jǐnián ]{.font12}[jiàoyu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ gōngzuò you hěn dàde
]{.font12}[jìnbù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[B: Shi a, xuéxiàoli ]{.font12}[zài yě méiyou]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ shénme
]{.font12}[luànqǐbāzāo-]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[de
qíngkuàng le.]{.font12}
[U. A: Nǐ shuō, ]{.font12}[zōngjiàod]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e ]{.font12}[zéren ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[shi shénme?]{.font12}
[B: Zhèi hú shi yíge ]{.font12}[j iǎndānd]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e wèntí, wǒmen děi ]{.font12}[cong
]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[lìshǐ tánqǐ.]{.font12}
[5. A: Zài dàlùde shíyì rénkǒu-]{.font12}[zhōng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ you duǒshǎo shi
]{.font12}[shòug]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[uo
jiàoyude?]{.font12}
[B: Wǒ xiǎng xiànzài ]{.font12}[lián]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ lí chéngshì hěn yuǎnde nǒngcūn dōu
you xuéxiào, shòuguo jiàoyude rén dàgài hù shǎo.]{.font12}
[There's heen a lot of progress in work in education these past few
years.]{.font12}
[Yes, schools aren't so messed up anymore.]{.font12}
[What do you think the responsibility of religion is?]{.font12}
[That's not a simple question. We have to begin by talking about
history.]{.font12}
[How many of the one billion people on the mainland have received an
education?]{.font12}
[I think that now even villages far from the city have schools, so there
are probably a lot of people who are educated.]{.font12}
[6. A: ]{.font12}[Ming Bào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
bú cuò, ]{.font12}[shìjièxìng-]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ The ]{.font12}[Ming Pao]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is not bad. It has de xǐnwén tā dōu
yǒu. all the world news.]{.font12}
[B: Duì le. ]{.font12}[Ming Bào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ bú cuò, Yes, the ]{.font12}[Ming
Pao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is quite good. You
]{.font12}[bù néng bu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ kàn.
have to read it.]{.font12}
- [7. A: ]{.font12}[Zhǐ yào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ nǐ ]{.font12}[lái]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ hang máng women jiù
]{.font12}[yǒu hànfa]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[B: Zhè yǒu shénme? Yinggāide ma.]{.font12}
- [8. A: Nǐ kàn, zhèipiān wénzhāngli hú shi ]{.font12}[xǐ dú]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, jiù shi ]{.font12}[shā
rén]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[B: Kàn zhèizhǒng xǐnwén, zhǐ néng ]{.font12}[shǐ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ rén nánshòu. Suàn le, hú yào kàn
le.]{.font12}
\
[As long as you help out, we'll he ahle to do it.]{.font12}
[This is nothing. It's only right.]{.font12}
\
[Look, there's nothing in this article hut taking drugs and
killing.]{.font12}
[Reading this kind of news will only make you feel had. Forget it, don't
read it.]{.font12}
\
- [9.]{.font12}[ Běnlái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
tāde Zhōngwén hú cuò, líkāi Zhōngguo jiǔle, wàngle hěn
duō.]{.font12}
\
[Originally, his Chinese was pretty good, hut he's heen away from China
for a long time and he's forgotten a lot.]{.font12}
\
[ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY]{.font12}
[10. luàn]{.font12}
\
[11. yǒu xiào]{.font12}
\
[to he confused, to he chaotic to he effective; to he valid]{.font12}
[VOCABULARY]{.font12}
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [āndìng]{.font12} | [to \"be |
| | stable/settled/quiet]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [běnlái]{.font12} | [originally, in the beginning, at |
| | first; to begin with, in the |
| | first place]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [\"bù néng bu]{.font12} | [to have to, must]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [cóng\...(Verb)-qǐ]{.font12} | [to start (Verb)-ing |
| | from\...]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [fǎlū fan fàn zuì]{.font12} | [law]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [to violate, to offend to commit |
| | a crime]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [guǎnggào]{.font12} | [advert i s ement]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [Huáshèngdùn Youbào]{.font12 | [the ]{.font12}[Washington |
| st | Post]{.font12 |
| yle="text-decoration:underline;"} | st |
| | yle="text-decoration:underline;"} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [j iǎndān jiàoyu jìnbù]{.font12} | [to be simple]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [to educate; education to |
| | progress; progress]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [(V V) kàn]{.font12} | [try and (V), (V) and see how it |
| | is]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [lái]{.font12} | [(used before a verb to express |
| | that something will be |
| | done)]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [lián\...dōu/yě\... | [even\...]{.font12} |
| luàn]{.font12} | |
| | [to be in disorder, to be |
| | chaotic, to be in a mess; |
| | indiscriminately, recklessly, |
| | arbitrarily, any old |
| | way]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [luànqībāzāo]{.font12} | [in a mess, in confusion, in |
| | disorder; miscellaneous, jumbled, |
| | all thrown in together]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [Ming Bào]{.font12 | [Ming Pao]{.font12 |
| st | sty |
| yle="text-decoration:underline;"} | le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ |
| | (a Hong Kong newspaper)]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [shā]{.font12} | [to kill (in general); to kill |
| | (specifically with a knife or |
| | knifelike instrument); to try to |
| | kill]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [shǐ]{.font12} | [to cause, to enable (followed by |
| | a verb)]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [shìjièxìng shòu jiàoyu]{.font12} | [worldwide to receive an |
| | education]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [xī dú]{.font12} | [to take drugs]{.font12} |
| | |
| [-xing]{.font12} | [nature, -ness, |
| | -ibility]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [you bànfa, (duì\...) you | [to be able to deal with |
| xiào]{.font12} | (something) to be effective; to |
| | be valid]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
[zài yě bù/méi zéren zhǐ yào -zhōng zōngjiào zuǐ]{.font12}
\
[never again responsibility if only in; among (organized) religion
crime; guilt]{.font12}
[1. A: Nǐ Juéde zuìjǐn shèhuìshang ]{.font12}[ending]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ yidiǎnr ma?]{.font12}
[\_ „ ~w~ „ ~w~ à]{.font12}
[B: Dangran, youle xin ]{.font12}[falu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, fàn]{.font12}[ ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[zuìde rén shǎoduō le.]{.font12}
\
[Do you think society has \"been a little calmer lately?]{.font12}
[Of course. Since there have \"been new laws, there are far fewer people
committing crimes.]{.font12}
\
[Notes on No. 1]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
\
[ending]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to he]{.font12}
\
[political and social]{.font12}
\
[stable/settled/quiet,\" used to describe lives, countries situations.
]{.font12}[Ān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is
\"peaceful\" and ]{.font12}[ding]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is \"settled.\"]{.font12}
\
[Xiànzài yéye nǎinai shēnghuo anding, shénme dōu hǎo.]{.font12}
[Wo xiǎng zhè hé zhèngzhi bù ending yǒu guānxi.]{.font12}
[Zhèige guójiāde zhèngfǔ zhèi Jǐnián hěn bù āndìng.]{.font12}
[Āndìngxiàlai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"to
situation, a place, or]{.font12}
\
[Now grandpa and grandma have a settled life; everything is
fine.]{.font12}
[I think this has to do with political instability.]{.font12}
[These past few years this country's government has been very
unstable.]{.font12}
[a]{.font12}
\
[settle down, to c]{.font12}[alm]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ down,\" used in speaking of a
person's feelings.]{.font12}
\
[Xiànzài hāizi dōu you gōngzuò le, shēnghuo cái āndìngxiàlai
le.]{.font12}
\
[Now that the children all have Jobs, our life has finally settled
down.]{.font12}
\
[Shèhuìshang fàn zuìde wèntí tài duō, dàjiāde shēnghuo jiu méi bànfa
āndìngxiàlai.]{.font12}
\
[When there's too much of a crime problem in society, people's life
can't settle down.]{.font12}
\
[fǎlu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"law\"]{.font12}
[Zhèi yǐjíng biànchengle fǎlǔ.]{.font12}
[Zhèige wèntí you fǎlu zài, fēi-cháng qingchǔ.]{.font12}
\
[Yǒu fǎlu guǎn zhèjiàn shi ma?]{.font12}
[Wǒmende fǎlǔ bǎohù értóng.]{.font12}
[Tā xiànzài niàn fǎlu.]{.font12}
\
[This has already become the law.]{.font12}
[Laws exist (lit., \"there are laws there\") on this question. It's very
clear-cut.]{.font12}
[Is there a law dealing with this?]{.font12}
[Our law protects children.]{.font12}
[He is studying law now.]{.font12}
\
[xin fǎlǔ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: In March, 1978,
after the first session of the Fifth National People's Congress, the
Chinese government began to adopt many new laws. Beginning July 1, 1979,
the Fifth National People's Congress passed into effect twelve new legal
codes, including a criminal code.]{.font12}
[fàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to violate, to
offend, to transgress, to commit (wrongs, crimes, errors)\" Here are
some other words commonly used with the verh fàn:]{.font12}
[fàn zuì to commit crimes fàn fǎ to break the law]{.font12}
[fàn guī to violate regulations]{.font12}
[Zhèige háizi méi xīwàng le, There is no more hope for this
child,]{.font12}
[fànle you fàn, zong shi bù He violates the rules time and
again,]{.font12}
[gǎi. and never reforms.]{.font12}
[zuì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"crime, guilt,\"
used in phrases like ]{.font12}[fàn zuì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to commit a crime,\" and
]{.font12}[you zuì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to
be guilty (of a crime).\"]{.font12}
[Wǒ fànle shénme zuì, wèishénme yào chi zhème duō kǔ?]{.font12}
\
[What crime have I committed? Why do I have to suffer so much?]{.font12}
\
[Tā shi bu shi zhēnde you zuì, lìshǐ huì huida wǒmende.]{.font12}
\
[History will give us an answer as to whether he is really guilty or
not.]{.font12}
[\...shǎoduō le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"a lot
less, far fewer\" The adjectival verb ]{.font12}[duō]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to be many, to be much,\" can be
used after other adjectival verbs which can be qual-fied by degree, such
as ]{.font12}[hǎoduō le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"a lot better,\" ]{.font12}[duōduō le]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"a lot more.\" In such phrases,
the first adjectival verb is used as a process verb, showing a change of
state, and therefore the phrase always ends in le\_.]{.font12}
[Nǐ bǐ yǐqián shòuduō le.]{.font12}
\
[Qībānián yǐhòu, dào Zhōngguo]{.font12}
\
[qùde jǐhui duōduō le.]{.font12}
\
[You're a lot thinner than before.]{.font12}
[Since \'?8, there have been a lot more opportunities to go to
China.]{.font12}
--------------- --------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[2.]{.font12} [A:]{.font12} [Wǒ xiǎng kànkan jīntiān you shénme ]{.font12}[guǎnggào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12} [I'd like today.]{.font12} [see what ads there are]{.font12}
[B:]{.font12} [Zhèr you yífèn ]{.font12}[Huáshèngdùn Youbào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, náqu ]{.font12}[zhǎozhǎo kàn ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ba!]{.font12} [Here's a ]{.font12}[Post]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \' some.]{.font12} [copy of the ]{.font12}[Washington ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[take it and try to find]{.font12}
--------------- --------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Notes on No. 2]{.font12}
[Youbào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"Post,\" in the
name of a newspaper. The syllable ]{.font12}[you]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"post\" or \"mail,\" as in
]{.font12}[yōujú]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"post
office.\" CNames of other newspapers are translated using the same
pattern, ]{.font12}[X-bào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:
]{.font12}[Shíbào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is
\"Times,\" ]{.font12}[Rìbào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is \"Daily,\"
]{.font12}[Kuàibào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is
\"Express.\"!]{.font12}
[náqu\...]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"take away\"
This is a compound verb of direction. Many of the compound verbs you
have seen have three syllables. But like ]{.font12}[dàolai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in Unit 1 of this module
(]{.font12}[dàolai yìbēi chá]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[), ]{.font12}[náqu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ has only two: the main action verb
and the relative motion (away). The direction of the action (up, down,
in, out, etc.) is not specified. (See the display on the next page.)
°]{.font12}[shc\>u]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to
be thin\"]{.font12}
[Relative Motion]{.font12}
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [Main Verb]{.font12} | [Direction Towards or |
| | Away]{.font12} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [ná ì zěu 1 pǎo \> kāi I bān | [r chu ]{.font12}[\"ù |
| J]{.font12} | ]{.smallcaps}[Jin]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [/ xià \\ |
| | f]{.font12}[lái]{.font12 |
| | style="font-style:italic;"} |
| | |
| | [\\ shàng / \]qù]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [gUO]{.font12} |
| | |
| | [I qǐ' J]{.font4} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
[°-qī- is used only with -]{.font12}[lái]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, never with -qù.]{.font12}
[zhǎozhǎo kàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''try to
find" ]{.font12}[Zhǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is
the verb "to look for, to search." It is reduplicated here, meaning that
the action lasts an indefinite amount of time: ''look a little bit."
]{.font12}[Kàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ following a
reduplicated verb means ''and see (if it works, if it's okay, if you can
do it, etc.)."]{.font12}
[Ní shishi kàn ba.]{.font12}
[Nǐ zuòzuo kàn, zhèige shāfā zhēn shūfu.]{.font12}
- [A: Nī xiǎng tā kěn° Jiè wo tāde diànshì ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Bù zhīdào, nǐ qù wènwen kàn.]{.font12}
[• A: Wo duì nī zhèipiān wenzhāng you bù tóngde kànfǎ.]{.font12}
[B: Nī shuōshuo kàn.]{.font12}
\
[Give it a try and see (if you can do it, if he will cooperate,
etc.).]{.font12}
[Sit down and try it out. This sofa is really comfortable.]{.font12}
[Do you think he'd be willing to lend me his television?]{.font12}
[I don't know. Go ask him and see.]{.font12}
[I have a different point of view on (what you say in) your
article.]{.font12}
[Let's hear what it is.]{.font12}
\
[3. A: ZuìJin jǐnián ]{.font12}[Jiàoyu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ gōngzuò you hěn dàde
]{.font12}[jìnbù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[B: Shi a, xuēxiàoli ]{.font12}[zài yě meiy]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ou shenme ]{.font12}[luànqībāzāo
]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[de qíngkuàng le.]{.font12}
\
[There's been a lot of progress in work in education these past few
years.]{.font12}
[Yes, schools aren't so messed up anymore.]{.font12}
\
[Notes on No. 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Jiàoyu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: "to educate;
education" ]{.font12}[Jiào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
is the same character as ]{.font12}[Jiāo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, "to teach," but in
]{.font12}[jiàoyu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is
pronounced with a Falling tone. ]{.font12}[Yù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means "to cultivate, to
raise.]{.font12}[Jiàoyu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
has some different uses from English "to educate." It is used not only
for institutional education but also for parents' education of their
children, and in the PRC for ''education" of the people by the Communist
Party. (For the first example, you need to know ]{.font12}[nǔlì]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, "to make efforts.")]{.font12}
[\*kěn, "to be willing to"]{.font12}
[Fùmǔ yǐnggāi jiàoyu háizi nǔlì xuexí.]{.font12}
[Nèige háizi meiyou jiàoyuhǎo.]{.font12}
[Wǒmen vào gěi háizi aide jiàoyu.]{.font12}
[Jiātíng jiàoyu he xuéxiào Jiàoyu yíyàng zhòngyào.]{.font12}
[Zhèiběn shū duì wǒ jiàoyu hěn dà.]{.font12}
[Kànle zhèige diànyǐng gěile women hěn dàde jiàoyu.]{.font12}
\
[Parents should teach their children to study hard.]{.font12}
[That child was poorly trained (in manners, morals, general
knowledge).]{.font12}
[We should give children a loving education. (Taiwan usage)]{.font12}
[Education in the home is Just as important as school education.
(]{.font12}[Jiātíng jiàoyu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
consists of parents acting as examples in morals, character, family
relations, hygiene, etc. )]{.font12}
[This hook has educated me a lot. (PRC usage)]{.font12}
[Seeing this movie has taught us a great deal. (PRC usage)]{.font12}
\
[Another sense of ]{.font12}[jiàoyu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is to try through reason to
convince a person to do things according to certain rules, instructions,
or demands:]{.font12}
[Nǐ děi jiàoyu jiàoyu nǐde háizi, You have to try to straighten out tā
yuè lái yuè huài. your child. He is becoming
more]{.font12}
[and more of a scoundrel.]{.font12}
[Jiàoyu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is commonly used
in the phrase ]{.font12}[shòu Jiàoyu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to receive an education,\" which
is discussed in No. 5 below.]{.font12}
[jìnbù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to make
nrogress, to advance\" or, as a noun, \"progress.\" Literally \"to put
forward steps.\"]{.font12}
[Yīxué jìnbùde nàme kuài. Medicine is advancing so
rapidly.]{.font12}
[Tāde Yǐngwén you jìnbù le. He has made some more progress
with]{.font12}
[his English.]{.font12}
[Tāde Zhōngwen jìnbù tài màn. His Chinese is progressing too
slowly.]{.font12}
[Jìnbù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is commonly used
with the verb ]{.font12}[you]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, especially ]{.font12}[you hěn dàde
jìnbù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Zuìjin jīge yuè wǒmende xuéshěng Our students have made great progress
yǒule hěn dàde jìnbù. these last few months.]{.font12}
[You jìnbù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used as an
adjectival verb, \"to be improved.\"]{.font12}
[Nèige xuexiào hěn you jìnbù. That school is greatly
improved.]{.font12}
[In the PRC, ]{.font12}[jìnbù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used as an adjectival verb
meaning \"to be (politically) progressive,\" that is, suited to the
needs of the times and stimulating the development of society.]{.font12}
[zài yě méiyou\...le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:
\"not anymore\...\" The advert ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and a negat ive, such as
]{.font12}[méiyou]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, can be
used to express the idea of not doing something anymore. There are two
word orders:]{.font12}
[méiyou ì C(yě) méiyou]{.font12}
[) zài OR zài \<]{.font12}
[bú J I(yě) bù]{.font12}
[For examples of the first pattern, see Unit 3, Notes on No. 5»
]{.font12}[bú zài kū le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"doesn\'t cry anymore.\"]{.font12}
[The second pattern is more emphatic. The word ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ should be given special stress in
these sentences:]{.font12}
[Wǒ ZAI bù huilai le!]{.font12}
\
[I\'m never coming back here again!]{.font12}
[If ]{.font12}[yě]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is added
between ]{.font12}[zai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and
the negative, the meaning is about the same.]{.font12}
[Wǒ ZAI yě bù chi tang le. I\'m never going to eat candy
again.]{.font12}
[Nèitiáo lù hěn wēixiǎn, nǐ ZAI That road is very dangerous,
don\'t]{.font12}
[yě bié zǒu neitiao lù le. ever take it again.]{.font12}
[luàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be in
disorder, to be in a mess, to be chaotic\"]{.font12}
[Zhèr tài luàn, dào wàimian qu tantan.]{.font12}
[Zhèi jǐnián nèige guojiā yǒu diSnr luàn.]{.font12}
[Shìjiè hǎo duō dìfang hěn luàn.]{.font12}
[Tāde zhuōzishang zǒng shi hěn luàn.]{.font12}
[Zhèr tài luàn, Jiào xiǎoháir chūqu wánr.]{.font12}
[Duǐbuqǐ, wǒ xiěde hěn luàn, ni kàndedǒng ma?]{.font12}
[As an adverb, ]{.font12}[luàn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"arbitrarily, iy."]{.font12}
[Luàn Jiang!]{.font12}
[Bú yào luàn xiě.]{.font12}
[Nǐde dōngxi bú yào dàochù luàn fang.]{.font12}
[\*]{.font12}[dàochù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"everywhere\"]{.font12}
\
[It\'s too chaotic (noisy) in here.]{.font12}
[Let\'s go outside to talk.]{.font12}
[That country has been a little bit chaotic the last few
years.]{.font12}
[So many places in the world are in disorder.]{.font12}
[His table top is always a mess.]{.font12}
[It\'s too noisy in here. Tell the children to go out and
play.]{.font12}
[I\'m sorry I wrote this so messily.]{.font12}
[Can you read it?]{.font12}
[any old way, at random, indiscriminate-]{.font12}
[Baloney! (southern Chinese usage)]{.font12}
[Don\'t write it Just any old way.]{.font12}
[Don\'t leave your things all over the place.]{.font12}
\
[Tāmen zuótiān luān chǐ luān he.]{.font12}
[Nèige rén luān gǎo nánnù guānxi.]{.font12}
[Bu yào luàn pǎo.]{.font12}
[luànqībāzāo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be in
disorder, seven-eight-rotten\" Some people have sevens.\" It can refer
to physical or]{.font12}
[Duìbuqǐ, fángjiān luànqǐbāzāode, wǒ jǐntiǎn hái méiyou shíjiān
shōushi.]{.font12}
[Zheijiàn shìqing běnlái hěn hǎo, dànshi nèige rén bǎ ta gǎode
luànqībāzāo.]{.font12}
[Tā gēn yíge luànqǐbāzāode nánrén chūqu le.]{.font12}
\
[They ate and drank like crazy yesterday.]{.font12}
[He/she is (sexually) loose.]{.font12}
[Quit running all over the place.]{.font12}
[to be in a mess,\" literally \"chaotic-translated this as \"at sixes
and]{.font12}
[moral messes.]{.font12}
[I'm sorry, the room is a mess. I haven't had the time to straighten up-
yet today.]{.font12}
[Everything was fine at first, but then he came along and messed it
up.]{.font12}
[She went out with a disreputable (unsavory) character.]{.font12}
[Luànqībāzāo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is not made
negative and is not used in comparative sentences.]{.font12}
[h. A: Nī shuō, ]{.font12}[zōngjiàod]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e ]{.font12}[zéren ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[shi shénme?]{.font12}
[B: Zhèi bú shi yíge ]{.font12}[jiǎndānd]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e wèntí, women děi ]{.font12}[cóng
]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[lìshǐ tánqǐ.]{.font12}
\
[What do you think the responsibility of religion is?]{.font12}
[That's not a simple question. We have to begin by talking about
history.]{.font12}
\
[Notes on No. h]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[shuō:]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ Followed by a
question, ]{.font12}[nī shuō]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used to ask the
listener's]{.font12}
\
[The forms nǐ]{.font12}[ ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[shuō]{.font12}[ ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ne or ]{.font12}[nī shuō shi bu
shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may be used at the
end]{.font12}
\
[opinion.]{.font12}
[of a statement to ask for confirmation.]{.font12}
[Nī shuō wǒ yīnggāi zěnme bàn?]{.font12}
[Wǒ xiǎng jiātíng jiàoyu hé shè-huì jiàoyu dōu bǐ xuéxiào jiàoyu
zhòngyào, nī shuō ne?]{.font12}
[Nèige guǎnggào hěn you yìsi, nī shuō shi bu shi?]{.font12}
\
[What do you think I should do?]{.font12}
[I think that education in the home and in society are more important
than school education. Do you agree?]{.font12}
[That's a great advertisement, don't you think?]{.font12}
\
[zéren]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"responsibility,
duty\" Also pronounced ]{.font12}[zérèn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Rúguǒ zhèijiàn shiqing zuòde bù hǎo, wǒ you zéren.]{.font12}
\
[If this thing isn't done well, it's my responsibility.]{.font12}
::: {style="border-bottom:solid;"}
[Lǎoshīde zéren jiù shi bāngzhu xuéshēng hǎohāor xuexí.]{.font12}
- [A: Jiaoyu haizi shi funúde zéren ma!]{.font12}
- [B: Xiànzài fùnu jiěfàng le, nánrén yě you zéren zuò zhàixiē
shìqing.]{.font12}
[Shìqing nòng dao xiànzài zhài-yangr, zéren bú zài wǒmen.]{.font12}
:::
\
[The teacher's responsibility is to help the students apply themselves
to their studies.]{.font12}
[Rearing (educating) children is the responsibility of women!]{.font12}
[Women are liberated now. Men also have the responsibility to do these
things.]{.font12}
[It is not our responsibility that the situation was made the way it is
now.]{.font12}
[cong lìshǐ tánqǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: ''begin
by talking about history'' In Unit 3 of this module, you learned that
the directional ending -]{.font12}[qilai]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, besides indicating upward motion,
could also be used to indicate beginning an action (]{.font12}[Nǐ jiějie
zěnme duì zhengzhi wentí ràxǐnqilai le?]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[). The ending -qǐ in
]{.font12}[tanqǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ also
means "to start," but is used only in the fixed pattern ]{.font12}[cóng
X (Verb)qǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to start
(Verb)-ing from X." While the English translation for sentence UB says
\"begin by talking about history,\" the Chinese says literally, \"start
talking from history.\"]{.font12}
[Zheijiàn shi cong nǎr shuōqǐ? Where should I begin? (when about to tell
a story, etc.)]{.font12}
[Wǒ bù zhǐdào cong nǎr xiěqǐ. I don't know where to begin
writing.]{.font12}
[Women děi cong tour zuòqǐ. We have to start from the
beginning]{.font12}
[again. (]{.font12}[Cong tour]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"from the
beginning.\")]{.font12}
[cong ling zuòqǐ to start from scratch (lit.,
\"start]{.font12}
[from zero\")]{.font12}
[5. A: Zài dàlùde shíyì rénkǒ]{.font12}[uzhōng ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[you duoshǎo shi
]{.font12}[shòug]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[uo
jiàoyude?]{.font12}
[B: Wǒ xiǎng xiànzài ]{.font12}[lián]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ lí chéngshì hěn yuǎnde nongcun dōu
you xuéxiào, shòuguo jiàoyude rén dàgài bù shǎo.]{.font12}
\
[How many of the one billion people on the mainland have received an
education?]{.font12}
[I think that now even villages far from the city have schools, so there
are probably a lot of people who are educated.]{.font12}
\
[Notes on No. ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[5]{.font12
style="font-style:italic;text-decoration:underline;"}
[shíyì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"one billion,\"
literally \"ten one-hundred-millions\" Here are some more examples of
how to express billions in Chinese:]{.font12}
[1 billion]{.font12}
[1.1 billion]{.font12}
[2 billion]{.font12}
[10 billion]{.font12}
[10.5 billion]{.font12}
\
[1,000,000,000]{.font12}
[1,100,000,000]{.font12}
[2,000,000,000]{.font12}
[10,000,000,000]{.font12}
[10,500,000,000]{.font12}
\
[shíyì shíyǐyì èrshiyì yìbǎiyì yìbǎilíngwǔyì]{.font12}
\
[zài\...rénkōuzhōng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"in
the population, of the population\" The syllable
-]{.font12}[zhōng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can be
added, to nouns, like the locational ending -]{.font12}[lǐmiàn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, to give the meaning \"in\" or
\"among.\" It is often used with the verb ]{.font12}[zài]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Zài zheige jìhuàzhōng women hái you liǎngge xiǎo wèntí xūyào zài
tan.]{.font12}
\
[There are still a couple of little questions we have to discuss in this
plan.]{.font12}
\
[Xuéshēngzhōng you bù shǎo shi cong nongcūn láide.]{.font12}
[Zài dìsān shìjiè guójiāzhōng, bù shǎo shi Yǎzhōu he Fēizhōude
guojiā.]{.font12}
\
[Many of the students are from the country.]{.font12}
[Many of the countries of the third world are countries of Asia and
Africa.]{.font12}
[Shèhuì shēnghuózhōngde wèntí, We can\'t very well ignore the women yě
bù néng bú zhùyì a.\' problems of life in society.]{.font12}
[shòu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to receive\" The
types of things which can be \"received\" using the verb
]{.font12}[shòu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ are
limited. ]{.font12}[Shòu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
is usually followed by a verb being used as a noun.]{.font12}
[Zhèige zhōukān zài Měiguo hěn shòu huānyíng.]{.font12}
\
[This weekly is very well received (popular) in the United
States.]{.font12}
\
-------------------------------- -------------------- ----------------------------------------
[(Receiver)]{.font12} [shòu]{.font12} [(Action)]{.font12}
[Fùnu ertong]{.font12} [shòu]{.font12} [falúde baohu.]{.font12}
[(Women and children]{.font12} [receive]{.font12} [the protection of the law.)]{.font12}
-------------------------------- -------------------- ----------------------------------------
[shòu jiàoyu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to receive
an education\" ]{.font12}[Shòuguo jiàoyu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"educated\" (because of
-]{.font12}[guo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which
indicates having experienced something).]{.font12}
[She is an educated person. How could she do such a thing?]{.font12}
\
[Tā shi (yíge) shòuguo jiàoyude rén, zěnme huì zuò zhèizhōng
shi?]{.font12}
[Tā shòuguo dàxué jiàoyu.]{.font12}
\
[He has (received) a college education.]{.font12}
[lián\...dōu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"even\...\"
]{.font12}[Lian]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is a
prepositional verb which literally means \"including,\" but in the
]{.font12}[lián\...dōu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
pattern, \"even.\" A ]{.font12}[lián]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ phrase always precedes the verb.
Either the adverb ]{.font12}[dōu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[yě]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used in a sentence with
]{.font12}[lián]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Notice
how ]{.font12}[lián]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can be
used with subjects, objects, and verbs:]{.font12}
[With subject]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Lián (Subject)]{.font12}
[dōu/yě . . . .]{.font12}
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [Lián Lián]{.font12} | [xiǎoháizi shòuguo j | [dōu dong zhèijiàn |
| | iào-]{.font12} | shi.]{.font12} |
| | | |
| | [yude rén]{.font12} | [dōu tíngbudǒng tāde |
| | | huà.]{.font12} |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
\
[\"Even children understand this.\"]{.font12}
[\"Even educated people can\'t understand what he says.\"]{.font12}
[Jintiān tiānqi bù hǎo, lián tā zhème ài wánrde rén dōu hu chūqu le, nǐ
wèishenme yào qù?]{.font12}
[Nǐ hai shuō méiyou zhèijiàn shi, hú zhǐ shi Xiānggǎng hàozhǐ, lián
Běijīngde hàozhǐ dōu xiěle zhèitiáo xǐnwén.]{.font12}
\
[The weather is had today. Even he, who likes to play so much, isn\'t
going out. Why are you?]{.font12}
[How can you say it\'s not true. Not only the Hong Kong papers reported
this piece of news, it was even in the Beijīng papers.]{.font12}
\
[With object]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
\
[lián (Object) dōu/yě . . . •]{.font12}
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| [Tā]{.font12} | [lián | [zìjǐde míngzi | [dōu bú huì |
| | lián]{.font12} | guǎ | xiě. dōu |
| [Tā]{.font12} | | nggào]{.font12} | kàn.]{.font12} |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
\
[\"He can\'t even write his own name.\" \"He even reads the
ads.\"]{.font12}
\
[Tā jīntiān bù shūfu, lián fàn yě bù xiǎng chī le.]{.font12}
[Wō lián yíge zì dōu bú jìde le.]{.font12}
[Jīntiān lián yìdiǎn fēng yě méiyou.]{.font12}
\
[He isn\'t feeling well today. He won\'t even eat.]{.font12}
[I don\'t even remember one word.]{.font12}
[There isn\'t the least bit of wind today.]{.font12}
\
[With verb]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[lián' (Verb) dōu/yě méi/bù (Verb)]{.font12}
--------------- ------------------- ----------------- ---------------- ------------------------
[Tā]{.font12} [lián]{.font12} [kàn]{.font12} [dōu]{.font12} [méi kàn wo.]{.font12}
[Tā]{.font12} [lián]{.font12} [tīng]{.font12} [dōu]{.font12} [bù tīng.]{.font12}
[Tā]{.font12} [(lián)]{.font12} [wèn]{.font12} [dōu]{.font12} [bú wèn.]{.font12}
--------------- ------------------- ----------------- ---------------- ------------------------
\
[\"She didn\'t even look at me.\" \"He wouldn\'t even listen.\" \"He
didn't even ask.\"]{.font12}
[']{.font12}[lián]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is often
optional in this pattern.]{.font12}
- [A: Zhāng Sān shi nǐde lǎo péngyou ba?]{.font12}
[Zhāng Sān is an old friend of yours, isn\'t he?]{.font12}
[I\'ve never even met him. How could he be an old friend of
mine?]{.font12}
[You didn\'t even taste the dish. How could you know it doesn't
taste good?]{.font12}
\
- [B: Wo lián Jiàn dōu méi Jiànguo ta, zěnme huì shi lǎo péngyou
ne?]{.font12}
[Nǐ lián cháng dōu méi cháng, zěnme zhīdao zhèige cài bù hǎo chī
ne?]{.font12}
- [6. A: ]{.font12}[Ming Bào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ bú cuò,
]{.font12}[shìjièxìng-]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
The ]{.font12}[Ming Pao]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is not bad. It has de xǐnwén tā
dōu you. all the world news.]{.font12}
[B: Duì le. ]{.font12}[Ming Bào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ bú cuò, Yes, the ]{.font12}[Ming
Pao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is quite good, you
]{.font12}[bù néng bú]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
kàn\~ have to read it.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 6]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Ming Bào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: A Hong Kong
newspaper known for reporting without an overly dominant political point
of view.]{.font12}
[shǐjièxǐng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: The syllable
-]{.font12}[xing]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"character, nature, quality,\" can be used after a noun like the
English endings -]{.font12}[ness]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, -]{.font12}[ity]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, or -ce, as in \"onesidedness,\"
\"creativity,\" \"importance.\" The resulting abstract noun can be used
alone or is frequently used, followed by -de, to modify another
noun.]{.font12}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[kěnéngxǐng]{.font12} [possibility, likelihood]{.font12}
[zhòngyàoxìng]{.font12} [importance]{.font12}
[dulìxìng]{.font12} [independent character]{.font12}
[xíguànxìng]{.font12} [habitual]{.font12}
[liúxíngxìng]{.font12} [epidemic]{.font12}
[lìshǐxìng]{.font12} [historical]{.font12}
[yàoxìng]{.font12} [property of a medicine]{.font12}
[youxìng]{.font12} [oiliness]{.font12}
[tā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: You have learned ]{.font12}[tā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ as \"he\']{.font12} [\" or \"she,\" but sentence 6A is the first]{.font12}
[time in this course that ]{.font12}[tā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ has been]{.font12} [used as \"it.\" (The word ]{.font12}[tā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may also]{.font12}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[be omitted from the sentence without changing the meaning.) You know
that Chinese most often does not use any word for \"it,\" as
in]{.font12}
[Wǒ qù ná. I'll go get
]{.font12}[it]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Zài zhuōzishang. It \* s on the table.]{.font12}
[Furthermore, \"it\" is sometimes expressed in Chinese by repeating the
entire noun phrase, for example]{.font12}
- [A: Nǐ néng bāng wo zhǎodào Can you help me find that
book?]{.font12}
[zhèiběn shū ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ you zhèiběn shū, kéyi I have ]{.font12}[it]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, and I can give it to
you.]{.font12}
[song gei ni.]{.font12}
[Least often, \"it\" is expressed by the pronoun ]{.font12}[tā]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.° There is no single rule which
will tell you when you can use ]{.font12}[tā]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. It is often used as the object of
]{.font12}[bā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:]{.font12}
[Nǐ bǎ ta ná dao nǎr qu le? Wǒ Where did you take it to? How come zěnme
zhǎobudào? I can't find it?]{.font12}
[Hái you yíge Jiǎozi, nǐ bǎ ta There's one more dumpling left; you
chile. eat it.]{.font12}
[bù néng bu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"cannot
not\"---in other words, \"cannot but; have no choice but to; must\" The
second ]{.font12}[bu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is
unstressed and usually neutral tone.]{.font12}
[Wèile Jiātíngde guānxi, wǒ bù For the sake of my family, I have no néng
bu zhèiyang zuò. choice but to do this.]{.font12}
[Gēn zhèizhǒng rén zài yìqǐde When together with this sort
of]{.font12}
[shihou, bù néng bu xiǎoxīn person, one must be rather
careful,]{.font12}
[yidiǎnr.]{.font12}
[°One stylistic feature of modern written Chinese is that
]{.font12}[tā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used for
\"it\" much more than in true spoken Chinese. This was originally an
imitation of the structure of Western languages.]{.font12}
- [7. A: ]{.font12}[Zhǐ yào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ nǐ ]{.font12}[lái]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ hang máng As long as you help
out, we'll he women Jiù ]{.font12}[yǒu bànfa]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. ahle to do
it.]{.font12}
[B: Zhè you shénme? Yǐnggāide This is nothing. It's only right!
ma!]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 7]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[zhǐ yào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"as long as,
provided that\" This is used in the pattern]{.font12}
[zhǐ yào\...Jiù]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Bu yào kǎolu tài duō, zhǐ yào nǐ Don't think it over so much. If you
xǐhuan Jiù hǎo le. like it, that's all that
matters.]{.font12}
[Zhǐ yào wǒ Jīntiān wǎnshang yǒu kòng, Jiù kéyi hǎ zhèiběn shū
kànwán.]{.font12}
\
[As long as I have time tonight, I]{.font12}
\
[can finish reading this hook.]{.font12}
\
[Nǐ zhǐ yào hǎ shū niànhǎole, zhǎo gōngzuò Jiu méiyou wèntí
le.]{.font12}
\
[As long as you do well in your studies, you won't have any trouble
finding a Joh.]{.font12}
\
[lái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: In commands and
suggestions, this verb merely indicates that a person will perform some
action, and can usually go untranslated. When talking about one's own
intention, ]{.font12}[lái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
can be translated as \"let me\" or \"let's.\"]{.font12}
\
[Wǒ lái wèn ni.]{.font12}
[Wo lái shuō liǎngjù.]{.font12}
[Women lái tántan zhèige wèntí.]{.font12}
- [A: Zhèige zì xiěde duì bu dui?]{.font12}
- [B: Wo lái kànkan.]{.font12}
[Xiànzài qǐng Wáng Anmín Tongzhì lái gěi women JiǎngJiang huà.]{.font12}
[Nǐ kuài qù máng ba! Women lái shōushi.]{.font12}
[Chile fàn women zài lái zuò kāfēi.]{.font12}
[Wǒmen yìqǐ lái ban. Wo lái ban zhèr, nǐ dào nèibianr qù.]{.font12}
[Lǐ Zhènhàn, qǐng nǐ lái niàn.]{.font12}
\
[Let me ask you.]{.font12}
[Let me say a few words.]{.font12}
[Let's discuss this question.]{.font12}
[Is this character written correctly?]{.font12}
[Let me take a look.]{.font12}
[Now let's ask Comrade Wáng Anmín to speak to us.]{.font12}
[You go take care of what you have to do. We'll straighten up.]{.font12}
[After dinner let's make some coffee, (]{.font12}[zài]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"then\" here.)]{.font12}
[Let's move this together. I'll take it from here, and you go over
there]{.font12}
[Lǐ Zhènhàn, would you read aloud please?]{.font12}
\
[yǐnggāide]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: This is short
for ]{.font12}[Wo bāngzhu ni shi yīnggāide]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"it is right that I help you.\"
Use the phrase ]{.font12}[yǐnggāide]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to respond when someone thanks you
for doing a favor which you consider natural under the
circumstances.]{.font12}
\
[8. A: Nǐ kàn, zhèipiān wénzhāngli bú shi ]{.font12}[xǐ dú]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, jiù shi ]{.font12}[shā
rén]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[B: Kàn zhèizhōng xǐnwén, zhǐ néng ]{.font12}[shǐ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ rén nánshòu. Suàn le, bú yào kàn
le.]{.font12}
\
[Look, there's nothing in this article but taking drugs and killing
people.]{.font12}
[Reading this kind of news will only make you feel bad. Forget it, don't
read it.]{.font12}
\
[Notes on No. 8]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[\"if it's not\...then it's\...\" or \"either\...or\...\"]{.font12}
\
[bú shi\...jiù shi\...]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:]{.font12}
[Bú shi tā, jiù shi nǐ, chúle nǐmen yǐwài hái you shéi huì zhèiyang
zuò?]{.font12}
[It was either he or you. Who would do something like that besides one
of you?]{.font12}
[Lǎo Wang's cooking is always either too salty or too hot.]{.font12}
[If he isn't at home, then he's at the office. He wouldn't go anyplace
else.]{.font12}
[He's always eating something or other. His mouth never stops
going.]{.font12}
\
[Lǎo Wáng zuò cài, bú shi tài xián jiù shi tài là.]{.font12}
[Tā bú shi zài jiā, jiù shi zài bàngōngshì, biéde dìfang tā bú huì
qù.]{.font12}
[Tā bú shi chǐ zhèige, jiù shi chǐ nèige, zuǐ° méiyou tíngde
shihou.]{.font12}
[xǐ dú]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to take drugs\"
Literally \"to inhale poison,\" but used for any method of drug taking.
(For the last example you need to know ]{.font12}[kěkǎyǐn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"cocaine,\" and
]{.font12}[hǎiluòyǐn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"heroin.\")]{.font12}
[Tā yìtiān máng dào wǎn, zěnme He's busy all day long. He wouldn\'t huì
qù xǐ dú? go and take drugs!]{.font12}
[Nèige háizi xǐ dú xīle hǎo Jǐ- That kid has been taking drugs for nián
le, shēnt? yǐjīng huài le. years, and his health has gotten
bad.]{.font12}
[Tā xǐ shénme dú? Kěkǎyǐn háishi What drugs does he take? Cocaine or
hǎiluòyǐn? heroin?]{.font12}
[shā rén]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to kill, to
murder\" or \"to try (unsuccessfully) to kill/ murder\" The Chinese
verbs for \"kill\" often consist of two parts: a verb telling the action
(stab, shoot, beat, etc.) and a verb telling the resulting process of
dying. Here is a list of some common ones (this is only here to clarify
a point of grammar---you don\'t have to memorize all these
words):]{.font12}
[hàisǐ (by scheming)]{.font12}
[zhāsǐ (by stabbing)]{.font12}
[diànsǐ (by electric shock) dúsǐ (by poisoning)]{.font12}
[zuǐ, \"mouth\"]{.font12}
[diàosǐ (by hanging)]{.font12}
[biēsǐ (by suffocation or drowning) lēisǐ (by strangling with a cord)
qiāsī (by strangling with the hands) yǎsī (by crushing or running over)
zhuàngsǐ (by a collision) qìsī (by making someone angry!) dǎsī (by a
blow, beating, or gunshot)]{.font12}
[and the most general term of all]{.font12}
[nòngsǐ (by any means)]{.font12}
[In classical Chinese, ]{.font12}[shā]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ originally meant \"to kill with a
knife\" or \"to slaughter (an animal).\" Today, ]{.font12}[shā]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is still used for \"to slaughter\"
or \"kill\" animals, as in]{.font12}
[Nǐ huì bu hui shā Jī? Do you know how to kill]{.font12}
[a chicken?]{.font12}
[In modern Chinese, ]{.font12}[shā]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can have (1) a general meaning or
(2) a specific meaning.]{.font12}
[(1) The general meaning of ]{.font12}[shā]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is the same as
]{.font12}[nòngsǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or the
English \"to kill, to murder.\" This is the way ]{.font12}[shā]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used when the method of killing
is not stated or not known.]{.font12}
[Tā bā nèige rén shāsǐ le. He killed that person. (method
not]{.font12}
[considered)]{.font12}
[(2) The specific meaning of ]{.font12}[shā]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is to kill with a knife or
knifelike instrument (e.g., a bayonet). In this meaning,
]{.font12}[shā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ contrasts
with all the other ways of killing listed above. When in your sentence
you want to express the method of killing, you must choose an
appropriate verb. It would be wrong to say ]{.font12}[Tā yòng qiāng bǎ
nèige rén shāsǐ le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.
Instead, you should say]{.font12}
[Tā yòng qiāng bǎ nèige rén dǎsǐ He killed that man with a gun.
le.]{.font12}
[Shā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ takes on its specific
meaning as soon as you start talking about methods, so in such
sentences, you must choose your verb according to the mode of
killing.]{.font12}
- [A: Tā bǎ tā tāitai shāsǐ le. He killed his wife.]{.font12}
- [B: Zěnme nòngsǐde? How did he kill her?]{.font12}
[A: Dúsǐde. He poisoned her.]{.font12}
[One last point: ]{.font12}[Shā]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may express the action of only
]{.font12}[trying]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to kill,
without implying that the person or animal actually died.]{.font12}
[Tā shā jī shāle liǎngdāo kěshi He cut the chicken twice, but didn't méi
bǎ ta shāsǐ. kill it.]{.font12}
[']{.font12}[qiāng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"gun\"]{.font12}
[shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to cause, to
make\"]{.font12}
[shǐ (Object) (Verb) . . .]{.font12}
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [shǐ zhēn shǐ shǐ | [rén wo wo | [nanshòu]{.font12} |
| shǐ]{.font12} | tā]{.font12} | |
| | | [gāoxìng]{.font12} |
| | | |
| | | [juéde you xǐwàng |
| | | wàngle |
| | | nèijiàn]{.font12} |
| | | |
| | | [shi]{.font12} |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
\
[Tā xiǎngle bù shǎo banfǎ, yě méi shǐ tā érzi duì shàng dàxué you
xìngqu.]{.font12}
[Kàndao tā shǐ wo Juéde hěn gāo-xìng.]{.font12}
\
[makes one sad]{.font12}
[\"really makes me happy\"]{.font12}
[\"makes me feel that there's hope]{.font12}
[\"made him forget that matter\"]{.font12}
[He tried lots of different things, but couldn\'t interest his son in
(going to) college.]{.font12}
[It made me very happy to see him.]{.font12}
\
[If there is an aspect marker, it goes with the verb following
]{.font12}[shǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, never with
shǐ itself:]{.font12}
[Shi shénme yuányǐn shǐ tāmen What was it that caused them
to]{.font12}
[fēnkāi le? split up?]{.font12}
[Shǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ sometimes means \"to
enable,\" particularly if followed by ]{.font12}[néng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or other words of that
meaning:]{.font12}
[Chile zhèizhōng xīnde yào, shǐ By taking this new medicine, the
pa-bìngren hǎode hěn kuài. tient was able (enabled) to
recover]{.font12}
[very quickly.]{.font12}
[Although ]{.font12}[shǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
may sometimes be translated by \"make,\" \"make\" may not always be
translated by ]{.font12}[shǐ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. When \"make\" means \"to compel\"
someone to do something, it can be translated by
]{.font12}[jiào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:]{.font12}
[Lǐ Xiānsheng jiào tā zài xiě Mr. Lǐ made him write it over
again,]{.font12}
[yícì.]{.font12}
- [9- ]{.font12}[Běnlǎi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
tāde Zhōngwén bú cuò, Originally, his Chinese was
pretty]{.font12}
[líkāi Zhōngguo jiǔle, wàngle good, but he's been away
from]{.font12}
[hěn duō. China for a long time and
has]{.font12}
[forgotten a lot.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 9]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[běnlǎi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"originally, in
the beginning, at first; to begin with, in the first place\" This is a
moveable adverb; that is, it may come before or after the subject, but
always before the verb.]{.font12}
[Běnlǎi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ has two main uses:
(1) to indicate that the situation was originally one way but then it
changed, and (2) to express that something has been the case since the
beginning and is still the case. On the next page are examples of both
meanings.]{.font12}
[(1) SITUATION HAS CHANGED]{.font12}
[Wǒ běnlái bú qù, xiànzài qù le.]{.font12}
[Wǒ běnlái bù xǐhuan ta, kěshi xiànzài xǐhuan ta le.]{.font12}
[Běnlái shuō shi yào dào Xīngqī-wù cái néng zuòwán, dànshi wo tíngshuō
tāmen yào zǎo yidiǎnr zuòwán.]{.font12}
[Běnlái wǒ xiǎng jīntiān xiàwu qù kàn diànyīng, hòulái tíngshuō kāi huì.
Suàn le, wǒ yǐhòu zài qù ba.]{.font12}
[Běnlái wǒ Jīntiān yào qù Guǎng-zhōu, kěshi tiānqì bù hǎo, dàgài děi
míngtiān cái néng zǒu le.]{.font12}
[Zhèijiàn shi běnlái shi kéyi bànde, kěshi shéi xiǎngdào huì yǒu zhèige
qíngkuàng?]{.font12}
[(2) SITUATION WAS LIKE THIS TO START]{.font12}
\
[Originally I wasn't going to go, but now I will.]{.font12}
[Originally I didn't like her, but now I do.]{.font12}
[Originally it was said that they wouldn't be finished until Friday, but
now I hear they're going to finish sooner.]{.font12}
[Originally I wanted to go see a movie this afternoon. Later I heard
there was a meeting. Oh well.]{.font12}
[I'll go another time.]{.font12}
[Originally I was going to Guǎngzhōu today, but the weather is bad, so
now I probably won't be able to go until tomorrow.]{.font12}
[It could have been done, but who expected ]{.font12}[this]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to happen?]{.font12}
[:th]{.smallcaps}[ AND STILL IS]{.font12}
\
[Translations for this meaning include "to begin with\" place.\" In this
use, ]{.font12}[běnlái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is
often followed by ]{.font12}[Jiù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
\
[and \"in the first]{.font12}
\
[Wǒ běnlái Jiù bù xǐhuan ta, xiànzài hái bu xǐhuan ta.]{.font12}
- [A: Nǐ bié qù nèige dìfang!]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ běnlái Jiù bú qù.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Nǐ bié zài qù le.]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ běnlái Jiù méi qù.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Wǒ háishi Juéde nǐ yīnggāi qù yítàng.]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ běnlái Jiù yào qù.]{.font12}
[Běnlái Jiù gāi zhèiyang bàn.]{.font12}
- [A: Zhèige kāfēi zěnme zènme hēi?]{.font12}
- [B: Kāfēi ma, běnlái Jiù shi hēide.]{.font12}
\
[I never did like her, and I still don't like her.]{.font12}
[Don't go there!]{.font12}
[I wasn't going to go there in the first place.]{.font12}
[Don't ever go there again.]{.font12}
[I never did go there.]{.font12}
[I still think you ought to go there.]{.font12}
[I ]{.font12}[am]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ going. (I
was intending to go even before you told me to.)]{.font12}
[We should have done this in the first place.]{.font12}
[Why is this coffee so black?]{.font12}
[Coffee is ]{.font12}[supposed]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to be black!]{.font12}
\
[A clause with ]{.font12}[běnlái]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is often related to another with
]{.font12}[dāngrán]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:]{.font12}
[Zhèige dōngxi běnlái Jiù shi nǐ- This thing belongs to you; of course
de, wǒ dāngrán yào huán gei ni! I would return it to you.]{.font12}
[Běnlái tā zài dàxué niànde shi She studied sociology in college,
shèhuixué, tā dāngrán duì she- so of course she's interested in hui
wèntí you xìngqu. social problems.]{.font12}
[Note on Additional Required Vocabulary]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[you xiào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be
effective; to be valid\"]{.font12}
[Zhèige yào hěn you xiào. This medicine is very
effective.]{.font12}
[Zhèizhāng piào hái you xiào ma? Is this ticket still valid?]{.font12}
[Lǐ Ping (B), Tom (A), and Lǐ Wen (E) are talking in the Li's living
room.]{.font12}
- [A: Nǐ zài kàn shénme hàozhǐ?]{.font12}
- [B:]{.font12}[ Ming Bào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. ]{.font12}[Ming Bào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ hú cuò,]{.font12}
[hěn you yìsi.]{.font12}
[E: Zài Měiguo yě xiàng Xiānggǎng]{.font12}
[zhèiyang, shénme luànqībāzāode xǐnwén dōu wang hàozhǐshang xiě
ma?]{.font12}
- [A: Píngchāng wǒ kàn ]{.font12}[Huashèngdùn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Youbào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. Zhèige hàozhǐ hú
cuò, guōnèi, guōwàide xǐnwén dōu you, dāngrán guǎnggào yě hù shǎo.
Zhōngwén hàozhǐ, wǒ yě kàn, nèi shànghianr yě you nǐ shuōde nèizhong
\"luànqībāzāo\" de xǐnwén.]{.font12}
- [B: Nimen zhèiyang shuō, wǒ hù]{.font12}
[zěnme tōngyì. Shénme shi \"luàn-qǐhāzāo\"? Shèhuì shēnghuó běnlái jiù
shi zhèiyang ma.']{.font12}
[E: Suàn le ba.' Jīntiān shi shā]{.font12}
[rén, míngtiān shi xī dú, wǒ bú yào kàn.]{.font12}
[A: Kàn háishi xūyào kànde, yǐnwèi]{.font12}
[shèhuì shēnghuózhōngde wèntí, wǒmen yě bù néng bú zhùyì a!]{.font12}
[E: Xiānggǎngde shèhui wèntí zhēn]{.font12}
[duō! Shénme dìfangrde rén dōu you, shénmeyàngrde wèntí yě dōu
you.]{.font12}
- [A: Shèhui wèntí shi shìjièxìngde,]{.font12}
[bù zhǐ shi Xiānggǎng you.]{.font12}
[E: Ng, nàme, rénmen duì zhèixie]{.font12}
[wèntí jiu méiyou shénme bànfǎr ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Bànfǎ hěn duō, dìfang bù tong,]{.font12}
[bànfǎ yě bù yíyàng. Kěshi zhèixiē bànfǎ shi bu shi you xiào jiu bù
zhīdào le.]{.font12}
[What newspaper are you reading?]{.font12}
[Ming Pao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. It's pretty
good, very interesting.]{.font12}
[In America is it the same as in Hong Kong: they put all kinds of crazy
news in the paper?]{.font12}
[I usually read the ]{.font12}[Washington Post]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. It's a pretty good paper. It has
domestic as well as international news. Of course there are a lot of
ads, too. I read Chinese newspapers too, and they have \"all kinds of
crazy news '' in them, as you put it.]{.font12}
[I don't really agree with what you are saying. What is \"all kinds of
crazy news\"? That's exactly the way life in society
]{.font12}[is]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[!]{.font12}
[Forget it! Today it's killing, tomorrow it's drugs. I don't want to
read that.]{.font12}
[We still need to read it, because we can't very well ignore the
problems of life in society.]{.font12}
[Hong Kong sure has a lot of social problems. There are people from
everywhere, and all kinds of problems.]{.font12}
[Problems in society are worldwide. Hong Kong isn't the only place that
has them.]{.font12}
[Mm, then is there nothing people can do about these problems?]{.font12}
[There are a lot of ways to deal with them. Different places have
different ways of dealing with them. But whether these ways work or not
is another question.]{.font12}
- [A: You rén shuō zǒngjiào shi]{.font12}
[yìzhōng banfǎ, bù guǎn shénme Jiào, dōu shi Jiào rén zuò hǎo shìrde.
Kěshi wō xiǎng jiàoyu hěn zhōngyào, shòu jiàoyude rén yuè duō, shèhuide
wèntí yuè shǎo.]{.font12}
- [B: Erqiě jīngji fāda yě hěn yào-]{.font12}
[jǐn. Jīngji bù fǎdáde dìfang, rénmen fàn zuìde jīhui Jiu gèng
duō.]{.font12}
[E: ]{.font11}[Jiù shi ma, rén yào chī fàn,]{.font12}
[lián fàn dōu chībubǎo, tāmen zěnme néng bú fàn zuì ne?]{.font12}
- [A: Wō xiǎng méi nàme jiǎndān.]{.font12}
[Fàn zuì hé hěn duō shi yōu guānxi, tèbié shi hé jiātíng yōu
guānxi.]{.font12}
[E: Nī jiǎngjiang kàn.]{.font12}
[A: Zài jīngji fādáde dìfang, xiǎo]{.font12}
[jiātíng yuè lái yuè duō, érqiě fùmǔmen dōu yōu gōngzuò, dōu hěn máng,
méiyou shíjiān duō guǎn háizi. You xiě niánqīngde fùmǔ yě hěn shǎo
xiǎngdào zìjīde zéren, méiyou shénme jiātíng guānniàn.]{.font12}
[E: Nǐde huà yōu dàolī, kěshi dà]{.font12}
[lùde qíngxing ne? Nīmen zěnme xiǎng?]{.font12}
- [B:]{.font11}[ Shi a. Dàlù jīngji bù fādá,]{.font12}
[érqiě dàjiā yě dōu yōu jiātíng guānniàn. Kěshi, kànkan bàozhī,
dàlùshang fàn zuìde rén yě bù shǎo.]{.font12}
- [A:]{.font11}[ Wō xiǎng zhè hé zhèngzhi bù]{.font12}
[āndìng yōu guānxi, tèbié shi cóng Liù Liù nián dào Qī Liù
nián.]{.font12}
[Some people say that religion is one way. No matter what the religion,
it always teaches people to do good. But I think education is important.
The more educated people there are, the fewer social problems there will
be.]{.font12}
[And also, a developed economy is important. In places where the economy
isn't well-developed, there are more opportunities for people to connnit
crimes.]{.font12}
[Exactly. People have to eat. If they can't even get enough to eat, how
can you expect them not to commit crimes?]{.font12}
[I don't think it's so simple. Crime is related to many different
things, especially to the family.]{.font12}
[Would you explain what you mean?]{.font12}
[Where the economy is developed, there are more and more small families;
also, both parents have jobs and are very busy, so they don't have time
to take good care of the children. Some young parents seldom think of
their own responsibilities and don't have much of a sense of family
attachment.]{.font12}
[That makes sense. But what about the situation on the mainland? What do
you two think?]{.font12}
[Yeah, the mainland's economy isn't developed, and furthermore everyone
has a sense of attachment to the family. But read the papers: there are
quite a few people committing crimes on the mainland too.]{.font12}
[I think this has to do with the political instability, especially from
'66 to '?6.]{.font12}
- [B: Shi ma, nèige shihou, shénme]{.font12}
[fǎlu dōu méiyou. Lián fàn zuì hú fàn zuì dōu nòngbuqīngchu, shèhui
wèntí zěnme huì shǎo?]{.font12}
[A: Nǐde kànfǎ, wǒ hěn tongyì. Wǒ]{.font12}
[xiǎng, zhǐ yǒu shǐ zhèngzhi āndìng, JǐngJi, wénhuà fādá, cái néng shǐ
shèhui jìnbù.]{.font12}
[(Grandma Lǐ walks in.)]{.font12}
[G: Nǐmen zài tán shénme, tánde]{.font12}
[zhème gāoxìng?]{.font12}
[A: Lǐ Nǎinai, women zài tán shèhui]{.font12}
[wèntí.]{.font12}
[G: Hǎo le, nǐmen tángòu le meiyou?]{.font12}
[Chile fàn zài tán xíng hu xíng?]{.font12}
- [A, B, E: Xíng, chile fàn zài tán.]{.font12}
[Yes. During that time there wasn\'t any law at all. If you can't even
tell the difference between committing a crime and not committing one,
how can social problems be reduced?]{.font12}
[I agree very much with your view. I think that society can only be made
to progress if the political situation is stabilized and the economy and
culture are made to flourish.]{.font12}
[What are you talking about so cheerfully?]{.font12}
[We're talking about social problems, Grandma Lǐ.]{.font12}
[Well, have you talked enough? How about continuing the conversation
after dinner?]{.font12}
[Okay! We'll talk more after dinner.]{.font12}
[Unit ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[7,]{.font12
style="font-style:italic;text-decoration:underline;"}[ Tape 2
Workbook]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Exercise 1]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit.
The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you
to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your
answer.]{.font12}
[All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may
want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several
times.]{.font12}
[Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[This conversation begins when two young friends run into each other at
a trolley stop on the west side of Běijīng.]{.font12}
[The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely,
you'll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below
as you listen a second time.]{.font12}
[Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
conversation:]{.font12}
[bang to be great, to be
fantastic]{.font12}
[bú jiàn bú don't leave until we've met
up',]{.font12}
[sàn!]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk
about them in class.]{.font12}
- [1. Where is Xiǎo Liú working and what is he doing there?]{.font12}
- [2. How does he keep up with his English?]{.font12}
- [3. What does the article say about education in the U.S.?]{.font12}
[U. What does Xiǎo Liú's friend want him to do?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take
a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your
answers.]{.font12}
[Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate
the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than
the literal meaning of the Chinese.]{.font12}
[Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In this exercise two sisters talk in the home of a Chinese family in
Washington, D.C.]{.font12}
[Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second,
time through, look helow and answer the questions.]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk
about them in class.]{.font12}
- [1. Why do they say that the ]{.font12}[Ming Pao]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is a good newspaper?]{.font12}
- [2. What is the procedure for mail-ordering a television for one's
relatives in Guangzhou?]{.font12}
- [3. Why would overseas Chinese want to take advantage of this
procedure? (Can't their relatives in China buy a television
themselves?)]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [h. To whom do the sisters want to send the television?
Why?]{.font12}
[5. In what form will they make the payment?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take
a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which
you have prepared.]{.font12}
[Exercise h]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In this conversation a father and son in Běijīng talk about
religion.]{.font12}
[Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape
and listen again. On the second time through, answer the
questions.]{.font12}
---------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------
[You will need the following words]{.font12} [and. phrases:]{.font12}
[xiāngxìn]{.font12} [to believe in]{.font12}
[j iàotáng]{.font12} [church]{.font12}
[zuò lǐbài]{.font12} [to worship, to attend religious services]{.font12}
[Nan Měi]{.font12} [South America]{.font12}
[tour]{.font12} [head, chief, boss]{.font12}
[xué hao]{.font12} [to learn from good examples, to]{.font12}
---------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------
[learn to be a good person]{.font12}
[gōngkè]{.font12}
\
[homework, schoolwork, classwork]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise U]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk
about them in class.]{.font12}
- [1. What does the son think is so strange? Why is this on his
mind?]{.font12}
- [2. What did the son read in the newspaper? What was his
reaction?]{.font12}
- [3. What does his father have to say about religion? (There are four
points.)]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [U. ]{.font12}[Xué hǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
is considered very important for teenagers in China. How does this
fit into the son's concept of religion?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions, you may want to take a look at
the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to
the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers
correctly.]{.font12}
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Two young friends run into each other at a trolley stop on the west
side of]{.font12}
[Beijing.]{.font12}
- [A: Hēi, Xiǎo Liu! Hǎo jiū hú jiàn.]{.font12}
[Nǐ xiànzài zài nǎr gōngzuò ne?]{.font12}
- [B: Jiù zài zhèr, Beijing Túshūguǎn.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Hei, hǎo gōngzuò! Zài túshūguǎn]{.font12}
[zuò shénme?]{.font12}
- [B: Fǎnyì.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Yīngwén fǎnyì?]{.font12}
- [B: Yǐngwén fǎnyì.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Nǐ zhēn you hànfa! Xuéle jǐ-]{.font12}
[niande Yīngwén zhēn you yòng le. Xiànzài zài fǎnyi shénme?]{.font12}
- [B: Jintiǎn fǎnyide shi ]{.font12}[Huashèngdùn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Yoùbàod]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e yìpiǎn wénzhāng,
xiěde shi guǎnyú jiàoyude wèntí.]{.font12}
- [A: Zhēn hù jiǎndǎn°! Lian hàozhǐ]{.font12}
[dōu néng fǎnyi le. Nī you shí-jiǎn ma? Néng hu néng gěi wo jiǎng
diǎnr?]{.font12}
- [B: Wǎnshang wǒ hai děi xué Yīngwén, jiù néng gēn ni liáo jīfēn
zhōng.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Nǐ hái xué Yīngwén?]{.font12}
- [B: Yīngwén hú gòu, hù néng hù xué]{.font12}
[ya!]{.font12}
- [A: Shéi jiǎo ni?]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ gēge jīnnián xiàtiǎn cong]{.font12}
[Měiguo huilai le, tǎ jiāo wo.]{.font12}
[Hey, Xiǎo Liú! Long time no see. Where are you working now?]{.font12}
[Right here, at the Beijing Library.]{.font12}
[Hey, what a great joh! What do you do there?]{.font12}
[Translation.]{.font12}
[English translation?]{.font12}
[English translation.]{.font12}
[You're really something! Those few years you've spent studying English
really turned out to he useful. What are you translating now?]{.font12}
[Today I'm translating an article from the ]{.font12}[Washington
Post]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ on the topic of
education.]{.font12}
[That's amazing! You can even translate newspapers now. Do you have some
time? Can you tell me a little about it?]{.font12}
[Tonight I have to study English, so I can only chat with you for a few
minutes.]{.font12}
[You're still studying English?]{.font12}
[My English isn't good enough. I have to study!]{.font12}
[Who teaches you?]{.font12}
[My brother came back from the U.S. this summer. He's teaching
me.]{.font12}
[°]{.font12}[bù jiǎndǎn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"not simple/ordinary/commonplace,\" in other words, \"amazing,
phenomenal.\"]{.font12}
- [A: Zhēn ]{.font12}[hang]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}['. Duì le, kuài' shuō-]{.font12}
[shuo nèipiān wenzhāng, wǒ tǐngshuō zài Meiguo shòuguo dàxué jiàoyude
rén hěn duō.]{.font12}
- [B: Duì le, Měiguo shi dàxuéshēng]{.font12}
[zuì duōde guójiā.]{.font12}
- [A: Zhēnde?]{.font12}
- [B: Zhēnde, dàjiā yìfāngmiàn gōngzuò,]{.font12}
[yìfāngmiàn xuéxí, yōu bù shāo rén dōu' wǔshisuì le, hái zài dàxué niàn
shū ne.]{.font12}
- [A: Wō xiǎng zhèi shi Měiguo Jìnbù-]{.font12}
[de yíge yuányǐn! Zhèipiān wénzhāng nǐ fānwánle ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Kuài fānwán le, dàgài míngtiān]{.font12}
[jiu fānwán le.]{.font12}
- [A: Néng bu néng gěi wo kànkan?]{.font12}
[---Zhōngwénde.]{.font12}
- [B: Wō wen yíxià wōmende lǐngdǎo,]{.font12}
[dàgài méiyou shenme wèntí.]{.font12}
- [A: Nà míngtiān wǎnshang liùdian]{.font12}
[bàn, wō hái zài zhèr děng ni, ]{.font12}[bú jiàn bú sàn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ a!]{.font12}
- [B: Xíng, bú jiàn bú sàn!]{.font12}
[That's fantastic! Oh yeah, tell me about that article. I hear that
there are a lot of people with a college education in the U.S.]{.font12}
[Yes, the U.S. is the country with the most college students (in the
world).]{.font12}
[Really?]{.font12}
[Really. Everyone works and studies at the same time. There are quite a
few people who even at the age of fifty are still studying at a
university.]{.font12}
[I think that's also a reason why America is so progressive! Have you
finished translating the article?]{.font12}
[Almost. I'll probably finish tomorrow.]{.font12}
[Could you give it to me to read?]{.font12}
[---the Chinese.]{.font12}
[I'll ask our leader. There probably won't be any problem.]{.font12}
[Then tomorrow evening at six-thirty I'll wait for you here. And don't
leave until we've met up!]{.font12}
[Okay, we won't leave until we've met up!]{.font12}
[']{.font12}[kuài]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ here
should not be translated as \"quickly\" or \"hurry up\"; it simply
conveys the eagerness of the speaker to hear about the article,
something like the British, \"Do tell me about that article.\"]{.font12}
[° °]{.font12}[Dōu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ here
means \"as much as, even,\" so ]{.font12}[dōu wǔshisuì le]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"as old as fifty\" or \"even
fifty years old.\"]{.font12}
["']{.font12}[Fānwán le]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
means the same as ]{.font12}[fānyiwán le]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"finished
translating.\"]{.font12}
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Two sisters talk in the home of a Chinese family in Washington,
D.C.]{.font12}
[A: Èrjiě, nǐ kàn shénme hào ne?]{.font12}
[B: ]{.font12}[Ming Bào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
wǒ xǐhuan zhèige]{.font12}
[hàozhǐ, hù zuǒ yě hú you.]{.font12}
- [A: Erqiě, shìjièxìngde xǐnwén tā]{.font12}
[dōu you. Zhèige hào zhēnde hú cuò.]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ yě xǐhuan tāde guǎnggào, duì]{.font12}
[women zhèixie zhù zai guǒwàide Zhōngguo rén hěn yǒu yòng.]{.font12}
- [A: Nǐ kànjian shénme guǎnggào le,]{.font12}
[zhème yǒu xìngqu?]{.font12}
- [B: Nǐ lai kàn, zhèr yǒu yige]{.font12}
[diànshì guǎnggào.]{.font12}
- [A: Zěnme shuōde?]{.font12}
- [B: Zhèige guǎnggào shuō, zhǐ yào]{.font12}
[women jì yìzhāng zhīpiào dào Xiānggǎng, Jiù kéyi gěi Jiāli rén mǎi
cǎisè diànshì le.]{.font12}
- [A: Shi ma? Dàlù rén mǎi diànshì]{.font12}
[hù rōngyi. Women lái kànkan, kàn néng hu néng gěi yéye nǎinai mǎi ge
diànshì.]{.font12}
- [B: Bànfa shi zhèiyangr: Women hǎ]{.font12}
[qian hé yéyede dìzhī Jì dao Xiānggǎng, Xiānggǎngde gōngsī Jì yìzhāng
dānzi gěi tāmen, tāmen jiu kéyi zài Guǎngzhōude hǎihuò gōngsǐ qǔ diànshì
le.]{.font12}
- [A: Rúguǒ nèige diànshì hù hǎo]{.font12}
[zěnme hàn?]{.font12}
- [B: Nà shi gōngsǐde zéren, tāmen]{.font12}
[yídìng kéyi gěi° huàn yige hǎode.]{.font12}
[What newspaper are you reading, Sister No. Two?]{.font12}
[Ming Pao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. I like it;
it\'s neither too left nor too right.]{.font12}
[And it has all the world news. It\'s really quite a good
paper.]{.font12}
[I like its advertisements too. They are very useful to us Chinese who
live abroad.]{.font12}
[What ad did you see that you\'re so interested in?]{.font12}
[Come look, there\'s an ad for a television here.]{.font12}
[What does it say?]{.font12}
[It says that if we just send a check to Hong Kong, we can huy a color
television for our family.]{.font12}
[Oh? It\'s not easy for people on the mainland to huy televisions.
Let\'s look and see if we can huy a T.V. for grandpa and
grandma.]{.font12}
[This is the way it works: We send the money and grandpa\'s address to
Hong Kong, and the company in Hong Kong sends them a receipt,' and then
they can pick up the television at a department store in
Guǎngzhōu.]{.font12}
[What if the television has something wrong with it?]{.font12}
[That\'s the company\'s responsibility. I\'m sure they would exchange it
for a good one.]{.font12}
[Dānzi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ here refers to a
]{.font12}[tíhuòdān]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"bill of lading,\" hence it may be translated loosely as \"receipt.\"
(The specific translation for \"receipt\" is ]{.font12}[shōujù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12}[fāpiào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.)]{.font12}
[°°]{.font12}[Gěi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is a
colloquial abbreviation for ]{.font12}[gěi tamen]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"for them.\"]{.font12}
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| [B: Duì, women jǐntiǎn jiù | [Right. Let's send out the check |
| bǎ]{.font12} | today.]{.font12} |
| | |
| [zhǐpiào jìchuqu.]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
[A: M, nà bú cuò, xiànzài yéye]{.font12}
[nǎinai shēnghuo ǎndìng, shénme dōu hǎo, jiù shi shǎo yige diànshì.
Yōule diànshì, tāmen yídìng hěn gāoxìng.]{.font12}
\
[Mm, that's good. Now grandpa and]{.font12}
[grandma have a settled life, and all]{.font12}
[is well for them; the]{.font12}
[only thing]{.font12}
[they]{.font12}
[lack is a television.]{.font12}
[When they]{.font12}
[have]{.font12}
[a television I'm sure happy.]{.font12}
[they'll be]{.font12}
[very]{.font12}
\
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[A father (B) and son (A) talk in Beijing.]{.font12}
- [A: Bàba! Xiànzài zěnme you zenme]{.font12}
[duō rén ]{.font12}[xiāngxìn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ zǒngjiào le, zhēn qíguài!]{.font12}
- [B: Nǐ kànjian shénme shi le?]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Zài lùkǒurshang nèige ]{.font12}[jiàotāng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,]{.font12}
[jǐntiǎn yōu hěn duō rén zài ner ]{.font12}[zuò lǐbài]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, yě yōu niánqīngde rén!]{.font12}
- [B: Wōmende fǎlū shuō Zhōngguo rén]{.font12}
[kéyi yōu zǒngjiào zìyou, zhèi méiyou shénme qíguài ma!]{.font12}
- [A: Wō jìde bàoshang shuō, zài ]{.font12}[Nan]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Měid]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[e yíge guojiā yōu
yìzhōng shénme zōngjiào yōu hěn duō rén xiāngxìn, zhèixiē rén bǎ zìjǐde
qián dōu gěile zhèige zōngjiào-de ]{.font12}[tour]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, kěshi zhèige tour shi ge huàirén,
xīdú, shā rén, shénme luānqǐbāzāode shir dōu zuò. Suóyi wō juéde
zōngjiào zìyou yě bù yídìng hǎo.]{.font12}
- [B: Zōngjiào bú shi yíjiàn Jiǎndān-]{.font12}
[de shi. Zōngjiào hé fàn zuì méiyou yídìngde guānxi. Zōngjiào yōu tāde
dúlìxìng, yōude shihou hé zhèngzhi, wénhuà yōu guānxi, yōude shihou
méiyou. Děng dào nǐ zhǎngdàle yǐhòu, rúguǒ n? yōu xìngqu kéyi yánjiū
yanjiu.]{.font12}
[Dad, how come there are so many people who believe in religion now?
It's so strange!]{.font12}
[Why, what have you seen?]{.font12}
[In that church on the corner, today there were a lot of people
worshiping. There were young people there too.]{.font12}
[Our law does give the Chinese people freedom of religion. There's
nothing strange about that!]{.font12}
[I remember it said in the newspaper that there was some religion in
South America a lot of people believed in, and the people gave all their
money to the head of this religion, but he was a bad person who took
drugs and killed people and did all sorts of crazy things. So I don't
think that freedom of religion is necessarily good.]{.font12}
[Religion isn't a simple thing. It doesn't have a definite relationship
to crime. Religion has its independent character; sometimes it's related
to politics and culture, and sometimes it isn't. When you grow up, if
you're interested, you can study it.]{.font12}
["]{.font12}[yìzhōng shénme zōngjiào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"some religion\"
]{.font12}[Shénme]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ here
acts as an indefinite pronoun modifying ]{.font12}[zōngjiào]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and means that the speaker does not
know how to describe or specify the religion precisely.]{.font12}
- [A: Wǒ tingshuǒ shìjièshang you hěn]{.font12}
[duō bù tóngde zōngjiào, yě you hěn duō you yìside zōngjiào gùshi, zài
zhèixiě gùshili you xiě shi ràng rén ]{.font12}[xué hǎo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, shi duì rén you
hǎochùde.]{.font12}
- [B: Zhèi shi zhēnde. Yánjiū zōng-]{.font12}
[Jiào xūyào hěn duōde zhishi, tèbié shi lìshǐ zhishi, shi hěn you
yìside. Hǎo le, zhèige wèn-tí women yǐhòu zài tan. Nǐde
]{.font12}[gōngkè]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ zuòwánle
meiyou?]{.font12}
- [A: Hái you yidiǎnr, wǒ mǎshàng]{.font12}
[jiù qù zuò.]{.font12}
- [B: Hǎo, kuài qù ba! Zuòwánle]{.font12}
[gōngkè zài tan.]{.font12}
[A: Hǎo!]{.font12}
[I hear that there are many different religions in the world and that
there are a lot of interesting religious stories. Some of the stories
have the purpose of teaching people from good examples, so they're good
for people.]{.font12}
[That's true. To study religion, you need a lot of knowledge, especially
a knowledge of history. It's very interesting. All right, we'll talk
about this question later. Is your homework done?]{.font12}
[I still have a little. I'll go do it right away.]{.font12}
[Okay, hurry up! When you've finished your homework, we'll talk some
more.]{.font12}
[Okay!]{.font12}
[UNIT 8 Directions for the Future]{.font12}
[INTRODUCTION]{.font12}
[Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
- [1. Action-Process compound verbs.]{.font12}
- [2. The directional ending -]{.font12}[hui]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"hack.\"]{.font12}
- [3. The patterns ]{.font12}[(Verb) dong (Verb) xi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[dǒng (Verb) xi
(Verb)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [U. The marker -]{.font12}[de]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ after phrases with a parallel
structure.]{.font12}
[5. The adverb ]{.font12}[you]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"after all,\"
\"anyway.\"]{.font12}
[6. The adverb phrase ]{.font12}[yě bu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"don\'t even,\" \"won\'t even,\"
\"wouldn\'t even.\"]{.font12}
[Functional Language Contained in This Unit]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
- [1. Asking for an explanation of the causes/motives behind a
situation.]{.font12}
- [2. Politely asking someone to quiet down.]{.font12}
- [3. Expressing appreciation to someone for their
hospitality.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [U. Taking leave of a group of people in the middle of a
conversation.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [1. A: Míngtiān clou yǒu shéi ]{.font12}[kǎoshì ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[?]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [B:]{.font12}[ Deng yíxià]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ wǒ gěi ni xiě yíge
]{.font12}[dānzi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [2. A: ]{.font12}[Bomǔ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
shuì ]{.font12}[wǔjiào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
ne ha?]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [B: X, xiǎo shēng diǎnr. Bié bǎ ta ]{.font12}[chǎoxǐng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [3. A: Nǐ kàn zhèicìde ]{.font12}[shēngyì ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[zěnmeyàng?]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [B: Bù zhǐdào. ]{.font12}[Yào kàn yùnqi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le.]{.font12}
[U. A: Wǒ xiǎng qù mǎi xiě ]{.font12}[gǒngyìpǐn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ dàihuí Meiguo.]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ zhèr ]{.font12}[zhènghǎo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ yǒu jǐjiàn, nǐ dōu
]{.font12}[dàishang]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
ba.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [5. A: ]{.font12}[Hǎoxiàng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ shi Xiǎo L? cǒng ménkǒur
]{.font12}[guòqu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
le.]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [B: N? ]{.font12}[hǎohāorde]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ zài zhèr niàn shù ba! Bié xiǎng
dōng xiǎng xīde.]{.font12}
[Who's taking the test tomorrow?]{.font12}
[I'll write you a list in a minute.]{.font12}
[Is your mother taking a Enoontime3 nap?]{.font12}
[Sh! Keep it down. Don't wake her up.]{.font12}
[How do you think business will go this time?]{.font12}
[I don't know. It depends on luck.]{.font12}
[I want to go buy some handicrafts to take back to America.]{.font12}
[I just happen to have some here.]{.font12}
[Take them with you.]{.font12}
[That looked like Xiǎo L? who just passed by the door.]{.font12}
[You just tend to your studies]{.font12}
[Eproperly!! Don't be thinking of this and that.]{.font12}
- [6. A: Qùnián tade Yǐngwén hái shuō-de name
]{.font12}[nántǐng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
jīnnián hǎoxiàng hǎoduǒ le. Shi ]{.font12}[zěnme hui shi?]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[B: Shi ]{.font12}[zenme hui shi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, tā mùqin ]{.font12}[téng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ta, song ta qù Yīngguó niànle
yìnián shù.]{.font12}
[Last year his English still sounded so awful, but this year it seems a
lot better. What happened?]{.font12}
[It's this way: his mother dotes on him and sent him to school in
England for a year.]{.font12}
- [7. A: Tā hái qù zhǎo Xiǎo Lán ]{.font12}[gàn shenme]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, rénjia ]{.font12}[you]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ bù xǐhuan ta!]{.font12}
[What is he going to see Xiǎo Lán for? After all, she doesn't like
him.]{.font12}
- [B: Nǐ bié jí, wǒ lái ]{.font12}[quànq]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[uan ta.]{.font12}
[Don't get upset, I'll try to persuade him.]{.font12}
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| - [8. A: Nǐ shuō wō | [Do you think I should |
| ]{.font12}[gāi]{.font12 | go?]{.font12} |
| sty | |
| le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ | [You do as you see fit, hut I |
| hu gai qu?]{.font12} | hear that there's about to he a |
| | war there.]{.font12} |
| ```{=html} | |
| | [Just now when I went to see Dr. |
| ``` | Wang off, he said he would he |
| - [B: Nǐ | willing to see you |
| ]{.font12}[kànzhe]{.font12 | CmedicallyD.]{.font12} |
| sty | |
| le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ | [(Now) that's great. I'll go see |
| hàn ha, tíngshuō nèige | him when he gets hack.]{.font12} |
| dìfangr kuài ]{.font12}[dǎ | |
| zhang]{.font12 | [What a stupid kid, why didn't |
| sty | you tell me about this before, |
| le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ | since it's such an important |
| le.]{.font12} | thing.]{.font12} |
| | |
| ```{=html} | [I did tell you, but you've |
| | forgotten.]{.font12} |
| ``` | |
| - [9. A: Gāngcái wǒ qù gěi Wáng | [(colloquial) why on earth, what |
| Dàifu | for; to do what]{.font12} |
| ]{.font12}[sòngxíng]{.font12 | |
| styl | [to do (something), to perform |
| e="text-decoration:underline;"}[, | (something), to have (an event), |
| tā shuō tā | to help oneself (to food, etc.), |
| ]{.font12}[yuànyi]{.font12 | to Join in (a game, |
| sty | etc.)]{.font12} |
| le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ | |
| gěi nín kànkan.]{.font12} | [uncle (father\'s elder brother); |
| | term for the father of one\'s |
| ```{=html} | friend]{.font12} |
| | |
| ``` | |
| - [B: Zhèi | |
| ]{.font12}[yíxiàzi]{.font12 | |
| sty | |
| le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ | |
| hǎo le. | |
| ]{.font12}[Děng]{.font12 | |
| sty | |
| le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ | |
| tā huilai wō qù kàn | |
| ta.]{.font12} | |
| | |
| ```{=html} | |
| | |
| ``` | |
| - [10. A: Zhèige | |
| ]{.font12}[shǎ]{.font12 | |
| sty | |
| le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ | |
| háizi, zènme dàde shir yě hu | |
| zǎo diǎnr gàosu wo!]{.font12} | |
| | |
| [B: Wō | |
| ]{.font12}[yuánlái]{.font12 | |
| sty | |
| le="text-decoration:underline;"}[ | |
| gēn nín shuōguo, nín wàng | |
| le.]{.font12} | |
| | |
| [ADDITIONAL REQUIRED | |
| VOCABULARY]{.font12} | |
| | |
| - [11. gànmá]{.font12} | |
| | |
| - [12. lái]{.font12} | |
| | |
| - [13. hófù]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
[VOCABULARY]{.font12}
\
[bófù]{.font12}
[bómǔ]{.font12}
\
[uncle (father's elder brother); term for the father of one's
friend]{.font12}
[aunt (wife of father's elder brother); term for the mother of one's
friend]{.font12}
\
[chǎo]{.font11}
[chǎoxǐng]{.font12}
[dàishang]{.font12}
[dānzi]{.font12}
[dǎ zhang]{.font12}
[děi kàn (or ]{.font12}[yào kàn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[)]{.font12}
[děng]{.font12}
[děng yíxià]{.font12}
[gāi]{.font12}
[gànmá]{.font12}
[gànshenme]{.font12}
[gōngyìpǐn]{.font12}
[guòqu]{.font12}
[hǎohǎor]{.font12}
[hǎoxiàng]{.font12}
[-hui]{.font12}
[kàn]{.font12}
[kànzhe]{.font12}
[kǎo]{.font12}
[kǎoshì]{.font12}
[lai]{.font12}
\
[to be noisy; to disturb by making noise]{.font12}
[to wake (someone) up by being noisy]{.font12}
[to take along (Beijing)]{.font12}
[list; form]{.font12}
[to fight a war, to go to war]{.font12}
[to depend on]{.font12}
[when; by the time; till]{.font12}
[wait a while; in a little while]{.font12}
[should, ought to; to be someone's turn to]{.font12}
[to do what; (colloquial) why on earth, what for]{.font12}
[to do what; (colloquial) why on earth, what for]{.font12}
[handicrafts]{.font12}
[to pass]{.font12}
\
[well; properly; thoroughly to seem as if]{.font12}
[(counter for ]{.font12}[shi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ''matter\")]{.font12}
\
[to depend on]{.font12}
[(followed by a verb) as one sees fit, as one deems reasonable]{.font12}
[to take/give an exam, test, or quiz]{.font12}
[to take/give an exam, test, or quiz;]{.font12}
[exam, test]{.font12}
\
[to do (something), to perform (something), to have (an event), to help
oneself (to food, etc.), to join in (a game, etc.)]{.font12}
\
[nántíng]{.font12}
\
[to be unpleasant to hear; to sound bad, to offend the ears; to be
scandalous]{.font12}
\
[quàn]{.font12}
[shǎ]{.font12}
\
[to advise, to urge, to try to persuade]{.font12}
[to be stupid, to be dumb, to be silly, to be naive]{.font12}
\
[shēngyì (shēngyi) sòngxíng]{.font12}
\
[téng]{.font12}
[wǔj iào]{.font12}
[yào kàn (or ]{.font12}[děi kàn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[)]{.font12}
[yuánlái]{.font12}
[yuànyi]{.font12}
[yùnqi]{.font12}
[zěnme (yì)huí shi]{.font12}
[zenme (yì)huí shi zhèi yíxiàzi zhème hui shi zhènghǎo(r)]{.font12}
\
[\"business, trade]{.font12}
[to see (someone) off, to wish (someone) a good trip; to give a
going-away party]{.font12}
[to be (very) fond of, to be attached to, to dote on]{.font12}
[noontime nap]{.font12}
[to depend on]{.font12}
[anyway; after all (used in questions and negative statements)]{.font12}
[original, former; originally, formerly; (expresses finding out the true
situation)]{.font12}
[to wish, would like, to want to; to be willing to]{.font12}
[luck]{.font12}
[what\'s it all about]{.font12}
[like this]{.font12}
[after this, as a result of this]{.font12}
[like this]{.font12}
[it just so happens that, to happen to, as it happens; Just in time,
Just right, Just enough]{.font12}
[Unit fl, Reference Notes]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[1. A: Míngtiān dōu you shéi]{.font12}
[kǎoshì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[?]{.font12}
[B: ]{.font12}[l)ěn\[-; yíxià]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ wǒ gěi ni xiě yígo
]{.font12}[dānzi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 1]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[kǎoshì]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to take/give an
exam, t used as a verb-object compound or as if the context makes it
clear.]{.font12}
[Kǎoshì yThou tā lei le.]{.font12}
[Zhèicì kǎoshì tā kǎode bú cuò.]{.font12}
[NT Jīntiān kǎode zěnmeyàng?]{.font12}
[NTde JTngJixué kǎode zěnmeyàng?]{.font12}
[Wǒ lái kǎokao nT.]{.font12}
[Kǎowán shi yThòu (OH Kǎowánle yThòu), women qù kàn diànyTng, hǎo bu
hǎo?]{.font12}
\
[Who's taking the test tomorrow?]{.font12}
[I'll write you a list in a minute.]{.font12}
[est, or quiz; test, exam\" This may be noun. ]{.font12}[Kao]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ as a verb may be used
alone]{.font12}
[She was tired after taking the test.]{.font12}
[He did pretty well on the test this time.]{.font12}
[How did the test(s) go today?]{.font12}
[How did you do on your economics exam?]{.font12}
[ī.et me quiz you.]{.font12}
[het's go to the movies after we're done taking the test.]{.font12}
[děng yíxià]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ may have its
literal meaning, \"wait a minute, wait a while,\" or it may mean \"in a
minute, in a while.\"]{.font12}
[\"WAIT A MINUTE, WAIT A WHILE\"]{.font12}
[Děng yíxià, wǒ yào dǎ ge diànhuà, dǎwánle women Jiù zǒu, hǎo bu
hǎo?]{.font12}
[NT děng yíxià, wǒ lái bāngzhu ni.]{.font12}
[\"TN A MTNUTE, TN A WHILE\"]{.font12}
[NT xiān chT, děng yíxià wǒ xTwánle yTfu Jiù lái.]{.font12}
[NTmen xiān zǒu ba, děng yíxià wǒ zài qù.]{.font12}
[Deng yíxià yǒu yíwèi xing Wángde )ai zhǎo wo, qTng ni ràng ta J ìnJ ai
.]{.font12}
[Wait a second, I want to make a phone call. We'll go as soon as I'm
finished, okay?]{.font12}
[Wait a second, let me help you with that.]{.font12}
[You go ahead and eat. I'll come as soon as I've finished washing the
clothes.]{.font12}
[You go ahead and leave. T'il go in a will It?.]{.font12}
[In a while a Mr. Wáng will be coming to see me. Please let him
in.]{.font12}
[2. A: ]{.font12}[Bómǔ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
shuì ]{.font12}[wǔjiào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ ne
ba? Is your mother taking a CnoontimeJ nap?]{.font12}
[B: X, xiǎo shēng diǎnr. Bié Sh.\' Keep it down. Don\'t]{.font12}
[bǎ ta ]{.font12}[chǎoxǐng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
le. wake her up.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[bómǔ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"wife of father\'s
older brother,\" but also a term for the mother of one's friend.
Relationships between friends are often thought of and even spoken of in
terms similar to family relationships. Friends are like brothers and
sisters, and therefore a friend's parents are addressed as aunt
(]{.font12}[bómǔ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[) and
uncle (]{.font12}[bófù]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[).]{.font12}
[shuì wǔjiào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to take a
nap,\" literally \"to sleep the afternoon sleep.\" ]{.font12}[Wǔshuì
shíjiǎn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is \"afternoon nap
time,\" as in a school or organization.]{.font12}
[Wǒ Jīntiān méi shíjiǎn shuì wǔjiào.]{.font12}
\
[I didn't have time to take my afternoon nap today.]{.font12}
\
- [A: Jīntiān nǐmen yǒu meiyou wǔshuì shíjiǎn?]{.font12}
- [B: Méiyou. Zhōngfàn yǐhòu Jiù kǎi huì.]{.font12}
\
[Do you have an afternoon nap today?]{.font12}
[No. We have a meeting right after lunch.]{.font12}
\
[Many Chinese take a rest after the midday meal. Work, school, and store
schedules often make time for this, especially in hot weather.]{.font12}
[X: \"Sh.\"\' This is the \"word\" you use to signal someone to keep
quiet. It is said with rounded lips---like whispering the syllable
]{.font12}[xū]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[chǎoxǐng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to wake up by
making noise\" ]{.font12}[Chǎo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can mean \"to be noisy,\" or as in
]{.font12}[chǎoxǐng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to
disturb by being noisy.\" lit can also mean \"to quarrel, to
squabble.\"J ]{.font12}[Xǐng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ (Welfare module, Unit 1+) is \"to
wake up,\" a process verb. The compound ]{.font12}[chǎoxǐng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is therefore made up of an action
verb plus a process verb, with the meaning \"by performing the action,
to cause the pro]{.font12}
\
[cess (change of state) to occur. You useful compound verbs:]{.font12}
[Nǐ ]{.font12}[zǒulèi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le
ba, zuòxia xiūxi yihuǐr.]{.font12}
- [A: Tā zěnme bìng le? Shi bu shi zuótiān hede tài duō?]{.font12}
- [B: Bú shi hēde tài duō, shi chīde tài duō
]{.font12}[chǐbìng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
le.]{.font12}
[Nǐ ]{.font12}[shuì gòu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le
ma?]{.font12}
[Tā bǎ yǎnjing ]{.font12}[kǔhóng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le.]{.font12}
\
[can use this pattern to make a lot of]{.font12}
[You must be tired (from walking). Sit down and rest a while.]{.font12}
[How come he got sick? Was it that he had too much to drink
yesterday?]{.font12}
[No, he didn't have too much to drink. He got sick from eating too
much.]{.font12}
[Did you get enough sleep?]{.font12}
[She cried her eyes red.]{.font12}
\
[3. A: Nǐ kàn zheicìde ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[shēngyì]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ How do you
think business will]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zěnmeyàng? go this time?]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[B: Bu zhīdao. ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[Yào kàn
yùnqi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ le.
I don't know. It depends on luck.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Notes on No. 3]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}
[shēngyì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[:
\"business, trade\" Also pronounced ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[shēngyi]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[yào kàn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[:
\"depends on\...\" By itself, ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[kàn]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ (which you know as
\"to look at\" and \"to think, to have the opinion that\") has another
meaning, \"to depend on, to be up to, to be determined by.\" Often
]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[yào]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[děi]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ is added before
it.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
- [A: Nǐ míngtiān shi qù háishi bú qù?]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
- [B: Ng, děi kàn tiānqi.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Wǒ jǐntiǎn kéyi zǎo diǎnr hui jiā ma?]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
- [B: (Yào) kàn nī zuòdewán zuòbu-wán zhèixiē shi.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Nī néng gēn women qù Jiāzhōu ma?]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
- [B: Jiù kàn shíjiān le, yào shi xiàtiān jiu kéyi le.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Kàn nǐde le!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
\
[Are you going tomorrow or not?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Mm, that depends on the weather.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Can I go home early today?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[That depends on whether you can finish these tasks.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Can you go to California with us?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[That only depends on the time. If it's in the summer I can go.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[It's all up to you now!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
\
[yùnqi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[:
\"luck; to be lucky\" This word can be used either as a noun or as an
adjectival verb. The following sentences show some of its uses as a
noun:]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Tāde yùnqi zhēn bú cuò. He really has good luck.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Nī yùnqi zhēn hǎo! You're really lucky!]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[CTo say \"to be unlucky,\" use ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[dǎoméi]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ or ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[bù zǒu yùn]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[.1]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[U. A: Wǒ xiǎng qù mǎi xiē ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[gōngyì-]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ I want to go buy
some handicrafts ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[pǐn]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ dàihuí Měiguó.
to take back to America.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[B: Wǒ zhèr ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[zhènghǎo]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ yǒu jǐjiàn, I just
happen to have some here.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[nǐ dōu ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[dàishang]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ ba.
Take them with you.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Notes on No. U]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}
[dàihuí]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[:
\"to bring/take back\" You have seen ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[hui]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ used as a main
verb meaning \"to return to,\" in ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[hui jiā]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to return
home,\" and ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[hui guo]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to return to
one\'s country,\" and with the endings -]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[lai]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ and -]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[qu]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ as in ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[huílai]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to come back.\"
Here you see it used as a directional ending. ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[Dàihuí]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ can only
be]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[used if it is followed by a place name, like ]{.font12}[Meiguo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ in sentence
]{.font12}[Ua.]{.smallcaps}[ Otherwise you should use
]{.font12}[dàihuilai]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ or
]{.font12}[dàihuiqu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
depending on whether the direction is toward or away from the point of
reference.]{.font12}
[Zhèixiē cài women chībuwán, kéyi dàihuiqu ma?]{.font12}
- [A: Zenme yuǎnde lù, zǒubuhuíqù le ba?]{.font12}
- [B: Zǒudehuíqù. Xiànzài cái wǔ-diǎn zhōng, zǒuhuiqu zhǐ yào yíge bàn
zhōngtóu jiu gòu le.]{.font12}
[Nǐ bǎ péngyou sòngqu yǐhòu, děi bǎ chē kǎihuilai, wǒ yào
yòng.]{.font12}
[zhènghǎo(r)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[:]{.font12}
\
[We can't finish these dishes (of food May we take them back with
us?]{.font12}
[It's such a long way. We can't walk back, can we?]{.font12}
[Sure we can. It's only five o'clock now. It will only take an hour and
a half to walk back.]{.font12}
[After you've dropped your friend off, you have to drive the car back
here I want to use it.]{.font12}
[tt]{.font10}
\
[(1) \"just right; just in time; just enough]{.font12}
\
[Nǐ zhèishuǎng xié wǒ chuān zhènghǎo (r).]{.font12}
[Nǐ láide zhènghǎo(r), wǎn jifēn zhōng wǒ jiu zǒu le.]{.font12}
[Zhèixiē qián zhènghǎo(r) mǎi nèige diànshì.]{.font12}
[(2) \"to be opportune\"]{.font12}
[Nǐ zài zhèr zhènghǎo(r), bang wo yíge máng.]{.font12}
[(3) \"as it happens, it just so happens\"]{.font12}
[Jīntiān zhènghǎo(r) pèngdao Lǐ Xiansheng, jiù bǎ shìqing bàn
le.]{.font12}
\
[These shoes of yours fit me just right.]{.font12}
[You came just in time. If you'd come a few minutes later, I would have
already left.]{.font12}
[This money is just enough to buy that T.V.]{.font12}
\
[It's a good thing (lit., \"opportune\") you're here. You can help me
out.]{.font12}
\
[I just happened to run into Mr. Lǐ today, so I took care of that
matter.]{.font12}
\
[Wǒ běnlái xiǎng xiàge yuè mǎi I was originally going to buy a sofa shāf
ā", jīntiān zhènghǎo(r) next month, but today I happened
to]{.font12}
[pèngdao héshìde, jiù mǎi le. come across the right kind, so
I]{.font12}
[bought it.]{.font12}
[\*]{.font12}[pèngdao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"to run into, to come across\"]{.font12}
[\*\*]{.font12}[shāfā]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"sofa\"]{.font12}
[dàishang]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[: "to take along
with one\" In the Beijing dialect, the verh ending -]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[shang]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ is sometimes used
to mean \"along with\" a person. (For the first example you need to know
]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[tí]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to carry from
the hand at the side of the body.\")]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Tā tíshang shūhāo Jiu zǒu le. She picked up her schoolbag and
left.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Zhèige sǎn nǐ náshang ba. Take this umbrella along with
you.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Nǐ bàoshang háizi, wǒ názhe You carry the child, and I'll
hold]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zhèige. this.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Speakers who are not from Beijing would use different endings in these
cases, for example -]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[zhe]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ or -]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[qu]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ (depending on the
meaning of the sentence).]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[5. A: ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[Hǎoxíàng]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ shi Xiǎo Lǐ cong
měnkǒur ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[guòqu]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ le.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[B: Nǐ ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[hǎohāorde]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ zài zhèr niàn shū
ba! Bié ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[xiǎng dǒng xiǎng
xǐd]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[e.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Notes on No. ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[5]{.font12
style="font-style:italic;text-decoration:underline;"}
[guòqu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[:
\"to pass, to go over\" ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[guòqù]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ (Falling-tone
]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[qù]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[), \"the
past\"]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Guòlai is \"to come over.\"]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
\
[That looked like Xiǎo Lǐ who Just passed by the door.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[You Just tend to your studies]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Iproperly3! Don't be thinking of this and that.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
\
[Contrast ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[guòqu]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ (neutral-tone
]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[qu]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[) with (see Unit U
of this module).]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
\
[Nǐ guòqu kànkan.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Menkǒu guòqu yíge rén.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Nàr guòlai yíge rén.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Yìhuīr Jiu guòqu le.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Kuài guòlai!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Guòlai zuò yihuǐr ba.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Guòlai!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
\
[Go over there and take a look.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Someone passed by the door.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Someone is coming over from there.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[It will pass in Just a while.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Come on over here!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Come over (to my house) for a while.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[(Lit., \"Come over to sit awhile.\")]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[C'mere! OR Get over here. (CAN BE IMPOLITE)]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Guòqu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ is
also a polite or respectful word for \"to die,\" similar to English \"to
pass away.\" As mentioned in Unit 5» Chinese often avoid using the
stark-sounding ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[sǐ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[hǎohāor]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[:
\"well; industriously; properly; thoroughly\" In Unit 1 of this module,
you learned ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[mànmānr]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"slowly,\" which
is a reduplication of the adjectival verb ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[màn]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ \"to be slow.\" In
Beijing conversation, the second ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[màn]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ is said with the
first tone, and -r is added, making ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[mànmānr]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[. In many other
parts of China, it is said as ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[mànmàn]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[. Likewise, Beijing
]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[hǎohāor]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ is often heard as
]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[hǎohǎo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ elsewhere. Reduplication allows an
adjectival verb to be used before a verb as a modifier, with or without
]{.font12}[-de]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, for
example, ]{.font12}[mànmàn(de) chi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to eat slowly,\"
]{.font12}[hǎohǎo(de) ting]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to listen well.\"]{.font12}
[Hǎohǎorde]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
(]{.font12}[hǎohǎode]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[) has
more specific meanings than Just \"well.\" It can mean \"properly,\"
\"thoroughly,\" or \"nicely,\" or \"in perfectly good condition, with
nothing the least bit wrong.\"]{.font12}
[Xiànzài hǎohǎorde niàn shū, yǐhòu hǎohǎorde gōngzuò.]{.font12}
[Gāngcái hai hǎohǎorde, xiànzài bù zhī zěnme hui shi you kū-qilai
le.]{.font12}
[Zhèngzhide shìqing gen xiǎohǎizi wǎnr yíyàng, liǎngtiǎn yǐqián hai
hǎohǎorde, liǎngtiǎn yǐhòu Jiu dǎqilai le.]{.font12}
\
[Study properly now, and do your Job properly later on.]{.font12}
[Everything was fine Just a minute ago. Now I don't know what happened,
but she's crying again.]{.font12}
[Politics is like children playing. First everything's fine, and then a
couple of days later they're fighting.]{.font12}
\
[xiǎng dong xiǎng xǐ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to
think of this and that, to let one's mind
wander\*^1^]{.font12}[Pong]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"east,\" and xǐ, \"west,\" are
used in the patterns ]{.font12}[(Verb) dōng (Verb) xǐ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and ]{.font12}[dōng (Verb)
xǐ\~(Verb)]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ to express that
a person's action has no]{.font12}
[definite aim or that something is done haphazardly. More
examples:]{.font12}
\
[kàn dōng kàn xǐ]{.font12}
[xué dōng xué xǐ zōu dōng zōu xǐ zhǎo dōng zhǎo xǐ]{.font12}
[You can also say ]{.font12}[dōng xiǎng xǐ xiǎng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, examples in sentences:]{.font12}
[Guò mǎlùde shihou, bié zhème kàn dōng kàn xīde, duó wēixiǎn
a.\']{.font12}
[Tā zong shi xué dōng xué xīde yǐjīng shínián le, hái méi cong dàxué
bìyè.]{.font12}
[Nǐ shénme dōngxi diū le, zhǎo dōng zhǎo xīde.]{.font12}
\
[looking here and there studying this and that walking all about
searching here and there]{.font12}
[dōng kàn xǐ kàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, etc.
Here are some]{.font12}
[Don't let your eyes wander when you cross the street. It's very
dangerous !]{.font12}
[He's been studying this and that for ten years, and still hasn't
graduated from college.]{.font12}
[You're hunting all over the place. What did you lose?]{.font12}
\
[Zhèi liSngnián wǒ yìzhí zou dōng zou xǐ, méi shíjiān gēn Jiāli rén zài
yìqǐ.]{.font12}
\
[The past couple of years I've been traipsing all over the place, and
haven't had any time to be with my family.]{.font12}
\
[\...-de]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Here you see a
new use of the marker -de. After certain phrases, especially ones with a
parallel structure, -]{.font12}[de]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"that way,\" describing a
way of looking, acting, or Just a state of affairs. (For the following
examples, you need these three items: ]{.font12}[lǎo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"all the time,
always\";]{.font12}
[bù huāng bù máng]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"calm, not the
least injection. '')]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Nǐ gànmá lǎo zǒuchǔ zǒujìnde?!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Shíjiǎn kuài dào le, nǐ zěnme hái bù huāng bù mángde?]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Zhèi bànge duō yuè, you dǎ zhēn you chī yàode, tāde tuǐ hǎoxiàng yǐjíng
hǎo le.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Zhèi shi shénme xie! Yìzhī dà yìzhī xiǎode!]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
\
[bit flustered\"; and ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[dǎ
zhēn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"to get an]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[How come you keep walking in and out?.']{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[It's almost time, how can you be so calm?]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[During the past half month or so, with all the injections and
medications , her leg seems to have already recovered.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[What kind of shoes are these, with one bigger than the other!]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
\
[6. A: Qùnián tāde Yǐngwén hái shuode nàme ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[nántīng]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, jīn-nián hǎoxiàng
hǎoduō le. Shi ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[zěnme hui
shi?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}
\
[Last year his English still sounded so awful, but this year it seems a
lot better. What happened?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
\
[B: ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[Shi zènme hui shi]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, tā mǔqin
]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[téng]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ ta, song ta qù
Yīng-guō niànle yìnián shū.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
\
[It's this way, his mother dotes on him and sent him to school in
England for a year.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
\
[Notes on No. 6]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}
[téng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[:
\"to be fond of, to be attached to, to dote on\"]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Zhèige háizi, bù guǎn nǐ zěnme téng ta, tā yě bu tīng huà.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Nǎinai zhēn téng wǒ dìdi!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Zhèi háizi zhēn kěài[]{#footnote8}^[8](#bookmark77)^! Ràng rén bù néng
bu téng!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Tā tèbié téng érzi, zǒng pà tā chībuhǎo.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
\
[This kid! No matter how fond of him you are, he never does what you
say.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Grandma is really attached to (OR dotes on) my younger
brother.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[This child is adorable; you can't help but be fond of him!]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[She is especially attached to her son, and is always afraid that he
won't eat well.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zěnme hui shi]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"what happened;
what's it all about; what's the story\" Also said as ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[zěnme yìhuí shi]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[. ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[Zěnme]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ here means
]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[zěnmeyàng]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"what kind, of
what nature.\" ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[Hui]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ is a counter for
]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[shi]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, as in ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[You zhèihuí shi ma?]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"is there such a
thing?\" or \"Did such a thing (really) happen?\" In the phrase
]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[zěnme yìhuí shi]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, the number
]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[yī]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ is often dropped
from ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[yìhuí]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ just as it can be
dropped in phrases like ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[chǐ (yí)ge
píngguǒ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"eat an apple.\"]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Zhèi shi zěnme hui shi? Wūli What is this, anyway? Why is this zěnme
nàme zāng? room so dirty?]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Zhèi shi zěnme hui shi? Dōngxi What\'s going on, anyway? Things
are]{.font12}
[yìtiān bǐ yìtiān guì!]{.font12}
\
[getting more and more expensive every day.]{.font12}
[zènme hui shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Also
]{.font12}[zhème hui shi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.
This phrase has two main uses:]{.font12}
[(1) Used before telling the facts or details of an event, as in
sentence 6B.]{.font12}
[(2) Said after one learns the facts or outcome of an event,
e.g.,]{.font12}
[Yuánlái shi zhème hui shi!]{.font12}
\
[Oh, so that\'s the story.\']{.font12}
\
[ào zhīdao shi ]{.font12}[zhème]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ hui shi wǒ J iu bù lái
le.]{.font12}
\
[If I had known ]{.font12}[that]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ was what it was all about, I
wouldn\'t have come.]{.font12}
\
[Iā you qù zhǎo Xiǎo Lan ]{.font12}[gàn shenme]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, rénjia ]{.font12}[you ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[bù xǐhuan ta!]{.font12}
\
[What is he going to see Xiǎo Lan for? After all, she doesn\'t like
him.]{.font12}
\
[Dotes on Do]{.font12}
\
[bié Ji, wǒ lái ]{.font12}[quànquan ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.a.]{.font12}
\
[Don\'t get upset, I\'ll try to persuade him.]{.font12}
\
[zhǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Literally, \"to
look for,\" but when the object is a person it can mean, \"to call on\"
a person. This is the way ]{.font12}[zhǎo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used in sentence TA, hence the
translation \"going to see Xiǎo Lán,\" rather than \"going to look for
Xiǎo Lan.\"]{.font12}
\
[Xīngqītiān tǎ zǒngshi qù zhǎo péngyou.]{.font12}
\
[On Sundays, he always goes to see his friends.]{.font12}
\
[Zhèizhǒng wèntí zhǎo tǎ méi cuò!]{.font12}
\
[When you have that kind of problem, you won\'t go wrong if you go to
him.]{.font12}
\
[Zhǎo wǒ méi yòng, wǒ bù guǎn zhè shi.]{.font12}
\
[It\'s useless to come to me about this matter, I\'m not in charge of
it.]{.font12}
\
[gàn shénme]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to do what;
what for, why\" ]{.font12}[Gan]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is the verb \"to do.\"
]{.font12}[Gan shénme]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ and
the similar ]{.font12}[gànmá]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can be used (1) to ask what someone
is doing; (2) like ]{.font12}[wèishénme]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, except with a livelier, more
conversational tone; or (3) rhetorically, to question the value or use
of something.]{.font12}
\
[Nǐ gànmá ne?]{.font12}
\
[What are you doing?]{.font12}
\
[ǐ míngtiǎn gàn shénme?]{.font12}
\
[What are you doing tomorrow?]{.font12}
\
[Gàn shénme lǎo gēnzhe wǒ!?]{.font12}
\
[What are you doing always following me?]{.font12}
\
[gēn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to
follow\"]{.font12}
\
[Gànma mǎi zhèige? Name guì!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Ní gànma zong ting tāde?!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Hai zài zhèr gàn shénme? Kuài hui jiā ha!]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Zhèi shi xiǎo shìqing ma! Ní gànma zhème shēngqì?]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Zhèige dōngxi shi gànmáde?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
\
- [A: Wǎnshang ní yídìng dào tā jiā qù yítàng.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
- [B: Gàn shenme?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[A: Bǎ zhèige sòngqu.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
\
[What did you \"buy this for? It's so expensive!]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[How come you always do what ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[he]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ says?!]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Why are you still here? Hurry up and go home!]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[This is such a small matter! Why should you get so angry?]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[What's this thing for?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[You have to go to her house tonight.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[What for?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[To take this to her.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Lián ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[ní]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ dou hú qù,
]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[wǒ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ gàn shenme
qù?!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
\
[If ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[you]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ aren't even going,
why should I go?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
\
[you]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[: You
have seen the adverb ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[you]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ meaning (1)
''again," as in ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[Ní you lái
]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[le,
''You're here again" and (2) ''both.. .and.as in ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[You hǎo you piányi]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, T\^Both good and
inexpensive." In sentence TA, ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[you]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ is used to stress
that the speaker thinks what he is saying is a strong reason why
something should he otherwise. This ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[you]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ is usually used in
sentences with the verb made negative, or in rhetorical questions (those
to which no answer is expected).]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[IN SENTENCES WITH THE VERB MADE NEGATIVE]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Tā you hù shǎ.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Wǒ you hù zhīdào jintiǎn xià yǔ.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Ní you méi kànjianguo ta, ni zěnme zhīdao tā hù hǎo?]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Tā you hú shi wàijiāoguān, zěnme zài dàshiguǎn gōngzuò?]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[IN RHETORICAL QUESTIONS]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Tā you zhīdao shénme?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Shéi you néng kànde nàme yuǎn ne?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[He's no dummy, after all.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[After all, I didn't know it was going to rain today.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[You've never seen him, after all; how could you know he's no
good?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[He's not a diplomat, after all; why is he working in the
embassy?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[What does he know, anyway? (Means, "He doesn't know
anything.")]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Who could have seen that far ahead, after all? (Means, "No one could
have seen that far.")]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Bùzhǎng you zěnmeyàng?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
\
[So what if he's a (government) minister? (Means, ''The fact that he's a
government minister is unimpressive.")]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Yàoshi tā hù néng zuò, shéi you If he can\'t do it, who can? (Means,
néng zuò ne? \"if he can\'t, nobody
can.\")]{.font12}
[quàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to advise\" or
\"to try to persuade\" a person. This describes the action of talking to
someone in order to bring them around to a certain way of thinking.
Sentence 7B might be translated simply as, \"Don\'t get upset, I\'ll
talk to him.\"]{.font12}
[Wǒ quàn ni háishi bú yào xué wénxué, bìyè yǐhòu zhao gōngzuò nan
na.\']{.font12}
[My advice to you is not to study literature. It would be awfully hard
to find a job after you graduate.]{.font12}
[Tāde shi nǐ bú yào quàn, tā huì gěi ni zhǎo máfande.]{.font12}
[You\'d better not try to advise him about his affairs, otherwise he\'ll
give you trouble.]{.font12}
[8. A: Nǐ shuō wō ]{.font12}[gāi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ bu gai qù? Do you think I
should go?]{.font12}
[B: Nǐ ]{.font12}[kànzhe]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
bàn ba, tíngshuō You do as you see fit, but I hear]{.font12}
[nèige dìfangr kuài ]{.font12}[dǎ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ that there\'s about to be
a war]{.font12}
[zhàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le.
there.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 8]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[gāi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"should; ought to;
to be someone\'s turn to (do something)\" ]{.font12}[Gāi ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[is an auxiliary verb very similar in
meaning to ]{.font12}[yinggāi]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
[Kuài qīdiǎn bàn le, wǒ gāi shàng It\'s almost seven-thirty. I should
bān qu le. be leaving for work.]{.font12}
[Wǒ gāi shuō shénme ne? What should I say?]{.font12}
[Gāi]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ is frequently used
before the subject of a clause. In such cases it can also mean \"to be
(someone\'s) turn to (do something).\"]{.font12}
[Míngtiān gāi tā qǐng kè le. Tomorrow it\'s his turn to
treat.]{.font12}
[Zhèixiē shi běnlái gāi wǒ zuòde, bìngle zhèi jǐtiān, tǒngshì-men dōu
bāng máng zuòwán le.]{.font12}
[Zhèicì gāi wǒ qǐng ni kàn dianyǐng le.]{.font12}
[Gāi nǐ zǒu le OR Gāi nǐ le.]{.font12}
[It should have been me who did these things in the first place, but
with me being sick the past few days, my colleagues finished them all
for me.]{.font12}
[This time it\'s my turn to treat you to a movie.]{.font12}
[Your move OR It\'s your turn, (in playing a game)]{.font12}
[kànzhe]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: In front of
another verb, ]{.font12}[kànzhe]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ means \"(do something) as one sees
fit.\" The \"locking\" in ]{.font12}[kànzhe]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ refers to looking at the situation
in order to decide what one is able to do and what is best to do. The
most common phrase in which ]{.font12}[kànzhe]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ appears is ]{.font12}[kànzhe
bàn]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to do as one thinks
bes]{.font12}
----------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
[A:]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Nǐ shuō wǒ shi qù hǎo ne?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Do you think it would be best for me]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Háishi bú qù hǎo?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to go or not to go?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[B:]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Zěnme shuō ne? Nǐ kànzhe]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [What should I say? Do what you think]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[bàn ba!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [best!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[A:]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Nī yào mǎi shenme yánsède]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [What color shirt do you want to buy?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[chènshǎn?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[B:]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Nǐ kànzhe mǎi ba.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Buy what you think best.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
----------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
[dǎ zhang]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[: "to fight a war,
to go to war" This is a verb plus general object, like ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[niàn shū]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[. ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[Zhang]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ is not used by
itself (except in a construction like ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[Zhèi yízhang dale hǎojǐge yuè]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, ''This battle/war
was fought for many months,\" in which ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[zhang]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ simply precedes
]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[dǎ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ instead of
following it).]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[If you want to say ''war\" by itself, you have to use another word,
]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[zhànzhēng]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, which is taught
in the next module.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[9. A: Gangcái wǒ qù gěi Wang Daifu ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[sòngxíng]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, tǎ shuo tǎ
]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[yuànyi]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ gěi nín
kànkan.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[B: Zhèi ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[yíxiàzi]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ hǎo le. ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[Děng ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[tǎ huílai wǒ qù kàn
ta.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Just now when I went to see Dr. Wáng off, he said he would be willing
to see you Cmedically\].]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[(Now) that's great. I'll go see him when he gets back.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Notes on No. 9]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}
[sòngxíng]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[: (1) \"to see
off, to]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Xiàwǔ liǎngdiǎn wǒ dào jīchǎng gěi Zhāng Xiansheng, Zhāng Tàitai
sòngxíng.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[wish (someone) a good trip\"]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[At two this afternoon I'm going to the airport to see Mr. and Mrs.
Zhāng off.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
- [(2) \"to give a going-away party\"]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
```{=html}
```
- [A: Nǐ jǐntiǎn wǎnshang yǒu Are you busy tonight?]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[meiyou shi?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
- [B: Women jǐntiǎn wǎnshang chūqu We're going out for dinner tonight
chǐ fàn, gěi péngyou song- to have a going-away party for a xíng.
friend.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zhèi yíxiàzi]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"as a result of
this\" This means that something has happened which brings a new turn to
the situation. It can often be translated into English simply by using
the word \"now.\" (in sentence 9B, it may be best just to omit it from
the translation.)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Qián lái le, zhèi yíxiàzi keyi The money has come. Now we can buy mǎi
fángzi le! the house!]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Zhèi yíxiàzi zǎogǎo le, wǒde This is terrible! I don't have]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[qián bú gòu le. enough money (e.g., to pay for
the]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[things I just brought to the cashier).]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[děng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"when, by the
time; till\" This word, which you first learned as \"to wait,\" can have
these other meanings in a dependent clause. This use is similar to that
of ]{.font12}[děng dào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
which you learned in Unit 3 may be used for \"when\" or \"by the
time.']{.font12}
[Děng wǒ dàole Běijīng wǒ cái zhīdao tā yě zài Běijīng.]{.font12}
[It wasn't till I got to Běijīng that I found out he was there
too.]{.font12}
[10. A:]{.font12}
\
[Zhèige ]{.font12}[shǎ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
háizi, zenme dàde shir yě bu zǎo diǎnr gàosu wo!]{.font12}
[What a stupid kid, why didn't you tell me about this before, since it's
such an important thing.]{.font12}
[B: Wǒ ]{.font12}[yuánlái]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
gēn nín shuǒguo, I did tell you, but you've forgotten, nín wàng
le.]{.font12}
[Notes on No. 10]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[shǎ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"to be stupid, to
be silly, to be naive\"]{.font12}
[Nī zhen shǎ! Qián fàng zai yin- You're really silly. It's such
a]{.font12}
[hángli duo hǎo! Fàng zai jiāli gàn shénme?]{.font12}
\
[good idea to put your money in a bank, what are you keeping it at home
for?]{.font12}
[Shǎ háizi, bié zǒng wèn nèixiě shǎ wèntí, hǎo bu hǎo?]{.font12}
[You silly kid, would you quit asking such silly questions all the
time?]{.font12}
[zǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: Besides \"early,\"
]{.font12}[zǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can also
mean \"before, sooner,\" or \"long ago.\" Here are more
examples.]{.font12}
[Tāmen jīge nútongxué zǎo jiu pǎo dao hǎibiānr qu wánr le.]{.font12}
[Hài!]{.font12}
\
[.i! Wǒ zǎo lái yìtiān jiu hǎo le.]{.font12}
[Those women students took off for the beach a long time ago.]{.font12}
[(Sigh) If only I had come a day earlier.]{.font12}
[Sometimes ]{.font12}[zǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
only conveys the speaker's feeling of regret and irritation. \"A long
time ago\" might actually be no more than a moment ago. In such cases,
]{.font12}[zǎo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ can be
translated by intonation alone:]{.font12}
[Nī zěnme bù zǎo shuō! Xiànzài hái láidejí ma?]{.font12}
[Wǒ zǎo zhīdào tā shi zhèige yàngzi jiu bú huì zhème shǎ le.]{.font12}
[Why didn't you say so (before)'. How can we make it in time
now?]{.font12}
[If I had known that he was this way I wouldn't have been so
naive.]{.font12}
[yě bu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: \"don't even,
won't even, wouldn't even\" do something that one should do.]{.font12}
[Bādiǎn bàn le, nī yě bu zǎo diǎnr It's half past eight! Why didn't you
jiào wo, wǒ xiànzài láibují le. get me up before? Now I won't make it in
time.]{.font12}
[Ní yě \"bu kuài diǎnr shōushi, wǒmen dōu děngjí le.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Tā yě \"bu kuài diǎnr lai, cài yījīng liáng le!]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
\
[Will you hurry up and get your things ready? We're all getting itchy
(from waiting).]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[What is keeping him C\"Won't he even come a little faster''!? The food
is cold already!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
\
[yuānlāi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[:
(1) \"originally" In this meaning, it is usually interchange]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[able with ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[běnlái]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, which you learned
in Unit T.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
\
[Tā yuánlái bù chī ròu, xiànzài He didn't used to eat meat. No he's bù
zhídào zěnme chiqilai le. started eating it for some
reason.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Wǒ yuánlái méi jìhua qù Ōuzhōu, I hadn't originally planned to go to
hòulái tā yídìng yào qù, wǒ Europe. Then she insisted on
going,]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[yě jiu gēnqu[]{#footnote9}^[9](#bookmark78)^ wánrle yítàng. so I
went along for the fun of it.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[(2) Used when revealing a fact which was not previously known,
especially when that fact provides an explanation or solution to a
puzzling situation. .This can sometimes be translated by \"it turns out
that\...\" or by ''So\...'.\"]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[(]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[Běnlái]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ cannot be used for
this meaning.)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Wǒ xiǎng shi ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[tā]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ xiěde, yuánlái jiù
shi ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[ní]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ xiěde!]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[À! Yuánlái nī jiù shi Xu Xian-sheng? Huānyíng, tài huānyíng
le!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[À, yuánlái shi zhème hui shi!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[(3) ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[Yuánláide]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ may be used to
modify a]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Women yuánláide jìhua shi xiàge Xīngqíwǔ qù.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Tāmen yuánláide fángzi zài chéngwàitou, xiànzài bān dao chéngli qu zhù
le.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Oh, so ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[you]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ wrote this! I
thought ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[he]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ wrote it.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Oh! So you're Mr. Xú? Welcome! Welcome indeed!]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Oh! So that's what happened!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[noun, with the meaning \"original\":]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Our original plan was to go next Friday.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Their original house was outside the city, (but) now they've moved into
the city.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Unit 8, Review Dialogue]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
::: {style="border-bottom:solid;"}
[In Lǐ Ping and Tom's room, Tom (A) is getting his things packed,
when]{.font12}
:::
\
[Lǐ Ping (B) comes in.]{.font12}
[B: Tāngmǔ, wo tǐngshuō nǐ yào qù]{.font12}
[dàlù le?]{.font12}
- [A: Shǐ a, shàngwu wǒ dào lǐngshi-]{.font12}
[guǎn qù kàn yige péngyou. Zhèng-hǎor you yige gongsǐ dào dàlù qu tan
shēngyì. Tāmen yào yige dǎ zì dǎde kuài, you dong diǎnr Zhōngwěnde
rén.]{.font12}
- [B: Nǐ yùnqi zhēn hú cuò. Yào]{.font12}
[qù duō jiǔ ne?]{.font12}
- [A: Yào kàn qíngkuàng, dàgài]{.font12}
[hànge yuè dào yíge yuè.]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ yě dào Taiwan qù hànge yuè.]{.font12}
[Wáng Chéng qǐng wǒ hé Xiǎo Wén dào tā jiā qu wānr.]{.font12}
- [A: Āhà! Zhè yíxiàr zhēn hú cuò,]{.font12}
[wǒ qù dàlù, nǐ qù Taiwǎn, huílai yǐhòu women lai yige kǎoshì, kàn-kan
shéi duì shèhui qíngkuàng yǎnjiūde hǐjiǎo hǎo.]{.font12}
- [B: Hǎo']{.font12}
[(Lī Ping's grandmother (C) enters]{.font12}
- [C: Xiǎo Ping, Tāngmǔ, nīmen dou]{.font12}
[zài zhèr ne!]{.font12}
[B: Nǎinai, nín zěnme hú shuì wǔ-]{.font12}
[jiào le?"]{.font12}
[A: Lǐ Nǎinai, duìhuqǐ, women hǎ]{.font12}
[nín chǎoxīng le.]{.font12}
[Tom, I hear you're going to the mainland?]{.font12}
[Yeah! I went to the consulate this morning to visit a friend, and there
Just happened to he a company going to the mainland on business. They
wanted someone who could type fast and who understood a little
Chinese.]{.font12}
[You're so lucky. How long are you going for?]{.font12}
[We'll have to see. Prohahly two weeks to a month.]{.font12}
[And I'm going to Taiwan for two weeks. Wáng Chéng invited Xiǎo Wén (Lǐ
Wén) and me to his house.]{.font12}
[That's great! You're going to Taiwan and I'm going to the mainland.
When we get hack we'll have to have a little contest and see who's done
a better job of studying society.]{.font12}
[Okay.]{.font12}
[Hi, Xiǎo Ping. Hi, Tom.\*]{.font12}
[How come you're not taking your nap, grandma?\*\*]{.font12}
[I'm sorry Grandma Lī, we woke you up.]{.font12}
[C: Méiyou, wǒ yě gāi qǐlai le.']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Tāngmǔ a, nǐ dào dàlù qu, bú xiàng zài Měiguo, zài Xianggang; yào
zhīdao duō zhàogu zìjǐ. Xiǎo Ping mama chūqu gěi ni mǎi diǎnr dōngxi
dàishang.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[A: Lǐ Nǎinai, wǒ shénme dōu you,]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[bú yòng dài le.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[(Xiǎo Wén (E) comes in quietly.)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[E: Wǒ nǎinai, wǒ mā dōu téng ni,]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[nǐ jiu dàishang ba!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[A: Lǐ Nǎinai, wǒ hui Měiguo]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[yǐqiān, hai xiǎng zài lai yícì, xíng bu xíng?]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[C: Zhèi haizi, zěnme bù xíng ne?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Zhèr jiù shi nǐde jiā ya!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[A: Nín yào wǒ gěi nín dài diǎnr]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shénme dōngxi a?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[C: Duì le, zhèr yǒu yìzhāng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[dānzi,"[]{#footnote10}^[10](#bookmark79)^
[]{#footnote11}^[11](#bookmark80) []{#footnote12}[12](#bookmark81)^ shi
yìxiē gōngyìpǐn, qian Jiù zài zhèige xìnfēngrli, nǐ kànzhe mǎi
ba!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[E: Nǎinai, zánmen jiā you name]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[xiě gōngyìpǐn, hái mǎi ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[tā]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ gàn
shénme!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[C: Shǎ háizi, děng dao nǐ jiēhūnde]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shihou jiu yǒu yòng le.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[E: Name nántīng!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[C: Nà you shénme nántīng, hǎo shir]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[ma!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[No you didn't. It was about time I got up anyway.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Tom, when you go to the mainland, it won't be like America or Hong
Kong; you'll have to know how to look after yourself. Xiǎo Ping's mother
went out to get you some things to take with you.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[I have everything, Grandma Lǐ, I don't need to take anything
else.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[My]{.font12 style="font-style:italic;"}[ grandmother and mother are
fond of you, go ahead and take the things!]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Grandma Lǐ, I have to come back here once again before I go to America.
Will that be okay?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Oh, this youngster! How could it not be all right? This is your
home!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Did you want me to bring you back something?]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Yes, here's a list.^[10](#bookmark79)^ ' It's some handicrafts. The
money is in this envelope. Buy what you can.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[We have so many handicrafts already, why do you want to buy more of
them?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Silly girl! They'll come in handy when you get married.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Ugh! That sounds awful!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[What's so awful about that? That (marriage) is a happy event.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[E: Nimen zài zhèr, wǒ qu kànkan,]{.font12}
[hǎoxiàng mama huílai le.]{.font12}
[(Xiǎo Wen leaves.)]{.font12}
- [A: Nǎinai, Xiǎo Wen zhēnde yào.]{.font12}
[jiēhūn le?]{.font12}
- [B: Shi zhème hui shi, Xiǎo Wen]{.font12}
[zài Yingguo niàn shūde shihou rènshile yíge Rìběn ren, xiànzài tǎ he
Xiǎo Wen zài yíge yínhǎngli zuò shi, duì Xiǎo Wen hú cuò. Kěshi . .
.]{.font12}
- [C: Yuǎnlǎi, wǒ he Xiǎo Wen tǎ]{.font12}
[hàba dōu hù tóngyì. Nǐ xiǎng ma, Zhōngguo rén he Rìběn rén zěnme yě méi
hànfar hiàncheng yìjiǎzi' ya! Kěshi Xiǎo Wen hé tǎ mǎma yuànyì, wǒmen yě
jiu hù néng shūo shénme le.]{.font12}
[A: Xiǎo Wen mǎma zěnme shuō ne?]{.font12}
[C: Tǎ quànle wo hǎojǐcì. Tǎde]{.font12}
[huà you dàoli. Tǎ shuō, Zhōngguo rén hé Rìběn rén shi dǎguo zhàng.
Kěshi xiànzài, shìqing yǐjǐng guòqu jǐshíniǎn le, wèishenme hai yào ràng
hǎizimen chǐ kǔ ne?]{.font12}
[A: Bómǔ shuōde duì. Ei, wǒ lai]{.font12}
[Xiǎnggǎng zènme duō tiǎn le, zěnme hai méi kànjian ta ne?]{.font12}
[C: Tǎ hui Rìhěn kàn tā mǎma qu le,]{.font12}
[nèi shi ge xiàoshunde haizi. Děng nǐ cong dàlù huílaide shihou, tǎ yě
gǎi huílai le.]{.font12}
- [A: Zhēn you yìsi!]{.font12}
[Don't get up.[]{#footnote13}^[13](#bookmark82)^
[]{#footnote14}^[14](#bookmark83)^ I think mom is hack, I'm going to go
see.]{.font12}
[Is Xiǎo Wén really getting married, grandma?]{.font12}
[It's like this: When Xiǎo Wén was studying in England she met a
Japanese guy. Now he works at the same hank as she does. He's very nice
to her, hut . . .]{.font12}
[Originally, Xiǎo Wén's father and I were both against it. After all,
there's Just no way that Chinese and Japanese can \"become part of the
same family. But Xiǎo Wén and her mother wanted it, so there wasn't
anything we could say about it.]{.font12}
[What did Xiǎo Wén's mother say about it?]{.font12}
[She tried to persuade me many times. What she said makes sense. She
said that the Chinese and the Japanese did go to war, but now that it's
all been over for a few decades, why should the children still be made
to suffer for it?]{.font12}
[She's right about that. By the way, I've been here in Hong Kong for so
many days now, how is it that I haven't seen him?]{.font12}
[He went back to Japan to visit his mother. He's a very filial boy. He
should be back by the time you come back from the mainland.]{.font12}
[That's so interesting!]{.font12}
[C: You yìsi \"ba,! Tāngmǔ, nǐ \"bù zhǐ- Oh, it's interesting all
right,]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[dào, rén lǎo le, guānniàn yě lǎo You don't know, Tom, when a
person]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[le, youde shíhour zhēnde yào gǎi- gets old, their ideas get old
too.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[gai le. Sometimes one really has to
change]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[a hit.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[(Xiǎo Ping's mother CF1 comes in carrying some things.)]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
- [B: Mā, nī huilai le?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[F: Huilai le.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[A: Bómǔ, wǒ shuō shénme hǎo ne?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Nín shizài tài kèqi le.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[F: Zhèidiǎn chide, yòngde, dōu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[dàiqu, zhèliǎngjiàn yīfu děngyixià chuānchuan kàn, héshì hu
héshì.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[A: Bomǔ, nà jiu xièxie le.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[F: Nàme yidiǎndiǎn dōngxi xiè]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shenme. LÙshang hǎohǎo zhàogu zìjī, shìqing wǎnle jiu huílai, xiūxi
jītiān zài hui Měiguo.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[A: Ng, wǒ yídìng huílai.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
- [C: Guò liǎngtiǎn, Xiǎo Ping, Xiǎo]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Wén yě yào zǒu le. Xiǎo Ping mā,2 jīnr\^ wǎnshang zǎm^1^\* hú zuò fàn
le. Děng huǐr Xiǎo Ping bàba huílai, yíkuàir chūqu chi wǎnfàn, gěi
hǎizimen songsong xíng, hǎo bu hǎo?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[F: Hǎode, hǎode.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Hi mom, you're back?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Hi, yeah, I'm back.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Auntie, what can I say? This is really too polite of you.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[This food and these things are for you to take with you. And these two
things to wear you can try on later and see if they fit you.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Well then, thanks a lot, auntie.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Why should you thank me for these odds and ends! You just look after
yourself very carefully while you're traveling, and when the job is
finished come back here and rest up for a few days before you go back to
America.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Okay, I'll be sure and come back.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[In another day or two Xiǎo Ping and Xiǎo Wén will be leaving too. Mom,
let's not make dinner tonight. When Xiǎo Ping's father gets back, we'll
all go out to dinner and have a going-away party for the kids,
okay?]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[All right.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Exercise 1]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit.
The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed, by a pause for you
to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your
answer.]{.font12}
[All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may
want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several
times.]{.font12}
[Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In this exercise a mother and son talk in their apartment in
Hangzhou.]{.font12}
[The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely,
you'll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below
as you listen a second time.]{.font12}
[Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
conversation:]{.font12}
[xiǎo diǎnr shēngr a little more quietly]{.font12}
[hǎo to wrap]{.font12}
[tan liǎn\'ài to be in love, to be going
together]{.font12}
[(having a courtship)]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise 2]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In this conversation a mother talks to her daughter in Běijīng about
her grandparents.]{.font12}
[Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second
time through, look below and answer the questions.]{.font12}
[Here are the new words for this conversation:]{.font12}
[qiánxiē nian a few years back]{.font12}
[zài shuō besides, moreover]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise 3]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk
about them in class.]{.font12}
- [1. What is Xiǎo Yun doing? Why?]{.font12}
- [2. What is the latest news about Xiǎo Yun's grandfather?]{.font12}
- [3. Why does the mother seem to have little regard for the company
she talks about?]{.font12}
```{=html}
```
- [U. According to the mother, what is the grandfather's attitude
toward work?]{.font12}
[5. What does the mother ask her daughter to write into the letter to
grandfather?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take
a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which
you have prepared.]{.font12}
[Exercise U]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Zhū Lǎozǒng (an affectionate name for Zhū
De,]{.font12}
[a military leader of China and commander of the Eighth Route Army
during the -war of resistance against Japan.)]{.font12}
[jūnduì army]{.font12}
[Questions for Exercise h]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk
about them in class.]{.font12}
- [1. What did Wáng Lǎo Shífu do before the war of resistance against
Japan? Was it a secure job?]{.font12}
- [2. What happened to his business during the war of resistance
against Japan?]{.font12}
- [3. What did \"Zhū Laozǒng\" (Zhū De) do at that time? What did Wáng
Lǎo ShTfu do for Zhū Laozǒng?]{.font12}
[After you have answered these questions, you may want to take a look at
the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to
the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers
correctly.]{.font12}
[Dialogue and. Translation for Exercise 2]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[A mother (B) and her son (A) talk in their apartment in
Hangzhou.]{.font12}
- [A: Ma, wǒ jiějie shénme shihou zǒu]{.font12}
[a?]{.font12}
- [B: Wǎnshang shiyidiǎn zhōngde]{.font12}
[huǒchě. Nǐ ]{.font12}[xiǎo diǎnr shēngr ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[shuō huà. Bié bǎ tǎ chǎoxǐng le,
ràng ta zài duō shuì yihuǐr.]{.font12}
- [A: Ao, jiějie shuì wǔjiào na, wǒ]{.font12}
[xiǎo diǎnr shēngr. Mā, jiějie yào dàizǒude dōngxi dou zhǔnbèi-hǎo le
ma?]{.font12}
- [B: Chàbuduō le, jiù shi hái you]{.font12}
[yìxiē gōngyìpǐn méiyou nònghǎo, nǐ huílaile, zhènghǎo bangbang mang, bǎ
zhèixiē dōngxi ]{.font12}[bǎoq]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ilai.]{.font12}
- [A: Jiějie shi dào Měiguo qù niàn]{.font12}
[shūde, dài gōngyìpǐn gàn shénme?]{.font12}
- [B: Zài dàxuélī niàn shū zong huì]{.font12}
[you ge hǎo péngyou, wàiguo rén xǐhuan Zhōngguo gōngyìpǐn, dàishang
yidiǎnr, songsong rén, bú shi hěn hǎo ma?]{.font12}
[A: Hǎo, wǒ yihuǐr jiù bǎohǎo le.]{.font12}
\
[Ma, when is older sister leaving?]{.font12}
[On the 11:00 train this evening. Speak a little more quietly. Don't
wake her, let her sleep a little while longer.]{.font12}
[Oh, sister is taking a (noontime) nap. I'll speak more softly. Ma, have
all the things older sister is going to take along with her been gotten
ready?]{.font12}
[Just about, there are Just a few handicrafts not yet taken care of.
You've come back just in time to help by wrapping these
things.]{.font12}
[Sister's going to America to go to school; what is she taking
handicrafts for?]{.font12}
[In college you're always going to have a good friend. Foreigners like
Chinese handicrafts. So isn't it a a good idea to take some along to
give people as gifts?]{.font12}
[Okay, I'll have them wrapped in a minute.]{.font12}
\
[B: Duì le, nǐ zài zhèr nòng, wǒ]{.font12}
[dào chúfáng kàn yíxià, kànkan cài hǎole méiyou.]{.font12}
\
[A: Wǎnshàng hai you kèren ma?]{.font12}
\
[Oh---you take care of this here, and I'll go take a look in the kitchen
to see if the food is done.]{.font12}
[Are there guests coming tonight, too?]{.font12}
\
[B: You. Děng yíxià Zhōu Bómǔ hé]{.font12}
[tā érzi lai gěi nǐ jiějie sòng-xíng.]{.font12}
\
- [A: Mā, wǒ kàn, wǒ jiějie gēn Xiǎo]{.font12}
[Zhōu hǎoxiàng bú cuò ma!]{.font12}
- [B: Shǎ haizi! Nǐ jiějie gēn Xiǎo]{.font12}
[Zhōu ]{.font12}[tan liàn'ài]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ kuài yinian le, nǐ hái bù
zhīdào!]{.font12}
\
[Yes, in a little while Mrs. (Auntie) Zhōu and her son are coming over
to give your sister a send-off.]{.font12}
[Ma, I think older sister and Xiǎo Zhōu seem to be getting along pretty
well!]{.font12}
[You dumb kid! Your sister and Xiǎo Zhōu have been in love for almost a
year now. Didn't you know?!]{.font12}
\
- [A: Ao! Yuánlái shi zenme hui]{.font12}
[shir! Hǎo, mā, nǐ kuài máng qu ha! Zhèi diǎnr gōngyìpǐn jiāo gěi wǒ
le.]{.font12}
- [B: Nǐ kuài hǎo, hāowánle, dào]{.font12}
[chúfāng lai hǎng wo máng.]{.font12}
[A: Xíng, wǒ yìhuǐr jiù lái.]{.font12}
\
[Oh, so that's what's heen going on all along. Okay, mom, you go ahead
with your work. Hand the handicrafts over to me.]{.font12}
[Get these wrapped quickly. When you're done, come to the kitchen and
help me.]{.font12}
[Okay, I'll he there in a minute.]{.font12}
\
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In Běijīng a mother (B) talks with her daughter (A).]{.font12}
[B: Xiǎo Yun na, zuotiān kǎoshì]{.font12}
[kǎowán le, jǐntiǎn hái zài wūli máng shénme na?]{.font12}
- [A: Xiě jīfēng xìn, zhèixiě xìn]{.font12}
[zǎo jiù gāi xiě le, Jǐntiǎn you yidiǎnr shíjiān, wǒ xiǎng hǎ ta-men
xiěwán.]{.font12}
- [B: Gěi yéyede xìn xiěle méiyou?]{.font12}
[Yéye name téng nǐ, kuài gěi tā xiě fēng xìn ha!]{.font12}
- [A: Shāngcì yéye lái xìn shuō,]{.font12}
[tāmen gōngsī qǐng tā qù hāng máng ne. Zhèijiàn shir, nín zěnme
xiǎng?]{.font12}
- [B: Tāmen gōngsī xiǎng gēn wàiguo]{.font12}
[rén zuò shēngyì, qǐng yéye qù hāng máng, zhèijiàn shir, wǒ shénme yě hú
yuànyi shuō.]{.font12}
- [A: Wèishénme ne?]{.font12}
- [B:]{.font12}[ Qiánxiē nián]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, tāmen gōngsíde]{.font12}
[rén shuō nǐ yéye, shuōde nàme nántīng. Xiànzài tāmen you wèntí le, you
xiǎngdào nǐ yéye le.]{.font12}
[Suàn le ha, ràng tāmen kànzhe hàn ha. Wǒ hù xiǎng quàn nǐ yéye qù hāng
zhèige máng. Niánji dàle, hǎohǎorde zài jiāli xiūxixiūxi hi shénme dōu
hǎo.]{.font12}
\
[Xiǎo Yun, your exams were over yesterday. What are you still working on
here today?]{.font12}
[Writing a few letters. I should have written them a long time ago. I
have a little time today, so I wanted to get them written.]{.font12}
[Have you written grandfather? He\'s so fond of you, you really should
write him a letter!]{.font12}
[The last time grandfather wrote, he said that their company had asked
him to go help out. What do you think of that?]{.font12}
[Their company wants to do business with foreigners, so they asked your
grandfather to help out. I don't want to say anything about
this.]{.font12}
[Why?]{.font12}
[A few years back, the people in the company were saying such awful
things about your grandfather. But now, they go to him with their
problems. The hell with it! Let them do what they like.]{.font12}
[I don't want to advise your grandfather to help them. When a person
gets old, it's best for him to stay at home and get a lot of
relaxation.]{.font12}
\
["This means \"No comment. If I said anything about this, it wouldn't be
complimentary.\"]{.font12}
- [A: Mā, wǒ xiǎng yéye yídìng bù]{.font12}
[tongyì nínde shuōfǎr. Guòqùde shir yǐjíng guòqu le. Xiànzài you rén
qǐng ta hang mang, ]{.font12}[zài shuō]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ zhèixiē shir duì guojiā you hǎochù,
tā yídìng huì qù zuòde.]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ yě zhīdao, nǐ yéye nèige]{.font12}
[rén zhǐ yào yǒu gōngzuò, hù guǎn duō nan, tā yě huì pīnmìng qù zuòde.
Nǐ xiě xìnde shíhou, hié wàngle xiěshang, ràng tā hié tài lèi le,
měitiān shuì ge xiǎo wǔjiào.]{.font12}
- [A: Hǎo. Xiěshang le. Nǎinai huì]{.font12}
[hǎohāor zhàogu yéyede. Nín fàng-xīn hǎo le.]{.font12}
- [B: Ài! Hǎo le, wǒ yào chūqu mǎi]{.font12}
[dōngxi, nǐde xìn xiěwán le méiyou? Wǒ lai gěi nǐ jì.]{.font12}
- [A: Zhèi sānfēng xìn xiěwán le,]{.font12}
[děng yíxiàr, wǒ tieshang youpiào. Hǎo, xiànzài hǎo le. Nín názǒu
ha.]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ zǒu le.]{.font12}
[A: Mā, nín zǎo diǎnr huílai!]{.font12}
\
[Ma, I'm sure that grandfather wouldn't agree with that. What's over is
over (\"Past things are already past\"). Now someone asks him to help
out, and besides, these things are good for the country. I'm sure he'll
do it.]{.font12}
[I know that too. Your grandfather is the kind of person who, as long
there's a joh, will knock himself out to do it, no matter how hard it
is. When you write the letter, don't forget to write that he mustn't
tire himself out too much, and to take a little noontime nap every
day.]{.font12}
[Okay. It's written. Grandma will take good care of grandfather. Don\'t
you worry.]{.font12}
[(Sigh) Okay, I've got to go out to huy some things. Have you finished
writing your letters? I'll mail them for you.]{.font12}
[These three are finished. Wait a second while I put stamps on them.
Okay, they're ready. Here they are.]{.font12}
[I'm leaving.]{.font12}
[Ma, don't he gone long!]{.font12}
\
[Dialogue and Translation for Exercise h]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}
[In the office of a factory in Běijīng, are on the night
shift:]{.font12}
- [A: Wáng ]{.font12}[Lǎo Shīfu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, nín xiūxi yì-]{.font12}
[huǐr ha. Wǒ zài zhèr kànzhe, nín hié dānxīn, wǒ hú huì shuì
jiàode.]{.font12}
- [B: Ou, wǒ hú lèi, zánmen liǎ]{.font12}
[liáoliao tiānr ha!]{.font12}
\
[an older man (B) and a younger man (A)]{.font12}
[Old Master Wáng, you rest a while. I'll watch things here, don't worry.
I won't fall asleep.]{.font12}
[I'm not tired. Let's us two have a chat!]{.font12}
\
- [A: Wáng Lǎo Shīfu, wǒ tīngshuō, Old Master Wáng, I've heard
that]{.font12}
[nín jiěfàng qian jiù cānjiǎ ]{.font12}[gé]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ you joined the revolutionary
ranks]{.font12}
[mi ng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ le, nínde gùshi
yídìng hù before liberation. You must have]{.font12}
[shǎo, gěi wo jiǎngjiang ba! a lot of stories; tell me
one!]{.font12}
[°]{.font12}[liǎ]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[: A
colloquial word meaning ]{.font12}[liǎngge]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[.]{.font12}
- [B: Nǐ zhǐdao, jiěfàng qian wǒ shi]{.font12}
[zuò xiǎo mǎimaide, nèi shihou zuò xiǎo mǎimai duo nán! Neng bu néng
zhuàn yidiǎnr qián dōu yào kàn yùnqi hǎo huài.]{.font12}
- [A: Hòulái ne?]{.font12}
- [B: Hòulái Rìběn rén lái le, Rìběn]{.font12}
[rén gēn zánmen dǎ zhàng. zhèi yí-xiàzi wǒde mǎimai . . .]{.font12}
- [A: Zuòbuxiàqu le.]{.font12}
- [B: Bu shi, wǒde mǎimai yuè zuò]{.font12}
[yuè dà le.]{.font12}
- [A: Zěnme ne?]{.font12}
- [B: Nǐ xuéguo lìshǐ. Nǐ zhīdao nèi]{.font12}
[shihou ]{.font12}[Zhu Lǎozǒng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ gēn Rìběn rén dǎle yízhàng . .
.]{.font12}
- [A: Zhǐdao, nèi yízhàng dǎle hǎo]{.font12}
[jǐge yuè. Nèi shihou nín gàn shénme ne?]{.font12}
- [B: Wǒ? Wǒ yìtiān dào wǎn názhe]{.font12}
[dānzi gěi Zhū Lǎozǒngde ]{.font12}[jūnduì ]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[mǎi dōngxi ya! Shénme chide,
chuānde, yào a, wǒ dōu néng mǎidào.]{.font12}
- [A: Ēi, zhēn you yìsi, nín zài gěi]{.font12}
[wo jiǎngjiang.]{.font12}
- [B: Ou, xiànzài bù néng jiǎng le.]{.font12}
[Zánmen gāi chūqu kànkan le. Yàoshi méiyou shénme wèntí, huílai wǒ zài
gěi nǐ jiǎng.]{.font12}
[A: Nà zánmen zǒu ba!]{.font12}
[You know, before liberation I was in small business. At that time, it
was so hard to do small business. Whether or not you could make a little
money depended on whether your luck was good or bad.]{.font12}
[And later?]{.font12}
[Later the Japanese came. After the Japanese went to war with us, my
business . . .]{.font12}
[You couldn't carry it on.]{.font12}
[No, it got bigger and bigger.]{.font12}
[How was that?]{.font12}
[You've studied history. You know that at that time Zhū Lǎozǒng (Zhū Dé)
fought with the Japanese . . .]{.font12}
[Yes, they fought for many months. What were you doing at that
time?]{.font12}
[Me? From morning to night T was carrying a list buying things for Zhū
Cé's army. Food, clothes, medicine, T could buy them all.]{.font12}
[Gee, that's fascinating, tell me more.]{.font12}
[I can't now. It's time we went out and took a look. If there aren't any
problems, I'll tell you more after we get back.]{.font12}
[Then let's go!]{.font12}
[VOCABULARY]{.font12}
----------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------
[ài]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to love]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[ài shang]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to fall in love with]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[āndìng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to \"be peaceful and stable, to be]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
----------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------
[quiet and settled]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [bàba]{.font12 | [father, dad, | [7-U]{.font12 |
| style | papa]{.font12 | style |
| ="font-weight:bold;"} | style | ="font-weight:bold;"} |
| | ="font-weight:bold;"} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [báitiān]{.font12 | [daytime]{.font12 | [7.3]{.font12 |
| style | style | style |
| ="font-weight:bold;"} | ="font-weight:bold;"} | ="font-weight:bold;"} |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [-ban]{.font12 | [(counter for class | [7.3']{.font12 |
| style | of students)]{.font12 | style |
| ="font-weight:bold;"} | style | ="font-weight:bold;"} |
| | ="font-weight:bold;"} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [bàng]{.font12 | [to be great, to be | [T.U', 7.7]{.font12 |
| style | fantastic, to be | style |
| ="font-weight:bold;"} | terrific]{.font12 | ="font-weight:bold;"} |
| | style | |
| | ="font-weight:bold;"} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [bang máng]{.font12 | [to help; | [7.U]{.font12 |
| style | help]{.font12 | style |
| ="font-weight:bold;"} | style | ="font-weight:bold;"} |
| | ="font-weight:bold;"} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [bangzhu]{.font12 | [to help; help; as a | [7.2]{.font12 |
| style | help to, for]{.font12 | style |
| ="font-weight:bold;"} | style | ="font-weight:bold;"} |
| | ="font-weight:bold;"} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [bāo]{.font12 | [to wrap]{.font12 | [7.8']{.font12 |
| style | style | style |
| ="font-weight:bold;"} | ="font-weight:bold;"} | ="font-weight:bold;"} |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [bǎochí]{.font12 | [to keep, to | [7.5]{.font12 |
| style | preserve, to | style |
| ="font-weight:bold;"} | maintain]{.font12 | ="font-weight:bold;"} |
| | style | |
| | ="font-weight:bold;"} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [bǎohù]{.font12 | [to protect]{.font12 | [7.6]{.font12 |
| style | style | style |
| ="font-weight:bold;"} | ="font-weight:bold;"} | ="font-weight:bold;"} |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [bèihòu]{.font12 | [behind someone's | [7.2']{.font12 |
| style | back]{.font12 | style |
| ="font-weight:bold;"} | style | ="font-weight:bold;"} |
| | ="font-weight:bold;"} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [-bèizi]{.font12 | [all one's life, | [7.2]{.font12 |
| style | lifetime]{.font12 | style |
| ="font-weight:bold;"} | style | ="font-weight:bold;"} |
| | ="font-weight:bold;"} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [běnlái]{.font12 | [originally, in the | [7.7]{.font12 |
| style | beginning, at first; | style |
| ="font-weight:bold;"} | to begin with, in the | ="font-weight:bold;"} |
| | first place]{.font12 | |
| | style | |
| | ="font-weight:bold;"} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [běnrén]{.font12 | [herself, himself, | [7.6']{.font12 |
| style | oneself, nyself, | style |
| ="font-weight:bold;"} | etc.]{.font12 | ="font-weight:bold;"} |
| | style | |
| | ="font-weight:bold;"} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [bí]{.font12 | [to compare]{.font12 | [7.1']{.font12 |
| style | style | style |
| ="font-weight:bold;"} | ="font-weight:bold;"} | ="font-weight:bold;"} |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [biàn]{.font12 | [to change, to become | [7.3]{.font12 |
| style | different]{.font12 | style |
| ="font-weight:bold;"} | style | ="font-weight:bold;"} |
| | ="font-weight:bold;"} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [biànchéng]{.font12 | [to change | [7.2', 7-3]{.font12 |
| style | into]{.font12 | style |
| ="font-weight:bold;"} | style | ="font-weight:bold;"} |
| | ="font-weight:bold;"} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [bìcǐ]{.font12 | [each other, one | [7-5']{.font12 |
| style | another, both; the | style |
| ="font-weight:bold;"} | same to you]{.font12 | ="font-weight:bold;"} |
| | style | |
| | ="font-weight:bold;"} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [bìngrén]{.font12 | [sick person, | [7.3']{.font12 |
| style | patient]{.font12 | style |
| ="font-weight:bold;"} | style | ="font-weight:bold;"} |
| | ="font-weight:bold;"} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [bómǔ]{.font12 | [aunt (wife of | [7.8]{.font12 |
| style | father's elder | style |
| ="font-weight:bold;"} | brother);]{.font12 | ="font-weight:bold;"} |
| | style | |
| | ="font-weight:bold;"} | |
| | | |
| | [(term for the mother | |
| | of one's | |
| | friend)]{.font12 | |
| | style | |
| | ="font-weight:bold;"} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [boshì]{.font12 | [Ph.D.]{.font12 | [7-2']{.font12 |
| style | style | style |
| ="font-weight:bold;"} | ="font-weight:bold;"} | ="font-weight:bold;"} |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [bú fàngxīn]{.font12 | [to worry]{.font12 | [7.3']{.font12 |
| style | style | style |
| ="font-weight:bold;"} | ="font-weight:bold;"} | ="font-weight:bold;"} |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [bù guǎn]{.font12 | [no matter (what, | [7.5', 7.6]{.font12 |
| style | whether, | style |
| ="font-weight:bold;"} | etc.)]{.font12 | ="font-weight:bold;"} |
| | style | |
| | ="font-weight:bold;"} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [bù huāng bù | [calm, not the least | [7.8']{.font12 |
| máng]{.font12 | bit | style |
| style | flustered]{.font12 | ="font-weight:bold;"} |
| ="font-weight:bold;"} | style | |
| | ="font-weight:bold;"} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [bú Jiàn bú | [don't leave until | [7.7']{.font12 |
| sàn]{.font12 | we've met up]{.font12 | style |
| style | style | ="font-weight:bold;"} |
| ="font-weight:bold;"} | ="font-weight:bold;"} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [bù Jiǎndān]{.font12 | [not ordinary, not | [7.7']{.font12 |
| style | commonplace; | style |
| ="font-weight:bold;"} | remarkable]{.font12 | ="font-weight:bold;"} |
| | style | |
| | ="font-weight:bold;"} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [bù néng bu]{.font12 | [to have to, | [7.7]{.font12 |
| style | must]{.font12 | style |
| ="font-weight:bold;"} | style | ="font-weight:bold;"} |
| | ="font-weight:bold;"} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [bù shǎo]{.font12 | [to be quite a lot, | [7.U]{.font12 |
| style | to be much, to be | style |
| ="font-weight:bold;"} | many]{.font12 | ="font-weight:bold;"} |
| | style | |
| | ="font-weight:bold;"} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [bú shi\...Jiù | [if it isn't\...then | [7.7]{.font12 |
| shi\...]{.font12 | it's\...; either\... | style |
| style | or\...]{.font12 | ="font-weight:bold;"} |
| ="font-weight:bold;"} | style | |
| | ="font-weight:bold;"} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [bú xiàng | [to be ridiculous, to | [7.6]{.font12 |
| huà]{.font12 | be outrageous, to be | style |
| style | absurd (talk, acts, | ="font-weight:bold;"} |
| ="font-weight:bold;"} | etc.)]{.font12 | |
| | style | |
| | ="font-weight:bold;"} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------ ----------------------
[cai]{.font12} [only (before an amount)]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12}
[cái]{.font12} [only in that case, only under this]{.font12} [7.5]{.font12}
[condition]{.font12}
[caichan]{.font12} [property]{.font12} [7.1]{.font12}
[cānjiā]{.font12} [to participate in, to take part in;]{.font12} [7.6]{.font12}
[to Join; to attend]{.font12}
[cháng]{.font12} [to be long]{.font12} [7.1]{.font12}
[chang gē]{.font12} [to sing (songs)]{.font12} [7.6°]{.font12}
[chāo]{.font12} [to be noisy; to disturb by making]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12}
[noise]{.font12}
[chǎoxǐng]{.font12} [to wake (someone) up by being noisy]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12}
[-chéng]{.font12} [(verb ending) into]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12}
[chéngshì]{.font12} [city; urban]{.font12} [7.6]{.font12}
[chéngyuánguó]{.font12} [member country]{.font12} [7.6°]{.font12}
[chǐbuxiàqù]{.font12} [to be unable to eat]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12}
[chi kǔ]{.font12} [to suffer, to undergo hardship]{.font12} [7.1]{.font12}
[chōu yān]{.font12} [to smoke (tobacco)]{.font12} [7.6]{.font12}
[chuáng]{.font12} [bed]{.font12} [7.2°, 7.5]{.font12}
[chuántong]{.font12} [tradition, traditional]{.font12} [7.1]{.font12}
[conglái]{.font12} [ever (up till now), always (up till]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12}
[now)]{.font12}
[conglái bù/méi]{.font12} [never (up till now)]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12}
[cóng\...(Verb)-qī]{.font12} [to begin (Verb)-ing from\...]{.font12} [7.7]{.font12}
[cūnr]{.font12} [village]{.font12} [7.6°]{.font12}
------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------ ----------------------
------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------
[dàduōshù(r)]{.font12} [the great majority]{.font12} [7.5]{.font12}
[-dài]{.font12} [generation; era, (historical) period]{.font12} [7.5]{.font12}
[dàishang]{.font12} [to take along (Běijīng)]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12}
[dàjiě]{.font12} [\"older sister\" (a respectful term]{.font12} [7.1\']{.font12}
[of address for a woman about one's own age or older)]{.font12}
[dàlù]{.font12} [mainland, continent]{.font12} [7.1]{.font12}
[dang]{.font12} [(political) party]{.font12} [7.6]{.font12}
[dǎnxǐn]{.font12} [to be worried, to be uneasy]{.font12} [7.1]{.font12}
[dānzi]{.font12} [list; form]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12 style="font-style:italic;"}
[dào]{.font12} [to pour, to dump]{.font12} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-style:italic;"}
[-dào]{.font12} [(resultative ending used for percep-]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12}
[tion by one of the senses: ]{.font12}[Jiàndao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[kàndao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[tīngdao]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, etc.)]{.font12}
[-dào]{.font12} [(resultative ending used to indicate]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12}
[reaching; in ]{.font12}[xiǎngdào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12}[tándào]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, etc., translated as \"about\" or \"of\")]{.font12}
[dàochù]{.font12} [everywhere]{.font12} [7.7\']{.font12}
[dàodé]{.font12} [morality, morals, ethics]{.font12} [7.2]{.font12}
[dào lājī]{.font12} [to take out (dump) the garbage]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12}
[dàolī]{.font12} [principle, truth, hows and whys;]{.font12} [7.2]{.font12}
[reason, argument, sense]{.font12}
[dàxuéshēng]{.font12} [college student]{.font12} [7.1]{.font12}
[dǎ zhàng]{.font12} [to fight a war, to go to war]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12}
------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------
[dǎ zhen]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to get an injection]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[dǎ zì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to type (on a typewriter)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[de]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to get]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[dédao]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to receive, to get]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[-de huà]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [if; in case; supposing that]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[děi kàn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to depend on]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[děng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [when; by the time; till]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[děng dào]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [wait until; when, by the time]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[děng yíxià]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [wait a minute; in a little while]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[-diǎn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [point]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[diào yǎnlèi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to cry]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[dìwei]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [position, status]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[dǒngde]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to understand, to grasp, to know]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[duǎnpiān]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [short (stories, articles)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[dúlì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be independent; independence]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[duo (duō)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [how (to what extent)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.It]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[duo hǎo!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [how great that is!]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[duōshù(r)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [the majority (of), most (of)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
-------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------
[[éi say! (interjection telling that the\*]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}](#bookmark84)
[speaker just thought of something)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[[értong child (formal word)]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}](#bookmark85)
[[érxífu(r) (-fer) daughter-in-law\*]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}](#bookmark86)
--------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------
[fādá]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be (highly) developed, to be flourishing, to be prosperous]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2\*, 7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[fǎlū]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [law]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[fān]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to translate]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7\*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[fàn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to violate, to offend, to commit; to]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[have an attack (of an old disease)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[fǎnduì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to oppose, to be against]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1\*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[-fāngmiàn (-mi an)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [aspect, side, area, respect]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[fǎngwèn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to visit]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6\*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[fǎnzhèng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [anyway, in any case]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3\*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[fàn zuì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to commit a crime]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[fāzhǎn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to develop, to expand, to grow]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[fēn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [points]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5\*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[fēn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to divide, to separate, to split]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[fēngsú]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [custom(s)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[fēnkāi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to separate, to split up]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[fùnū]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [woman; women, womankind]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[fúqi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [blessings, good fortune]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
--------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------
[gāi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [will probably]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.it']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[gāi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [should, ought to]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.It', 7.8]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------
------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------
[gài]{.font12} [to build, to construct]{.font12} [7.1+']{.font12}
[gāibiàn]{.font12} [to change; change(s)]{.font12} [7.1', 7-5]{.font12}
[gànbu]{.font12} [cadre]{.font12} [7.6]{.font12}
[gǎnjué]{.font12} [feeling, sensation; to feel, to]{.font12} [7.1]{.font12}
[perceive]{.font12}
[gànmǎ]{.font12} [to do what; (colloquial) why on earth,]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12}
[what for]{.font12}
[gàn shenme]{.font12} [to do what; (colloquial) why on earth,]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12}
[what for]{.font12}
[gǎnxiè]{.font12} [to be thankful, to be grateful]{.font12} [7.3']{.font12}
[gāogàn]{.font12} [senior cadres]{.font12} [7.6']{.font12}
[gāozhōng]{.font12} [senior high school]{.font12} [7.1', 7.2', 7.5]{.font12}
[gèguó]{.font12} [various countries]{.font12} [7.1']{.font12}
[gémìng]{.font12} [revolution]{.font12} [7.8']{.font12}
[gēn]{.font12} [to follow]{.font12} [7.8']{.font12}
[gōng]{.font12} [male (for animals)]{.font12} [7.2']{.font12}
[Gòngchǎndǎng]{.font12} [Communist Party]{.font12} [7.6]{.font12}
[gōngchǎng]{.font12} [factory, mill, plant, works]{.font12} [7.6']{.font12}
[gōnggong]{.font12} [grandfather, grandpa (paternal)]{.font12} [7.1+']{.font12}
[gōngkè]{.font12} [homework]{.font12} [7.7']{.font12}
[Gòngqǐngtuǎn]{.font12} [Communist Youth League]{.font12} [7.6']{.font12}
[gōngshāngyè]{.font12} [industry and commerce]{.font12} [7.5]{.font12}
[gōngyè]{.font12} [industry]{.font12} [7.5]{.font12}
[gōngyìpǐn]{.font12} [handicrafts]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12}
[guǎn]{.font12} [to take care of; to mind, to bother]{.font12} [7.2]{.font12}
[about]{.font12}
[guǎnggào]{.font12} [advertisement]{.font12} [7.7]{.font12}
[guānniàn]{.font12} [concept, idea, notion]{.font12} [7.2]{.font12}
[guānxin]{.font12} [to be concerned/care about]{.font12} [7.1']{.font12}
[guānyú]{.font12} [as to, with regard to, concerning,]{.font12} [7.1]{.font12}
[about]{.font12}
[gǔhuǐ]{.font12} [bone ashes, ashes (of a person)]{.font12} [7.5']{.font12}
[guǐju]{.font12} [rules of proper behavior, social]{.font12} [7.3°, 7.1+]{.font12}
[etiquette, manners; special customs, established practice, rule (of a community or organization)]{.font12}
[guoJiā]{.font12} [country, state, nation; national]{.font12} [7.1]{.font12}
[guòqù]{.font12} [the past]{.font12} [7.1+]{.font12}
[guòqu]{.font12} [to pass; to pass away, to die]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12}
[guò rìzi]{.font12} [to live; to get along]{.font12} [7.1+']{.font12}
[gùshi]{.font12} [story]{.font12} [7.6]{.font12}
[gǔshū]{.font12} [ancient book]{.font12} [7.1']{.font12}
------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------
[hai fairly, passably]{.font12}
[hǎiluòyín heroin]{.font12}
[hǎochù benefit, advantage]{.font12}
[hǎohǎor properly, carefully, thoroughly]{.font12}
[hǎo shi hǎo, kěshi\... well, okay, but\...]{.font12}
[hǎoxiàng to seem as if, to seem like]{.font12}
[7.1+]{.font12}
[7.7']{.font12}
[7.5]{.font12}
[7.1', 7.8]{.font12}
[7.3']{.font12}
[7.8]{.font12}
\
[hēiyè hèn Hongwèibīng hòulái ]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}[Huáshèngdùn Youbào]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}
[-hui]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[huì huó]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[húshuo hùxiāng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
\
[[(darkness of) night, nighttime]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}](#bookmark87)
[[to hate, to loathe, to detest]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}](#bookmark88)
[[(a) Red Guard; the Red Guards]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}](#bookmark89)
[[later, afterwards 7-2\*,]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}](#bookmark90)
[[Washington Post]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}](#bookmark91)
[[(counter for ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[shi]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"matter\")]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}](#bookmark92)
[[might; to he likely to; will]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}](#bookmark93)
[[to live; to become alive; to survive;]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}](#bookmark94)
[to be live/alive/living; mobile, moving]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[[to talk nonsense; nonsense, drivel\*]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}](#bookmark95)
[[mutually]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}](#bookmark96)
------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------
[Jì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to remember; to commit to memory]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5\*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[-Jiā]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [(counter for families)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.U]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[j iàndān]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be simple]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[jiǎng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to stress, to pay attention to, to]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[be particular about]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Jiǎng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [prize]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[jiǎngjiu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be particular about; to be]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[elegant, to be tasteful]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[jiàotáng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [church, cathedral]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Jiàoyu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to educate; education]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[jiārù]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to join]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Jiātíng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [family]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Jīdòng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be agitated, to be worked up]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Jiè]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to borrow; to lend]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[jièdao]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to successfully borrow]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[J iěfàng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to liberate, to emancipate; liberation]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Jiēhūn (jiēhūn)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to get married]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Jièyì\^]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to mind, to take offense]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[jíjímángmáng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [in a hurry, extremely rushed]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Jímang]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be hasty, to be hurried]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Jìnbù]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to progress; progress]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Jìndàishǐ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [modern history]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[J īngshén]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [energy, spirits]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[jīnr]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [today (Běijīng)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[jīnzhāng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be nervous, to be upset]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[jìzhu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to remember]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[-Jù]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [sentence; (counter for sentences or]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[utterances, often followed by ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[huà]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"speech\")]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Jūnduì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [army]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[júzi shuǐ(r)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [orange juice (Běijīng)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------
[(V V) kàn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [try and (v), (v) and see how it is]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[kàn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to depend on]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------
---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
[kànbuqǐ]{.font12} [to look down on, to scorn, to despise]{.font12} [7.\^]{.font12}
[kàndao]{.font12} [to see]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12}
[kànzhe]{.font12} [(followed by a verb) as one sees fit, as one deems reasonable]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12}
[kao]{.font12} [to take/give an exam, test, or quiz]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12}
[kào]{.font12} [to depend on, to rely on; to lean against; to be near, to be next to]{.font12} [7.2]{.font12}
[kǎolu]{.font12} [to consider, to think about; consideration]{.font12} [7.1]{.font12}
[kǎoshì]{.font12} [to take/give an exam, test, or quiz; exam, test]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12}
[keài]{.font12} [to be loveable, to be adorable]{.font12} [7.8°]{.font12}
[kekǎyǐn]{.font12} [cocaine]{.font12} [7.7']{.font12}
[Kekǒukělè]{.font12} [Coca Cola]{.font12} [7.1', 7.3]{.font12}
[kelián]{.font12} [to be pitiful]{.font12} [7.3°]{.font12}
[ken]{.font12} [to be willing to]{.font12} [7.7']{.font12}
[kū]{.font12} [to cry]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12}
---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------
[\...lái]{.font12} [for the past\... (amount of time)]{.font12} [7.6]{.font12}
[lái]{.font12} [(used before a verb to express that]{.font12} [7.7]{.font12}
[something will be done)]{.font12}
[lái]{.font12} [to do (something), to perform]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12}
[(something), to have (an event),]{.font12}
[to help oneself to (food, etc.),]{.font12}
[to join in (a game, etc.)]{.font12}
[lǎjī]{.font12} [garbage]{.font12} [7.3']{.font12}
[lánwěiyán]{.font12} [appendicitis]{.font12} [7.5°]{.font12}
[lǎo]{.font12} [all the time, always]{.font12} [7.8\*]{.font12}
[láodòng]{.font12} [to labor]{.font12} [7.5]{.font12}
[láodònglì]{.font12} [labor force, labor; able-bodied]{.font12} [7.5]{.font12}
[person]{.font12}
[lǎolao]{.font12} [grandmother, grandma (maternal)]{.font12} [7.b']{.font12 style="font-style:italic;"}
[láolì]{.font12} [labor force; labor]{.font12} [7.5]{.font12}
[lǎo shīfu]{.font12} [old master]{.font12} [7.5]{.font12}
[lǎoshǔ (láoshu)]{.font12} [mouse or rat]{.font12} [7.2\*]{.font12}
[lǎoxiānsheng]{.font12} [old gentlemen]{.font12} [7.5']{.font12}
[lǎoyé]{.font12} [grandfather, grandpa (maternal)]{.font12} [7.U\*]{.font12}
[lǎozǒng]{.font12} [(used with surname as an affectionate]{.font12} [7.8']{.font12}
[term for a high-ranking PLA commander)]{.font12}
[liǎ]{.font12} [(Beijing colloquial word meaning]{.font12} [7.8\*]{.font12}
[liǎngge]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, "two")]{.font12}
[lián\...dōu/yě\...]{.font12} [even\...]{.font12} [7.7]{.font12}
[liáo]{.font12} [to chat]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12}
[liáo tiān(r)]{.font12} [to chat]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12}
[lǐmào]{.font12} [manners, politeness]{.font12} [7.U]{.font12}
[lǐngdǎo]{.font12} [to lead, to direct, to exercise lead-]{.font12} [7.6]{.font12}
------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------
[ership (over); leadership; leader, leading cadre]{.font12}
----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------
[liùshi niándài]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [the decade of the sixties]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1\*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[liúxia]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to leave]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1\*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[liúxíng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be common, to be popular, to be prevalent]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[luàn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be in disorder, to be in a mess, to be chaotic; arbitrarily, recklessly, any old way]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7-7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[luànqǐbāzāo]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [in a mess, in confusion, in disorder; miscellaneous, motley, all thrown in together]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------
[ma]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[(marker for obviousness of reasoning)]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[mànmānr (manman) slowly; gradually, by and by; taking]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[one's time (doing something); (tell) all about, in all details]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[méi yìsi to be uninteresting/boring; to be]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[pointless/meaningless; to be a drag; to be without value, not worthy of
respect, cheap]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[míngbai to understand, to be clear on, to]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[comprehend; to be clear, to be intelligible]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Ming Bào Ming Pao]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ (a Hong Kong
newspaper)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[mǔ female (for animals)]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
[7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[7-5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[7.2\*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------
[nàinai]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [grandmother (paternal)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.k]{.font12 style="font-style:italic;"}
[nà hai yòng shuō]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [that goes without saying]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2\*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Nan Mei]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [South America]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7\*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[nánnū]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [men and women, male-female]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[nánshòu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be uncomfortable; to feel bad,]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[to feel unhappy]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[nántīng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be unpleasant to hear; to sound]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[bad, to offend the ears; to be]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[scandalous]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[ne]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [(used in questions asking the where]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.^1^\*\*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[abouts of someone/something)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[nénglì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [ability]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6\*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[niánji (niánjì)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [age]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.U]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[niánqīng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be young]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[nòng (neng)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to do; to fool with; to get]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[nóngcūn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [country, rural area; rural]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5\*, 7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[nònglai]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to get and bring]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[nóngmín]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [peasant]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7-5\*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[nongyè]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [agriculture]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[nylì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to make efforts]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7\*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[nushěng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [coed, woman student]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [. 7.3\*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------
[pà]{.font12}
[to be afraid]{.font12}
[7-^1^\*]{.font12}
[pǎolai pǎoqù]{.font12}
[to run around]{.font12}
[7-6]{.font12}
[pèngdao]{.font12}
[to run into, to come across]{.font12}
[7.8]{.font12}
[-piān]{.font12}
[(counter for sheets, articles or]{.font12}
[7.2]{.font12}
[pieces of writing)]{.font12}
[piān]{.font12}
[to fool, to deceive]{.font12}
[7.2]{.font12}
[pǐchá bǐng]{.font12}
[pizza]{.font12}
[7.1]{.font12}
[píngděng]{.font12}
[equality, to be equal (of people)]{.font12}
[7.2]{.font12}
[pǐnmìng]{.font12}
[with all one's might, for all one]{.font12}
[7.2]{.font12}
[is worth, desperately, like mad; to risk one's life, to defy
death]{.font12}
[pīzhǔn]{.font12}
[to give permission, to approve;]{.font12}
[7-5]{.font12}
[approval, permission, sanction]{.font12}
[pópo]{.font12}
[grandmother, grandma]{.font12}
[7.U]{.font12}
------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------
[qiāng]{.font12} [gun]{.font12} [7.7]{.font12}
[qiáng]{.font12} [to be strong]{.font12} [7.6]{.font12}
[qiánxiě nián]{.font12} [a few years back, in recent years]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12}
[qiāo men]{.font12} [to knock at the door]{.font12} [7.U]{.font12}
[qíguài]{.font12} [to be strange, to be odd, to be surprising]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12}
[qǐlai]{.font12} [to get up (in several senses)]{.font12} [7.]{.font12}
[-qilai]{.font12} [(resultative ending which indicates starting)]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12}
[Qīnghǎi]{.font12} [(a province in western China)]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12}
[qíngkuàng]{.font12} [situation, circumstances, condition, state of affairs]{.font12} [7.1]{.font12}
[qíngxing]{.font12} [situation, circumstances, condition, state of affairs]{.font12} [7.1]{.font12}
[quàn]{.font12} [to advise, to urge, to try to persuade]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12}
[quánjiā rén]{.font12} [the whole family]{.font12} [7.U]{.font12}
------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------
----------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----------------
[ràng]{.font12} [to make (someone a certain way)]{.font12} [7.1]{.font12}
[rén]{.font12} [person; self; body]{.font12} [7.]{.font12}
[rénj ia]{.font12} [people; other people; someone else;]{.font12} [7.U]{.font12}
[they; he, she; I]{.font12}
[rèxǐn]{.font12} [to be enthusiastic and interested,]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12}
[to be warmhearted, to be earnest]{.font12}
[rèxīnqilai]{.font12} [to become enthusiastic and interested]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12}
[rìzi]{.font12} [day; date; time]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12}
[rù]{.font12} [to enter; to join (an organization)]{.font12} [7.6]{.font12}
[rù Tuán]{.font12} [to join the Communist Youth League]{.font12} [7.6]{.font12}
----------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----------------
[(]{.font12}[Gongqǐngtuán]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
or ]{.font12}[Gongchǎnzhǔyì Qǐngniántuán]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[)]{.font12}
-------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------
[shā]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to kill (means unspecified); to]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[kill (specifically, with a knife]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[or knifelike instrument); to try]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[to kill]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shā]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be stupid, to be dumb, to be]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[silly, to be naive]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shāfā]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [sofa]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[-shang]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [(verb ending indicating starting]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[and continuing)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shàng xué]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to go to school; to attend school]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shāngyè]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [commerce, business]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Shàoxiānduì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Young Pioneers]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shèhuì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [society; social]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shēngchǎn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to produce; production]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shēnghuó]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to live; life; daily life; livelihood]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shēngyì (shēngyi)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [business, trade]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shēnqīng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to apply (for)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2\*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shēntǐ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [body; health]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.it]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to cause (followed by a verb), to]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[make, to enable]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shìchāng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [market]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shìjiè]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [world]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shijièshang]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [in the world, in the whole world]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shìjièxìng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [worldwide]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shíxíng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to practice, to carry out, to put]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[into effect, to implement (a]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[method, policy, plan, reform, etc.)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shizài]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [really; to be real]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shòu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to receive]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shòu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be thin]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shōuchāode]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [handwritten]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.it']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shòu Jiàoyu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to receive an education]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shōurù]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [income, earnings]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shōushi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to straighten up; to get one's]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.it]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[things ready]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shujià]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [summer vacation]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shuōbuqǐngchu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [can't explain clearly]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shuōdao]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to speak of; as for]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shuōfǎ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [way of saying a thing; statement,]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[version, argument]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[shuòshì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Master's degree]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2', 7-5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[sǐ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to die]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3', 7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Si Shū]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [the Four Books (Dàxué, Zhōngyōng,]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.it]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Lunyǔ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[Mengzǐ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[sǐxiǎng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [thought, way of thinking]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[sònghuiqu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to take/escort back]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[sòngxíng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to see (someone off), to wish]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[(someone) a good trip; to give]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[a going-away party]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
-------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------
[[suàn le forget it, let's drop the
matter,]{.font12}](#bookmark97)
[let it go at that; come off it, come on]{.font12}
[[sūnnu granddaughter (through one's
son)]{.font12}](#bookmark98)
[[sūnzi grandson (through one's
son)]{.font12}](#bookmark99)
[[suǒyǒude\...dou all]{.font12}](#bookmark100)
------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------
[tán liàn'ài]{.font12} [to be in love, to be going together (courtship)]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12}
[tǎoyàn]{.font12} [to dislike, to be disgusted with]{.font12} [7.6]{.font12}
[téng]{.font12} [to be very fond of, to be attached to, to dote on]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12}
[tí]{.font12} [to carry (from the hand at the side of the body)]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12}
[tiào]{.font12} [to jump, to leap]{.font12} [7.3]{.font12}
[tímu (-mù)]{.font12} [topic, subject; title; examination question, test problem]{.font12} [7.5]{.font12}
[tīng]{.font12} [to heed (advice), to obey (orders)]{.font12} [7.5]{.font12}
[tongjū]{.font12} [to cohabit; cohabitation]{.font12} [7.2]{.font12}
[tongyì]{.font12} [to consent, to agree]{.font12} [7-5]{.font12}
[tour]{.font12} [head, chief, boss]{.font12} [7.7]{.font12}
[-tuán]{.font12} [group, society]{.font12} [7.6]{.font12}
[Tuan]{.font12} [(Communist Youth) League]{.font12} [7.6]{.font12}
[tǔdì]{.font12} [land]{.font12} [7.1+]{.font12}
------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------
--------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ------------------
[wàigōng]{.font12} [grandfather, grandpa (maternal)]{.font12} [7.1+°]{.font12}
[wàipo]{.font12} [grandmother, grandma (maternal)]{.font12} [7.1+°]{.font12}
[wàiwén]{.font12} [foreign language]{.font12} [7.5°]{.font12}
[wǎnhuì]{.font12} [evening party]{.font12} [7.6°]{.font12}
[wǎnliàn wǎnhūn]{.font12} [late involvement and late marriage]{.font12} [7.2']{.font12}
[wèile]{.font12} [in order to; for the purpose of; for]{.font12} [7.5]{.font12}
[the sake of]{.font12}
[wénhuà]{.font12} [culture; schooling, education,]{.font12} [7.1]{.font12}
[literacy]{.font12}
[wénxuéJiā]{.font12} [writer, literary man]{.font12} [7.6°]{.font12}
[wénzhāng]{.font12} [article, essay; prose (writing) style]{.font12} [7.2]{.font12}
[wǒde tiān na!]{.font12} [my God!]{.font12} [7.1°]{.font12}
[wǔjiào]{.font12} [noontime nap]{.font12} [7.8]{.font12}
--------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ------------------
[[-xià under]{.font12}](#bookmark101)
[[xiàndài to be modern; contemporary;
modern]{.font12}](#bookmark102)
[times]{.font12}
[[xiǎng to sound, to make a
sound]{.font12}](#bookmark103)
[[xiàng to be like, to resemble;
like;]{.font12}](#bookmark104)
[such as]{.font12}
---------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------
[xiǎngbuchū]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [can't think up, can't come up with]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2\*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[xiangdāng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [quite, pretty, considerably]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[xiǎngdào]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to think of]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[xiāngxìn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to believe (in); to trust, to]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[be convinced (that)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[xiǎo]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [young]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[xiǎo diǎnr shēng(r)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [a little more quietly]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[xiǎo péngyou]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [little friend; kids]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7-\^]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[xiàoshun]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be filial; filial obedience]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[xiǎoshuō(r)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [fiction, novel]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[xià qí]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to play chess]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[-xiaqu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [(resultative ending which indicates]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[continuing an action)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[-xiaqu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [down (directional ending used for]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[eating or drinking down)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[xǐ dú]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to take drugs; drug taking]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[xíguàn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [habit, custom, usual practice; to be]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[accustomed to, to be used to]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[xǐn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [heart]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[-xing]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [nature, -ness, -ity]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[xìngkuǐ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [fortunately, luckily]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.U']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[xìngqu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [interest]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[xīnli]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [in one's heart, in one's mind]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[xīnshì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [something weighing on one's mind,]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[worry]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[xīnwén]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [news]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Xīnwén Zhōukān]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Newsweek]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[xué hǎo]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to learn from good examples, to learn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[to be a good person]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[xuéhuì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to learn, to master]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[xuéqǐ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [semester, term (of school)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[xuéshēnghuì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [student association]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[xué yī]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to study medicine]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[xùnliànbān]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [training class]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
---------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------
[yánjiū (-jiu, -jiù)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to study (in detail), to do research on; research]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[yào kàn]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to depend on]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Yàzhōu (Yǎ-)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Asia]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[yèdà]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [evening university]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[yě gāi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [really should]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.U']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[.•.yě hǎo, \...yě hǎo]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [whether\...or\...; both\...and..•]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[yě jiù]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [accordingly, correspondingly, so]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[yéye]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [grandfather (paternal)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1', 7.U]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[yǐ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [medical science, medicine (used in]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[phrases like ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[xué yǐ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[yǐ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [as soon as]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1', 7.U]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[-yì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [hundred million]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [yì | [doing\...while | [7.1]{.font12} |
| biān(r)\...]{.font12} | doing\...]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [yì | | |
| biān(r)\...]{.font12} | | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [yìfāngmiàn\..., | [on the one | [7.2]{.font12} |
| yì-]{.font12} | hand\...on the other | |
| | hand;]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [f | [for one thing\..., | |
| āngmiàn\...]{.font12} | for another | |
| | thing\...]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [yìjiāzi]{.font12} | [one family; the | [7.8\']{.font12} |
| | whole family; the | |
| | same family]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [yí | [doing\...while | [7.1]{.font12} |
| miàn(r)\...]{.font12} | doing\...]{.font12} | |
| | | |
| [y | | |
| ímiàn(r)---]{.font12} | | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [yìtiān dào | [all day | [7-3]{.font12} |
| wan]{.font12} | long]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [yīxué]{.font12} | [medical science, | [7.2]{.font12} |
| | medicine]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [yīyuàn]{.font12} | [hospital]{.font12} | [7.3\']{.font12} |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [yìzhí]{.font12} | [all along, | [7.2]{.font12} |
| | continuously, all the | |
| | time (up until a | |
| | certain | |
| | point)]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [yònggōng]{.font12} | [to be hardworking, | [7.3]{.font12} |
| | to be industrious (in | |
| | one's | |
| | studies)]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [you]{.font12} | [excellent]{.font12} | [7.5\']{.font12} |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [yǒu]{.font12} | [to come up to (a | [7.2\']{.font12} |
| | certain | |
| | level)]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [you]{.font12} | [also]{.font12} | [7.U]{.font12} |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [you]{.font12} | [anyway; after | [7.8]{.font12} |
| | all]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [you bànfǎ, | [to be able to deal | [7-7]{.font12} |
| (duì\...)]{.font12} | with | |
| | (something)]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [you | [to be | [7.2]{.font12} |
| bāngzhu]{.font12} | helpful]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [you dàolǐ]{.font12} | [to make | [7.2]{.font12} |
| | sense]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [yòuéryuán]{.font12} | [k | [7.5\']{.font12} |
| | indergarten]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [you guǐju]{.font12} | [to have manners, to | [7.U]{.font12} |
| | be proper]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [you hǎochù]{.font12} | [to be beneficial, to | [7.5]{.font12} |
| | be good | |
| | (for)]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [yǒu lǐmào]{.font12} | [to be well mannered, | [7.U]{.font12} |
| | to be | |
| | polite]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [you qián]{.font12} | [to be rich]{.font12} | [7.U]{.font12} |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [you xiào]{.font12} | [to be effective; to | [7.7]{.font12} |
| | be valid]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [yǒu xìngqu]{.font12} | [to be | [7.2]{.font12} |
| | interested]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [yǒu yánjiū]{.font12} | [to have done | [7.2]{.font12} |
| | research on; to know | |
| | a lot about]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [yǒu yòng]{.font12} | [to be | [7.3]{.font12} |
| | useful]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [yuánlái]{.font12} | [original, former; | [7.8]{.font12} |
| | originally, formerly; | |
| | it turns out | |
| | that\...» so\...! | |
| | (expresses finding | |
| | out the true | |
| | situation)]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [yuànyi]{.font12} | [to wish, would like, | [7.8]{.font12} |
| | to want to; to be | |
| | willing to]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [yuányǐn]{.font12} | [reason, | [7.6]{.font12} |
| | cause]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [yuè lái | [more and more\..., | [7.2]{.font12} |
| yuè\...]{.font12} | i | |
| | ncreasingly]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [yuè | [the more\...the | [7.2]{.font12} |
| \...yuè\...]{.font12} | more\...]{.font12} | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| [yùnqi]{.font12} | [luck]{.font12} | [7.8]{.font12} |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
-------------------------- ----------------------------------------------- -----------------------
[zài shuō]{.font12} [furthermore, besides, moreover]{.font12} [7.5°, 7.8°]{.font12}
[zài yě bù/méi]{.font12} [never again]{.font12} [7.7]{.font12}
[zǎo]{.font12} [a long time ago]{.font12} [7.3°]{.font12}
[zāohūn]{.font12} [early marriage; child marriage; to]{.font12} [7.5]{.font12}
-------------------------- ----------------------------------------------- -----------------------
[marry as a child; to marry early]{.font12}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
[zěnme (yì)huí shi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [what's it all about]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zènme (yì)huí shi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [like this]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zéren (-rèn)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [responsibility]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zhěng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to grow]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zhāngdà]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to grow up]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zhàngfu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [husband]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zhànzhēng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [war]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.U\*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zhāobudào]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [can't find, to be unable to find]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2\*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zhàogu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to take care of; care]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2\*. 7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zhèi yíxiàzi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [after this, as a result of this]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zhème (yì)huí shi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [like this]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zhèng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [Just, precisely, right]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zhèngcè]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [policy]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7-5\*. 7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zhèngfǔ]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [government]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1\*\*, 7.6]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zhènghāo(r)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [it Just so happens that, to happen]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.8]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[to, as it happens; Just in time,]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Just right, Just enough]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zhèngzhi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [politics; political]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zhi hāo]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [can only, to have to, to be forced to]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1\*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zhishi]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [knowledge]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zhi yào]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [provided that, as long as]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6\*, 7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[-zhong]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [in]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Zhon]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[ggu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[o QIngnián]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [China Youth]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ (a periodical)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2\*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zhòng nán qing nd]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to regard males as superior]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[to females]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[Zhōngxuéshēng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"} [High School Student]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[ (a periodical)]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2\*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zhōukān]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [weekly publication, weekly magazine]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zhuàn qián]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to earn money, to make money]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zhǔrén]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [host, master]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3\*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zhùxialai]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to move and stay (in a place), to]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1\*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[settle down]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zhǔyào]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [mainly]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5\*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zìyóu]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [freedom; to be free]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.2]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zìyóu shìchāng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [free market]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.5\*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zōng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [always; inevitably, without]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[exception; after all, in any case]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zōngjiào]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [(organized) religion]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zōngtōng]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [president]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.6\*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zuì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [mouth]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7\*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zuì]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [crime, guilt]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zuìJin]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [lately, recently; the near future,]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[soon]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zuò]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be, to act as]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.3]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zuòbuliāo]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to be unable to do]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1\*']{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zuò llbài]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to worship, to go to church]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.7\*]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
[zuòxia]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [to sit down]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"} [7.1]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
[283]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
^[1](#footnote1)^[]{#bookmark70}
[ Others: sentences with certain adverbs like ]{.font12}[yídìng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, with potential resultative verbs,
with the aspect marker -]{.font12}[guo]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, etc.]{.font12}
^[2](#footnote2)^[]{#bookmark71}
['According to those pandas who answered our surveys.]{.font12}
^[3](#footnote3)^[]{#bookmark72}
[\~]{.font12}[bèihòu\~]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
\"behind the back\"]{.font12}
[You]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, as used in the
second example above, can be thought of as meaning \"comes up to (a
certain level).\" ]{.font12}[Gēn]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, which is usually used with
]{.font12}[yíyàng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ as in
the example just cited, connotes exact comparison, so when your sentence
compares concrete, measurable qualities like height or weight, it is
usually better to use ]{.font12}[\...gēn\...yíyàng---]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[. For example, ]{.font12}[Nǐ gēn tā
yíyàng gāo]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ states
explicitly that you are the same height as he, so it would be
inappropriate to use ]{.font12}[xiàng]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[ there.]{.font12}
^[4](#footnote4)^[]{#bookmark73}
[ ]{.font12}[chuáng]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[,
\"bed\"]{.font12}
^[5](#footnote5)^[]{#bookmark74}
[The term \"liberation\" is used with such frequency that we introduce
it here despite the controversy over whether anything in fact was
liberated or freed. For most people in China it is simply Jargon for
referring to 19\^9» and the semantic content is of little
importance.]{.font12}
^[6](#footnote6)^[]{#bookmark75}
[\*In English \"He is dying\" may look like an ongoing action, but it
actually means \"He is very near to passing from a living state to a
dead state.\" The passing itself is instantaneous. So to translate \"He
is dying\" into Chinese, you have to rephrase the thought, e.g.,
]{.font12}[Tā kuài yào sǐ le]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"He is going to die soon,\" or
]{.font12}[Tā huobucháng le]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"He won't live long.\"]{.font12}
^[7](#footnote7)^[]{#bookmark76}
[The word ]{.font12}[gànbu]{.font12 style="text-decoration:underline;"}[
is also used in Taiwan, although not as frequently as on the mainland,
to refer to people in positions of leadership in many kinds of
organizations, especially government, the army, and large
corporations.]{.font12}
^[8](#footnote8)^[]{#bookmark77}
[]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}[kěài]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"to be
loveable/adorable\"]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
^[9](#footnote9)^[]{#bookmark78}
['Notice that grandma says literally \"You are both here.\" This,
however, is not a statement made after looking for the two and finally
finding them.]{.font12}
[It's simply a common way of greeting or starting a conversation: you
state the obvious.]{.font12}
[''More literally, \"How is it you are no longer taking your nap?\"
(New-situation le)]{.font12}
^[10](#footnote10)^[]{#bookmark79}
[In other words, they did wake her up with their talking.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
^[11](#footnote11)^[]{#bookmark80}
[Grandma is referring to living conditions---it's not as comfortable on
the mainland as in the U.S. or Hong Kong.]{.font12
style="font-weight:bold;"}
^[12](#footnote12)^[]{#bookmark81}
[This is a natural example of how one who has freely extended favors is
not shy to ask a favor in return.]{.font12 style="font-weight:bold;"}
^[13](#footnote13)^[]{#bookmark82}
[More literally, \"You people are here.\" Notice this simple way of
leaving a group. \"You're here\" is the functional equivalent of \"You
stay here,\" i.e. \"I'm going to leave. Please go on talking without
me.\" Another sentence you can use when leaving a group is
]{.font12}[Nǐmen tǎntan, wǒ xiǎn zǒu]{.font12
style="text-decoration:underline;"}[, \"You go on talking I'm going to
leave.\"]{.font12}
^[14](#footnote14)^[]{#bookmark83}
[Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk
about them in class.]{.font12}
[1. Why is his sister going to America? Why is she taking
handicrafts?]{.font12}
[2. What will happen in the evening?]{.font12}
[3. What news does he learn about his sister?]{.font12}
[■ i. hoes his mother seem nervous? How can vou tell?]{.font11}
[After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take
a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your
answers.]{.font12}
[Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate
the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than
the literal meaning of the Chinese.]{.font12}
[This conversation takes place in the office of a factory in Beijing
where an older man and a younger man are on the night shift.]{.font12}
[Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape
and listen again. On the second time through, answer the
questions.]{.font12}
[You will need the following words and phrases:]{.font12}
[Lǎo Shīfu old master]{.font12}
[gémìng revolution]{.font12}