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Standard Chinese A Modular Approach

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Resource Module on Pronunciation and Romanization, Tape 1

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This first tape in the Pronunciation and Romanization series

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introduces the four tones of standard Chinese.

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To help you focus on the tones, which will probably strike you as one of the most exotic features of Chinese,

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this tapes makes use of only the simplest and most obvious consonants and vowels.

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The trickier sounds and spellings will be covered systematically in the next four tapes.

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Then the sixth tape will take up sequences of tones.

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Listen to the four Chinese words which appear in display 1.

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They are presented in the traditional order of the four tones.

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Ma, Ma, Ma, Ma

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Again

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Ma, Ma, Ma, Ma

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The overwhelming impression to a speaker of English

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is that these must be the same words said four different ways.

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After all in English we can say Ma

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meaning is that you mother or Ma

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meaning perhaps it's you mother.

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But notice that we'd say that it's the same word in both utterances.

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We can make different utterances with different patterns of intonation,

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but not different words.

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Now listen again to what we said are four different words in Chinese.

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Ma, Ma, Ma, Ma

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Ma

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Again

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Ma, Ma, Ma, Ma

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To a speaker of Chinese

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each of these words is perfectly distinguishable from the others.

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The different tones keep them apart just as effectively as in English

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different consonants set off Ma from Pa

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and different vowels set off Ma from me.

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So giving a word a wrong tone can be just as disastrous

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as giving it a wrong consonant of all.

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If you say Ma when what you meant was Ma

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you've said horse instead of mother.

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If you look at the display you'll see a visual representation of each tone.

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The vertical scale covers about an octave.

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Just which octave it is of course depends on the speaker's voice.

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This is a somewhat greater range than you normally use in speaking English.

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The top of the range will seem slightly too high for comfort

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and the bottom slightly too low.

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The first tone or high tone word mother

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and the third tone or low tone word horse

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will let you locate the extremes.

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Listen

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Ma, Ma

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Again mother and horse high versus low

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Ma, Ma

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The popular notion of the Chinese tones

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is that they are like notes on the musical scale

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and indeed the distinctive difference between the two tones you just heard

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is that one is high and one is low.

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But you may have noticed that while the high tone was like a single steady high note

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the low tone was lower in the middle than at either end.

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For a more dramatic example of such a difference in contour

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listen to the second tone or rising tone word hemp

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and the fourth tone or falling tone word to scold.

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Ma, Ma

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Again hemp and to scold.

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Rising versus falling

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Ma, Ma

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You can see the distinctive contours of the tones

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and the diagrams of display one

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and you can see them suggested in the accent marks

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used to indicate the tones of the romanization.

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The diagrams also show that the tones differ in length

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with the third tone longer than the first and second

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and the fourth tone shorter

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and that they differ also in their patterns of loudness

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as indicated by the varying width of the curves.

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Now we're going to take up the tones in their traditional order

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by the time we finish we'll have contrasted each tone

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with every other tone.

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The first tone is called the high tone.

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It's pitch is near the top of the speaker's range

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and it's contours level

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as you can see in the display.

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Listen to the high tone word which means mother.

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Ma, Ma, Ma

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Actually this is not an independent word

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it's an element in words such as mama

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which means mommy.

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By the way the weak second syllable in mama

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is not in one of the four tones.

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It's said to be toneless or in the neutral tone.

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We'll take this up in the sixth tape.

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Since we seldom use high level intonation in English

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the high tone may strike you as sung rather than spoken.

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Try repeating mother after the speaker

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taking care to stay on the same high note throughout.

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Ma, Ma, Ma

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If you're getting it right high and level

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it should feel somewhat unnatural.

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Try saying the high tone word mother

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and then repeat after the speaker.

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Ma

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Notice that the tone mark in the romanization

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suggests the level contour at least

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if not the high pitch.

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Try saying mother again

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and repeat after the speaker.

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Ma

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The second tone is called the rising tone.

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It starts in the middle of your range and almost immediately

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rises sharply to the top of your range

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as shown in the display.

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Listen to the rising tone word which means hemp.

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Ma, Ma, Ma

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In English if you want to ask

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that you mother you can ask

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Ma with a rising intonation.

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Think of the question Ma

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and it may help you pronounce

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the rising tone word which means hemp.

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But you must remember that it's not a question

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and has nothing to do with mother.

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Try repeating hemp after the speaker.

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Ma, Ma, Ma

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Now try saying the rising tone word

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to hemp yourself and to repeat.

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Ma

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Notice that the tone mark in the romanization

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rises from left to right in the direction

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your eyes are moving as you read.

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Try saying hemp again and repeat.

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Ma

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Now let's compare the high tone with the rising tone.

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Both are in the upper part of the pitch range

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but the high tone stays level

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while the rising tone climbs sharply

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starting slightly below the high tone

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and reaching the top of the range.

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Listen to mother followed by hemp.

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Ma, Ma

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Again high tone rising tone.

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Ma, Ma

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Let's turn them around.

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Hemp followed by mother.

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Ma, Ma

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Again rising tone high tone.

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Ma, Ma

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At the top of exercise one in your workbook

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you'll see two romanized surnames.

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The high tone surname fang

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and the rising tone surname fang.

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Remember that these are as distinct

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as our Peterson and Patterson.

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For each of the numbered items

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the speaker will say either fang or fang.

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You are to add the appropriate tone mark

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to the romanization repeating the name

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as you do so.

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Then I'll give you the correct answer.

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Don't worry if you miss if you at first.

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You'll learn as much by being wrong

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and finding out that you were wrong

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as by being right

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and finding out that you were right.

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Here we go.

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One

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Fang

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High

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Two

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Fang

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Rising

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Three

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Fang

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Rising

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Four

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Fang

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High

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Five

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Fang

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High

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Six

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Fang

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Rising

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Seven

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Fang

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High

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Eight

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Fang

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High

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Nine

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Fang

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Rising

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Ten

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Fang

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Rising

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The third tone is called the low tone.

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As you can see in the display

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it has a slightly dipping contour.

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Starting fairly low

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it dips to the very bottom of your range.

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You can almost feel and hear its great bottom.

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Then it swoops up a bit.

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The most important part,

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the part to listen for

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and the part to emphasize

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is the low part in the middle.

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Remember also that this is the longest tone.

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Listen to the low tone word

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which means horse.

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Ma

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Ma

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Ma

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This also happens to be a common surname.

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Try repeating horse

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concentrating on getting as low as you can.

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Ma

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Ma

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Ma

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Now try saying the low tone word

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or horse yourself and repeat.

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Ma

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Notice that the tone mark

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captures at least the dipping contour

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if not the low pitch.

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Try saying horse again and repeat.

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Ma

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It's relatively easy to distinguish between

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the high tone and the low tone

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since they contrast in contour

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as well as in pitch.

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The high tone is level

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as well as high

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and the low tone is dipping

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as well as low.

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Listen to mother

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followed by horse.

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Ma

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Again high tone low tone.

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Ma

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Now we'll turn them around.

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Horse followed by mother.

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Ma

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Again low tone high tone.

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Ma

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Exercise 2

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involves distinguishing

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the high tone surname

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Wei

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from the low tone surname

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Wei.

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You'll see them correctly

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romanized above the exercise

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with the tone marks

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over the vowel e.

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Fill in the appropriate tone

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marks and repeat as you do so.

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One

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Wei

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Low

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Two

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Wei

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High

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Three

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Wei

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Low

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Four

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Wei

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Low

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Five

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Wei

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High

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Six

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Wei

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Low

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Seven

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Wei

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High

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Eight

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Wei

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High

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Nine

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Wei

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Low

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Ten

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Wei

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High

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The contrast between the rising tone

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and the low tone is somewhat harder.

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In fact, most students find it hardest of all.

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One reason is that their starting points

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are not too far apart.

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And another is that both are rising at the end.

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If you start a low tone a bit too high,

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then fail to get down to the bottom of the range

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and then exaggerate the rising tail,

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you've got a rising tone,

291
00:11:51,000 --> 00:11:53,000
and vice versa of course.

292
00:11:53,000 --> 00:11:55,000
The way to keep them straight is to keep your mind fixed

293
00:11:55,000 --> 00:11:57,000
on the features which give them their names.

294
00:11:57,000 --> 00:12:00,000
For the rising tone,think rising.

295
00:12:00,000 --> 00:12:03,000
All the energy goes into reaching the ceiling.

296
00:12:03,000 --> 00:12:06,000
The tone actually gets louder as it rises.

297
00:12:06,000 --> 00:12:08,000
For the low tone,think low.

298
00:12:08,000 --> 00:12:10,000
All the energy goes into reaching the floor.

299
00:12:10,000 --> 00:12:12,000
The rising tail is a tailing off in effort,

300
00:12:12,000 --> 00:12:14,000
if not in loudness.

301
00:12:14,000 --> 00:12:17,000
In fact,the rising tail is completely lost

302
00:12:17,000 --> 00:12:19,000
in certain circumstances

303
00:12:19,000 --> 00:12:21,000
as we'll see in the sixth tape.

304
00:12:21,000 --> 00:12:24,000
Listen to hemp,followed by horse.

305
00:12:24,000 --> 00:12:28,000
Ma.Ma.

306
00:12:28,000 --> 00:12:31,000
Again,rising tone,low tone.

307
00:12:31,000 --> 00:12:34,000
Ma.Ma.

308
00:12:34,000 --> 00:12:36,000
Now the other way around,

309
00:12:36,000 --> 00:12:38,000
horse followed by hemp.

310
00:12:38,000 --> 00:12:42,000
Ma.Ma.

311
00:12:42,000 --> 00:12:45,000
Again,low tone,rising tone.

312
00:12:45,000 --> 00:12:49,000
Ma.Ma.

313
00:12:49,000 --> 00:12:51,000
Now try adding the appropriate tone marks

314
00:12:51,000 --> 00:12:53,000
in exercise three,

315
00:12:53,000 --> 00:12:55,000
which contrasts the rising tone surname

316
00:12:55,000 --> 00:12:59,000
me,with the low tone surname me.

317
00:12:59,000 --> 00:13:01,000
Ask yourself as you repeat each surname

318
00:13:01,000 --> 00:13:04,000
whether your effort is going into making it rise

319
00:13:04,000 --> 00:13:06,000
or into getting it low,

320
00:13:06,000 --> 00:13:08,000
and mark the tone accordingly.

321
00:13:08,000 --> 00:13:09,000
One.

322
00:13:09,000 --> 00:13:11,000
Me.

323
00:13:11,000 --> 00:13:12,000
Low.

324
00:13:12,000 --> 00:13:13,000
Two.

325
00:13:13,000 --> 00:13:16,000
Me.

326
00:13:16,000 --> 00:13:17,000
Rising.

327
00:13:17,000 --> 00:13:18,000
Three.

328
00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:21,000
Me.

329
00:13:21,000 --> 00:13:22,000
Low.

330
00:13:22,000 --> 00:13:23,000
Four.

331
00:13:23,000 --> 00:13:26,000
Me.

332
00:13:26,000 --> 00:13:27,000
Rising.

333
00:13:27,000 --> 00:13:28,000
Five.

334
00:13:28,000 --> 00:13:31,000
Me.

335
00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:32,000
Low.

336
00:13:32,000 --> 00:13:33,000
Six.

337
00:13:33,000 --> 00:13:36,000
Me.

338
00:13:36,000 --> 00:13:37,000
Rising.

339
00:13:37,000 --> 00:13:38,000
Seven.

340
00:13:38,000 --> 00:13:41,000
Me.

341
00:13:41,000 --> 00:13:43,000
Rising.

342
00:13:43,000 --> 00:13:44,000
Eight.

343
00:13:44,000 --> 00:13:47,000
Me.

344
00:13:47,000 --> 00:13:48,000
Low.

345
00:13:48,000 --> 00:13:49,000
Nine.

346
00:13:49,000 --> 00:13:52,000
Me.

347
00:13:52,000 --> 00:13:53,000
Low.

348
00:13:53,000 --> 00:13:54,000
Ten.

349
00:13:54,000 --> 00:13:57,000
Me.

350
00:13:57,000 --> 00:14:00,000
Rising.

351
00:14:00,000 --> 00:14:02,000
You may not have scored so well on this.

352
00:14:02,000 --> 00:14:04,000
Exercise four gives you another crack

353
00:14:04,000 --> 00:14:06,000
at the rising verses low distinction,

354
00:14:06,000 --> 00:14:09,000
with the rising tone surname woo,

355
00:14:09,000 --> 00:14:11,000
the low tone surname woo.

356
00:14:11,000 --> 00:14:14,000
You might find the supplementary clue of length useful.

357
00:14:14,000 --> 00:14:16,000
The low tone is longer.

358
00:14:16,000 --> 00:14:19,000
Mark the tones and repeat as you do so.

359
00:14:19,000 --> 00:14:20,000
One.

360
00:14:20,000 --> 00:14:23,000
Me.

361
00:14:23,000 --> 00:14:24,000
Rising.

362
00:14:24,000 --> 00:14:26,000
Two.

363
00:14:26,000 --> 00:14:29,000
Me.

364
00:14:29,000 --> 00:14:30,000
Rising.

365
00:14:30,000 --> 00:14:31,000
Three.

366
00:14:31,000 --> 00:14:34,000
Me.

367
00:14:34,000 --> 00:14:35,000
Low.

368
00:14:35,000 --> 00:14:36,000
Four.

369
00:14:36,000 --> 00:14:38,000
Me.

370
00:14:38,000 --> 00:14:39,000
Rising.

371
00:14:39,000 --> 00:14:40,000
Five.

372
00:14:40,000 --> 00:14:43,000
Me.

373
00:14:43,000 --> 00:14:44,000
Low.

374
00:14:44,000 --> 00:14:45,000
Six.

375
00:14:45,000 --> 00:14:48,000
Me.

376
00:14:48,000 --> 00:14:49,000
Low.

377
00:14:49,000 --> 00:14:50,000
Seven.

378
00:14:50,000 --> 00:14:53,000
Me.

379
00:14:53,000 --> 00:14:54,000
Low.

380
00:14:54,000 --> 00:14:55,000
Eight.

381
00:14:55,000 --> 00:14:58,000
Me.

382
00:14:58,000 --> 00:14:59,000
Rising.

383
00:14:59,000 --> 00:15:00,000
Nine.

384
00:15:00,000 --> 00:15:03,000
Me.

385
00:15:03,000 --> 00:15:04,000
Rising.

386
00:15:04,000 --> 00:15:05,000
Ten.

387
00:15:05,000 --> 00:15:07,000
Me.

388
00:15:07,000 --> 00:15:10,000
Low.

389
00:15:10,000 --> 00:15:12,000
The fourth tone is called the falling tone.

390
00:15:12,000 --> 00:15:17,000
It is an abrupt drop from the top of your range to the bottom,as the display shows.

391
00:15:17,000 --> 00:15:21,000
Listen to the falling tone word,which means to scold.

392
00:15:21,000 --> 00:15:23,000
Ma.

393
00:15:23,000 --> 00:15:25,000
Ma.

394
00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:27,000
Ma.

395
00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:32,000
Since in English we use a falling intonation at the end of statements and exclamations,

396
00:15:32,000 --> 00:15:36,000
the falling tone sounds declarative or emphatic to us.

397
00:15:36,000 --> 00:15:39,000
Listen to the answers in this English conversation.

398
00:15:39,000 --> 00:15:41,000
Who's mowing the lawn?Ma.

399
00:15:41,000 --> 00:15:44,000
Who is?Ma.

400
00:15:44,000 --> 00:15:50,000
Try repeating the verb to scold,sliding all the way down the scale as fast as you can.

401
00:15:50,000 --> 00:15:57,000
Ma.Ma.Ma.

402
00:15:57,000 --> 00:16:04,000
Now try saying the falling tone word to scold yourself and repeat.

403
00:16:04,000 --> 00:16:05,000
Ma.

404
00:16:05,000 --> 00:16:11,000
Notice that the tone mark drops from left to right in the direction your eyes are moving.

405
00:16:11,000 --> 00:16:18,000
Try saying to scold again and repeat.Ma.

406
00:16:18,000 --> 00:16:27,000
The contrast between the high tone and the falling tone should be clear,since one stays high and one starts high but drops sharply to the bottom.

407
00:16:27,000 --> 00:16:33,000
Exercise five contrast the high tone surname Yin and the falling tone surname Yin.

408
00:16:33,000 --> 00:16:36,000
Repeat the appropriate tone marks and repeat.

409
00:16:36,000 --> 00:16:38,000
One.

410
00:16:38,000 --> 00:16:40,000
Yin.

411
00:16:40,000 --> 00:16:41,000
High.

412
00:16:41,000 --> 00:16:43,000
Two.

413
00:16:43,000 --> 00:16:45,000
Yin.

414
00:16:45,000 --> 00:16:46,000
Falling.

415
00:16:46,000 --> 00:16:48,000
Three.

416
00:16:48,000 --> 00:16:50,000
Yin.

417
00:16:50,000 --> 00:16:51,000
Falling.

418
00:16:51,000 --> 00:16:53,000
Four.

419
00:16:53,000 --> 00:16:56,000
Yin.

420
00:16:56,000 --> 00:16:57,000
Falling.

421
00:16:57,000 --> 00:16:58,000
Five.

422
00:16:58,000 --> 00:17:01,000
Yin.

423
00:17:01,000 --> 00:17:02,000
High.

424
00:17:02,000 --> 00:17:05,000
Yin.

425
00:17:05,000 --> 00:17:06,000
High.

426
00:17:06,000 --> 00:17:07,000
Seven.

427
00:17:07,000 --> 00:17:10,000
Yin.

428
00:17:10,000 --> 00:17:11,000
Falling.

429
00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:12,000
Eight.

430
00:17:12,000 --> 00:17:14,000
Yin.

431
00:17:14,000 --> 00:17:15,000
High.

432
00:17:15,000 --> 00:17:17,000
Nine.

433
00:17:17,000 --> 00:17:20,000
Yin.

434
00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:21,000
High.

435
00:17:21,000 --> 00:17:22,000
Ten.

436
00:17:22,000 --> 00:17:24,000
Yin.

437
00:17:24,000 --> 00:17:26,000
Falling.

438
00:17:26,000 --> 00:17:37,000
As you can see in the display,the rising tone is a mirror image of the falling tone except that the rising tone rises from the middle of your range to the top while the falling tone falls the whole way from top to bottom.

439
00:17:37,000 --> 00:17:42,000
The easiest way to tell them apart is to think of the English question and statement intonations.

440
00:17:42,000 --> 00:17:48,000
But remember that the rising tone has nothing to do with questions and the falling tone has nothing to do with statements.

441
00:17:48,000 --> 00:17:55,000
Exercise six contrast the rising tone surname Lai with the falling tone surname Lai.

442
00:17:55,000 --> 00:17:59,000
Out the appropriate tone marks over the A and repeat.

443
00:17:59,000 --> 00:18:00,000
One.

444
00:18:00,000 --> 00:18:03,000
Lai.

445
00:18:03,000 --> 00:18:04,000
Rising.

446
00:18:04,000 --> 00:18:06,000
Two.

447
00:18:06,000 --> 00:18:08,000
Lai.

448
00:18:08,000 --> 00:18:10,000
Falling.

449
00:18:10,000 --> 00:18:11,000
Three.

450
00:18:11,000 --> 00:18:14,000
Lai.

451
00:18:14,000 --> 00:18:15,000
Falling.

452
00:18:15,000 --> 00:18:17,000
Four.

453
00:18:17,000 --> 00:18:19,000
Lai.

454
00:18:19,000 --> 00:18:21,000
Rising.

455
00:18:21,000 --> 00:18:23,000
Five.

456
00:18:23,000 --> 00:18:24,000
Lai.

457
00:18:24,000 --> 00:18:26,000
Rising.

458
00:18:26,000 --> 00:18:28,000
Six.

459
00:18:28,000 --> 00:18:30,000
Lai.

460
00:18:30,000 --> 00:18:32,000
Falling.

461
00:18:32,000 --> 00:18:33,000
Seven.

462
00:18:33,000 --> 00:18:35,000
Lai.

463
00:18:35,000 --> 00:18:36,000
Rising.

464
00:18:36,000 --> 00:18:38,000
Eight.

465
00:18:38,000 --> 00:18:40,000
Lai.

466
00:18:40,000 --> 00:18:41,000
Falling.

467
00:18:41,000 --> 00:18:43,000
Nine.

468
00:18:43,000 --> 00:18:45,000
Lai.

469
00:18:45,000 --> 00:18:46,000
Falling.

470
00:18:46,000 --> 00:18:48,000
Ten.

471
00:18:48,000 --> 00:18:50,000
Lai.

472
00:18:50,000 --> 00:18:52,000
Rising.

473
00:18:52,000 --> 00:18:57,000
The contrast between the low and falling tones shouldn't present any difficulty.

474
00:18:57,000 --> 00:19:04,000
Just remember that the falling tone drops sharply through your full range while the low tone spends most of its time at the bottom.

475
00:19:04,000 --> 00:19:09,000
It helps that the falling tone is the shortest tone and the low tone is the longest.

476
00:19:09,000 --> 00:19:15,000
Exercise seven contrast the low tone surname Hao with the falling tone surname Hao.

477
00:19:15,000 --> 00:19:19,000
Out the appropriate tone marks over the A and repeat.

478
00:19:19,000 --> 00:19:20,000
One.

479
00:19:20,000 --> 00:19:22,000
Hao.

480
00:19:22,000 --> 00:19:23,000
Low.

481
00:19:23,000 --> 00:19:24,000
Two.

482
00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:27,000
Hao.

483
00:19:27,000 --> 00:19:28,000
Falling.

484
00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:29,000
Three.

485
00:19:29,000 --> 00:19:32,000
Hao.

486
00:19:32,000 --> 00:19:33,000
Falling.

487
00:19:33,000 --> 00:19:34,000
Four.

488
00:19:34,000 --> 00:19:37,000
Hao.

489
00:19:37,000 --> 00:19:38,000
Low.

490
00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:39,000
Five.

491
00:19:39,000 --> 00:19:42,000
Hao.

492
00:19:42,000 --> 00:19:43,000
Falling.

493
00:19:43,000 --> 00:19:44,000
Six.

494
00:19:44,000 --> 00:19:47,000
Hao.

495
00:19:47,000 --> 00:19:48,000
Low.

496
00:19:48,000 --> 00:19:49,000
Seven.

497
00:19:49,000 --> 00:19:51,000
Hao.

498
00:19:51,000 --> 00:19:52,000
Low.

499
00:19:52,000 --> 00:19:54,000
Eight.

500
00:19:54,000 --> 00:19:56,000
Hao.

501
00:19:56,000 --> 00:19:58,000
Falling.

502
00:19:58,000 --> 00:20:10,000
Exercise eight contrast all four tones with the high tone surname Yi,the rising tone surname Yi,the low tone surname Yi,and the falling tone surname Yi.

503
00:20:10,000 --> 00:20:14,000
Fill in the appropriate tone marks and repeat.

504
00:20:14,000 --> 00:20:15,000
One.

505
00:20:15,000 --> 00:20:18,000
Yi.

506
00:20:18,000 --> 00:20:20,000
Two.

507
00:20:20,000 --> 00:20:23,000
Yi.

508
00:20:23,000 --> 00:20:24,000
Rising.

509
00:20:24,000 --> 00:20:25,000
Three.

510
00:20:25,000 --> 00:20:28,000
Yi.

511
00:20:28,000 --> 00:20:29,000
Low.

512
00:20:29,000 --> 00:20:30,000
Four.

513
00:20:30,000 --> 00:20:33,000
Yi.

514
00:20:33,000 --> 00:20:34,000
Falling.

515
00:20:34,000 --> 00:20:35,000
Five.

516
00:20:35,000 --> 00:20:38,000
Yi.

517
00:20:38,000 --> 00:20:39,000
Rising.

518
00:20:39,000 --> 00:20:40,000
Six.

519
00:20:40,000 --> 00:20:43,000
Yi.

520
00:20:43,000 --> 00:20:44,000
Falling.

521
00:20:44,000 --> 00:20:45,000
Seven.

522
00:20:45,000 --> 00:20:47,000
Yi.

523
00:20:47,000 --> 00:20:48,000
High.

524
00:20:48,000 --> 00:20:49,000
Eight.

525
00:20:49,000 --> 00:20:52,000
Yi.

526
00:20:52,000 --> 00:20:53,000
Low.

527
00:20:53,000 --> 00:20:54,000
Nine.

528
00:20:54,000 --> 00:20:56,000
Yi.

529
00:20:56,000 --> 00:20:57,000
Low.

530
00:20:57,000 --> 00:20:58,000
Ten.

531
00:20:58,000 --> 00:21:01,000
Yi.

532
00:21:01,000 --> 00:21:02,000
Rising.

533
00:21:02,000 --> 00:21:04,000
Eleven.

534
00:21:04,000 --> 00:21:06,000
Yi.

535
00:21:06,000 --> 00:21:07,000
Falling.

536
00:21:07,000 --> 00:21:08,000
Twelve.

537
00:21:08,000 --> 00:21:10,000
Yi.

538
00:21:10,000 --> 00:21:11,000
High.

539
00:21:11,000 --> 00:21:13,000
Thirteen.

540
00:21:13,000 --> 00:21:15,000
Yi.

541
00:21:15,000 --> 00:21:17,000
Rising.

542
00:21:17,000 --> 00:21:18,000
Fourteen.

543
00:21:18,000 --> 00:21:20,000
Yi.

544
00:21:20,000 --> 00:21:21,000
High.

545
00:21:21,000 --> 00:21:22,000
Fifteen.

546
00:21:22,000 --> 00:21:25,000
Yi.

547
00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:26,000
Low.

548
00:21:26,000 --> 00:21:27,000
Sixteen.

549
00:21:27,000 --> 00:21:30,000
Yi.

550
00:21:30,000 --> 00:21:31,000
Low.

551
00:21:31,000 --> 00:21:32,000
Seventeen.

552
00:21:32,000 --> 00:21:34,000
Yi.

553
00:21:34,000 --> 00:21:35,000
Falling.

554
00:21:35,000 --> 00:21:37,000
Eighteen.

555
00:21:37,000 --> 00:21:39,000
Yi.

556
00:21:39,000 --> 00:21:40,000
Rising.

557
00:21:40,000 --> 00:21:41,000
Nineteen.

558
00:21:41,000 --> 00:21:44,000
Yi.

559
00:21:44,000 --> 00:21:45,000
Twenty.

560
00:21:45,000 --> 00:21:47,000
Yi.

561
00:21:47,000 --> 00:21:49,000
High.

562
00:21:49,000 --> 00:21:58,000
If you have particular difficulty with any of the exercises, you may want to rewind and redo the exercises, writing your tone marks on a blank sheet of paper.

563
00:21:58,000 --> 00:22:11,000
Also, since the tones are often identified by number rather than by descriptive names we've been using, you might want to go back to the presentation of tones in the traditional order at the beginning of the tape and learn them as a tune.

564
00:22:11,000 --> 00:22:16,000
This is the end of tape one of the resource module on pronunciation and romanization.