1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:04,000 Standard Chinese A Modular Approach 2 00:00:04,000 --> 00:00:08,000 Resource Module on Pronunciation and Romanization, Tape 1 3 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:12,000 This first tape in the Pronunciation and Romanization series 4 00:00:12,000 --> 00:00:15,000 introduces the four tones of standard Chinese. 5 00:00:15,000 --> 00:00:21,000 To help you focus on the tones, which will probably strike you as one of the most exotic features of Chinese, 6 00:00:21,000 --> 00:00:25,000 this tapes makes use of only the simplest and most obvious consonants and vowels. 7 00:00:25,000 --> 00:00:29,000 The trickier sounds and spellings will be covered systematically in the next four tapes. 8 00:00:29,000 --> 00:00:33,000 Then the sixth tape will take up sequences of tones. 9 00:00:33,000 --> 00:00:37,000 Listen to the four Chinese words which appear in display 1. 10 00:00:37,000 --> 00:00:40,000 They are presented in the traditional order of the four tones. 11 00:00:40,000 --> 00:00:46,000 Ma, Ma, Ma, Ma 12 00:00:46,000 --> 00:00:48,000 Again 13 00:00:48,000 --> 00:00:54,000 Ma, Ma, Ma, Ma 14 00:00:54,000 --> 00:00:57,000 The overwhelming impression to a speaker of English 15 00:00:57,000 --> 00:01:00,000 is that these must be the same words said four different ways. 16 00:01:00,000 --> 00:01:03,000 After all in English we can say Ma 17 00:01:03,000 --> 00:01:06,000 meaning is that you mother or Ma 18 00:01:06,000 --> 00:01:08,000 meaning perhaps it's you mother. 19 00:01:08,000 --> 00:01:12,000 But notice that we'd say that it's the same word in both utterances. 20 00:01:12,000 --> 00:01:16,000 We can make different utterances with different patterns of intonation, 21 00:01:16,000 --> 00:01:18,000 but not different words. 22 00:01:18,000 --> 00:01:22,000 Now listen again to what we said are four different words in Chinese. 23 00:01:22,000 --> 00:01:26,000 Ma, Ma, Ma, Ma 24 00:01:26,000 --> 00:01:28,000 Ma 25 00:01:28,000 --> 00:01:29,000 Again 26 00:01:29,000 --> 00:01:34,000 Ma, Ma, Ma, Ma 27 00:01:34,000 --> 00:01:36,000 To a speaker of Chinese 28 00:01:36,000 --> 00:01:40,000 each of these words is perfectly distinguishable from the others. 29 00:01:40,000 --> 00:01:43,000 The different tones keep them apart just as effectively as in English 30 00:01:43,000 --> 00:01:46,000 different consonants set off Ma from Pa 31 00:01:46,000 --> 00:01:49,000 and different vowels set off Ma from me. 32 00:01:49,000 --> 00:01:52,000 So giving a word a wrong tone can be just as disastrous 33 00:01:52,000 --> 00:01:54,000 as giving it a wrong consonant of all. 34 00:01:54,000 --> 00:01:58,000 If you say Ma when what you meant was Ma 35 00:01:58,000 --> 00:02:01,000 you've said horse instead of mother. 36 00:02:01,000 --> 00:02:05,000 If you look at the display you'll see a visual representation of each tone. 37 00:02:05,000 --> 00:02:08,000 The vertical scale covers about an octave. 38 00:02:08,000 --> 00:02:12,000 Just which octave it is of course depends on the speaker's voice. 39 00:02:12,000 --> 00:02:16,000 This is a somewhat greater range than you normally use in speaking English. 40 00:02:16,000 --> 00:02:19,000 The top of the range will seem slightly too high for comfort 41 00:02:19,000 --> 00:02:21,000 and the bottom slightly too low. 42 00:02:21,000 --> 00:02:24,000 The first tone or high tone word mother 43 00:02:24,000 --> 00:02:27,000 and the third tone or low tone word horse 44 00:02:27,000 --> 00:02:29,000 will let you locate the extremes. 45 00:02:29,000 --> 00:02:30,000 Listen 46 00:02:30,000 --> 00:02:34,000 Ma, Ma 47 00:02:34,000 --> 00:02:38,000 Again mother and horse high versus low 48 00:02:38,000 --> 00:02:41,000 Ma, Ma 49 00:02:41,000 --> 00:02:43,000 The popular notion of the Chinese tones 50 00:02:43,000 --> 00:02:46,000 is that they are like notes on the musical scale 51 00:02:46,000 --> 00:02:49,000 and indeed the distinctive difference between the two tones you just heard 52 00:02:49,000 --> 00:02:51,000 is that one is high and one is low. 53 00:02:51,000 --> 00:02:55,000 But you may have noticed that while the high tone was like a single steady high note 54 00:02:55,000 --> 00:02:59,000 the low tone was lower in the middle than at either end. 55 00:02:59,000 --> 00:03:02,000 For a more dramatic example of such a difference in contour 56 00:03:02,000 --> 00:03:05,000 listen to the second tone or rising tone word hemp 57 00:03:05,000 --> 00:03:09,000 and the fourth tone or falling tone word to scold. 58 00:03:09,000 --> 00:03:12,000 Ma, Ma 59 00:03:12,000 --> 00:03:15,000 Again hemp and to scold. 60 00:03:15,000 --> 00:03:17,000 Rising versus falling 61 00:03:17,000 --> 00:03:20,000 Ma, Ma 62 00:03:20,000 --> 00:03:23,000 You can see the distinctive contours of the tones 63 00:03:23,000 --> 00:03:25,000 and the diagrams of display one 64 00:03:25,000 --> 00:03:28,000 and you can see them suggested in the accent marks 65 00:03:28,000 --> 00:03:30,000 used to indicate the tones of the romanization. 66 00:03:30,000 --> 00:03:34,000 The diagrams also show that the tones differ in length 67 00:03:34,000 --> 00:03:36,000 with the third tone longer than the first and second 68 00:03:36,000 --> 00:03:38,000 and the fourth tone shorter 69 00:03:38,000 --> 00:03:41,000 and that they differ also in their patterns of loudness 70 00:03:41,000 --> 00:03:45,000 as indicated by the varying width of the curves. 71 00:03:45,000 --> 00:03:48,000 Now we're going to take up the tones in their traditional order 72 00:03:48,000 --> 00:03:51,000 by the time we finish we'll have contrasted each tone 73 00:03:51,000 --> 00:03:53,000 with every other tone. 74 00:03:53,000 --> 00:03:55,000 The first tone is called the high tone. 75 00:03:55,000 --> 00:03:57,000 It's pitch is near the top of the speaker's range 76 00:03:57,000 --> 00:03:59,000 and it's contours level 77 00:03:59,000 --> 00:04:01,000 as you can see in the display. 78 00:04:01,000 --> 00:04:05,000 Listen to the high tone word which means mother. 79 00:04:05,000 --> 00:04:11,000 Ma, Ma, Ma 80 00:04:11,000 --> 00:04:14,000 Actually this is not an independent word 81 00:04:14,000 --> 00:04:17,000 it's an element in words such as mama 82 00:04:17,000 --> 00:04:19,000 which means mommy. 83 00:04:19,000 --> 00:04:21,000 By the way the weak second syllable in mama 84 00:04:21,000 --> 00:04:24,000 is not in one of the four tones. 85 00:04:24,000 --> 00:04:27,000 It's said to be toneless or in the neutral tone. 86 00:04:27,000 --> 00:04:29,000 We'll take this up in the sixth tape. 87 00:04:29,000 --> 00:04:32,000 Since we seldom use high level intonation in English 88 00:04:32,000 --> 00:04:36,000 the high tone may strike you as sung rather than spoken. 89 00:04:36,000 --> 00:04:38,000 Try repeating mother after the speaker 90 00:04:38,000 --> 00:04:42,000 taking care to stay on the same high note throughout. 91 00:04:42,000 --> 00:04:48,000 Ma, Ma, Ma 92 00:04:48,000 --> 00:04:51,000 If you're getting it right high and level 93 00:04:51,000 --> 00:04:53,000 it should feel somewhat unnatural. 94 00:04:53,000 --> 00:04:55,000 Try saying the high tone word mother 95 00:04:55,000 --> 00:04:59,000 and then repeat after the speaker. 96 00:04:59,000 --> 00:05:02,000 Ma 97 00:05:02,000 --> 00:05:04,000 Notice that the tone mark in the romanization 98 00:05:04,000 --> 00:05:06,000 suggests the level contour at least 99 00:05:06,000 --> 00:05:08,000 if not the high pitch. 100 00:05:08,000 --> 00:05:10,000 Try saying mother again 101 00:05:10,000 --> 00:05:13,000 and repeat after the speaker. 102 00:05:13,000 --> 00:05:16,000 Ma 103 00:05:16,000 --> 00:05:19,000 The second tone is called the rising tone. 104 00:05:19,000 --> 00:05:21,000 It starts in the middle of your range and almost immediately 105 00:05:21,000 --> 00:05:23,000 rises sharply to the top of your range 106 00:05:23,000 --> 00:05:25,000 as shown in the display. 107 00:05:25,000 --> 00:05:29,000 Listen to the rising tone word which means hemp. 108 00:05:29,000 --> 00:05:36,000 Ma, Ma, Ma 109 00:05:36,000 --> 00:05:38,000 In English if you want to ask 110 00:05:38,000 --> 00:05:40,000 that you mother you can ask 111 00:05:40,000 --> 00:05:43,000 Ma with a rising intonation. 112 00:05:43,000 --> 00:05:45,000 Think of the question Ma 113 00:05:45,000 --> 00:05:47,000 and it may help you pronounce 114 00:05:47,000 --> 00:05:49,000 the rising tone word which means hemp. 115 00:05:49,000 --> 00:05:51,000 But you must remember that it's not a question 116 00:05:51,000 --> 00:05:53,000 and has nothing to do with mother. 117 00:05:53,000 --> 00:05:56,000 Try repeating hemp after the speaker. 118 00:05:56,000 --> 00:06:03,000 Ma, Ma, Ma 119 00:06:03,000 --> 00:06:05,000 Now try saying the rising tone word 120 00:06:05,000 --> 00:06:09,000 to hemp yourself and to repeat. 121 00:06:09,000 --> 00:06:13,000 Ma 122 00:06:13,000 --> 00:06:15,000 Notice that the tone mark in the romanization 123 00:06:15,000 --> 00:06:17,000 rises from left to right in the direction 124 00:06:17,000 --> 00:06:19,000 your eyes are moving as you read. 125 00:06:19,000 --> 00:06:24,000 Try saying hemp again and repeat. 126 00:06:24,000 --> 00:06:28,000 Ma 127 00:06:28,000 --> 00:06:31,000 Now let's compare the high tone with the rising tone. 128 00:06:31,000 --> 00:06:33,000 Both are in the upper part of the pitch range 129 00:06:33,000 --> 00:06:34,000 but the high tone stays level 130 00:06:34,000 --> 00:06:36,000 while the rising tone climbs sharply 131 00:06:36,000 --> 00:06:38,000 starting slightly below the high tone 132 00:06:38,000 --> 00:06:40,000 and reaching the top of the range. 133 00:06:40,000 --> 00:06:43,000 Listen to mother followed by hemp. 134 00:06:43,000 --> 00:06:46,000 Ma, Ma 135 00:06:46,000 --> 00:06:49,000 Again high tone rising tone. 136 00:06:49,000 --> 00:06:53,000 Ma, Ma 137 00:06:53,000 --> 00:06:54,000 Let's turn them around. 138 00:06:54,000 --> 00:06:56,000 Hemp followed by mother. 139 00:06:56,000 --> 00:06:59,000 Ma, Ma 140 00:06:59,000 --> 00:07:02,000 Again rising tone high tone. 141 00:07:02,000 --> 00:07:06,000 Ma, Ma 142 00:07:06,000 --> 00:07:08,000 At the top of exercise one in your workbook 143 00:07:08,000 --> 00:07:11,000 you'll see two romanized surnames. 144 00:07:11,000 --> 00:07:13,000 The high tone surname fang 145 00:07:13,000 --> 00:07:15,000 and the rising tone surname fang. 146 00:07:15,000 --> 00:07:17,000 Remember that these are as distinct 147 00:07:17,000 --> 00:07:19,000 as our Peterson and Patterson. 148 00:07:19,000 --> 00:07:21,000 For each of the numbered items 149 00:07:21,000 --> 00:07:24,000 the speaker will say either fang or fang. 150 00:07:24,000 --> 00:07:26,000 You are to add the appropriate tone mark 151 00:07:26,000 --> 00:07:28,000 to the romanization repeating the name 152 00:07:28,000 --> 00:07:29,000 as you do so. 153 00:07:29,000 --> 00:07:31,000 Then I'll give you the correct answer. 154 00:07:31,000 --> 00:07:33,000 Don't worry if you miss if you at first. 155 00:07:33,000 --> 00:07:35,000 You'll learn as much by being wrong 156 00:07:35,000 --> 00:07:37,000 and finding out that you were wrong 157 00:07:37,000 --> 00:07:38,000 as by being right 158 00:07:38,000 --> 00:07:40,000 and finding out that you were right. 159 00:07:40,000 --> 00:07:41,000 Here we go. 160 00:07:41,000 --> 00:07:43,000 One 161 00:07:43,000 --> 00:07:45,000 Fang 162 00:07:45,000 --> 00:07:46,000 High 163 00:07:46,000 --> 00:07:47,000 Two 164 00:07:47,000 --> 00:07:50,000 Fang 165 00:07:50,000 --> 00:07:51,000 Rising 166 00:07:51,000 --> 00:07:53,000 Three 167 00:07:53,000 --> 00:07:55,000 Fang 168 00:07:55,000 --> 00:07:56,000 Rising 169 00:07:56,000 --> 00:07:58,000 Four 170 00:07:58,000 --> 00:08:00,000 Fang 171 00:08:00,000 --> 00:08:01,000 High 172 00:08:01,000 --> 00:08:03,000 Five 173 00:08:03,000 --> 00:08:05,000 Fang 174 00:08:05,000 --> 00:08:07,000 High 175 00:08:07,000 --> 00:08:09,000 Six 176 00:08:09,000 --> 00:08:11,000 Fang 177 00:08:11,000 --> 00:08:13,000 Rising 178 00:08:13,000 --> 00:08:14,000 Seven 179 00:08:14,000 --> 00:08:17,000 Fang 180 00:08:17,000 --> 00:08:18,000 High 181 00:08:18,000 --> 00:08:19,000 Eight 182 00:08:19,000 --> 00:08:22,000 Fang 183 00:08:22,000 --> 00:08:23,000 High 184 00:08:23,000 --> 00:08:24,000 Nine 185 00:08:24,000 --> 00:08:27,000 Fang 186 00:08:27,000 --> 00:08:28,000 Rising 187 00:08:28,000 --> 00:08:29,000 Ten 188 00:08:29,000 --> 00:08:31,000 Fang 189 00:08:31,000 --> 00:08:33,000 Rising 190 00:08:33,000 --> 00:08:36,000 The third tone is called the low tone. 191 00:08:36,000 --> 00:08:38,000 As you can see in the display 192 00:08:38,000 --> 00:08:40,000 it has a slightly dipping contour. 193 00:08:40,000 --> 00:08:41,000 Starting fairly low 194 00:08:41,000 --> 00:08:43,000 it dips to the very bottom of your range. 195 00:08:43,000 --> 00:08:46,000 You can almost feel and hear its great bottom. 196 00:08:46,000 --> 00:08:48,000 Then it swoops up a bit. 197 00:08:48,000 --> 00:08:49,000 The most important part, 198 00:08:49,000 --> 00:08:50,000 the part to listen for 199 00:08:50,000 --> 00:08:51,000 and the part to emphasize 200 00:08:51,000 --> 00:08:53,000 is the low part in the middle. 201 00:08:53,000 --> 00:08:56,000 Remember also that this is the longest tone. 202 00:08:56,000 --> 00:08:58,000 Listen to the low tone word 203 00:08:58,000 --> 00:09:00,000 which means horse. 204 00:09:00,000 --> 00:09:02,000 Ma 205 00:09:02,000 --> 00:09:04,000 Ma 206 00:09:04,000 --> 00:09:07,000 Ma 207 00:09:07,000 --> 00:09:10,000 This also happens to be a common surname. 208 00:09:10,000 --> 00:09:11,000 Try repeating horse 209 00:09:11,000 --> 00:09:14,000 concentrating on getting as low as you can. 210 00:09:14,000 --> 00:09:17,000 Ma 211 00:09:17,000 --> 00:09:19,000 Ma 212 00:09:19,000 --> 00:09:22,000 Ma 213 00:09:22,000 --> 00:09:24,000 Now try saying the low tone word 214 00:09:24,000 --> 00:09:28,000 or horse yourself and repeat. 215 00:09:28,000 --> 00:09:31,000 Ma 216 00:09:31,000 --> 00:09:32,000 Notice that the tone mark 217 00:09:32,000 --> 00:09:34,000 captures at least the dipping contour 218 00:09:34,000 --> 00:09:36,000 if not the low pitch. 219 00:09:36,000 --> 00:09:40,000 Try saying horse again and repeat. 220 00:09:40,000 --> 00:09:44,000 Ma 221 00:09:44,000 --> 00:09:46,000 It's relatively easy to distinguish between 222 00:09:46,000 --> 00:09:48,000 the high tone and the low tone 223 00:09:48,000 --> 00:09:49,000 since they contrast in contour 224 00:09:49,000 --> 00:09:51,000 as well as in pitch. 225 00:09:51,000 --> 00:09:52,000 The high tone is level 226 00:09:52,000 --> 00:09:53,000 as well as high 227 00:09:53,000 --> 00:09:54,000 and the low tone is dipping 228 00:09:54,000 --> 00:09:56,000 as well as low. 229 00:09:56,000 --> 00:09:57,000 Listen to mother 230 00:09:57,000 --> 00:09:59,000 followed by horse. 231 00:09:59,000 --> 00:10:02,000 Ma 232 00:10:02,000 --> 00:10:05,000 Again high tone low tone. 233 00:10:05,000 --> 00:10:09,000 Ma 234 00:10:09,000 --> 00:10:11,000 Now we'll turn them around. 235 00:10:11,000 --> 00:10:13,000 Horse followed by mother. 236 00:10:13,000 --> 00:10:17,000 Ma 237 00:10:17,000 --> 00:10:20,000 Again low tone high tone. 238 00:10:20,000 --> 00:10:22,000 Ma 239 00:10:22,000 --> 00:10:24,000 Exercise 2 240 00:10:24,000 --> 00:10:25,000 involves distinguishing 241 00:10:25,000 --> 00:10:26,000 the high tone surname 242 00:10:26,000 --> 00:10:27,000 Wei 243 00:10:27,000 --> 00:10:28,000 from the low tone surname 244 00:10:28,000 --> 00:10:29,000 Wei. 245 00:10:29,000 --> 00:10:30,000 You'll see them correctly 246 00:10:30,000 --> 00:10:32,000 romanized above the exercise 247 00:10:32,000 --> 00:10:33,000 with the tone marks 248 00:10:33,000 --> 00:10:34,000 over the vowel e. 249 00:10:34,000 --> 00:10:36,000 Fill in the appropriate tone 250 00:10:36,000 --> 00:10:38,000 marks and repeat as you do so. 251 00:10:38,000 --> 00:10:39,000 One 252 00:10:39,000 --> 00:10:43,000 Wei 253 00:10:43,000 --> 00:10:44,000 Low 254 00:10:44,000 --> 00:10:45,000 Two 255 00:10:45,000 --> 00:10:48,000 Wei 256 00:10:48,000 --> 00:10:49,000 High 257 00:10:49,000 --> 00:10:50,000 Three 258 00:10:50,000 --> 00:10:51,000 Wei 259 00:10:51,000 --> 00:10:53,000 Low 260 00:10:53,000 --> 00:10:55,000 Four 261 00:10:55,000 --> 00:10:58,000 Wei 262 00:10:58,000 --> 00:10:59,000 Low 263 00:10:59,000 --> 00:11:01,000 Five 264 00:11:01,000 --> 00:11:03,000 Wei 265 00:11:03,000 --> 00:11:04,000 High 266 00:11:04,000 --> 00:11:05,000 Six 267 00:11:05,000 --> 00:11:08,000 Wei 268 00:11:08,000 --> 00:11:09,000 Low 269 00:11:09,000 --> 00:11:10,000 Seven 270 00:11:10,000 --> 00:11:13,000 Wei 271 00:11:13,000 --> 00:11:14,000 High 272 00:11:14,000 --> 00:11:15,000 Eight 273 00:11:15,000 --> 00:11:18,000 Wei 274 00:11:18,000 --> 00:11:19,000 High 275 00:11:19,000 --> 00:11:20,000 Nine 276 00:11:20,000 --> 00:11:21,000 Wei 277 00:11:22,000 --> 00:11:23,000 Low 278 00:11:23,000 --> 00:11:24,000 Ten 279 00:11:24,000 --> 00:11:26,000 Wei 280 00:11:26,000 --> 00:11:28,000 High 281 00:11:29,000 --> 00:11:31,000 The contrast between the rising tone 282 00:11:31,000 --> 00:11:33,000 and the low tone is somewhat harder. 283 00:11:33,000 --> 00:11:36,000 In fact, most students find it hardest of all. 284 00:11:36,000 --> 00:11:38,000 One reason is that their starting points 285 00:11:38,000 --> 00:11:40,000 are not too far apart. 286 00:11:40,000 --> 00:11:43,000 And another is that both are rising at the end. 287 00:11:43,000 --> 00:11:45,000 If you start a low tone a bit too high, 288 00:11:45,000 --> 00:11:47,000 then fail to get down to the bottom of the range 289 00:11:47,000 --> 00:11:49,000 and then exaggerate the rising tail, 290 00:11:49,000 --> 00:11:51,000 you've got a rising tone, 291 00:11:51,000 --> 00:11:53,000 and vice versa of course. 292 00:11:53,000 --> 00:11:55,000 The way to keep them straight is to keep your mind fixed 293 00:11:55,000 --> 00:11:57,000 on the features which give them their names. 294 00:11:57,000 --> 00:12:00,000 For the rising tone,think rising. 295 00:12:00,000 --> 00:12:03,000 All the energy goes into reaching the ceiling. 296 00:12:03,000 --> 00:12:06,000 The tone actually gets louder as it rises. 297 00:12:06,000 --> 00:12:08,000 For the low tone,think low. 298 00:12:08,000 --> 00:12:10,000 All the energy goes into reaching the floor. 299 00:12:10,000 --> 00:12:12,000 The rising tail is a tailing off in effort, 300 00:12:12,000 --> 00:12:14,000 if not in loudness. 301 00:12:14,000 --> 00:12:17,000 In fact,the rising tail is completely lost 302 00:12:17,000 --> 00:12:19,000 in certain circumstances 303 00:12:19,000 --> 00:12:21,000 as we'll see in the sixth tape. 304 00:12:21,000 --> 00:12:24,000 Listen to hemp,followed by horse. 305 00:12:24,000 --> 00:12:28,000 Ma.Ma. 306 00:12:28,000 --> 00:12:31,000 Again,rising tone,low tone. 307 00:12:31,000 --> 00:12:34,000 Ma.Ma. 308 00:12:34,000 --> 00:12:36,000 Now the other way around, 309 00:12:36,000 --> 00:12:38,000 horse followed by hemp. 310 00:12:38,000 --> 00:12:42,000 Ma.Ma. 311 00:12:42,000 --> 00:12:45,000 Again,low tone,rising tone. 312 00:12:45,000 --> 00:12:49,000 Ma.Ma. 313 00:12:49,000 --> 00:12:51,000 Now try adding the appropriate tone marks 314 00:12:51,000 --> 00:12:53,000 in exercise three, 315 00:12:53,000 --> 00:12:55,000 which contrasts the rising tone surname 316 00:12:55,000 --> 00:12:59,000 me,with the low tone surname me. 317 00:12:59,000 --> 00:13:01,000 Ask yourself as you repeat each surname 318 00:13:01,000 --> 00:13:04,000 whether your effort is going into making it rise 319 00:13:04,000 --> 00:13:06,000 or into getting it low, 320 00:13:06,000 --> 00:13:08,000 and mark the tone accordingly. 321 00:13:08,000 --> 00:13:09,000 One. 322 00:13:09,000 --> 00:13:11,000 Me. 323 00:13:11,000 --> 00:13:12,000 Low. 324 00:13:12,000 --> 00:13:13,000 Two. 325 00:13:13,000 --> 00:13:16,000 Me. 326 00:13:16,000 --> 00:13:17,000 Rising. 327 00:13:17,000 --> 00:13:18,000 Three. 328 00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:21,000 Me. 329 00:13:21,000 --> 00:13:22,000 Low. 330 00:13:22,000 --> 00:13:23,000 Four. 331 00:13:23,000 --> 00:13:26,000 Me. 332 00:13:26,000 --> 00:13:27,000 Rising. 333 00:13:27,000 --> 00:13:28,000 Five. 334 00:13:28,000 --> 00:13:31,000 Me. 335 00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:32,000 Low. 336 00:13:32,000 --> 00:13:33,000 Six. 337 00:13:33,000 --> 00:13:36,000 Me. 338 00:13:36,000 --> 00:13:37,000 Rising. 339 00:13:37,000 --> 00:13:38,000 Seven. 340 00:13:38,000 --> 00:13:41,000 Me. 341 00:13:41,000 --> 00:13:43,000 Rising. 342 00:13:43,000 --> 00:13:44,000 Eight. 343 00:13:44,000 --> 00:13:47,000 Me. 344 00:13:47,000 --> 00:13:48,000 Low. 345 00:13:48,000 --> 00:13:49,000 Nine. 346 00:13:49,000 --> 00:13:52,000 Me. 347 00:13:52,000 --> 00:13:53,000 Low. 348 00:13:53,000 --> 00:13:54,000 Ten. 349 00:13:54,000 --> 00:13:57,000 Me. 350 00:13:57,000 --> 00:14:00,000 Rising. 351 00:14:00,000 --> 00:14:02,000 You may not have scored so well on this. 352 00:14:02,000 --> 00:14:04,000 Exercise four gives you another crack 353 00:14:04,000 --> 00:14:06,000 at the rising verses low distinction, 354 00:14:06,000 --> 00:14:09,000 with the rising tone surname woo, 355 00:14:09,000 --> 00:14:11,000 the low tone surname woo. 356 00:14:11,000 --> 00:14:14,000 You might find the supplementary clue of length useful. 357 00:14:14,000 --> 00:14:16,000 The low tone is longer. 358 00:14:16,000 --> 00:14:19,000 Mark the tones and repeat as you do so. 359 00:14:19,000 --> 00:14:20,000 One. 360 00:14:20,000 --> 00:14:23,000 Me. 361 00:14:23,000 --> 00:14:24,000 Rising. 362 00:14:24,000 --> 00:14:26,000 Two. 363 00:14:26,000 --> 00:14:29,000 Me. 364 00:14:29,000 --> 00:14:30,000 Rising. 365 00:14:30,000 --> 00:14:31,000 Three. 366 00:14:31,000 --> 00:14:34,000 Me. 367 00:14:34,000 --> 00:14:35,000 Low. 368 00:14:35,000 --> 00:14:36,000 Four. 369 00:14:36,000 --> 00:14:38,000 Me. 370 00:14:38,000 --> 00:14:39,000 Rising. 371 00:14:39,000 --> 00:14:40,000 Five. 372 00:14:40,000 --> 00:14:43,000 Me. 373 00:14:43,000 --> 00:14:44,000 Low. 374 00:14:44,000 --> 00:14:45,000 Six. 375 00:14:45,000 --> 00:14:48,000 Me. 376 00:14:48,000 --> 00:14:49,000 Low. 377 00:14:49,000 --> 00:14:50,000 Seven. 378 00:14:50,000 --> 00:14:53,000 Me. 379 00:14:53,000 --> 00:14:54,000 Low. 380 00:14:54,000 --> 00:14:55,000 Eight. 381 00:14:55,000 --> 00:14:58,000 Me. 382 00:14:58,000 --> 00:14:59,000 Rising. 383 00:14:59,000 --> 00:15:00,000 Nine. 384 00:15:00,000 --> 00:15:03,000 Me. 385 00:15:03,000 --> 00:15:04,000 Rising. 386 00:15:04,000 --> 00:15:05,000 Ten. 387 00:15:05,000 --> 00:15:07,000 Me. 388 00:15:07,000 --> 00:15:10,000 Low. 389 00:15:10,000 --> 00:15:12,000 The fourth tone is called the falling tone. 390 00:15:12,000 --> 00:15:17,000 It is an abrupt drop from the top of your range to the bottom,as the display shows. 391 00:15:17,000 --> 00:15:21,000 Listen to the falling tone word,which means to scold. 392 00:15:21,000 --> 00:15:23,000 Ma. 393 00:15:23,000 --> 00:15:25,000 Ma. 394 00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:27,000 Ma. 395 00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:32,000 Since in English we use a falling intonation at the end of statements and exclamations, 396 00:15:32,000 --> 00:15:36,000 the falling tone sounds declarative or emphatic to us. 397 00:15:36,000 --> 00:15:39,000 Listen to the answers in this English conversation. 398 00:15:39,000 --> 00:15:41,000 Who's mowing the lawn?Ma. 399 00:15:41,000 --> 00:15:44,000 Who is?Ma. 400 00:15:44,000 --> 00:15:50,000 Try repeating the verb to scold,sliding all the way down the scale as fast as you can. 401 00:15:50,000 --> 00:15:57,000 Ma.Ma.Ma. 402 00:15:57,000 --> 00:16:04,000 Now try saying the falling tone word to scold yourself and repeat. 403 00:16:04,000 --> 00:16:05,000 Ma. 404 00:16:05,000 --> 00:16:11,000 Notice that the tone mark drops from left to right in the direction your eyes are moving. 405 00:16:11,000 --> 00:16:18,000 Try saying to scold again and repeat.Ma. 406 00:16:18,000 --> 00:16:27,000 The contrast between the high tone and the falling tone should be clear,since one stays high and one starts high but drops sharply to the bottom. 407 00:16:27,000 --> 00:16:33,000 Exercise five contrast the high tone surname Yin and the falling tone surname Yin. 408 00:16:33,000 --> 00:16:36,000 Repeat the appropriate tone marks and repeat. 409 00:16:36,000 --> 00:16:38,000 One. 410 00:16:38,000 --> 00:16:40,000 Yin. 411 00:16:40,000 --> 00:16:41,000 High. 412 00:16:41,000 --> 00:16:43,000 Two. 413 00:16:43,000 --> 00:16:45,000 Yin. 414 00:16:45,000 --> 00:16:46,000 Falling. 415 00:16:46,000 --> 00:16:48,000 Three. 416 00:16:48,000 --> 00:16:50,000 Yin. 417 00:16:50,000 --> 00:16:51,000 Falling. 418 00:16:51,000 --> 00:16:53,000 Four. 419 00:16:53,000 --> 00:16:56,000 Yin. 420 00:16:56,000 --> 00:16:57,000 Falling. 421 00:16:57,000 --> 00:16:58,000 Five. 422 00:16:58,000 --> 00:17:01,000 Yin. 423 00:17:01,000 --> 00:17:02,000 High. 424 00:17:02,000 --> 00:17:05,000 Yin. 425 00:17:05,000 --> 00:17:06,000 High. 426 00:17:06,000 --> 00:17:07,000 Seven. 427 00:17:07,000 --> 00:17:10,000 Yin. 428 00:17:10,000 --> 00:17:11,000 Falling. 429 00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:12,000 Eight. 430 00:17:12,000 --> 00:17:14,000 Yin. 431 00:17:14,000 --> 00:17:15,000 High. 432 00:17:15,000 --> 00:17:17,000 Nine. 433 00:17:17,000 --> 00:17:20,000 Yin. 434 00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:21,000 High. 435 00:17:21,000 --> 00:17:22,000 Ten. 436 00:17:22,000 --> 00:17:24,000 Yin. 437 00:17:24,000 --> 00:17:26,000 Falling. 438 00:17:26,000 --> 00:17:37,000 As you can see in the display,the rising tone is a mirror image of the falling tone except that the rising tone rises from the middle of your range to the top while the falling tone falls the whole way from top to bottom. 439 00:17:37,000 --> 00:17:42,000 The easiest way to tell them apart is to think of the English question and statement intonations. 440 00:17:42,000 --> 00:17:48,000 But remember that the rising tone has nothing to do with questions and the falling tone has nothing to do with statements. 441 00:17:48,000 --> 00:17:55,000 Exercise six contrast the rising tone surname Lai with the falling tone surname Lai. 442 00:17:55,000 --> 00:17:59,000 Out the appropriate tone marks over the A and repeat. 443 00:17:59,000 --> 00:18:00,000 One. 444 00:18:00,000 --> 00:18:03,000 Lai. 445 00:18:03,000 --> 00:18:04,000 Rising. 446 00:18:04,000 --> 00:18:06,000 Two. 447 00:18:06,000 --> 00:18:08,000 Lai. 448 00:18:08,000 --> 00:18:10,000 Falling. 449 00:18:10,000 --> 00:18:11,000 Three. 450 00:18:11,000 --> 00:18:14,000 Lai. 451 00:18:14,000 --> 00:18:15,000 Falling. 452 00:18:15,000 --> 00:18:17,000 Four. 453 00:18:17,000 --> 00:18:19,000 Lai. 454 00:18:19,000 --> 00:18:21,000 Rising. 455 00:18:21,000 --> 00:18:23,000 Five. 456 00:18:23,000 --> 00:18:24,000 Lai. 457 00:18:24,000 --> 00:18:26,000 Rising. 458 00:18:26,000 --> 00:18:28,000 Six. 459 00:18:28,000 --> 00:18:30,000 Lai. 460 00:18:30,000 --> 00:18:32,000 Falling. 461 00:18:32,000 --> 00:18:33,000 Seven. 462 00:18:33,000 --> 00:18:35,000 Lai. 463 00:18:35,000 --> 00:18:36,000 Rising. 464 00:18:36,000 --> 00:18:38,000 Eight. 465 00:18:38,000 --> 00:18:40,000 Lai. 466 00:18:40,000 --> 00:18:41,000 Falling. 467 00:18:41,000 --> 00:18:43,000 Nine. 468 00:18:43,000 --> 00:18:45,000 Lai. 469 00:18:45,000 --> 00:18:46,000 Falling. 470 00:18:46,000 --> 00:18:48,000 Ten. 471 00:18:48,000 --> 00:18:50,000 Lai. 472 00:18:50,000 --> 00:18:52,000 Rising. 473 00:18:52,000 --> 00:18:57,000 The contrast between the low and falling tones shouldn't present any difficulty. 474 00:18:57,000 --> 00:19:04,000 Just remember that the falling tone drops sharply through your full range while the low tone spends most of its time at the bottom. 475 00:19:04,000 --> 00:19:09,000 It helps that the falling tone is the shortest tone and the low tone is the longest. 476 00:19:09,000 --> 00:19:15,000 Exercise seven contrast the low tone surname Hao with the falling tone surname Hao. 477 00:19:15,000 --> 00:19:19,000 Out the appropriate tone marks over the A and repeat. 478 00:19:19,000 --> 00:19:20,000 One. 479 00:19:20,000 --> 00:19:22,000 Hao. 480 00:19:22,000 --> 00:19:23,000 Low. 481 00:19:23,000 --> 00:19:24,000 Two. 482 00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:27,000 Hao. 483 00:19:27,000 --> 00:19:28,000 Falling. 484 00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:29,000 Three. 485 00:19:29,000 --> 00:19:32,000 Hao. 486 00:19:32,000 --> 00:19:33,000 Falling. 487 00:19:33,000 --> 00:19:34,000 Four. 488 00:19:34,000 --> 00:19:37,000 Hao. 489 00:19:37,000 --> 00:19:38,000 Low. 490 00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:39,000 Five. 491 00:19:39,000 --> 00:19:42,000 Hao. 492 00:19:42,000 --> 00:19:43,000 Falling. 493 00:19:43,000 --> 00:19:44,000 Six. 494 00:19:44,000 --> 00:19:47,000 Hao. 495 00:19:47,000 --> 00:19:48,000 Low. 496 00:19:48,000 --> 00:19:49,000 Seven. 497 00:19:49,000 --> 00:19:51,000 Hao. 498 00:19:51,000 --> 00:19:52,000 Low. 499 00:19:52,000 --> 00:19:54,000 Eight. 500 00:19:54,000 --> 00:19:56,000 Hao. 501 00:19:56,000 --> 00:19:58,000 Falling. 502 00:19:58,000 --> 00:20:10,000 Exercise eight contrast all four tones with the high tone surname Yi,the rising tone surname Yi,the low tone surname Yi,and the falling tone surname Yi. 503 00:20:10,000 --> 00:20:14,000 Fill in the appropriate tone marks and repeat. 504 00:20:14,000 --> 00:20:15,000 One. 505 00:20:15,000 --> 00:20:18,000 Yi. 506 00:20:18,000 --> 00:20:20,000 Two. 507 00:20:20,000 --> 00:20:23,000 Yi. 508 00:20:23,000 --> 00:20:24,000 Rising. 509 00:20:24,000 --> 00:20:25,000 Three. 510 00:20:25,000 --> 00:20:28,000 Yi. 511 00:20:28,000 --> 00:20:29,000 Low. 512 00:20:29,000 --> 00:20:30,000 Four. 513 00:20:30,000 --> 00:20:33,000 Yi. 514 00:20:33,000 --> 00:20:34,000 Falling. 515 00:20:34,000 --> 00:20:35,000 Five. 516 00:20:35,000 --> 00:20:38,000 Yi. 517 00:20:38,000 --> 00:20:39,000 Rising. 518 00:20:39,000 --> 00:20:40,000 Six. 519 00:20:40,000 --> 00:20:43,000 Yi. 520 00:20:43,000 --> 00:20:44,000 Falling. 521 00:20:44,000 --> 00:20:45,000 Seven. 522 00:20:45,000 --> 00:20:47,000 Yi. 523 00:20:47,000 --> 00:20:48,000 High. 524 00:20:48,000 --> 00:20:49,000 Eight. 525 00:20:49,000 --> 00:20:52,000 Yi. 526 00:20:52,000 --> 00:20:53,000 Low. 527 00:20:53,000 --> 00:20:54,000 Nine. 528 00:20:54,000 --> 00:20:56,000 Yi. 529 00:20:56,000 --> 00:20:57,000 Low. 530 00:20:57,000 --> 00:20:58,000 Ten. 531 00:20:58,000 --> 00:21:01,000 Yi. 532 00:21:01,000 --> 00:21:02,000 Rising. 533 00:21:02,000 --> 00:21:04,000 Eleven. 534 00:21:04,000 --> 00:21:06,000 Yi. 535 00:21:06,000 --> 00:21:07,000 Falling. 536 00:21:07,000 --> 00:21:08,000 Twelve. 537 00:21:08,000 --> 00:21:10,000 Yi. 538 00:21:10,000 --> 00:21:11,000 High. 539 00:21:11,000 --> 00:21:13,000 Thirteen. 540 00:21:13,000 --> 00:21:15,000 Yi. 541 00:21:15,000 --> 00:21:17,000 Rising. 542 00:21:17,000 --> 00:21:18,000 Fourteen. 543 00:21:18,000 --> 00:21:20,000 Yi. 544 00:21:20,000 --> 00:21:21,000 High. 545 00:21:21,000 --> 00:21:22,000 Fifteen. 546 00:21:22,000 --> 00:21:25,000 Yi. 547 00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:26,000 Low. 548 00:21:26,000 --> 00:21:27,000 Sixteen. 549 00:21:27,000 --> 00:21:30,000 Yi. 550 00:21:30,000 --> 00:21:31,000 Low. 551 00:21:31,000 --> 00:21:32,000 Seventeen. 552 00:21:32,000 --> 00:21:34,000 Yi. 553 00:21:34,000 --> 00:21:35,000 Falling. 554 00:21:35,000 --> 00:21:37,000 Eighteen. 555 00:21:37,000 --> 00:21:39,000 Yi. 556 00:21:39,000 --> 00:21:40,000 Rising. 557 00:21:40,000 --> 00:21:41,000 Nineteen. 558 00:21:41,000 --> 00:21:44,000 Yi. 559 00:21:44,000 --> 00:21:45,000 Twenty. 560 00:21:45,000 --> 00:21:47,000 Yi. 561 00:21:47,000 --> 00:21:49,000 High. 562 00:21:49,000 --> 00:21:58,000 If you have particular difficulty with any of the exercises, you may want to rewind and redo the exercises, writing your tone marks on a blank sheet of paper. 563 00:21:58,000 --> 00:22:11,000 Also, since the tones are often identified by number rather than by descriptive names we've been using, you might want to go back to the presentation of tones in the traditional order at the beginning of the tape and learn them as a tune. 564 00:22:11,000 --> 00:22:16,000 This is the end of tape one of the resource module on pronunciation and romanization.