STANDARD CHINESE

A MODULAR APPROACH

STUDENT TEXT

MODULE 3: MONEY MODULE 4: DIRECTIONS

AUGUST 1979

Copyright © 1980 by John H. T. Harvey, Lucille A. Barale, Roberta S. Barry, and Thomas E. Madden

PREFACE

Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach originated in an interagency conference held at the Foreign Service Institute in August 1973 to address the need generally felt in the U.S. Government language training community for improving and updating Chinese materials to reflect current usage in Beijing and Taipei.

The conference resolved to develop materials which were flexible enough in form and content to meet the requirements of a wide range of government agencies and academic institutions.

A Project Board was established consisting of representatives of the Central Intelligenòe Agency Language Learning Center, the Defense Language Institute, the State Department’s Foreign Service Institute, the Cryptologic School of the National Security Agency, and the U.S. Office of Education, later joined by the Canadian Forces Foreign Language School. The representatives have included Arthur T. McNeill, John Hopkins, and John Boag (CIA); Colonel John F. Elder III, Joseph C. Hutchinson, Ivy Gibian, and Major Bernard Muller-Thym (DLl); James R. Frith and John B. Ratliff III (FSl); Kazuo Shitama (NSĀ); Richard T. Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE); and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozoriz (CFFLS).

The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project in 197^ in space provided at the Foreign Service Institute. Each of the six U.S. and Canadian government agencies provided funds and other assistance.

Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a planning council was formed consisting of Mr. Kok, Frances Li of the Defense Language Institute, Patricia O’Connor of the University of Texas, Earl M. Rickerson of the Language Learning Center, and James Wrenn of Brown University. In the fall of 1977₅ Lucille A. Barale was appointed deputy project coordinator. David W. Dellinger of the Language Learning Center and Charles R. Sheehan of the Foreign Service Institute also served on the planning council and contributed material to the project. The planning council drew up the original overall design for the materials and met regularly to review their development.

Writers for the first half of the materials were John H. T. Harvey, Lucille A. Barale, and Roberta S. Barry, who worked in close cooperation with the planning council and with the Chinese staff of the Foreign Service Institute. Mr. Harvey developed the instructional formats of the comprehension and production self-study materials, and also designed the communicationbased classroom activities and wrote the teacher’s guides. Lucille A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry wrote the tape scripts and the student text. By 1978 Thomas E. Madden and Susan C. Pola had joined the staff. Led by Ms. Barale, they have worked as a team to produce the materials subsequent to Module 6.

All Chinese language material was prepared or selected by Chuan 0. Chao Ying-chih Chen, Hsiao-jung Chi, Eva Diao, Jan Hu, Tsung-mi Li, and Yunhui C. Yang, assisted for part of the time by Chieh-fang Ou Lee, Ying-ming Chen, and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang. Anna Affholder, Mei-li Chen, and Henry Khuo helped in the preparation of a preliminary corpus of dialogues.

Administrative assistance was provided at various times by Vincent Basciano, Lisa A. Bowden, Jill W. Ellis, Donna Fong, Renee T. C. Liang, Thomas E. Madden, Susan C. Pola, and Kathleen Strype.

The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M. Ramirez of the Foreign Service Institute Recording Studio. The Chinese script was voiced by Ms. Chao, Ms. Chen, Mr. Chen, Ms. Diao, Ms. Hu, Mr. Khuo, Mr. Li , and Ms. Yang. The English script was read by Ms. Barale, Ms. Barry, Mr. Basciano, Ms. Ellis, Ms. Pola, and Ms. Strype.

The graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign Service Institute Audio-Visual staff, under the general supervision of Joseph A. Sadote, Chief of Audio-Visual.

Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach was field-tested with the cooperation of Brown University; the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language Center; the Foreign Service Institute; the Language Learning Center; the United States Air Force Academy; the University of Illinois; and the University of Virginia.

Colonel Samuel L. Stapleton and Colonel Thomas G. Foster, Commandants of the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language Center, authorized the DLIFLC support necessary for preparation of this edition of the course materials. This support included coordination, graphic arts, editing, typing, proofreading, printing, and materials necessary to carry out these tasks.

James R. Frith, Chairman

Chinese Core Curriculum Project Board

CONTENTS

Preface

MODULE 3: MONEY Objectives

Target Lists

UNIT' 1 Reference List

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

Topic and. comment

Yes/no-choice questions Asking and. giving prices The counters "volume," "copy," "sheet," "piece," "stick"

Prices Drills

UNIT 2

Reference List

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

Drills

UNIT 3 Reference List......................

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

Colors Vocabulary Booster (Colors)

Drills

UNIT '1 Reference List

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

The plural counter -xie*

Time words in topic position

Completion le in sentences with counted objects

Modifying phrases with de

Vocabulary Booster (Things in a Classroom)

Drills ....

UNIT 5

Reference List

Vocabulary .....

Reference Notes

Money denominations

The prepositional verb gěi

More on the marker ne

Focusing the question with shì bu shi

Drills

UNIT 6

Reference List

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

Clock time Ba in questions Time-of-day words

Drills

MODULE U: DIRECTIONS

Objectives

Map of Běijīng

Map of Taipei

Target Lists

UNIT 1

Reference List

Maps for C-l Tape

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

The prepositional verbs dào, "to"; cong, "from";

wàng, "towards"; and xiàng, "towards"

Directions for "ahead," "left," and "right" Completion le in future contexts Zai meaning "then"

Drills . . . .

UNIT 2

Reference List

Maps for C-l Tape ....

Vocabulary . .

Reference Notes

The four directions Place words with -biānr

Location words and the verbs shì, you, and zài "Before" and "after"

Vocabulary Booster (Things in Nature)

Drills ...

UNIT 3

Reference List

Maps for C-l Tape

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

The prepositional verbs lí, "apart from," and.

cháo, "towards"

Compound, verbs of direction with lai and q,ù

The marker -zhe

Drills

UNIT 1+ Reference List

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

The prepositional verb zuò, "by"

Compound verbs of result

Directions inside a building

Vocabulary Booster (Buildings and Institutions)

Drills . . . .

UNIT 5

Reference List ....

Maps for C-l Tape

Vocabulary

Reference Notes....................

Addresses

Zài meaning "more," "again" Drills

MODULE 3: MONEY

The Money Module (MON) will provide you with the skills needed to exchange money, make simple purchases, and discuss your purchases in Chinese.

Before starting this module, you must take and pass the BIO Criterion Test. Prerequisites to units U and 5 of this module are tapes 5 and 6, Numbers resource module and tapes 3 and U, Time and Dates resource module.

The Criterion Test will focus largely on this module, but material from ORN, BIO, and associated resource modules may also be included.

OBJECTIVES

Upon successful completion of this module, the student should be able to

• 1. Comprehend the numbers 1 through 99»999, including those numbers used in money expressions, and say them in Chinese when given English equivalents.

• 2. Give the English equivalent for any Chinese sentence in the MON Target Lists.

• 3. Say any Chinese sentence in the MON Target Lists when cued with its English equivalent.

• U. Give the Chinese names, when given the English, for fifteen items to be bought.

• 5. Say that he wants to make a purchase, find out if the item is sold, ask to see it, find out the price, ask to see other similar items, and either make the purchase or say he does not want to buy the item.

• 6. Talk in Chinese about the items he bought, the quantity he bought, the size and color of the items, and the price (cost) (including a comparison of his purchases with other items).

• 7. Ask for change (specific denominations).

• 8. Say he wants to change money into local currency, find out where to change it, ask what the current exchange rate is, and complete the exchange using cash or traveler’s checks.

  Wo xiǎng mǎi Yīngwén bào.

  
  

  Hǎo. Jiù zài zhèli.

  2. Zhège bào duōshao qián?

  Zhège bào wǔkuài qián yífèn.

  3. Zhèli you Měiguo zázhì meiyou?

  Zhèli meiyou Měiguo zázhì.

  U. Nǐmen zhèli mài Měiguo shū bu mai?

  Duìbuqǐ, Měiguo shū women bú mài.

  • 5. Bào, zázhì, yígòng duōshao qián?

  Yígòng sānshiwǔkuài qián.

  • 6. Zhè liǎngzhāng dìtú duōshao qián?

  Sānshièrkuài qián.

  • 7. Zhège duōshao qián?

  Sānshikuài qián yìběn.

  Hǎo, wǒ mǎi yìběn.

  
  

  I would like to buy an English-language newspaper.

  Fine. They're right here.

  How much is this newspaper?

  This newspaper is five dollars a copy.

  Are there any American magazines here?

  There aren't any American magazines here.

  Do you sell American books here?

  I'm sorry, we don't sell American books.

  How much are the newspaper and magazine altogether?

  Altogether, it’s thirty-five dollars.

  How much are these two maps?

  Thirty-two dollars.

  How much is this one?

  Thirty dollars a copy.

  Fine, I'll buy one.

  
  

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)

one newspaper one pen one piece of paper one dictionary

Chinese-English dictionary English-Chinese dictionary chemistry mathematics

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)

• 1. Nǐmen zhèli kéyi huàn Měijīn mas

Duìbuqǐ, bù kéyi. Nín děi zèi Taiwan Yínháng huàn.

• 2. Yínháng jǐdiǎn zhōng kāi men, jǐdiǎn zhōng guān men?

Jiǔdiǎn zhōng kāi men, sāndiǎn ban guān men.

• 3. Wō yào huàn yìdiǎn Taibi.

Hǎo. Yíkuài Měijīn huàn sānshi-bākuài Taibi.

• 4. Qǐng ni děngyiděng. Wō jiù lai.

• 5. Qǐng gěi wo diǎn xiǎo piàozi, xíng bu xíng?

• 6. Mei shenme.

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)

• 7. zǎochen (zǎochén)

• 8. zǎoshang (zǎoshàng)

• 9. shàngwǔ (shàngwu)

• 10. zhōngwu (zhōngwu)

• 11. xiàwǔ (xiàwu)

• 12. wǎnshang (wǎnshàng)

• 13. yèli

1U. bànyè

15. jiàn

16. mámahūhū

Can U.S. currency be changed here?

I’m sorry, that’s not possible. You must change it at the Bank of Taiwan.

What time does the bank open, and what time does it close?

It opens at nine o’clock and closes at three-thirty.

I want to change some money into Taiwan currency.

Certainly. One U.S. dollar is thirty-eight dollars in Taiwan currency.

Please wait a moment. I'll be right back.

Please give me some small bills. Would that be all right?

It's nothing.

early morning

morning

forenoon, morning

noon

afternoon

evening

night

midnight

to meet

so-so, fair

(in Taipei)

• 1. A: Zhèli you Yīngwěn bào ma?

• B: You. Jiù zài nàli.

• 2. A: Zhèli you Yingwěn bào meiyou?

• B: You. Jiù zài nàli.

• 3. A: Wo xiǎng mǎi Yīngwěn bào.

• B: Hǎo. Jiù zài zhèli.

• 1. A: Zhège duōshao qian?

• B: Wǔkuài qian.

• 5. A: Zhège Zhōngwěn bào duōshao qian?

• B: Sānkuài qian yífèn.

• 6. A: Nǐmen zhèli mài Měiguo zázhì bu mai?

• B: Mài. Women zhèli mài.

• 7. A: Zhège duōshao qián?

• B: Sānshikuài qián yìběn.

A: Hǎo, wo mǎi yìběn.

• 8. A: Nǐmen zhèli you Měiguo shū meiyou?

• B: Duìbuqǐ, Měiguo shū women bu mài.

• 9. A: Bào, zázhì, yígòng duōshao qián?

• B: Bào wǔkuài, zázhì sānshikuài.

B: Yígòng sānshiwǔkuài qián.

Are there any English-language newspapers here?

Yes. They’re right over there.

Are there any English-language newspapers here?

Yes. They’re right over there.

I would like to buy an English-language newspaper.

Fine. They’re right here.

How much is this one?

Five dollars.

How much is the Chinese-language newspaper?

Three dollars a copy.

Do you sell American magazines here?

Yes, we sell them here.

How much is this one?

Thirty dollars a copy.

Fine, I’ll buy one.

Do you have any American books here?

I’m sorry, we don’t sell American books here.

How much are the newspaper and magazine altogether?

The newspaper is five dollars; the magazine is thirty dollars.

Altogether, it’s thirty-five dollars.

• 10. A: Nǐmen zhèli mài dìtú bu mai?

• B: Mài. Zài nàli.

• 11. B: Nín xiǎng mai shénme dìtu?

• A: Wo xiǎng mǎi yìzhāng Taiběi dìtú.

• 12. A: Zhèzhāng Taiběi dìtú duōshao qian?

• B: Shíèrkuài qian.

Do you sell maps here?

We do. They’re over there.

What kind of map ■would you like to buy?

I would like to buy a map of Taipei.

How much is this map of Taipei?

Twelve dollars.

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)

• 13. yífèn(r) bàozhǐ

1U. yìzhī bǐ

• 15. yìzhāng zhǐ

• 16. yìběn zìdiǎn

• 17. Hàn-Yīng zìdiǎn

• 18. Yīng-Hàn zìdiǎn

• 19. huàxue

• 20. shùxué

one newspaper

one pen

one piece of paper

one dictionary

Chinese-English dictionary English-Chinese dictionary chemistry mathematics

VOCABULARY

REFERENCE NOTES

• 1. A: Zhèli you Yīngwěn hao ma?

B: You. Jiù zài nàli.

Are there any English-language newspapers here?

Yes. They're right over there.

Notes on No. 1

Zhèli you: The Chinese verb you sometimes means "to have" and sometimes means "to he" in the sense of "to exist." In exchange 1, you has the latter meaning. With this meaning, it often translates into English as "there is/are."

Topic-comment sentences: The subject of a Chinese sentence need not he the person who performs an action or experiences a state. Often, the relationship between the subject and the rest of the sentence is looser and can be analyzed as topic-comment.

A topic is a word or phrase at the beginning of a sentence which sets the scene for the rest of the sentence. The topic is a starting point for understanding a sentence, giving background information and establishing the perspective for listeners. For this reason, time and place phrases are often used as topics.

A comment is the rest of the sentence which follows the topic. Here are some examples:

Bǐ, tā you; zhǐ, tā meiyou. He has a pen; he doesn't have paper, (literally, "Pen he has; paper he doesn't.")

• A: Nī shi nǎr?                Where are you calling from?

• B: Wo shi Taiwan Dàxué.       Taiwan University.

Zhèzhāng dìtú mài shíkuài As for this map, they sell it for qián.                            ten dollars.

Clearly, the last two examples are meaningful only when the relationship between the initial nouns/pronouns and verbs is understood to be one of topic-comment, not the usual subject-predicate relation of actor-action.

While there is no simple rule that tells you when to use topic-comment sentences in Chinese, some helpful generalizations can he made. These generalizations will he discussed as example sentences appear in the Reference Lists.

Jiù zài nàli, "They're right over there": You have learned Jiù as "only," a synonym of zhī. In exchange 1, you see another use of Jiù: "right," "exactly," "precisely." This word is often used to describe

• 2. A: Zhèli you Yīngwén hào meiyou? Are there any English-language newspapers here?

• B: You. Jiù zài nàli.             Yes. They're right over there.

Notes on No. 2

You...meiyou: The first sentence in exchange 2 is a yes/no-choice question. This type of question is formed hy explicitly offering the listener a choice between an affirmative and a negative answer. The negative alternative is tacked onto the end of the sentence. Similar questions exist in English. But the English question would be an impatient one, while the Chinese question is an ordinary one:

Zhèli you Yīngwén hào meiyou?

Are there any English-language newspapers here, or aren't there?

Neutral tones: Whether or not a syllable is pronounced in the Neutral tone often depends on the speed of speech and the mood the speaker is trying to convey. In informal conversation between native speakers, there are many more Neutral tones than in the more careful, deliberate speech of a language teacher speaking to foreign students. (Bear this point in mind when you find a discrepancy between the textbook marking of a word and the pronunciation of that word on tape.)

Most syllables in any stretch of spoken Chinese are neither completely "Neutral" (i.e., with no audible change in pitch for the duration of the syllable) nor completely "full" in length and amplitude. These syllables will usually be somewhere in between the two extremes.

Zhèli you Yīngwén bào meiyou? Are there any English-language w           , v s. - „ newspapers here?

Zheli you Yingwén bao meiyou?

Often a syllable will not sound like a full tone. But if you ask "Then is this syllable in the Neutral tone?" the answer will be "No, not exactly." There is no distinct dividing line between a syllable with a tone and a syllable in the Neutral tone. Very often, the most helpful answer to the

question "Should this he pronounced in the Neutral tone?" is "Pronounce it the way you hear it." The language is taught in terms of four tones, hut your ears hear more.

Wo xiǎng mǎi yì- zhang Tai- hěi dì- tú.

Note on No. 3

The auxiliary verb xiǎng is sometimes translated as "would like to" or

U. A: Zhège duoshao qiǎn?

B: Wǔkuài qiǎn.

Notes on No. U

Zhège duōshao qiǎn? In Chinese sentences that ask for and give prices the word shì, "to he," is usually omitted.

Shi reappears, however, in negative and contrastive sentences: Zhège bú shi sìkuài qián, shi wǔkuài qián, "This (item) isn’t four dollars; it’s five dollars."

Wǔkuài qián literally means "five dollars money." The counter -kuài, "dollar," indicates the units of the general class "money" that are being counted (i.e., dollars as opposed to cents).

Notes on No. 5

Notice in the sentence Zhège Zhōngwén bào duōshao qián? that the general counter -ge is used rather than the specific counter -fèn, "copy." The counter -ge is often used in talking about the KIND of thing. In this case the question is about the price of a newspaper as a publication, not about the price of a copy. The specific counter would be used to talk about a particular concrete object, as in a sentence like "This copy of the China Post is torn."

Yífèn: In Chinese, when you talk about the unit price of an item, the unit is a counter. Notice that yífèn comes at the end of the sentence, just as "a copy" does in English.

6. A: Nǐmen zhèli mài Měiguo zázhì bu mai?

B: Mài. Women zhèli mài.

Notes on No. 6

Mài, "to sell," differs from the word mǎi, "to buy," only in its tone.

Nǐmen zhèli, "your place here," literally, "you here": Use nǐmen zhèli when talking to someone who represents a store, a hank, or other institutions. By putting zhèli (zhèr), "here," or nàli (nàr), "there," after a person’s name or a pronoun, you make a phrase referring to a place associated with the person. For example, nǐ nàli means "over there where you are now," and wo zhèli means "here where I am now." Use these phrases when you want to express the idea of an item being close to a person (not necessarily ownership).

Do you have a pen over there? (i.e. "is there a pen over there where you are?")

This kind of phrase is also used to mean a person’s home: nǐ nàli, "your place" (used when the speaker is not at "your house"); wo zhèli, "my place" (used when the speaker is at home)

Where is Miss Chen?

She is at Mrs. Liu’s house.

Nǐmen zhèli mài Měiguo zázhì bu mai? In this sentence, nǐmen zhèli is used as a topic. Literally, the sentence means "As for your place here, are American magazines sold?"

Note on No. 7

The counter -běn, "volume," "copy," is used for both books and magazines.

Notes on No. 8

Duìbuqǐ literally means "unable to face (you)." This word is used to say "I’m sorry" when you bump into a person, arrive late, and so on. It is

11. B: Nín xiǎng mǎi shénme dìtū?

A: Wǒ xiǎng mǎi yìzhāng Táiběi dìtū.

What kind of map would you like to buy?

I would like to buy a map of Taipei.

Notes on No. 11

Shénme dìtú literally means "what map." In exchange 11, this phrase is used to mean "what kind of map."

Yìzhāng: The counter -zhang is used for flat objects. Literally, yìzhāng Táiběi dìtú means "one-sheet Taipei map." In exchange 11, the phrase is translated simply as "a map of Taipei."

Note on No. 12

Zhèzhāng dìtú: Compare the two phrases which follow.

In the first phrase, the counter -zhāng does not have a number in front of it. In effect, the number 1 was dropped after the specifier zhè. Notice that when a specifier and a number occur together in Chinese, the word order is just like English: zhè liǎngzhāng dìtú, "these two maps."

Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary

Bàozhǐ and bào, two words for "newspaper," are interchangeable.

Yìzhǐ bǐ: The counter for pens, -zhi, is the counter for straight, sticklike objects.

Hàn-Yīng zìdiǎn, Yìng-Hàn zìdiǎn: The word for "Chinese" in these expressions comes from Han Dynasty (206 B.C. to A.D. 219). Hàn is often used in titles to refer to the Chinese people and to their language.

A scene on the lake at the Summer Palace, Beijing

DRILLS

A. Transformation Drill

• 1. Speaker: Zhèli you Yīngwén bào ma?

(Do you have any English-language newspapers here?)

• 2. Zhèli you Zhōngwén bào ma?

• 3. Zhèli you Hàn-Yīng zìdiǎn ma?

• 4. Zhèli you Měiguo shū ma?

• 5. Nàli you Zhōngwén zazhì ma?

• 6. Nàli you Zhōngguo dìtū ma?

• 7. Nàli you Yīng-Hàn zìdiǎn ma?

You: Zhèli you Yīngwén bào meiyou? (Do you have any English-language newspapers here?)

Zhèli you Zhōngwén bào meiyou?

Zhèli you Hàn-Yīng zìdiǎn meiyou?

Zhèli you Měiguo shū meiyou?

Nàli you Zhōngwén zazhì meiyou?

Nàli you Zhōngguo dìtū meiyou?

Nàli you Yīng-Hàn zìdiǎn meiyou?

• B. Transformation Drill

• 1. Speaker: Yīngwén bào zài wǒ zhèli.

(The English-language newspaper is over here by me.)

• 2. Zhōngguo dìtū zài nīmen zhèli ma?

• 3. Měiguo zazhì zài zhèli.

b. Hàn-Yīng zìdiǎn zài nàli.

• 5. Zhōngwén bào zài zhèli.

• 6. Zhōngwén zìdiǎn zài tā nàli.

• 7. Zhōngguo lìshī shū zài women zhèli.

You: Wǒ zhèli you Yīngwén bào.

(Over here by me is an English-language newspaper.)

Nīmen zhèli you Zhōngguo dìtū ma?

Zhèli you Měiguo zazhì.

Nàli you Hàn-Yīng zìdiǎn.

Zhèli you Zhōngwén bào.

Tā nàli you Zhōngwén zìdiǎn.

Women zhèli you Zhōngguo lìshī shū.

You: Zhèige wǔkuài qián.

(This is five dollars.)

Nèige liāngkuài qián.

Zhèiběn sìshikuài qián.

Nèizhāng qíkuài qián.

Zhèifèn shíèrkuài qián.

Nèiběn èrshikuài qián.

Zhèifèn sìkuài qián.

D. Transformation Drill

• 1. Speaker: Zhèige zìdiǎn duōshao qián?

(How much is this Ckind of! dictionary?)

• 2. Nèige dìtú duōshao qián?

• 3. Zhèige zázhì duōshao qián?

U. Nèige bào duōshao qián?

• 5. Zhèige lìshǐ duōshao qián?

• 6. Nèige Yīngwěn bào duōshao qián?.

• 7. Zhèige Hàn-Yīng zìdiǎn duōshao qián?

You: Zhèiběn zìdiǎn duōshao qián?

(How much is this dictionary?)

Nèizhāng dìtú duōshao qián?

Zhèiběn zázhì duōshao qián?

Nèifèn bào duōshao qián?

Zhèiběn lìshǐ duōshao qián?

Nèifèn Yīngwěn bào duōshao qián?

Zhèiběn Hàn-Yīng zìdiǎn duōshao qián?

E. Transformation Drill

• 1. Speaker: Bào duōshao qián?

(cue) copy

(How much is the newspaper? )

You: Yífèn bào duōshao qián?

(How much is one newspaper?)

• 2. Zìdiǎn duōshao qiǎn? volume

• 3. Dìtú duōshao qiǎn? sheet

k. Zǎzhì liǎngkuài qiǎn. volume

• 5. Zhōngguo dìtú duōshao qiǎn? sheet

• 6. Shu liùkuài qiǎn. volume

• 7. Yīng-Hàn zìdiǎn hǎkuài qiǎn. volume

Yìběn zìdiǎn duōshao qiǎn?

Yìzhāng dìtú duōshao qiǎn?

Yiběn zǎzhì liǎngkuài qiǎn.

Yìzhāng dìtú duōshao qiǎn?

Yìběn shū liùkuài qiǎn.

Yìběn Yīng-Hàn zìdiǎn bǎkuài qiǎn

• F. Response Drill

• 1. Speaker: Tā xiǎng mǎi dìtú ma? (cue) 3

(is he thinking of buying maps ?)

• 2. Tā xiǎng mǎi shū ma? 1

• 3. Tā xiǎng mǎi zìdiǎn ma? 2

U. Tā xiǎng mǎi Zhōngwén bào ma?

1

• 5. Tā xiǎng mǎi Měiguo zǎzhì ma? 1

• 6. Tā xiǎng mǎi Jīngjixue ma? U

• 7. Tā xiǎng mǎi Zhèngzhixue ma?

2

You: Duì le, tū xiǎng mǎi sānzhāng dìtú.

(Right; he is thinking of buying three maps.)

zhixuǎ.

• G. Response Drill

• 1. Speaker: Zhège bào sānkuài qiǎn. (cue) 1

(This newspaper is three dollars.)

• 2. Zhège zìdiǎn qíkuài qiǎn. 2

  You: Hǎo, wǒ mǎi yífèn.

  (Fine; I’ll buy a copy.)

  
  

  Hǎo, wǒ mǎi liǎngběn.

  
  

• 3. Nàge zázhì sānshikuài qián. 1

U. Zhège Yīngwén bào wǔkuài qián. 1

• 5. Nàge dìtú shíèrkuài qián. 3

• 6. Nàge Hàn-Yīng zìdiǎn wǔshikuài qian.    2

• 7. Zhège Táiběi dìtú shíwǔkuài qián.    1

Hǎo, wǒ mǎi yìběn.

Hǎo, wǒ mǎi yífèn.

Hǎo, wǒ mǎi sānzhāng.

Hǎo, wǒ mǎi liǎngběn.

Hǎo, wǒ mǎi yìzhāng.

• H. Transformation Drill

• 1. Speaker: Zhèifèn hào duōshao qián?

(How much is this newspaper? )

• 2. Zhèiběn zìdiǎn wǔshikuài qián.

• 3. Zhèizhāng dìtú duōshao qián?

• U. Zhèiběn Měiguo shū wǔkuài qián.

• 5. Zhèifèn Yīngwén bào duōshao qián?

• 6. Zhèiběn zázhì liǎngkuài qián.

• 7. Zhèiběn Hàn-Yīng zìdiǎn duōshao qián?

You: Zhèige bào duōshao qián yífèn?

(How much is this newspaper per copy?)

Zhèige zìdiǎn wǔshikuài qián yìběn.

Zhèige dìtú duōshao qián yìzhāng?

Zhèige Měiguo shū wǔkuài qián yìběn.

Zhèige Yīngwén bào duōshao qián yífèn?

Zhèige zázhì liǎngkuài qián yìběn.

Zhèige Hàn-Yīng zidiǎn duōshao qián yìběn?

I. Response Drill

• 1. Speaker: Zhège zázhì duōshao qián?

(cue) $30

(How much is this magazine?)

• 2. Nàge Táiběi dìtú duōshao qián? $12

You: Zhège zázhì sānshikuài qián yìběn.

(Thirty dollars a copy.)

Nàge Táiběi dìtú shíèrkuài qián yìzhāng.

• 3. Zhège Zhōngwén hao duōshao qián? $3

• U. Nàge Měiguo zázhì duōshao qián? $30

• 5. Zhège Yīngwěn hao duōshao qián? $5

• 6. Nàge Hàn-Yīng zìdiǎn duōshao qián? $U2

• 7. Zhège Táiwān dìtú duōshao qián? $10

Zhège Zhōngwén hào sānkuài qián yífèn.

Nàge Měiguo zázhì sānshikuài qián yìhěn.

Zhège Yīngwěn hào wǔkuài qián yífèn.

Nàge Hàn-Yīng zìdiǎn sìshièrkuài qián yìhěn.

Zhège Táiwān dìtú shíkuài qián yìzhāng .

J. Transformation Drill

• 1. Speaker: Nǐmen zhèli you Yīngwěn hào ma?

(Do you have English-language newspapers here?)

OR Nǐmen zhèli mài Yīng-wén hào ma?

(Do you sell English-language newspapers here?)

• 2. Nǐmen zhèli you Zhōngwén zázhì ma?

• 3. Nǐmen zhèli mài Táihěi dìtú ma?

• U. Nǐmen zhèli you Hàn-Yīng zìdiǎn ma?

5. Nǐmen zhèli you YTng-Hàn zìdiǎn ma?

6. Nǐmen zhèli mài Zhōngwén hào ma?

You: Nǐmen zhèli you Yīngwěn hào meiyou?

(Do you have English-language newspapers here?)

Nǐmen zhèli mài Yīngwěn hào hu mai?

(Do you sell English-language newspapers here?)

Nǐmen zhèli you Zhōngwén zázhì meiyou?

Nǐmen zhèli mài Táihěi dìtú hu mai?

Nǐmen zhèli you Hàn-Yīng zìdiǎn meiyou?

Nǐmen zhèli you Yīng-Hàn zìdiǎn meiyou?

Nǐmen zhèli mài Zhōngwén hào hu mai?

K. Response Drill

1. Speaker: Nǐmen zhèli you Měiguo You: You, zài nàli. shū meiyou?                    (We do, over there.)

(cue) you

(Do you have American books here?)

OR Nǐmen zhèli you Měiguo          Duìbuqǐ, women meiyou.

shū meiyou?                    II’m sorry, we don’t)

(cue) meiyou

(Do you have American books here?)

You: Bào, zázhì yígòng duōshao qian? (How much are the newspaper and the magazine altogether?)

Dìtū, zìdiǎn yígòng duōshao qian? Zázhì, bào yígòng duōshao qián? Zìdiǎn, dìtū yígòng duōshao qián? Bào, zázhì yígòng duōshao qián?

Dìtū, zìdiǎn yígòng duōshao qián? Zázhì, bào yígòng duōshao qián?

M. Response Drill

(in Beijing)

• 1. A: Wǒ xiǎng mai diǎnr diǎnxin.

• 2. A: Zhèige xiǎo diǎnxin duōshao qian yìjīn?

• B: Bāmáo qian yìjīn.

• 3. A: Gěi wo liǎngjīn.

• U. A: Qǐng ni gěi wo liǎngjīn.

• 5. B: Nín hǎi yào diǎnr shenme?

• A: Wǒ hǎi yào qìshuǐ.

• 6. A: Duōshao qian yìpíng?

• B: Liǎngmǎo wǔfēn qian.

• 7. A: Zhèi shi sānkuài qian.

B: Zhǎo ni liùmǎo wǔfēn qian.

• A: Xièxie. Zàijiàn.

• B: Zàijiàn.

• 8. A: Dà píngguo duōshao qian yìj in?

• B: Dàde sìmǎo wǔfēn qian yìjīn.

• 9. A: Xiǎode duōshao qian yìjīn?

• B: Sānmǎo wǔ.

• 10. A: Qǐng gěi wo sānjīn nèige xiǎode.

• B: Hǎo. Sānjīn yíkuài ling wǔ.

• 11. B: Nín hǎi yào shenme?

• A: Wǒ hú yào shenme le.

I’m going to Buy some pastries.

How much are these small pastries per catty?

Eighty cents a catty.

Give me two catties.

Please give me two catties.

What else do you want?

I want some soda too.

How much is it per "bottle?

It’s twenty-five cents.

Here’s three dollars.

Here's sixty-five cents (in) change

Thank you. Good-Bye.

Good-Bye.

How much are the large apples per catty?

The large ones are forty-five cents a catty.

How much per catty are the small ones?

Thirty-five cents.

Please give me three catties of those small ones.

Certainly. Three catties are $1.05

What else would you like?

I don't want anything else.

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented, on C-l and. P-1 tapes)

A fruit seller in central Taiwan

VOCABULARY

(introduced on P-2 tape)

REFERENCE NOTES

1. A: Wǒ xiǎng mǎi diǎnr diǎnxin. I’m going to buy some pastries.

Note on No. 1

Diǎnr: The word yìdiǎnr (or yìdiǎn) is a combination of the number yī, "one," and the counter diǎn, "a dot," "a little bit." The number yī is often toneless, or, as in this case, dropped when its meaning is "a" rather than "one."

The Běijīng version of this word, written diǎnr or yidiǎnr, is actually pronounced as if written diǎr or yidiǎr. These words rhyme with the English "tar."

Notes on No. 2

A Jīn is a unit of weight, usually translated as "catty." In most parts of China a Jīn equals 1.1 pound.

Bāmǎo: You must use the equivalent of "eight dimes" to say "eighty

U. A: Qǐng ni gěi wo liǎngjīn.

Notes on Nos. 3-^t direct object, liǎngjīn, Just as "me" precedes "two catties" in English.

Polite requests: A "blunt imperative in Chinese has the same word, order as a command in English: (Nǐ), verb, indirect object, direct object. To make a polite request in Chinese, start off with qǐng, "please," or qǐng ni, "please you." More literally, qǐng means "to ask," "to request," but the idiomatic equivalent of qǐng and qǐng hi is "please." Here are the three types of imperatives:

Notes on No. 5

Hái: In exchange 5, hái means something like "in addition": "What do you want a little of in addition?" Since hái is an adverb, it is placed before the verb.

Qìshuǐ, "soda," refers to a carbonated soft drink, not to club soda.

Notes on No. 6

Tone change for yǐ: The number 1, yǐ, changes tone when followed by another syllable. When followed by a syllable with a Falling tone, yǐ

has a Rising tone. When followed by syllables with High, Rising, or Low tones, yī has a Falling tone.

Liǎngmáo wǔfēn qián: Notice that "twenty-five cents" is expressed in Chinese as dimes plus cents: "two dimes and five cents."

Notes on No. 7

Zhèi: In the first sentence of exchange 7, zhèi is used without an attached counter. A specifier was also used without a counter in Nèi shi Mínzú Fàndiàn, "That’s the Nationalities Hotel."

The verb zhǎo means "to give change." Zhǎo ni liùmáo wǔfēn qián means something like "I’m giving you sixty-five cents in change."

Notes on Nos. 8-9

The words dàde and xiǎode are translated as ’’large ones" and "small ones." The nonspecific noun "ones" may he used because the specific thing being talked about (apples) was mentioned in an earlier sentence. The marker -de shows that dǎ and xiǎo modify a noun mentioned earlier in the conversation. Like their English translations "big ones" and "small ones," dàde and xiǎode act as nouns.

Sānmáo wǔ is an abbreviated way of giving a price. The last unit of money (in this case, fēn, "cent") and the word for "money," qián, are left out. The unit omitted is always the next unit below the unit which is expressed. For instance, "three dollars and fifty cents" is sānkuài wǔ. You know that the unit omitted is mao, "dimes," because it is the next unit below kuài, "dollars." A one-unit price such as "three dollars" or "fifty cents" can never be abbreviated this way, because there would be no way of determining the unit marker omitted.

Notes on No. 10

Sānjīn nèige xiǎode: The elements of this phrase appear in the following order: number, counter, specifier, noun. (in Chinese, units of measure like jīn, act as counters.) Earlier, you learned phrases whose elements appeared in a different order: specifier, number, counter, noun (zhèi liǎngzhāng dìtǔ). In both cases, the word order for the constructions is the same in Chinese and English.

Nèige is translated as "those" in the first sentence of exchange 10. Strictly speaking, nèige can refer only to one item, since -ge is the counter for units. The apples, however, are regarded collectively as one category of things.

Yíkuài ling wǔ: In a price, the word, ling is always used, for a "zero" in the dimes position. In yíkuài ling wǔ, ling appears in the "dimes" place, so you know that wǔ must refer to cents.

Notes on No. 11

Bu yào shenme: The unstressed (and often toneless) word shenme corresponds to the indefinite pronoun "anything" in negative sentences.

Le: In the second sentence of exchange 11, new-situation le is used in a negative sentence. The sentence says that NOW Mr. Anderson does not want anything (while before, of course, he did want things).

Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary

Júzi: In earlier modules, this word would have been written júzi. Starting in the Money Module, the umlaut ('") will be written only after n and IL, following the normal spelling rule in Pinyin romanization. You will have to remember that the letter u after j_, x, and. £ is pronounced, as if it were written u.

Yíkuài féizào: The counter used for soap is -kuài. It literally means "a lump" but is also translated, as "a piece."

Zuò mǎimai, "to do business/trade"

Tā lai zuò mǎimai le.          He has come to do business.

Daren, "adult," literally, "big person"

Tā yǐjīng shi dàren le.        He is already an adult.

Xiǎoháizi: Although hāizi means "child," the expression more commonly used is xiǎoháizi, literally, "small child."

DRILLS

A. Expansion Drill

• 1. Speaker: Zhèige diǎnxin duōshao qian?

(How much are these pastries?)

• 2. Zhèige qìshuǐ duōshao qián?

• 3. Nèige píngguǒ duōshao qián?

• U. Nèige júzi duōshao qian?

• 5. Nèige píjiǔ duōshao qian?

• 6. Zhèige feizào duōshao qian?

• 7. Dà píngguǒ duōshao qián?

You: Zhèige diǎnxin duōshao qian yìjīn?

(How much are these pastries per catty?)

Zhèige qìshuī duōshao qian yìpíng?

Nèige píngguǒ duōshao qian yìjīn?

Nèige júzi duōshao qian yìjīn?

Nèige píjiǔ duōshao qián yìpíng?

Zhèige feizào duōshao qián yíkuài?

Dà píngguǒ duōshao qian yìjīn?

• B. Response Drill

• 1. Speaker: Zhèige xiǎo diǎnxin ■bāmǎo qian yìjīn. (cue) liǎng

(These pastries are eighty cents per catty.)

• 2. Zhèige xiǎo píngguǒ sānmǎo qian yìjīn. liǎng

• 3. Nèige qìshuǐ yìmǎo èr yìpíng. sān

• U. Zhèige dà píngguǒ sìmǎo liù yìjīn. yī

• 5. Nèige Zhōngguo dìtú liǎngkuài wǔ yìzhāng. yī

• 6. Zhèige píjiǔ liǎngmǎo wǔ yìpíng. si

• 7. Nèige Xīnhuǎ Zìdiǎn yíkuài liǎngmǎo wǔ yìběn. yī

You: Hǎo. Qǐng ni gěi wo liǎngjīn (Fine. Please give me two catties.)

• C. Expansion Drill

• 1. Speaker: Zhèige píjiǔ hen hǎo. (This "beer is very-good. )

• 2. Zhèige júzi hen hǎo.

• 3. Nèige píngguǒ hen hǎo.

U. Zhèige féizào hen hǎo.

• 5. Nèige zìdiǎn hen hǎo.

• 6. Zhèige qìshuǐ hen hǎo.

• 7. Nèige dìtú hen hǎo.

You: Zhèige píjiǔ hen hǎo. Duoshao qian yìpíng?

(This beer is very good. How much is it per bottle?)

Zhèige júzi hěn hǎo. Duōshao qian yìjīn?

Nèige píngguǒ hěn hǎo. Duōshao qian yìjīn?

Zhèige féizào hěn hǎo. Duōshao qian yíkuài?

Nèige zìdiǎn hěn hǎo. Duōshao qian yìběn?

Zhèige qìshuǐ hěn hǎo. Duōshao qian yìpíng ?

Nèige dìtú hěn hǎo. Duōshao qian yìzhāng?

• D. Response Drill

• 1. Speaker: Nín hai yào diǎnr shenme?

(cue) qìshuǐ

(What else would you like?)

OR Nín hai you shénme?

(cue) píjiǔ

(What else do you have?)

• 2. Nín hai yào diǎnr shénme?

féizào

• 3. Nín hai you shénme? dìtú

U. Nín hai yào diǎnr shénme? júzi

5. Nín hai you shénme? zìdiǎn

6. Nín hai yào diǎnr shénme?

diǎnxin

You: Wǒ hái yào liǎngpíng qìshuǐ (l would like two bottles of soda too.)

Wǒ hái you liǎngpíng píjiǔ.

(I have two bottles of beer too.)

Wǒ hái yào liǎngkuài féizào.

Wǒ hái you liǎngzhāng dìtú.

Wǒ hái yào liǎngjīn júzi.

Wǒ hái you liǎngběn zìdiǎn.

Wǒ hái yào liǎngjīn diǎnxin.

E. Transformation Drill

• 1. Speaker; Dà píngguǒ duōshao qián?

(cue) mao

(How much are the hig apples?)

• 2. Da júzi duōshao qián? máo

• 3. Xiao zìdiǎn duōshao qián? kuài

• U. Dà dìtú duōshao qián? máo

• 5. Xiǎo júzi duōshao qián?    máo

• 6. Dà zìdiǎn duōshao qián?    kuài

• 7. Xiǎo diǎnxin.duōshao qián?

máo

í

You: Dàde jīmáo qián yìjīn?

(How much Chow many dimes! are the big ones per catty?)

Dàde jīmáo qián yìjīn?

Xiǎode jīkuài qián yìběn?

Dàde jīmáo qián yìzhāng?

Xiǎode jǐmáo qián yìjīn?

Dàde jīkuài qián yìběn?

Xiǎode jīmáo qián yìjīn?

F. Response Drill

1. Speaker: Dàde duōshao qián yìjīn? You: Dàde sìmáo wufēn qián yìjīn.

(cue) 1+5^                        (The big ones are forty-five

(How much are the big               cents a catty.)

ones per catty?

H. Transformation Drill

I. Response Drill

For your answers, use specific

1. Speaker: Nín hái yào diǎnr shenme?

(cue) píngguǒ

(What else would you like?)

OR Nín hái you shenme? (cue) qìshuǐ

(What else do you have?)

3. Nín hái yào diǎnr shénme? diǎnxin

U. Nín hái yào diǎnr shénme? Júzi

• 5. NÍn hái you shénme? féizào

• 6. Nín hái yào diǎnr shénme? dìtú

• 7. Nín hái yào diǎnr shénme? píngguǒ

  counters with'liǎng-.

  You: Wǒ hái yào liǎngjin píngguǒ.

  (I would like two catties of apples.)

  
  

Wo hái you liǎngpíng qìshuǐ. (I have two bottles of soda.

Wǒ hái yào liǎngjīn diǎnxin.

Wǒ hái yào liǎngjīn júzi.

Wǒ hái you liǎngkuài féizào.

Wǒ hái yào liǎngzhāng dìtú.

Wǒ hái yào liǎngjīn píngguǒ.

J. Response Drill

• 1. Speaker: Nín hái yào diǎnr shénme?

(What else would you like?)

OR Nín hái you shénme? (What else do you have?)

• 2. Tā hái yào diǎnr shénme?

• 3. Tā hái you shénme?

• U. Wáng Xiānsheng hái yào diǎnr shénme?

5. Hú Tàitai hái you shénme?

6. Lǐ Xiānsheng hái yào diǎnr shénme?

You: Wǒ bú yào shenme le.

(I don’t want anything else.)

Wǒ méiyou shénme le.

(ī don’t have anything else.)

Tā bú yào shenme le.

Tā méiyou shénme le.

Wang Xiānsheng bú yào shenme le.

Hú Tàitai méiyou shénme le.

Lǐ Xiānsheng bú yào shenme le.

UNIT 3

REFERENCE LIST

(in Beijing)

• 1. A: Qǐng ni gěi wo kànkan nèige huāpíng.

• 2. B: Něige? Zhèige lǎnde, hāishi zhèige hóngde?

• 3. A: Nèi liǎngge dōu gěi wo kànkan, hǎo ma?

• B: Hǎo.

• U. A: Lande tài guì le.

• 5. A: Wǒ mǎi hóngde ha. Hóngde pianyi.

• B: Èng, hóngde piǎnyi.

• 6. C: Zhèi liǎngge xuésheng, něige hǎo?

• D: Sīmǎ Xìn hǎo.

• 7. A: Nǐ you dà yìdiǎnrde ma?

• B: You. Nín kàn zhèige zěn-meyàng?

• 8. A: Zhèige dàde zhēn hǎokàn.

• 9. A: Hǎo, wǒ mǎi dàde ba.

• B: Nín yào jǐge?

A: Qǐng gěi wo liǎngge ba.

Please give me that vase to look at.

Which one? This blue one or this red one?

Give me both of them to look at. All right?

Certainly.

The blue one is too expensive.

I’ll buy the red one, I guess. The red one is cheaper.

Mm, the red one is cheaper.

Which of these two students is better?

Sīmǎ Xìn is better.

Do you have one a little larger?

We do. What do you think of this one?

This large one is really nice looking.

Okay, I’ll buy the large one, I guess.

How many do you want?

How about giving me two, please.

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY

(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)

• 10. bái                                 to be white

• 11. hēi                                 to be black

  12.	huáng	to	be	yellow, to be brown
  13.	lù	to	be	green
  1U.	jiù	to	be	old, to be used, to be worn
  15.	xīn	to	be	new
  16.	gāo	to	be	tall
  17.	ǎi	to	be	short (of stature)
  18.	gāoxìng	to	be	happy
  19.	nánkàn	to	be	ugly
  20.	yìbǎ yǔsǎn	one umbrella
  21.	kàn	to	read, to look at, to visit

VOCABULARY

REFERENCE NOTES

1. A: Qǐng ni gěi wo kànkan nèige huāpíng.

Please give me that vase to look at.

Notes on No. 1

Reduplication of action verbs: In the sentence above, the action verb kàn appears in reduplicated form: kànkan Cstress on first syllable; second syllable unstressed, usually toneless]. The reduplicated verb could also have been formed with yǐ, "one," between the two syllables: kànyikan, literally, "to look one look." Kànyikan or kàn is used when you want to say "to have/take a look (at something)."

Many, but not all, action verbs may be reduplicated. Of the verbs you have learned, niàn, shuō, ting, xiě, and xiǎng may be reduplicated this way.

Reduplication is another way of indicating aspect.¹ By using a reduplicated verb, you express the INDEFINITENESS of an action. Use a reduplicated verb when the duration or extent of an action or the amount of a verb object is indefinite. For example, saying Qǐng ni gěi wo kànkan nèige huāpíng indicates an indefinite duration for the action of looking at the vase.

There are several reasons for using a reduplicated verb to indicate indefinite action. In the Reference List sentence above, a speaker asks permission to look at something; therefore, his request must be tentative and undemanding.

Reduplicated verbs are not commonly used with the aspect marker le (perhaps because stressing both the indefiniteness and the completion of an action would not be consistent). When completion le does occur with a reduplicated verb, the marker is placed after the first half of that verb and before the second half. The second half of the reduplicated verb then resembles an object, as in "looked one look" or "thought a thought."

Wo kànle kàn nèige huāpíng. I looked at that vase.

Kàn and xiǎng are the two verbs you have learned which may take le when reduplicated.

To make a reduplicated verb negative (with bú or méi) would be as wrong as saying in English "I don’t look at it a little." To say that an action was not performed, is habitually not performed, or will not be performed, use the simple form of the verb, not the reduplicated form:

Zhèifèn bào, wo hai méiyou I haven’t read this paper yet. kàn.

2. B: Něige? Zhèige lánde, háishi Which one? This blue one or this zhèige hóngde?                 red one?

Note on No. 2

Háishi means "or." In a choice-type question without háishi, both choices must include a verb; but in a question containing háishi, the second verb may be omitted.

Note on No. 3

The word order of the first sentence is determined hy the adverb dōu. Normally, an object in a Chinese sentence follows the verb. But any object referred to by dōu must come before dōu. And dōu itself, because it is an adverb, must precede the verb. Therefore, the object nèi liǎngge has been moved to the initial topic position in the sentence above. Compare:

The blue one is too expensive.

Note on No. 4

Le: The speaker is using new-situation le to reinforce the meaning of tài, "too.” The new situation is the fact that the price is more than the speaker expected.

• 5. A: Wō mǎi hóngde ba. Hōngde I’ll buy the red one, I guess. The piǎnyi.                          red one is cheaper.

B: Eng, hóngde piǎnyi.             Mm, the red one is cheaper.

Notes on No. 5

Piǎnyi: The n_ in this word is not pronounced but gives a nasal quality to the vowels around it.

The English comparative form "cheaper" has been used for the basic form piǎnyi in the translation of exchange 5- The Chinese says, in effect, "it’s the red one that’s cheap." But adjectival verbs usually should be understood as comparatives.

Neige piányi?                  Which one is cheaper?

Hóngde piányi ma?              Is the red one cheaper?

Hongde piányi.                 The red one is cheaper.

However, when preceded by adverbs (including the negative adverb bù), adjectival verbs generally lose their comparative meaning.

Zhèige yě piányi.              This one is cheap too.

Zhèige bù piányi.               This one isn’t cheap.

When no other adverb is appropriate, an adjectival verb may be made noncomparative by the addition of an unstressed hen. Since its function is simply to show that the verb is not comparative, it does not have the emphatic sense of stressed hen or English "very."

Eng is actually pronounced /ng/, or like the nasal uh in "uh-huh."

• 6. C: Zhèi liǎngge xuésheng, neige Which of these two students is hǎo?                           better?

D: Sīmǎ Xìn hǎo.                   Sīmǎ Xìn is better.

Note on No. 6

Zhèi liǎngge xuesheng, neige hǎo? Compare this Chinese sentence with an English translation:

In both English and Chinese, the items being compared begin the sentence, in topic position. This word order is required in Chinese but is somewhat unusual in English.

Notes on No. 7

Dà yìdiǎnrde: An adjectival verb used in a comparison is often followed hy the word yìdiǎn(r): dà yìdiǎnr, "larger hy a little hit." Notice that the marker -de comes at the end of the modifying phrase: dà yìdiǎnrde, "one that is larger by a little bit," but that the modified noun which would follow is omitted.

Kàn: The verb kàn means "to look at." Nín kàn, therefore, can simply mean "Look." Often, however, kàn is used to express an opinion and is best translated as "in your/my/his/her view" or, even more idiomatically, by the verb "think."

Nín kàn, huāpíng Jiù zài nàr. Look, the vase is right over there.

Wǒ kàn zhèige huāpíng tài guì. I think this vase is too expensive.

Zhèige zenmeyàng? does not contain the verb shi. Likewise, an answer to this question would not include shi. Compare the Chinese and English versions of these sentences:

This large one is really nice looking.

Note on No. 9

Ba: You have learned, that ha can he used, as the marker for a question which expresses supposition about an answer, requiring confirmation from the listener: Nǐ shi Wèi Shàoxiào ha? "You are Major Weiss, aren’t you?" In exchange 9> ha is used as the marker for a tentative statement or imperative. The marker ha makes statements less certain and requests less hlunt. Like ma, ha is always placed at the end of a sentence.

Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary

Colors: Adjectival verbs of color behave somewhat differently than other adjectival verbs, such as guì and dà. To say in Chinese that something is a certain color, such as blue, you say that it is "a blue one."

Zhèige huāpíng shi lande.      This vase is blue.

Nèiběn shū shi hēide.          That book is black.

Adjectival verbs: As you learned in BIO, adjectival verbs are state verbs and as such can be made negative only with bù. If the marker le is used in a sentence whose verb is adjectival, the marker is new-situation le. (See BIO, Unit 8, Reference Notes on Nos. 7-8.)

Zuòtiān wǒ kanle hen duō       Yesterday I saw a lot of vases,

huāpíng. Dōu bu guì.          None of them were expensive.

Nǐde háizi hen gāo le!         Your son is tall now!

Like many other state verbs, adjectival verbs may become process verbs. When this happens, the verb meaning is often changed. (See BIO, Unit 8, Reference Notes on No. 9-)

Wǒde yǔsan jiù le.             My umbrella has become old.

Tiān hēi le.                   The sky has become black (has

darkened).

Jiù is the verb "to be old," "to be used," "to be worn," as opposed to xin, "to be new." Jiù is not used to mean old in years, or aged.²

Ǎi is the verb "to be short (in stature)," as opposed to gāo, "to be tall." Ái is not used to mean "short in length."³

Nánkàn, "to be ugly," literally, "to be hard to look at": This is a very blunt way to describe unattractiveness.

VOCABULARY BOOSTER

DRILLS

A. Expansion Drill

(Here is a new expression you will need in this exercise: nèibǎ yǔsǎn, "that umbrella")

1. Speaker: Qǐng ni gěi wo nèige You: Qǐng ni gěi wo kànkan nèige huāpíng.                         huāpíng.

(Please give me that            (Please give me that vase to

vase.)                           look at.)

guide.                               hǎo ma?

• 7. Qǐng ni gěi wo kànkan nèi liǎngge piǎnyide.

  Nèi liǎngge piǎnyide dōu gěi wo kànkan, hǎo ma?

  
  

C. Response Drill

1. Speaker; Qǐng ni gěi wo kànkan. (cues) lǎn, hǎi

(Please give it to me to look at.)

huāpíng, yǔsǎn

7. Qǐng ni gěi wo kànkan. dìtú, zìdiǎn

You: Něige? Nèige lǎnde, hǎishi nèige hǎide?

(Which one? That blue one or that white one?)

Něige? Nèige lǎnde, hǎishi nèige

lude?

Něige? Nèige hongde, hǎishi nèige huǎngde?

Něige? Nèige dàde, hǎishi nèige xiǎode?

Něige? Nèige guide, hǎishi nèige piǎnyide?

Něige? Nèige huāpíng, hǎishi nèige yǔsǎn?

Něige? Nèige dìtú, hǎishi nèige zìdiǎn?

• D. Expansion Drill

• 1. Speaker: Lǎnde tài guì le. (cue) hong

(The blue one is too expensive.)

• 2. Lude tài guì le.    bǎi

• 3. Dàde tài guì le.    xiǎo

U. Dà píngguǒ tài guì le. xiǎo pingguff

5. Nèige tài guì le. zhèige

You: Lǎnde tài guì le. Wǒ mǎi hongde ba.

(The blue one is too expensive. I’ll buy the red one, I guess.)

Lude tài guì le. Wǒ mǎi bǎide ba.

Dàde tài guì le. Wǒ mǎi xiǎode ba.

Dà píngguǒ tài guì le. Wǒ mǎi xiǎo píngguǒ ba.

Nèige tài guì le. Wǒ mǎi zhèige ba.

You: Hongde piányi yìdiǎnr. Wǒ mǎi hongde ha.

(The red one is a little cheaper.

I’ll huy the red one, I guess.)

Lánde piányi yìdiǎnr. Wǒ mǎi lánde ba.

Huángde piányi yìdiǎnr. Wǒ mǎi huángde ba.

Xiǎode piányi yìdiǎnr. Wǒ mǎi xiǎode ba.

Lude piányi yìdiǎnr. Wǒ mǎi lude ba.

Báide piányi yìdiǎnr. Wǒ mǎi báide ba.

Zhèige piányi yìdiǎnr. Wǒ mǎi zhèige ba.

F. Transformation Drill

• 1. Speaker: Zhèi liǎngběn shū shi wǒde.

(cue) hǎo

(These two books are mine.)

• 2. Zhèi liǎngkuài féizào shi wǒde. piányi

• 3. Zhèi liǎngzhāng dìtú shi wǒde. guì

U. Zhèi liǎngbǎ yǔsǎn shi wǒde. hǎokàn

You; Zhèi liǎngběn shū, něiběn hǎo? (Which of these two books is better?)

Zhèi liǎngkuài féizào, něikuài piányi?

Zhèi liǎngzhāng dìtú, něizhāng guì?

Zhèi liǎngbǎ yǔsǎn, něibǎ hǎokàn?

• 5. Zhèi liǎngge xuésheng shi wǒde. hǎo

• 6. Zhèi liǎngběn zìdiǎn shi wǒde. hǎo

Zhèi liǎngge xuésheng, neige hǎo?

Zhèi liǎngběn zìdiǎn, neiběn hǎo?

• 7. Zhèi liǎngfèn bào shi wǒde. guì

Zhèi liǎngfèn bào, neifèn guì?

G. Expansion Drill

• 1. Speaker: Zhèige tài guì le.

(This one is too expensive . )

• 2. - Zhèiběn tài xiǎo le.

• 3. Zhèizhāng tài dà le.

U. Zhèipíng tài xiǎo le.

• 5. Zhèige tài dà le.

• 6. Zhèibǎ tài guì le.

• 7. Zhèikuài tài dà le.

You; Zhèige tài guì le. Nǐ you pianyi yìdiǎnrde ma?

(This one is too expensive. Do you have one a little cheaper?)

Zhèiběn tài xiǎo le. Nǐ you dà yìdiǎnrde ma?

Zhèizhāng tài dà le. Nǐ you xiǎo yìdiǎnrde ma?

Zhèipíng tài xiǎo le. Nǐ you dà yìdiǎnrde ma?

Zhèige tài dà le. Nǐ you xiǎo yìdiǎnrde ma?

Zhèibǎ tài guì le. Nǐ you piǎnyi yìdiǎnrde ma?

Zhèikuài tài dà le. Nǐ you xiǎo yìdiǎnrde ma?

• H. Response Drill

• 1. Speaker: Zhèige dàde hǎokàn ma? (Is this large one nice looking?)

• 2. Nèige xiǎode hǎokàn ma?

• 3. Zhèige lǎnde guì ma?

• 4. Nèibǎ yǔsǎn hǎokàn ma?

You: Zhèige dàde zhēn hǎokàn.

(This large one is really nice looking.)

Nèige xiǎode zhēn hǎokàn.

Zhèige lǎnde zhēn guì.

Nèibǎ yǔsǎn zhēn hǎokàn.

• 5. Zhèige huāpíng dà ma?

• 6. Nèizhāng Zhōngguo dìtú hǎokàn ma?

• 7. Zhèiběn zìdiǎn guì ma?

Zhèige huāpíng zhēn dà.

Nèizhāng Zhōngguo dìtú zhēn hǎokàn

Zhèiběn zìdiǎn zhēn guì.

I. Response Drill

• 1. Speaker; Něige hǎokàn?

(Which one is better looking?)

OR Nèige hǎokàn ma?

(is that one nice looking?)

• 2. Něiběn pianyi?

• 3. Nèiběn pianyi ma?

• U. Něibǎ guì?

5. Nèibǎ dàde guì ma?

6. Neizhāng hǎo?

You: Zhèige hǎokàn yìdiǎnr.

(This one is a little better looking.)

Nèige zhēn hǎokàn.

(That one is really nice looking.)

Zhèiben pianyi yìdiǎnr.

Nèiběn zhēn pianyi.

Zhèibǎ guì yìdiǎnr.

Nèibǎ dàde zhēn guì.

Zhèizhāng hǎo yìdiǎnr.

• 5. Nín kàn zhèiběn zázhì zěnmeyàng? Hǎo, wǒ mǎi zhèiběn. Zhēn hǎokàn.

• 6. Nín kàn nèige huāpíng zěnmeyàng? Hǎo, wǒ mǎi nèige. Zhēn hǎo.

• 7. Nín kàn zhèibǎ yǔsǎn zěnmeyàng? Hǎo, wǒ mǎi zhèibǎ. Zhēn hǎo.

K. Response Drill

1. Speaker: Nín yào jǐge?

(cue) èr

(How many do you want?)

Have all your household things arrived?

Some have arrived, and some haven’t arrived yet.

Have you read these magazines?

Some of these magazines I’ve read, and some I haven’t read yet.

Yesterday I bought some dishes.

What did you buy?

I bought rice bowls.

How many did you buy?

I bought ten rice bowls and ten large plates.

What color are those dishes?

They’re blue ones.

Oh, I like blue ones too.

Where were they bought?

They were bought at the First Company.

The things^they sell are really nice.

Some of the dishes they sell are really beautiful. But they are a little expensive.

All those dishes I bought were not too expensive. I didn’t buy the expensive ones.

Writing auspicious characters on red. paper at Chinese New Year’s. People "buy these decorations to hang on doors.

VOCABULARY

(introduced on P-2 tape)

tea (literally, "tea leaves")

REFERENCE NOTES

1. A: Nǐ jiālide dōngxi dōu dào le ma?

B: Yǒude dào le, yǒude hái méi dào.

2. C: Zhèxie zázhì, nǐ kàn le ma? D: Zhèxie zázliì, yǒude wǒ kàn le, yǒude wǒ hái méi kàn.

Have all your household things arrived?

Some have arrived, and some haven't arrived yet.

Have you read these magazines?

Some of these magazines I've read, and some I haven't read yet.

Notes on Nos. 1-2

Yǒude: Like its English equivalent "some," yǒude may he used either with the noun it modifies, as in yǒude dōngxi, "some things," or hy itself, when the noun it modifies is obvious from the context.

Neither yǒude nor a noun modified by that word can follow the verb. When yǒude is the grammatical object of the verb, it must precede the subject, in topic position.

The counter -xie is added to the specifiers zhè, "this," and nà, "that," to make the plural specifiers zhèxie, "these," and nàxie, "those." These plural specifiers are used only when the number of items is not mentioned. "These apples" is zhèxie píngguǒ, but "these TWO apples" is zhè liǎngge píngguǒ, without the -xie.

In zhèxie zázhì, -xie acts as a counter for an indefinite number of items. You might think of the phrase as meaning "a bunch of."

Zhèxie zázhì, yǒude...: In the last sentence in exchange 2, youde is the topic of wǒ kàn le and wǒ hái mei kàn. Zhèxie zázhì, "these magazines," is the topic of the whole sentence, naming the set of items from which "some" were selected.

Notes on Nos. 3-5

The noun zuótiān, "yesterday," is a time word. Time words are placed before or after the subject but always before the verb. In No. 3, zuótiān appears in the topic position, before the subject, instead of directly before the verb.

Adverbs such as yě, "also"; hái, "still"; zhǐ, "only"; and jiù, "only" also precede verbs. But these words cannot be placed before the subject.

He wasn’t here yesterday.

I didn’t read the paper yesterday.

He is also coming.

Le: The sentences in No. 3 and No. 5 focus on how many items the sentence object refers to. Such sentences have AMOUNT OBJECTS. In sentences with amount objects, completion le immediately follows the verb. This rule applies likewise to duration sentences * which involve AMOUNTS of time.

Wǒ mǎile shíge fànwǎn.         I bought ten rice bowls.

Wǒ zhùle shíge yuè.            I stayed ten months.

New-situation le may be added to both examples, with the meaning "so far."

Wǒ mǎile shíge fànfǎn le.      I have bought ten rice bowls (so far).

Wǒ zhùle shíge yuè le.          I have stayed ten months (so far).

The sentences in exchange U focus on WHAT the sentence object refers to, not on how many. Such sentences have NONAMOUNT OBJECTS. In sentences with nonamount objects, completion le follows the object at the end of the sentence.

Duōshao, or jǐge, and yìdiǎn are amount objects, since they ask or answer "how many."

Nǐ mǎile duōshao/jǐge?         How many did you buy?

Wǒ mǎile yìdiǎn.               I bought a little.

Shenme is a nonamount object, since it asks "what."

Nǐ mǎi shenme le?              What did you buy?

To some speakers, the question and answer Nǐ mǎile shenme? Wǒ mǎile fànwǎn are acceptable.

Variation in speech: Individual variations in language usage among speakers of Chinese always seem to be a headache for students. You may have already heard your teachers say "This way is right, but that way is right too." In writing this course, the practice has been not to give only one "right" way to say things but rather to point out major differences in usage that you are likely to find.

Chinese speakers with different backgrounds and experience frequently have varying opinions about what is acceptable speech, sometimes feeling quite strongly about what is "correct." There will inevitably be instances when even two of your teachers disagree about the acceptable way to express a thought. In such cases, the social differences in the situations which the teachers are envisioning would probably make different speech appropriate in each situation.

Rather than trying to find "the right way" to say something, try to associate the different ways of expressing a thought with their social contexts. AND, adjust your speech to the people you are speaking with. In this way, you will learn as much as possible, and your speech will be accepted by a wide range of people.

6. A: Nàxie panziwǎn' shi shénme yǎnsède?

B: Shi lande.

A: A, wo yē xǐhuan lande.

Note on No. 6

Shi lǎnde: In English, you would probably describe the color of the dishes by saying "They’re blue." In Chinese, you say "They’re blue ones," shi lǎnde, turning the color word into a noun by adding the marker -de. Notice that the question uses the same pattern:

Where were they bought?

They were bought at the First

Company.

Notes on No. 7

Shénme,dìfang means, literally, "what place." This expression is often used instead of nǎr or nǎli when asking about a specific location.

Shi zài shénme dìfang mǎide? is translated into English with a passive verb: "were bought." The sentence must be translated this way because no subject is mentioned—the sentence does not state who did the buying. In Chinese, the verb form remains the same whether or not the subject is mentioned.

- Sr**-" A A-                .

8. B: Tāmen màide dōngxi zhēn hǎo. The things they sell are really nice.

Note on No. 8

Tāmen màide dōngxi: This noun phrase consists of a noun, dōngxi, "things," preceded hy the clause which modifies it, tāmen màide, "(which) they sell."

In Chinese, modifying clauses, like all other modifiers, precede the element which is modified. In English, modifying clauses follow the modified element often beginning with "who," "which," "that," and so on.

Tā shuōde huà wǒ dōu hù dong. I don’t understand anything he says.

Tā xiēde zì zhēn haokàn.       The characters he writes are really

beautiful.

Nǐ mǎide píngguǒ hen piányi. The apples that you bought are really cheap.

Tā xiěde shū wǒ hen xiǎng kàn. I really want to read the book which he wrote.

Note on Nos. 10-11

Nǐde zhège chabēi, wǒ mǎide nàxie pánziwǎn: Possessives always precede specifiers in Chinese, and modifying clauses usually precede specifiers. This is the opposite of English word order for the same elements. Compare:

The Shanghai Friendship Store features Chinese antiques.

(NOTE: Arabic numerals are in general use throughout China.)

VOCABULARY BOOSTER

Things in a Classroom

calendar 'by the day

"by the month by the year chair chalk chalkboard chalkboard eraser

desk

desk lamp

eraser (pencil)

globe

map

notebook (bound pages) notebook (loose-leaf) notes

pencil sharpener

ruler

stapler student

table

teacher textbook

typeìíriter

rìlì yuèlì niánlì yǐzi fěnbǐ hēibǎn (hēi)bancā(r)

xiězìtái, shūzhuō(r) táidēng

xiàngpí

dìqiúyí

dìtú

bǐj ìběn(r) huoyejiāzi

bǐjì

zhuànbǐdāo

chǐzi

dìngshūj ī xuésheng

zhuōzi laoshī kèběn(r) jiàokēshū dǎzìjī

DRILLS

A. Transformation Drill

• 1. Speaker: Nèige dōngxi dào le ma? (Has that thing arrived?)

• 2. Nèibǎ yǐzi lai le ma?

• 3. Nèige shūjiàzi dào le ma?

• U. Nèihěn shū dào le ma?

• 5. Nèizhāng dìtú lai le ma?

• 6. Nèihěn zìdiǎn dào le ma?

• 7. Nèihěn zǎzhì lai le ma?

You: Nèixie dōngxi dōu dào le ma?

(Have all these things arrived?

Nèixie yǐzi dōu lai le ma?

Nèixie shūjiàzi dōu dào le ma?

Nèixie shū dōu dào le ma?

Nèixie dìtú dōu lai le ma?

Nèixie zìdiǎn dōu dào le ma?

Nèixie zǎzhì dōu lǎi le ma?

• B. Expansion Drill

• 1. Speaker: Dàde wo mei mǎi.

(I didn’t huy the hig ones.)

• 2. Nèixie shū wǒ mei kàn.

• 3. Lǎnde wǒ mei mǎi.

• H. Nèixie shū wǒ mei niàn.

• 5. Xiǎode wǒ mei mài.

• 6. Zhèixie dìtǎn wǒ mei mǎi.

• 7. Dà zhuōzi wǒ mei mǎi.

You: Dàde wǒ dōu mei mǎi.

(I didn’t huy any of the hig ones.)

Nèixie shū wǒ dōu mei kàn.

Lǎnde wǒ dōu mei mǎi.

Nèixie shū wǒ dōu mei niàn.

Xiǎode wǒ dōu mei mài.

Zhèixie dìtǎn wǒ dōu mei mǎi.

Dà zhuōzi wǒ dōu mei mǎi.

C. Response Drill

• 1. Speaker: Nǐ jiālide dōngxi dōu dào le ma?

(Have all your household things arrived?)

You: Yǒude dào le, yǒude hǎi mei dào. (Some have arrived, and some . haven’t arrived yet.)

• 2. Nèixie zázhì nǐ dōu kàn le ma?

• 3. Nǐde pángyou dōu lai le ma?

U. Nèixie dìtǎn nǐ dōu mài le ma?

• 5. Zhèixie shū nǐ dōu niàn le ma?

• 6. Nǐmen háizi dōu zǒu le ma?

• 7. Nèixie shūjiàzi nǐ dōu mài le ma?

Yǒude kàn le, youde hai mei kàn.

Yōude lai le, yǒude hai mei lai.

Yǒude mài le, yǒude hai mei mài.

Yǒude niàn le, yǒude hai mei niàn

Yǒude zǒu le, yǒude hai mei zǒu.

Yǒude mài le, yǒude hai mei mài.

• D. Response Drill

• 1. Speaker: Nǐ jiālide dōngxi dōu dào le ma?