Unit 11 EIN WOCHENTAG Basic Sentences Notes to the Basic Sentences 1 Germans do not say: "this afternoon, this evening" but, literally, "today afternoon, today evening". Heute occurs in phrases with any of the words for the general time of day: heute morgen, heute mittag, etc. 2 Both das Haar and the plural die Haare are used in German, whereas we use only the singular form "hair" in English. 3 The infinitives gehen and fahren are often omitted with the auxiliary verbs müssen, können, mochte(n), dürfen, sollen and wollen when the idea of motion is clearly indicated by the rest of the sentence. 4 As a sign of respect, both in direct address and in referring to a third person Germans use Herr plus the person's title: Herr Doktor, Herr Konsul, Herr Kollege, Herr Wachtmeister, Herr Ober, Herr Professor, etc. 5 In an office situation Germans usually say: Er will ihn sprechen or Ich möchte Sie sprechen, with an accusative form. In a social situation they more often say: Er will mit ihm sprechen or Ich möchte mit Ihnen sprechen, with the preposition mit and a dative form. 6 In English the choice of "this evening" or "tonight" depends on the formality of the situation in which the speaker finds himself. Both expressions indicate the period roughly from dinnertime to bed-time. Germans always say heute abend, however, in referring to this period of time. Notes on Grammar (For Home Study) A. VERB FORMS IN FAMILIAR SPEECH I. German has three different words for you. Wollen Sie nicht Platz nehmen, Won't you sit down, Mr. Allen? Herr Allen? Maria, du kennst doch Herrn Maria, you know Mr. Becker, don't you? Becker, nicht wahr? Geht ihr hin? Are you going? The different words for you in German indicate different situations and different social relationships. Sie indicates a formal relationship between the speaker and the person or persons addressed. There is no distinction between singular and plural. Du indicates a familiar or intimate relationship, but where only one person is addressed. Ihr indicates that two or more people are being addressed with whom the speaker is on familiar or intimate terms. Outside of the family circle itself the familiar forms are used only with very close friends. Most Germans regard this relationship in a very special light and do not enter into it lightly after childhood years. The use of the familiar du and ihr forms is very much more restricted among Germans than the use of first names among Americans, for instance. The familiar forms are used by all adults in talking to children below the age of puberty, however. They are also used with animals and in addressing the deity. II. New verb forms are also used with the familiar words for you. 1. The form of the verb with du is found from the er-form in the following ways: a. In verbs whose er-form ends in -t, the final -t is replaced by -st. er komm-t er fähr-t er ha-t er arbeit-e-t er find-e-t du komm-st du fähr-st du ha-st du arbeit-e-st du find-e-st Notice that the connecting vowel -e- is generally retained in the du-form when it occurs in the er-form (after -d- or -t-), although it is sometimes lost in rapid speech. Remember that final -b or -g in er-form stems have the sounds of final Z P J or ZXJ7 • er gib-t "gip-t" er leg-t "lek-t" du gib-st "gip-st" du leg-st ”lek-st" b- In verbs whose er-form ending -t is preceded by -s- or -z-, the -sof the du-form ending is lost, so that in these cases the du-form turns out to be identical with the er-form. er lies-t er läss-t er sitz-t er heiss-t er vergiss-t du lies-t du läss-t du sitz-t du heiss-t du vergiss-t c. In verbs whose er-form does not end in -t, -st is added. er will er kann er soll er darf er möchte du will-st du kann-st du soll-st du darf-st du möchte-st Note however that the -s- of the du-form ending is lost after a preceding -s-. er muss er weiss du musä-t du weiss-t d. The following du- and er-forms show irregularities. er ist er wird er hält du bist du wirst du hältst 2. The form of the verb with ihr is arrived at as follows: a. The -en ending of the wir-form is replaced by -t in most verbs. wir komm-en wir les-en wir müss-en wir besuch-en wir arbeit-en ihr komm-t ihr les-t ihr imiss-t ihr besuch-t ihr arbeit-e-t Notice that a connecting vowel appears here also after -d- or -t-. Remember that stems ending in -b or -g will have the sounds £b_7 and £g_J7 in the wir-form before the endinq -en, but will have the sounds fP 7 and in the ihr-form before the ending -t'. wir geb-en "geb-en“ wir trag-en ”trag-en" ihr geb-t "gep-t" ihr trag-t "trak-t" b. There is one irregular form. wir sind ihr seid III. There are three COMMAND or IMPERATIVE forms in German corresponding to the three words for you. 1. In situations where the word for you is Sie the COMMAND form consists of. the verb form ending in -en followed by the pronoun Sie. Grüssen Sie bitte Ihre Please give my regards to Mrs. Allen. Frau Gemahlin. Herr Ober, bringen Sie W&iter, please bring me calves' liver mir bitte Kalbsleber mit with mashed potatoes and apple sauce. Kartoffelpüree und Apfelmus . Note that the Sie-COMMAND form of the verb sein is irregular: Seien Sie ruhig'. Be quiet'. 2. In situations where the word for you is ihr the COMMAND form consists of the ihr-form of the verb alone, with no pronoun following. Kommt doch heute abend Do come over and see us tonight*, zu uns'. Vergesst eure Bücher Don* t forget your booikst nicht*. Seid bitte uin vier Uhr Be at our house at four o'clock, now', bei uns! 3. In situations where the word for you is du a special COMMAND form is used with no pronoun following. a. For the majority of German verbs this special COMMAND form is the same as the infinitive or wir-for STEM, that is, the infinitive or wir-form minus the ending -en. Beeil* dich, Klaus'- Hurry up, Klaus'. Lass dir die Haare Get your hair cut. schneiden. Lauf', damit du nicht Run, so you won't be late, zu spät kommst. Hol' mich dort um eins Pick me up there at one. ab. This COMMAND form alternatively has an ending -e which is often written or is indicated in the writing system by an apostrophe as above but is not spoken by most Germans. Beeile dich. Hole mich in einer Stunde ab. b. For a few verbs the COMMAND form regularly has the ending -e added to the infinitive or wir-form stem. These are verbs whose stems end in -t or -d or in an unstressed syllable. Entschuldige, dass ich Excuse me for disturbing you. störe. Arbeite nicht so viell Don't work so much'. c. In verbs like sprechen and lesen whose STEM sometimes has the vowel -e-and sometimes -i- (or -ie-) the COMMAND form is the same as the du-form STEM, that is, the du-form minus the ending -st (or -t). Vergiss dein Frühstücks- Don't folget your lunch, brot nicht. Nimm doch bitte auch den Take the blue one along too, please, blauen mit. Lies den ganzen Artikel. Read the whole article. d. The verb sein has an irregular COMMAND form. Sei bitte um vier Uhr Be at our house at four o'clock, now. be i uns. B. PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE WORDS IN FAMILIAR SPEECH I. The three forms of the pronouns used in familiar, or intimate speech are as follows: Nominative du ihr Accusative dich euch Dative dir euch We have seen how they are used in some of the basic sentences; here are a few additional examples: Wie geht es Ihnen, Herr How are you, Mr. Becker? Becker? Wie geht es dir, Klaus? How are you, Klaus? Na, Klaus und Gerhard, wie Well, Klaus and Gerhard, how are you? geht es euch? Beeilen Sie sich'. Beeil' dich'. Hurry up'. Beeilt euch'. Lassen Sie sich die Haare schneiden. Lass dir die Haare schneiden. Get your hair cut. Lasst euch die Haare schneiden. Ich hole Sie dort um eins ab. Ich hole dich dort um eins ab. I'll pick you up there at one. Ich hole euch dort um eins ab. Darf ich mit Ihnen mitfahren? Darf ich mit dir mitfahren? May I go along with you? Darf ich mit euch mitfahren? II. The possessive words that go with du and ihr are dein and euer. Like the other possessive words (see Unit 4") they are ein-type specifiers and have the following forms: with with with with der-nouns das-nouns die-nouns plural nouns Nominative dein dein deine deine Accusative deinen dein deine deine Dative deinem deinem deiner deinen Genitive deines deines deiner deiner Nominative euer euer eure eure Accusative euren euer eure eure Dative eurem eurem eurer euren Genitive eures eures eurer eurer Note that the forms of dein correspond exactly to the forms of mein, sein, etc., as given in Unit TI Note also that euer has a shorter form eur-before endings. III. The familiar possessive words may occur in any of the ein-type specifier sequences and also, in the special forms noted in Unit 4, standing alone when the noun is understood. Hast du dein Frühstücksbrot? Ich will deinen grauen Anzug reinigen lassen. Kannst du auch meine Oberhemden mitnhemn, wenn du deine in die Wäscherei bringst? Das ist mein Pullover. Wo ist deiner? Könnten wir in eurem Wagen mitfahren? Wollt ihr eure Sommeranzüge auch reinigen lassen? Das ist aber ein schöner Wagen1. Ist das eurer? C. THE AUXILIARY VERB LASSEN The auxiliary verb lassen occurs in verb phrases with an infinitive, just as können, müssen, werden, etc. (see Units 2, 3 & 9)• English has a similar verb phrase with a form of the verbs have or get and a participle. Lass dir auch die Haare Get your hair cut, too. schneiden. Lassen Sie diesen Artikel Have this article translated, please, doch bitte übersetzen. Ich lasse heute nachmittag I'm getting my shoes soled this meine Schuhe besohlen. afternoon. Weisst du, wo Klaus seine Do you know where Klaus has his suits Anzüge reinigen lässt? cleaned? D. COMPLEX VERB PHRASES Most of the verb phrases encountered hitherto have consisted of two parts: an auxiliary verb and an infinitive (like the examples with lassen above) or a verb and an accented adverb (Hol1 mich um eins ab). Some examples of verb phrases containing both an accented adverb and an infinitive have also occurred (ich werde meinen Mantel anziehen). In this unit we now have an example of a verb phrase consisting of three parts: Ich will deinen grauen Anzug I want to have your grey suit cleaned. reinigen lassen. Here the auxiliary \/erb (will)has occurred together with a second auxiliary verb in the infinitive form (lassen) plus the infinitive (reinigen). Let us examine some additional examples of COMPLEX VERB PHRASES: Ich werde leider nicht vor Unfortunately I won't be able to come acht Uhr kommen können. before eight o'clock. Herr Schneider soli ausge- Mr. Schneider is supposed to be an zeichnet Ski laufen können. excellent skier. Ich werde spätestens um halb I'11 have to leave at half past three vier abfahren müssen. at the latest. Wollen Sie sich die Haare Do you want to have your hair cut? schneiden lassen? Note that When two infinitives stand together in this way the auxiliary infinitive is always last. E. DERIVATIVE NOUNS In German as in English a number of nouns can be formed from other words (verbs, adjectives, other nouns), usually by the addition of a noun-forming suffix. Examples are such words as print-ing, good-ness, friend-ship. practical-ity. The process is not indiscriminate or automatic, however, and only certain words lend themselves to it. 1. The simplest formation consists in the use of the infinitive as a noun. Note that it is always a das-noun. The English equivalent may be either the -ing form of the verb (used as a noun) or a related noun or in some cases a completely different word. essen to eat das Essen,- food, meal einrichten to arrange das Einrichten the act of arranging aussehen to look, appear das Aussehen appearance schreiben to write das Schreiben,- writing ( as a skill), official letter wissen to know das Wissen knowing (about something), knowledge Form nouns from the following infinitives and give their English equivalents: gehen rauchen können reinigen sprechen treffen leben denken 2. There are a number of examples of a die-word formed from a der-word by the addition of the suffix -in. These words all designate the feminine counterpart of the masculine word. Compare the English suffixes -ess and -lXi actr-ess. aviatr-ix. der Gemahl husband die Gemahlin,-nen wife (very (very formal) formal) der Sekretär secretary die Sekretärin,-nen secretary (man) (woman) der Freund friend (man) die Freundin,-nen friend (woman) der Amerikaner American die Amerikanerin,-nen American (woman) 3« Die-words are formed from many infinitives by substitution of the suffix -unq for the ending -en. besorgen to attend to die Besorgung,-en errand wohnen to live, die Wohnung,-en apartment dwell bestellen to order die Bestellung,-en the order ordnen to put in die Ordnung order, order neatness stellen to put, place die Stellung,-en position Form nouns of this type from the following infinitives and give their English equivalents: stören verbinden verzeihen vorstellen zahlen bezahlen 4. Der-words are formed from many infinitives by substituting the suffix -er for the ending -en. Notice that these nouns all designate persons. A very few words have umlaut of the stem vowel with this suffix. arbeiten to work der Arbeiter,- worker mieten to rent der Mieter,- tenant, lessee schreiben to write der Schreiber,- clerk,scribe verkaufen (") to sell der Verkäufer,- sales clerk Form nouns from the following infinitives and give their English equivalents: besuchen denken fahren finden hören kaufen ('') laufen (") lesen rauchen trinken übersetzen vermieten 5. Die-words are formed from many adjectives by the addition of suffixes -heit or -keit. These suffixes thus work like English -ness, -ity, etc. a. With suffix -heit: schön beautiful die Schönheit,-en beauty rein pure die Reinheit,-en purity mehr more die Mehrheit,-en majority Form nouns from the following adjectives and give their English equivalents: berühmt bestimmt einfach unbestimmt b. With suffix -keit: ähnlich similar die Ähnlichkeit,-en similarity möglich possible die Möglichkeit,-en possibility richtig correct die Richtigkeit correctness Form nouns from the following adjectives and give their English equivalents: gemütlich langsam natürlich sauber wahrscheinlich wichtig wirklich zufällig 6. Die-words are formed from certain other nouns by the addition of the suffix -schaft. This suffix works like English -hood and -ship. Some words have umlaut of the stem vowel with this suffix, and some nouns lose a final -e. ZWEIHUNDERTDREIUNDNEUNZIG 325-274 0-80-20 der Bruder (’’) brother die Brüderschaft,-en brotherhood der Bote messenger die Botschaft,-en message; embassy der Herr gentleman die Herrschaften (pl) ladies and gentlemen der Ort place die Ortschaft,-en locality Form nouns from the following nouns and give their English equivalents: Bekannte Freund Nachbar Vater Verwandte