Unit 7 BEIM EINRICHTEN Basic Sentences Notes to the Basic Sentences 1 The infinitive form of many verbs can be used as a noun in German. It is always a das-noun. English has similar nouns, like playing, working. speaking, etc., but often uses the infinitive in equivalent sentences. 2 This adjective always has an ending of some kind, in this case the ending that the specifier-adjective-noun sequence den anderen Zimmern requires. There is no endingless citation form, but regular adjective endings are added to the stem ander-. 3 The verb stellen "to put" is complemented either by a prepositional phrase such as an die Wand or by the word hin. It does not occur without a complement, however. 4 This is actually the same verb as was encountered in Unit 4 in the form es passt mir "it suits me, it's convenient for me" and as occurs later on in this unit with the preposition zu, meaning "to match, to go (with)". Because of the divergent English equivalents in different situations the verb is listed separately each time. In this sentence the implication is that the table will end up in front of the two chairs when it has been put there; in its grammatical Influence on the syntactic environment (vor die beiden Sessel, accusative) it is equivalent to the verb stellen "to put". 5 The verb sich setzen "to sit down" is usually complemented by a prepositional phrase such as an den Tisch or by the word hin. Notes on Pronunciation A. Vowels in Syllables Not Having Primary Stress Up to now we have given our attention to the vowels occurring In stressed syllables. Most of the items presented for pronunciation practice have been one or two syllables in length, although German words of six or more syllables occur. While only one syllable receives primary stress, vowels in syllables not having primary stress retain the same sound quality and length which they have when stressed. Practice the following words with your instructor, making sure that your imitation of all vowel sounds in each word is accurate: Practice 1 Umweg Amerika Konsulat Autobus Museum Amerikanerin Schreibmaschine politisch Universität Heimatstadt Verabredung Sekretärin Wiedersehen Spaziergang Bibliothek B. Review Continuing the review of difficult pronunciation features begun in Unit 6 here are two troublesome vowel contrasts: short -a- and short -o-, and long -i-and long -e-: Practice 2 Kasten - kosten sieht - seht lachen - lochen Wiesen - Wesen Tanne - Tonne liegen - legen An important and often difficult consonant contrast is that between the lch-or ach-sounds on the one hand and the k-sound on the other: Practice 3 Augenblick - wahrscheinlich backen - machen sickert - sichert Doktor - Tochter direkt - recht Akt - acht drückte - Süchte druckt - Sucht The following items provide additional practice in post-vocalic r_ and post-vocalic Practice 4 Tier wird viel hilft für mehr Herz Mehl Welt führt Paar hart mal halb höher vor Dorf wohl Golf hört Kur Durst Pfuhl Schuld The following provides review in the practice of pre-vocalic r: Practice 5 Papiere zufrieden höre leere reden Grösse Jahre rauchen führe bohre Büro berühmt Fuhre rufen grüsse Notes on Grammar (For Home Study) A. ADJECTIVES - THE ADJECTIVE-NOUN SEQUENCE I. In Unit 6 we discussed attributive adjectives in specifier-adject.ive-noun sequences. Attributive adjectives are not always preceded by specifiers however; they also occur in ADJECTIVE-NOUN sequences. Note the following examples from the basic sentences of this and preceding units: Amerikanisches General- American Consulate General, konsulat. Ich muss einige Geschäfts- I have to write some business letters, briefe schreiben. ja, mit so grossem Kühl- Yes, with such a large refrigerator schrank und kombiniertem and combination gas and electric Gas- und Elektroherd range. II. Attributive adjectives in ADJECTIVE-NOUN sequences ALWAYS HAVE ENDINGS. 1. The adjective endings are -e_, -em, -en, -er or -es: Nom Amerikanischer Tabak ist gut. Acc Ich rauche gern amerikanischen Tabak. Dat Ich rauche nur Zigaretten mit amerikanischem Tabak. Nom Hier ist deutsches Geld. Acc Haben Sie deutsches Geld? Dat Was können wir hier mit deutschem Geld tun? Nom Ist das hier gute Tinte? Acc Hier haben Sie gute Tinte. Dat Mit guter Tinte kann man gut schreiben. Nom Hier sind qrosse Sessel. Acc Ich suche grosse Sessel. Dat Ich habe ein Wohnzimmer mit qrossen Sesseln. No genitive forms are listed for the ADJECTIVE-NOUN sequence, as they occur only very rarely. Note that the adjective endings of the nominative, accusative and dative forms correspond throughout to the endings of the der-type specifiers. H. Preceding adverbs or numerals do not affect the forms of the adjectives in ADJECTIVE-NOUN sequences: Die Männer bringen gerade The men are just bringing two big zwei grosse Kisten herauf. crates in. Heute ist wirklich schönes It's really nice weather today. Wetter . The noun is not always present in a sequence when it can be understood from the context. The form of the adjective is the same whether the noun is present or not: Haben Sie deutsches Geld? Do you have any German money? Nein, ich habe nur No, I only have American / money_/. amerikanisches. Brauchen Sie einen grossen Do you need a large rug for the Teppich für das Wohnzimmer? living-room? No, I'd like to have Nein, ich möchte zwei kle ine two small ones for the bedroom, für das Schlafzimmer haben. Trinken Sie lieber deutschen Do you like German or French wine oder französischen Wein? better? I like French wine_7 Ich trinke lieber better. französ isehen. Notice that we usually repeat the noun in English. 5» If there is more than one adjective in an ADJECTIVE-NOUN sequence, all have the same endings: Hier sind noch einige nette There are still some nice houses Häuser zu vermieten. for rent here. Eine Küche mit so vielen A kitchen with so many built-in eingebauten Schränken ist cupboards really is nice, doch schon. Trinken Sie gern gutes Do you like good German beer? deutsches Bier? III. Adjectives used as nouns often occur without a preceding specifier. 1. Their endings are the same as those outlined above: Ist sie Amerikanerin oder Is she an American or a German? Deutsche ? Sie sind Deutscher. nicht You're German, aren't you? wahr ? Ich wusste nicht, dass Ihre I didn't know that your wife has Frau hier Verwandte hat. relatives here. 2. Note that adjectives used as nouns may be preceded by other adjectives. Both then have the same ending: Ist sie deutsche Staats» Is she a German citizen? angehörige? Er ist amerikanischer He's an American official. Beamter. Meine Frau hat nette My wife has nice relatives in Berlin. Verwandte in Berlin. Wir haben gute Bekannte We have good friends in Frankfurt, in Frankfurt. 3. Note carefully the distinction in form between adjectives used as nouns when they are preceded by a specifier and when they are noti Das ist der amerikanische That's the American official. Beamte. Morgen besuchen wir die Tomorrow we're going to visit my netten Verwandten meiner wife's nice relatives in Berlin. Frau in Berlin. Wir treffen unsere guten We're meeting our good friends in Bekannten in Frankfurt. Frankfurt. IV. Adjectives in ADJECTIVE-NOUN sequences and in SPECIFIER-ADJECTIVE-NOUN sequences: 1. Compare the following sentences: Das ist guter That's good French wine. französischer Wein. Das ist ein guter That's a good French wine. französischer Wein. Wo ist der gute Where’s the good French wine? französische Wein? Das ist crutes deutsches That's good German dinnerware. Geschirr. Das ist ihr gutes That's her good German dinnerware. deutsches Geschirr. Wo ist das gute deutsche Where's the good German dinnerware? Geschirr? You will note that there is no difference in the form of adjectives in adjective-noun sequences and in sequences with the endingless ein-type specifiers. There _i£ a difference between the form of these adjectives and adjectives in a specifier-adjective-noun sequence where the specifier also has an ending. B. AN IRREGULAR ADJECTIVE - hoch I. The adjective hoch has occurred in this unit only as a predicate adjective: Die Mieten sind hier garnicht The rents here are not high at all. so hoch. II. As an attributive adjective the stem form hoh- with regular adjective endings occurs: Wir haben hier sehr hohe We have very high rents here. Mieten. Das ist ein ganz hohes That's quite a high apartment Etagenhaus. building. C. SUMMARY OF TWO-WAY PREPOSITIONS I. In Unit 3 it was noted that certain prepositions when followed by a dative form indicate where someone or something is to be found and when followed by an accusative form indicate where someone or something that is in motion is going to end up. We have now encountered the total inventory of TWO-WAY PREPOSITIONS, nine in all. Let us review some of the sentences in which they have occurred: Das Sofa können wir dort ari We can place the sofa over against the die Wand stellen. wall there. Die Steppdecken liegen auf The quilts are on our beds, unseren Betten. Wir haben einen grossen We have a big yard behind the house. Garten hinter dem Haus. Den Teppich legen wir _in We' 11 lay the carpet in the middle die Mitte des Zimmers. of the room. Rechts neben dem Schloss ist Next to the palace on the right is die Universität. the university. Das grosse Bild könnten wir We could hang the big picture above über das Sofa hängen. the sofa. Das Telephonbuch liegt dort The telephone book is there under the unter den Zeitungen. newspapers. Stellen wir den Schreibtisch Let's put the desk in front of the vor das grosse Fenster. big window. Stellen Sie die Lampe Put the lamp between the smoking zwischen den Rauchtisch und table and the bookcase, den Bücherschrank. 1. Note that there is a close link between the TWO-WAY PREPOSITION and the verbs in these sentences. In the sentences where a dative form follows the preposition verbs which indicate or describe a static situation occur: liegen. haben, ist. In the sentences where an accusative form follows the preposition verbs indicating action or motion occur: stellen, legen, hängen. 2. It is important to note however that two-way prepositions may be followed by an accusative form in a sentence where the verb by itself does not necessarily indicate motion. In association WITH THE ACCUSATIVE object of a two-way preposition the verb ALWAYS IMPLIES MOTION. Der Tisch passt gut vor The table fits the picture in front die beiden Sessel. of the two easy-chairs (and therefore should end up in that location). 3. Likewise a DATIVE FORM following a two-way preposition ALWAYS IMPLIES A STATIC RELATIONSHIP, nonchanging, even when the verb is a verb of action or motion: Das grosse Bild hängt dort The big picture is hanging there über dem Sofa. above the sofa. Das grosse Bild können wir We can hang the big picture above the über das Sofa hängen. sofa. D. VERBS - legen, liegen, stehen and stellen I. In English we generally use the forms "is" and "are" to describe the location of a person or an object, and a form of the verb "to put" in describing the act of placing an object in a certain location. We can, however, make implicit reference to the shape of the object and to the position it is in: My brief-case is there on My brief-case is lying there on the the table. table. You can put your brief-case You can lay your brief-case on the on the table there. table there. OR His gun is over against the His gun is standing over against the wall there. wall there. He puts his gun over against He stands his gun up against the wall the wall there. there. II. German usually makes more frequent reference to position than English. The verbs liegen and stehen, like English "to lie" and "to stand", besides giving the location of an object or a person, clearly imply his, or its position. In German also, however, the verb forms ist and sind occur with a location: Die Steppdecken liegen auf The quilts are (lying) on our beds, unseren Betten. Der neue Schreibtisch steht The new desk is (standing) in front vor dem Fenster. of the window. but Das Buch ist auf dem Tisch. The book is on the table. Das Buch liegt auf dem The book is located on the table and Tisch. is lying flat. Das Bild ist auf dem The picture is on the desk. Schreibtisch. Das Bild steht auf dem The picture is located on the desk Schreibtisch. but is in a standing frame or propped up against something. III. German has no non-specifying verb corresponding to the English verb "to put" and always describes the act of placing some object in a certain location in terms of its final position there, whether lying or standing, by using the verbs legen and stellen. Wir können das Sofa an die We can put the sofa up against the Wand stellen. wall, where it is to stand. Wo soll ich die Wolldecken Where shall I put the woolen blankets, hinlegen? i.e., where shall I leave them lying? E. VERBS - REVIEW OF PRESENT We have added more than fifty verbs to the inventory since the outline of the present tense was given in Unit 2. At that time two main patterns and one subsidiary pattern were noted, those of kommen, geben and arbeiten, as well as the irregular verb patterns. By way of review we present here a reference list of the verbs added in Units 3-7. 1. These verbs follow the pattern illustrated by komm-e, komm-t, komm-en: brauchen hoffen liegen sitzen bringen gewöhnen machen stehen buchstabieren grüssen (packen) stellen danken (heben) auspacken stören erreichen abheben parken suchen fragen holen passen trinken freuen hören rauchen wählen (füllen) leben rufen wiederholen ausfüllen legen schreiben zählen hängen leihen setzen ziehen 2. These verbs follow the pattern illustrated by geb-e. gib-t. geb-en, in which a different stem occurs in the er-form. anfangen fängt ... an nehmen nimmt helfen hilft sehen sieht lesen liest tragen trägt 3. These verbs follow the subsidiary pattern illustrated bei arbeit-e. arbeit-e-t. arbelt-en. in which a connecting vowel -e- occurs before the er-form ending. Note that all have stems ending in -t- or -d-. anbieten bietet ... an vermieten vermietet finden findet melden meldet furchten fürchtet ausrichten richtet ... aus mieten mietet einrichten richtet ... ein 4. A few verbs follow a second subsidiary pattern. An example is auswander-n, in which the wir-form ending is -n instead of -en. We have encountered only four other verbs which follow this pattern. klingel-n kümmer-n tu-n wechsel-n 5. Please note that a number of verbs which differ from the above only in having additional accented adverbs associated with them have not been listed separately, since their forms and endings remain the same.