Unit 5 HERR ALLEN KLINGELT BEI HERRN WILSON Basic Sentences Notes to the Basic Sentences 1 im ersten Stock means literally 'on the first floor'; in der zweiten Etage means literally 'on the second floor'. In Germany as in many European countries the floors are numbered after the ground floor. The first floor is thus the first floor above the ground and is equivalent to our second floor. The second floor in Germany is equivalent to our third floor, and so on. 2 hereinkommen is the normal written form. Most speakers in rapid speech elide the first syllable and actually say 'reinkommen, or er kommt 'rein. You will hear the word pronounced both ways. Notes on Pronunciation A. German sch If you pronounce English 'shown' and ask your instructor to pronounce German schon, you will notice that the first sound of the German word is not quite the same as the English sound. To produce the German sound you will have to round and protrude your lips more than you do for the English sound. Practice 1 schon schnitt Böschung lutschen Mensch lösch Scheck Schlot Wäsche wünschen falsch Tisch Schiff schrieb Mischung fälschen Klatsch Fleisch The same sound occurs in the following words, although here the German writing system uses the symbol js: Practice 2 Stadt Spass streng springen steht Spiel Strasse Spross B. German s_ The symbol s. is used in the German writing system to represent two more sounds: a voiceless sound as in English 'bus', 'buss' or 'must', and a voiced sound as in English 'housing' or'busy'. Practice first the voiceless sounds. Notice too, by the way, that German writing may have either s_ or ss_ representing this sound. Practice 3 (voiceless) des Busse wusste wies Müsse wüst Schmiss Wasser Liste Mus schösse weist Hotels schupse Mast Autos hiessen grast Klops essen schupst Boots Rätsel lotst Practice 4 (voiced) Sohn besondere singen Muse sende Thesen Sieg Losung C. German z We have noted above that the cluster ts occurs in German in such words as Boots and Rätsel. The symbol z is used in the German writing system to represent the same cluster. Practice the following words with your instructor: lotsen Bozen Rätsel Brezel miedst siezt This combination of sounds can also occur at the end and at the beginning of a word. Sometimes after a vowel tz is written. Now practice the sounds with your instructor in the following words: Practice 5 Klotz Litze Arzt zehn zwei zusammen Sitz Münze heizt Zug Zwerg Zickzack März He i zung putzt Ziel Zwang Zimmers ganz Bolzen tanzt Zorn zwölf Zeche Notes on Grammar (For Home Study) A. NOUNS and SPECIFIERS I. Plural Forms 1. It is very simple to form the plural of most English nouns; we simply "add an s.". There are a few exceptional forms, like feet, and mice and sheep, but generally we have the s.-plural. 2. German, unfortunately for the student, has half a dozen different noun plural forms. Here are seme examples from the basic sentences you have memorized: Die Zigarren kosten zwei The cigars cost two marks. Mark. Ich habe nur diese zwei I have only these two suitcases. Koffer. Herr Allen stellt die Mr. Allen introduces the gentlemen. Herren vor. Meine Bücher sind leider My books are still on the way, noch unterwegs. unfortunately. Ich muss einige Briefe I have to write some letters, schreiben. If we now compare the singular forms of the above nouns, we can show what is changed or added to distinguish the plural: Singular Plural Zigarre Zigarren -n has been added to the singular. Koffer Koffer Nothing has been added or changed. Herr Herren -en has been added to the (nominative) singular. (We recall that-there is also a non-nominative singular form Herrn with the distinctive ending -n.l Buch Bücher -er has been added to the singular, and there is a change in the stem vowel. HUNDERTSIEBZEHN 325-274 0-80-9 Brief Briefe -e. has been added to the singular. An additional common plural form which has not occurred in the basic sentences is given below: Auto Autos -s has been added to the singular. 3. Note that in some cases a change in the stem vowel has taken place. This is similar to the change in the stem vowel of some verbs noted in Unit 2: ich fahre. but er fährt. Germans call this kind of sound change UMLAUT, and you will frequently hear it referred to by the German term. 4. Note also that there is no differentiation in the plural between der-nouns, das-nouns and die-nouns. The plural SPECIFIER forms are the same regardless of whether they occur with a der-noun, das-noun or die-noun (see Units 3 and 4). 5. We can now re-arrange and expand the list to include all the noun plural types of frequent occurrence. We shall add the specifiers and also show how the plural is usually indicated in vocabulary listings. Singular Plural Listed a) No change from the singular: der Koffer die Koffer der Koffer, — (often with umlaut of stem vowel) der Flughafen die Flughäfen der Flughafen, -- b) Add -e^ to the singular: der Brief die Briefe der Brief, -e (often with umlaut of stem vowel) der Pass die Pässe der Pass, -e c) Add -er to the singular: das Geld die Gelder das Geld, -er (often with umlaut of stem vowel) das Buch die Bücher das Buch, -er d) Add -en to the (nominative) sing: die Frau die Frauen die Frau, -en (Some nouns also add -n or -en to form the non-nominative sing )der Herr die Herren der Herr, -n, -en e) Add -n to the (nominative) sing: die Zigarre die Zigarren die Zigarre,-n f) Add -s. to the singular: das Auto die Autos das Auto, -s 6. An -n is added to the dative plural form of all nouns in groups a), b) and c)• Nouns in groups d) and e) already have a final -n and nouns in group f) do not add an -n. 7. Umlaut of the stem vowel occurs rather haphazardly, so that you are going to have to learn the plural for each noun as you encounter it. However, in group c) we can say that umlaut will occur with every noun whose stem vowel is -a-, -o- or -u-. 8. Nouns with the final syllable -in double the -n- before the plural ending -en in group d)• 9- A very few foreign words have irregular plural endings. Das Museum drops the final -urn and replaces it by the -en ending of group d): die Museen. Das Visum has the plural die Visen or die Visa. Der Neubau inserts a -t- before the -en ending of group d). 10. Here is a list of nouns which have occurred in the first five units grouped according to the way their plurals are formed: a) plural — plural -- b) plural -e plural -e der Amerikaner der Flughafen der Tag der Pass der Koffer der Bruder der Brief der Bahnhof der Füller der Vater der Monat der Platz der Wagen der Bleistift der Stadtplan der Ober der Besuch der Sohn der Morgen der Omnibus (Omnibusse) der Spaziergang der Wachtmeister der Wein der Zoll der Ratskeller der Augenblick der Parkplatz der Fraigebogen der Autobus (Autobusse) der Antrag der Bremer der Dom der Papierkorb der Raucher der Abend der Markt der Schriftsteller der Sonntag der Geschäftsbrief der Roman der Pfennig der Umweg der Ausweis das Essen die Mutter das Geschäft die Stadt das Theater die Tochter das Jahr die Hand das Konsulat das Brot das Bier das Formular das Papiergeschäft das Generalkonsulat c) plural -er plural -er d) plural -en das Geld das Buch der Diplomat die Frau das Haus der Herr die Botschaft das Glas der Polizist die Wohnung das Rathaus der Staat die Strassenbahn das Schloss der Neubau die Bank das Streichholz (die Neubauten) die Zeitung das Etagenhaus das Museum die Abteilung (die Museen) die Tür das Visum die Bibliothek der Mann (die Visen)* die Amerikanerin die Universität die Verabredung die Gemahlin die Sekretärin e) plural -n f) plural -s der Konsul die Minute der Park der Vizekonsul die Stunde der Portier der Beamte die Pfeife das Auto der Bekannte die Deutsche das Cafe der Deutsche die Zigarre das Kino der Kollege die Zigarette das Restaurant der Angehörige die Kontrolle das Hotel die Taxe die Dame ,. . die Strasse die Seite jflr!!!! die Haltestelle die Adresse ,, SS ES«- Bl dle SsS“; dl* S=h«ster die Reise die Woche * or die Visa II. Genitive Forms. 1. In addition to the plural in this unit we have encountered some other new forms of nouns and specifiers: a) Wilsons haben eine The Wilsons have an apartment on the Wohnung im ersten Stock second floor of an apartment house in eines Etagenhauses in Frankfurt. Frankfurt. b) Die Angehörigen meiner My wife's family lives here. Frau leben hier. c) Möchten Sie sich mal eins Would you like to borrow one of my me iner Bücher leihen? books? d) Hier ist ein Roman des Here is a novel of the French author französischen Schrift- Cocteau. stellers Cocteau. e) Ist das nicht die neue Isn't she our colleague Smith's new Sekretärin unseres secretary? Kollegen Smith? The underlined forms of the noun and specifier in the above sentences are called GENITIVE forms. They indicate possessive relationships — the kind of relationships that are designated in English by the (or -s.' ) ending, and by the preposition of_. The GENITIVE is the fourth form, along with Nominative, Accusative and Dative forms, which German nouns and specifiers can have. There are no other distinctive forms of nouns and specifiers. 2. Let us compare the Genitive forms in the above sentences with the corresponding Nominative forms and see what features distinguish them: Genitive Nominative a) eines Etagenhauses ein Etagenhaus The specifier and the noun both have the ending -es added to the Nominative form. b) meiner Frau meine^ Frau The specifier has the ending -er instead of -e_; the noun has the same form as the Nominative. / c) meiner Bücher meine^ Bücher The specifier has the ending -er instead of -e.; the noun has the same form as the Nominative. d) dejs Schriftstellers^ der_ Schrift- The specifier ends in -s. instead steiler of -r_; -s^ is added to the noun. e) unseres Kollegen dej: Kollege The specifier has the ending -es added to the Nominative form; -n is added to the noun. 3. Note that in three cases - a), d) and e) above - the NOUN has a distinct Genitive form which differs from the Nominative form. In two cases - b) and c) above - the NOUN has the same form. 4. Note that in a), d) and e) the SPECIFIER has the ending -.s (or esj . In b) and c) the SPECIFIER has the ending -er. 5- Let us now summarize what we have observed about Genitive forms: a) SPECIFIERS with der-nouns and das-nouns in the Genitive have the ending (or es). Both the der-type and the ein-type Specifiers have the same endings: des, dieses, eines. unseres. b) der-NOUNS and das-NOUNS in the Genitive have the ending -s or -est Hauses. Sehriftstellers. A few der-nouns have the ending -n or -en: Kollegen, Herrn, Diplomaten, Polizisten, Beamten, Bekannten. c) The SPECIFIERS of die-nouns and plural nouns have the ending -er in place of the Nominative ending -e. (or -ie): der, dieser, meiner, ihrer. d) die-NOUNS and plural NOUNS in the Genitive have the same form as in the Nominative: Frau, Bank, Banken, Bucher, Bleistifte. 6. Here for reference and comparison are some typical Genitive forms: Singular Plural a) Genitive of der-nouns des Platzes der Plätze des Omnibusses der Omnibusse dieses Polizisten dieser Polizisten meines Briefes meiner Briefe b) Genitive of das-nouns des Jahres der Jahre des Konsulats der Konsulate dieses Hauses dieser Häuser ihres Buches ihrer Bücher c) Genitive of die-nouns der Dame der Damen dieser Bank dieser Banken unserer Schwester unserer Schwestern 7. Note that der- and das-nouns ending in the sounds [ s ] , [ ts ], [ z ] and [ s ] have the ending -es. as for example des Passes, des Platzes. des Hauses and des Tisches. Note also that the writing system requires the sound [ s ] to be written -ss- when non-final: Omnibusses. Omnibusse. 8. Otherwise, der- and das-nouns of more than one syllable have -s, as for example: des Konsulats, while monosyllabic der- and das-nouns have either -.s or -es. whichever the speaker prefers; you will hear both des Domes and des Doms, des Staats and des Staates. 9. Proper names have an -s_ (or -es) ending: Peters Haus. Marias Tochter. Herrn Meyers Wagen. 10. You will note that the Genitive form of the specifier and noun generally follow the noun or pronoun with which a possessive relationship is indicated, as in the examples of paragraph 1: im ersten Stock eines Etagenhauses on the second floor of an apartment house die Angehörigen meiner Frau my wife’s family ein Roman des französischen a novel of the French author Schriftstellers Proper names in the Genitive, however, usually precede the noun designating the thing posessed; Kennen Sie Peters Frau? Do you know Peter's wife? Ist das Herrn Beckers Wagen? Is that Mr. Becker's car? Nein, das ist Marias Wagen. No, that's Mary's car. 11. There is one personal pronoun which has a Genitive form: wer? "who" has the Genitive form wessen? "whose" Wessen Auto ist das? Whose car is that? Wessen Sohn kennen Sie? Whose son do you know? III. Summary of Specifier Forms 1. We have now encountered all the Specifier forms, both the ein-type and the der-type. The following gives a complete summary of the forms: Singular Plural a) With Nom der Sohn die Sohne der-type Acc den Sohn die Söhne specifiers Dat dem Sohn den söhnen Gen des Sohnes der Söhne Nom welches Theater welche Theater Acc welches Theater welche Theater Dat welchem Theater welchen Theatern Gen welches Theaters welcher Theater Nom diese Wohnung diese Wohnungen Acc diese Wohnung diese Wohnungen Dat dieser Wohnung diesen Wohnungen Gen dieser Wohnung dieser Wohnungen b) With Nom sein Brief seine Briefe ein-type Acc seinen Brief seine Briefe specifiers Dat seinem Brief seinen Briefen Gen seines Briefes seiner Briefe Nom seiner seine (Referring to Acc seinen seine der Brief) Dat seinem seinen Gen seines seiner Nom ihr Auto ihre Autos Acc ihr Auto ihre Autos Dat ihrem Auto ihren Autos Gen ihres Autos ihrer Autos Nom ihrs ihre (Referring to Acc ihrs ihre das Auto) Dat ihrem ihren Gen ihres ihrer Singular Plural Nom unsere Botschaft unsere Botschaften Acc unsere Botschaft unsere Botschaften Dat unserer Botschaft unseren Botschaften Gen unserer Botschaft unserer Botschaften Nom unsere unsere (Referring to Acc unsere unsere die Botschaft) Dat unserer unseren Gen unserer unserer 2. The ein-type specifiers are listed both with and without a following noun. The SPECIAL ein-type specifier forms which occur only when no noun follows the specifier are underlined. B. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS I. In many sentences the object of the verb, the thing or person acted upon, is the same as the subject or actor. We Say, for example, in English: Mr. Wilson introduced himself, or She thinks a good deal of herself. doesn't she? The identity of subject and object in English is indicated by adding the suffix -self to the pronoun designating the object. Pronouns of this kind are called REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS. II. The German Reflexive Pronoun 1. In German, as in English, the subject and object of a verb may be the same. Note the following examples from your basic sentences: a) Meine Frau kann sich nicht My wife can't get ('herself') an das Klima gewöhnen. used to the climate. b) Darf ich mir mal Ihre May I borrow ('lend myself') leihen? yours? c) Mochten Sie sich mal eins Would you like to borrow one of meiner Bücher leihen? my books? In sentence a) the ob1ect of the verb refers to the same person as the subject and has the form sich. In sentence b) the interested bystander or indirect obiect of the verb is the same person as the subject and has the form mir. In sentence c) the indirect object of the' verb is the same person as the subject and has the form sich. 2. German has only one REFLEXIVE PRONOUN, the form sich, meaning 'himself' herself, itself, yourself, yourselves, themselves'. It occurs wherever the subject of the verb is er., sie. Sie. or es or is a noun which can be replaced by er, sie. Sie. or es. Herr Allen kann sich nicht an Mr. Allen can't get ('himself') das Klima gewöhnen. used to the climate. Herr Allen und seine Frau Mr. Allen and his wife can't get können sich nicht an das ('themselves') used to the climate. Klima gewöhnen. Können Sie sich nicht an Can't you get ('yourself') used das Klima gewöhnen? to the climate? 3. The REFLEXIVE PRONOUN sich may function either as the object or as the interested bystander in a sentence. We might say it can have either an Accusative or Dative function. Compare the sentences in 2 above with the following: Mochten Sie sich ein Buch Would you like to borrow ('lend leihen? yourself') a book? Er möchte sich ein Buch He would like to borrow ('lend leihen. himself') a book. 4. Wherever the subject of the sentence is ich or wir or is a noun which can be replaced by ich or wir German uses the regular pronoun forms mich, mir and uns. Ich kann mich nicht an I can't get ('myself') used to the das Klima gewöhnen. climate. Meine Frau und ich können My wife and I can't get ('our- uns nicht an das Klima selves') used to the climate, gewöhnen. Darf ich mir Ihre Zeitung May I borrow ('lend myself') your leihen? newspaper? Wir möchten uns gern einige We'd like to borrow (‘lend our- BÜcher leihen. selves') some books. 5. The object of a preposition can also refer to the same person as the subject in a sentence. Er spricht immer nur He always talks only about von sich. himself. Ich spreche nicht gern I don't like to talk about von mir. myself. 6. Whenever the subject of the sentence is er, sie. Sie or es or is a noun which can be replaced by er, sie. Sie or es the REFLEXIVE PRONOUN form sich occurs as a prepositional object referring to the same person as the subject. 7. Wherever the subject of the sentence is ich or wir or is a noun which can be replaced by ich or wir German uses the regular pronoun forms mich, mir and uns after prepositions in order to refer to the same person as the subject.