The Russian intonation system

Much in the same way as English does, Russian uses a system of rising and falling intonations within a sentence to indicate that it is: a declarative statement, a question or an exclamation. Examine the following English sentences. Note their punctuation and attempt to read them with the proper intonation:

Your son graduated from Harvard.

Your son graduated from Harvard?

Your son graduated from Harvard!

Now listen as your instructor reads this set of similar sentences in Russian. Note where the "center" of intonation is (always on the word in question or a question word, in a question), and the rise and fall of the voice:

Ва́ша дочь око́нчила МГУ.

Ва́ша дочь око́нчила МГУ?

Ва́ша дочь око́нчила МГУ!

The Russian intonation patterns have been organized into a system which refers to them as "intonation constructions" or "ИК". There are 5 basic patterns:

  1. ИК-1. for declarative sentences, statements. The tone is even,with a slight falling off at the end. Often this intonation is perceived by speakers of English as "boring", but you should resist the temptation to "jazz it up".

    For example:

    Моя́ фами́лия Моро́зов. Меня́ зову́т Никола́й Петро́вич. Э́то моя́ жена́. Её зову́т Екатери́на Васи́льевна. Мы москвичи́. Мы живём в Москве́.

  2. ИК-2. for questions containing a question word (Что? Кто? Как? Где? Когда́?, etc.). The intonation rises on the question word and then drops and levels off for the rest of the sentence.

    For example:

  3. ИК-3. for questions which do NOT contain a question word. This pattern is used to turn declarative sentences into questions without changing word order. The intonation rises on the word in question and then drops and levels off for the rest of the sentence.

    For example:

  4. ИК-4. for "incomplete" questions which are usually prefaced with «A..?». In a dialog, these refer back to a question asked previously. The intonation dips slightly at the beginning of the question, then rises sharply and continues to rise to the end of the sentence.

    For example:

  5. ИК-5. for exclamations which may be either sincere or sarcastic, depending on the context. The intonation rises at the beginning of the sentence, levels off, stays high and then drops at the end of the sentence.

    Кака́я сего́дня пого́да! (the sun is shining, the sky is blue, the birds are singing...)
    Кака́я сего́дня пого́да! (it's raining cats and dogs, the wind is howling...)
    Како́й у него́ го́лос! (a real Pavarotti!)
    Како́й у него́ го́лос! (he couldn't carry a tune in a bushel basket...)

Now close your books and listen carefully as your instructor reads the following sentences aloud. Can you identify which are statements, and which are questions?

1. Москва́ - столи́ца Росси́и.
2. Москва́ столи́ца Росси́и?
3. Вы рабо́таете в америка́нском посо́льстве.
4. Вы рабо́таете в америка́нском посол́ьстве?
5. Его́ зову́т Евге́ний Петрович.
6. Его зовут Евгений Петро́вич?
7. У неё дво́е дете́й.
8. У неё дво́е дете́й?
9. А у вас? Как у вас дела́?
10 Кака́я интере́сная карти́на!

The chart on the next page gives you a visual representation of these intonation constructions.

ик TABLE OF INTONATION CONSTRUCTIONS
ИК-1

Здесь.

Здесь остано́вка.

Э́то пя́тый авто́бус.

Вот университе́т.

ИК-2

Кто?

Где он живёт?

Почему́ так?

Что эт́о?

ИК-3

Здесь?

-Здесь остано́вка?

-Э́то пя́тый авто́бус?

Она́ поёт?

ИК-4

А вы?

А ваш сын?

А пя́тый авто́бус?

А университе́т?

ИК-5 -------

Как она́ танцу́ет!

Замеча́тельный го́лос!

Настоя́щая весна́!