Lesson №8 IN A RESTAURANT УРОК № 8

«Щи да ка́ша, пи́ща на́ша» "A loaf of bread, a jug of wine..." If only it were that simple! Food: how to get it, how to cook it and finally, how to eat it, has occupied the thoughts of Russians in everything from classic works of literature to everyday life. Open Gogol's famous novel «Мёртвые ду́ши» Dead Souls to almost any page, and you'll be greeted with detailed descriptions of all kinds of culinary delights as experienced by the intrepid Chichikov. And this is just one example! Even the casual reader of Russian literature or the viewer of Russian painting will find that food has played an integral part in Russian life down through the years, across class lines and in and out of the arts. As you read in the previous lesson, shopping for food in the Soviet period was, more often than not, an adventure. The same could be said for a night out at а рестора́н restaurant. Just as good-quality housing was in short supply, good restaurants were few and far between in those days. And the best ones were simply off limits to the common folk. Not so any more! Moscow and St. Petersburg alike now boast a large number of restaurants which cater to nearly every cuisine and taste imaginable. As with stores, some of these are foreign-owned, some are joint ventures and still others belong wholly to Russians. In any case, you will find that together with variety comes unpredictability: high-priced isn't always a guarantee of high-quality; high-quality one day does not guarantee it the next... And service? The same holds true: sometimes you're lucky, and sometimes you're not. The Russians themselves are painfully aware of the reputation their service has acquired over the years and many establishments are trying hard to emulate what they consider a Western standard of good service. They've even gone so far as to state in their help-wanted ads that "anyone having prior experience in Soviet restaurants need not apply". It is a good idea to keep in mind that, for many Russians, a night out in a restaurant is an event, and there is little reason to rush. What we might perceive as slow service is simply the staff's understanding that, if you're out to enjoy yourself, why hurry? If you are in a hurry, on the other hand, you'd best tell your официа́нт waiter or официа́нтка waitress that ahead of time. As in most restaurants in this country, reservations are encouraged at Moscow and St. Petersburg establishments. It's now possible, and quite easy to pick up the phone and call for reservations by saying: Я хочу заказать столик I'd like to reserve a table на имя... (your last name) for... (your name) на субботу на 20 часов. for Saturday at 8:00pm. When you get to the restaurant, tell the швейца́р doorman that you have a reservation by saying: Для меня́ зака́зан сто́лик. I have a reservation. Моя фами́лия (your name) My name is (your name). In most hotels you'll find in addition to the рестора́н буфе́ты snack bars on some floors; pretty handy when all you want is a cup of coffee or tea and a sandwich. You'll also find кафе́ cafe or ночно́й бар night bar which caters to the late-night crowd and serves alcoholic and other beverages, coffee and snacks. The night bars will often have some kind of "show", either in the form of live entertainment or recorded music. If you're staying in hotels, regardless of whether they're in Moscow, St. Petersburg or elsewhere, you'll find that за́втрак breakfast is usually included in your room charge. In many of the tourist hotels, this is in the form of a шве́дский стол breakfast buffet which might include cheese, sausages and bread for sandwiches; some sort of salad, каша hot cereal, fried eggs, fruits, mineral water, juice, coffee and tea. Of course, if you're travelling first-class, there'll be room service as well. Keep in mind that most Russians like to have обе́д dinner, a big meal in the middle of the day. In a restaurant, this will likely include appetizers, soup and a main course. У́жин supper, the evening meal is lighter and soups are usually not offered in restaurants then. However, you'll always find exceptions to this "rule". What follows is a list of restaurants in Moscow and St. Petersburg. We don't guarantee that any or all of these establishments will still be operating when you get there, and we can't vouch for their quality as well! Прия́тного аппети́та!

Moscow restaurants «АРА́ГВИ» Тверска́я ул. 6 тел. 229-37-62 «ГЛАЗУ́РЬ» Смоле́нский бульва́р 12 тел. 248-44-38 «ЕВРОПЕ́ЙСКИЙ ЗАЛ» Гости́ница «Метропо́ль» тел. 927-60-39 «РАЗГУЛЯ́Й» Спарта́ковская 11 тел. 267-76-13 «РУ́ССКАЯ ИЗБА́» Дере́вня Ильи́нское тел. 561-42-44 «САВО́Й» Рожде́ственка 3 тел. 929-86-00 «СО́РОК ЧЕТЫ́РЕ» Ленингра́дский пр. 44 тел. 159-99-51 «СЛАВЯ́НСКИЙ БАЗА́Р» Нико́льская 13 тел. 921-18-72 «У БА́БУШКИ» Ул. Больша́я Орды́нка тел. 230-73-33 «МАКДО́НАЛДС» Пл. Пу́шкина тел. 200-16-55 «ПИ́ЦЦА ХАТ» Куту́зовский пр. 17 тел. 229-20-13 In St. Petersburg: «АСТО́РИЯ» Исаа́киевская пло́щадь 2 «БАКУ́» Садо́вая 12/73 «КАВКА́ЗСКИЙ» Не́вский проспе́кт 25 «САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУ́РГ» Пирого́вская на́бережная 5 «МЕТРОПО́ЛЬ» Садо́вая 25 «МОСКВА́» Не́вский проспе́кт 49 «НЕВА́» Не́вский проспе́кт 46

The American has arrived at a restaurant without a reservation. Listen to the dialog several times with your books closed. Do not repeat it. Try to understand what the speakers are saying. Working as a group, discuss what was said. Then listen to the American's lines. You are responsible for learning these. You are also responsible for being able to understand the Russian's lines and to respond to them in the appropriate manner.

В рестора́не А. Скажи́те, пожа́луйста, э́тот сто́лик свобо́ден? Pardon me, is this table free? Р. Да, сади́тесь, пожа́луйста. Вот меню́. Yes. Please, have a seat. Here's a menu. А. Спаси́бо. Thank you. Р. Что бу́дете зака́зывать? What will you be ordering?

A. У вас есть свобо́дный стол? Do you have any free tables? P. Да, пожа́луйста, вот э́тот. Yes, this one [is free]. A. Принеси́те, пожа́луйста, меню́. Bring me a menu, please. P. Одну́ мину́ту, сейча́с принесу́. Just a minute. I'll get it for you.

Listen to the following and choose the appropriate responses from those given below. У вас есть свобо́дный стол? ___ Э́тот сто́лик свобо́ден? ___ Принеси́те, пожа́луйста, меню́. ___ Answers: a. Одну́ мину́ту, сейча́с принесу́. b. Да, сади́тесь, пожа́луйста. c. Да, пожа́луйста, вот э́тот.

Translate into Russian. Pardon me, is this table free? Do you have any free tables? Here's a menu. What will you be ordering?

With your teacher playing the role of the Russian, act out the dialogs. At first adhere closely to the original. Then use as many variations as possible.

The menu often begins with a section called «фи́рменные блю́да» specialty dishes (or "specials of the day"), and the notation «шеф-по́вар рекоменду́ет сего́дня» "the chef recommends..."

The next section заку́ски hors d'œuvres is divided into холо́дные заку́ски cold hors d'œuvres and горя́чие заку́ски hot hors d'œuvres. Here are some заку́ски: икра́ чёрная, зерни́стая black caviar икра́ п́аюсная pressed caviar икра́ кра́сная (кето́вая) red caviar лососи́на копчёная smoked salmon осетри́на sturgeon ветчина́ ham сыр cheese сала́т salad грибы́ mushrooms марино́ванные грибы́ marinated mushrooms масли́ны olives Salads are also popular as заку́ски: зелёний сала́т green salad сала́т из огурцо́в cucumber salad сала́т из лу́ка spring onion salad сала́т из помидо́ров tomato salad сала́т из реди́ски radish salad A Russian сала́т is usually potato salad, unless indicated otherwise (as the above list shows). The next section on the menu is супы́ soups. They will be designated on the menu as пе́рвое (literally "first soup"). Russians consider soup an important part of the midday meal. Some soups are served with sour cream, fresh chopped dill or spring onions. Пирожки́ meat pies or small bowl of ка́ша cooked buckwheat may accompany certain kind of soup. Russian soups include: Борщ made with beef stocks, beets, onions, cabbage, potatoes and carrots. It is often served with sour cream. Щи made with cabbage but no beets. It is considered to be Russian while Борщ is Ukrainian. Different types of щи include: мясны́е щи meat щи вегетариа́нские щи vegetarian щи све́жие щи fresh cabbage щи ки́слые щи щи made with pickled cabbage су́точные щи yesterday's щи (supposed to improve but standing overnight) Рассо́льник made with chicken giblets, veal kidneys, vegetables and pickles and served with sour cream. Бульо́н clear broth. Often contains фрикаде́льки little meat balls; sometimes served с яйцо́м with chopped hard-boiled eggs or accompanied by пирожки́ с мя́сом meat pies. Уха́ fish soup. Соля́нка spicy soup made with fish, meat or sausage. Окро́шка cold summer soup made with квас, beets, fresh cucumbers and hard-boiled eggs and served with fresh dill, sour cream and spring onions. Свеко́льник sweet and sour beet soup, served cold with sour cream. Харчо́ thick spicy soup made with lamb; a traditional Georgian soup.

Второ́е (literally "second course") is the main course after заку́ски and суп in a full Russian meal. As in the West, the main course may be fish, poultry or meat. РЫ́БА fish осетри́на sturgeon форе́ль trout ка́мбала flounder щу́ка pike карп carp па́лтус halibut сом catfish треска́ cod о́кунь perch Fish is prepared in a variety of ways: парова́я steamed жа́реная fried под бе́лым со́усом in a white sauce с лимо́ном with lemon в бе́лом вине́ in a white wine sauce по-по́льски «à la polonaise» по-ру́сски «à la russe» в те́сте batter-fried ПТИ́ЦА poultry: ку́рица, цыплёнок chicken инде́йка, индю́шка turkey гусь goose у́тка duck ЦЫПЛЯ́ТА ТАБАКА́ pressed chicken with garlic; a dish from the Caucasus. КОТЛЕ́ТЫ ПО-КИ́ЕВСКИ Chicken Kiev. МЯ́СО meat: говя́дина beef свини́на pork теля́тина veal бара́нина lamb lamb ШАШЛЫ́К shishkebab; usually lamb, sometimes beef БИФШТЕ́КС beef steak КОТЛЕ́ТЫ similar to hamburgers but without a bun АНТРЕКО́Т steak ЛАНГЕ́Т filet mignon ШНИ́ЦЕЛЬ schnitzel БЕФСТРО́ГАНОВ beef stroganoff СВИНА́Я ОТБИВНА́Я pork chop СОСИ́СКИ frankfurters ПОДЖА́РКА roast meat in a casserole with potatoes АЗУ spicy stew Vegetarians take heart! The following dishes are often offered as main courses: БЛИНЫ́́ Russian style pancakes (similar to crepes) which are eaten with caviar, herring, melted butter, sour cream and for dessert, preserves. БЛИ́НЧИКИ crepes filled with ricotta cheese, meat or preserves. ПИРОЖКИ́ pastry filled with meat, cabbage, hard-boiled eggs or rice. СЫ́РНИКИ fried ricotta cheese patties ОЛА́ДЬИ fritters МАКАРО́НЫ macaroni (and spaghetti as well) ЛАПША́ flat egg-noodles ОМЛЕ́Т omelet Я́ИЧНИЦА scrambled or fried eggs ТВОРО́Г similar to ricotta cheese, served with sour cream or sugar СМЕТА́НА sour cream

ПИРО́ЖНОЕ pastry, tart ТОРТ layer cake МОРО́ЖЕНОЕ ice cream СЛИ́ВОЧНОЕ vanilla ШОКОЛА́ДНОЕ chocolate БЛИ́НЧИКИ crepes С ВАРЕ́НЬЕМ with jam СВЕ́ЖИЕ ФРУ́КТЫ fresh fruit КОМПО́Т stewed fruit КОНФЕ́ТЫ candy

ЧАЙ tea ЧАЙ С СА́ХАРОМ tea with sugar ЧАЙ С ЛИМО́НОМ tea with lemon КО́ФЕ coffee ЧЁРНЫЙ КО́ФЕ black coffee КО́ФЕ СО СЛИ́ВКАМИ coffee with cream КИСЕ́ЛЬ thickened fruit juice (almost Jello) МОРС, СОК fruit juice ЛИМОНА́Д carbonated drink similar to V-Up МИНЕРА́ЛЬНАЯ ВОДА́ mineral water «НАРЗА́Н»«БОРЖО́МИ»«ЕССЕНТУКИ́»«БОРОДИНО́» (different brands of mineral water)

СУХО́Е dry СЛА́ДКОЕ sweet КРА́СНОЕ red РО́ЗОВОЕ rose БЕ́ЛОЕ white ШИПУ́ЧЕЕ sparkling ХОЛО́ДНОЕ chilled КО́МНАТНОЙ ТЕМПЕРАТУ́РЫ room temperature ШАМПА́НСКОЕ champagne ПИ́ВО beer КОНЬЯ́К cognac, brandy ВО́ДКА vodka «СТОЛИЧНАЯ» considered the best brand «СМИРНОВСКАЯ» Smirnoff, produced in the West

And finally: nothing is complete without condiments! СОЛЬ salt ПЕ́РЕЦ pepper У́КСУС vinegar ГОРЧ́ИЦА mustard СА́ХАР sugar On the following pages you'll find a menu from a now-defunct Russian restaurant in Baltimore. It will give you some idea of what the better restaurants in Moscow and St. Petersburg are offering these days.

The American is ordering a mid-day meal in a restaurant. Listen to the dialog several times with your books closed. Do not repeat it. Try to understand what the speakers are saying. Working as a group, discuss what was said. Then listen to the American's lines. You are responsible for learning these. You are also responsible for being able to understand the Russian's lines and to respond to them in the appropriate manner.

в pectopáнe A. Де́вушка, прими́те, пожа́луйста, зака́з. Excuse me, Miss! Could you please take my order? P. Я вас слу́шаю. I'm listening. A. На заку́ску принеси́те, пожа́луйста, чёрную икру́. For an appetizer, please bring me some black caviar. P. Чёрной икры́ нет. Есть то́лько кра́сная. There's no black caviar, just red. A. Хорошо́. Принеси́те кра́сную. OK. Bring me the red. P. Что вы хоти́те на пе́рвое? What would you like for the first course? A. На пе́рвое борщ. I would like some borshch. P. А что на второ́е? And what about the main course? A. На второ́е котле́ты по-ки́евски с гарни́ром. I would like Chicken Kiev and vegetables. P. Сла́дкое бу́дете зака́зывать? Are you going to order dessert? A. Принеси́те моро́женое и ко́фе. Ice cream and some coffee. P. Что ещё? What else? A. Э́то всё. Спаси́бо. That's all thank you.

Listen to the following phrases and choose the appropriate responses from those given below. Де́вушка, прими́те, пожа́луйста, зака́з. ___ Что вы хоти́те на пе́рвое? ___ А что на второ́е? ___ Сла́дкое бу́дете зака́зывать? ___ Что ещё? ___ Answers: a. Принеси́те моро́женое и ко́фе. b. Э́то всё. Спаси́бо. c. На второ́е котле́ты по-ки́евски с гарни́ром. d. Я вас слу́шаю. е. На пе́рвое борщ.

Translate into Russian. Take my order, please. I would like black caviar as an appetizer. I would like salad as an appetizer. I would like borshch for the first course. I would like Chicken Kiev for the main course. I would like ice cream and coffee for dessert. I would like a pastry for dessert. Nothing else, thank you.

With your instructor playing the role of the Russian, act out the dialog. At first adhere closely to the original. Then use as many variations as possible.

Here are some phrases you will find helpful in creating your own dialogs. На заку́ску принеси́те сала́т. I'd like salad as an appetizer. На заку́ску принеси́те икру́. I'd like caviar as an appetizer. На заку́ску принеси́те ры́бное ассорти́. I'd like some fish as an appetizer. На пе́рвое да́йте мне борщ. I'd like borshch for the first course. На пе́рвое да́йте мне щи. I'd like cabbage soup for the first course. На второ́е принеси́те бифштекс. I'd like steak for the main course. На второ́е принеси́те ры́бу. I'd like fish for the main course. На второ́е принеси́те котле́ты по-ки́евски. I'd like Chicken Kiev for the main course. На сла́дкое принеси́те компо́т. I'd like stewed fruit for dessert. На сла́дкое принеси́те торт. I'd like cake for dessert. На сла́дкое принеси́те моро́женое. I'd like ice cream for dessert. На сла́дкое принеси́те фру́кты. I'd like fruit for dessert. Я го́лоден. I'm hungry, (m.) Я голодна́. I'm hungry, (f.) Я хочу́ есть. I want to eat. Я хочу́ пить. I want to drink. Я сыт. I'm full, (m.) Я сыта́. I'm full, (f.)

Your server (played by your instructor) tells you that they don't have the following dishes. What should your response be? Икры́ сего́дня нет. Сала́та сего́дня нет. Борща́ сего́дня нет. Бифште́кса сего́дня нет. Моро́женого сего́дня нет. Со́ка нет. Есть то́лько лимона́д. Сли́вочного моро́женого нет. Есть то́лько шокола́дное. То́рта нет. Есть то́лько пиро́жные.

You have out-of-town guests and you want to take them to a nice restaurant. Choose one from the list on page 5 and call to make reservations. Don't forget to tell the person answering the phone: Я хочу́ заказа́ть стол на и́мя... (insert your name) на суббо́ту (insert the correct day) на 20 часо́в, (insert the correct time)

Once at the restaurant, find out if your table is ready. Ask your server to bring menus. Try to get his/her attention when you are ready to order.

You're now ready to order. With your instructor playing the role of the waiter or waitress, order food for your entire table. Use phrases such as: На пе́рвое я хочу́... На пе́рвое принеси́те... На второ́е он хо́чет... На сла́дкое она́ хо́чет... Принеси́те нам ...

Act as an interpreter for one of your classmates who wants to order dinner in a restaurant. Your instructor will play the part of the waiter/waitress.

Tell your waiter/waitress that you're thirsty. Ask him/her to bring you something to drink: Принеси́те мне, пожа́луйста, я́блочный сок. 1. апельси́новый сок 2. ко́фе со сли́вками 3. чай с са́харом 4. вода́ со льдо́м 5. минера́льная вода́ 6. молоко́ 7. пи́во 8. кра́сное вино́ 9. шампа́нское

Look at the wine list on page 15 and choose a wine you would like to order. Tell the waiter/waitress your choice and ask him/her to bring it. Here are some toasts that will come in handy at receptions and private parties. RUSSIAN TOASTS За ва́ше здоро́вье! То your health! За здоро́вье хозя́ина! То the health of the host! За здоро́вье хозя́йки! To the health of the hostess! За ва́ше здоро́вье и благополу́чие! To your health and good fortune! За на́ше бу́дущее сотру́дничество! To our future cooperation! За мир и дру́жбу! To peace and friendship!

Examine the following menus from different Moscow restaurants. Order a meal for your party.

The American is paying for a meal in a restaurant. Listen to the dialog several times with your books closed. Do not repeat it. Try to understand what the speakers are saying. Working as a group, discuss what was said. Then listen to the American's lines. You are responsible for learning these. You are also responsible for being able to understand the Russian's lines and to respond to them in the appropriate manner.

«Принеси́те счёт.» A. Де́вушка, принеси́те, пожа́луйста чек. Miss, bring the check, please. P. Одну́ мину́ту. Вам вме́сте или отде́льно? Just a minute. Do you want one check or separate checks? A. Вме́сте, пожа́луйста. One check, please. P. Вот ваш счёт. Here you go. A. Пожа́луйста, получи́те. Сда́чи не надо. Thanks. Keep the change.

Though a service charge of 15% is usually included in most restaurant checks, you may also tip the usual 15%-20%. Either leave it on the table when you leave or use the phrase Сда́чи не на́до: keep the change. You usually pay your server, and not at the door.

Listen to the following phrases and choose the appropriate responses from those given below. Принеси́те, пожа́луйста, чек. ___ Вам вме́сте или отде́льно? ___ Вот ваш счёт. ___ Answers: a. Вме́сте, пожа́луйста. b. Пожа́луйста, получи́те. Сда́чи не на́до. c. Одну́ минуту́.

Translate the following into Russian. Please bring the check. Do you want separate checks? One check, please. Separate checks, please. Here you go. Keep the change.

With your teacher playing the role of the Russian, act out the dialog. At first adhere closely to the original. Then use as many variations as possible.

Write down the totals you owe on your bills as your instructor reads the amounts aloud. Не/She will read different amounts for each student. Read them back; asking if you wrote the amount correctly. Watch your intonation! P. 2000 рублей. (Две ты́сячи рубле́й.) А. 2000 рублей? (Две тыс́ячи рубле́й?) Р. То́чно.

You found the restaurant checks shown on the next page among your papers. They're not yours and you have no idea how you got them. All the same, you're curious. Take a look and determine the following: Where did the diners eat? When did they eat? What did they have? What was their server's name? Did he/she figure the total correctly? Did he/she add a service charge?

You don't see a certain object. Ask where it is, using the model. Have a classmate answer. Где стака́н? Вот он. Где таре́лка? Вот она́. Где блю́дце? Вот оно́. Где салфе́тки? Вот они́. 1. стака́н 5. ло́жка 2. нож 6. ви́лка 3. таре́лка 7. салфе́тка 4. ча́шка 8. блю́дце

Using the model, ask the waiter/waitress for another item to replace a dirty one. Э́тот стака́н гря́зный. Принеси́те друго́й. Э́та таре́лка гряз́ная. Принеси́те другу́ю. Э́то блю́дце гря́зное. Принеси́те друго́е. 1. стака́н 5. ло́жка 2. нож 6. ви́лка 3. таре́лка 7. салфе́тка 4. ча́шка 8. блю́дце

Using the model, tell the waiter/waitress that you're missing an item. Ask him/her to bring it. У меня́ нет стака́на. Принесит́е стака́н. У меня́ нет таре́лки. Принеси́те таре́лку. У меня́ нет блю́дца. Принеси́те блю́дце. 1. стака́н 5. ло́жка 2. нож 6. ви́лка 3. таре́лка 7. салфе́тка 4. ча́шка 8. блю́дце

Listen as your instructor reads the following phrases aloud. Which of them would you use in a restaurant? 1. Я хочу́ заказа́ть сто́лик. 2. Ско́лько сто́ит э́тот сувени́р? 3. Да́йте, пожа́луйста, полкило́ са́хара. 4. Принеси́те ви́лку, ло́жку и нож. 5. Где меню́? 6. Мой сын то́же официа́нт. 7. На второ́е мя́со, рис и о́вощи. 8. Как ва́ша фами́лия? 9. Вы лю́бите фру́кты и о́вощи? 10. Прими́те, пожа́луйста, зака́з. 11. Скажи́те, пожа́луйста, где гастроно́м? 12. На пе́рвое, да́йте мне борщ. 13. У вас есть дети? 14. У вас есть сли́вочное моро́женое? 15. На заку́ску принеси́те зелёный сала́т. 16. Кака́я сле́дующая остано́вка? 17. 3а ва́ше здоро́вье! 18. Вы сейча́с выхо́дите? 19. Принеси́те, пожа́луйста, счёт. 20. Кто вы по специа́льности? 21. Ско́лько с меня́? 22. Скажи́те, пожа́луйста, где здесь рестора́н «Пра́га»?

Choose the most appropriate responses to the following: 1. Э́тот сто́лик заня́т? a. Вон там. b. Нет, сади́тесь, пожа́луйста. c. Что бу́дете зака́зывать? 2. Вот меню́. a. Где меню́? b. Спасибо большо́е. c. Где он? 3. Что бу́дете заказ́ывать на пе́рвое? a. Карто́фельный сала́т. b. Борщ со смета́ной. c. Бефстро́ганов. 4. Что бу́дете зака́зывать на сла́дкое? a. Чёрный ко́фе и моро́женое. b. Марино́ванные грибы́. c. Пирожки́ с мя́сом. 5. Что ещё бу́дете зака́зывать? a. Сто́лик в ти́хом ме́сте. b. Бо́льше ничего́, спаси́бо c. С са́харом и сли́вками

A. Indicate whether the following statements are TRUE (T) or FALSE (F): There will be no music in the restaurant tonight. ___ Maureen is very fond of gypsy music. ___ The restaurant doesn't serve the soup Maureen would like to try. ___ Neither Maureen nor Igor want black caviar. ___ The ice cream in Russia is supposed to be very good. ___ B. Answer the following questions: Why is Igor glad that Maureen was free to come to the restaurant that evening? When will they have the chance to hear the gypsy band? What was Igor's way of convincing Maureen to try the main dish he suggested? Who is worried (or not worried) about their diet?

The imperative is the form of the verb used when you are asking/telling someone to do something. As such, it is often referred to as the command form. In English, we often add a "please" to the command form to turn it into a request. In Russian, the presence or absence of пожа́луйста does not determine the difference between a command and a request. That function is performed by something called aspect (imperfective and perfective verbs). More about this later. Here are the most basic rules for forming the imperative: Start with the они́ form of the verb. Completely remove that ending and add -и or -ь (if what is left ends in a consonant): принесу́т принес- принеси́те пока́жут покаж- покажи́те ска́жут скаж- скажи́те пла́тят плат- плати́те иду́т ид- иди́те поздра́вят поздрав- поздра́вьте or add -й (if what is left ends in a vowel): рабо́тают работа- работай́те чита́ют чита- читай́те Of course, you will find exceptions to this rule, so your best bet will be to simply memorize those imperative forms which you will hear or use most often. As Russian makes a distinction between the informal ты and the formal/plural вы, you will need to make that distinction with the imperative forms. The forms shown above are for вы. To make the ты forms, simply drop the ending -те: принеси́ покажи́ скажи́ будь рабо́тай, etc. A command/request NOT to do something is made by simply adding не in front of the imperative. Negative commands are usually formed using imperfective verbs. The imperatives рабо́тай and чита́й are examples of these. He рабо́тай (-те) He чита́й (-те)

Go back through Lessons 1-6 and find imperative forms. Take note of when and how they are used; explain what they mean. With your instructor's help try to use them yourself.

Translate the following: Show me, please... Tell me, please... Please bring (me)... Be so kind. Don't work!

As in English, there are two types of numbers in Russian: the CARDINAL (or counting) numbers and the ORDINAL (or descriptive) numbers. Examples of cardinal numbers are: оди́н, два, три, де́сять, два́дцать, сто, ты́сяча, миллио́н Examples of ordinal numbers are: пе́рвый, второ́й, тре́тий, деся́тый, двадца́тый, со́тый, ты́сячный, миллио́нный The ordinal numbers are actually adjectives which answer the questions какой? кака́я? како́е? каки́е? Remember these from Lesson 2? Therefore, they'll behave just as any adjective does, agreeing with the nouns they modify in GENDER, NUMBER AND CASE. In this lesson, you saw the expressions на первое, на второе where there were only ordinal numbers (in the neuter) and no noun. The understood noun in these instances was блю́до. So, пе́рвое блю́до means first course, второ́е блю́до means second course. You will also use the ordinal numbers to indicate the date: Сего́дня деся́тое (число́-understood, not expressed) апре́ля. Here are a few ordinal numbers and their corresponding cardinal forms. The ordinals are given in the masculine. пе́рвый оди́н второ́й два тре́тий три четвёртый четы́ре пя́тый пять шесто́й шесть седьмо́й семь восьмо́й во́семь девя́тый де́вять деся́тый де́сять двадца́тый два́дцать два́дцать пе́рвый два́дцать оди́н два́дцать второ́й два́дцать два тридца́тый три́дцать сороково́й со́рок пятидеся́тый пятьдесят́ со́тый сто ты́сячный ты́сяча миллио́нный миллио́н

Go back through Lessons 1-7 and find examples of ordinal numbers. Explain how they were used and with your instructor's help, try to use them yourself.

Translate the following: the first course the second course the fifth house the tenth apartment the fortieth president

Now you have seen all six of the cases in Russian. Like the Genitive, Dative and Accusative cases, the Instrumental may be used both with and without a preposition. Recall that the Nominative is NEVER used with a preposition and the Locative/Prepositional is ALWAYS used with one. Most often, the Instrumental is used with the preposition "с" to indicate accompaniment; "with" in English: Я хочу́ хлеб с ма́слом. На заку́ску принеси́те грибы́ со смета́ной. Мы обе́даем с друзья́ми. The Instrumental is also used without a preposition to indicate the means by which something is done (English "with" again), or the manner in which the action is accomplished: Он ест суп ло́жкой. Он говорит гро́мким го́лосом. The Instrumental is used to answer the question Когда? When? with parts of the day and seasons of the year: Что? Когда́? у́тро у́тром день днём ве́чер ве́чером ночь но́чью весна́ весно́й ле́то ле́том о́сень о́сенью зима́ зимо́й The table below shows the Instrumental Case forms for the singular and plural forms of nouns and adjectives and compares them to the Nominative (N), Genitive (G), Dative (D), Accusative (A) and Locative (L). 0H ОНА́ ОНО́ ОНИ́ N но́вый студе́нт ста́рый дом но́вая студе́нтка ста́рая кварти́ра но́вое сло́во ста́рое кре́сло но́вые студе́нты ста́рые костю́мы A но́вого студе́нта ста́рый дом но́вую студе́нтку ста́рую кварти́ру но́вое сло́во ста́рое кре́сло но́вых студе́нтов ста́рые костю́мы G но́вого студе́нта ста́рого до́ма но́вой студе́нтки ста́рой кварти́ры но́вого сло́ва ста́рого кре́сла но́вых студе́нтов ста́рых костю́мов L о но́вом студе́нте о/в ста́ром до́ме о но́вой студе́нтке о/в ста́рой кварти́ре о/в но́вом сло́ве о/в ста́ром кре́сле о но́вых студе́нтах о/в ста́рых костю́мах D но́вому студе́нту ста́рому до́му но́вой студе́нтке ста́рой кварти́ре но́вому сло́ву ста́рому кре́слу но́вым студе́нтам ста́рым костю́мам I но́вым студе́нтом ста́рым до́мом но́вой студе́нткой ста́рой кварти́рой но́вым сло́вом ста́рым кре́слом но́вым студе́нтами ста́рыми костю́мами

The table below shows the Instrumental Case forms for the personal pronouns and compares them to the Nominative (N), Accusative (A), Genitive (G), Dative (D) and Locative (L). N я ты он она́ мы вы они́ A меня́ тебя́ его́ её нас вас их G меня́ тебя́ его́ её нас вас их L обо мне́ о тебе́ о нём о не́й о на́с о ва́с о ни́х D мне тебе́ (н)ему́ (н)ей нам вам (н)им I мно́й тобо́й (н)им (н)ей на́ми ва́ми (н)и́ми

Go back through Lessons 1-7 and find examples of the Instrumental Case. Explain how it was used and with your instructor's help, try to use it yourself.

Translate the following into Russian: We want tea with sugar. Bring me coffee with milk. We eat breakfast in the morning. I work during the day. I don't work in the summer.

блю́до dish; course блю́дце saucer вме́сте together ви́лка fork гарни́р side dishes гря́зный гря́зное, гря́зная, гря́зные dirty; soiled друго́й друго́е, друга́я, други́е another (one); other за́втрак breakfast зака́зывать/заказа́ть to order заку́ски hors d'oeuvres за́нят occupied кру́жка (beer) mug ло́жка spoon нож knife обе́д lunch/dinner официа́нт/официа́нтка waiter/waitress отде́льно separately, individually первое first course по́вар/шеф-по́вар chef (cook) по́рция portion, serving рюмка wine glass салфе́тка napkin свобо́ден free, unoccupied, vacant сла́дкое/десе́рт dessert стака́н (water) glass стол, сто́лик table счёт check, bill таре́лка plate у́жин supper ча́шка cup чек check, receipt, bill Я хочу́ заказа́ть сто́лик. I would like to reserve a table. Э́то всё. That's all. Э́тот сто́лик свобо́ден? Is this table free? Э́тот сто́лик за́нят. This table is occupied. Прими́те зака́з. Take our order. У вас есть..? Do you have..? Принеси́те, пожа́луйста,.. Please bring... Что ещё? What else? Бо́льше ничего́. Nothing else. Ско́лько с меня́? How much do I owe you? Получи́те, пожа́луйста. Here you go. (when paying) Сда́чи не на́до. Keep the change. Я го́лоден/голодна́. I'm hungry, (m/f) Я сыт/сыта́. I'm full, (m/f) Я хочу́ есть. I want to eat. Я хочу́ пить. I want to drink.