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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.0/rng/docbook.rng" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?><?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.0/rng/docbook.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?>
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+<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
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+ version="5.0">
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+ <title>Module 2: Biographic Information</title>
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+ <para>The Biographic Information Module provides you with linguistic and cultural skills needed
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+ for a simple conversation typical of a first-meeting situation in China. These skills
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+ include those needed at the beginning of a conversation (greetings, introductions, and forms
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+ of address), in the middle of a conversation (understanding and answering questions about
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+ yourself and your immediate family), and at the end of a conversation
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+ (leave-taking).</para>
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+ <para> Before starting this module, you must take and pass the ORN Criterion Test. The resource
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+ modules Pronunciation and Romanization and Numbers (tapes 1-4) are also prerequisites to the
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+ BIO Module.</para>
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+ <para> The Criterion Test will focus largely on this module, but material from Module 1 and
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+ associated resource modules may also be included.</para>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Objectives</title>
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+ <para>Upon successful completion of the module, the student should be able to:</para>
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+ <orderedlist>
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+ <listitem>
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+ <para> Pronounce correctly any word from the Target Lists of ORN or BIO, properly
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+ distinguishing sounds and tones, using the proper stress and neutral tones, and
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+ making the necessary tone changes.</para>
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+ </listitem>
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+ <listitem>
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+ <para> Pronounce correctly any sentence from the BIO Target Lists, with proper
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+ pauses and intonation, that is, without obscuring the tones with English
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+ intonation.</para>
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+ </listitem>
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+ <listitem>
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+ <para> Use polite formulas in asking and answering questions about identity (name),
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+ health, age, and other basic information.</para>
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+ </listitem>
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+ <listitem>
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+ <para>Reply to questions with the Chinese equivalents of "yes" and "no"</para>
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+ </listitem>
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+
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+ <listitem>
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+ <para> Ask and answer questions about families, including who the members are, how
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+ old they are, and where they are.</para>
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+ </listitem>
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+ <listitem>
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+ <para> Ask and answer questions about a stay in China, including the date of
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+ arrival, location-purpose-duration of stay, previous visits, traveling
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+ companions, and date of departure.</para>
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+ </listitem>
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+ <listitem>
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+ <para> Ask and answer questions about work or study, identification of occupation,
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+ the location, and the duration.</para>
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+ </listitem>
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+ <listitem>
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+ <para> Give the English equivalent for any Chinese sentence in the BIO Target
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+ Lists.</para>
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+ </listitem>
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+ <listitem>
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+ <para>Be able to say any Chinese sentence in the BIO Target Lists when cued with its
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+ English equivalent.</para>
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+ </listitem>
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+ <listitem>
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+ <para>Take part in a short Chinese conversation, using expressions included in the
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+ BIO Target List sentences.</para>
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+ </listitem>
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+ </orderedlist>
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+
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+
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+ </section>
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+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Tapes for BIO and associated modules</title>
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+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Biographic information (BIO)</emphasis></para>
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+ <informaltable>
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+ <tgroup cols="7">
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+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
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+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
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+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
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+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
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+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5"/>
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+ <colspec colnum="6" colname="col6"/>
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+ <colspec colnum="7" colname="col7"/>
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+ <tbody>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>Unit 1:</entry>
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+ <entry>1</entry>
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+ <entry>C-l</entry>
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+ <entry>1 p-l</entry>
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+ <entry>1&2 D-l</entry>
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+ <entry>1 C-2</entry>
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+ <entry>1 P-2</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>Unit 2:</entry>
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+ <entry>2</entry>
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+ <entry>C-l</entry>
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+ <entry>2 P-l</entry>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry>2 C-2</entry>
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+ <entry>2 P-2</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>Unit 3:</entry>
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+ <entry>3</entry>
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+ <entry>C-l</entry>
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+ <entry>3 P-l</entry>
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+ <entry>3&4 D-l</entry>
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+ <entry>3 C-2</entry>
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+ <entry>3 P-2</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>Unit 4:</entry>
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+ <entry>4</entry>
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+ <entry>C-l</entry>
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+ <entry>4 P-l</entry>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry>4 C-2</entry>
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+ <entry>4 P-2</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>Unit 5:</entry>
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+ <entry>5</entry>
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+ <entry>C-l</entry>
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+ <entry>5 P-l</entry>
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+ <entry>5&6 D-l</entry>
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+ <entry>5 C-2</entry>
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+ <entry>5 P-2</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>Unit 6:</entry>
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+ <entry>6</entry>
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+ <entry>C-l</entry>
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+ <entry>6 P-l</entry>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry>6 C-2</entry>
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+ <entry>6 P-2</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>Unit 7:</entry>
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+ <entry>7</entry>
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+ <entry>C-l</entry>
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+ <entry>7 P-l</entry>
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+ <entry>7&8 D-l</entry>
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+ <entry>7C-2</entry>
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+ <entry>7 P-2</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>Unit 8:</entry>
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+ <entry>8</entry>
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+ <entry>C-l</entry>
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+ <entry>8 P-l</entry>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry>8 C-2</entry>
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+ <entry>8 P-2</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ </tbody>
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+ </tgroup>
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+ </informaltable>
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+ <para>Units 1-4 R-1 </para>
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+ <para>Units 5-8 R-1</para>
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+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Classroom Expressions (CE)</emphasis></para>
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+ <para>CE 2</para>
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+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Time and Dates (T&D)</emphasis></para>
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+ <para>T&D 1 T&D 2</para>
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+ </section>
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+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Unit 1 Target List</title>
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+ <para>
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+ <informaltable colsep="0" rowsep="0" frame="none">
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+ <tgroup cols="4">
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+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
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+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
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+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
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+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
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+ <tbody>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>1.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīnwèn, nǐ zhù zai
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+ nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
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+ >亲问，你住在那儿？</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>May I ask, where are you staying?</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai Běijīng
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+ Fāndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
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+ >我住在北京饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>I'm staying at the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >Běijīng</foreignphrase> Hotel.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>2.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai něige
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+ fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
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+ >你住在哪个饭店？</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>Which hotel are you staying at?</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai nèige
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+ fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
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+ >我住在那个饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>I'm staying at that hotel.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>3.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai zhèige
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+ fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
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+ >你住在这个饭店吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>Are you staying at this hotel?</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, wǒ bú zhù zai
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+ zhèige fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
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+ >不，我不住在这个饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>No, I'm not staying at this hotel.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>4.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai Mínzú
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+ Fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
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+ >你住在民族饭店？</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>Are you staying at the Nationalities Hotel?</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, wǒ bú zhù zai Mínzú
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+ Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
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+ >不，我不住在民族饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>No, I'm not staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>5.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwèi shi Gāo
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+ Tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
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+ >哪位是高同志？</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>Which one is Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >Gāo</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiwèi shi Gāo
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+ Tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那位是高同志</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>That one is Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >Gāo</foreignphrase>.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>6.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǎo. Nuòwǎkè nǚshì! Nǐn
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+ hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早。
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+ 诺瓦克女士！您好</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>Good morning. Miss Nowak! How are you?</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hěn
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+ hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我很好</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>I'm very well.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>7.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi Měiguó nǎrde
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+ rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
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+ >请问，你是美国哪儿个人</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>Where are you from in America?</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi Jiāzhōu
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+ Jiǔjīnshān rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
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+ >我是加州旧金山人</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>I'm from San Francisco, California.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ </tbody>
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+ </tgroup>
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+ </informaltable>
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+ </para>
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+ </section>
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+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Unit 2 Target List</title>
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+
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+ <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
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+ <tgroup cols="4">
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+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
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+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
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+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
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+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
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+ <tbody>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>1.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou jiā zài náli?
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+ </foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友家在哪里？</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>Where is your friend's house?</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jiā zài Dàlǐ
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+ Jiē.</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他家在大理街。</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>His house is on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> street.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>2.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyoude dìzhǐ shi
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+ ...?</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
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+ >你朋友的地址是。。。？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What is your friend's address?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde dìzhǐ shi Dàlǐ Jiē
|
|
|
+ Sìshièr hào.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他的地址是大理街四十二号。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>His address is No. 42 <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> Street.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi Wèi Shàoxiào
|
|
|
+ ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是韦少校把？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>You are Major Weiss, aren't you?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是的。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Yes.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>4.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shi Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn
|
|
|
+ ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那是国宾大饭店吧？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>That is Ambassador Hotel, isn't it?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìde, nà shi Guóbīn
|
|
|
+ Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >是的，那是国宾大饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Yes, that's the Ambassador Hotel.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai nàli
|
|
|
+ ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你住在那里吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Are you staying there?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, wǒ zhù zai
|
|
|
+ zhèli.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不，我住在这里</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>No, I'm staying here.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>5.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou zài Táiběi
|
|
|
+ gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友在台北工作吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Does your friend work in Taipei? </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài Táiběi gōngzuò;
|
|
|
+ tā zài Táizhōng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他不在台北工作；他在台中工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He doesn't work in Taipei; he works in Taichung.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>6.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli
|
|
|
+ gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Wǔguānchù
|
|
|
+ gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我在武官处工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I work at the defense attache's office.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài yínháng
|
|
|
+ gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我在银行工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I work at a bank.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Unit 3 Target List</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="4">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>1.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu háizi
|
|
|
+ ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们有孩子</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Do you have children?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu, wǒmen
|
|
|
+ yǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有，我们有。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Yes, we have.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>2.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú Xiānsheng méiyou Měiguó
|
|
|
+ péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">刘先生没有美国朋友。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ doesn't have any American friends.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge nánháizi,
|
|
|
+ jǐge nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你们有几个男孩子，几个女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How many boys and how many girls do you have?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wómen yǒu liǎnge nánhaizi,
|
|
|
+ yíge nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我们有两个男孩子，一个女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>We have two boys and one girl.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>4.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú Xiānsheng, Hú tàitai yǒu
|
|
|
+ jǐge háizi? </foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >胡先生，胡太太有几个孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How many children do Mr. and Mrs. <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú</foreignphrase> have?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen yǒu liǎngge
|
|
|
+ háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他们有两个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>They have two children.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shi nánháizi, shi
|
|
|
+ nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是男孩子，是女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Are they boys or girls?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu shi
|
|
|
+ nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">都是女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Both of them are girls.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>5.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen háizi dōu zài zhèli
|
|
|
+ ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们孩子都在这里吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Are all your children here?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù. Liǎngge zài zhèli, yíge
|
|
|
+ hái zài Měiguó.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >不，两个在这里，一个还在美国。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>No. Two are here, and one is still in America.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>6.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
|
|
|
+ rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你家里有什么人？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What people are in your family?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu wǒ tàitai gēn sānge
|
|
|
+ háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有我太太跟三个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>There's my wife and two children.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>7.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
|
|
|
+ rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你家里有什么人？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What people are in your family?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù yǒu wǒ fùqin,
|
|
|
+ mǔqin.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">就有我父亲，母亲。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Just my father and mother.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Unit 4 Target List</title>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="4">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>1.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā míngtiān lái
|
|
|
+ ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他明天来吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Is he coming tomorrow?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjīng lái
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他已经来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He has already come.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>2.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou lái le
|
|
|
+ ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Has your friend come?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi(you)
|
|
|
+ lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她还没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She hasn't come yet.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi shénme shíhou
|
|
|
+ dàode?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是什么时候到的？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>When did he arrive?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi zuótiān
|
|
|
+ dàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是昨天到的。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He arrived yesterday.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>4.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi yíge rén láide
|
|
|
+ ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是一个人来的吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry> Did you come alone?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, wǒ bú shi yíge rén
|
|
|
+ láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >不是，我不是一个人来的。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>No, I didn't come alone.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>5.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ něitiān
|
|
|
+ zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你哪天走？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What day are you leaving?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntian
|
|
|
+ zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我今天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm leaving today.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Unit 5 Target List</title>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="4">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>1.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi zài nǎr
|
|
|
+ shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是在哪儿生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Where were you born?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi zài Dézhōu
|
|
|
+ shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是在得州生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I was born in Texas.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>2.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen xīngqījǐ
|
|
|
+ zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们星期几走？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What day of the week are you leaving?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen Xīngqītiān
|
|
|
+ zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我们星期天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>We are leaving on Sunday.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní shi něinián
|
|
|
+ shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是哪年生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What year were you born?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi Yī jiǔ sān jiǔ nián
|
|
|
+ shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是一九三九年生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I was born in 1939.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>4.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi jǐyüè jíhào
|
|
|
+ shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是几月几号生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What is your month and day of birth?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wó shi Qíyüe sìhào
|
|
|
+ shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是七月四号生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I was born on July 4.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>5.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duō dà
|
|
|
+ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你多大了？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How old are you?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ sān shi wǔ
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我三十五了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm 35.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>6.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nímem nánháizi dōu jǐsuì
|
|
|
+ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们男孩子都几岁了？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How old are your boys?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge jiǔsuì le, yíge liùsuì
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >一个九岁了，一个六岁了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>One is nine and one is six.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Unit 6 Target List</title>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="4">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>1.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù duó
|
|
|
+ jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How long are you staying?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù
|
|
|
+ yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我住一年。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm staying one year.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>2.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài Xiānggǎng zhù
|
|
|
+ duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你太太在香港住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How long is your wife staying in Hong Kong?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng tā zhù
|
|
|
+ liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我想她住两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I think she is staying two days.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng zài Táiwān zhù duó
|
|
|
+ jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你想在台湾住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How long are you thinking of staying in Taiwan?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng zhù liùge
|
|
|
+ yüè.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我想住六个月。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm thinking of staying six months.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>4.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ láile duó jiǔ
|
|
|
+ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你来了多久了？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How long have you been here?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ láile liǎngge xīnqī
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我来了两个星期。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I have been here two weeks.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>5.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài Xiānggǎng
|
|
|
+ zhùle dó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你太太在香港住了多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How long did your wife stay in Hong Kong?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhùle
|
|
|
+ liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她住了两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She stayed two days.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>6.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Tàitai méi
|
|
|
+ lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">李太太没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ didn't come.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>7.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián méi láiguo. Wǒ
|
|
|
+ tàitai láiguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我从前没来过。我太太来过。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I have never been here before. My wife has been here.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Unit 7 Target List</title>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ <informaltable colsep="0" rowsep="0" frame="none">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>1.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín zài náli
|
|
|
+ gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">您在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Měiguó Guówùyàn
|
|
|
+ gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我在美国国务院工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I work with the State Department.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>2.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní zai náli
|
|
|
+ gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">您在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi
|
|
|
+ xüsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是学生。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm student.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ lái zuò
|
|
|
+ shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">您来做什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What did you come here to do?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lái niàn
|
|
|
+ shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我来念书。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I came here to study.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>4.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ niàn
|
|
|
+ shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你念什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What are you studying?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xüé
|
|
|
+ Zhōngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我学中文。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm studying Chinese.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>5.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài dàxüé niànguo lìshǐ
|
|
|
+ ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你在大学念过历史吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Did you study history in college?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Niànguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学念。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Yes.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>6.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen huì shuō Zhōngwén ma?
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们会说中文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Can you speak Chinese?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ tàitai bú huǐ shuō, wǒ
|
|
|
+ huì shuō yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我太太不会说，我会说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>My wife can't speak it; I can speak it a little.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>7.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde Zhōngguo huà hěn
|
|
|
+ hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你的中国话很好。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Your Chinese is very good.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Náli, náli. Wǒ jiù huì shuō
|
|
|
+ yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >哪里，哪里。我就说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Not at all. I can speak only a little.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>8.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi zài náli xüéde
|
|
|
+ Zhōngzén?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是在哪里学的中文？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Where did you study Chinese?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wó shi zài Huáshèngdùn
|
|
|
+ xüéde.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是在华盛顿学的。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I studied it in Washington.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Unit 8 Target List</title>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>1.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jīntiān hái yǒu kè
|
|
|
+ ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你今天还有课吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Do you have any more classes today?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou kè
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">没有课了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I don't have any more classes.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>2.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián niàn Yīngwén
|
|
|
+ niànle duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你从前念英文念了多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How long did you study English?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn Yīngwén niànle
|
|
|
+ liùniàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我念英文念了六年。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I studied English for six years.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ niàn Fàwén niànle duó
|
|
|
+ jiǔ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你念法文念了多久了？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How long have you been studying French?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niànle yìnián
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我念了一年了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I've been studying it for one year.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>4.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǜnián wǒ hái bú huì xiě
|
|
|
+ Zhōnggui zì.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >去年我还不会写中国字。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Last year, I couldn't write Chinese characters.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài wǒ huì xiě yìdiǎn
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">现在我会写一点了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Now, I can write a little.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>5.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ fùqin shi jǖnrén
|
|
|
+ ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你父亲是军人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Is your father a military man?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā shi hǎijǖn
|
|
|
+ jǖnguān.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，他是海军陆军。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Yes, he's a naval officer.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>6.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān bù lái
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我今天不来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm not coming today.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bìng
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我病了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm sick.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>7.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo le
|
|
|
+ méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">今天好了没有？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Are you better today?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">今天好了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Today, I'm better.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Unit 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Introduction</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Where people are staying (hotels),</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Short answers.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The question word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >něige</foreignphrase>, "which."</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Material you will need</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference
|
|
|
+ Notes.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The drill tape (1D-1).</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>References</title>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>(in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>)</para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>1.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ zhù zai
|
|
|
+ nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >亲吻，你朱在哪儿？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>May I ask, where are you staying?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai Běijīng
|
|
|
+ Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >握住在北京饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm staying at the Beijing Hotel.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>2.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai Mínzú
|
|
|
+ Fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你住在民族饭店吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Are you staying at the Nationalities Hotel?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, wǒ zhù zai
|
|
|
+ Mínzú Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >是，我住在民族饭店吗。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Yes, I'm staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai něige
|
|
|
+ fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你住在呢个饭店？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Which hotel are you staying at?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai Běijīng
|
|
|
+ Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我住在北京饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm staying ate the Beijing Hotel.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>4.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwèi shì Zhāng
|
|
|
+ tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >哪位是张同志？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Which one is comrade <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng</foreignphrase>?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Zhāng
|
|
|
+ tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他是张同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Zhāng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>5.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige rén shì Méi
|
|
|
+ tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >哪个人是Méi同志？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Which person is comrade <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi</foreignphrase>?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige rén shì Méi
|
|
|
+ tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >那个人是Méi同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>That person is comrade <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi</foreignphrase>.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>6.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwei shì Gāo
|
|
|
+ tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >哪位是局同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Which one is comrade <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo</foreignphrase>?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiwèi shì Gāo
|
|
|
+ tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >那位是局同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>That one is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Gāo</foreignphrase>.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>7.<footnote>
|
|
|
+ <para>This exchange occurs on the C-l tape only.</para>
|
|
|
+ </footnote></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai zheìge
|
|
|
+ fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你住在这个饭店吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Are you staying at this hotel?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, wǒ bú zhù zai
|
|
|
+ zheìge fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >不，我不住在这个饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>No, I"m staying at this hotel.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>8.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng tóngzhì! nín
|
|
|
+ zǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >蒋同志！您早。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Jiāng</foreignphrase>! Good morning.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǎo. Nuòwǎkè Nǔshì!
|
|
|
+ nín hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早。Nuòwǎkè
|
|
|
+ 女士！您好。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Good morning, Miss Novak! How are you?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hěn
|
|
|
+ hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我很好</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm very well.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>9.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ shì
|
|
|
+ Měiguo nǎrde rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >请问，你是美国哪儿人？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>May I ask, where are you from in America?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Jiāzhōu
|
|
|
+ Jiùjīnshān rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我是加州旧金山人。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm from San Francisco, California.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Vocabulary</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >fàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>hotel</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-ge</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">个</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>general counter</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >hěn</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">很</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>very</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Jiùjīnshān</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >旧金山</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>San Francisco</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mínzú
|
|
|
+ Fàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >民族饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Nationalities Hotel</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >něi-</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >哪-？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>which</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >něige?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪个</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>which?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >nèige</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>that</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >něiwei</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪位</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>which one (person)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >nèiwèi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那位</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>that one (person)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >nǔshì</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">女士</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>polite title for a married or unmarried woman) Ms. ;
|
|
|
+ Lady</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>yes, that's so.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-wèi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">位</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>polite counter for people</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zǎo</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>good morning</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zhèi-</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这-</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>this</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zheìge</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这个</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>this</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zhèiwèi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这位</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>this one (person)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zhù</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">朱</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to stay, to live</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on № 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>1.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ zhù
|
|
|
+ zai nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >亲吻，你朱在哪儿？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>May I ask, where are you staying?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai
|
|
|
+ Běijīng Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >握住在北京饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm staying at the <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ Hotel.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ "to live," or "to reside," may be used to mean "to stay at" (temporary
|
|
|
+ residence) or "to live in" (permanent residence). </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhù zài nǎr</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ literally means "live at where." The verb <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>, "to be in/at/on," is
|
|
|
+ used here as a preposition "at." It loses its tone in this position in a
|
|
|
+ sentence. (The use of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zài</foreignphrase> as a preposition is treated more fully in Unit 2.) </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fàndiàn</foreignphrase> has two
|
|
|
+ meanings "restaurant" and "Hotel" (a relatively large hotel with modern facilities).<footnote>
|
|
|
+ <para>Another word for "restaurant" is <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fànguǎnzi</foreignphrase>. The
|
|
|
+ general word for "hotel" is <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǚguǎn</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ </footnote> Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >fànguǎnzi</foreignphrase> means "rice shop."</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on № 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>2.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai
|
|
|
+ Mínzú Fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你住在民族饭店吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Are you staying at the Nationalities Hotel?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, wǒ zhù zai
|
|
|
+ Mínzú Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >是，我住在民族饭店吗。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Yes, I'm staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì</foreignphrase>: The usual
|
|
|
+ way to give a short affirmative answer is to repeat the verb used in the
|
|
|
+ question. Some verbs, however, may not be repeated as short answers.
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhù</foreignphrase> is one
|
|
|
+ such verb. Others not to be used are <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xìng</foreignphrase>, "to be surnamed," and
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiào</foreignphrase>, "to be
|
|
|
+ given-named." Many speakers do not repeat the verb <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> as a short answer. To
|
|
|
+ give a short "yes" answer to questions containing these verbs, you use
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on № 3-7</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai
|
|
|
+ něige fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你住在呢个饭店？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Which hotel are you staying at?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai
|
|
|
+ Běijīng Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我住在北京饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm staying ate the Beijing Hotel.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>4.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwèi shì
|
|
|
+ Zhāng tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >哪位是张同志？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Which one is comrade <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Zhāng</foreignphrase>?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Zhāng
|
|
|
+ tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他是张同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Zhāng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>5.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige rén shì
|
|
|
+ Méi tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >哪个人是Méi同志？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Which person is comrade <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi</foreignphrase>?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige rén shì
|
|
|
+ Méi tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >那个人是Méi同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>That person is comrade <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi</foreignphrase>.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>6.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwei shì Gāo
|
|
|
+ tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >哪位是局同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Which one is comrade <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo</foreignphrase>?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiwèi shì Gāo
|
|
|
+ tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >那位是局同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>That one is comrade <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo</foreignphrase>.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>7.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai
|
|
|
+ zheìge fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你住在这个饭店吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Are you staying at this hotel?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, wǒ bú zhù
|
|
|
+ zai zheìge fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >不，我不住在这个饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>No, I"m staying at this hotel.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige</foreignphrase> is the
|
|
|
+ question word "which." In the compound <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něiguó</foreignphrase>, you found the bound
|
|
|
+ word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi-</foreignphrase>, which
|
|
|
+ was attached to the noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >guó</foreignphrase>. In the phrase <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něiguó rén</foreignphrase>, "which person,"
|
|
|
+ the bound word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >něi-</foreignphrase> is attached to the general counter <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase>. (You will learn more
|
|
|
+ about counters in Unit 3_ For now, you nay think of <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase> as an ending which turns
|
|
|
+ the bound word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >něi-</foreignphrase> into the full word <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něige</foreignphrase>.) </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige
|
|
|
+ rén/něiwèi</foreignphrase>: To be polite when referring to an adult, you say
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něiwèi</foreignphrase> or
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèiwèi</foreignphrase>, using
|
|
|
+ the polite counter for people <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-wèi</foreignphrase> rather than the general counter <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase>, though <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase> is used in many informal
|
|
|
+ situations. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Notice that the noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >rén</foreignphrase> is not used directly after <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-wèi</foreignphrase>: </para>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="all">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Nèiwèi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó
|
|
|
+ rén</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì
|
|
|
+ shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Něiwèi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù zài Mínzú
|
|
|
+ Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ <para>Compare the specifying words "which?" "that," and "this" with the location
|
|
|
+ words you learned in Unit U of ORN: </para>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="all">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="4">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="newCol3" colnum="2" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <thead>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol3" align="center">Specifying
|
|
|
+ words</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry namest="c3" nameend="c4" align="center">Location
|
|
|
+ words</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </thead>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něige?
|
|
|
+ (nǎge?)</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>which</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >nǎr</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>where</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige
|
|
|
+ (nàge)</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>that</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nàr
|
|
|
+ (nèr)</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>there</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige
|
|
|
+ (zhège)</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>this</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèr
|
|
|
+ (zhàr)</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>here</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ <para>Both question words are in the Low tone, while the other four words are in
|
|
|
+ the Falling tone. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Many people pronounce the words for "which?" "that," and "this" with the
|
|
|
+ usual vowels for "where?" "there," and "here": <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎge</foreignphrase>? <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nàge</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhège</foreignphrase>. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù</foreignphrase>: A short
|
|
|
+ negative answer is usually formed by <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> plus a repetition of the
|
|
|
+ verb used in the question. When a verb, like <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>), cannot be repeated,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> is used as
|
|
|
+ a short answer and is followed by a complete answer. Notice that when used
|
|
|
+ by itself <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> is in
|
|
|
+ the Falling ton, but when followed by a Falling-tone syllable <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> is in the Rising tone. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, tā xiānzài bú zài
|
|
|
+ zhèr.</foreignphrase> No, he's not here now.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on № 8</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>8.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng tóngzhì!
|
|
|
+ nín zǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >蒋同志！您早。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Comrade Jiang! Good morning.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǎo. Nuòwǎkè
|
|
|
+ Nǔshì! nín hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早。Nuòwǎkè
|
|
|
+ 女士！您好。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Good morning, Miss Novak! How are you?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>Name as greeting: A greeting may consist simply of a person's name:
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng tóngzhì</foreignphrase>!
|
|
|
+ "Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>!"
|
|
|
+ The name may also be used with a greeting phrase: <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng tóngzhì! Nín zǎo.
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase>"Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Wáng</foreignphrase>! Good morning." --or, in reverse order,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín zǎo. Wáng
|
|
|
+ tóngzhì!</foreignphrase> "Good morning. Comrade <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>!" The name is pronounced
|
|
|
+ as an independent exclamation acknowledging that person's presence and
|
|
|
+ status. It is not de-emphasized like "Comrade <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>," in the English
|
|
|
+ sentence 11 Good morning, Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Wáng</foreignphrase>." </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín zǎo</foreignphrase> means
|
|
|
+ "good morning" --literally, "you are early." You may also say either
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ zǎo</foreignphrase> or
|
|
|
+ simply <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎo</foreignphrase>. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǚshì</foreignphrase>, "Ms.," is
|
|
|
+ a formal, respectful title for a married or unmarried woman. It is used
|
|
|
+ after a woman's own surname, not her husband's. Traditionally, this title
|
|
|
+ was used for older, educated, and accomplished women. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>In the PRC, where people use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >tóngzhì</foreignphrase>, "Comrade," in general only foreign women are
|
|
|
+ referred to and addressed as (so-and-so) <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚshì</foreignphrase>. On Taiwan, however,
|
|
|
+ any woman may be called (so-and-so) <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚshì</foreignphrase> in a formal context,
|
|
|
+ such as a speech or an invitation. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín hǎo</foreignphrase>: This
|
|
|
+ greeting may be said either with or without a question marker, just as in
|
|
|
+ English we say "How are you?" as a question or "How are you?" as a simple
|
|
|
+ greeting. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎo ma?</foreignphrase> How
|
|
|
+ are you? </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎo.</foreignphrase> How are
|
|
|
+ you. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Also Just as in English, you may respond to the greeting by repeating it
|
|
|
+ rather than giving an answer. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ tóngzhì! Nín
|
|
|
+ hǎo.</foreignphrase> Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Lǐ</foreignphrase>! How are you. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín hǎo. Gāo
|
|
|
+ tóngzhì!</foreignphrase> How are you. Comrade <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo</foreignphrase>! </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ means "very." The word often accompanies adjectival verbs (like
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase>, "to be
|
|
|
+ good"), adding little to their meaning. (See also Module 3, Unit 3.) </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>How to identify yourself: You have now learned several ways to introduce
|
|
|
+ yourself. One simple, direct way is to extend your hand and state your name
|
|
|
+ in Chinese –- for instance, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
|
|
|
+ Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>. Here are some other ways:</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="all">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Mǎ
|
|
|
+ Mínglǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
|
|
|
+ Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
|
|
|
+ Mǎ.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>My surname is <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng Mǎ,
|
|
|
+ jiào Mǎ Mínglǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>My surname is <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ</foreignphrase>; I'm
|
|
|
+ called <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
|
|
|
+ Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde
|
|
|
+ Zhōngguó míngzi jiào Mǎ
|
|
|
+ Mínglǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>My Chinese name is <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
|
|
|
+ Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on № 9</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>9.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ shì
|
|
|
+ Měiguo nǎrde rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >请问，你是美国哪儿人？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>May I ask, where are you from in America?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Jiāzhōu
|
|
|
+ Jiùjīnshān rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我是加州旧金山人。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm from San Francisco, California.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>Order of place names: Notice that <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāzhōu Jiùjīnshān</foreignphrase> is
|
|
|
+ literally "California, San Francisco." In Chinese, the larger unit cones
|
|
|
+ before the smaller. Similarly, in the question <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì Měiguó nǎrde rén?</foreignphrase> the
|
|
|
+ name of the country comes before the question word <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎr</foreignphrase>, which is asking for a
|
|
|
+ more detailed location. The larger unit is usually repeated in the answer: </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="all">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
|
|
|
+ shì</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Shāndōng</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >nǎr</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
|
|
|
+ shì</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Shāndōng</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Qīngdǎo</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Jiùjīnshān</foreignphrase> means "Old Gold Mountain." The Chinese gave
|
|
|
+ this name to San Francisco during the Gold Rush days.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Drills</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Response drill</title>
|
|
|
+ <table frame="all">
|
|
|
+ <title>Response according to the clue</title>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="4">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="0.4*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <thead>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Question</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Clue</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Answer</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </thead>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>1.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/他住在哪儿？
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai
|
|
|
+ nǎr?</foreignphrase></para><para> Where is he/she
|
|
|
+ staying?</para></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">北京饭店
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng Fàndiàn
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para><para>the <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ Hotel</para></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在北京饭店。
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai
|
|
|
+ Běijìng Fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>He/she is staying at the <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ Hotel.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>2.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你爱人住在哪儿？
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren zhù zai
|
|
|
+ nǎr? </foreignphrase></para><para>Where is your spouse
|
|
|
+ staying?</para></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">民族饭店
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mínzú Fàndiàn
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para><para>the Nationalities
|
|
|
+ Hotel</para></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在民族饭店。
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai Mínzú
|
|
|
+ Fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para><para>He/she is staying
|
|
|
+ at the Nationalities Hotel.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">李同志住在哪儿？
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Tóngzhì zhù
|
|
|
+ zai nǎr? </foreignphrase></para><para>Where is comrade
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Lǐ</foreignphrase> staying?</para></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这个饭店
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige fàndiàn
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para><para>this hotel</para></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在这个饭店。
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai
|
|
|
+ zhèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para><para>He/she is
|
|
|
+ staying at this hotel.</para></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>4.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">方同志住在哪儿？
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Tóngzhì zhù
|
|
|
+ zai nǎr? </foreignphrase></para><para>Where is comrade
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Fāng</foreignphrase> staying?</para></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个饭店
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige fàndiàn
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para><para>that hotel</para></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在那个饭店。
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai nèige
|
|
|
+ fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para><para>He/she is staying
|
|
|
+ at that hotel.</para></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>5.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">陈同志住在哪儿？
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén Tóngzhì zhù
|
|
|
+ zai nǎr? </foreignphrase></para><para>Where is comrade
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Chén</foreignphrase> staying?</para></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">北京饭店
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng Fàndiàn
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para><para>the <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ Hotel</para></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在北京饭店。
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ta zhù zai
|
|
|
+ Běijīng Fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para><para>He/she is
|
|
|
+ staying at the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Běijīng</foreignphrase> Hotel.</para></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>6.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">林同志住在哪儿？
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lín Tóngzhì zhù
|
|
|
+ zai nǎr? </foreignphrase></para><para>Where is comrade
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Lín</foreignphrase> staying? </para></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">民族饭店
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mínzú Fàndiàn
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para><para>the Nationalities
|
|
|
+ Hotel</para></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在民族饭店。
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai Mínzú
|
|
|
+ Fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para><para>He/she is staying
|
|
|
+ at the Nationalities Hotel.</para></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>7.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">黄同志住在哪儿？
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáng Tóngzhì
|
|
|
+ zhù zai nǎr? </foreignphrase></para><para>Where is
|
|
|
+ comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Huáng</foreignphrase> staying?</para></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这个饭店
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige fàndiàn
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para><para>this hotel</para></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在这个饭店。
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai
|
|
|
+ zhèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para><para>He/she is
|
|
|
+ staying at this hotel.</para></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </table>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Response drill</title>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ <table frame="all">
|
|
|
+ <title>Give affirmative response to all questions.</title>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <thead>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Question</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Answer</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </thead>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>1.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">局女士住在民族饭店吗？
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo Nǚshì zhù
|
|
|
+ zai Mínzú fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Gāo</foreignphrase> staying at the Nationalities
|
|
|
+ Hotel?</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，她住在民族饭店。
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
|
|
|
+ Mínzú Fàndiàn, </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>>Yes, she is staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>2.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">张女士住在北京饭店吗？
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng Nǚshì zhù
|
|
|
+ zai Běijìng Fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Zhāng</foreignphrase> staying at the <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Beǐjīng</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ Hotel?</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，她住在北京饭店。
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
|
|
|
+ Běijīng Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Yes, she is staying at the <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Beǐjīng</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ Hotel.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">江女士住在这个饭店吗？
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng Nǚshì zhù
|
|
|
+ zai zhèige fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Jiāng</foreignphrase> staying at this
|
|
|
+ hotel?</para></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，她住在这个饭店。
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
|
|
|
+ zhèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Yes, she is staying at this hotel.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>4.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">黄女士住在那个饭店吗？
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huāng Nǚshì zhù
|
|
|
+ zai nèige fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Huāng</foreignphrase> staying at that hotel?</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，她住在那个饭店。
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
|
|
|
+ nèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>>Yes, she is staying at that hotel.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>5.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">王女士住在北京饭店吗？
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng Nǚshì zhù
|
|
|
+ zai Běijīng Fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Wáng</foreignphrase> staying at the <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Beǐjīng</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ Hotel?</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，她住在北京饭店。
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
|
|
|
+ Beǐjīng fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Yes, she is staying at the <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Beǐjīng</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ Hotel.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>6.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">林女士住在民族饭店吗？
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lín Nǚshì zhù
|
|
|
+ zai Mínzú Fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Lín</foreignphrase> staying at the Nationalities
|
|
|
+ Hotel?</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，她住在民族饭店。
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
|
|
|
+ Mínzú Fàndiàn, </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Yes, she is staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>7.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">毛女士住在这个饭店吗？
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máo Nǚshì zhù
|
|
|
+ zai zhèige fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Máo</foreignphrase> staying at this hotel?</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，她住在这个饭店。
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
|
|
|
+ zhèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Yes, she is staying at this hotel.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </table>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Response drill</title>
|
|
|
+ <table frame="all">
|
|
|
+ <title>Give affirmative response to all questions.</title>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <thead>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Question</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Answer</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </thead>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>1.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">蒋先生住在这个饭店吗？
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng Xiānsheng
|
|
|
+ zhù zai zhège fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Jiāng</foreignphrase> staying at this hotel?</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他不住在这个饭店。
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
|
|
|
+ zhù zai zhège fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>No, he is not staying at this hotel.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>2.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">马先生住在那个饭店吗？
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Xiānsheng zhù
|
|
|
+ zai nàge fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Mǎ</foreignphrase> staying at that hotel?</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他不住在那个饭店。
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
|
|
|
+ zhù zai nàge fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>No, he is not staying at that hotel.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">李先生住在国宾大饭店吗？
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Xiānsheng zhù
|
|
|
+ zai Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Lǐ</foreignphrase> staying at the Ambassador
|
|
|
+ Hotel?</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他不住在国宾大饭店。
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
|
|
|
+ zhù zai Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>No, he is not staying at the Ambassador Hotel.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>4.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">赵先生住在員山大饭店吗？
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào Xiānsheng
|
|
|
+ zhù zai Yuánshān Dàfàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Zhào</foreignphrase> staying at the <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yuánshān</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ hotel?</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他不住在員山大饭店。
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
|
|
|
+ zhù zai Yuánshān Dàfàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>No, he is not staying at the <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yuánshān</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ hotel.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>5.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">刘先生住在員山大饭店吗？
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú Xiānsheng
|
|
|
+ zhù zai Yuánshān Dàfàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Liú</foreignphrase> staying at the Yuánshān
|
|
|
+ hotel?</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他不住在員山大饭店。
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
|
|
|
+ zhù zai Yánshān Dàfàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>No, he is not staying at the <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yuánshān</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ hotel.</para></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>6.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">唐先生住在那个饭店吗？
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táng Xiānsheng
|
|
|
+ zhù zai nàge fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Táng</foreignphrase> staying at that hotel?</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他不住在那个饭店。
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
|
|
|
+ zhù zai nàge fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>No, he is not staying at that hotel.</para></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>7.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">宋先生住在这个饭店吗？
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sòng Xiānsheng
|
|
|
+ zhù zai zhège fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Sòng</foreignphrase> staying at this hotel.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他不住在这个饭店。
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
|
|
|
+ zhù zai zhège fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>No, he is not staying at this hotel.</para></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </table>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Response drill</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <table frame="all">
|
|
|
+ <title>Give affirmative response to all questions.</title>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="4">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <thead>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Question</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Clue</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Answer</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </thead>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>1.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >唐同志在这个饭店吗？</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táng Tóngzhì zhù
|
|
|
+ zai zhèige fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Is comrade Táng staying at this hotel?</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >这个饭店</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige fàndiàn
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>this hotel</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >是，他/她住在这个饭店。</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
|
|
|
+ zhèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Yes, he/she is staying at this hotel.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>2.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >马同志住在那个饭店吗？</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Tóngzhì zhù
|
|
|
+ zai nèige fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Is comrade Mǎ staying at that hotel?</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >这个饭店</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige fàndiàn
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>this hotel</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他/她不住在那个饭店。
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
|
|
|
+ zhù zai nèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>No, he/she is not staying at that hotel.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">李同志住在北京饭店吗？
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Tóngzhì zhù
|
|
|
+ zai Běijīng fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Is comrade Lǐ staying at the Běijīng Hotel?</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">北京饭店
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng Fàndiàn
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Běijīng Hotel</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，他/她住在北京饭店。
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
|
|
|
+ Běijīng Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Yes, he/she is staying at the Běijīng Hotel.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>4.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">赵同志住在民族饭店吗？
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào Tóngzhì zhù
|
|
|
+ zai Mínzǔ fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Is comrade Zhào staying at the Nationalities Hotel?</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">北京饭店
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng Fàndiàn
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Běijīng Hotel</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他/她不住在民族饭店。
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
|
|
|
+ zhù zai Mínzú Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>No, he/she is not staying at the Nationalities
|
|
|
+ Hotel.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>5.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">刘同志住在这个饭店吗？
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú Tóngzhì zhù
|
|
|
+ zai zhèige fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Is comrade Liú staying at this hotel?</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个饭店
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige fàndiàn
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>that hotel</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他/她不住在这个饭店。
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
|
|
|
+ zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>No, he/she is not staying at this hotel.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>6.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">蒋同志住在那个饭店?
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng Tóngzhì
|
|
|
+ zhù zai nèige fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Is Jiāng Tóngzhì staying at that hotel?</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个饭店
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige
|
|
|
+ fàndiàn</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>that hotel</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，他/她住在那个饭店。
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
|
|
|
+ nèige fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Yes, he/she is staying at that hotel.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>7.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">张同志住在北京饭店吗？
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng Tóngzhì
|
|
|
+ zhù zai Běijīng Fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Is Zhāng Tóngzhì staying at the Běijīng Hotel?</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">民族饭店
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mínzǔ Fàndiàn
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Nationalities Hotel</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >不是，他/她不住在北京饭店。</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Bú shi, tā bú
|
|
|
+ zhù zai Běijīng Fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>No, he/she is not staying at the Běijīng Hotel.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </table>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title/>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title/>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title/>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title/>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title/>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title/>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title/>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title/>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Unit 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Introduction</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para> Where people are staying (houses).</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para> Where people are working.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para> Addresses.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The marker de </para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para> The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >ba</foreignphrase>,</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para> The prepositional verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zài</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Material you will need</title>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para> The C-l and P-l tapes9 the Reference List and Reference Notes.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para> The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para> The 2D-1 tape.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>References</title>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>1.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
|
|
|
+ náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你住在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài Guóbīn
|
|
|
+ Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我住在国宾大饭店：</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm staying at the Ambassador Hotel.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>2.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
|
|
|
+ náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你住在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài
|
|
|
+ zhèli.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我住在这理。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm staying here.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
|
|
|
+ ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他呢？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How about him?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zài
|
|
|
+ nàli.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他住在那理。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He is staying there.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
|
|
|
+ náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你住在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài péngyou
|
|
|
+ jiā.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我住在朋友家。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm staying at a friend's home.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>4.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou jiā zài
|
|
|
+ náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你朋友家在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Where is your friend's house?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jiā zài Dàlǐ
|
|
|
+ Jiē.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他家在大力街。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>His house is on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> Street.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>5.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyoude dìzhǐ
|
|
|
+ shì ...?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你朋友的地质是。。。？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What is your friend's address?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā de dìzhǐ shì jiē
|
|
|
+ Sìshièrhào.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他的地质是大力街四十二号。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>His address is № 42 <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> Street.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>6.<footnote>
|
|
|
+ <para>This exchange occurs on the C-1 tape only</para>
|
|
|
+ </footnote></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì Wèi Shàoxiào
|
|
|
+ ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你是Wèi少校吧？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>You are Major Weiss, aren't you?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >是的。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Yes.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>7.<footnote>
|
|
|
+ <para>This exchange occurs on the P-1 tape only</para>
|
|
|
+ </footnote></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shì Guóbīn
|
|
|
+ Dàfàndiàn ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >那是国宾大饭店吧？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>That is Ambassador Hotel, isn't it?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >是的。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Yes.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>8.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou xiànzài
|
|
|
+ zài náli gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你朋友现在在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Where does your friend work now?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Táinán
|
|
|
+ gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他在台南工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He works in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Táinán</foreignphrase>.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>9.<footnote>
|
|
|
+ <para>This exchange occurs on the C-1 tape only</para>
|
|
|
+ </footnote></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli
|
|
|
+ gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Wǔguānchù
|
|
|
+ gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我在武官处工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I work at the Defense Attache's Office.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>10.<footnote>
|
|
|
+ <para>This exchange occurs on the P-1 tape only</para>
|
|
|
+ </footnote></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli
|
|
|
+ gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài yínháng
|
|
|
+ gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我在银行工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I work at a bank.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>11.<footnote>
|
|
|
+ <para>This exchange occurs on the C-1 tape only</para>
|
|
|
+ </footnote></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou zài
|
|
|
+ Táiběi gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你朋友在台北工作吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Does your friend work in Taipei?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài Táiběi
|
|
|
+ gōngzuò. Tā zài Táizhōng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他不在台北工作。他在台中工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He doesn't work in Taipei; he works in Taichung.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Vocabulary</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >ba</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吧</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>question marker expressing supposition of what answer will
|
|
|
+ be</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >dàfàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >大饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>hotel</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-de</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">的</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>possessive marker</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >dìzhǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">地址</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>address</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >gōngzuò</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">工作</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to work</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guóbīn
|
|
|
+ Dàfàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >国宾大饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Ambassador Hotel</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-hào</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">—号</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>number (in address)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jiā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">家</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>home, house</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jiē</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">街</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>street</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lù</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">路</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>road</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >nà-</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那—</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>that</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >nàge</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>that (one)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >náli</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪里</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>where</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >nàli</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那里</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>there</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >péngyou</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">朋友</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>friend</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shàoxiào</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">少校</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>major( military title)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Shìde</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是的</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Yes, that's so.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Wǔguānchù</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >武官处</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>defense attache office</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >yínháng</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">银行</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>bank</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zài</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">在</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to be in/at/on (prepositional verb)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zhè-</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>this</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zhège</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这个</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>this (one)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zhèli</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这里</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>here</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dìyī
|
|
|
+ Dàfàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >第一大饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>First Hotel</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó Guójì
|
|
|
+ Jiāoliú Zǒngshǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >美国国际</foreignphrase><foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāoliú
|
|
|
+ Zǒngshǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>U.S. International Communications Agency</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó
|
|
|
+ Yínháng</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >美国银行</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Bank of America</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táiwān
|
|
|
+ Yínháng</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >台湾银行</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Bank of Taiwan</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Yóuzhèngjǘ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >邮政局</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>post office</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №1-2</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="all">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>1.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
|
|
|
+ náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你住在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài
|
|
|
+ Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我住在国宾大饭店：</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm staying at the Ambassador Hotel.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>2.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
|
|
|
+ náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你住在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài
|
|
|
+ zhèli.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我住在这理。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm staying here.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
|
|
|
+ ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他呢？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How about him?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zài
|
|
|
+ nàli.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他住在那理。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He is staying there.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guóbǐn</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ actually refers to any official state guest, not just an ambassador. (The
|
|
|
+ word for "ambassador" is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >dàshǐ</foreignphrase>) The translation "Ambassador Hotel" has been used
|
|
|
+ for years by that hotel and, although inaccurate, has been retained in this
|
|
|
+ text.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàfàndiàn</foreignphrase> means
|
|
|
+ "great hotel" or "grand hotel." It is commonly used in the names of Taiwan
|
|
|
+ and Hong Kong hotels.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Náli</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nàli</foreignphrase>, and
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèli</foreignphrase> are
|
|
|
+ common variants of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >nǎr</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >nàr</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zhèr</foreignphrase> in non-Peking dialects of Standard Chinese. The
|
|
|
+ forms with <emphasis role="bold">r</emphasis> are Peking dialect
|
|
|
+ forms.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para> Compare:<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <thead>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Peking</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Other</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </thead>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >nǎr</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >náli</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>where</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >nàr</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >nàli</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>there</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zhèr</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zhèli</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>here</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>Notice the difference in tone "between <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎr</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náli</foreignphrase>. This is because
|
|
|
+ -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">li</foreignphrase> has a
|
|
|
+ basic Low tone, and the first of two adjoining Low-tone syllables changes to
|
|
|
+ a Rising tone: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎ</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ + -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐ</foreignphrase> =
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náli</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №3-4</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
|
|
|
+ náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你住在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài
|
|
|
+ péngyou jiā.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我住在朋友家。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm staying at a friend's home.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>4.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou jiā
|
|
|
+ zài náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你朋友家在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Where is your friend's house?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jiā zài Dàlǐ
|
|
|
+ Jiē.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他家在大力街。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>His house is on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> Street.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>The possessive relationships in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >péngyou jiā</foreignphrase>, "friend's house," <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ péngyou jiā</foreignphrase>, "your
|
|
|
+ friend’s house," and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā
|
|
|
+ jiā</foreignphrase>, "his house," are unmarked, while the English must
|
|
|
+ include -'s or the possessive form of the pronoun ("your," "his".) In
|
|
|
+ Chinese, possessive relationships may be expressed by simply putting the
|
|
|
+ possessor in front of the possessed when the relationship between the two is
|
|
|
+ particularly close, like the relationship between a person and his home,
|
|
|
+ family, or friends.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №5</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>5.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyoude
|
|
|
+ dìzhǐ shì ...?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你朋友的地质是。。。？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What is your friend's address?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā de dìzhǐ shì
|
|
|
+ jiē Sìshièrhào.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他的地质是大力街四十二号。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>His address is № 42 <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàlǐ</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ street.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Péngyoude dìzhǐ:</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ "The marker -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> in
|
|
|
+ this phrase is Just like the English possessive ending -'s. With the
|
|
|
+ exception of close relationships, this is the usual way to form the
|
|
|
+ possessive in Chinese.<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ
|
|
|
+ péngyǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>-de</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >dìzhǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>your friend</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>'s</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>address</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>Unlike the English -'s ending, -<foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is also added to pronouns.<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >wǒde</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>my</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >nǐde</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>your</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >tāde</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>his/her</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>You are learning possessive phrases in which the marker
|
|
|
+ -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is used
|
|
|
+ (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tāde dìzhǐ</foreignphrase>)
|
|
|
+ and some possessive phrases which do not contain -<foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ péngyou jiā</foreignphrase>). There are
|
|
|
+ certain reasons for the inclusion or omission of -<foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>. If a close relationship
|
|
|
+ exists between the possessor and the possessed, the marker -<foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> might not be used. If a
|
|
|
+ phrase is long and complex, as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ
|
|
|
+ Xiānsheng péngyoude tàitai</foreignphrase> , the marker -<foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is used to separate the
|
|
|
+ possessor from the possessed.<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="4">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="2.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="2.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <thead>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2" align="center">short or
|
|
|
+ simple</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry namest="c3" nameend="c4" align="center">long or
|
|
|
+ complex</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </thead>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jiā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
|
|
|
+ Měilíng</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de
|
|
|
+ lǎojiā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >péngyou</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ
|
|
|
+ péngyou</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de
|
|
|
+ dìzhǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ
|
|
|
+ Xiānsheng péngyou</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de
|
|
|
+ tàitai</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>But these are not hard and fast rules. The use or omission of
|
|
|
+ -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is not
|
|
|
+ determined solely by the number of syllables in a phrase or by the closeness
|
|
|
+ between the possessor and the possessed, although both of these
|
|
|
+ considerations do play a Mg part in the decision.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>While some common nouns are usually used without -<foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> "before them, most nouns
|
|
|
+ are more likely to be preceded by -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >de</foreignphrase>, and many even require it. <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dìzhǐ</foreignphrase>, "address," is the only
|
|
|
+ noun you have learned which <emphasis role="bold">REQUIRES</emphasis> the
|
|
|
+ possessive marker -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >de</foreignphrase> added to the possessor. But other nouns such as
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiā</foreignphrase> are not
|
|
|
+ always preceded by -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >de</foreignphrase>. This is also the case with nouns indicating
|
|
|
+ personal relationships, like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >fùmǔ</foreignphrase>, "father," and <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tàitai</foreignphrase> "wife." <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Péngyou</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ "friend,"<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xuésheng</foreignphrase>," student and <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎoshī</foreignphrase> "student are commonly
|
|
|
+ used without -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ but may also be used with the marker.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>You might expect the question <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
|
|
|
+ péngyoude dìzhǐ...?</foreignphrase> to "be completed with a word such as
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme?</foreignphrase>, what.
|
|
|
+ However, the incomplete form given in this exchange, with the voice trailing
|
|
|
+ off, inviting completion, is also commonly used.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Addresses</emphasis>: The order in which addresses
|
|
|
+ are given in Chinese is the reverse of that used in English. In Chinese, the
|
|
|
+ order is from the general to the specific: country, province or state, city,
|
|
|
+ street name, street number.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hào</foreignphrase>: A street
|
|
|
+ number is always given with the bound word -<foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hào</foreignphrase>, "number," after it. <footnote>
|
|
|
+ <para>The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >dì</foreignphrase>- is sometimes translated "number," as in
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìyī</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ "number one" (See resource module on Numbers, tape 4.)</para>
|
|
|
+ </footnote></para>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №6-7</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>6.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì Wèi
|
|
|
+ Shàoxiào ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你是Wèi少校吧？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>You are Major Weiss, aren't you?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >是的。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Yes.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>7.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shì Guóbīn
|
|
|
+ Dàfàndiàn ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >那是国宾大饭店吧？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>That is Ambassador Hotel, isn't it?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >是的。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Yes.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ba</foreignphrase> is a marker
|
|
|
+ for a question which expresses the speaker's supposition as to what the
|
|
|
+ answer will be. It is the type of question which asks for a confirmation
|
|
|
+ from the listener.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>There are three ways to translate the two questions in exchanges 6 and 7
|
|
|
+ into English:<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.5*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi Wèi Shàoxiào
|
|
|
+ ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><para>Aren't you Major Weiss?</para><para>You are
|
|
|
+ Major Weiss, aren't you?</para><para>You must be
|
|
|
+ Major Weiss.</para></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi Guóbǐn Dàfàndiàn
|
|
|
+ ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>Isn't that the Ambassador Hotel?</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>That is the Ambassador Hotel, isn't it?</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>That must be the Ambassador Hotel.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Each translation reflects a different degree of certainty on the part of
|
|
|
+ the speaker. (While the differences in certainty are expressed in English by
|
|
|
+ variation in wording, they can be expressed in Chinese by intonation.) You
|
|
|
+ will probably find that the "isn’t it", "aren't you" translation fits most
|
|
|
+ situations.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The short answer <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shìde</foreignphrase> is an expanded form of the short answer
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>, with the
|
|
|
+ same meaning: "Yes, that's so." <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Shìde</foreignphrase> is also the word used for the "yes" in the
|
|
|
+ military "Yes, sir."</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Nà</foreignphrase>(<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >nèi</foreignphrase>): In the subject position, <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nà</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèi</foreignphrase>), "that," and
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhè</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi</foreignphrase>),
|
|
|
+ "this," may be used either as free words or as bound words, with
|
|
|
+ -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ge</foreignphrase> following. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Compare:<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Nà</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì Guóbǐn
|
|
|
+ Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>That</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>is the Ambassador Hotel.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Nà</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-ge</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì Guóbǐn
|
|
|
+ Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>That</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>one</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>is the Ambassador Hotel.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>However, the question form <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎ</foreignphrase>- (<foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi</foreignphrase>-) is a bound word.<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǎge
|
|
|
+ (fàndiàn) shì Guóbǐn
|
|
|
+ Dàfàndiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Which one is the Ambassador Hotel?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №8-11</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>8.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou
|
|
|
+ xiànzài zài náli gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你朋友现在在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Where does your friend work now?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Táinán
|
|
|
+ gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他在台南工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He works in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Táinán</foreignphrase>.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>9.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli
|
|
|
+ gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài
|
|
|
+ Wǔguānchù gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我在武官处工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I work at the Defense Attache's Office.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>10.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli
|
|
|
+ gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài yínháng
|
|
|
+ gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我在银行工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I work at a bank.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>11.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou zài
|
|
|
+ Táiběi gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你朋友在台北工作吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Does your friend work in Taipei?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài
|
|
|
+ Táiběi gōngzuò. Tā zài Táizhōng
|
|
|
+ gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他不在台北工作。他在台中工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He doesn't work in Taipei; he works in Taichung.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǔguānchù</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ "defense attache’s office," literally means "military attache's
|
|
|
+ office."</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài gōngzuò</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ Compare these two sentences:</para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="4">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zài</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Táinán.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>is in</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Tainan.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zài</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Táinán</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>in </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Tainan</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>works.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>The sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Táinán
|
|
|
+ gōngzuò</foreignphrase> seems to have two verbs: <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>, "to be in/at/on," and
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò</foreignphrase>," to
|
|
|
+ work." But there is only one verb in the translation: "He works in Tainan."
|
|
|
+ The translation reflects the fact that <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> loses its full verb
|
|
|
+ status in this sentence and plays a role like that of the English
|
|
|
+ preposition "in" The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zài</foreignphrase> phrase in Chinese, like the "in" phrase in English,
|
|
|
+ gives more information about the main verb <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò</foreignphrase>; that is, it tells
|
|
|
+ where the action takes place. "He works," and the work takes place "in
|
|
|
+ Tainan." In sentences like this, the word <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> is a prepositional verb.
|
|
|
+ Most relationships expressed by prepositions in English are expressed by
|
|
|
+ prepositional verbs in Chinese.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>You have also seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zài</foreignphrase> used as a prepositional verb in the sentence
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ zhù zài
|
|
|
+ náli?</foreignphrase> "Where do you live?" --literally, "You live at
|
|
|
+ where?" Notice that in this sentence the prepositional verb phrase
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài náli</foreignphrase> comes
|
|
|
+ after the main verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zhù</foreignphrase>. In the sentence <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli gōngzuò?</foreignphrase> the
|
|
|
+ prepositional verb phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
|
|
|
+ náli</foreignphrase> conies before the main verb <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò</foreignphrase>. Many things, such as
|
|
|
+ stress, contrast, and other objects in the sentence, can influence the order
|
|
|
+ of the prepositional verb phrase and the main verb.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>In some cases, either order may be used, as in <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli zhù?</foreignphrase> or
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
|
|
|
+ náli?</foreignphrase>. In other cases, the word order is fixed, as in
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli gōngzuò?
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase>For text examples, it will be pointed out whether or not the
|
|
|
+ word order may be changed, and the reasons will be given.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài Táiběi
|
|
|
+ gōngzuò</foreignphrase>, "He doesn't work in Taipei": In this sentence,
|
|
|
+ the negative adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >bù</foreignphrase> comes before the prepositional verb <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> (which starts the
|
|
|
+ complete predicate <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài Táiběi
|
|
|
+ gōngzuò</foreignphrase>, not before the main verb <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò</foreignphrase>. This makes sense,
|
|
|
+ for you are not saying "He does NOT WORK," but you are saying "He does NOT
|
|
|
+ work IN TAIPEI."<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="4">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >bù</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
|
|
|
+ Táiběi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >bù</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
|
|
|
+ Táiběi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Drills</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Unit 3</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Introduction</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Members of a family.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The plural ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >men</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The question word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jǐ</foreignphrase>- "how many."</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >dōu</foreignphrase> "all."</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Several ways to express "and."</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Material you will need</title>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The 3D-1 tape.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>References</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>1.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu háizi
|
|
|
+ ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你们有孩子吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Do you have children?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu, wǒmen
|
|
|
+ yǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >有，我们有。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Yes, we have.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>2.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú xiānsheng yǒu
|
|
|
+ Měiguó péngyou ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >刘先生有美国朋友吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Does Mr <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Liú</foreignphrase> have any American friends?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā meíyǒu Měiguó
|
|
|
+ péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他没有美国朋友。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He doesn't have any American friends.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǒu Yīngguó
|
|
|
+ péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他有英国朋友。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He has English friends. (or an English friend)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge
|
|
|
+ háizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你们有几个孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How many children do you have?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu sānge
|
|
|
+ háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我们有三个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>We have three children.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>4.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge
|
|
|
+ nánháizi, jǐge nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你们有几个男孩子，几个女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How many boys and how many girls do you have?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu liǎngge
|
|
|
+ nánháizi, yīge nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我们有两个男孩子，一个女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>We have two boys and one girl.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>5.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì nánháizi, shì
|
|
|
+ nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >是男孩子，是女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Are they boys or girls?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen dōu shì
|
|
|
+ nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他们都是女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>All of them are girls.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>6.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú xiānsheng,
|
|
|
+ tàitai ne? tāmen yǒu jǐge háizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >胡先生，太太呢？他们有几个孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How about Mr. and Mrs. <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú</foreignphrase>? How many
|
|
|
+ children do they have?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen yǒu liǎngge
|
|
|
+ háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他们有两个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>They have two children.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì nánháizi, shì
|
|
|
+ nǚháizi? </foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >是男孩子，是女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Are they boys or girls?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu shì
|
|
|
+ nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >都是女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Both of them are girls.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>7.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen háizi dōu zài
|
|
|
+ zhèli ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你们孩子都在这里吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Are all your children here?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, liǎngge zài
|
|
|
+ zhèli, yíge hái zài Měiguó.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >不，两个在这里，一个还在美国。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>No. Two are here, and one is still in America.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>8.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
|
|
|
+ rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你家里有什么人？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What people are (there) in your family?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu wǒ tàitai gēn
|
|
|
+ sānge háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >有我太太跟三个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>There's my wife and three children.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>9.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
|
|
|
+ rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你家里有什么人？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What people are (there) in your family?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù (yǒu) wǒ fùqin,
|
|
|
+ mǔqin.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >就（有）我父亲，母亲。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Just my father and mother.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Vocabulary</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zhǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">只</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>only</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >dìdi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">弟弟</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>younger brother</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >gēge</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哥哥</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>older brother</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jiějie</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">姐姐</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>older sister</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >mèimei</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">妹妹</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>younger sister</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xiōngdì</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">兄弟</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>brothers</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jiěmèi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">姐妹</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>sisters</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiōngdì
|
|
|
+ jiěmèi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >兄弟姐妹</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>brothers and sisters</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >fùmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">父母</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>parents</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">祖父</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>paternal grandfather</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">祖母</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>paternal grandmother</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >wàizǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >外祖父</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>maternal grandfather</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >wàizǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >外祖母</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>maternal grandmother</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >bàba</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">爸爸</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>papa, dad, father</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >māma</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吗吗</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>momma, mom, mother</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >bàba</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">爸爸</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>papa, dad, father</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >dìdi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">弟弟</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>younger brother</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >dōu</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">都</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>all, both</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >fùmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">父母</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>parents</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >fùqin</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">父亲</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>father</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >gēge</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哥哥</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>older brother</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >gēn</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">跟</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>and, with, and (in addition to)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >hái</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">还</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>still, yet</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >háizi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">孩子</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>children, child</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jǐ-</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">几－</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>how many</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jiāli</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">家里</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>family</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jiějie</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">姐姐</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>older sister </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jiěmèi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">姐妹</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>sisters</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jǐge</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">几个</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>how many</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jiù</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">就</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>only, just</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >liǎng-</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">两</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>two</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >māma</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">妈妈</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>momma, mom, mother</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >méi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">没</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>not, not to have</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >mèimei</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">妹妹</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>younger sister</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >mèiyou</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">没有</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>not to have, there is not</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-men</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">们</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>plural suffix</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >mǔqin</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">母亲</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>mother</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >nán-</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">男－</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>male</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >nánháizi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >男孩子</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>boy</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >nǐmen</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>you (plural)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >nǚ-</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">奴－</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>female</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >nǚháizi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >奴孩子</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>girl</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >tāmen</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他们</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>they, them</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >wàizǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >外祖父</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>maternal grandfather</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >wàizǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >外祖母</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>maternal grandmother</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >wǒmen</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我们</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>we, us</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xiōngdì</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">兄弟</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>brothers</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiōngdì
|
|
|
+ jiěmèi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >兄弟姐妹</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>brothers and sisters</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >yǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to have, there is</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zhǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">只</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>only</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">祖父</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>paternal grandfather</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">祖母</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>paternal grandmother</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíng
|
|
|
+ le</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">赢了</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I('ve) won</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №1</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>1.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu háizi
|
|
|
+ ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你们有孩子吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Do you have children?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu, wǒmen
|
|
|
+ yǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >有，我们有。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Yes, we have.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>The plural pronouns are formed by adding -men to the singular
|
|
|
+ pronouns</para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="4">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <thead>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2"><emphasis role="bold"
|
|
|
+ >singular</emphasis></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry namest="c3" nameend="c4"><emphasis role="bold"
|
|
|
+ >plural</emphasis></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </thead>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >wǒmen</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>we</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>you</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >nǐmen</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>you</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>he/she</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >tāmen</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>they</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>(You have already seen these pronoun forms used as possessives: "my,"
|
|
|
+ "our," etc. Later you will find that they are also used as objects: "me,"
|
|
|
+ "us," etc.)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Háizi</foreignphrase>: Chinese
|
|
|
+ nouns have the same form for singular and plural.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Háizi</foreignphrase> may be
|
|
|
+ either "child" or "children."<footnote>
|
|
|
+ <para>A few nouns referring to people may be made explicitly plural by
|
|
|
+ adding -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >men</foreignphrase> . <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Háizimen</foreignphrase> can only be ''children"</para>
|
|
|
+ </footnote>Usually the context will make clear whether a noun should be
|
|
|
+ translated as singular or as plural, but not always. Chinese does not
|
|
|
+ require that the matter be pinned down to the same extent that English
|
|
|
+ does.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu háizi</foreignphrase> is
|
|
|
+ a perfectly good sentence, even though the only accurate translation is the
|
|
|
+ clumsy "We have one or more children." We would prefer to have enough
|
|
|
+ information to translate it either as "We have a child" or as "We have
|
|
|
+ children." </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>At times this ambiguity is an advantage. When you ask <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu háizi ma?</foreignphrase> you do
|
|
|
+ not, after all, know whether you are referring to one child or to more than
|
|
|
+ one child. To cover both bets in the same way in English, we have to say "Do
|
|
|
+ you have any children?"</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №2</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>2.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú xiānsheng
|
|
|
+ yǒu Měiguó péngyou ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >刘先生有美国朋友吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Does Mr <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Liú</foreignphrase> have any American friends?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā meíyǒu
|
|
|
+ Měiguó péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他没有美国朋友。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He doesn't have any American friends.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǒu Yīngguó
|
|
|
+ péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他有英国朋友。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He has English friends. (or an English friend)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou</foreignphrase>: All the
|
|
|
+ verbs discussed so far form the negative with <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>, with the single exception
|
|
|
+ of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase>, "to have,"
|
|
|
+ which has the irregular negative form <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №3-4</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge
|
|
|
+ háizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你们有几个孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How many children do you have?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu sānge
|
|
|
+ háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我们有三个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>We have three children.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>4.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge
|
|
|
+ nánháizi, jǐge nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你们有几个男孩子，几个女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How many boys and how many girls do you have?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu
|
|
|
+ liǎngge nánháizi, yīge nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我们有两个男孩子，一个女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>We have two boys and one girl.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>In Peking speech,<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
|
|
|
+ jǐ-</foreignphrase>, "how many," is usually used only when the number
|
|
|
+ expected in an answer is about 10 or less. In many other parts of China,
|
|
|
+ speakers use jl- no matter how large a number is expected in the
|
|
|
+ answer.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Counters</emphasis>: In Chinese, a noun cannot be
|
|
|
+ counted or specified (i.e., used with <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi-</foreignphrase> "which," <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèi-</foreignphrase>, "that," <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi-</foreignphrase>, "this") without the
|
|
|
+ addition of a bound word, a counter, to indicate the sort of thing being
|
|
|
+ specified or counted. English has a few such counters, as "head" in "how
|
|
|
+ many head of cattle" and "loaves" in " seven loaves of bread."</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The counter used in a particular instance depends on the noun "being
|
|
|
+ specified or counted. Many nouns have special counters. You have already
|
|
|
+ learned the polite counter for persons, <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-wèi</foreignphrase>. Other special counters
|
|
|
+ refer in some way to the kind of thing the noun represents. The word for
|
|
|
+ "hotel," for instance, has a special counter <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-jiā</foreignphrase>, "house," used for
|
|
|
+ counting or specifying business establishments.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The general counter <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-ge</foreignphrase> is used with nouns that do not have special
|
|
|
+ counters. For example, there is no special counter for the word
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pùbù</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ "waterfall," so you would say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge
|
|
|
+ pùbù</foreignphrase>, "one waterfall." You have already found the
|
|
|
+ general counter <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-ge</foreignphrase> in specifying expressions such as <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něige háizi</foreignphrase>, "which child,"
|
|
|
+ and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige
|
|
|
+ fàndiàn</foreignphrase>,"this hotel."</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>You may find that, in colloquial speech, nouns that have special counters
|
|
|
+ are sometimes used with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-ge</foreignphrase> anyway, but this tendency is looked down upon by
|
|
|
+ many speakers.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Here are the numbers 1 through 10 with the counter <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase>:</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge liǎngge sānge sìge wǔge
|
|
|
+ liùge qíge báge jiǔge shíge</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The number 2 has a special form before a counter: l<foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">iǎng-</foreignphrase>. Notice that the words
|
|
|
+ for 1, 2, and 8 have Rising tones before <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase>, because <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase> is basically a
|
|
|
+ Falling-tone syllable. (See also Unit 5, notes on No. 9 and No. 10.)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nán- nǚ-</foreignphrase>: The
|
|
|
+ "bound words <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nán-</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ "male," and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚ-</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ "female," are often used in compounds; for example, <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánpéngyou</foreignphrase>, "boyfriend," and
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚtóngzhì</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ "(woman) Comrade."</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>"<emphasis role="bold">And</emphasis>": In Chinese, a word for "and" is
|
|
|
+ not needed between parallel phrases like <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎngge nánháizi, yíge
|
|
|
+ nǚháizi</foreignphrase> "two boys, (and) one girl."</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>A pause is usual between the two phrases, but even the pause is sometimes
|
|
|
+ omitted.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №5-7</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>5.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì nánháizi,
|
|
|
+ shì nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >是男孩子，是女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Are they boys or girls?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen dōu shì
|
|
|
+ nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他们都是女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>All of them are girls.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>6.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú xiānsheng,
|
|
|
+ tàitai ne? tāmen yǒu jǐge háizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >胡先生，太太呢？他们有几个孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How about Mr. and Mrs. <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú</foreignphrase>? How many
|
|
|
+ children do they have?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen yǒu
|
|
|
+ liǎngge háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他们有两个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>They have two children.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì nánháizi,
|
|
|
+ shì nǚháizi? </foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >是男孩子，是女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Are they boys or girls?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu shì
|
|
|
+ nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >都是女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Both of them are girls.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>7.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen háizi dōu
|
|
|
+ zài zhèli ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你们孩子都在这里吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Are all your children here?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, liǎngge zài
|
|
|
+ zhèli, yíge hái zài Měiguó.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >不，两个在这里，一个还在美国。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>No. Two are here, and one is still in America.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><emphasis role="bold">Shi
|
|
|
+ nánháizi, shi nǚháizi?</emphasis></foreignphrase> In Chinese, an
|
|
|
+ "or" question (i.e., a question asking which of two alternatives is true)
|
|
|
+ may be asked simply by stating the two alternatives with a pause between. In
|
|
|
+ this kind of question, the verb must appear in each alternative. (You will
|
|
|
+ learn other ways of making "or" questions in later modules.)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu</foreignphrase> may usually
|
|
|
+ be translated in a sentence as "all (of)," or, if it refers to only two
|
|
|
+ things, as both (of)." Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >dōu</foreignphrase> means "in all cases," "uniformly," "entirely,"
|
|
|
+ "completely." Since it is an adverb), it must be placed after the subject of
|
|
|
+ a sentence and before the verb (like the adverb <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase>, "also".)</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №8-9</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>8.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu
|
|
|
+ shénme rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你家里有什么人？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What people are (there) in your family?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu wǒ tàitai
|
|
|
+ gēn sānge háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >有我太太跟三个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>There's my wife and three children.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>9.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu
|
|
|
+ shénme rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你家里有什么人？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What people are (there) in your family?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù yǒu wǒ
|
|
|
+ fùqin, mǔqin.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >就有我父亲，母亲。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Just my father and mother.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>Literally, the phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ
|
|
|
+ jiāli</foreignphrase> means "in your home" (<foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiā</foreignphrase>, "home"; <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-li</foreignphrase>, "in"）. In this sentence
|
|
|
+ it is extended to mean "the people in your home, " that is, "your
|
|
|
+ family."</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli - yǒu - shénme
|
|
|
+ rén?</foreignphrase> Phrase by phrase, this question is: "In your family
|
|
|
+ - there are - what people?,’ The word "family" can be taken to mean either
|
|
|
+ all your relatives or only those living in your household.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>By itself, the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >yǒu</foreignphrase> means "to "be," "to exist." You have now seen it
|
|
|
+ translated two ways: </para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>as "have," with a personal subject: <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu sānge háizi</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ . "We have three children." </para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>as "there is/are," in the so-called impersonal construction:
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
|
|
|
+ rén?</foreignphrase> "What people are (there) in your
|
|
|
+ family?"</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para>In exchange 8, the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >yǒu</foreignphrase> in the answer is translated as "there's." Some
|
|
|
+ English speakers may find this translation too colloquial. The answer can
|
|
|
+ also be translated Just by listing the family members, with no verb in the
|
|
|
+ English, as was done in exchange 9« Chinese almost always keeps the verb in
|
|
|
+ the answer to a question, while English tends to leave it out.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">How to say "and":</emphasis> Chinese has several
|
|
|
+ words for "and." <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Gēn</foreignphrase> is the word for "and" when joining nouns or noun
|
|
|
+ phrases. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yě</foreignphrase> is the
|
|
|
+ word for "and" when Joining verbs, verb phrases, or whole sentences:</para>
|
|
|
+ <example>
|
|
|
+ <title>Example:</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng Lǐ, yě bú xìng
|
|
|
+ Lǔ. Wǒ xìng Lǚ.</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>I'm not surnamed <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Lǐ</foreignphrase> and I'm not surnamed <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǔ</foreignphrase>. I'm surnamed
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǚ</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ </example>
|
|
|
+ <para>Chinese tends to use a word for "and" when the noun phrases being Joined
|
|
|
+ are not parallel and not to use one when the phrases are parallel:<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="3.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5" align="center"><emphasis
|
|
|
+ role="bold">Not parallel</emphasis></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Yǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒ
|
|
|
+ tàitai</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Possessor noun</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >gēn</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānge
|
|
|
+ háizi.</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>number noun</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>There's my wife and 3 children.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5" align="center"><emphasis
|
|
|
+ role="bold">Parallel</emphasis></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Yǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎngge
|
|
|
+ nánháizi</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>number noun</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >,</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge
|
|
|
+ nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>number noun</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>There are 2 boys and one girl.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>While "and" is often omitted in Chinese, it may be added for emphasis
|
|
|
+ between nouns and between noun phrases just as in English.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù</foreignphrase>, "only,"
|
|
|
+ "Just," is an advert (like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >yě</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >dōu</foreignphrase>. The use of <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> to mean "only" is
|
|
|
+ probably mostly confined to the Peking dialect.<footnote>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù</foreignphrase> has
|
|
|
+ several other meanings, which will be presented to you as you
|
|
|
+ continue through this course.</para>
|
|
|
+ </footnote> Speakers from other parts of the country will not necessarily
|
|
|
+ use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> to mean
|
|
|
+ "only" or understand it as such. A more widely used and understood word for
|
|
|
+ "only" is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ</foreignphrase>.
|
|
|
+ Thus the answer in exchange 9 could also be: <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhǐ yǒu wǒ fùqin,
|
|
|
+ mǔqin.</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on additional vocabulary</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>Chinese is much more precise than English in its terms for family members.
|
|
|
+ There is not Just one word for "brother," or "sister" but words for "older
|
|
|
+ brother," "younger brother," "older sister," and "younger sister."<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><emphasis role="bold">older</emphasis></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><emphasis role="bold">younger</emphasis></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>brother</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >gēge</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >dìdi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>brothers</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xiōngdì</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>sister</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jiějie</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >mèimei</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>sisters</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jiěmèi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>When referring to both older and younger sisters, the term <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiěmèi</foreignphrase> is used. When
|
|
|
+ referring to both older and younger brothers, the term <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiōngdì</foreignphrase> is used. When
|
|
|
+ referring to sisters and brothers, the phrase <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiōngdì jiěmèi</foreignphrase> is
|
|
|
+ used.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Chinese also distinguishes between grandparents on the father's side of
|
|
|
+ the family and grandparents on the mother's side:<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><emphasis role="bold">father's
|
|
|
+ side</emphasis></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><emphasis role="bold">mother's
|
|
|
+ side</emphasis></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><emphasis role="bold">grandfather</emphasis></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >wàizǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><emphasis role="bold">grandmother</emphasis></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >wàizǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The syllable <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >wài-</foreignphrase> in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >wàizǔfù</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >wàizǔmǔ</foreignphrase> literally means "outer" or "outside."</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Drills</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Unit 4</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Introduction</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Arrival and departure times,</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì … de</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ construction.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Material you will need</title>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The C-l and P-l tapes» the Reference List and Reference Notes.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes» the Workbook.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The UD-1 tape.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>References</title>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>1.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren lái
|
|
|
+ ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你爱人来吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Is your wife coming?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
|
|
|
+ lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >她来。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She is coming.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>2.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren lái le
|
|
|
+ ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你爱人来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Has your wife come?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái le, tā lái
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >来了，她来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Yes, she has come.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren yě lái le
|
|
|
+ ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你爱人也来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Has your wife come too?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
|
|
|
+ lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >她还没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She hasn't come yet.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>4.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shénme shíhou
|
|
|
+ lái?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >她什么时候来？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>When is she coming?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā míngtiān
|
|
|
+ lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >她明天来。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She is coming tomorrow.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>5.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou shénme
|
|
|
+ shíhou dào?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你朋友什么时候到？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>When is your friend arriving?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjīng dào
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他已经到了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He has already arrived.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>6.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì shénme
|
|
|
+ shíhou dàode?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >她是什么时候到的？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>When did she arrive?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì zuótiān
|
|
|
+ dàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >她是昨天到的。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She arrived Yesterday.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>7.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì yíge rén
|
|
|
+ láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你是一个人来的吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Did you come alone?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì, wǒ bú shì
|
|
|
+ yíge rén láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >不是，我不是一个人来的。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>No, I didn't come alone.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>8.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shénme shíhou
|
|
|
+ zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你什么时候走？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>When are you leaving?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān
|
|
|
+ zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我今天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm leaving today.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>9.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ něitiān
|
|
|
+ zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你哪天走？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What day are you leaving?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān
|
|
|
+ zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我今天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm leaving today.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Vocabulary</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >hòutiān</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">后天</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>the day after tomorrow</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >qiántiān</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">前天</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>the day before yesterday</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >tiāntiān</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">天天</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>every day</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >érzi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">二字</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>son</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >nǚér</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">女儿</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>daughter</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >dào</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">到</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to arrive</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >érzi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">二字</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>son</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòutiān
|
|
|
+ (hòutian)</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">后天</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>the day after tomorrow</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīntiān
|
|
|
+ (jīntian)</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">今天</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>today</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">来</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to come</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">了</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>combined le: new-situation and completion marker</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míngtiān
|
|
|
+ (mīngtian)</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">明天</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>tomorrow</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >něitiān</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪天</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>what day</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >nǚér</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">女儿</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>daughter</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiántiān
|
|
|
+ (qiántian)</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">前天</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>the day before Yesterday</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme
|
|
|
+ shíhou</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >什么时候</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>when</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì
|
|
|
+ de</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">十的</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>focus construction</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-tiān</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">天</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>day</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >tiāntiān</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">天天</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>every day</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge
|
|
|
+ rén</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >一个人</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>singly, alone</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐjīng
|
|
|
+ (yǐjing)</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">已经</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>already</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">走</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to leave</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zuótiān</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">昨天</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Yesterday</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jiéhūn</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">结婚</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to get married, to be married</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi
|
|
|
+ jiéhūn</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >没结婚</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>not to be married</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >kěshi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">可是</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>but</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xiǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">想</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to think, to think that</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №1</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>1.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren lái
|
|
|
+ ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你爱人来吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Is your wife coming?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
|
|
|
+ lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >她来。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She is coming.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>These sentences refer to future time, but <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> is not a future-tense
|
|
|
+ form. Strictly speaking, Chinese verbs do not have tenses. The same form of
|
|
|
+ the verb can be used in present, past, and future contexts.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>We translated the sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
|
|
|
+ zài Táinán gōngzuò.</foreignphrase> as "He works in Tainan" assuming a
|
|
|
+ present context. But in a past context we could translate It as "He
|
|
|
+ <emphasis role="bold">worked</emphasis> in Tainan; and in a future
|
|
|
+ context we could translate it as "He <emphasis role="bold">will
|
|
|
+ work</emphasis> in Tainan." The verb form <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò</foreignphrase> does not tell you
|
|
|
+ what time is being talked about. You have to look elsewhere for that
|
|
|
+ information, perhaps to a time expression like "last year" or "now" or
|
|
|
+ "tomorrow," or to the conversational setting.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №2</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>2.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren lái le
|
|
|
+ ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你爱人来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Has your wife come?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái le, tā lái
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >来了，她来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Yes, she has come.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Aspect</emphasis>: <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Le</foreignphrase> is an aspect marker.
|
|
|
+ Through the use of and other one-syllable markers (<foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de, zhe, ne, guo</foreignphrase>), the
|
|
|
+ Chinese language indicates whether the occurrence being talked about is
|
|
|
+ completed, ongoing, about to occur, or experienced for the first time.
|
|
|
+ Aspect markers may also be used to indicate whether the whole situation in
|
|
|
+ the sentence is a new, changed situation.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>"<emphasis role="bold">Completion</emphasis>" and "new situation" are not
|
|
|
+ <emphasis role="bold">tenses</emphasis> but <emphasis role="bold"
|
|
|
+ >aspects</emphasis>. Aspect is a way of talking about events or
|
|
|
+ activities in relation to time. While tenses categorize action in terms of
|
|
|
+ features such as completeness and change. Aspect markers are very different
|
|
|
+ from tense markers because the same aspect may be used in past, present, and
|
|
|
+ future contexts. We may speak of an action that will be completed as of a
|
|
|
+ future time, for example, or of a situation that was new as of a past time.
|
|
|
+ English communicates these ideas to a certain extent through the use of many
|
|
|
+ different tenses for the verb (future perfect, simple past, etc,). Chinese
|
|
|
+ does this through the use of aspect markers and time words. The verbs
|
|
|
+ themselves do not change form.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Le is used in exchange 2 to indicate two aspects-completion and new
|
|
|
+ situation, (it is, however, often used to indicate only one aspect.)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Here, it indicates that the person has come, meaning that the action is
|
|
|
+ completed, and that the person is now here, a changed situation. When the
|
|
|
+ marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> refers
|
|
|
+ to both these aspects, we call it "combined <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>." Combined le can be
|
|
|
+ thought of as a telescoping of the completion le followed by a new-situation
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le le</foreignphrase> becomes
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>. In the
|
|
|
+ next two units, you will see the marker <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> used to Indicate each of
|
|
|
+ these aspects separately.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №3</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren yě lái
|
|
|
+ le ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你爱人也来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Has your wife come too?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
|
|
|
+ lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >她还没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She hasn't come yet.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>Negative of combined <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le</foreignphrase>: Compare these affirmative and negative
|
|
|
+ forms:<informaltable frame="all">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="6">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.5*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="2.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><emphasis role="bold">affirmative</emphasis></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>is coming.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><emphasis role="bold">negative</emphasis></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >bù</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>isn't coming.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable><informaltable frame="all">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="6">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.5*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="2.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><emphasis role="bold">affirmative</emphasis></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>has come (now).</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><emphasis role="bold">negative</emphasis></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >hái</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >méi(you)</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>hasn't come (yet).</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Notice that the marker le does not appear in the negative answer in the
|
|
|
+ exchange.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái</foreignphrase>: The
|
|
|
+ negative of a sentence containing combined le_ will include the adverb
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase>, "yet," as
|
|
|
+ well as the negative <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >méi(you)</foreignphrase>. In English, the "yet" is frequently left
|
|
|
+ out.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Like other adverbs such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >yě</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >hái</foreignphrase> always precedes the verb, although not always
|
|
|
+ directly. Elements such as the negatives and <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> may come between an
|
|
|
+ adverb and a verb,</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou</foreignphrase>, "not
|
|
|
+ have" is used to negate the aspect of completion; that is, to say that a
|
|
|
+ certain event did not take place. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Méiyou</foreignphrase> may be shortened to <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase>. Here are three possible
|
|
|
+ negative answers to the question.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le ma?</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ "Has he come?"<informaltable frame="all">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >hái</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >méiyou</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He hasn't come yet.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >hái</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >méi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He hasn't come yet.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >hái</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >méiyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Not yet.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №4-5</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>4.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shénme
|
|
|
+ shíhou lái?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >她什么时候来？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>When is she coming?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā míngtiān
|
|
|
+ lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >她明天来。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She is coming tomorrow.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>5.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou
|
|
|
+ shénme shíhou dào?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你朋友什么时候到？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>When is your friend arriving?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjīng dào
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他已经到了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He has already arrived.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>Position of time words: Time phrases occupy the same position in a
|
|
|
+ sentence as adverbs such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >yě</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >hái</foreignphrase> between the subject and the verb.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №6-7</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>6.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì shénme
|
|
|
+ shíhou dàode?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >她是什么时候到的？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>When did she arrive?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì zuótiān
|
|
|
+ dàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >她是昨天到的。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She arrived Yesterday.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>7.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì yíge rén
|
|
|
+ láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你是一个人来的吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Did you come alone?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì, wǒ bú
|
|
|
+ shì yíge rén láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >不是，我不是一个人来的。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>No, I didn't come alone.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase>: <footnote>
|
|
|
+ <para>On occasion, a speaker may omit the <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> (which is why it
|
|
|
+ is written in parentheses in these notes).</para>
|
|
|
+ </footnote> This is another way to indicate the aspect of completion. The
|
|
|
+ aspect marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ and the pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >(shì...de)</foreignphrase> perform different functions and convey
|
|
|
+ different meanings. This is how they are different:</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The aspect marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le</foreignphrase> or its negative <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi (you)</foreignphrase> is used when the
|
|
|
+ center of interest is whether or not an action took place. For example, if
|
|
|
+ you do not know whether Mr. Sun came or not, you would ask:<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā léile
|
|
|
+ méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Did he come?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>and you would be answered either<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
|
|
|
+ láile.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He came.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>or<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā méi
|
|
|
+ lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He didn't come.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>In this question and answer, you use <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> or its negative
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi(you)</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ because the focus is on whether the action took place or not.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The purpose of the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >(shì)...de</foreignphrase> construction, on the other hand, is to focus
|
|
|
+ on additional information about a completed action; that is, the
|
|
|
+ construction is used when the center of interest is NOT whether or not a
|
|
|
+ certain action took place. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>For example, once it has been established that Mr. Sun did in fact come,
|
|
|
+ the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ construction will probably be used for any additional questions and answers
|
|
|
+ about his coming. For example:<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
|
|
|
+ shénme shíhou láide?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>When did he come?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
|
|
|
+ zuótiān láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He came yesterday.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi yíge
|
|
|
+ rén láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Did he come alone?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi yíge
|
|
|
+ rén láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He came alone.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>These questions and answers use the <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase> construction
|
|
|
+ because you already know that Mr. Sun came and now you are asking for
|
|
|
+ additional information about his visit. Many types of additional information
|
|
|
+ can be focus points for which the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >(shì)...de</foreignphrase> construction is used. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi shénme shíhou
|
|
|
+ láide?</foreignphrase> the additional information is the time when
|
|
|
+ something happens. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi yíge rén láide
|
|
|
+ ma?</foreignphrase> the information asked for is the manner in which
|
|
|
+ something takes place. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Other possible focus points are place, cause of action, goal of action,
|
|
|
+ and performer of action.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Now let's take a look at how <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shì</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >de</foreignphrase> function separately in this construction. The verb
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>, coming
|
|
|
+ before the phrase which is the center of interest, serves as a signal that
|
|
|
+ what follows is emphasised. The verb "to "be" is often used in a similar way
|
|
|
+ in English to mark the center of interest:<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
|
|
|
+ zuótiān láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Was it yesterday that he came?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Another way of showing the center of interest in English is by word
|
|
|
+ stress. Here is a comparison between focusing in Chinese with <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase> and focusing in
|
|
|
+ English with stress:<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
|
|
|
+ ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Has he come?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Yes, he has.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
|
|
|
+ zuótiān láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Did he come YESTERDAY?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā shi
|
|
|
+ zuótiān láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Yes, YESTERDAY.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ coming after the verb indicates completion. When the marker <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is not used in the
|
|
|
+ sentence, that sentence no longer describes a completed event. The marker
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> by itself
|
|
|
+ emphasizes something about the action.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para> Compare these sentences:<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
|
|
|
+ jīntiān lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She is coming (later) today.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
|
|
|
+ jīntiān láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She came (earlier) today.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>For the time being, you will not use <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> without <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The negative form of the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >(shì)...de</foreignphrase> construction is <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú shi...de</foreignphrase> . Compare this
|
|
|
+ with the negatives you have already learned:<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="8">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.5*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c7" colnum="7" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c8" colnum="8" colwidth="7.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zuótiān</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-de</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>It was YESTERDAY that he came.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >bú</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zuótiān</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-de</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>It wasn't YESTERDAY that he came.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable><informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="8">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.5*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c7" colnum="7" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c8" colnum="8" colwidth="7.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He has come.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >hái</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >méi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He hasn't come.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable><informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="8">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.5*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c7" colnum="7" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c8" colnum="8" colwidth="7.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >míngtiān</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He is coming tomorrow.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >míngtiān</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >bù</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He isn't coming tomorrow.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Notice that in a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >(shì)...de</foreignphrase> construction the negative <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú</foreignphrase> precedes the verb
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> rather
|
|
|
+ than the main verb. Short answers are also formed with <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> rather than with the main verb:<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi yíge
|
|
|
+ rén láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Did you come alone?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, wǒ shì
|
|
|
+ yíge rén láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Yes, I came alone.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Búshì, wǒ
|
|
|
+ bú shi yíge rén láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>No, I didn't come alone.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ construction is not used in every completed-action sentence containing a
|
|
|
+ time, place, or manner phrase. If the center of interest is still whether or
|
|
|
+ not the action took place, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le</foreignphrase> is used. If, for example, you knew that someone was
|
|
|
+ expected to come yesterday and you wanted to find out only whether he
|
|
|
+ actually did come, the conversation might go as follows:<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
|
|
|
+ méi lái ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Didn't he COME yesterday?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
|
|
|
+ lái le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He DID COME yesterday.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge
|
|
|
+ rén</foreignphrase> means "one person." When the expression is used to
|
|
|
+ describe how someone does something, translate it as "alone"</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №8-9</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>8.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shénme
|
|
|
+ shíhou zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你什么时候走？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>When are you leaving?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān
|
|
|
+ zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我今天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm leaving today.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>9.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ něitiān
|
|
|
+ zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你哪天走？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What day are you leaving?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān
|
|
|
+ zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我今天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm leaving today.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>The word for "day" is the bound word <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tiān</foreignphrase>. To ask "what day"
|
|
|
+ (literally "which day"), the bound word <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi-</foreignphrase> "which," is combined
|
|
|
+ with the bound word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-tiān</foreignphrase>, "day": <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >něitiān</foreignphrase> (like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >něiguó</foreignphrase>, "which country").<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >něitiān?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>what day?/which day?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >qiántiān</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>day before yesterday</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zuótiān</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>yesterday</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jīntiān</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>today</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >míngtiān</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>tomorrow</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >hòutiān</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>day after tomorrow</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Some speakers say the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-tiān</foreignphrase> in these words in the Neutral tone:
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >qiántian</foreignphrase>,<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zuótian</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jīntian</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >míngtian</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >hòutian</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Drills</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Criterion test</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Appendices</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Appendix </title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Appendix </title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Appendix </title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Appendix </title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Appendix </title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Unit 5</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Introduction</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Date and Place of birth.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Days of the week.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Ages.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le</foreignphrase> for new situations.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Material you will need</title>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The C-1 and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The 5D-1 tape.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>References</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>1.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Andesen Fūren, nǐ
|
|
|
+ shì zài nǎr shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >安德森夫人，你是在哪儿生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Mrs. Andersen, where were you born?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì zài Dézhōu
|
|
|
+ shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我是在得州生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I was born in Texas.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>2.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen shì Xīngqīsì
|
|
|
+ dàode ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你们是星期四到的吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Did you arrive on Thursday?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì, wǒmen shì
|
|
|
+ Xīngqīwǔ dàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >不是，我们是星期五到的。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>No, we arrived on Friday.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen xīngqījǐ
|
|
|
+ zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你们星期几走？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What day of the week are you leaving?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen Xīngqītiān
|
|
|
+ zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我们星期天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>We are leaving on Sunday.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>4.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì něinián
|
|
|
+ shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你是哪年生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What year are you born?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Yī jiǔ sān
|
|
|
+ jiǔ nián shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我是一九三九年生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I was born in 1939.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>5.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì jǐyüè
|
|
|
+ shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你是几月生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What month were you born?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Qíyüè
|
|
|
+ shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我是七月生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I was born in July.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>6.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì jǐhào
|
|
|
+ shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你是几号生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What day of the month were you born?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Sìhào
|
|
|
+ shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我是四号生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I was born on the fourth.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>7.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duó dà
|
|
|
+ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你多大了？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How old are you?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ èr shi sì
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我二十四了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm 24.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>8.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duó dà
|
|
|
+ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你多大了？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How old are you?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ sān shi wǔ
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我三十五了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm 35.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>9.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen nǚháizi jǐsuì
|
|
|
+ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你们女孩子几岁了？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How old is your girl?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā básuì
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >她八岁了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She's eight years old.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>10.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen nánháizi dōu
|
|
|
+ jǐsuì le?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你们男孩子都几岁了？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How old are your boys?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge jiǔsuì le,
|
|
|
+ yíge liùsuì le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >一个九岁了， 一个六岁了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>One is nine, and one is six.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Vocabulary</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duó
|
|
|
+ dà</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">多大</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>how old</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòunián
|
|
|
+ (hòunian)</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">后年</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>the year after next</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jǐhào</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">几号</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>what day of the month?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīnnián
|
|
|
+ (jīnnian)</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">今年</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>this year</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jǐsuì</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">几岁</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>how old</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jǐyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">几月</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>what month</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míngnián
|
|
|
+ (míngnian)</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">明年</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>next year</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >něinián</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >哪年？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>which year</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niánnián
|
|
|
+ (niánnian)</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">年年</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>every year</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiánnián
|
|
|
+ (qiánnian)</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">前年</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>the year before last</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǜnián
|
|
|
+ (qǜnian)</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">去年</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>last year</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shàngge
|
|
|
+ yüè</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >上个月</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>last month</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shēng</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">生</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to be born</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-suì</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">岁</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>year (of age)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàge
|
|
|
+ yüè</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >下个月</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>next month</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Xīngqīèr</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >星期二</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Tuesday</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xīngqījǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >星期几</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>what day of the week</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Xīngqīliù</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >星期六</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Saturday</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Xīngqīsān</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >星期三</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Wednesday</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Xīngqīsì</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >星期四</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Thursday</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Xīngqītiān</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >星期日，星期天</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Sunday</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Xīngqīwǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >星期五</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Friday</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Xīngqīyī</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >星期一</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Monday</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zheìge
|
|
|
+ yüè</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >这个月</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>this month</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №1</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>1.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Andesen Fūren,
|
|
|
+ nǐ shì zài nǎr shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >安德森夫人，你是在哪儿生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Mrs. Andersen, where were you born?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì zài
|
|
|
+ Dézhōu shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我是在得州生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I was born in Texas.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì...de</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ construction is used to focus on place expressions as well as on time and
|
|
|
+ manner expressions.<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="6">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="4.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
|
|
|
+ Měiguó</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shēng</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-de.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I was born in America. WHERE</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zuótiān</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >dào</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-de.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I arrived yesterday. WHEN</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge
|
|
|
+ rén</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-de.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I came alone. HOW</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №2-3</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>2.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen shì
|
|
|
+ Xīngqīsì dàode ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你们是星期四到的吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Did you arrive on Thursday?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì, wǒmen
|
|
|
+ shì Xīngqīwǔ dàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >不是，我们是星期五到的。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>No, we arrived on Friday.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen xīngqījǐ
|
|
|
+ zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你们星期几走？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What day of the week are you leaving?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
|
|
|
+ Xīngqītiān zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我们星期天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>We are leaving on Sunday.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Days of the week:</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xīngqījǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What day of the week?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xīngqīyī</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Monday</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xīngqīèr</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Tuesday</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xīngqīsàn</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Wednesday</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xīngqīsì</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Thursday</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xingqīwǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Friday</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xīngqīliù</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Saturday</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xīngqītiān</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Sunday</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>Until now, you have always seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jǐ</foreignphrase>, "how many," at the beginning of a word
|
|
|
+ (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǐge háizi, jǐwèi xiānsheng,
|
|
|
+ jǐhào</foreignphrase>). In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xīngqījǐ</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-jǐ</foreignphrase> is at the end of the word. In both places, occupies
|
|
|
+ the position of a number and acts like a number: <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīngqījǐ</foreignphrase>, "What number day of
|
|
|
+ the week?"</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №4</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>4.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì něinián
|
|
|
+ shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你是哪年生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What year are you born?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Yī jiǔ
|
|
|
+ sān jiǔ nián shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我是一九三九年生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I was born in 1939.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>The word for "year," -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >nián</foreignphrase> is a bound word (like the word for "day,"
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tiān</foreignphrase>). The
|
|
|
+ question word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >něinián</foreignphrase>, "which year," is formed with the bound word
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ "which."</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The year is given as a sequence of digits, so that 1972, <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yījiǔqīèrnián</foreignphrase> would literally
|
|
|
+ be "one-nine-seven-two year." In a sequence of digits, the word
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">èr-</foreignphrase> (not
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎng-</foreignphrase> is used
|
|
|
+ for 2, and the words for 1, T, and 8 keep their basic high tones. (See notes
|
|
|
+ on No. 10 for cases in which these tones change.)</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №5</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>5.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì jǐyüè
|
|
|
+ shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你是几月生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What month were you born?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Qíyüè
|
|
|
+ shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我是七月生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I was born in July.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Months:</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="4">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jǐyüè?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What month?</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >yíyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>January</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >qíyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>July</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >èryüè</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>February</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >báyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>August</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >sānyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>March</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jiǔyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>September</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >sìyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>April</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shíyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>October</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >wǔyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>May</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shǐyīyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>November</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >liùyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>June</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shíèryüè</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>December</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>Since the names of the months are formed with numbers, <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǐ-</foreignphrase> "how many," is the
|
|
|
+ appropriate question word to use for "what month." <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jǐ-</foreignphrase> is used in <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> to ask for a number
|
|
|
+ expected to be around 10 or 11. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Notice the tones on the words for 1, 7 and 8, which most Peking speakers
|
|
|
+ pronounce as Rising before Falling-tone words such as <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yüè</foreignphrase>. The syllable
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-yī-</foreignphrase> in the
|
|
|
+ word for "November," however, is usually pronounced with the High tone:
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíyīyüè</foreignphrase> (See
|
|
|
+ the notes on No, 10 for a summary of tone changes.)</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №6</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>6.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì jǐhào
|
|
|
+ shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你是几号生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What day of the month were you born?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Sìhào
|
|
|
+ shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我是四号生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I was born on the fourth.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>Days of the month are expressed by the number of the day followed by the
|
|
|
+ bound word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-haò</foreignphrase>.
|
|
|
+ You will remember that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-hào</foreignphrase> is also used in giving addresses. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>In asking about days of the month, "how many," is used, even though the
|
|
|
+ question may be answered by a number as high as 31. The month and day of the
|
|
|
+ month may be given together. For example:</para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi jǐyüè
|
|
|
+ jǐhào shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What is your month and day of birth?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi bāyüè
|
|
|
+ jiǔhào shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I was born on August 9.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №7-8</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>7.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duó dà
|
|
|
+ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你多大了？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How old are you?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ èr shi sì
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我二十四了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm 24.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>8.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duó dà
|
|
|
+ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你多大了？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How old are you?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ sān shi wǔ
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我三十五了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm 35.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duō dà le?</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ "How old are you?" literally means "How big (in years of age) are you?" This
|
|
|
+ is a common way to ask a person's age. The question is appropriate for
|
|
|
+ asking the age of a child or a young adult, but the expression is not
|
|
|
+ considered polite enough for asking an older adult his age. (More formal
|
|
|
+ ways to ask a person's age will be introduced on the C-2, P-2, and drill
|
|
|
+ tapes.)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para> The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le</foreignphrase>_which ends these sentences calls attention to the fact
|
|
|
+ that something is true now that was not true before. <note>
|
|
|
+ <para>Ages may also be asked and given without using the new-situation
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ </note>Le has only this new-situation meaning in these sentences. It has no
|
|
|
+ meaning of completion, since in fact, there is no completed event. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>One way to reflect the new-situation <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> in the English translation
|
|
|
+ is to add the word "now": I'm 35 now." Essentially, however, "new situation"
|
|
|
+ (sometimes called change of state") is a Chinese grammatical category with
|
|
|
+ no simple English equivalent. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ for new situations is always found at the end of a sentence and is sometimes
|
|
|
+ called "sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le</foreignphrase>."</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Notice that neither answer contains a verb. The verb that has been left
|
|
|
+ out is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase> "to
|
|
|
+ have." The verb may not be left out in the negative: <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méiyou sānshiwǔ.</foreignphrase> "I’m not
|
|
|
+ 35."</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №9</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>9.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen nǚháizi
|
|
|
+ jǐsuì le?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你们女孩子几岁了？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How old is your girl?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā básuì
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >她八岁了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She's eight years old.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-suì</foreignphrase>: In the
|
|
|
+ traditional Chinese system of giving ages, a person is one -sui old at birth
|
|
|
+ and becomes another <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-suì</foreignphrase> old on the New Year's following his birth. A baby
|
|
|
+ born the day before New Year's would thus be two <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-suì</foreignphrase> old on the day after his
|
|
|
+ birth. Most Chinese, however, have now switched to the Western style of
|
|
|
+ computing age and use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-suì</foreignphrase> just as we use years old. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-suì</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ like the word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-hào</foreignphrase>, is a bound word shoving what kind of thing a number
|
|
|
+ is counting. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>In a date or address you are listing a number and use <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">èr</foreignphrase> for 2, while in giving an
|
|
|
+ age you are counting an amount of something and use <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎng</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎngsuì</foreignphrase>, "two years
|
|
|
+ old."</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №10</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>10.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen nánháizi
|
|
|
+ dōu jǐsuì le?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你们男孩子都几岁了？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How old are your boys?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge jiǔsuì le,
|
|
|
+ yíge liùsuì le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >一个九岁了， 一个六岁了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>One is nine, and one is six.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase> is
|
|
|
+ used when "both" or "all" would probably not be used in English, namely,
|
|
|
+ when expecting different information about each of the things (or persons)
|
|
|
+ being discussed. "All" tends to be collective, asking or telling about
|
|
|
+ something the members of a group have in common. <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu</foreignphrase> can be distributive,
|
|
|
+ asking or telling something about the members of a group as
|
|
|
+ individuals.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yí, qí, bá</foreignphrase>: In
|
|
|
+ the spoken language of Peking, the basic High tones of <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qī</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bā</foreignphrase> usually change to Rising
|
|
|
+ tones before Falling-tone words (such as <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-hào</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yüè</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-suì</foreignphrase>). This change is most
|
|
|
+ common when the complete number given has only one digit. When there are two
|
|
|
+ or more digits, the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >qī</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >bā</foreignphrase> of numbers ending in 7 and 8 are more likely to have
|
|
|
+ Rising tones than the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >yī</foreignphrase> of numbers ending in 1 (which is usually in the High
|
|
|
+ tone). </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Compare:<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shíqíhào</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>the 17th</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shíyīyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>November</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>In all cases, the High tone is more likely to be kept in rapid speech. You
|
|
|
+ may also encounter speakers who never make changes in the tones of
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qī</foreignphrase> and
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bā</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Remember that, in the digit-by-digit form of giving the year, the numbers
|
|
|
+ 1, 7, and 8 keep their basic High tones: <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yījiǔbāliùnián</foreignphrase> 1986.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on additional required vocabulary</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="6">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Days</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >qiántiān</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><emphasis
|
|
|
+ role="bold"
|
|
|
+ >zuótiān</emphasis></foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jīntiān</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >mīngtiān</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >hòutiān</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Years</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >qiánnián</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><emphasis
|
|
|
+ role="bold"
|
|
|
+ >qǜnián</emphasis></foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jīnnián</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >míngnián</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >hòunián</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>In the Chinese system of expressing relative time in terms of days and
|
|
|
+ years, only one pair of terms is not parallel: <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuótiān</foreignphrase> "yesterday," and
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǜnián</foreignphrase> "last
|
|
|
+ year."</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Drills</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Criterion test</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Appendices</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Appendix </title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Appendix </title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Appendix </title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Appendix </title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Appendix </title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Unit 6</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Introduction</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Duration phrases</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le</foreignphrase> for completion. </para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The "double <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le</foreignphrase>" construction. </para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-guo</foreignphrase>. </para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Action verbs.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>State verbs.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Material you will need</title>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes. </para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The 6D-1 tape.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>References</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>1.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù duó
|
|
|
+ jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How long are you staying?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù
|
|
|
+ yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我住一年。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm staying one year.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>2.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zhù duó
|
|
|
+ jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你太太住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How long is your wife staying?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ta zhù
|
|
|
+ liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >她住两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She is staying two days.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài
|
|
|
+ Xiānggǎng zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你太太在香港住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How long is your wife staying in Hong Kong?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng tā zhù
|
|
|
+ liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我想她住两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I think she is staying two days.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>4.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng zhù duò
|
|
|
+ jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你想住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How long are you thinking of staying?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng zhù
|
|
|
+ yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我想住一年。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm thinking of staying one year.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>5.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng zài Táiwān
|
|
|
+ zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你想在台湾住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How long are you thinking of staying in Taiwan?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng zhù báge
|
|
|
+ yüè.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我想住八个月。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm thinking of staying eight months.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>6.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou xiǎng
|
|
|
+ zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你朋友想住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How long is your friend thinking of staying?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiǎng zhù
|
|
|
+ liǎngge xīngqī.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他想住两个星期。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He is thinking of staying two weeks.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>7.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ láile duó jiǔ
|
|
|
+ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你来了多久了？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How long have you been there?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ láile sāntiān
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我来了三天了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I have been here three days.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>8.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài
|
|
|
+ Xiānggǎng zhùle duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你太太在香港住了多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How long did your wife stay in Hong Kong?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhùle
|
|
|
+ liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >她住了两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She stayed two days.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>9.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
|
|
|
+ ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Did he come?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái le, tā lái
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >来了，他来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Yes, he came.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>10.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
|
|
|
+ ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Did he come?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi lái, tā méi
|
|
|
+ lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >没来， 他没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>No, he didn't come.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>11.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián láiguo
|
|
|
+ ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你从前来过吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Have you ever been here before?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ cóngqián méi
|
|
|
+ láiguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我从前没来过。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I have never been here before.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Vocabulary</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >qù</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">去</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to go</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niǔ
|
|
|
+ Yüē</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">纽约</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>New York</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >cóngqián</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">从前</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>before</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duó
|
|
|
+ jiǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">多久</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>how long</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-guo</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">—过</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>experiential marker</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xiǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">想</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to think that, to want to, would you like to</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Xiānggǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">香港</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Hong Kong</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xīngqī</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">星期</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>week</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">住</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to live somewhere</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №1</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>1.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù duó
|
|
|
+ jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How long are you staying?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù
|
|
|
+ yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我住一年。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm staying one year.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>Expressions like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duó
|
|
|
+ jiǔ</foreignphrase>, "how long," and <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìnián</foreignphrase> "one year," called
|
|
|
+ duration phrases, come after the verb. <note>
|
|
|
+ <para>"One day" is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >yìtiān</foreignphrase>. The tone on <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase> changes to Falling
|
|
|
+ before a High-tone.</para>
|
|
|
+ </note>Notice the contrast with time-when phrases, like <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme shíhou,</foreignphrase> "when," and
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīnnián</foreignphrase> "this
|
|
|
+ year," which come before the verb.</para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>If a duration phrase is used with the verb <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase>, this phrase preempts the
|
|
|
+ position after the verb; and any place phrase, like <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài Běijīng</foreignphrase>, must come before
|
|
|
+ the verb.</para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yìnián</foreignphrase>: In
|
|
|
+ telling how many years (giving an amount) no counter is used. The tone on
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase>, "one,"
|
|
|
+ changes to Falling before a Rising tone.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №2</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>2.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zhù
|
|
|
+ duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你太太住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How long is your wife staying?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ta zhù
|
|
|
+ liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >她住两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She is staying two days.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liǎngtiān</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tiān</foreignphrase>, "day,"
|
|
|
+ like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-nián</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ "year," is used without a counter. When telling how many of something, the
|
|
|
+ number 2 takes the form <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >liǎng</foreignphrase>. (See Unit 3, notes on Nos. 3-4.)</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №3-4</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài
|
|
|
+ Xiānggǎng zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你太太在香港住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How long is your wife staying in Hong Kong?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng tā zhù
|
|
|
+ liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我想她住两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I think she is staying two days.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>4.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng zhù
|
|
|
+ duò jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你想住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How long are you thinking of staying?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng zhù
|
|
|
+ yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我想住一年。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm thinking of staying one year.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ "to think that," "to want to," "would like to," may be used as a main verb
|
|
|
+ or as an auxiliary verb. As a main verb it means "to think that." It is used
|
|
|
+ this way in the answer of exchange 3 and in the following examples. <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I think he is coming tomorrow. </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I think he is not going. </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>When <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase> is
|
|
|
+ used as a main verb meaning "to think that," it is not made negative. This
|
|
|
+ may be a special problem for English speakers who are used to saying "I
|
|
|
+ don't think he is going." </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>In Chinese, it is: "I think he is <emphasis role="bold">not
|
|
|
+ going</emphasis>" <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng tā
|
|
|
+ bú qù.</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>When <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase> is
|
|
|
+ used as an auxiliary verb, it means, "to want to," "would like to." It is
|
|
|
+ used this way in exchange 4, which could also be translated as, "How long
|
|
|
+ would you like to stay?" </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Here are other examples: <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng
|
|
|
+ zǒu ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Would you like to leave? OR Do you want to
|
|
|
+ go?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù xiǎng
|
|
|
+ zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I don't want to leave. </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng
|
|
|
+ zài Táiběi gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>Do you want to work in Taipei?</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №5-6</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>5.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng zài
|
|
|
+ Táiwān zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你想在台湾住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How long are you thinking of staying in Taiwan?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng zhù
|
|
|
+ báge yüè.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我想住八个月。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm thinking of staying eight months.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>6.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou
|
|
|
+ xiǎng zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你朋友想住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How long is your friend thinking of staying?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiǎng zhù
|
|
|
+ liǎngge xīngqī.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他想住两个星期。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He is thinking of staying two weeks.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>You already know that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >yìnián</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >yìtiān</foreignphrase> are used without counters. The words for "month"
|
|
|
+ and "week," however, are used with counters.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Compare</emphasis>:<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >sāntiān</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3 days</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >sānnián</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3 years</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānge
|
|
|
+ xīngqī</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3 weeks</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānge
|
|
|
+ yüè</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3 months</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №7</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>7.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ láile duó
|
|
|
+ jiǔ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你来了多久了？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How long have you been there?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ láile
|
|
|
+ sāntiān le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我来了三天了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I have been here three days.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le...le</foreignphrase>, "up
|
|
|
+ until now," "so far": The use of completed-action le after the verb and of
|
|
|
+ new-situation <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ after the duration phrase tells you how long the activity has been going on
|
|
|
+ and that it is still going on. The answer could also have been translated "I
|
|
|
+ have been here three days so far." This pattern is sometimes called "double
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>." </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Notice that when <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le</foreignphrase> is in the middle of a sentence (in this case,
|
|
|
+ because it is followed by a duration phrase), we write it attached to the
|
|
|
+ verb before it: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">láile duó jiǔ
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №8</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>8.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài
|
|
|
+ Xiānggǎng zhùle duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你太太在香港住了多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How long did your wife stay in Hong Kong?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhùle
|
|
|
+ liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >她住了两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She stayed two days.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Completion <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le</foreignphrase>:</emphasis> Here you see the marker le used to
|
|
|
+ indicate one aspect, completion. Compare a sentence with one le to a
|
|
|
+ sentence with two <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le</foreignphrase>'s: <informaltable frame="none">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài nàr
|
|
|
+ zhùle sāntiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I stayed there three days.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài nàr
|
|
|
+ zhùle sāntiān le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I have been here (stayed here) for three days now (so
|
|
|
+ far). </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Completion <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> is
|
|
|
+ used with verbs that describe actions or processes, not with verbs that
|
|
|
+ describe a state or condition, or a continuing situation. The following
|
|
|
+ sentences, describing states or ongoing situations, have past-tense verbs in
|
|
|
+ English but no <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ in Chinese. <informaltable frame="none">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige
|
|
|
+ shíhou tāmen zhǐ yǒu liǎnge
|
|
|
+ háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>At that time they had only two children. </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qǜnián
|
|
|
+ bú zài Shànghǎi, zài
|
|
|
+ Běijīng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry> He wasn't in <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ last year; he was in <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>.
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Verb types in Chinese:</emphasis> In studying some
|
|
|
+ languages, it is important to learn whether a noun is masculine, feminine,
|
|
|
+ or neuter. In Chinese, it is important to learn whether a verb is an action,
|
|
|
+ state, or process verb. These three verb categories are meaning (semantic)
|
|
|
+ groups. A verb is a member of one group or another depending on the meaning
|
|
|
+ of the verb. For instance, "running" and "dancing" are actions; "being good"
|
|
|
+ and "being beautiful" are states; and "getting sick" and "melting" are
|
|
|
+ processes. In Chinese, grammatical rules are applied differently to each
|
|
|
+ semantic verb category. For the most part, you have learned only action and
|
|
|
+ state verbs in this course; so these comments will be confined to those two
|
|
|
+ verb categories. (See Unit 8 of this module for process verbs,)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Action verbs:</emphasis> These are verbs which
|
|
|
+ describe physical and mental activities. The easiest to classify are verbs
|
|
|
+ of movement such as "walking," "running," and "riding", however, action
|
|
|
+ verbs also include verbs with not too much motion, such as "working" and
|
|
|
+ "writing," and verbs with no apparent motion, such as "studying." One test
|
|
|
+ for determining if a verb is an action is asking "What did he do?" "He
|
|
|
+ arrived," "He spoke," and ’"He listened" are answers which contain action
|
|
|
+ verbs. "He knew" "He wanted" and "He is here" are answers which contain
|
|
|
+ state verbs, not action verbs. Some of the action verbs you have learned
|
|
|
+ are: <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >dào</foreignphrase> (to arrive)</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lái</foreignphrase> (to come)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >gōngzuò</foreignphrase> (to work)</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zhù</foreignphrase> (to live, to stay)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">State verbs:</emphasis> These verbs describe
|
|
|
+ qualities, conditions, and states. All adjectival verbs, such as
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase> "to be
|
|
|
+ good," and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǔ</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ "to be long (in time)," are state verbs. Emotions, such as "being happy" and
|
|
|
+ "being sad," are expressed with state verbs. "Knowing," "liking," "wanting,"
|
|
|
+ and "understanding," which may be called mental states, are also expressed
|
|
|
+ with state verbs. Also, all auxiliary verbs, such as <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase>, "to want to," "would
|
|
|
+ like to," are state verbs. Here are some of the state verbs: <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >dà</foreignphrase> to be large</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shì</foreignphrase> to be</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >duì</foreignphrase> to be correct</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jiào</foreignphrase> to be called</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xìng</foreignphrase> to be surnamed</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zài</foreignphrase> to be at</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xiǎng</foreignphrase> to want to</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zhīdào</foreignphrase> to know</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Aspect and verb types:</emphasis> Not every aspect
|
|
|
+ marker in Chinese may be used with all typs8 of verbs. Completion
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> does not
|
|
|
+ occur with state verbs. It does occur with action verbs.<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="middle" align="center"
|
|
|
+ >ACTION</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjīng
|
|
|
+ dào le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He has already arrived.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
|
|
|
+ gōngzuòle yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He worked one year.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
|
|
|
+ ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Did he come?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3"/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="middle" align="center"
|
|
|
+ >STATE</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qǜnián
|
|
|
+ bú zài zhèr.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He wasn't here last year.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
|
|
|
+ xiǎng qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Yesterday he wanted to go.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
|
|
|
+ bú zhīdào.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He didn't know yesterday.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №9-10</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>9.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
|
|
|
+ ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Did he come?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái le, tā lái
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >来了，他来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Yes, he came.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>10.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
|
|
|
+ ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Did he come?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi lái, tā méi
|
|
|
+ lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >没来， 他没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>No, he didn't come.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <para>Compare the two possible interpretations of the question <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le ma?</foreignphrase> and the answers
|
|
|
+ they receive:<informaltable frame="none">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="6">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="4.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <thead>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c6" align="center">Completion
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </thead>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Did she come?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She came.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >méi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She didn't come.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable><informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="7">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="newCol6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c6" colnum="7" colwidth="4.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <thead>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c6" align="center">Combined
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </thead>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Has he come?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She has come. OR She's here.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >hái</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >méi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She hasn't come yet.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The first question, with completion <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>, asks only if the action
|
|
|
+ took place. The second question, with combined <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> asks both whether the
|
|
|
+ action has been completed and whether the resulting new situation still
|
|
|
+ exists.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №11</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>11.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián
|
|
|
+ láiguo ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你从前来过吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Have you ever been here before?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ cóngqián méi
|
|
|
+ láiguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我从前没来过。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I have never been here before.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>The aspect marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-guo</foreignphrase> means literally "to pass over," "to cross over.
|
|
|
+ The implication is that an event took place and then ceased at some time in
|
|
|
+ the past.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>It may help you to conceptualize <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-guo</foreignphrase> in terms of a bridge. The whole bridge is the
|
|
|
+ event. The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-guo</foreignphrase> stresses the fact that not only have you crossed
|
|
|
+ over the bridge but at present you are no longer standing on it. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The meaning of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-guo</foreignphrase> changes slightly depending on what type of verb it
|
|
|
+ is used with: action or process, (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-guo</foreignphrase> may not be used with state verbs.) With an action
|
|
|
+ verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> means
|
|
|
+ that the action took place and then ceased at some time before the present.
|
|
|
+ With a process verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-guo</foreignphrase> means that the process took place and that the
|
|
|
+ state which resulted from the process ended at some time before the present. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Remember that aspect markers like <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> are used only when the
|
|
|
+ speaker feels it necessary to stress some feature or aspect of an event. Le
|
|
|
+ is used to stress finishing, or completion, <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> is used to stress that a
|
|
|
+ situation occurred in the past and was "over or "undone," before the time of
|
|
|
+ speaking (that is, the absence of that situation followed the situation). </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Let's contrast <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-guo</foreignphrase> with completion <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>: both <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> express completion, but
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> stresses
|
|
|
+ that an action is no longer being performed, or that a state resulting from
|
|
|
+ a process no longer exists. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>For example, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase> means "He came," or "He has come," not indicating
|
|
|
+ whether or not he is still there. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>But <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā láiguo</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ means "He came" with the specification that he is not there anymore –that
|
|
|
+ is, he came and left.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>One of the uses of the aspect marker <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase>,is in sentences which
|
|
|
+ express experience or having experienced something at least once in the
|
|
|
+ past, that is, "to have had the experience of doing something." This is how
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> is used
|
|
|
+ in exchange 11. In a question, the marker <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> can he reflected by the
|
|
|
+ English word "ever," and in a negative statement by "never."<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="7">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c7" colnum="7" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >cóngqiān</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-guo</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Have you <emphasis role="bold">ever</emphasis> been
|
|
|
+ (come) here before?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >cóngqián</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >méi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-guo</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I have <emphasis role="bold">never</emphasis> been
|
|
|
+ (come) here before.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >cóngqián</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-guo</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I have been (come) here before</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The negative of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase> does not include a <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>, but the negative of
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā láiguo.</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ does have a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> .
|
|
|
+ The negative adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >méi</foreignphrase> is used to negate both completion <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" pgwide="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="4">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >méi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable><informaltable frame="none" pgwide="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="4">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-guo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Ta</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >méi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-guo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Drills</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Criterion test</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Appendices</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Appendix </title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Appendix </title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Appendix </title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Appendix </title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Appendix </title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Unit 7</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Introduction</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Topics Covered In This Unit</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Where someone works.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Where and what someone has studied.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>What languages someone can speak.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Auxiliary verbs.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>General objects.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Material you will need</title>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes,</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The TD-1 tape.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>References</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>1.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn zài náli
|
|
|
+ gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >您在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Měiguó
|
|
|
+ Guówùyàn gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我在美国国务院工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I work with the State Department.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>2.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn zài náli
|
|
|
+ gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >您在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì
|
|
|
+ xüésheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我是学生。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm a student.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn lái zuò
|
|
|
+ shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >您来做什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What did you come here to do?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lái niàn
|
|
|
+ shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我来念书。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I came here to study.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>4.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Òu, wǒ yě shì
|
|
|
+ xüésheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >哦，我也是学生。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Oh, I'm a student too.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ niàn
|
|
|
+ shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >请问，你念什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>May I ask, what are you studying?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn
|
|
|
+ lìshǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我念历史。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm studying history.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>5.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kē xiānsheng, nǐ
|
|
|
+ niàn shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >可先生，你念什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What are you studying, Mr. Cook?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài zhèli xüé
|
|
|
+ zhōngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我在这里学中文。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm studying Chinese here.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>6.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ xüéguo
|
|
|
+ Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >请问，你学过英文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>May I ask, have you ever studied English?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Xüéguo</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >学过。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Yes.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>7.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ huì
|
|
|
+ shuō Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >请问，你会说英文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>May I ask, can you speak English?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ huì shuō
|
|
|
+ yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我会说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I can speak a little.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>8.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai yě huì
|
|
|
+ shuō Zhōngguó huà ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你太太也会说中国话吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Can your wife speak Chinese too?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú huì, tā bú huì
|
|
|
+ shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >不会，她不会说。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>No, she can't.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>9.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde Zhōngguó huà
|
|
|
+ hěn hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你的中国话很好。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Your Chinese is very good.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Náli, náli. wǒ jiù
|
|
|
+ shuō yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >哪里，哪里。我就说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Not at all, not at all. I can speak only a little.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>10.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì zài náli
|
|
|
+ xüéde?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你是在哪里学的？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Where did you study it?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì zài
|
|
|
+ Huáshèngdùn xüéde.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我是在华盛顿学的。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I studied it in Washington.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>11.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì zài dàxüé
|
|
|
+ xüéde Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你是在大学学的英文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Did you study English at college?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìde, wǒ shì zài
|
|
|
+ Táiwān Dàxüé xüéde Yīngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >是的，我是在台湾大学学的英文。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Yes, I studied English at Taiwan University.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Vocabulary</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jīngxüé</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">经学</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>classics</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Rìwén</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">日文</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Japanese language</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >wénxüé</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">文学</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>literature</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zhènzhixüé</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >政治学</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>political science</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >nán</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">难</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to be difficult</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >róngyi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">容易</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to be easy</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xüéxí
|
|
|
+ (xüéxi)</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学习</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to study, to learn</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >daxüé</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大学</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>university</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >huà</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">话</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>language, words</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >huàshèngdùn</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >华盛顿</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Washington</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >huì</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">会</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to know how to, to can</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jīngjixüé</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >经济学</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>economics</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lìshǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">历史</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>history</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó
|
|
|
+ Guówùyüàn</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >美国国务院</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>U.S. Department of State</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >nán</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">难</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to be difficult</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn
|
|
|
+ (shū)</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">念书</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to study</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Rìwén</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">日文</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Japanese language</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuō
|
|
|
+ (huà)</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">说话</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to speak, to talk</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xüé</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to study</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xüéshēng
|
|
|
+ (xüésheng)</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学生</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>student</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xüéxí
|
|
|
+ (xüéxi)</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学习</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to study, to learn (PRC)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >yìdiǎn</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一点</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>a little</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Yīngwén</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">英文</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>English</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zhènzhixüé</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >政治学</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>political science</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Zhōngwén</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">中文</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Chinese</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zuò</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">做</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to do</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme
|
|
|
+ dìfang</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >什么地方</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>where, what place</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №1-2</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="all">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>1.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn zài náli
|
|
|
+ gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >您在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Měiguó
|
|
|
+ Guówùyüàn gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我在美国国务院工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I work with the State Department.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>2.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn zài náli
|
|
|
+ gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >您在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì
|
|
|
+ xüésheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我是学生。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm a student.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài Měiguó Guówùyüàn
|
|
|
+ gōngzuò</foreignphrase> means either "work at the State Department"
|
|
|
+ (i.e., at main State in Washington, D,C.) or "work in the organisation of
|
|
|
+ the State Department" (no matter where assigned). Here the expression is
|
|
|
+ translated loosely as "work with the State Department," meaning "in the
|
|
|
+ organization.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №3-4</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn lái zuò
|
|
|
+ shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >您来做什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What did you come here to do?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lái niàn
|
|
|
+ shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我来念书。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I came here to study.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>4.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Òu, wǒ yě shì
|
|
|
+ xüésheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >哦，我也是学生。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Oh, I'm a student too.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ
|
|
|
+ niàn shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >请问，你念什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>May I ask, what are you studying?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn
|
|
|
+ lìshǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我念历史。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm studying history.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Purpose:</emphasis> When <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase>, "to come," is followed
|
|
|
+ by another verb, the second verb expresses the purpose of the subject's
|
|
|
+ coming. The "purpose of coming" may be emphasized by the <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì...de</foreignphrase> construction, with
|
|
|
+ the marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ before the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lái</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì lái
|
|
|
+ nián shūde.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I came to study.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para> </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niàn shū</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niàn</foreignphrase> by itself
|
|
|
+ means "to read aloud." When followed by an object, the expression means "to
|
|
|
+ study." <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shū</foreignphrase> is
|
|
|
+ "book(s)," but <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn
|
|
|
+ shū</foreignphrase> simply means "to study." <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shū</foreignphrase> is used as a general
|
|
|
+ object, standing for whatever is being studied.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niàn lìshǐ</foreignphrase>: When
|
|
|
+ you are talking about studying a particular subject, <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn</foreignphrase> is followed by the name
|
|
|
+ of that subject rather than by the general object <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shū</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>To have the meaning "to study," <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >niàn</foreignphrase> must be followed by either the general object
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shū</foreignphrase> or a
|
|
|
+ specific object such as the name of a subject.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Verb types:</emphasis>
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuò</foreignphrase>, "to do," and
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn (shū)</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ "to study," are action verbs. Both are made negative with bu when referring
|
|
|
+ to actions not yet finished Both may take completion <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>_or its negative
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase>.<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú niàn
|
|
|
+ shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He doesn't study.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā méi niàn
|
|
|
+ shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He didn't study.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjǐng
|
|
|
+ niàn shù le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He has already studied.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №5-6</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>5.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kē xiānsheng,
|
|
|
+ nǐ niàn shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >可先生，你念什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What are you studying, Mr. Cook?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài zhèli
|
|
|
+ xüé zhōngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我在这里学中文。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm studying Chinese here.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>6.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ
|
|
|
+ xüéguo Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >请问，你学过英文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>May I ask, have you ever studied English?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Xüéguo</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >学过。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Yes.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xüé</foreignphrase>, "to study"
|
|
|
+ （an action verb): You will recognize <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xüé</foreignphrase> from the word for
|
|
|
+ "student," <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xüésheng</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Xüé</foreignphrase> may refer to acquiring either knowledge or a skill.
|
|
|
+ For example, you can <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xüé</foreignphrase> history, economics, a language, piano， and tennis.
|
|
|
+ On the other hand, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >niàn</foreignphrase> is used for "study" in the sense of taking a
|
|
|
+ course or courses in a field of knowledge. <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niàn</foreignphrase> is not used for a
|
|
|
+ skill.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>In some contexts, the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xüé</foreignphrase> means "to learn." The following sentence may be
|
|
|
+ interpreted two ways, depending on the situation.<informaltable frame="none">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="middle"><foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Měiguó yǐjīng
|
|
|
+ xüéguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I learned it in America.(e.g., how to use
|
|
|
+ chopsticks)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center">OR</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>I studied it in America.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>(e.g., the Chinese language)</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngwén</foreignphrase> is used
|
|
|
+ for either the Chinese spoken language or the written language， including
|
|
|
+ literature. In general, use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xüé</foreignphrase> for "learning" to speak Chinese and <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn</foreignphrase> for "studying’ Chinese
|
|
|
+ literature.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №7-8</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>7.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ huì
|
|
|
+ shuō Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >请问，你会说英文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>May I ask, can you speak English?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ huì shuō
|
|
|
+ yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我会说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I can speak a little.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>8.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai yě
|
|
|
+ huì shuō Zhōngguó huà ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你太太也会说中国话吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Can tour wife speak Chinese too?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú huì, tā bú
|
|
|
+ huì shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >不会，她不会说。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>No, she can't.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huì</foreignphrase>, "to know
|
|
|
+ how to," "can," is an auxiliary verb. It is used before the main verb to
|
|
|
+ express an attitude toward the action or to express the potential of action.
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎng</foreignphrase>, "to
|
|
|
+ want to," "would like to," is also an auxiliary verb. "Should," "must," and
|
|
|
+ "may" are other examples of auxiliary verbs. All auxiliary verbs in Chinese
|
|
|
+ are state verbs, which means that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >bù</foreignphrase> is always used to make them negative. Auxiliary
|
|
|
+ verbs never take the aspect marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le</foreignphrase> for completed action, regardless of whether you are
|
|
|
+ talking about past, present, or future.<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qǜnián
|
|
|
+ bú huì shuō Yīngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He couldn’t speak English last year.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>When the marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le</foreignphrase> is used, it is the aspect marker for new situations.<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qǜnián
|
|
|
+ bú huì shuō Yīngwén, xiànzài huì
|
|
|
+ le,</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para> Last year he couldn’t speak English, but now he
|
|
|
+ can.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ huì shuō
|
|
|
+ yìdiǎn</foreignphrase>, "工 can speak a little": The word <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìdiǎn</foreignphrase>, literally "a dot,"
|
|
|
+ functions as a noun. It is used in a sentence to mean "a little bit" where a
|
|
|
+ noun object, such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Yīngwén</foreignphrase>, "English," might be used.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yìdiǎn</foreignphrase> may not
|
|
|
+ be used directly after an auxiliary verb, which must be followed by another
|
|
|
+ verb.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuō</foreignphrase>, "to
|
|
|
+ speak," "to talk," is another example of a verb which must always have an
|
|
|
+ object. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuō</foreignphrase> must
|
|
|
+ be followed by either:</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>the general object <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >huà</foreignphrase>, "words," in which case the meaning of
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuō
|
|
|
+ huà</foreignphrase> is simply "to speak," "to talk," as
|
|
|
+ in:<informaltable frame="none">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
|
|
|
+ hái méi shuō huà.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He hasn't yet spoken.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>OR</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>a specific object such as the name of a language.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú huì</foreignphrase>: The
|
|
|
+ short yes/no answer to a question containing the auxiliary verb
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> is formed
|
|
|
+ with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> rather
|
|
|
+ than with the main verb.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó huà</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ This expression refers only to the spoken language, in contrast to
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngwén</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ which refers to both the spoken and written language.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №9</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>9.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde Zhōngguó
|
|
|
+ huà hěn hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你的中国话很好。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Your Chinese is very good.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Náli, náli. wǒ
|
|
|
+ jiù shuō yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >哪里，哪里。我就说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Not at all, not at all. I can speak only a
|
|
|
+ little.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náli</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ means "where." As a reply to a compliment, we have translated <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náli</foreignphrase> as "not at all." In
|
|
|
+ China, it has traditionally been considered proper and a matter of course to
|
|
|
+ deny any compliment received, no matter how much truth there is to it. Many
|
|
|
+ people still regard <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xièxie</foreignphrase> "thank you," as an immodest reply to a
|
|
|
+ compliment, since that would amount to agreeing that the compliment was
|
|
|
+ completely correct.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù</foreignphrase>, "only": As
|
|
|
+ was noted in Unit 3, notes on Nos. 8-9, <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> meaning "only" is not as
|
|
|
+ widely understood as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zhǐ</foreignphrase>. The last sentence in exchange 9 could Just as well
|
|
|
+ be <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhǐ huì shuō
|
|
|
+ yìdiǎn</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №10-11</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>11.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì zài
|
|
|
+ dàxüé xüéde Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你是在大学学的英文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Did you study English at college?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìde, wǒ shì
|
|
|
+ zài Táiwān Dàxüé xüéde Yīngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >是的，我是在台湾大学学的英文。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Yes, I studied English at Taiwan University.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>In the Peking dialect of Standard Chinese, which is the model for
|
|
|
+ grammatical patterns presented in this course, the <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de</foreignphrase> of a <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì...de</foreignphrase> construction comes
|
|
|
+ between the verb and its object. The object, therefore, is outside the
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì...de</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ construction. Compare "I studied here" with "I studied English here":</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>However, you may hear some Standard Chinese speakers who place the object
|
|
|
+ inside the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shì...de</foreignphrase> construction.<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="6">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
|
|
|
+ zhèr</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xüé</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-de.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
|
|
|
+ zhèr</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xüé</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-de</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Yīngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Drills</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Criterion test</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Appendices</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Appendix </title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Appendix </title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Appendix </title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Appendix </title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Appendix </title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Unit 8</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Introduction</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>More on duration phrases.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le</foreignphrase> for new situations in negative sentences.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Military titles and 'branches of service,</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >ne</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Process verbs.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Material you will need</title>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The 8D-1 tape.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>References</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>1.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jīntiān hái yǒu
|
|
|
+ kè ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你今天还有课吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Do you have any more classes today?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiyou kè
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >没有课了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I don't have any more classes.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>2.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián niàn
|
|
|
+ Yīngwén niànle duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你从前念英文念了多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How long did you study English?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn Yīngwén
|
|
|
+ niànle liǔnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我念英文念了六年。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I studied English for six years.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiànzài niàn
|
|
|
+ shénme ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你现在念什么呢？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What are you studying now?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn Fàwén
|
|
|
+ ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我念法文</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm studying French.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>4.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ niàn Fàwén
|
|
|
+ niànle duó jiǔ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你念法文念了多久了？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How long have you studying French?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niànle yìnián
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我念了一年了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I've have been studying it for one year.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>5.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ huì xiě Zhōngguo
|
|
|
+ zì ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你会写中国字吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Can you write Chinese characters?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huì
|
|
|
+ yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >会一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I can a little.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>6.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǜnián wǒ hái bú
|
|
|
+ huì xiě.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >去年我还不会写。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Last year, I couldn't write them.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài wǒ huì xiě
|
|
|
+ yìdiǎn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >现在我会写一点了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Now, I can write a little.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>7.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ fùqin shi jǖnrén
|
|
|
+ ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你父亲是军人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Is your father a military man?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā shi hǎijǖn
|
|
|
+ jǖnguān.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >是，他是海军陆军。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Yes, he is a naval officer.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>8.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān bù lái
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我今天不来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm not coming today.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bìng
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我病了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm sick.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>9.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo le
|
|
|
+ méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >今天好了没有？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Are you better today? (Are you recovered?)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >今天好了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Today I'm better.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Vocabulary</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >kōngjǖn</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">空军</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Air Force</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lùjǖn</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">陆军</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>army</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shìbīng</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">事兵</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>enlisted man</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò
|
|
|
+ shì</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">做事</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to work</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Déwén</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">德文</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>German language</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >bìng</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">病</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to become ill</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Déwén</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">德文</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>German language</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Fàwén</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">法文</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>French language</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >hǎijǖn</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">海军</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>navy</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jǖnguān</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">陆军</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>military officer</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jǖnrén</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">军人</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>military person</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >kè</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">课</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>class</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xiě</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">写</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to write</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zì</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">字</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>character</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №1</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>1.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jīntiān hái
|
|
|
+ yǒu kè ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你今天还有课吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Do you have any more classes today?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiyou kè
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >没有课了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I don't have any more classes.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ "additionally," "also": You have already learned the word <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase> used as an adverb meaning
|
|
|
+ "still." In this exchange you learn a second way to use <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase>.<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái
|
|
|
+ xiǎng zǒu ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Do you still want to leave?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái yào
|
|
|
+ xüé shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What else do you want to study?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou...le</foreignphrase>: You
|
|
|
+ will remember that in the negative of a completed action, <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou</foreignphrase> replaces the
|
|
|
+ completion marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le</foreignphrase> is never used together with it.<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He came.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >méi(you)</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He did not come.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>In the sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou kè
|
|
|
+ le</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le</foreignphrase> is a new-situation marker, and <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou</foreignphrase> is simply the negative
|
|
|
+ of the full verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >yǒu</foreignphrase>. (Remember that the verb <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase> is always made negative
|
|
|
+ with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase>, never
|
|
|
+ with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>.)<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c6" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
|
|
|
+ kè</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Now he has class. [Due to a change in the schedule,
|
|
|
+ he now has class at this time.]</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >méi-</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
|
|
|
+ kè</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He doesn't have any more classes.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Bù...le/méiyou...le</foreignphrase>: When the marker <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> for new situations is used
|
|
|
+ with a negative verb, there are two possible meanings: </para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>one is that something that was supposed to happen is now not going
|
|
|
+ to happen.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para> the other is that something that was happening is not happening
|
|
|
+ anymore. </para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para>Thus the following sentence is ambiguous:<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bù lái
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>He is not coining now. [Either he was expected to
|
|
|
+ come but changed his mind, or he used to come at
|
|
|
+ this time but now has stopped.]</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>In the context of a conversation, the meaning of the sentence would become
|
|
|
+ clear. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Here are more-examples with the "anymore" meaning:<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú niàn
|
|
|
+ shū le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He is not going to study anymore.[He will no longer
|
|
|
+ attend college.]</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú shi
|
|
|
+ wǒde péngyou le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He is not my friend anymore.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>There is no more.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №2</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>2.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián
|
|
|
+ niàn Yīngwén niànle duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你从前念英文念了多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How long did you study English?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn Yīngwén
|
|
|
+ niànle liǔnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我念英文念了六年。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I studied English for six years.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>More on duration: In Unit 6 of this module, you learned to express
|
|
|
+ duration in a sentence with no object (<foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Xiāngǎng zhùle liùge yüè
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase> ). In this unit, you learn one way to express the
|
|
|
+ duration of an activity which involves using both a verb and an object (e.g.
|
|
|
+ , "studying economics"). In such cases, the verb appears twice in the
|
|
|
+ sentence: first when the object is stated, and again when the duration is stated.<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā niàn
|
|
|
+ jīngjixüé, niánle yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He studied economics for one year.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xüé
|
|
|
+ Zhōngguo huà, xüéle sānge yüè
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>He has been studying Chinese for three
|
|
|
+ months.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Notice that aspect markers do not occur after the first verb in each
|
|
|
+ sentence, but only after the second verb and at the end of the second
|
|
|
+ sentence.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №3</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiànzài niàn
|
|
|
+ shénme ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你现在念什么呢？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What are you studying now?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn Fàwén
|
|
|
+ ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我念法文</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm studying French.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ne</foreignphrase> is an aspect
|
|
|
+ marker used to emphasize the fact that something is in progress. With action
|
|
|
+ verbs, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ indicates that the action is going on.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>With state verbs, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >ne</foreignphrase> shows that the state exists. With some process
|
|
|
+ verbs, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ indicates that the process is going on. <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ne</foreignphrase> may not be used with
|
|
|
+ certain process verbs. (See also notes on No. 8, about verbs.)</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №4-5</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>4.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ niàn Fàwén
|
|
|
+ niànle duó jiǔ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你念法文念了多久了？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How long have you studying French?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niànle
|
|
|
+ yìnián le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我念了一年了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I've have been studying it for one year.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>5.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ huì xiě
|
|
|
+ Zhōngguo zì ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你会写中国字吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Can you write Chinese characters?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huì
|
|
|
+ yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >会一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I can a little.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiě Zhōngguo zì</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě</foreignphrase>, "to
|
|
|
+ write" can occur with specific objects, such as <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguo zì</foreignphrase>, as well as with
|
|
|
+ the general object <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zì</foreignphrase>. The combination <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě zì</foreignphrase>can mean either "to
|
|
|
+ write characters" or simply "to write."</para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiǎng xüé
|
|
|
+ Zhōngguo zì.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He wants to learn to write Chinese characters.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo dìdi sìsuì
|
|
|
+ le, yǐjīng huì xiě zì le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Little younger brother is four years old and already can
|
|
|
+ write.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>In the reply <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì
|
|
|
+ yìdiǎn</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >huì</foreignphrase> is used as a main verb --not as an auxiliary verb,
|
|
|
+ as in the question. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>As a main verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >huì</foreignphrase> means "to have the skill of," "to have the
|
|
|
+ knowledge of," "to know."<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ huì
|
|
|
+ Yīngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I know English.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №6</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>6.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǜnián wǒ hái
|
|
|
+ bú huì xiě.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >去年我还不会写。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Last year, I couldn't write them.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài wǒ huì
|
|
|
+ xiě yìdiǎn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >现在我会写一点了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Now, I can write a little.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qùnián wǒ hái bú huì
|
|
|
+ xiě.</foreignphrase>: Notice that here it is the auxiliary verb
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase>, not the
|
|
|
+ verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě</foreignphrase>, that is
|
|
|
+ made negative. Auxiliary verbs such as <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase> are STATE verbs and so
|
|
|
+ are made negative with the prefix <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >bù</foreignphrase>, regardless of whether the context is past, present,
|
|
|
+ or future.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài wǒ huì xiě yìdiǎn
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase>: The marker used is <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> for new situations. It is
|
|
|
+ always placed at the end of a sentence.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The time word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xiànzài</foreignphrase> comes at the beginning of the sentence here.
|
|
|
+ Most time words of more than one syllable may come either <emphasis
|
|
|
+ role="bold">before</emphasis> or <emphasis role="bold">after</emphasis>
|
|
|
+ the <emphasis role="bold">subject</emphasis>, but in either case <emphasis
|
|
|
+ role="bold"><emphasis role="underline">before the
|
|
|
+ verb</emphasis></emphasis>.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №7-8</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>7.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ fùqin shi
|
|
|
+ jǖnrén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你父亲是军人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Is your father a military man?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā shi
|
|
|
+ hǎijǖn jǖnguān.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >是，他是海军陆军。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Yes, he is a naval officer.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>8.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān bù
|
|
|
+ lái le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我今天不来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm not coming today.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bìng
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我病了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm sick.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìng</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ "to get sick," "to become ill," is a process verb; that is the activity
|
|
|
+ described includes some changes in the situation. Process verbs tell of an
|
|
|
+ action which has caused a change from one state to another, as from whole to
|
|
|
+ broken ("to break") and from frozen to melted ("to melt"). <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bìng</foreignphrase> is typical of process
|
|
|
+ verbs: not only is an action described (coming down with an illness) but
|
|
|
+ also a resulting state (being ill). Because of this typical combination,
|
|
|
+ process verbs are sometimes thought of as combining the semantic
|
|
|
+ characteristics of action and state verbs.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>One of the main purposes of talking about verbs in terms of action, state,
|
|
|
+ and process is to draw attention to the fact that the Chinese way of
|
|
|
+ expressing something may not correspond to the English. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>For instance,</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>"I am sick" in Chinese is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
|
|
|
+ bìng le. </foreignphrase>("I have gotten sick"). For "I am not sick,"
|
|
|
+ you say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méi
|
|
|
+ bìng.</foreignphrase> ("I didn't get sick").</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Process verbs are always made negative with m|i9 regardless of whether you
|
|
|
+ are referring to past, present, or future.<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bìng le
|
|
|
+ méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Are you sick?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou. Wǒ
|
|
|
+ méi bing.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>No. I'm not sick.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>(State verbs are always made negative with <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>.)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Another reason for putting verbs into categories according to the type of
|
|
|
+ meaning is to discover how verbs behave in sentences. Knowing whether a verb
|
|
|
+ is in the action, state, or process category, you will know what aspect
|
|
|
+ markers and negatives may be used with that verb. In the following charts, a
|
|
|
+ check mark means that this combination of verb and aspect occurs in the language.<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.5*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry morerows="1" namest="c1" nameend="c2"/>
|
|
|
+ <entry namest="c3" nameend="c5" align="center">Aspect
|
|
|
+ Markers</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Completion <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Combined <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>New-situation</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">Verbs</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Action</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center">X</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>X</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>X</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>State</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>X</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Process</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>X</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>X</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>X</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Examples:</emphasis><footnote>
|
|
|
+ <para>Most of the time you can figure out from a verb's meaning the
|
|
|
+ semantic category in which that verb belongs. However, process verbs
|
|
|
+ may not be so predictable.</para>
|
|
|
+ </footnote><informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry morerows="2" align="center" valign="middle"
|
|
|
+ >Action</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
|
|
|
+ gōngzuò le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He worked yesterday. (completion Le)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjīng
|
|
|
+ lái le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He has already come. (combined le)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gēge
|
|
|
+ xiànzài niàn dàxüé le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Older brother goes to college now. (new-situation le)<footnote>
|
|
|
+ <para>In affirmative sentences containing action
|
|
|
+ verbs, the marker le for new situations is used to
|
|
|
+ describe a change in a general habit.</para>
|
|
|
+ </footnote></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center" valign="middle">State</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiànzài
|
|
|
+ huì xiě zì le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He can write now. (new-situation le)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry morerows="2" align="center" valign="middle"
|
|
|
+ >Process</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
|
|
|
+ bìng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He got sick yesterday. (completion le)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiànzài
|
|
|
+ bìng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He is sick.(combined le)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bìngle
|
|
|
+ yíge yüé le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He has been sick for one month now. (new-situation le
|
|
|
+ and completion le)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="3.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2" morerows="1"/>
|
|
|
+ <entry namest="c3" nameend="c5" align="center">Verbs</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center">Action</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center">State</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center">Process</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">Negation</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >bù</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>X</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>X</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>—negation of completion <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>X</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>X</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>—negation of combined <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>X</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>X</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Examples: </emphasis><informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="middle" align="center"
|
|
|
+ >Action</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú niàn
|
|
|
+ shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He doesn’t (isn't going to) study</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā méi niàn
|
|
|
+ shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He didn't study.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
|
|
|
+ niàn shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He hasn’t studied yet,</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center">State</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qǜnián
|
|
|
+ bù xiǎng niàn shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Last year, she didn't want to study.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center" morerows="1" valign="middle"
|
|
|
+ >Process</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jīntiān
|
|
|
+ méi bìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He is not sick today.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
|
|
|
+ hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He hasn't yet recovered.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Notice that only action verbs use the whole range of negatives to mark the
|
|
|
+ negative of future or present action, completed action, or new situations.
|
|
|
+ State verbs use the negative prefix <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> even when referring to
|
|
|
+ past states. Process verbs use the negative prefix <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> even when referring to
|
|
|
+ something in the present.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>If you find a verb occurring with a negative or an aspect marker you had
|
|
|
+ not expected, you might discuss with your teacher how the verb behaves in
|
|
|
+ terms of these charts. You might discover that what you thought was a state
|
|
|
+ verb is actually a process verb, or vice versa.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on №9</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>9.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo le
|
|
|
+ méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >今天好了没有？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Are you better today? (Are you recovered?)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >今天好了。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Today I'm better.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo le.</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo</foreignphrase> is one of
|
|
|
+ many state verbs which can become process verbs. When such a verb becomes a
|
|
|
+ process verb, it takes on a different meaning. While the state verb
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase> means "to
|
|
|
+ be good" or "to be well," the process verb <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase> means "to get better,"
|
|
|
+ "to recover." Compare these sentences:<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
|
|
|
+ hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He's in good health.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
|
|
|
+ bìng le. Tā jīntiān yǐjīng hǎo
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Yesterday he became sick. Today he is already
|
|
|
+ recovered.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The difference between the state verb <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase> and the process verb
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase> is even
|
|
|
+ more evident in negative sentences. State verbs, as you remember, are made
|
|
|
+ negative only with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >bù</foreignphrase>. Process verbs are made negative only with
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> or
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái méi</foreignphrase>.<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bù
|
|
|
+ hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>He's not good. [He’s not a good person.]</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
|
|
|
+ hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>He hasn't yet recovered. [He is still
|
|
|
+ sick.]</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>It can be difficult to remember that <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìng</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase>, sometimes translated as
|
|
|
+ "<emphasis role="bold">to be sick</emphasis>" and "<emphasis role="bold"
|
|
|
+ >to be better</emphasis>," are actually process verbs in Chinese, not
|
|
|
+ state verbs.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para> The English sentence "I am better (recovered)" translates as
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hǎo le.</foreignphrase> ("I
|
|
|
+ have become veil") and would be incorrect without the <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>J<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">īntiān hǎo le
|
|
|
+ méiyou?</foreignphrase> Questions may be formed from statements
|
|
|
+ containing completion <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >le</foreignphrase> or combined <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> by adding <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou</foreignphrase> at the end of the
|
|
|
+ statements.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para> You will learn more about forming questions in the first unit of the next module.<informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā láile
|
|
|
+ méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Did he come?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎole
|
|
|
+ méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para> Are you recovered (from your illness)?</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Drills</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Criterion test</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Appendices</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Appendix </title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Appendix </title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Appendix </title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Appendix </title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Appendix </title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+</chapter>
|
