nouveau pdf avec corrections de Demi

FSI-Chinese-MOD6-Textbook/FSI-Chinese-MOD6-Textbook.xml

@@ -853,8 +853,9 @@
                         <entry/>
                     </row>
                     <row>
-                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2"><para>ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY</para><para> (not
-                            presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</para></entry>
+                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2"><para>ADDITIONAL REQUIRED
+                                VOCABULARY</para><para> (not presented on C-l and P-1
+                            tapes)</para></entry>
                     </row>
                     <row>
 
@@ -1409,7 +1410,7 @@
                         <entry/>
                     </row>
                     <row>
-                       
+
 
                         <entry>3.</entry>
                         <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bǎ nínde diànhuà hàomǎr
@@ -3140,239 +3141,248 @@
                 <section>
                     <title>Notes on №1</title>
                     <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
-                    <tgroup cols="3">
-                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
-                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
-                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
-                        <tbody>
-                            <row>
-                                <entry>1.</entry>
-                                <entry>B:</entry>
-                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
-                                        >Wéi.</foreignphrase></entry>
-                            </row>
+                        <tgroup cols="3">
+                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
+                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
+                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
+                            <tbody>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>1.</entry>
+                                    <entry>B:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                            >Wéi.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">喂</foreignphrase></entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                        >喂</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry>Hello.</entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>Hello.</entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry>A:</entry>
-                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wài, nǐ shi Zhū
-                                        Kēzhǎng ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>A:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wài, nǐ shi Zhū
+                                            Kēzhǎng ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
-                                    >喂，你是朱科長嗎？</foreignphrase></entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                            >喂，你是朱科長嗎？</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry>Hello. Are you Section Chief Zhū?</entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>Hello. Are you Section Chief Zhū?</entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry>B:</entry>
-                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì. Nín shi
-                                        něiwèi?</foreignphrase></entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>B:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì. Nín shi
+                                            něiwèi?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
-                                    >是。您是哪位？</foreignphrase></entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                            >是。您是哪位？</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry>Yes. Who is this, please?</entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>Yes. Who is this, please?</entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry>A:</entry>
-                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi Wēilián
-                                        Mǎdīng.</foreignphrase></entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>A:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi Wēilián
+                                            Mǎdīng.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
-                                    >我是威廉馬丁。</foreignphrase></entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                            >我是威廉馬丁。</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry>I’m William Martin.</entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>I’m William Martin.</entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry>B:</entry>
-                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Òu, Madīng
-                                        Xiānsheng, hǎo jiǔ bú jiàn. Nǐ hǎo
-                                    a?</foreignphrase></entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>B:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Òu, Madīng
+                                            Xiānsheng, hǎo jiǔ bú jiàn. Nǐ hǎo
+                                        a?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
-                                        >哦，馬丁先生，好久不見。你好啊？</foreignphrase></entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                            >哦，馬丁先生，好久不見。你好啊？</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry>Oh, Mr. Martin—I haven’t seen you for quite a while. How are
-                                    you? </entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>Oh, Mr. Martin—I haven’t seen you for quite a while. How
+                                        are you? </entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry>A:</entry>
-                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo. Nǐ hǎo
-                                        a?</foreignphrase></entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>A:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo. Nǐ hǎo
+                                            a?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
-                                    >好。你好啊？</foreignphrase></entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                        >好。你好啊？</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry>Fine. How are you?</entry>
-                            </row>
-                        </tbody>
-                    </tgroup>
-                </informaltable>
-                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wéi</foreignphrase> is a greeting used in telephone
-                        conversations for “hello.” Some speakers pronounce this greeting as
-                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wài</foreignphrase>. Unlike most Chinese words,
-                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wèi</foreignphrase> has no
-                        fixed tone. The intonation varies according to the speaker’s mood.</para>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>Fine. How are you?</entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable>
+                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wéi</foreignphrase> is a
+                        greeting used in telephone conversations for “hello.” Some speakers
+                        pronounce this greeting as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                            >wài</foreignphrase>. Unlike most Chinese words, <foreignphrase
+                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wèi</foreignphrase> has no fixed tone. The
+                        intonation varies according to the speaker’s mood.</para>
                     <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kēzhǎng</foreignphrase>:
                             <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kē</foreignphrase> means
                         “section,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                             >zhǎng</foreignphrase> means “head of an organization.” Here are some
                         examples of how -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
-                            >zhǎng</foreignphrase>, “chief,” “head,” is used:</para><informaltable frame="all">
-                            <tgroup cols="3">
-                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
-                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
-                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
-                                <tbody>
-                                    <row>
-                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kē</foreignphrase></entry>
-                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
-                                            >科</foreignphrase></entry>
-                                        <entry>section</entry>
-                                    </row>
-                                    <row>
-                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kēzhǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
-                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
-                                            >科長</foreignphrase></entry>
-                                        <entry>section chief</entry>
-                                    </row>
-                                    <row>
-                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chù</foreignphrase></entry>
-                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
-                                            >処</foreignphrase></entry>
-                                        <entry>division</entry>
-                                    </row>
-                                    <row>
-                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chùzhǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
-                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
-                                            >処長</foreignphrase></entry>
-                                        <entry>division chief</entry>
-                                    </row>
-                                    <row>
-                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xuéxiào</foreignphrase></entry>
-                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                            >zhǎng</foreignphrase>, “chief,” “head,” is used:</para>
+                    <informaltable frame="all">
+                        <tgroup cols="3">
+                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
+                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
+                            <tbody>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                            >kē</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                        >科</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry>section</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                            >kēzhǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                        >科長</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry>section chief</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                            >chù</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                        >処</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry>division</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                            >chùzhǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                        >処長</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry>division chief</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                            >xuéxiào</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                         >學校</foreignphrase></entry>
-                                        <entry>school</entry>
-                                    </row>
-                                    <row>
-                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                    <entry>school</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                             >xiàozhǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
-                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
-                                            >校長</foreignphrase></entry>
-                                        <entry>principal, headmaster</entry>
-                                    </row>
-                                </tbody>
-                            </tgroup>
-                        </informaltable>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                        >校長</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry>principal, headmaster</entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable>
                     <para>
-                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín shi něiwèi?</foreignphrase> Note the use of the polite
-                        terms <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nín</foreignphrase> and
-                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něiwèi</foreignphrase>. In the English translation,
-                        politeness is expressed by the use of the more indirect “Who is this”
-                        instead of “Who are you” and also by “please.” </para>
+                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín shi něiwèi?</foreignphrase>
+                        Note the use of the polite terms <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                            >nín</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                            >něiwèi</foreignphrase>. In the English translation, politeness is
+                        expressed by the use of the more indirect “Who is this” instead of “Who are
+                        you” and also by “please.” </para>
                     <para>
-                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo jiǔ bú jiàn</foreignphrase>, “I haven’t seen you for
-                        quite a while,” is interchangeable with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo jiǔ méi
+                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo jiǔ bú jiàn</foreignphrase>,
+                        “I haven’t seen you for quite a while,” is interchangeable with
+                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo jiǔ méi
                             jiàn</foreignphrase>. </para>
                 </section>
                 <section>
                     <title>Notes on №2</title>
                     <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
-                    <tgroup cols="3">
-                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
-                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
-                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
-                        <tbody>
+                        <tgroup cols="3">
+                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
+                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
+                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
+                            <tbody>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry>2.</entry>
-                                <entry>A:</entry>
-                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yōu diǎnr shì
-                                        xiǎng gēn nín dāngmiàn tántan.</foreignphrase></entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>2.</entry>
+                                    <entry>A:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yōu diǎnr
+                                            shì xiǎng gēn nín dāngmiàn
+                                        tántan.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
-                                        >我有點兒事想跟您當面談談。</foreignphrase></entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                            >我有點兒事想跟您當面談談。</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry>I have something I would like to talk with you about in
-                                    person. </entry>
-                            </row>
-                        </tbody>
-                    </tgroup>
-                </informaltable>
-                    <para>
-                        Gēn: In No. 2 the word gēn is a prepositional verb translated as
-                        “with.” The preposition gēn, “with,” differs from the conjunction gēn,
-                        “and,” in two important ways: a) where stress may be placed b) where
-                        the negative may be placed.
-                    </para>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>I have something I would like to talk with you about in
+                                        person. </entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable>
+                    <para> Gēn: In No. 2 the word gēn is a prepositional verb translated as “with.”
+                        The preposition gēn, “with,” differs from the conjunction gēn, “and,” in two
+                        important ways: a) where stress may be placed b) where the negative may be
+                        placed. </para>
                     <para> (a) When gēn is used as the conjunction “and,” both items being joined
                         are stressed and keep their tones. When gēn is used as the prepositional
                         verb “with,” a pronoun which follows is unstressed and loses its tone.
@@ -3394,8 +3404,8 @@
                                                   came.</entry>
                                                 </row>
                                                 <row>
-                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gēn tǎ dōu lái
-                                                  le.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                                  >Wǒ gēn tǎ dōu lái le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                 </row>
                                                 <row>
                                                   <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
@@ -3404,8 +3414,8 @@
                                                   him. </entry>
                                                 </row>
                                                 <row>
-                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gēn ta
-                                                  lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                                  >Wǒ gēn ta lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                 </row>
                                             </tbody>
                                         </tgroup>
@@ -3431,8 +3441,8 @@
                                                   I went.</entry>
                                                 </row>
                                                 <row>
-                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gēn tā dōu méiyou
-                                                  qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                                  >Wǒ gēn tā dōu méiyou qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                 </row>
                                                 <row>
                                                   <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
@@ -3441,266 +3451,269 @@
                                                   with him.</entry>
                                                 </row>
                                                 <row>
-                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méiyou gēn ta
-                                                  qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                                  >Wǒ méiyou gēn ta qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                 </row>
                                             </tbody>
                                         </tgroup>
                                     </informaltable></para>
-                                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dāngmiàn</foreignphrase> means “face-to-face.”
-                                    Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dāng</foreignphrase> means “in the
-                                    presence of,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">miàn</foreignphrase> means
-                                    “face.</para>
+                                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                        >Dāngmiàn</foreignphrase> means “face-to-face.” Literally,
+                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                        >dāng</foreignphrase> means “in the presence of,” and
+                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                        >miàn</foreignphrase> means “face.</para>
                             </listitem>
                         </orderedlist></para>
-                    
+
                 </section>
                 <section>
                     <title>Notes on №3</title>
                     <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
-                    <tgroup cols="3">
-                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
-                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
-                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
-                        <tbody>
+                        <tgroup cols="3">
+                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
+                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
+                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
+                            <tbody>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry>3.</entry>
-                                <entry>A:</entry>
-                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù zhīdào nín yǒu
-                                        gōngfu meiyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>3.</entry>
+                                    <entry>A:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù zhīdào nín
+                                            yǒu gōngfu meiyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
-                                    >不知道您有工夫沒有。</foreignphrase></entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                            >不知道您有工夫沒有。</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry>I don’t know whether you have the time or not.</entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>I don’t know whether you have the time or not.</entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry>B:</entry>
-                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu
-                                        gōngfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>B:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu
+                                            gōngfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
-                                    >有功夫。</foreignphrase></entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                        >有功夫。</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry>I have the time. </entry>
-                            </row>
-                        </tbody>
-                    </tgroup>
-                </informaltable>
-                    <para></para>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>I have the time. </entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable>
+                    <para/>
                 </section>
                 <section>
                     <title>Notes on №4</title>
                     <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
-                    <tgroup cols="3">
-                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
-                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
-                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
-                        <tbody>
+                        <tgroup cols="3">
+                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
+                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
+                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
+                            <tbody>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry>4.</entry>
-                                <entry>A:</entry>
-                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shénme shíhou duì
-                                        nín héshì?</foreignphrase></entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>4.</entry>
+                                    <entry>A:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shénme shíhou
+                                            duì nín héshì?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
-                                    >什麽時候對您合適？</foreignphrase></entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                            >什麽時候對您合適？</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry>What time would suit you?</entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>What time would suit you?</entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry>B:</entry>
-                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān, míngtiān
-                                        dōu kéyi.</foreignphrase></entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>B:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān,
+                                            míngtiān dōu kéyi.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
-                                    >今天，明天都可以。</foreignphrase></entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                            >今天，明天都可以。</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry>Either today or tomorrow would be fine.</entry>
-                            </row>
-                        </tbody>
-                    </tgroup>
-                </informaltable>
-                    <para></para>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>Either today or tomorrow would be fine.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable>
+                    <para/>
                 </section>
                 <section>
                     <title>Notes on №5</title>
                     <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
-                    <tgroup cols="3">
-                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
-                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
-                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
-                        <tbody>
+                        <tgroup cols="3">
+                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
+                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
+                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
+                            <tbody>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry>5.</entry>
-                                <entry>A:</entry>
-                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān xiàwǔ
-                                        liǎngdiǎn zhōng fāngbian ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>5.</entry>
+                                    <entry>A:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān xiàwǔ
+                                            liǎngdiǎn zhōng fāngbian ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
-                                        >今天下午兩點鐘方便嗎？</foreignphrase></entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                            >今天下午兩點鐘方便嗎？</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry>Would two o’clock today be convenient? </entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>Would two o’clock today be convenient? </entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry>B:</entry>
-                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sāndiǎn bī
-                                        liǎngdiǎn fāngbian yìdiǎnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>B:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sāndiǎn bī
+                                            liǎngdiǎn fāngbian yìdiǎnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
-                                        >三點比兩點方便一點兒。</foreignphrase></entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                            >三點比兩點方便一點兒。</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry>Three would be more convenient than two. </entry>
-                            </row>
-                        </tbody>
-                    </tgroup>
-                </informaltable>
-                    <para></para>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>Three would be more convenient than two. </entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable>
+                    <para/>
                 </section>
                 <section>
                     <title>Notes on №6</title>
                     <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
-                    <tgroup cols="3">
-                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
-                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
-                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
-                        <tbody>
+                        <tgroup cols="3">
+                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
+                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
+                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
+                            <tbody>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry>6.</entry>
-                                <entry>B:</entry>
-                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yīnwei wǒ yìhuǐr
-                                        chūqu, yěxǔ liǎngdiǎn huíbulái.</foreignphrase></entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>6.</entry>
+                                    <entry>B:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yīnwei wǒ
+                                            yìhuǐr chūqu, yěxǔ liǎngdiǎn
+                                        huíbulái.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
-                                        >因爲我一會兒出去，也許兩點回不來。</foreignphrase></entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                            >因爲我一會兒出去，也許兩點回不來。</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry>Since I’m going out in a little while, I might not be able to
-                                    get back by two.</entry>
-                            </row>
-                        </tbody>
-                    </tgroup>
-                </informaltable>
-                    <para></para>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>Since I’m going out in a little while, I might not be
+                                        able to get back by two.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable>
+                    <para/>
                 </section>
                 <section>
                     <title>Notes on №7</title>
                     <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
-                    <tgroup cols="3">
-                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
-                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
-                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
-                        <tbody>
-                            <row>
+                        <tgroup cols="3">
+                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
+                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
+                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
+                            <tbody>
+                                <row>
 
-                                <entry>7.</entry>
-                                <entry>B:</entry>
-                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nàme, wǒ sāndiǎn
-                                        zhōng zài lóuxiàde huìkèshì děng
-                                    nín.</foreignphrase></entry>
-                            </row>
+                                    <entry>7.</entry>
+                                    <entry>B:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nàme, wǒ
+                                            sāndiǎn zhōng zài lóuxiàde huìkèshì děng
+                                            nín.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
-                                        >那麽，我三點鐘在樓下的會客室等您。</foreignphrase></entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                            >那麽，我三點鐘在樓下的會客室等您。</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry>Well then, I’ll wait for you in the reception room downstairs
-                                    at three o’clock.</entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>Well then, I’ll wait for you in the reception room
+                                        downstairs at three o’clock.</entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry>A:</entry>
-                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo, sāndiǎn
-                                        jiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>A:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo, sāndiǎn
+                                            jiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
-                                    >好，三點見。</foreignphrase></entry>
-                            </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                        >好，三點見。</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
 
-                            <row>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry/>
-                                <entry>Fine. I’ll see you at three.</entry>
-                            </row>
-                        </tbody>
-                    </tgroup>
-                </informaltable>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>Fine. I’ll see you at three.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable>
                 </section>
             </section>
 

FSI-Chinese-MOD6-Textbook/FSI-Chinese-MOD6-Textbook.xml.bak

@@ -3394,7 +3394,7 @@
                                                   came.</entry>
                                                 </row>
                                                 <row>
-                                                  <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ gēn tǎ dōu lái
+                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gēn tǎ dōu lái
                                                   le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                 </row>
                                                 <row>
@@ -3404,7 +3404,7 @@
                                                   him. </entry>
                                                 </row>
                                                 <row>
-                                                  <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ gēn ta
+                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gēn ta
                                                   lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                 </row>
                                             </tbody>
@@ -3431,7 +3431,7 @@
                                                   I went.</entry>
                                                 </row>
                                                 <row>
-                                                  <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ gēn tā dōu méiyou
+                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gēn tā dōu méiyou
                                                   qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                 </row>
                                                 <row>
@@ -3441,14 +3441,16 @@
                                                   with him.</entry>
                                                 </row>
                                                 <row>
-                                                  <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ méiyou gēn ta
+                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méiyou gēn ta
                                                   qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                 </row>
                                             </tbody>
                                         </tgroup>
                                     </informaltable></para>
-                                <para>Dāngmiàn means “face-to-face.” Literally, dāng means “in the presence
-                                    of,” and miàn means “face.</para>
+                                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dāngmiàn</foreignphrase> means “face-to-face.”
+                                    Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dāng</foreignphrase> means “in the
+                                    presence of,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">miàn</foreignphrase> means
+                                    “face.</para>
                             </listitem>
                         </orderedlist></para>
                     

FSI-Chinese.xml

@@ -726,7 +726,7 @@
                 is pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuǐ</foreignphrase>. This
                 is the “radical.” It has been borrowed only for its meaning, "water.” The right side
                 of the character above is a character which means "sheep” and is pronounced
-                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yáng</foreignphrase>.
+                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yáng</foreignphrase>.
                 This is the “phonetic.” It has been borrowed only for its sound value,
                     <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yáng</foreignphrase>. A speaker of
                 Chinese encountering the above character for the first time could probably figure

FSI-Chinese.xml.bak

@@ -0,0 +1,919 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.1/rng/docbookxi.rng" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?>
+<?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.1/sch/docbook.sch" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?>
+<book xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
+    xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="5.0" xml:lang="en">
+    <info>
+        <title>Standard Chinese</title>
+        <subtitle>A modular Approach</subtitle>
+        <author>
+            <orgname>Sponsored by Agencies of the United States and Canadian governments</orgname>
+        </author>
+    </info>
+    <preface>
+        <title>Colophon</title>
+        <para>This publication is to be used primarily in support of instructing military personnel
+            as part of the Defense Language Program (resident and nonresident). Inquiries concerning
+            the use of materials, including requests for copies, should be addressed to:</para>
+        <para>Defense Language Institute </para>
+        <para>Foreign Language Center </para>
+        <para>Nonresident Training Division </para>
+        <para>Presidio of Monterey, CA 93944-5006</para>
+        <para> Topics in the areas of politics, international relations, mores, etc., which may be
+            considered as controversial from some points of view, are sometimes included in the
+            language instruction for DLIFLC students since military personnel may find themselves in
+            positions where a clear understanding of conversations or written materials of this
+            nature will be essential to their mission. The presence of controversial 
+            statements—whether real or apparent—in DLIFLC materials should not be construed as
+            representing the opinions of the writers, the DLIFLC, or the Department of Defense. </para>
+        <para>Actual brand names and businesses are sometimes cited in DLIFLC instructional
+            materials to provide instruction in pronunciations and meanings. The selection of such
+            proprietary terms and names is based solely on their value for instruction in the
+            language. It does not constitute endorsement of any product or commercial enterprise,
+            nor is it intended to invite a comparison with other brand names and businesses not
+            mentioned. </para>
+        <para>In DLIFLC publications, the words he, him, and/or his denote both masculine and
+            feminine genders. This statement does not apply to translations of foreign language
+            texts. </para>
+        <para>The DLIFLC may not have full rights to the materials it produces. Purchase by the
+            customer does net constitute authorization for reproduction, resale, or showing for
+            profit. Generally, products distributed by the DLIFLC may be used in any not-for-profit
+            setting without prior approval from the DLIFLC. </para>
+        <note>
+            <para>This course was formatted by Eric Streit (eric@yojik.eu) using the docbook format
+                from the pdf scanned documents found on:</para>
+
+            <para>https://fsi-language.yojik.eu</para>
+
+            <para> You can find the pdf, epub, odt versions on https://git.yojik.eu/ (whole book or
+                separate lessons)</para>
+
+            <para>Version: 16 of August 2020</para>
+        </note>
+
+    </preface>
+    <preface>
+        <title>Preface</title>
+        <para>Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach originated in an inter-agency conference held at
+            the Foreign Service Institute in August 1973 to address the need generally felt in the
+            U.S. Government language training community for improving and updating Chinese
+            materials, to reflect current usage in Beijing and Taipei.</para>
+        <para> The conference resolved to develop materials which were flexible enough in form and
+            content to meet the requirements of a wide range of government agencies and academic
+            institutions. </para>
+        <para>A Project Board was established consisting of representatives of the Central
+            Intelligence Agency Language Learning Center, the Defense Language Institute, the State
+            Department’s Foreign Service Institute, the Cryptologic School of the National Security
+            Agency, and the U.S. Office of Education, later joined by the Canadian Forces Foreign
+            Language School. The representatives have included Arthur T. McNeill, John Hopkins, and
+            John Boag (CIA); Colonel John F. Elder III, Joseph C. Hutchinson, Ivy Gibian, and Major
+            Bernard Muller-Thym (DLI); James R. Frith and John B. Ratliff III (FSI); Kazuo Shitama
+            (NSA); Richard T. Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE); and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozoriz
+            (CFFLS). </para>
+        <para>The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project in 1974 in space provided
+            at the Foreign Service Institute. Each of the six U.S. and Canadian government agencies
+            provided funds and other assistance. </para>
+        <para>Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a planning council was formed
+            consisting of Mr. Kok, Frances Li of the Defense Language Institute, Patricia O’Connor
+            of the University of Texas, Earl M. Rickerson of the Language Learning Center, and James
+            Wrenn of Brown University. In the fall of 1977, Lucille A. Barale was appointed deputy
+            project coordinator. David W. Dellinger of the Language Learning Center and Charles R.
+            Sheehan of the Foreign Service Institute also served on the planning council and
+            contributed material to the project. The planning council drew up the original overall
+            design for the materials and met regularly to review their development. </para>
+        <para>Writers for the first half of the materials were John H. T. Harvey, Lucille A. Barale,
+            and Roberta S. Barry, who worked in close cooperation with the planning council and with
+            the Chinese staff of the Foreign Service Institute. Mr. Harvey developed the
+            instructional formats of the comprehension and production self-study materials, and also
+            designed the communications classroom activities and wrote the teacher’s guides. Lucille
+            A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry wrote the tape scripts and the student text. By 1978
+            Thomas E. Madden and Susan C. Pola had joined the staff. Led by Ms. Barale, they have
+            worked as a team to produce the materials subsequent to Module 6.</para>
+        <para>All Chinese language material was prepared or selected by Chuan 0. Chao, Ying-chi
+            Chen, Hsiao-Jung Chi, Eva Diao, Jan Hu, Tsung-mi Li, and Yunhui C. Yang, assisted for
+            part of the time by Chieh-fang Ou Lee, Ying-ming Chen, and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang. Anna
+            Affholder, Mei-li Chen, and Henry Khuo helped in the preparation of a preliminary corpus
+            of dialogues.</para>
+        <para> Administrative assistance was provided at various times by Vincent Basciano, Lisa A.
+            Bowden, Jill W. Ellis, Donna Fong, Renee T. C. Liang, Thomas E. Madden, Susan C. Pola,
+            and Kathleen Strype. </para>
+        <para>The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M. Ramirez of the Foreign
+            Service Institute Recording Studio. The Chinese script was voiced by Ms. Chao, Ms. Chen,
+            Mr. Chen, Ms. Diao, Ms. Hu, Mr. Khuo, Mr. Li, and Ms. Yang. The English script was read
+            by Ms. Barale, Ms. Barry, Mr. Basciano, Ms. Ellis, Ms. Pola, and Ms. Strype. </para>
+        <para>The graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign Service Institute
+            Audio-Visual staff, under the general supervision of Joseph A. Sadote, Chief of
+            Audio-Visual.</para>
+        <para> Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach was field-tested with the cooperation of Brown
+            University; the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language Center; the Foreign Service
+            Institute; the Language Learning Center; the United States Air Force Academy; the
+            University of Illinois; and the University of Virginia. </para>
+        <para>Colonel Samuel L. Stapleton and Colonel Thomas G. Foster, Commandants of the Defense
+            Language Institute, Foreign Language Center, authorized the DLIFLC support necessary for
+            preparation of this edition of the course materials. This support included coordination,
+            graphic arts, editing, typing, proofreading, printing, and materials necessary to carry
+            out these tasks.</para>
+        <para>
+            <inlinemediaobject>
+                <imageobject>
+                    <imagedata
+                        fileref="FSI-Chinese-MOD1-Textbook/Images/0021-FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-1.png"
+                        align="right"/>
+                </imageobject>
+            </inlinemediaobject></para>
+    </preface>
+    <preface>
+        <title>Introduction</title>
+        <section>
+            <title>About the course</title>
+            <para>This course is designed to give you a practical command of spoken Standard
+                Chinese. You will learn both to understand and to speak it. Although Standard
+                Chinese is one language, there are differences between the particular form it takes
+                in Beijing and the form it takes in the rest of the country. There are also, of
+                course, significant non-linguistic differences between regions of the country.
+                Reflecting these regional differences, the settings for most conversations are
+                Beijing and Taipei.</para>
+            <para> This course represents a new approach to the teaching of foreign languages. In
+                many ways it redefines the roles of teacher and student, of classwork and homework,
+                and of text and tape. Here is what you should expect: </para>
+            <itemizedlist>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>The focus is on communicating in Chinese in practical situations—the
+                        obvious ones you will encounter upon arriving in China. You will be
+                        communicating in Chinese most of the time you are in class. You will not
+                        always be talking about real situations, but you will almost always be
+                        purposefully exchanging information in Chinese.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>This focus on communicating means that the teacher is first of all your
+                        conversational partner. Anything that forces him<footnote>
+                            <para>As used in this course, the words “he,” “him,” and “Ms” are
+                                intended to include both masculine and feminine genders.
+                                (Translations of foreign language material not included.)</para>
+                        </footnote> back into the traditional roles of lecturer and drill-master
+                        limits your opportunity to interact with a speaker of the Chinese language
+                        and to experience the language in its full spontaneity, flexibility, and
+                        responsiveness.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Using class time for communicating, you will complete other course
+                        activities out of class whenever possible. This is what the tapes are for.
+                        They introduce the new material of each unit and give you as much additional
+                        practice as possible without a conversational partner.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>The texts summarize and supplement the tapes, which take you through new
+                        material step by step and then give you intensive practice on what you have
+                        covered. In this course you will spend almost all your time listening to
+                        Chinese and saying things in Chinese, either with the tapes or in
+                        class.</para>
+                </listitem>
+            </itemizedlist>
+            <para>
+                <emphasis role="bold">How the Course Is Organized</emphasis>
+            </para>
+            <para>The subtitle of this course, “A Modular Approach,” refers to overall organization
+                of the materials into MODULES which focus on particular situations or language
+                topics and which allow a certain amount of choice as to what is taught and in what
+                order. To highlight equally significant features of the course, the subtitle could
+                just as well have been “A Situational Approach,” “A Taped-Input Approach,” or “A
+                Communicative Approach.”</para>
+            <para>Ten situational modules form the core of the course: <informaltable frame="none"
+                    rowsep="0" colsep="0">
+                    <tgroup cols="2">
+                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1"/>
+                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2"/>
+                        <tbody>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry>ORIENTATION (ORN)</entry>
+                                <entry>Talking about who you are and where you are from.</entry>
+                            </row>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry>BIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION (BIO)</entry>
+                                <entry>Talking about your background, family, studies, and
+                                    occupation and about your visit to China. </entry>
+                            </row>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry>MONEY (MON)</entry>
+                                <entry>Making purchases and changing money.</entry>
+                            </row>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry>DIRECTIONS (DIR)</entry>
+                                <entry>Asking directions in a city or in a building.</entry>
+                            </row>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry>TRANSPORTATION (TRN)</entry>
+                                <entry>Taking buses, taxis, trains, and planes, including finding
+                                    out schedule information, buying tickets, and making
+                                    reservations.</entry>
+                            </row>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry>ARRANGING A MEETING (MTG)</entry>
+                                <entry>Arranging a business meeting or a social get-together,
+                                    changing the time of an appointment, and declining an
+                                    invitation.</entry>
+                            </row>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry>SOCIETY (SOC)</entry>
+                                <entry>Talking about families, relationships between people,
+                                    cultural roles in traditional society, and cultural trends in
+                                    modern society.</entry>
+                            </row>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry>TRAVELING IN CHINA (TRL)</entry>
+                                <entry>Making travel arrangements and visiting a kindergarten, the
+                                    Great Wall, the Ming Tombs, a commune, and a factory.</entry>
+                            </row>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry>LIFE IH CHINA (LIC)</entry>
+                                <entry>Talking about daily life in <foreignphrase
+                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> street
+                                    committees, leisure activities, traffic and transportation,
+                                    buying and rationing, housing. </entry>
+                            </row>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry>TALKING ABOUT THE NEWS (TAN)</entry>
+                                <entry>Talking about government and party policy changes described
+                                    in newspapers the educational system agricultural policy,
+                                    international policy, ideological policy, and policy in the
+                                    arts.</entry>
+                            </row>
+                        </tbody>
+                    </tgroup>
+                </informaltable></para>
+            <para>Each core module consists of tapes, a student textbook, and a workbook.</para>
+            <para> In addition to the ten CORE modules, there are also RESOURCE modules and OPTIONAL
+                modules. Resource modules teach particular systems in the language, such as numbers
+                and dates. As you proceed through a situational core module, you will occasionally
+                take time out to study part of a resource module. (You will begin the first three of
+                these while studying the Orientation Module.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="0"
+                    colsep="0">
+                    <tgroup cols="2" align="left">
+                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                        <tbody>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry>PRONUNCIATION AND ROMANIZATION (P&amp;R)</entry>
+                                <entry>The sound system of Chinese and the Pinyin system of
+                                    romanization.</entry>
+                            </row>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry>NUMBERS (NUM)</entry>
+                                <entry>Numbers up to five digits. </entry>
+                            </row>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry>CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS (CE)</entry>
+                                <entry>Expressions basic to the classroom learning
+                                    situation.</entry>
+                            </row>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry>TIME AND DATES (T&amp;D)</entry>
+                                <entry>Dates, days of the week, clock time, parts of the
+                                    day.</entry>
+                            </row>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry>GRAMMAR</entry>
+                                <entry>Aspect and verb types, word order, multisyllabic verbs and
+                                    auxiliary verbs, complex sentences, adverbial expressions.
+                                </entry>
+                            </row>
+                        </tbody>
+                    </tgroup>
+                </informaltable></para>
+            <para>Each module consists of tapes and a student textbook.</para>
+            <para>The eight optional modules focus on particular situations: </para>
+            <para>
+                <itemizedlist>
+                    <listitem>
+                        <para>RESTAURANT (RST)</para>
+                    </listitem>
+                    <listitem>
+                        <para>HOTEL (HTL)</para>
+                    </listitem>
+                    <listitem>
+                        <para>PERSONAL WELFARE (WLF)</para>
+                    </listitem>
+                    <listitem>
+                        <para> POST OFFICE AND TELEPHONE (PST/TEL)</para>
+                    </listitem>
+                    <listitem>
+                        <para>CAR (CAR)</para>
+                    </listitem>
+                    <listitem>
+                        <para>CUSTOMS SURROUNDING MARRIAGE, BIRTH, MD DEATH (MBD)</para>
+                    </listitem>
+                    <listitem>
+                        <para>NEW YEAR’S CELEBRATION (NYR)</para>
+                    </listitem>
+                    <listitem>
+                        <para>INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS (I&amp;O) </para>
+                    </listitem>
+                </itemizedlist>
+            </para>
+            <para>Each module consists of tapes and a student textbook. These optional modules may
+                be used at any time after certain core modules, </para>
+            <para>The diagram on page <xref linkend="Image-1"/> shows how the core modules, optional
+                modules, and resource modules fit together in the course. Resource modules are shown
+                where study should begin. Optional modules are shown where they may be
+                introduced.</para>
+            <mediaobject>
+                <imageobject>
+                    <imagedata fileref="FSI-Chinese-MOD1-Textbook/Images/diagram.png"
+                        xml:id="Image-1" width="14cm"/>
+                </imageobject>
+            </mediaobject>
+            <para><emphasis role="bold">Inside a Core Module </emphasis></para>
+            <para>Each core module has from four to eight units. A module also includes: </para>
+            <itemizedlist>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Objectives</emphasis>: The module objectives are
+                        listed at the beginning of the text for each module. Read these before
+                        starting work on the first unit to fix in your mind what you are trying to
+                        accomplish and what you will have to do to pass the test at the end of the
+                        module.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Target Lists</emphasis>: These follow the objectives
+                        in the text. They summarize the language content of each unit in the form of
+                        typical questions and answers on the topic of that unit. Each sentence is
+                        given both in romanized Chinese and in English. Turn to the appropriate
+                        Target List before, during, or after your work on a unit, whenever you need
+                        to pull together what is in the unit.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Review Tapes</emphasis> (R-l): The Target List
+                        sentences are given on these tapes. Except in the short Orientation Module,
+                        there are two R-l tapes for each module.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Criterion Test</emphasis>: After studying each
+                        module, you will take a Criterion Test to find out which module objectives
+                        you have met and which you need to work on before beginning to study another
+                        module.</para>
+                </listitem>
+            </itemizedlist>
+            <para><emphasis role="bold">Inside a Unit </emphasis></para>
+            <para>Here is what you will be doing in each unit. First, you will work through two
+                tapes: </para>
+            <orderedlist>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Comprehension Tape 1 (C-1)</emphasis>: This tape
+                        introduces all the new words and structures in the unit and lets you hear
+                        them in the context of short conversational exchanges. It then works them
+                        into other short conversations and longer passages for listening practice,
+                        and finally reviews them in the Target List sentences. Your goal when using
+                        the tape is to understand all the Target List sentences for the unit.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Production Tape 1 (P-1)</emphasis>: This tape gives
+                        you practice in pronouncing the new words and in saying the sentences you
+                        learned to understand on the C-1 tape. Your goal when using the P-1 tape is
+                        to be able to produce any of the Target List sentences in Chinese when given
+                        the English equivalent. </para>
+                    <para>The C-1 and P-1 tapes, not accompanied by workbooks, are “portable,” in
+                        the sense that they do not tie you down to your desk. However, there are
+                        some written materials for each unit which you will need to work into your
+                        study routine. A text <emphasis role="italic">Reference List</emphasis> at
+                        the beginning of each unit contains the sentences from the C-1 and P-1
+                        tapes. It includes both the Chinese sentences and their English equivalents.
+                        The text <emphasis role="italic">Reference Notes</emphasis> restate and
+                        expand the comments made on the C-1 and P-1 tapes concerning grammar,
+                        vocabulary, pronunciation, and culture. After you have worked with the C-1
+                        and P-1 tapes, you go on to two class activities:</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Target List Review</emphasis>: In this first class
+                        activity of the unit, you find out how well you learned the C-1 and P-1
+                        sentences. The teacher checks your understanding and production of the
+                        Target List sentences. He also presents any additional required vocabulary
+                        items, found at the end of the Target List, which were not on the C-1 and
+                        P-1 tapes.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Structural Buildup</emphasis>: During this class
+                        activity, you work on your understanding and control of the new structures
+                        in the unit. You respond to questions from your teacher about situations
+                        illustrated on a chalkboard or explained in other ways.</para>
+                    <para>After these activities, your teacher may want you to spend some time
+                        working on the drills for the unit.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Drill Tape</emphasis>: This tape takes you through
+                        various types of drills based on the Target List sentences and on the
+                        additional required vocabulary.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Drills</emphasis>: The teacher may have you go over
+                        some or all of the drills in class, either to prepare for work with the
+                        tape, to review the tape, or to replace it. </para>
+                    <para>Next, you use two more tapes. These tapes will give you as much additional
+                        practice as possible outside of class.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Comprehension Tape 2 (C-2)</emphasis>: This tape
+                        provides advanced listening practice with exercises containing long, varied
+                        passages which fully exploit the possibilities of the material covered. In
+                        the C-2 Workbook you answer questions about the passages.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Production Tape 2 (P-2)</emphasis>: This tape
+                        resembles the Structural Buildup in that you practice using the new
+                        structures of the unit in various situations. The P-2 Workbook provides
+                        instructions and displays of information for each exercise.</para>
+                    <para>Following work on these two tapes, you take part in two class
+                        activities:</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Exercise Review</emphasis>: The teacher reviews the
+                        exercises of the C-2 tape by reading or playing passages from the tape and
+                        questioning you on them. He reviews the exercises of the P-2 tape by
+                        questioning you on information displays in the P-2 Workbook.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Communication Activities</emphasis>: Here you use
+                        what you have learned in the unit for the purposeful exchange of
+                        information. Both fictitious situations (in Communication Games) and
+                        real-world situations involving you and your classmates (in "interviews")
+                        are used.</para>
+                </listitem>
+            </orderedlist>
+            <para><emphasis role="bold">Materials and Activities for a Unit</emphasis></para>
+            <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
+                <tgroup cols="3">
+                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                    <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                    <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                    <thead>
+                        <row>
+                            <entry align="center">TAPED
+                                MATERIALS<?dbhtml bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?><?dbfo bgcolor="#b3d9ff"?></entry>
+                            <entry align="center">WRITTEN
+                                MATERIALS<?dbhtml bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?><?dbfo bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?></entry>
+                            <entry align="center">CLASS
+                                ACTIVITIES<?dbhtml bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?><?dbfo bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?></entry>
+                        </row>
+                    </thead>
+                    <tbody>
+                        <row>
+                            <entry>C-1, P-1 Tapes</entry>
+                            <entry>
+                                <para>Target List </para>
+                                <para>Reference List</para>
+                                <para>Reference Notes</para>
+                            </entry>
+                            <entry>Target List Review</entry>
+                        </row>
+                        <row>
+                            <entry align="center">——————-</entry>
+                            <entry align="center">——————-</entry>
+                            <entry>Structural Buildup</entry>
+                        </row>
+                        <row>
+                            <entry>D-1 Tapes</entry>
+                            <entry>Drills</entry>
+                            <entry>Drills </entry>
+                        </row>
+                        <row>
+                            <entry>C-2, P-2 Tapes</entry>
+                            <entry>
+                                <para>Reference Notes</para>
+                                <para>C-2, P-2 Workbooks</para>
+                            </entry>
+                            <entry>Exercise Review</entry>
+                        </row>
+                        <row>
+                            <entry align="center">——————-</entry>
+                            <entry align="center">——————-</entry>
+                            <entry>Communication Activities</entry>
+                        </row>
+                    </tbody>
+                </tgroup>
+            </informaltable>
+
+            <figure>
+                <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wén wǔ</foreignphrase> Temple in
+                    central Taiwan (courtesy of Thomas Madden)</title>
+                <para>By Photo by CEphoto, Uwe Aranas or alternatively © CEphoto, Uwe Aranas, CC
+                    BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=51438668<inlinemediaobject>
+                        <imageobject>
+                            <imagedata
+                                fileref="../../../../T%C3%A9l%C3%A9chargements/1008px-Sun-Moon-Lake_Taiwan_Wen-Wu-Temple-01.jpg"
+                            />
+                        </imageobject>
+                    </inlinemediaobject></para>
+
+
+                <mediaobject>
+                    <imageobject>
+                        <imagedata
+                            fileref="FSI-Chinese-MOD1-Textbook/Images/0021-FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-3.png"
+                            align="center"/>
+                    </imageobject>
+                </mediaobject>
+            </figure>
+            <para> </para>
+        </section>
+        <?custom-pagebreak?>
+        <section>
+            <title>Background Notes: About Chinese</title>
+            <para><emphasis role="bold">The Chinese Languages</emphasis></para>
+            <para> We find it perfectly natural to talk about a language called “Chinese.” We say,
+                for example, that the people of China speak different dialects of Chinese, and that
+                Confucius wrote in an ancient form of Chinese. On the other hand, we would never
+                think of saying that the people of Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal speak dialects
+                of one language, and that Julius Caesar wrote in an ancient form of that language.
+                But the facts are almost exactly parallel.</para>
+            <para>Therefore, in terms of what we think of as a language when closer to home,
+                “Chinese” is not one language, but a family of languages. The language of Confucius
+                is partway up the trunk of the family tree. Like Latin, it lived on as a literary
+                language long after its death as a spoken language in popular use. The seven modern
+                languages of China, traditionally known as the “dialects,” are the branches of the
+                tree. They share as strong a family resemblance as do Italian, French, Spanish, and
+                Portuguese, and are about as different from one another. </para>
+            <para>The predominant language of China is now known as <foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Pǔtōnghuà</foreignphrase>, or “Standard Chinese”
+                (literally “the common speech”). The more traditional term, still used in Taiwan, is
+                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guóyǔ</foreignphrase>, or “Mandarin”
+                (literally “the national language”). Standard Chinese is spoken natively by almost
+                two-thirds of the population of China and throughout the greater part of the
+                country. </para>
+            <para>The term “Standard Chinese” is often used more narrowly to refer to the true
+                national language which is emerging. This language, which is already the language of
+                all national broadcasting, is based primarily on the Peking dialect, but takes in
+                elements from other dialects of Standard Chinese and even from other Chinese
+                languages. Like many national languages, it is more widely understood than spoken,
+                and is often spoken with some concessions to local speech, particularly in
+                pronunciation. </para>
+            <para>The Chinese languages and their dialects differ far more in pronunciation than in
+                grammar and vocabulary. What distinguishes Standard Chinese most from the other
+                Chinese languages, for example, is that it has the fewest tones and the fewest final
+                consonants. </para>
+            <para>The remaining six Chinese languages, spoken by approximately a quarter of the
+                population of China, are tightly grouped in the southeast, below the Yangtze River.
+                The six are: the Wu group (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                    >Wú</foreignphrase>), which includes the “Shanghai dialect”; Hunanese
+                    (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiāng</foreignphrase>); the “Kiangsi
+                dialect” (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gàn</foreignphrase>); Cantonese
+                    (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yuè</foreignphrase>), the language of
+                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǎngdōng</foreignphrase>, widely
+                spoken in Chinese communities in the United States; Fukienese (<foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǐn</foreignphrase>), a variant of which is spoken by
+                a majority on Taiwan and hence called Taiwanese; and Hakka (<foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kèjiā</foreignphrase>), spoken in a belt above the
+                Cantonese area, as well as by a minority on Taiwan. Cantonese, Fukienese, and Hakka
+                are also widely spoken throughout Southeast Asia. </para>
+            <para>There are minority ethnic groups in China who speak non-Chinese languages. Some of
+                these, such as Tibetan, are distantly related to the Chinese languages. Others, such
+                as Mongolian, are entirely unrelated. </para>
+            <para><emphasis role="bold">Some Characteristics of Chinese</emphasis>
+            </para>
+            <para>To us, perhaps the roost striking feature of spoken Chinese is the use of
+                variation in tone (“tones” to distinguish the different meanings of syllables which
+                would otherwise sound alike. All languages, and Chinese is no exception, make use of
+                sentence intonation to indicate how whole sentences are to be understood. In
+                English, for example, the rising pattern in “He’s gone?” tells us that the sentence
+                is meant as a question. The Chinese tones, however, are quite a different matter.
+                They belong to individual syllables, not to the sentence as a whole. An inherent
+                part of each Standard Chinese syllable is one of four distinctive tones. The tone
+                does just as much to distinguish the syllable as do the consonants and vowels. For
+                example, the only difference between the verb “to buy,” <foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎi</foreignphrase> and the verb “to sell,”
+                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mài</foreignphrase>, is the Low tone
+                    (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">ˇ̆</foreignphrase>) and the Falling tone
+                    (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">`</foreignphrase>). And yet these words are
+                Just as distinguishable as our words “buy” and “guy,” or “buy” and “boy.” Apart from
+                the tones, the sound system of Standard Chinese is no more different from English
+                than French is. </para>
+            <para>Word formation in Standard Chinese is relatively simple. For one thing, there are
+                no conjugations such as are found in many European languages. Chinese verbs have
+                fewer forms than English verbs, and nowhere near as many irregularities. Chinese
+                grammar relies heavily on word order, and often the word order is the same as in
+                English. For these reasons Chinese is not as difficult for Americans to learn to
+                speak as one might think. </para>
+            <para>It is often said that Chinese is a monosyllabic language. This notion contains a
+                good deal of truth. It has been found that, on the average, every other word in
+                ordinary conversation is a single-syllable word. Moreover, although most words in
+                the dictionary have two syllables, and some have more, these words can almost always
+                be broken down into single-syllable units of meaning, many of which can stand alone
+                as words. </para>
+
+            <para><emphasis role="bold">Written Chinese</emphasis>
+            </para>
+            <para>Most languages with which we are familiar are written with an alphabet. The
+                letters may be different from ours, as in the Greek alphabet, but the principle is
+                the same: one letter for each consonant or vowel sound, more or less. Chinese,
+                however, is written with “characters” which stand for whole syllables—in fact, for
+                whole syllables with particular meanings. Although there are only about thirteen
+                hundred phonetically distinct syllables in standard Chinese, there are several
+                thousand Chinese characters in everyday use, essentially one for each
+                single-syllable unit of meaning. This means that many words have the same
+                pronunciation but are written with different characters, as <foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tiān</foreignphrase>, “sky,” <foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Hani">天</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tiān</foreignphrase>, “to add,” “to increase,”
+                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">添</foreignphrase>. Chinese characters are
+                often referred to as “ideographs” which suggests that they stand directly for ideas.
+                But this is misleading. It is better to think of them as standing for the meaningful
+                syllables of the spoken language. </para>
+            <para>Minimal literacy in Chinese calls for knowing about a thousand characters. These
+                thousand characters, in combination, give a reading vocabulary of several thousand
+                words. Full literacy calls for knowing some three thousand characters. In order to
+                reduce the amount of time needed to learn characters, there has been a vast
+                extension in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) of the principle of character
+                simplification, which has reduced the average number of strokes per character by
+                half. </para>
+            <para>During the past century, various systems have been proposed for representing the
+                sounds of Chinese with letters of the Roman alphabet. One of these romanizations,
+                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hànyǔ</foreignphrase>
+                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Pīnyīn</foreignphrase> (literally “Chinese
+                Language Spelling,” generally called “Pinyin” in English), has been adopted
+                officially in the PRC, with the short-term goal of teaching all students the
+                Standard Chinese pronunciation of characters. A long-range goal is the use of Pinyin
+                for written communication throughout the country. This is not possible, of course,
+                until speakers across the nation have uniform pronunciations of Standard Chinese.
+                For the time being, characters, which represent meaning, not pronunciation, are
+                still the most widely accepted way of communicating in writing. </para>
+            <para>Pinyin uses all of the letters in our alphabet except “<emphasis role="bold"
+                    >v</emphasis>,” and adds the letter “<emphasis role="bold">ü</emphasis>.” The
+                spellings of some of the consonant sounds are rather arbitrary from our point of
+                view, but for every consonant sound there is only one letter or one combination of
+                letters, and vice versa. You will find that each vowel letter can stand for
+                different vowel sounds, depending on what letters precede or follow it in the
+                syllable. The four tones are indicated by accent marks over the vowels, and the
+                Neutral tone by the absence of an accent mark: </para>
+            <para>High: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mā</foreignphrase>
+            </para>
+            <para>Falling: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mà</foreignphrase>
+            </para>
+            <para>Rising: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">má</foreignphrase>
+            </para>
+            <para>Neutral: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ma</foreignphrase>
+            </para>
+            <para>Low: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎ</foreignphrase>
+            </para>
+            <para>One reason often given for the retention of characters is that they can be read,
+                with the local pronunciation, by speakers of all the Chinese languages. Probably a
+                stronger reason for retaining them is that the characters help keep alive
+                distinctions of meaning between words, and connections of meaning between words,
+                which are fading in the spoken language. On the other hand, a Cantonese could learn
+                to speak Standard Chinese, and read it alphabetically, at least as easily as he can
+                learn several thousand characters. </para>
+            <para>Pinyin is used throughout this course to provide a simple written representation
+                of pronunciation. The characters, which are chiefly responsible for the reputation
+                of Chinese as a difficult language, are taught separately. </para>
+
+            <para><emphasis role="bold">BACKGROUND NOTES: ABOUT CHINESE CHARACTERS</emphasis>
+            </para>
+            <para>Each Chinese character is written as a fixed sequence of strokes. There are very
+                few basic types of strokes, each with its own prescribed direction, length, and
+                contour. The dynamics of these strokes as written with a brush, the classical
+                writing instrument, show up clearly even in printed characters. You can tell from
+                the varying thickness of the stroke how the brush met the paper, how it swooped, and
+                how it lifted; these effects are largely lost in characters written with a
+                ball-point pen. </para>
+            <para>The sequence of strokes is of particular importance. Let’s take the character for
+                “mouth,” pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǒu</foreignphrase>.
+                Here it is as normally written, with the order and directions of the strokes
+                indicated.</para>
+            <figure>
+                <title>Strokes order</title>
+                <mediaobject>
+                    <imageobject>
+                        <imagedata
+                            fileref="FSI-Chinese-MOD1-Textbook/Images/0021-FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-4.png"
+                            align="center"/>
+                    </imageobject>
+                </mediaobject>
+            </figure>
+            <para>If the character is written rapidly, in “running-style writing,” one stroke glides
+                into the next, like this. </para>
+            <figure>
+                <title>Running style writing </title>
+                <mediaobject>
+                    <imageobject>
+                        <imagedata
+                            fileref="FSI-Chinese-MOD1-Textbook/Images/0021-FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-11.png"
+                            align="center"/>
+                    </imageobject>
+                </mediaobject>
+            </figure>
+            <para>If the strokes were written in any but the proper order, quite different
+                distortions would take place as each stroke reflected the last and anticipated the
+                next, and the character would be illegible.</para>
+            <para>The earliest surviving Chinese characters, inscribed on the Shang Dynasty “oracle
+                bones” of about 1500 B.C. , already included characters that vent beyond simple
+                pictorial representation. There are some characters in use today which are
+                pictorial, like the character for “mouth.” There are also some which are directly
+                symbolic, like our Roman numerals I, II, and III. (The characters for these 
+                numbers—the first numbers you learn in this course—are like the Roman numerals turned on
+                their sides.) There are some which are indirectly symbolic, like our Arabic numerals
+                1, 2, and 3. But the most common type of character is complex, consisting of two
+                parts: a “phonetic,” which suggests the pronunciation, and a “radical,” which
+                broadly characterizes the meaning. Let’s take the following character as an example. </para>
+            <figure>
+                <title>Running style writing </title>
+                <mediaobject>
+                    <imageobject>
+                        <imagedata
+                            fileref="FSI-Chinese-MOD1-Textbook/Images/0021-FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-5.png"
+                            align="center"/>
+                    </imageobject>
+                </mediaobject>
+            </figure>
+            <para>This character means “ocean” and is pronounced <foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yáng</foreignphrase>. The left side of the character,
+                the three short strokes, is an abbreviation of a character which means “water” and
+                is pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuǐ</foreignphrase>. This
+                is the “radical.” It has been borrowed only for its meaning, "water.” The right side
+                of the character above is a character which means "sheep” and is pronounced
+                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yáng</foreignphrase>.
+                This is the “phonetic.” It has been borrowed only for its sound value,
+                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yáng</foreignphrase>. A speaker of
+                Chinese encountering the above character for the first time could probably figure
+                out that the only Chinese word that sounds like <foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yáng</foreignphrase> and means something like
+                “water,” is the word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yáng</foreignphrase>
+                meaning “ocean,” We, as speakers of English, might not be able to figure it out.
+                Moreover, phonetics and radicals seldom work as neatly as in this example. But we
+                can still learn to make good use of these hints at sound and sense. </para>
+            <para>Many dictionaries classify characters in terms of the radicals. According to one
+                of the two dictionary systems used, there are 176 radicals; in the other system,
+                there are 214. There are over a thousand phonetics.</para>
+            <para>Chinese has traditionally been written vertically, from top to bottom of the page,
+                starting on the right-hand side, with the pages bound so that the first page is
+                where we would expect the last page to be. Nowadays, however, many Chinese
+                publications paginate like Western publications, and the characters are written
+                horizontally, from left to right.</para>
+            <para><emphasis role="bold">BACKGROUND NOTES: ABOUT CHINESE PERSONAL NAMES AND TITLES
+                </emphasis></para>
+            <para>A Chinese personal name consists of two parts: a surname and a given name. There
+                is no middle name. The order is the reverse of ours: surname first, given name last. </para>
+            <para>The most common pattern for Chinese names is a single-syllable surname followed by
+                a two-syllable given name:<footnote>
+                    <para>The first version of each example is in the Pinyin system of romanization.
+                        The second parenthesized version is the conventional, or anglicized,
+                        spelling.</para>
+                </footnote></para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máo Zédōng</foreignphrase> (Mao
+                Tse-tung)</para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōu Ēnlái</foreignphrase> (Chou
+                En-lai)</para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiǎng Jièshí</foreignphrase> (Chiang
+                Kai-shek)</para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sòng Qìnglíng</foreignphrase> (Soong
+                Chʽing-ling—Mme Sun Yat-sen)</para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sòng Měilíng</foreignphrase> (Soong
+                Mei-ling—Mme Chiang Kai-shek)</para>
+            <para>It is not uncommon, however, for the given name to consist of a single
+                syllable:</para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhū Dé </foreignphrase> (Chu De) :
+                Marshal Zhu De, the communist general <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                    >朱德</foreignphrase></para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lín Biāo</foreignphrase> (Lin Piao) </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú Shì</foreignphrase> (Hu Shih) </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng Qīng</foreignphrase> (Chiang
+                Chʽing—Mme Mao Tse-tung) </para>
+            <para>There are a few two-syllable surnames. </para>
+            <para>These are usually followed by single-syllable given names: </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sīmǎ Guāng</foreignphrase> (Ssu-ma
+                Kuang) </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ōuyáng Xiū</foreignphrase> (Ou-yang
+                Hsiu) </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhūgě Liàng</foreignphrase> (Chu-ke
+                Liang) </para>
+            <para>But two-syllable surnames may also be followed by two-syllable given names:</para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sīmǎ Xiāngrú</foreignphrase> (Ssu-ma
+                Hsiang-ju) </para>
+            <para>An exhaustive list of Chinese surnames includes several hundred written with a
+                single character and several dozen written with two characters. Some single-syllable
+                surnames sound exactly alike although written with different characters, and to
+                distinguish them, the Chinese nay occasionally have to describe the character or
+                “write” it with a finger on the palm of a hand. But the surnames that you are likely
+                to encounter are fever than a hundred, and a handful of these are so common that
+                they account for a good majority of China’s population. </para>
+            <para>Given names, as opposed to surnames, are not restricted to a limited list of
+                characters, Men’s names are often but not always distinguishable from women’s; the
+                difference, however, usually lies in the meaning of the characters and so is not
+                readily apparent to the beginning student with a limited knowledge of
+                characters.</para>
+            <para>Outside the People’s Republic the traditional system of titles is still in use.
+                These titles closely parallel our own “Mr.,” “Mrs.,” and “Miss.” Notice, however,
+                that all Chinese titles follow the name—either the full name or the surname
+                alone—rather than preceding it.</para>
+            <para>The title “Mr.” is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                    >Xiānsheng</foreignphrase>. </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Xiānsheng</foreignphrase>
+            </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Mínglǐ Xiānsheng</foreignphrase>
+            </para>
+            <para>The title “Mrs.” is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                    >Tàitai</foreignphrase>. It follows the husband’s full name or surname alone. </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Tàitai</foreignphrase>
+            </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Mínglǐ Tàitai</foreignphrase>
+            </para>
+            <para>The title “Miss” is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                    >Xiǎojiě</foreignphrase>. The Ma family’s grown daughter, <foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Défēn</foreignphrase>, would be</para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Xiǎojiě</foreignphrase></para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Défēn Xiǎojiě</foreignphrase>
+            </para>
+            <para>Even traditionally, outside the People’s Republic, a married woman does not take
+                her husband’s name in the same sense as in our culture. If Miss Fang <foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎolán</foreignphrase> marries Mr. <foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ma Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>, she becomes Mrs,
+                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>, but at the
+                same time she remains <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng
+                    Bǎolán</foreignphrase>, She does not become <foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Bǎolán</foreignphrase>; there is no equivalent of
+                “Mrs. Mary Smith.” She may, however, add her husband’s surname to her own full name
+                and refer to herself as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Fāng
+                    Bǎolán</foreignphrase>. At work she is quite likely to continue as Miss
+                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng</foreignphrase>. </para>
+            <para>These customs regarding names are still observed by many Chinese today in various
+                parts of the world. The titles carry certain connotations, however, when used in the
+                PRC today: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tàitai</foreignphrase> should
+                not be used because it designates that woman as a member of the leisure class.
+                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎojiě</foreignphrase> should not be
+                used because it carries the connotation of being from a rich family. </para>
+            <para>In the People’s Republic, the title “Comrade,” <foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tóngzhì</foreignphrase> is used in place of the
+                titles <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng</foreignphrase>,
+                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tàitai</foreignphrase>, and
+                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎojiě</foreignphrase>.
+                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Mínglǐ</foreignphrase> would
+                be:</para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Tóngzhì</foreignphrase></para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Mínglǐ Tóngzhì</foreignphrase></para>
+            <para>The title “Comrade” is applied to all, regardless of sex or marital status. A
+                married woman does not take her husband’s name in any sense. <foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>’s wife would be: </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Tóngzhì</foreignphrase>
+            </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Bǎolán
+                Tóngzhì</foreignphrase></para>
+            <para>Children may be given either the mother’s or the father’s surname at birth. In
+                some families one child has the father’s surname, and another child has the mother’s
+                surname. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>’s and
+                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Bǎolán</foreignphrase>’s grown
+                daughter could be </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Tŏngzhì </foreignphrase></para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Děfēn Tóngzhì</foreignphrase>
+            </para>
+            <para>Their grown son could be </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Tóngzhì</foreignphrase></para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Zìqiáng
+                Tóngzhì</foreignphrase></para>
+            <para>Both in the PRC and elsewhere, of course, there are official titles and titles of
+                respect in addition to the common titles we have discussed here. Several of these
+                will be introduced later in the course. </para>
+            <para>The question of adapting foreign names to Chinese calls for special consideration.
+                In the People’s Republic the policy is to assign Chinese phonetic equivalents to
+                foreign names. These approximations are often not as close phonetically as they
+                might be, since the choice of appropriate written characters may bring in
+                non-phonetic considerations. (An attempt is usually made when transliterating to use
+                characters with attractive meanings.) For the most part, the resulting names do not
+                at all resemble Chinese names. For example, the official version of “David Anderson”
+                is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàiwěi Āndésēn</foreignphrase>. </para>
+            <para>An older approach, still in use outside the PRC, is to construct a valid Chinese
+                name that suggests the foreign name phonetically. For example, “David Anderson”
+                might be <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">An Dàwèi</foreignphrase>. </para>
+            <para>Sometimes, when a foreign surname has the same meaning as a Chinese surname,
+                semantic suggestiveness is chosen over phonetic suggestiveness. For example,
+                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>, a common Chinese
+                surname, means “king,” so “Daniel King” might be rendered <foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng Dànián</foreignphrase>. </para>
+            <para>Students in this course will be given both the official PRC phonetic equivalents
+                of their names and Chinese-style names.<emphasis/></para>
+        </section>
+    </preface>
+
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