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@@ -3273,11 +3273,12 @@
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<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wài</foreignphrase>. Unlike most Chinese words,
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<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wèi</foreignphrase> has no
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fixed tone. The intonation varies according to the speaker’s mood.</para>
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- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kēzhǎng</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kē</foreignphrase>
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- means “section,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǎng</foreignphrase> means “head of an
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- organization.” Here are some examples of how
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- -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǎng</foreignphrase>，“chief,” “head,” is
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- used:</para><informaltable frame="all">
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kēzhǎng</foreignphrase>:
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+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kē</foreignphrase> means
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+ “section,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >zhǎng</foreignphrase> means “head of an organization.” Here are some
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+ examples of how -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >zhǎng</foreignphrase>, “chief,” “head,” is used:</para><informaltable frame="all">
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<tgroup cols="3">
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<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
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<colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
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@@ -3309,12 +3310,13 @@
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xuéxiào</foreignphrase></entry>
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- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn"
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- >學校</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
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+ >學校</foreignphrase></entry>
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<entry>school</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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- <entry>xiàozhǎng</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >xiàozhǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
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<entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
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>校長</foreignphrase></entry>
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<entry>principal, headmaster</entry>
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@@ -3365,7 +3367,91 @@
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</tbody>
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</tgroup>
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</informaltable>
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- <para></para>
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+ <para>
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+ Gēn: In No. 2 the word gēn is a prepositional verb translated as
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+ “with.” The preposition gēn, “with,” differs from the conjunction gēn,
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+ “and,” in two important ways: a) where stress may be placed b) where
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+ the negative may be placed.
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+ </para>
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+ <para> (a) When gēn is used as the conjunction “and,” both items being joined
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+ are stressed and keep their tones. When gēn is used as the prepositional
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+ verb “with,” a pronoun which follows is unstressed and loses its tone.
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+ Notice the contrasting tones on tā in the following sentences: <orderedlist>
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+ <listitem>
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+ <para> When gēn is used as the conjunction “and,” both items being
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+ joined are stressed and keep their tones. When gēn is used as
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+ the prepositional verb “with,” a pronoun which follows is
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+ unstressed and loses its tone. Notice the contrasting tones on
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+ tā in the following sentences: <informaltable frame="all">
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+ <tgroup cols="2">
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+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
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+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
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+ <tbody>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
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+ >我跟他都來了。</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Both he and I
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+ came.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ gēn tǎ dōu lái
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+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
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+ >我跟他來。</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">I’ll come with
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+ him. </entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ gēn ta
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+ lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ </row>
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+ </tbody>
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+ </tgroup>
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+ </informaltable></para>
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+ </listitem>
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+ <listitem>
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+ <para> (b) To make negative a sentence containing the conjunction
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+ gēn, “and,” the negative is placed with the main verb. In
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+ sentences containing the prepositional verb gēn, “with,” the
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+ negative precedes the prepositional verb. (You have seen this
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+ pattern with other prepositional verbs, for example, zài [see
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+ BIO, Unit 2, notes on Nos. 8–11].) Notice the contrasting
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+ positions of the negatives in the examples below: <informaltable
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+ frame="all">
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+ <tgroup cols="2">
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+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
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+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
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+ <tbody>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
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+ >我跟他都沒有去。</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Neither he nor
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+ I went.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ gēn tā dōu méiyou
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+ qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
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+ >我沒有跟他去。</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">I didn’t go
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+ with him.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ méiyou gēn ta
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+ qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ </row>
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+ </tbody>
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+ </tgroup>
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+ </informaltable></para>
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+ <para>Dāngmiàn means “face-to-face.” Literally, dāng means “in the presence
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+ of,” and miàn means “face.</para>
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+ </listitem>
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+ </orderedlist></para>
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+
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>Notes on №3</title>
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