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- <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
- <?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.0/rng/docbook.rng" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?>
- <?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.0/rng/docbook.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?>
- <chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
- version="5.0">
- <title>Module 2: Biographic Information</title>
- <para>The Biographic Information Module provides you with linguistic and cultural skills needed
- for a simple conversation typical of a first-meeting situation in China. These skills
- include those needed at the beginning of a conversation (greetings, introductions, and forms
- of address), in the middle of a conversation (understanding and answering questions about
- yourself and your immediate family), and at the end of a conversation
- (leave-taking).</para>
- <para> Before starting this module, you must take and pass the ORN Criterion Test. The resource
- modules Pronunciation and Romanization and Numbers (tapes 1-4) are also prerequisites to the
- BIO Module.</para>
- <para> The Criterion Test will focus largely on this module, but material from Module 1 and
- associated resource modules may also be included.</para>
- <section>
- <title>Objectives</title>
- <para>Upon successful completion of the module, the student should be able to:</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para> Pronounce correctly any word from the Target Lists of ORN or BIO, properly
- distinguishing sounds and tones, using the proper stress and neutral tones, and
- making the necessary tone changes.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para> Pronounce correctly any sentence from the BIO Target Lists, with proper
- pauses and intonation, that is, without obscuring the tones with English
- intonation.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para> Use polite formulas in asking and answering questions about identity (name),
- health, age, and other basic information.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Reply to questions with the Chinese equivalents of "yes" and "no"</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para> Ask and answer questions about families, including who the members are, how
- old they are, and where they are.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para> Ask and answer questions about a stay in China, including the date of
- arrival, location-purpose-duration of stay, previous visits, traveling
- companions, and date of departure.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para> Ask and answer questions about work or study, identification of occupation,
- the location, and the duration.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para> Give the English equivalent for any Chinese sentence in the BIO Target
- Lists.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Be able to say any Chinese sentence in the BIO Target Lists when cued with its
- English equivalent.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Take part in a short Chinese conversation, using expressions included in the
- BIO Target List sentences.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Tapes for BIO and associated modules</title>
- <para><emphasis role="bold">Biographic information (BIO)</emphasis></para>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="7">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5"/>
- <colspec colnum="6" colname="col6"/>
- <colspec colnum="7" colname="col7"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>Unit 1:</entry>
- <entry>1</entry>
- <entry>C-l</entry>
- <entry>1 p-l</entry>
- <entry>1&2 D-l</entry>
- <entry>1 C-2</entry>
- <entry>1 P-2</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Unit 2:</entry>
- <entry>2</entry>
- <entry>C-l</entry>
- <entry>2 P-l</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>2 C-2</entry>
- <entry>2 P-2</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Unit 3:</entry>
- <entry>3</entry>
- <entry>C-l</entry>
- <entry>3 P-l</entry>
- <entry>3&4 D-l</entry>
- <entry>3 C-2</entry>
- <entry>3 P-2</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Unit 4:</entry>
- <entry>4</entry>
- <entry>C-l</entry>
- <entry>4 P-l</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>4 C-2</entry>
- <entry>4 P-2</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Unit 5:</entry>
- <entry>5</entry>
- <entry>C-l</entry>
- <entry>5 P-l</entry>
- <entry>5&6 D-l</entry>
- <entry>5 C-2</entry>
- <entry>5 P-2</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Unit 6:</entry>
- <entry>6</entry>
- <entry>C-l</entry>
- <entry>6 P-l</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>6 C-2</entry>
- <entry>6 P-2</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Unit 7:</entry>
- <entry>7</entry>
- <entry>C-l</entry>
- <entry>7 P-l</entry>
- <entry>7&8 D-l</entry>
- <entry>7C-2</entry>
- <entry>7 P-2</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Unit 8:</entry>
- <entry>8</entry>
- <entry>C-l</entry>
- <entry>8 P-l</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>8 C-2</entry>
- <entry>8 P-2</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>Units 1-4 R-1 </para>
- <para>Units 5-8 R-1</para>
- <para><emphasis role="bold">Classroom Expressions (CE)</emphasis></para>
- <para>CE 2</para>
- <para><emphasis role="bold">Time and Dates (T&D)</emphasis></para>
- <para>T&D 1 T&D 2</para>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 1 Target List</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable colsep="0" rowsep="0" frame="none">
- <tgroup cols="4">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīnwèn, nǐ zhù zai
- nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >亲问，你住在那儿？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>May I ask, where are you staying?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai Běijīng
- Fāndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我住在北京饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm staying at the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Běijīng</foreignphrase> Hotel.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai něige
- fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你住在哪个饭店？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Which hotel are you staying at?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai nèige
- fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我住在那个饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm staying at that hotel.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai zhèige
- fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你住在这个饭店吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Are you staying at this hotel?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, wǒ bú zhù zai
- zhèige fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不，我不住在这个饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>No, I'm not staying at this hotel.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai Mínzú
- Fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你住在民族饭店？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Are you staying at the Nationalities Hotel?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, wǒ bú zhù zai Mínzú
- Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不，我不住在民族饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>No, I'm not staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwèi shi Gāo
- Tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >哪位是高同志？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Which one is Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Gāo</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiwèi shi Gāo
- Tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那位是高同志</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>That one is Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Gāo</foreignphrase>.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǎo. Nuòwǎkè nǚshì! Nǐn
- hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早。
- 诺瓦克女士！您好</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Good morning. Miss Nowak! How are you?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hěn
- hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我很好</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm very well.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi Měiguó nǎrde
- rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >请问，你是美国哪儿个人</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Where are you from in America?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi Jiāzhōu
- Jiǔjīnshān rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我是加州旧金山人</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm from San Francisco, California.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 2 Target List</title>
- <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="4">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou jiā zài náli?
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友家在哪里？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Where is your friend's house?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jiā zài Dàlǐ
- Jiē.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他家在大理街。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>His house is on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> street.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyoude dìzhǐ shi
- ...?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你朋友的地址是。。。？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What is your friend's address?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde dìzhǐ shi Dàlǐ Jiē
- Sìshièr hào.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他的地址是大理街四十二号。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>His address is No. 42 <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> Street.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi Wèi Shàoxiào
- ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是韦少校把？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>You are Major Weiss, aren't you?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Yes.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shi Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn
- ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那是国宾大饭店吧？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>That is Ambassador Hotel, isn't it?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìde, nà shi Guóbīn
- Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是的，那是国宾大饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Yes, that's the Ambassador Hotel.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai nàli
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你住在那里吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Are you staying there?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, wǒ zhù zai
- zhèli.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不，我住在这里</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>No, I'm staying here.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou zài Táiběi
- gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友在台北工作吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Does your friend work in Taipei? </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài Táiběi gōngzuò;
- tā zài Táizhōng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他不在台北工作；他在台中工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He doesn't work in Taipei; he works in Taichung.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli
- gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Wǔguānchù
- gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我在武官处工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I work at the defense attache's office.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài yínháng
- gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我在银行工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I work at a bank.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 3 Target List</title>
- <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="4">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu háizi
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们有孩子</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Do you have children?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu, wǒmen
- yǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有，我们有。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Yes, we have.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú Xiānsheng méiyou Měiguó
- péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">刘先生没有美国朋友。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú</foreignphrase>
- doesn't have any American friends.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge nánháizi,
- jǐge nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你们有几个男孩子，几个女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How many boys and how many girls do you have?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wómen yǒu liǎnge nánhaizi,
- yíge nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我们有两个男孩子，一个女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>We have two boys and one girl.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú Xiānsheng, Hú tàitai yǒu
- jǐge háizi? </foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >胡先生，胡太太有几个孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How many children do Mr. and Mrs. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú</foreignphrase> have?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen yǒu liǎngge
- háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他们有两个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>They have two children.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shi nánháizi, shi
- nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是男孩子，是女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Are they boys or girls?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu shi
- nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">都是女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Both of them are girls.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen háizi dōu zài zhèli
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们孩子都在这里吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Are all your children here?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù. Liǎngge zài zhèli, yíge
- hái zài Měiguó.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不，两个在这里，一个还在美国。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>No. Two are here, and one is still in America.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
- rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你家里有什么人？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What people are in your family?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu wǒ tàitai gēn sānge
- háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有我太太跟三个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>There's my wife and two children.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
- rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你家里有什么人？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What people are in your family?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù yǒu wǒ fùqin,
- mǔqin.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">就有我父亲，母亲。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Just my father and mother.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 4 Target List</title>
- <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="4">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā míngtiān lái
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他明天来吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Is he coming tomorrow?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjīng lái
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他已经来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He has already come.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou lái le
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Has your friend come?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi(you)
- lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她还没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>She hasn't come yet.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi shénme shíhou
- dàode?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是什么时候到的？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>When did he arrive?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi zuótiān
- dàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是昨天到的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He arrived yesterday.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi yíge rén láide
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是一个人来的吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry> Did you come alone?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, wǒ bú shi yíge rén
- láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不是，我不是一个人来的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>No, I didn't come alone.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ něitiān
- zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你哪天走？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What day are you leaving?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntian
- zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我今天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm leaving today.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 5 Target List</title>
- <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="4">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi zài nǎr
- shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是在哪儿生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Where were you born?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi zài Dézhōu
- shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是在得州生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I was born in Texas.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen xīngqījǐ
- zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们星期几走？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What day of the week are you leaving?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen Xīngqītiān
- zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我们星期天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>We are leaving on Sunday.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní shi něinián
- shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是哪年生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What year were you born?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi Yī jiǔ sān jiǔ nián
- shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是一九三九年生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I was born in 1939.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi jǐyüè jíhào
- shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是几月几号生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What is your month and day of birth?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wó shi Qíyüe sìhào
- shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是七月四号生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I was born on July 4.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duō dà
- le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你多大了？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How old are you?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ sān shi wǔ
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我三十五了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm 35.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nímem nánháizi dōu jǐsuì
- le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们男孩子都几岁了？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How old are your boys?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge jiǔsuì le, yíge liùsuì
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >一个九岁了，一个六岁了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>One is nine and one is six.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 6 Target List</title>
- <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="4">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù duó
- jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How long are you staying?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù
- yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我住一年。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm staying one year.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài Xiānggǎng zhù
- duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你太太在香港住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How long is your wife staying in Hong Kong?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng tā zhù
- liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我想她住两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I think she is staying two days.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng zài Táiwān zhù duó
- jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你想在台湾住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How long are you thinking of staying in Taiwan?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng zhù liùge
- yüè.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我想住六个月。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm thinking of staying six months.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ láile duó jiǔ
- le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你来了多久了？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How long have you been here?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ láile liǎngge xīnqī
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我来了两个星期。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I have been here two weeks.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài Xiānggǎng
- zhùle dó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你太太在香港住了多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How long did your wife stay in Hong Kong?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhùle
- liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她住了两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>She stayed two days.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Tàitai méi
- lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">李太太没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ</foreignphrase>
- didn't come.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián méi láiguo. Wǒ
- tàitai láiguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我从前没来过。我太太来过。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I have never been here before. My wife has been here.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 7 Target List</title>
- <informaltable colsep="0" rowsep="0" frame="none">
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín zài náli
- gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">您在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Měiguó Guówùyàn
- gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我在美国国务院工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I work with the State Department.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní zai náli
- gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">您在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi
- xüsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是学生。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm student.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ lái zuò
- shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">您来做什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What did you come here to do?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lái niàn
- shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我来念书。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I came here to study.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ niàn
- shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你念什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What are you studying?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xüé
- Zhōngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我学中文。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm studying Chinese.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài dàxüé niànguo lìshǐ
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你在大学念过历史吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Did you study history in college?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Niànguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学念。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Yes.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen huì shuō Zhōngwén ma?
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们会说中文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Can you speak Chinese?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ tàitai bú huǐ shuō, wǒ
- huì shuō yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我太太不会说，我会说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>My wife can't speak it; I can speak it a little.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde Zhōngguo huà hěn
- hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你的中国话很好。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Your Chinese is very good.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Náli, náli. Wǒ jiù huì shuō
- yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >哪里，哪里。我就说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Not at all. I can speak only a little.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>8.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi zài náli xüéde
- Zhōngzén?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是在哪里学的中文？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Where did you study Chinese?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wó shi zài Huáshèngdùn
- xüéde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是在华盛顿学的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I studied it in Washington.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 8 Target List</title>
- <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jīntiān hái yǒu kè
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你今天还有课吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Do you have any more classes today?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou kè
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">没有课了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I don't have any more classes.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián niàn Yīngwén
- niànle duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你从前念英文念了多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How long did you study English?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn Yīngwén niànle
- liùniàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我念英文念了六年。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I studied English for six years.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ niàn Fàwén niànle duó
- jiǔ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你念法文念了多久了？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How long have you been studying French?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niànle yìnián
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我念了一年了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I've been studying it for one year.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǜnián wǒ hái bú huì xiě
- Zhōnggui zì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >去年我还不会写中国字。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Last year, I couldn't write Chinese characters.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài wǒ huì xiě yìdiǎn
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">现在我会写一点了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Now, I can write a little.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ fùqin shi jǖnrén
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你父亲是军人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Is your father a military man?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā shi hǎijǖn
- jǖnguān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，他是海军陆军。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Yes, he's a naval officer.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān bù lái
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我今天不来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm not coming today.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bìng
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我病了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm sick.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo le
- méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">今天好了没有？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Are you better today?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">今天好了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Today, I'm better.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 1</title>
- <section>
- <title>Introduction</title>
- <section>
- <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
- <para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Where people are staying (hotels),</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Short answers.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The question word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >něige</foreignphrase>, "which."</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Material you will need</title>
- <para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference
- Notes.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The drill tape (1D-1).</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>References</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para>(in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>)</para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ zhù zai
- nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >亲吻，你朱在哪儿？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>May I ask, where are you staying?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai Běijīng
- Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >握住在北京饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm staying at the Beijing Hotel.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai Mínzú
- Fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你住在民族饭店吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Are you staying at the Nationalities Hotel?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, wǒ zhù zai
- Mínzú Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是，我住在民族饭店吗。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Yes, I'm staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai něige
- fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你住在呢个饭店？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Which hotel are you staying at?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai Běijīng
- Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我住在北京饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm staying ate the Beijing Hotel.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwèi shì Zhāng
- tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >哪位是张同志？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Which one is comrade <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng</foreignphrase>?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Zhāng
- tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他是张同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>She is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhāng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige rén shì Méi
- tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >哪个人是Méi同志？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Which person is comrade <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi</foreignphrase>?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige rén shì Méi
- tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那个人是Méi同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>That person is comrade <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi</foreignphrase>.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwei shì Gāo
- tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >哪位是局同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Which one is comrade <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo</foreignphrase>?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiwèi shì Gāo
- tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那位是局同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>That one is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Gāo</foreignphrase>.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>7.<footnote>
- <para>This exchange occurs on the C-l tape only.</para>
- </footnote></para>
- </entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai zheìge
- fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你住在这个饭店吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Are you staying at this hotel?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, wǒ bú zhù zai
- zheìge fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不，我不住在这个饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>No, I"m staying at this hotel.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>8.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng tóngzhì! nín
- zǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >蒋同志！您早。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Jiāng</foreignphrase>! Good morning.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǎo. Nuòwǎkè Nǔshì!
- nín hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早。Nuòwǎkè
- 女士！您好。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Good morning, Miss Novak! How are you?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hěn
- hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我很好</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm very well.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>9.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ shì
- Měiguo nǎrde rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >请问，你是美国哪儿人？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>May I ask, where are you from in America?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Jiāzhōu
- Jiùjīnshān rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我是加州旧金山人。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm from San Francisco, California.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >fàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>hotel</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-ge</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">个</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>general counter</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hěn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">很</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>very</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Jiùjīnshān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >旧金山</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>San Francisco</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mínzú
- Fàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >民族饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Nationalities Hotel</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >něi-</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >哪-？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>which</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >něige?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪个</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>which?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nèige</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>that</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >něiwei</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪位</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>which one (person)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nèiwèi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那位</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>that one (person)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nǔshì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">女士</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>polite title for a married or unmarried woman) Ms. ;
- Lady</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>yes, that's so.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-wèi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">位</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>polite counter for people</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zǎo</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>good morning</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhèi-</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这-</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>this</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zheìge</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这个</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>this</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhèiwèi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这位</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>this one (person)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhù</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">朱</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to stay, to live</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on № 1</title>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ zhù
- zai nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >亲吻，你朱在哪儿？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>May I ask, where are you staying?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai
- Běijīng Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >握住在北京饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm staying at the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
- Hotel.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase>,
- "to live," or "to reside," may be used to mean "to stay at" (temporary
- residence) or "to live in" (permanent residence). </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhù zài nǎr</foreignphrase>
- literally means "live at where." The verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>, "to be in/at/on," is
- used here as a preposition "at." It loses its tone in this position in a
- sentence. (The use of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zài</foreignphrase> as a preposition is treated more fully in Unit 2.) </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fàndiàn</foreignphrase> has two
- meanings "restaurant" and "Hotel" (a relatively large hotel with modern facilities).<footnote>
- <para>Another word for "restaurant" is <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fànguǎnzi</foreignphrase>. The
- general word for "hotel" is <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǚguǎn</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </footnote> Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >fànguǎnzi</foreignphrase> means "rice shop."</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on № 2</title>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai
- Mínzú Fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你住在民族饭店吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Are you staying at the Nationalities Hotel?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, wǒ zhù zai
- Mínzú Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是，我住在民族饭店吗。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Yes, I'm staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì</foreignphrase>: The usual
- way to give a short affirmative answer is to repeat the verb used in the
- question. Some verbs, however, may not be repeated as short answers.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhù</foreignphrase> is one
- such verb. Others not to be used are <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xìng</foreignphrase>, "to be surnamed," and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiào</foreignphrase>, "to be
- given-named." Many speakers do not repeat the verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> as a short answer. To
- give a short "yes" answer to questions containing these verbs, you use
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on № 3-7</title>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai
- něige fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你住在呢个饭店？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Which hotel are you staying at?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai
- Běijīng Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我住在北京饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm staying ate the Beijing Hotel.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwèi shì
- Zhāng tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >哪位是张同志？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Which one is comrade <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhāng</foreignphrase>?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Zhāng
- tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他是张同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>She is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhāng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige rén shì
- Méi tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >哪个人是Méi同志？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Which person is comrade <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi</foreignphrase>?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige rén shì
- Méi tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那个人是Méi同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>That person is comrade <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi</foreignphrase>.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwei shì Gāo
- tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >哪位是局同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Which one is comrade <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo</foreignphrase>?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiwèi shì Gāo
- tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那位是局同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>That one is comrade <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo</foreignphrase>.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai
- zheìge fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你住在这个饭店吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Are you staying at this hotel?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, wǒ bú zhù
- zai zheìge fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不，我不住在这个饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>No, I"m staying at this hotel.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige</foreignphrase> is the
- question word "which." In the compound <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něiguó</foreignphrase>, you found the bound
- word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi-</foreignphrase>, which
- was attached to the noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >guó</foreignphrase>. In the phrase <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něiguó rén</foreignphrase>, "which person,"
- the bound word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >něi-</foreignphrase> is attached to the general counter <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase>. (You will learn more
- about counters in Unit 3_ For now, you nay think of <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase> as an ending which turns
- the bound word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >něi-</foreignphrase> into the full word <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něige</foreignphrase>.) </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige
- rén/něiwèi</foreignphrase>: To be polite when referring to an adult, you say
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něiwèi</foreignphrase> or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèiwèi</foreignphrase>, using
- the polite counter for people <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-wèi</foreignphrase> rather than the general counter <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase>, though <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase> is used in many informal
- situations. </para>
- <para>Notice that the noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >rén</foreignphrase> is not used directly after <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-wèi</foreignphrase>: </para>
- <informaltable frame="all">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nèiwèi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó
- rén</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì
- shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Něiwèi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù zài Mínzú
- Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>Compare the specifying words "which?" "that," and "this" with the location
- words you learned in Unit U of ORN: </para>
- <informaltable frame="all">
- <tgroup cols="4">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="newCol3" colnum="2" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol3" align="center">Specifying
- words</entry>
- <entry namest="c3" nameend="c4" align="center">Location
- words</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něige?
- (nǎge?)</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>which</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nǎr</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>where</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige
- (nàge)</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>that</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nàr
- (nèr)</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>there</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige
- (zhège)</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>this</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèr
- (zhàr)</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>here</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>Both question words are in the Low tone, while the other four words are in
- the Falling tone. </para>
- <para>Many people pronounce the words for "which?" "that," and "this" with the
- usual vowels for "where?" "there," and "here": <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎge</foreignphrase>? <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nàge</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhège</foreignphrase>. </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù</foreignphrase>: A short
- negative answer is usually formed by <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> plus a repetition of the
- verb used in the question. When a verb, like <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>), cannot be repeated,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> is used as
- a short answer and is followed by a complete answer. Notice that when used
- by itself <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> is in
- the Falling ton, but when followed by a Falling-tone syllable <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> is in the Rising tone. </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, tā xiānzài bú zài
- zhèr.</foreignphrase> No, he's not here now.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on № 8</title>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>8.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng tóngzhì!
- nín zǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >蒋同志！您早。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Comrade Jiang! Good morning.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǎo. Nuòwǎkè
- Nǔshì! nín hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早。Nuòwǎkè
- 女士！您好。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Good morning, Miss Novak! How are you?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>Name as greeting: A greeting may consist simply of a person's name:
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng tóngzhì</foreignphrase>!
- "Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>!"
- The name may also be used with a greeting phrase: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng tóngzhì! Nín zǎo.
- </foreignphrase>"Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wáng</foreignphrase>! Good morning." --or, in reverse order,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín zǎo. Wáng
- tóngzhì!</foreignphrase> "Good morning. Comrade <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>!" The name is pronounced
- as an independent exclamation acknowledging that person's presence and
- status. It is not de-emphasized like "Comrade <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>," in the English
- sentence 11 Good morning, Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wáng</foreignphrase>." </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín zǎo</foreignphrase> means
- "good morning" --literally, "you are early." You may also say either
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ zǎo</foreignphrase> or
- simply <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎo</foreignphrase>. </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǚshì</foreignphrase>, "Ms.," is
- a formal, respectful title for a married or unmarried woman. It is used
- after a woman's own surname, not her husband's. Traditionally, this title
- was used for older, educated, and accomplished women. </para>
- <para>In the PRC, where people use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tóngzhì</foreignphrase>, "Comrade," in general only foreign women are
- referred to and addressed as (so-and-so) <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚshì</foreignphrase>. On Taiwan, however,
- any woman may be called (so-and-so) <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚshì</foreignphrase> in a formal context,
- such as a speech or an invitation. </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín hǎo</foreignphrase>: This
- greeting may be said either with or without a question marker, just as in
- English we say "How are you?" as a question or "How are you?" as a simple
- greeting. </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎo ma?</foreignphrase> How
- are you? </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎo.</foreignphrase> How are
- you. </para>
- <para>Also Just as in English, you may respond to the greeting by repeating it
- rather than giving an answer. </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ tóngzhì! Nín
- hǎo.</foreignphrase> Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lǐ</foreignphrase>! How are you. </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín hǎo. Gāo
- tóngzhì!</foreignphrase> How are you. Comrade <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo</foreignphrase>! </para>
- <para>Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn</foreignphrase>
- means "very." The word often accompanies adjectival verbs (like
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase>, "to be
- good"), adding little to their meaning. (See also Module 3, Unit 3.) </para>
- <para>How to identify yourself: You have now learned several ways to introduce
- yourself. One simple, direct way is to extend your hand and state your name
- in Chinese –- for instance, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
- Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>. Here are some other ways:</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="all">
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Mǎ
- Mínglǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
- Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
- Mǎ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>My surname is <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng Mǎ,
- jiào Mǎ Mínglǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>
- <para>My surname is <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ</foreignphrase>; I'm
- called <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
- Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde
- Zhōngguó míngzi jiào Mǎ
- Mínglǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>My Chinese name is <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
- Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on № 9</title>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>9.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ shì
- Měiguo nǎrde rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >请问，你是美国哪儿人？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>May I ask, where are you from in America?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Jiāzhōu
- Jiùjīnshān rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我是加州旧金山人。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm from San Francisco, California.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>Order of place names: Notice that <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāzhōu Jiùjīnshān</foreignphrase> is
- literally "California, San Francisco." In Chinese, the larger unit cones
- before the smaller. Similarly, in the question <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì Měiguó nǎrde rén?</foreignphrase> the
- name of the country comes before the question word <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎr</foreignphrase>, which is asking for a
- more detailed location. The larger unit is usually repeated in the answer: </para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="all">
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
- shì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Shāndōng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nǎr</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- shì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Shāndōng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Qīngdǎo</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para>Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Jiùjīnshān</foreignphrase> means "Old Gold Mountain." The Chinese gave
- this name to San Francisco during the Gold Rush days.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Drills</title>
- <section>
- <title>Response drill</title>
- <para>Respond according to the clue</para>
- <informaltable frame="all">
- <tgroup cols="4">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="0.4*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry><?dbhtml bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?><?dbfo bgcolor="#b3d9ff"?></entry>
- <entry align="center"
- >Question<?dbhtml bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?><?dbfo bgcolor="#b3d9ff"?></entry>
- <entry align="center"
- >Clue<?dbhtml bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?><?dbfo bgcolor="#b3d9ff"?></entry>
- <entry align="center"
- >Answer<?dbhtml bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?><?dbfo bgcolor="#b3d9ff"?></entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/他住在哪儿？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai
- nǎr?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para> Where is he/she staying?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">北京饭店
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng Fàndiàn
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Běijīng</foreignphrase> Hotel</para>
- </entry>
- <entry xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在北京饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai
- Běijìng Fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He/she is staying at the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
- Hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你爱人住在哪儿？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren zhù zai
- nǎr? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Where is your spouse staying?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">民族饭店
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mínzú Fàndiàn
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>the Nationalities Hotel</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在民族饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai Mínzú
- Fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He/she is staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">李同志住在哪儿？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Tóngzhì zhù
- zai nǎr? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Where is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lǐ</foreignphrase> staying?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这个饭店
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige fàndiàn
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>this hotel</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在这个饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai
- zhèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He/she is staying at this hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">方同志住在哪儿？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Tóngzhì zhù
- zai nǎr? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Where is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Fāng</foreignphrase> staying?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个饭店
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige fàndiàn
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>that hotel</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在那个饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai nèige
- fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He/she is staying at that hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">陈同志住在哪儿？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén Tóngzhì zhù
- zai nǎr? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Where is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Chén</foreignphrase> staying?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">北京饭店
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng Fàndiàn
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Běijīng</foreignphrase> Hotel</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在北京饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ta zhù zai
- Běijīng Fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He/she is staying at the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
- Hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">林同志住在哪儿？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lín Tóngzhì zhù
- zai nǎr? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Where is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lín</foreignphrase> staying? </para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">民族饭店
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mínzú Fàndiàn
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>the Nationalities Hotel</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在民族饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai Mínzú
- Fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He/she is staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">黄同志住在哪儿？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáng Tóngzhì
- zhù zai nǎr? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Where is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Huáng</foreignphrase> staying?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这个饭店
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige fàndiàn
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>this hotel</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在这个饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai
- zhèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He/she is staying at this hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Response drill</title>
- <table frame="all">
- <title>Give affirmative response to all questions.</title>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry align="center">Question</entry>
- <entry align="center">Answer</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">局女士住在民族饭店吗？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo Nǚshì zhù
- zai Mínzú fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Gāo</foreignphrase> staying at the Nationalities
- Hotel?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，她住在民族饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
- Mínzú Fàndiàn, </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>>Yes, she is staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">张女士住在北京饭店吗？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng Nǚshì zhù
- zai Běijìng Fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhāng</foreignphrase> staying at the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Beǐjīng</foreignphrase>
- Hotel?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，她住在北京饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
- Běijīng Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Yes, she is staying at the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Beǐjīng</foreignphrase>
- Hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">江女士住在这个饭店吗？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng Nǚshì zhù
- zai zhèige fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Jiāng</foreignphrase> staying at this hotel?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，她住在这个饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
- zhèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Yes, she is staying at this hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">黄女士住在那个饭店吗？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huāng Nǚshì zhù
- zai nèige fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Huāng</foreignphrase> staying at that hotel?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，她住在那个饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
- nèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>>Yes, she is staying at that hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">王女士住在北京饭店吗？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng Nǚshì zhù
- zai Běijīng Fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wáng</foreignphrase> staying at the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Beǐjīng</foreignphrase>
- Hotel?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，她住在北京饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
- Beǐjīng fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Yes, she is staying at the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Beǐjīng</foreignphrase>
- Hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">林女士住在民族饭店吗？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lín Nǚshì zhù
- zai Mínzú Fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lín</foreignphrase> staying at the Nationalities
- Hotel?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，她住在民族饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
- Mínzú Fàndiàn, </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Yes, she is staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">毛女士住在这个饭店吗？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máo Nǚshì zhù
- zai zhèige fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Máo</foreignphrase> staying at this hotel?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，她住在这个饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
- zhèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Yes, she is staying at this hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </table>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Response drill</title>
- <table frame="all">
- <title>Give negative response to all questions.</title>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry align="center">Question</entry>
- <entry align="center">Answer</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">蒋先生住在这个饭店吗？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng Xiānsheng
- zhù zai zhège fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Jiāng</foreignphrase> staying at this hotel?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他不住在这个饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
- zhù zai zhège fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>No, he is not staying at this hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">马先生住在那个饭店吗？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Xiānsheng zhù
- zai nàge fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Mǎ</foreignphrase> staying at that hotel?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他不住在那个饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
- zhù zai nàge fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>No, he is not staying at that hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">李先生住在国宾大饭店吗？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Xiānsheng zhù
- zai Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lǐ</foreignphrase> staying at the Ambassador
- Hotel?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他不住在国宾大饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
- zhù zai Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>No, he is not staying at the Ambassador Hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">赵先生住在員山大饭店吗？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào Xiānsheng
- zhù zai Yuánshān Dàfàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhào</foreignphrase> staying at the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yuánshān</foreignphrase>
- hotel?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他不住在員山大饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
- zhù zai Yuánshān Dàfàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>No, he is not staying at the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yuánshān</foreignphrase>
- hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">刘先生住在員山大饭店吗？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú Xiānsheng
- zhù zai Yuánshān Dàfàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Liú</foreignphrase> staying at the Yuánshān
- hotel?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他不住在員山大饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
- zhù zai Yánshān Dàfàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>No, he is not staying at the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yuánshān</foreignphrase>
- hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">唐先生住在那个饭店吗？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táng Xiānsheng
- zhù zai nàge fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Táng</foreignphrase> staying at that hotel?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他不住在那个饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
- zhù zai nàge fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>No, he is not staying at that hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">宋先生住在这个饭店吗？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sòng Xiānsheng
- zhù zai zhège fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Sòng</foreignphrase> staying at this hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他不住在这个饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
- zhù zai zhège fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>No, he is not staying at this hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </table>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Response drill</title>
- <para/>
- <table frame="all">
- <title>Give either a negative or an affirmative response, according to the
- clue.</title>
- <tgroup cols="4">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry align="center">Question</entry>
- <entry align="center">Clue</entry>
- <entry align="center">Answer</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >唐同志在这个饭店吗？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táng Tóngzhì zhù
- zai zhèige fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Táng</foreignphrase> staying at this hotel?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这个饭店</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige fàndiàn
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>this hotel</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是，他/她住在这个饭店。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
- zhèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Yes, he/she is staying at this hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >马同志住在那个饭店吗？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Tóngzhì zhù
- zai nèige fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Mǎ</foreignphrase> staying at that hotel?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这个饭店</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige fàndiàn
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>this hotel</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他/她不住在那个饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
- zhù zai nèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>No, he/she is not staying at that hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">李同志住在北京饭店吗？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Tóngzhì zhù
- zai Běijīng fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lǐ</foreignphrase> staying at the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
- Hotel?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">北京饭店
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng Fàndiàn
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Běijīng</foreignphrase> Hotel</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，他/她住在北京饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
- Běijīng Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Yes, he/she is staying at the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
- Hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">赵同志住在民族饭店吗？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào Tóngzhì zhù
- zai Mínzǔ fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhào</foreignphrase> staying at the Nationalities
- Hotel?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">北京饭店
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng Fàndiàn
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Běijīng</foreignphrase> Hotel</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他/她不住在民族饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
- zhù zai Mínzú Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>No, he/she is not staying at the Nationalities
- Hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">刘同志住在这个饭店吗？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú Tóngzhì zhù
- zai zhèige fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Liú</foreignphrase> staying at this hotel?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个饭店
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige fàndiàn
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>that hotel</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他/她不住在这个饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
- zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>No, he/she is not staying at this hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">蒋同志住在那个饭店?
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng Tóngzhì
- zhù zai nèige fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Is Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Jiāng</foreignphrase> staying at that hotel?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个饭店
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige
- fàndiàn</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>that hotel</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，他/她住在那个饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
- nèige fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Yes, he/she is staying at that hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">张同志住在北京饭店吗？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng Tóngzhì
- zhù zai Běijīng Fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Is Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhāng</foreignphrase> staying at the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
- Hotel?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">民族饭店
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mínzǔ Fàndiàn
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Nationalities Hotel</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不是，他/她不住在北京饭店。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Bú shi, tā bú
- zhù zai Běijīng Fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>No, he/she is not staying at the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
- Hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </table>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Transformation drill</title>
- <table frame="all">
- <title>Change the less polite form <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nèige rén</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhèige rén</foreignphrase> to the more polite form <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiwèi</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiwèi</foreignphrase>.</title>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry align="center">Question</entry>
- <entry align="center">Answer</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个人是李同志。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige rén shi Lǐ
- Tóngzhì</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>That person is comrade <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那位是李同志。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiwèi shi Lǐ
- Tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>That one is comrade <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这个人是方同志。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige rén shi
- Fāng Tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>This person is comrade <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这位是方同志。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiwèi shi Fāng
- Tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>This one is comrade <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个人是蒋同志。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige rén shi
- Jiāng Tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>That person is comrade <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那位是蒋同志。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiwèi shi Jiāng
- Tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>That one is comrade <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这个人是周同志。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige rén shi
- Zhōu Tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>This person is comrade <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōu</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这位是周同志。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiwèi shi Zhōu
- Tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>This one is comrade <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōu</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个人是张同志。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige rén shi
- Zhāng Tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>That person is comrade <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那位是张同志。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiwèi shi Zhāng
- Tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>That one is comrade <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这个人是陈同志。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige rén shi
- Chén Tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>This person is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn"
- >Chén</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这位是陈同志。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiwèi shi Chén
- Tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>This one is comrade <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个人是胡同志。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige rén shi Hú
- Tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>That person is comrade <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那位是胡同志。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiwèi shi Hú
- Tóngzhì. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>That one is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn"
- >Hú</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </table>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Response drill</title>
- <table frame="all">
- <title>Respond to <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něige
- fàndiàn?</foreignphrase> "which hotel according to the clue.</title>
- <tgroup cols="4">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry align="center">Question</entry>
- <entry align="center">Clue</entry>
- <entry align="center">Answer</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在哪个饭店？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai něige
- fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Which hotel is he/she staying at?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">民族饭店
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mínzú
- Fàndiàn</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>the Nationalities Hotel</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在民族饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai Mínzú
- Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He/she is staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">张同志住在哪个饭店？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng Tóngzhì
- zhù zai něige fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Which hotel is comrade <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng</foreignphrase> staying
- at?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">北京饭店
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng fàndiàn
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>the Běijīng Hotel</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai
- Běijīng fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He/she is staying at the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
- Hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">蒋同志住在哪个饭店？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng Tóngzhì
- zhù zai něige fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Which hotel is comrade <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng</foreignphrase> staying
- at?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪个饭店
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige
- fàndiàn</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>that hotel</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai nèige
- fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He/she is staying at that hotel. </para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">王统治住在哪个饭店？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng Tóngzhì zhù
- zai něige fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Which hotel is comrade <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase> staying
- at?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这个饭店
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige
- fàndiàn</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>this hotel</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在这个饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai
- zhèige fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He/she is staying at this hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">黄同志住在哪个饭店？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáng Tóngzhì
- zhù zai něige fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Which hotel is comrade <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáng</foreignphrase> staying
- at?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">民族饭店
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mínzú
- Fàndiàn</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>the Nationalities Hotel</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在民族饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai Mínzú
- fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He/she is staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">林同志住在哪个饭店？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lín Tóngzhì zhù
- zai něige fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Which hotel is comrade <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lín</foreignphrase> staying
- at?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这个饭店
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige
- fàndiàn</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>this hotel</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在这个饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai
- zhèige fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He/she is staying at this hotel. </para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">刘同志住在哪个饭店？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú Tóngzhì zhù
- zai něige fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Which hotel is comrade
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Liú</foreignphrase> staying at?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这个饭店
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige
- fàndiàn</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>this hotel</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在这个饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai
- zhèige fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He/she is staying at this hotel. </para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </table>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Response drill</title>
- <para/>
- <table frame="all">
- <title>Respond to <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něige
- rén</foreignphrase> "which person" with <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige rén</foreignphrase>, "that
- person".</title>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry align="center">Question</entry>
- <entry align="center">Answer</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">请问，哪个人是王德贤？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐnwèn, něige
- rén shi Wáng Déxián?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>May I ask, which person is <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
- Déxián</foreignphrase>?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个人是王德贤。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige rén shi
- Wáng Déxián.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>That person is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wáng Déxián</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">请问，哪个人是赵世民？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, něige
- rén shi Zhào Shìmín?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>May I ask, which person is <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào
- Shìmín</foreignphrase>?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个人是赵世民。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige rén shi
- Zhào Shìmín. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>That person is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhào Shìmín</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">请问，哪个人是林宝兰？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn. něige
- rén shi Lín Bǎolán? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>May I ask, which person is <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lín
- Bǎolán</foreignphrase>?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个人是林宝兰。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Neìge rén shi
- Lín Bǎolán. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>That person is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lín Bǎolán</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">请问，哪个人是局廷峰？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, něige
- rén shi Gāo Tíngfēng?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>May I ask, which person is <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo
- Tíngfēng</foreignphrase>?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个人是局廷峰。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Neìge rén shi
- Gāo Tíngfēng.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>That person is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Gāo Tíngfēng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">请问，哪个人是张婉如？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, něige
- rén shi Zhāng Wǎnrú?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>May I ask, which person is <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng
- Wǎnrú</foreignphrase>?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个人是张婉如。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige rén shi
- Zhāng Wǎnrú.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>That person is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhāng Wǎnrú</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">请问，哪个人是胡美玲？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, něige
- rén shi Hú Měilíng?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>May I ask, which person is <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
- Měilíng</foreignphrase>?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个人是胡美玲。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige rén shi Hú
- Měilíng.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>That person is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Hú Měilíng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">请问，哪个人是宋知远？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, něige
- rén shi Sòng Zhīyuǎn?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>May I ask, which person is <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sòng
- Zhīyuǎn</foreignphrase>?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个人是宋知远。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige rén shi
- Sòng Zhīyuǎn.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>That person is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Sòng Zhīyuǎn</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </table>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Transformation drill</title>
- <table frame="all">
- <title>Ask the appropriate "which" or "where" question according to the
- statement.</title>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry align="center">Question</entry>
- <entry align="center">Answer</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她老家在青岛。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lǎojiā zài
- Qīngdǎo.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>His/her family is from <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Qīngdǎo</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她老家在哪儿？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lǎojiā zài
- nǎr?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Where is his/her family from?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她现在在加拿大。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiànzài zài
- Jiānádà. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He /she is in Canada now.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她现在在哪儿？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiànzài zài
- nǎr?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Where is he/she now?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在北京饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai
- Běijīng Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He/she is staying at the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
- Hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在哪个饭店？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai něige
- fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>In which hotel is he/she staying?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她现在在山东。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiànzài zài
- Shāndōng.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He /she is in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Shāndōng</foreignphrase> now.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她现在在哪儿？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiànzài zài
- nǎr? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Where is he/she now?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在民族饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai Mínzú
- Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He/she is staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在哪个饭店？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai něige
- fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>In which hotel is he/she staying?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她老家在湖北。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lǎojiā zài
- Húběi.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>His/her family is from <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Húběi</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她老家在那儿？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lǎojiā zài
- nǎr?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Where is his/her family from?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她现在在美国。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiànzài zài
- Měiguó.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He/she is in America now.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她现在在哪儿？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiànzài zài
- nǎr?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Where is he/she now?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>8.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在这个饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai
- zhèige fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He/she is staying at this hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在哪个饭店？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai něige
- fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>In which hotel is he/she staying?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>9.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她老家在广东
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lǎojiā zài
- Guǎngdōng.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>His/her family is from <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Guǎngdōng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她老家在那儿？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lǎojiā zài
- nǎr? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Where is his/her family from?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </table>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 2</title>
- <section>
- <title>Introduction</title>
- <section>
- <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para> Where people are staying (houses).</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para> Where people are working.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para> Addresses.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The marker de </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para> The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >ba</foreignphrase>,</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para> The prepositional verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zài</foreignphrase></para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Material you will need</title>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para> The C-l and P-l tapes9 the Reference List and Reference Notes.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para> The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para> The 2D-1 tape.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>References</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
- náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你住在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài Guóbīn
- Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我住在国宾大饭店：</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm staying at the Ambassador Hotel.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
- náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你住在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài
- zhèli.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我住在这理。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm staying here.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他呢？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How about him?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zài
- nàli.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他住在那理。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He is staying there.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
- náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你住在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài péngyou
- jiā.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我住在朋友家。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm staying at a friend's home.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou jiā zài
- náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你朋友家在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Where is your friend's house?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jiā zài Dàlǐ
- Jiē.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他家在大力街。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>His house is on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> Street.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyoude dìzhǐ
- shì ...?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你朋友的地质是。。。？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What is your friend's address?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā de dìzhǐ shì jiē
- Sìshièrhào.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他的地质是大力街四十二号。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>His address is № 42 <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> Street.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.<footnote>
- <para>This exchange occurs on the C-1 tape only</para>
- </footnote></entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì Wèi Shàoxiào
- ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你是Wèi少校吧？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>You are Major Weiss, aren't you?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Yes.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.<footnote>
- <para>This exchange occurs on the P-1 tape only</para>
- </footnote></entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shì Guóbīn
- Dàfàndiàn ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那是国宾大饭店吧？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>That is Ambassador Hotel, isn't it?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Yes.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>8.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou xiànzài
- zài náli gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你朋友现在在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Where does your friend work now?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Táinán
- gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他在台南工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He works in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Táinán</foreignphrase>.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>9.<footnote>
- <para>This exchange occurs on the C-1 tape only</para>
- </footnote></entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli
- gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Wǔguānchù
- gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我在武官处工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I work at the Defense Attache's Office.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>10.<footnote>
- <para>This exchange occurs on the P-1 tape only</para>
- </footnote></entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli
- gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài yínháng
- gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我在银行工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I work at a bank.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>11.<footnote>
- <para>This exchange occurs on the C-1 tape only</para>
- </footnote></entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou zài
- Táiběi gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你朋友在台北工作吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Does your friend work in Taipei?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài Táiběi
- gōngzuò. Tā zài Táizhōng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他不在台北工作。他在台中工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He doesn't work in Taipei; he works in Taichung.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >ba</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吧</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>question marker expressing supposition of what answer will
- be</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dàfàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >大饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>hotel</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-de</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">的</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>possessive marker</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dìzhǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">地址</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>address</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gōngzuò</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">工作</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to work</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guóbīn
- Dàfàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >国宾大饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Ambassador Hotel</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-hào</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">—号</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>number (in address)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">家</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>home, house</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiē</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">街</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>street</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lù</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">路</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>road</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nà-</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那—</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>that</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nàge</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>that (one)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >náli</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪里</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>where</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nàli</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那里</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>there</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >péngyou</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">朋友</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>friend</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shàoxiào</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">少校</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>major( military title)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Shìde</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是的</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Yes, that's so.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǔguānchù</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >武官处</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>defense attache office</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yínháng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">银行</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>bank</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zài</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">在</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to be in/at/on (prepositional verb)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhè-</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>this</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhège</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这个</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>this (one)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhèli</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这里</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>here</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dìyī
- Dàfàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >第一大饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>First Hotel</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó Guójì
- Jiāoliú Zǒngshǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >美国国际通信局</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>U.S. International Communications Agency</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó
- Yínháng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >美国银行</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Bank of America</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táiwān
- Yínháng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >台湾银行</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Bank of Taiwan</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yóuzhèngjǘ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >邮政局</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>post office</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №1-2</title>
- <informaltable frame="all">
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
- náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你住在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài
- Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我住在国宾大饭店：</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm staying at the Ambassador Hotel.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
- náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你住在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài
- zhèli.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我住在这理。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm staying here.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他呢？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How about him?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zài
- nàli.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他住在那理。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He is staying there.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guóbǐn</foreignphrase>
- actually refers to any official state guest, not just an ambassador. (The
- word for "ambassador" is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dàshǐ</foreignphrase>) The translation "Ambassador Hotel" has been used
- for years by that hotel and, although inaccurate, has been retained in this
- text.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàfàndiàn</foreignphrase> means
- "great hotel" or "grand hotel." It is commonly used in the names of Taiwan
- and Hong Kong hotels.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Náli</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nàli</foreignphrase>, and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèli</foreignphrase> are
- common variants of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nǎr</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nàr</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhèr</foreignphrase> in non-Peking dialects of Standard Chinese. The
- forms with <emphasis role="bold">r</emphasis> are Peking dialect
- forms.</para>
- <para> Compare:<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry>Peking</entry>
- <entry>Other</entry>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nǎr</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >náli</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>where</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nàr</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nàli</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>there</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhèr</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhèli</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>here</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>Notice the difference in tone "between <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎr</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náli</foreignphrase>. This is because
- -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">li</foreignphrase> has a
- basic Low tone, and the first of two adjoining Low-tone syllables changes to
- a Rising tone: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎ</foreignphrase>
- + -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐ</foreignphrase> =
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náli</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №3-4</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
- náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你住在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài
- péngyou jiā.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我住在朋友家。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm staying at a friend's home.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou jiā
- zài náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你朋友家在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Where is your friend's house?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jiā zài Dàlǐ
- Jiē.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他家在大力街。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>His house is on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> Street.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>The possessive relationships in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >péngyou jiā</foreignphrase>, "friend's house," <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ péngyou jiā</foreignphrase>, "your
- friend’s house," and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā
- jiā</foreignphrase>, "his house," are unmarked, while the English must
- include -'s or the possessive form of the pronoun ("your," "his".) In
- Chinese, possessive relationships may be expressed by simply putting the
- possessor in front of the possessed when the relationship between the two is
- particularly close, like the relationship between a person and his home,
- family, or friends.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №5</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyoude
- dìzhǐ shì ...?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你朋友的地质是。。。？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What is your friend's address?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā de dìzhǐ shì
- jiē Sìshièrhào.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他的地质是大力街四十二号。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>His address is № 42 <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàlǐ</foreignphrase>
- street.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Péngyoude dìzhǐ:</foreignphrase>
- "The marker -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> in
- this phrase is Just like the English possessive ending -'s. With the
- exception of close relationships, this is the usual way to form the
- possessive in Chinese.<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ
- péngyǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>-de</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dìzhǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>your friend</entry>
- <entry>'s</entry>
- <entry>address</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>Unlike the English -'s ending, -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is also added to pronouns.<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wǒde</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>my</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nǐde</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>your</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tāde</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>his/her</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>You are learning possessive phrases in which the marker
- -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is used
- (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tāde dìzhǐ</foreignphrase>)
- and some possessive phrases which do not contain -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ péngyou jiā</foreignphrase>). There are
- certain reasons for the inclusion or omission of -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>. If a close relationship
- exists between the possessor and the possessed, the marker -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> might not be used. If a
- phrase is long and complex, as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ
- Xiānsheng péngyoude tàitai</foreignphrase> , the marker -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is used to separate the
- possessor from the possessed.<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="4">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="2.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2" align="center">short or
- simple</entry>
- <entry namest="c3" nameend="c4" align="center">long or
- complex</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
- Měilíng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de
- lǎojiā</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >péngyou</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ
- péngyou</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de
- dìzhǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ
- Xiānsheng péngyou</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de
- tàitai</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>But these are not hard and fast rules. The use or omission of
- -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is not
- determined solely by the number of syllables in a phrase or by the closeness
- between the possessor and the possessed, although both of these
- considerations do play a Mg part in the decision.</para>
- <para>While some common nouns are usually used without -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> "before them, most nouns
- are more likely to be preceded by -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >de</foreignphrase>, and many even require it. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dìzhǐ</foreignphrase>, "address," is the only
- noun you have learned which <emphasis role="bold">REQUIRES</emphasis> the
- possessive marker -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >de</foreignphrase> added to the possessor. But other nouns such as
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiā</foreignphrase> are not
- always preceded by -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >de</foreignphrase>. This is also the case with nouns indicating
- personal relationships, like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >fùmǔ</foreignphrase>, "father," and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tàitai</foreignphrase> "wife." <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Péngyou</foreignphrase>,
- "friend,"<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xuésheng</foreignphrase>," student and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎoshī</foreignphrase> "student are commonly
- used without -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>,
- but may also be used with the marker.</para>
- <para>You might expect the question <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
- péngyoude dìzhǐ...?</foreignphrase> to "be completed with a word such as
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme?</foreignphrase>, what.
- However, the incomplete form given in this exchange, with the voice trailing
- off, inviting completion, is also commonly used.</para>
- <para><emphasis role="bold">Addresses</emphasis>: The order in which addresses
- are given in Chinese is the reverse of that used in English. In Chinese, the
- order is from the general to the specific: country, province or state, city,
- street name, street number.</para>
- <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hào</foreignphrase>: A street
- number is always given with the bound word -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hào</foreignphrase>, "number," after it. <footnote>
- <para>The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dì</foreignphrase>- is sometimes translated "number," as in
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìyī</foreignphrase>,
- "number one" (See resource module on Numbers, tape 4.)</para>
- </footnote></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №6-7</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì Wèi
- Shàoxiào ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你是Wèi少校吧？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>You are Major Weiss, aren't you?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Yes.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shì Guóbīn
- Dàfàndiàn ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那是国宾大饭店吧？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>That is Ambassador Hotel, isn't it?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Yes.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ba</foreignphrase> is a marker
- for a question which expresses the speaker's supposition as to what the
- answer will be. It is the type of question which asks for a confirmation
- from the listener.</para>
- <para>There are three ways to translate the two questions in exchanges 6 and 7
- into English:<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.5*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi Wèi Shàoxiào
- ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><para>Aren't you Major Weiss?</para><para>You are
- Major Weiss, aren't you?</para><para>You must be
- Major Weiss.</para></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi Guóbǐn Dàfàndiàn
- ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>
- <para>Isn't that the Ambassador Hotel?</para>
- <para>That is the Ambassador Hotel, isn't it?</para>
- <para>That must be the Ambassador Hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Each translation reflects a different degree of certainty on the part of
- the speaker. (While the differences in certainty are expressed in English by
- variation in wording, they can be expressed in Chinese by intonation.) You
- will probably find that the "isn’t it", "aren't you" translation fits most
- situations.</para>
- <para>The short answer <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shìde</foreignphrase> is an expanded form of the short answer
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>, with the
- same meaning: "Yes, that's so." <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Shìde</foreignphrase> is also the word used for the "yes" in the
- military "Yes, sir."</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nà</foreignphrase>(<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nèi</foreignphrase>): In the subject position, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nà</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèi</foreignphrase>), "that," and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhè</foreignphrase>
- (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi</foreignphrase>),
- "this," may be used either as free words or as bound words, with
- -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ge</foreignphrase> following. </para>
- <para>Compare:<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nà</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì Guóbǐn
- Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>is the Ambassador Hotel.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nà</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-ge</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì Guóbǐn
- Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That</entry>
- <entry>one</entry>
- <entry>is the Ambassador Hotel.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>However, the question form <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎ</foreignphrase>- (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi</foreignphrase>-) is a bound word.<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǎge
- (fàndiàn) shì Guóbǐn
- Dàfàndiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Which one is the Ambassador Hotel?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №8-11</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>8.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou
- xiànzài zài náli gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你朋友现在在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Where does your friend work now?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Táinán
- gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他在台南工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He works in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Táinán</foreignphrase>.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>9.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli
- gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài
- Wǔguānchù gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我在武官处工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I work at the Defense Attache's Office.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>10.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli
- gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài yínháng
- gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我在银行工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I work at a bank.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>11.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou zài
- Táiběi gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你朋友在台北工作吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Does your friend work in Taipei?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài
- Táiběi gōngzuò. Tā zài Táizhōng
- gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他不在台北工作。他在台中工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He doesn't work in Taipei; he works in Taichung.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǔguānchù</foreignphrase>,
- "defense attache’s office," literally means "military attache's
- office."</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài gōngzuò</foreignphrase>:
- Compare these two sentences:</para>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="4">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="left"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zài</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Táinán.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He </entry>
- <entry>is in</entry>
- <entry>Tainan.</entry>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zài</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Táinán</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He </entry>
- <entry>in </entry>
- <entry>Tainan</entry>
- <entry>works.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>The sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Táinán
- gōngzuò</foreignphrase> seems to have two verbs: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>, "to be in/at/on," and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò</foreignphrase>," to
- work." But there is only one verb in the translation: "He works in Tainan."
- The translation reflects the fact that <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> loses its full verb
- status in this sentence and plays a role like that of the English
- preposition "in" The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zài</foreignphrase> phrase in Chinese, like the "in" phrase in English,
- gives more information about the main verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò</foreignphrase>; that is, it tells
- where the action takes place. "He works," and the work takes place "in
- Tainan." In sentences like this, the word <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> is a prepositional verb.
- Most relationships expressed by prepositions in English are expressed by
- prepositional verbs in Chinese.</para>
- <para>You have also seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zài</foreignphrase> used as a prepositional verb in the sentence
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ zhù zài
- náli?</foreignphrase> "Where do you live?" --literally, "You live at
- where?" Notice that in this sentence the prepositional verb phrase
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài náli</foreignphrase> comes
- after the main verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhù</foreignphrase>. In the sentence <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli gōngzuò?</foreignphrase> the
- prepositional verb phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
- náli</foreignphrase> conies before the main verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò</foreignphrase>. Many things, such as
- stress, contrast, and other objects in the sentence, can influence the order
- of the prepositional verb phrase and the main verb.</para>
- <para>In some cases, either order may be used, as in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli zhù?</foreignphrase> or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
- náli?</foreignphrase>. In other cases, the word order is fixed, as in
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli gōngzuò?
- </foreignphrase>For text examples, it will be pointed out whether or not the
- word order may be changed, and the reasons will be given.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài Táiběi
- gōngzuò</foreignphrase>, "He doesn't work in Taipei": In this sentence,
- the negative adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bù</foreignphrase> comes before the prepositional verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> (which starts the
- complete predicate <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài Táiběi
- gōngzuò</foreignphrase>, not before the main verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò</foreignphrase>. This makes sense,
- for you are not saying "He does NOT WORK," but you are saying "He does NOT
- work IN TAIPEI."<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="4">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bù</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
- Táiběi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bù</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
- Táiběi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Drills</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Response drill</title>
- <para/>
- <table frame="all">
- <title/>
- <tgroup cols="4">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="0.4*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry align="center">Question</entry>
- <entry align="center">Clue</entry>
- <entry align="center">Answer</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">李先生住在那里？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Xiānsheng zhù
- zai náli? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Where is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lǐ</foreignphrase> staying?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >国宾大饭店</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guóbīn
- Dàfàndiàn</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Ambassador Hotel</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他住在国宾大饭店。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai
- Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He is staying at the Ambassador Hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">局先生住在那里？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo Xiānsheng
- zhù zai náli?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Where is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Gāo</foreignphrase> staying?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">員山大饭店
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yuánshān
- Dàfàndiàn</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yuánshān</foreignphrase> hotel</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他住在員山大饭店。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai
- Yuánshān Dàfàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He is staying at the Yuánshān hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">杨先生住在哪里？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yáng Xiānsheng
- zhù zai náli? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Where is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yáng</foreignphrase> staying?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">第一大饭店
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dìyī Dàfàndiàn
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Grand Hotel</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他住在第一大饭店。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ta zhù zai Dìyī
- Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He is staying at the Grand Hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">唐先生住在哪里？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táng Xiānsheng
- zhù zai náli? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Where is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Táng</foreignphrase> staying?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这里
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèli
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>here</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他住在这里。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā zhù zài
- zhèli.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He is staying here.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >司马先生住在哪里？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sǐmǎ Xiānsheng
- zhù zai náli? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Where is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Sǐmǎ</foreignphrase> staying?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那里
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nàli
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>there</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他住在那里？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai
- nàli.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He is staying there.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">王住在哪里？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng Xiānsheng
- zhù zai náli? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Where is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wáng</foreignphrase> staying?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">第一大饭店
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dìyī Dàfàndiàn
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Grand Hotel</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他住在第一大饭店。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai Dìyī
- Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He is staying at the Grand Hotel.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </table>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Response drill</title>
- <para/>
- <table frame="all">
- <title/>
- <tgroup cols="4">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="0.4*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry align="center">Question</entry>
- <entry align="center">Clue</entry>
- <entry align="center">Answer</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他朋友家在那里？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā péngyou jiā
- zài náli? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Where is your friend's house?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">博愛路
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bóài Lù
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Bóài road</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他家在博愛路。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jiā zài Bóài
- Lù. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Hi/her house is on <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bóài</foreignphrase>
- road.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">李先生家在那里？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Xiānsheng jiā
- zài náli? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Where is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lǐ</foreignphrase> house?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">敦化路
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dūnhuà Lù
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Dūnhuà</foreignphrase> road</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他家在敦化路。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jiā zài
- Dūnhuà Lù </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>His house is on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Dūnhuà</foreignphrase> road.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">王先生家在那里？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng Xiānsheng
- jiā zài náli? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Where is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wáng</foreignphrase>'s house?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">農安街
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nóngān Jiē
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nóngān</foreignphrase> street</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他家在農安街。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jiā zài
- Nóngān Jiē. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>His house is on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nóngān</foreignphrase> street.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">胡先生家在那里？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú Xiānsheng jiā
- zài náli? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Where is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Hú</foreignphrase>'s house?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">南京路
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nánjīng Lù
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nánjīng</foreignphrase> road</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他家在南京路。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jiā zài
- Nánjīng Lù </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>His house is on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nánjīng</foreignphrase> road.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">马先生家在那里？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Xiānsheng jiā
- zài náli? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Where is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Mǎ</foreignphrase>'s house?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">中山路
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngshān Lù
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhōngshān</foreignphrase> road</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他家在中山路。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jiā zài
- Zhōngshān. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>His house is on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhōngshān</foreignphrase> road.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">林先生家在那里？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lín Xiānsheng
- jiā zài náli? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Where is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lín</foreignphrase>'s house?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">浙江街
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèjiāng Jiē
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhèjiāng</foreignphrase> street</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他家在浙江街。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jiā zài
- Zhèjiāng Jiē. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>His house is on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhèjiāng</foreignphrase> street.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </table>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Response drill</title>
- <para/>
- <table frame="all">
- <title>According to each clue, respond with the appropriate street number on
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàlǐ Jiē</foreignphrase></title>
- <tgroup cols="4">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="0.4*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry align="center">Question</entry>
- <entry align="center">Clue</entry>
- <entry align="center">Answer</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友的地质是。。。？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou de dìzhǐ
- shi ...? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>What is your friend's address?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">四十二号
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">42 hào
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>number 42</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她的地质是大理解四十二号。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā de dìzhǐ shi dàlǐ
- Jiē Sìshièrhào. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>His/her address is number 42 <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàlǐ</foreignphrase>
- street.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友的地质是。。。？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou de dìzhǐ
- shi ...? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>What is your friend's address?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">十四号 </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">40 hào
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>number 40</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她的地质是大理解十四号。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā de dìzhǐ shi dàlǐ
- Jiē Sìshihào. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>His/her address is number 40 <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàlǐ</foreignphrase>
- street.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友的地质是。。。？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou de dìzhǐ
- shi ...? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>What is your friend's address?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">九十五号
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">95 hào
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>number 95</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她的地质是大理解九十五号。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā de dìzhǐ shi dàlǐ
- Jiē Jiǔshiwǔhào. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>His/her address is number 95 <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàlǐ</foreignphrase>
- street.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友的地质是。。。？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou de dìzhǐ
- shi ...? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>What is your friend's address?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">二十六号
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">26 hào
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>number 26</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她的地质是大理解二十六号。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā de dìzhǐ shi dàlǐ
- Jiē Èrshiliùhào. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>His/her address is number 26 <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàlǐ</foreignphrase>
- street.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友的地质是。。。？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou de dìzhǐ
- shi ...? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>What is your friend's address?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">七十七号
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">77 hào
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>number 77</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她的地质是大理解七十七号。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā de dìzhǐ shi dàlǐ
- Jiē Qīshiqíhào. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>His/her address is number 77 <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàlǐ</foreignphrase>
- street.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友的地质是。。。？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou de dìzhǐ
- shi ...? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>What is your friend's address?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">六十八号
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">68 hào
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>number 68</para>
- </entry>
- <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她的地质是大理解六十八号。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā de dìzhǐ shi dàlǐ
- Jiē Liùshibáhào. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>His/her address is number 68 <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàlǐ</foreignphrase>
- street.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友的地质是。。。？
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou de dìzhǐ
- shi ...? </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>What is your friend's address? </para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">四十四号
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">44 hào
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>number 44</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她的地质是大理解四十四号。
- </foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā de dìzhǐ shi dàlǐ
- Jiē Sìshisìhào. </foreignphrase></para>
- <para>His/her address is number 44 <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàlǐ</foreignphrase>
- street.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </table>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Response drill</title>
- <para/>
- <table frame="all">
- <title>Give the appropriate <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Táiwān</foreignphrase> street addresses according to the clue.</title>
- <tgroup cols="4">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="0.4*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry align="center">Question</entry>
- <entry align="center">Clue</entry>
- <entry align="center">Answer</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你朋友的地质是。。。？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou de dìzhǐ
- shi...?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>What is your friend's address?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >大理解十四三号</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàlǐ Jiē 43
- hào</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>43 <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dàlǐ</foreignphrase> street</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她的地质是大理解十四三号。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā de dìzhǐ shi Dàlǐ
- Jiē Sìshièrhào.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>His/her address is number 43 </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàlǐ</foreignphrase>
- street.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你朋友的地质是。。。？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou de dìzhǐ
- shi...?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>What is your friend's address?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >博愛路九十四号</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bóài Lù 94
- hào</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>94 <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Bóài</foreignphrase> road</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她的地质是博愛路九十四号。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā de dìzhǐ shi Bóài
- Lù Jiǔshisìhào.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>His/her address is number 95 <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bóài</foreignphrase> road.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你朋友的地质是。。。？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou de dìzhǐ
- shi...?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>What is your friend's address?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >敦化路五十五好</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dūnhuà Lù 55
- hào</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>55 <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Dūnhuà</foreignphrase> road</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她的地质是敦化路五十五好。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā de dìzhǐ shi
- Dūnhuà Lù Wǔshiwǔhào.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>His/her address is number 55 <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dūnhuà</foreignphrase>
- road.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你朋友的地质是。。。？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou de dìzhǐ
- shi...?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>What is your friend's address?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >農安街七十五号</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nóngān Jiē 75
- hào</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>75 <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nóngān</foreignphrase> street</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她的地质是農安街七十五号。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā de dìzhǐ shi
- Qīshiwǔhào.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>His/her address is number 75 <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nóngān</foreignphrase>
- street.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你朋友的地质是。。。？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou de dìzhǐ
- shi...?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>What is your friend's address?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >大理解四十二号</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàlǐ Jiē 42
- hào</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>42 <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dàlǐ</foreignphrase> street</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她的地质是大理解四十二号。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā de dìzhǐ shi Dàlǐ
- Jiē Sìshièrhào.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>His/her address is number 42 <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàlǐ</foreignphrase>
- street.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你朋友的地质是。。。？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou de dìzhǐ
- shi...?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>What is your friend's address?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >敦化路五十五号</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dūnhuà Lù 55
- hào</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>55 <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Dūnhuà</foreignphrase> road</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她的地质是敦化路五十五号。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā de dìzhǐ shi
- Dūnhuà Lù Wǔshiwǔhào.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>His/her address is number 55 <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dūnhuà</foreignphrase>
- road.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你朋友的地质是。。。？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyoud e dìzhǐ
- shi...?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>What is your friend's address?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >博愛路九十四号</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bóài Lù 94
- hào</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>94 <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Bóài</foreignphrase> road</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她的地质是博愛路九十四号。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā de dìzhǐ shi Bóài
- Lù Jiǔshisìhào.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>His/her address is number 94 <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bóài</foreignphrase> road.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </table>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Transformation drill</title>
- <para/>
- <table frame="all">
- <title/>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Statement</entry>
- <entry align="center">Answer</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >马太太家在</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Tàitai jiā zài
- Dàlǐ Jiē Sìshièrhào.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ</foreignphrase>'s
- house is at N°42 <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> street.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她的地质是大理解四十二号。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā de dìzhǐ shi Dàlǐ
- Jiē Sìshièrhào.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Her address is N°42 <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> street.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >赵太太家在</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào Tàitai jiā zài
- Bóài Lù Jiǔshisìhào.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhào</foreignphrase>'s house is at N°94 <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bóài</foreignphrase> road.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她的地质是博愛路九十四号。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā de dìzhǐ shi Bóài
- Lú Jiǔshisìhào.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Her address is N°94 <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Bóài</foreignphrase> road.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >李太太家在</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Tàitai jiā zài
- Dūnhuà Lù Wíshiwǔhào.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lǐ</foreignphrase>'s house is at <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dūnhuà</foreignphrase>
- road.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她的地质是敦化路五十五号。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā de dìzhǐ shi
- Dūnhuà Lù Wǔshiwǔhào.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Her address is N°55 <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Dūnhuà</foreignphrase> road.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >胡太太家在</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú Tàitai jiā zài
- Nóngān Jiē Qīshiwǔhào.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Hú</foreignphrase>'s house is at N°75 <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nóngān</foreignphrase>
- street.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她的地质是農安街七十五号。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā de dìzhǐ shi
- Nóngān Jiē Qīshiwǔhào.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Her address is N°75 <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nóngān</foreignphrase> street.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >局太太家在</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo Tàitai jiā zài
- Dàlǐ Jiē Sìshièrhào.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Gāo</foreignphrase>'s house is at N°42 <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàlǐ</foreignphrase>
- street.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她的地质是大理解四十二号。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā de dìzhǐ shi Dàlǐ
- Jiē Sìshièrhào.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Her address is N°42 <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> street.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >王太太家在</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng Tàitai jiā zài
- Bóài Lù Jiǔshisìhào.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wáng</foreignphrase>'s house is at N°94 <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bóài</foreignphrase> road.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她的地质是博愛路九十四号。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā de dìzhǐ shi Bóài
- Lú Jiǔshisìhào.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Her address is N°94 <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Bóài</foreignphrase> road.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >林太太家在</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lín Tàitai jiā zài
- Dūnhuà Lù Wúshiwǔhào.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lín</foreignphrase>'s house is at N°55 <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dūnhuà</foreignphrase>
- road</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她的地质是敦化路五十五号。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā de dìzhǐ shi
- Dūnhuà Lù Wúshiwǔhào.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Her address is N°55 <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Dūnhuà</foreignphrase> road.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </table>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Transformation drill</title>
- <para/>
- <table frame="all">
- <title>Change each <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ma?</foreignphrase>
- question to a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ba?</foreignphrase>
- question.</title>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Statement</entry>
- <entry align="center">Answer</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">您是卫</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín shì Wèi shàoxiào
- ma?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Are you Major Weiss?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">您是卫</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín shì Wèi shàoxiào
- ba?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>You are Major Weiss, aren't you?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他是张少校吗？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Zhāng
- shàoxiào ma?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Is he Major <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhāng</foreignphrase>?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他是张少校把？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Zhāng
- shàoxiào ba?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He is Major <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhāng</foreignphrase>, isn't he?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >您是黄小姐吗？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín shì Huáng
- xiǎojiě ma?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Are you Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Huáng</foreignphrase>?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >您是黄小姐把？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín shì Zhāng
- xiǎojiě ba?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>You are Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Huáng</foreignphrase>, aren't you?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那是国宾大饭店吗？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shì Guóbīn
- dàfàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Is that the Nationalities Hotel?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那是国宾大饭店把？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shì Guóbīn
- dàfàndiàn ba?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>That is the Nationalities Hotel, isn't it?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这是第一大饭店吗？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhè shì Dìyī
- dàfàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Is this the Grand Hotel?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这是第一大饭店把？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhè shì Dìyī
- dàfàndiàn ba?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>This is the Grand Hotel, isn't it?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那位是王太太吗？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nàwèi shì Wáng
- tàitai ma?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Is that person Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wáng</foreignphrase>?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那位是王太太把。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nàwèi shì Wáng
- tàitai ba?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>This person is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wáng</foreignphrase>, isn't it?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那是員山大饭店吗？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shì Yuánshān
- Dàfàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Is that the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yuánshān</foreignphrase> hotel?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那是員山大饭店把？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shì Yuánshān
- Dàfàndiàn ba?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>That is the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yuánshān</foreignphrase> hotel, isn't it?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </table>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Response drill</title>
- <para/>
- <table frame="all">
- <title/>
- <tgroup cols="4">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="0.4*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry align="center">Question</entry>
- <entry align="center">Clue</entry>
- <entry align="center">Answer</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她在那里工作？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài náli
- gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Where dos he/she works?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">台北</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Táiběi</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Taipei</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她在台北工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Táiběi
- gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He/she works in Taipei.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她在那里工作？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài náli
- gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Where dos he/she works?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">台南</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Táinán</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>T'ai-nan</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她在台南工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Táinán
- gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He/she works in T'ai-nan.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她在那里工作？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài náli
- gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Where dos he/she works?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">台中</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Táizhōng</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>T'ai-chung</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她在台中工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Táizhōng
- gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He/she works in T'ai-chung.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她在那里工作？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài náli
- gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Where dos he/she works?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">高雄</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Gāoxióng</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Kao-hsiung</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她在高雄工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Gāoxióng
- gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He/she works in Kao-hsiung.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她在那里工作？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài náli
- gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Where dos he/she works?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">基隆市</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Jīlóng</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Chi-lung</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她在基隆市工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Jīlóng
- gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He/she works in Chi-lung.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她在那里工作？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài náli
- gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Where dos he/she works?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">台北</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Táiběi</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Taipei</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她在台北工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Táiběi
- Gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He/she works in Taipei.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她在那里工作？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài náli
- gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Where dos he/she works?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">台中</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Táizhōng</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>T'ai-chung</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她在台中工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Táizhōng
- gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He/she works in T'ai-chung.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </table>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Response drill</title>
- <para/>
- <table frame="all">
- <title/>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="0.4*"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Statement</entry>
- <entry align="center">Answer</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她在邮政局工作吗？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài yóuzhèngjǘ
- gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Does he/she works at the post office?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >对了，他/她在邮政局工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duì le, tā zài
- yóuzhèngjǘ gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Yes, he/she works at the post office.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她在武官处工作吗？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Wǔguānchù
- gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Does he/she works at the military attache's office?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >对了，他/她在武官处工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duì le, tā zài
- Wǔguānchù gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Yes, he/she works at the military attache's office.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她在银行工作吗？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài yínháng
- gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Does he/she works at the bank?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >对了，他/她在银行工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duì le, tā zài
- yínháng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Yes, he/she works at the bank?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她在美国银行工作吗？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Měiguó
- yínháng gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Does he/she works at the American bank?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >对了，他/她在国银行工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duì le, tā zài
- Měiguó yínháng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Yes, he/she works at the American bank.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她在台湾银行工作吗？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Táiwān
- yīnhāng gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Does he/she works at the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táiwān</foreignphrase>
- bank?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >对了，他/她在台湾银行工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duì le, tā zài
- Táiwān yínyáng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Yes, he/she works at the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táiwān</foreignphrase>
- bank.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她在武官处工作吗？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Wǔguānchù
- gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Does he/she works at the military attache's office?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >对了，他/她在武官处工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duì le, tā zài
- Wǔguānchù gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Yes, he/she works at the military attache's office.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她在邮政局工作吗？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài yóuhèngjǘ
- gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Does he/she works at the post office?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >对了，他/她在邮政局工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duì le, tā zài
- yóuhèngjǘ gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Yes, he/she works at the post office.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </table>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Transformation drill</title>
- <para/>
- <table frame="all">
- <title>Add <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiànzài</foreignphrase>, "now"
- to each statement.</title>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Statement</entry>
- <entry align="center">Answer</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >周先生在台北工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōu xiānsheng zài
- Táiběi gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhōu</foreignphrase> works in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táiběi</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >周先生在现在在台北工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōu xiānsheng
- xiànzài zài Táiběi gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhōu</foreignphrase> is working in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táiběi</foreignphrase>
- now.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >张先生在台中工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng xiānsheng zài
- Táizhōng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhāng</foreignphrase> works in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táizhōng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >张先生在现在在台中工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng xiānsheng
- xiànzài zài Táizhōng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhāng</foreignphrase> is working in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táizhōng</foreignphrase>
- now.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >胡小姐在台南工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú xiǎojiě zài
- Táinán gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Hú</foreignphrase> works in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táinán</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >胡小姐在现在在台南工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú xiǎojiě xiànzài
- zài Táinán gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Hú</foreignphrase> is working in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táinán</foreignphrase>
- now.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >马小姐在高雄工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ xiǎojiě zài
- Gāoxióng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Mǎ</foreignphrase> works in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāoxióng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >马小姐在现在在高雄工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ xiǎojiě xiànzài
- zài Gāoxióng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Mǎ</foreignphrase> is working in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāoxióng</foreignphrase>
- now.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >赵先生在基隆市工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāo xiānsheng zài
- Jīlóng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhāo</foreignphrase> works in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīlóng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >赵先生在现在在基隆市工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāo xiānsheng
- xiànzài zài Jīlóng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhāo</foreignphrase> is working in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīlóng</foreignphrase>
- now.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >陈先生在台北工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén xiānsheng zài
- Táiběi gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Chén</foreignphrase> works in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táiběi</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >陈先生在现在在台北工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén xiānsheng
- xiànzài zài Táiběi gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Chén</foreignphrase> is working in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táiběi</foreignphrase>
- now.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >蒋小姐在高雄工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng xiǎojiě zài
- Gāoxióng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Jiāng</foreignphrase> works in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāoxióng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >蒋小姐在现在在高雄工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng xiǎojiě
- xiànzài zài Gāoxióng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Jiāng</foreignphrase> is working in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāoxióng</foreignphrase>
- now.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </table>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Transformation drill</title>
- <para/>
- <table frame="all">
- <title>Make each statement negative by changing <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> to <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú zài</foreignphrase>.</title>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Statement</entry>
- <entry align="center">Answer</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >胡同志在北京工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú tōngzhì zài
- Běijīng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Hú</foreignphrase> works in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >胡同志不在北京工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú tōngzhì bú zài
- Běijīng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Hú</foreignphrase> doesn't work in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >李同志在南京工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ tóngzhì zài
- Nánjīng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lǐ</foreignphrase> works in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nánjīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >李同志不在南京工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ tóngzhì bú zài
- Nánjīng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lǐ</foreignphrase> doesn't work in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nánjīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她在青岛工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Qīngdǎo
- gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He/she works in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Qīngdǎo</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她不在青岛工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài Qīngdǎo
- gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He/she doesn't work in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīngdǎo</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >林同志在广州工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lín tóngzhì zài
- Guǎnzhōu gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lín</foreignphrase> works in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǎnzhōu</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >林同志不在广州工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lín tóngzhì bú zài
- Guǎnzhōu gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lín</foreignphrase> doesn't work in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǎnzhōu</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >赵同志在上海工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào tōngzhì zài
- Shànghǎi gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhào</foreignphrase> works in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >赵同志不在上海工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào tōngzhì bú zài
- Shànghǎi gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhào</foreignphrase> doesn't work in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >陈同志在青岛工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén tóngzhì zài
- Qīngdǎo gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Chén</foreignphrase> works in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīngdǎo</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >陈同志不在青岛工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén tóngzhì bú zài
- Qīngdǎo gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Chén</foreignphrase> doesn't work in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīngdǎo</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >黄同志在北京工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáng tóngzhì zài
- Běijīng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Huáng</foreignphrase> works in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >黄同志不在北京工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáng tóngzhì bú zài
- Běijīng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Huáng</foreignphrase> doesn't work in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </table>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Response drill</title>
- <para/>
- <table frame="all">
- <title>Give negative responses to the questions, adding correct information
- according to the clue.</title>
- <tgroup cols="4">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="0.4*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry align="center">Question</entry>
- <entry align="center">Clue</entry>
- <entry align="center">Answer</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >胡小姐在台北工作吗？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú xiǎojiě zài
- Táiběi gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Does Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Hú</foreignphrase> work in Taipei?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">台南</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Táinán</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Tainan</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她不在台北工作。她在台南工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài Táiběi
- gōngzuò; tā zài Táinán gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>She doesn't work in Taipei; whe works in Tainan.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >李太太在台中工作吗？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ tàitai zài
- Táizhōng gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Does Ms <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lǐ</foreignphrase> work in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táizhōng</foreignphrase>?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">基隆市</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Jīlóng</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Jīlóng</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她不在台中工作。
- 她在基隆市工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài Táizhōng
- gōngzuò; tā zài Jīlóng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>She doesn't work in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Táizhōng</foreignphrase>; she works in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīlóng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >马先生在这里工作吗？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ xiānsheng zài
- zhèli gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Does Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Mǎ</foreignphrase> work here?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">高雄</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Gāoxióng</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Gāoxióng</foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他不在这里工作。
- 他在高雄工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài zhèli
- gōngzuò; tā zài Gāoxiōng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He doesn't work here; he works in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāoxiōng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她在武官处工作吗？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Wúguānchù
- gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Does he work in the military attaché's office.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">台湾银行</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táiwān
- yínháng</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Bank of Taiwan</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她不在武官处工作。
- 他/她在台湾银行工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài Wǔguānchù
- gōngzuò; tā zài Táiwān yínháng
- gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He doesn't work in the military attaché's office; he works in
- the Bank of Taiwan.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >林先生在那里工作吗？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lín xiānsheng zài
- nàli gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Does Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lín</foreignphrase> work there?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这里</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhèli</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>here</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他不在那里工作。
- 他在这里工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài nàli
- gōngzuò; tā zài zhèli gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He doesn't work there; he works here.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >刘小姐在台北工作吗？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú xiǎojiě zài
- Táiběi gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Does Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Liú</foreignphrase> work in Taipei?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">台中</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Táizhōng</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Táizhōng</foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她不在台北工作。她在台中工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài Táiběi
- gōngzuò; tā zài Táizhōng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>She doesn't work in Taipei; she works in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táizhōng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </table>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Response drill</title>
- <para/>
- <table frame="all">
- <title>Give an affirmative or negative response according to each clue.</title>
- <tgroup cols="4">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="0.4*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry align="center">Question</entry>
- <entry align="center">Clue</entry>
- <entry align="center">Answer</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她在台北工作吗？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Táiběi
- gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Does he/she work in Taipei?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">台北</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Táiběi</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Taipei</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >对了，他/她在台北工作吗。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duì le, tā zaì
- Táiběi gōngzuo.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Yes, he/she works in Taipei.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她在台北工作吗？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Táiběi
- gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Does he/she work in Taipei?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">台南</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Táinán</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>T'ai-nan</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她不在台北工作。他/她在台南工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zaì Táiběi
- gōngzuò; tā zài Táinán gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>No, he/she doesn't work in Taipei. he/she works in
- T'ai-nan.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她在台中工作吗？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Táizhōng
- gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Does he/she work in T'ai-chung.</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">基隆市</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Jīlóng</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Chi-lung</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她不在台中工作吗。他/她在基隆市工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài Táizhōng
- gōngzuò; tā zài Jīlóng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>No he/she doesn't work in T'ai-chung. He/she works in
- Chi-lung.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她在这里工作吗？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài zhèli gōngzuò
- ma?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Does he/she work here?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这里</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhèli</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>here</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >对了，他/她在这里工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duì le, tā zài zhèli
- gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Yes, he/she works here.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她在邮政局工作吗？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài yóuhèngjǘ
- gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Does he/she work at the post office?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">台湾银行</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táiwān
- yínháng</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>bank of Taiwan</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她不在邮政局工作吗。他/她在台湾银行工作吗。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài yóuhèngjǘ
- gōngzuo; tā zài Táiwān yínháng
- gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>He/she doesn't work at the post office. He/she works at the
- bank of Taiwan.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她在武官处工作吗？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Wǔguānchù
- gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Does he/she work at the defense attache office?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这里</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhèli</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>here</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她不在武官处工作吗。他/她在这里工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài Wǔguānchù
- gōngzuò; tā zài zhèli gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>No, he/she doesn't work at the defense attache office. He/she
- works here.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他/她在美国银行工作吗？</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Měiguó
- yínháng gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Does he/she work at the bank of America?</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">美国银行</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó
- yínháng</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>bank of America </para>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >对了，他/她在美国银行工作。</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duì le, tā zài
- Měiguó yínháng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Yes, he/she works at the bank of America.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </table>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 3</title>
- <section>
- <title>Introduction</title>
- <section>
- <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Members of a family.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The plural ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >men</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The question word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jǐ</foreignphrase>- "how many."</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dōu</foreignphrase> "all."</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Several ways to express "and."</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Material you will need</title>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The 3D-1 tape.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>References</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu háizi
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你们有孩子吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Do you have children?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu, wǒmen
- yǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有，我们有。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Yes, we have.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú xiānsheng yǒu
- Měiguó péngyou ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >刘先生有美国朋友吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Does Mr <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Liú</foreignphrase> have any American friends?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā meíyǒu Měiguó
- péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他没有美国朋友。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He doesn't have any American friends.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǒu Yīngguó
- péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他有英国朋友。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He has English friends. (or an English friend)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge
- háizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你们有几个孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How many children do you have?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu sānge
- háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我们有三个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>We have three children.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge
- nánháizi, jǐge nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你们有几个男孩子，几个女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How many boys and how many girls do you have?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu liǎngge
- nánháizi, yīge nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我们有两个男孩子，一个女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>We have two boys and one girl.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì nánháizi, shì
- nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是男孩子，是女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Are they boys or girls?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen dōu shì
- nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他们都是女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>All of them are girls.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú xiānsheng,
- tàitai ne? tāmen yǒu jǐge háizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >胡先生，太太呢？他们有几个孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How about Mr. and Mrs. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú</foreignphrase>? How many
- children do they have?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen yǒu liǎngge
- háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他们有两个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>They have two children.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì nánháizi, shì
- nǚháizi? </foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是男孩子，是女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Are they boys or girls?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu shì
- nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >都是女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Both of them are girls.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen háizi dōu zài
- zhèli ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你们孩子都在这里吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Are all your children here?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, liǎngge zài
- zhèli, yíge hái zài Měiguó.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不，两个在这里，一个还在美国。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>No. Two are here, and one is still in America.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>8.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
- rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你家里有什么人？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What people are (there) in your family?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu wǒ tàitai gēn
- sānge háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有我太太跟三个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>There's my wife and three children.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>9.</entry>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
- rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你家里有什么人？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What people are (there) in your family?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù (yǒu) wǒ fùqin,
- mǔqin.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >就（有）我父亲，母亲。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Just my father and mother.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title>
- <para/>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">只</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>only</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dìdi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">弟弟</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>younger brother</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gēge</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哥哥</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>older brother</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiějie</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">姐姐</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>older sister</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >mèimei</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">妹妹</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>younger sister</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiōngdì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">兄弟</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>brothers</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiěmèi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">姐妹</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>sisters</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiōngdì
- jiěmèi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >兄弟姐妹</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>brothers and sisters</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >fùmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">父母</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>parents</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">祖父</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>paternal grandfather</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">祖母</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>paternal grandmother</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wàizǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >外祖父</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>maternal grandfather</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wàizǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >外祖母</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>maternal grandmother</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bàba</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">爸爸</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>papa, dad, father</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >māma</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吗吗</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>momma, mom, mother</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bàba</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">爸爸</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>papa, dad, father</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dìdi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">弟弟</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>younger brother</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dōu</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">都</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>all, both</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >fùmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">父母</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>parents</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >fùqin</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">父亲</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>father</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gēge</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哥哥</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>older brother</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gēn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">跟</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>and, with, and (in addition to)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">还</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>still, yet</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >háizi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">孩子</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>children, child</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jǐ-</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">几－</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>how many</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiāli</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">家里</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>family</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiějie</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">姐姐</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>older sister </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiěmèi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">姐妹</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>sisters</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jǐge</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">几个</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>how many</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiù</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">就</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>only, just</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >liǎng-</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">两</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>two</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >māma</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">妈妈</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>momma, mom, mother</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >méi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">没</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>not, not to have</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >mèimei</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">妹妹</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>younger sister</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >mèiyou</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">没有</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>not to have, there is not</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-men</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">们</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>plural suffix</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >mǔqin</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">母亲</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>mother</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nán-</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">男－</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>male</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nánháizi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >男孩子</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>boy</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nǐmen</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>you (plural)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nǚ-</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">奴－</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>female</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nǚháizi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >奴孩子</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>girl</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tāmen</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他们</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>they, them</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wàizǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >外祖父</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>maternal grandfather</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wàizǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >外祖母</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>maternal grandmother</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wǒmen</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我们</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>we, us</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiōngdì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">兄弟</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>brothers</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiōngdì
- jiěmèi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >兄弟姐妹</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>brothers and sisters</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to have, there is</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">只</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>only</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">祖父</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>paternal grandfather</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">祖母</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>paternal grandmother</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíng
- le</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">赢了</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I('ve) won</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №1</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu háizi
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你们有孩子吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Do you have children?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu, wǒmen
- yǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有，我们有。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Yes, we have.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>The plural pronouns are formed by adding -men to the singular
- pronouns</para>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="4">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2"><emphasis role="bold"
- >singular</emphasis></entry>
- <entry namest="c3" nameend="c4"><emphasis role="bold"
- >plural</emphasis></entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wǒmen</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>we</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>you</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nǐmen</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>you</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>he/she</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tāmen</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>they</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>(You have already seen these pronoun forms used as possessives: "my,"
- "our," etc. Later you will find that they are also used as objects: "me,"
- "us," etc.)</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Háizi</foreignphrase>: Chinese
- nouns have the same form for singular and plural.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Háizi</foreignphrase> may be
- either "child" or "children."<footnote>
- <para>A few nouns referring to people may be made explicitly plural by
- adding -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >men</foreignphrase> . <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Háizimen</foreignphrase> can only be ''children"</para>
- </footnote>Usually the context will make clear whether a noun should be
- translated as singular or as plural, but not always. Chinese does not
- require that the matter be pinned down to the same extent that English
- does.</para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu háizi</foreignphrase> is
- a perfectly good sentence, even though the only accurate translation is the
- clumsy "We have one or more children." We would prefer to have enough
- information to translate it either as "We have a child" or as "We have
- children." </para>
- <para>At times this ambiguity is an advantage. When you ask <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu háizi ma?</foreignphrase> you do
- not, after all, know whether you are referring to one child or to more than
- one child. To cover both bets in the same way in English, we have to say "Do
- you have any children?"</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №2</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú xiānsheng
- yǒu Měiguó péngyou ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >刘先生有美国朋友吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Does Mr <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Liú</foreignphrase> have any American friends?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā meíyǒu
- Měiguó péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他没有美国朋友。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He doesn't have any American friends.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǒu Yīngguó
- péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他有英国朋友。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He has English friends. (or an English friend)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou</foreignphrase>: All the
- verbs discussed so far form the negative with <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>, with the single exception
- of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase>, "to have,"
- which has the irregular negative form <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №3-4</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge
- háizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你们有几个孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How many children do you have?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu sānge
- háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我们有三个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>We have three children.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge
- nánháizi, jǐge nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你们有几个男孩子，几个女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How many boys and how many girls do you have?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu
- liǎngge nánháizi, yīge nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我们有两个男孩子，一个女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>We have two boys and one girl.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>In Peking speech,<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
- jǐ-</foreignphrase>, "how many," is usually used only when the number
- expected in an answer is about 10 or less. In many other parts of China,
- speakers use jl- no matter how large a number is expected in the
- answer.</para>
- <para><emphasis role="bold">Counters</emphasis>: In Chinese, a noun cannot be
- counted or specified (i.e., used with <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi-</foreignphrase> "which," <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèi-</foreignphrase>, "that," <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi-</foreignphrase>, "this") without the
- addition of a bound word, a counter, to indicate the sort of thing being
- specified or counted. English has a few such counters, as "head" in "how
- many head of cattle" and "loaves" in " seven loaves of bread."</para>
- <para>The counter used in a particular instance depends on the noun "being
- specified or counted. Many nouns have special counters. You have already
- learned the polite counter for persons, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-wèi</foreignphrase>. Other special counters
- refer in some way to the kind of thing the noun represents. The word for
- "hotel," for instance, has a special counter <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-jiā</foreignphrase>, "house," used for
- counting or specifying business establishments.</para>
- <para>The general counter <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-ge</foreignphrase> is used with nouns that do not have special
- counters. For example, there is no special counter for the word
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pùbù</foreignphrase>,
- "waterfall," so you would say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge
- pùbù</foreignphrase>, "one waterfall." You have already found the
- general counter <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-ge</foreignphrase> in specifying expressions such as <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něige háizi</foreignphrase>, "which child,"
- and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige
- fàndiàn</foreignphrase>,"this hotel."</para>
- <para>You may find that, in colloquial speech, nouns that have special counters
- are sometimes used with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-ge</foreignphrase> anyway, but this tendency is looked down upon by
- many speakers.</para>
- <para>Here are the numbers 1 through 10 with the counter <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase>:</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge liǎngge sānge sìge wǔge
- liùge qíge báge jiǔge shíge</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>The number 2 has a special form before a counter: l<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">iǎng-</foreignphrase>. Notice that the words
- for 1, 2, and 8 have Rising tones before <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase>, because <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase> is basically a
- Falling-tone syllable. (See also Unit 5, notes on No. 9 and No. 10.)</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nán- nǚ-</foreignphrase>: The
- "bound words <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nán-</foreignphrase>
- "male," and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚ-</foreignphrase>,
- "female," are often used in compounds; for example, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánpéngyou</foreignphrase>, "boyfriend," and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚtóngzhì</foreignphrase>
- "(woman) Comrade."</para>
- <para>"<emphasis role="bold">And</emphasis>": In Chinese, a word for "and" is
- not needed between parallel phrases like <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎngge nánháizi, yíge
- nǚháizi</foreignphrase> "two boys, (and) one girl."</para>
- <para>A pause is usual between the two phrases, but even the pause is sometimes
- omitted.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №5-7</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì nánháizi,
- shì nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是男孩子，是女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Are they boys or girls?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen dōu shì
- nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他们都是女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>All of them are girls.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú xiānsheng,
- tàitai ne? tāmen yǒu jǐge háizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >胡先生，太太呢？他们有几个孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How about Mr. and Mrs. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú</foreignphrase>? How many
- children do they have?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen yǒu
- liǎngge háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他们有两个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>They have two children.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì nánháizi,
- shì nǚháizi? </foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是男孩子，是女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Are they boys or girls?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu shì
- nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >都是女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Both of them are girls.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen háizi dōu
- zài zhèli ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你们孩子都在这里吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Are all your children here?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, liǎngge zài
- zhèli, yíge hái zài Měiguó.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不，两个在这里，一个还在美国。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>No. Two are here, and one is still in America.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><emphasis role="bold">Shi
- nánháizi, shi nǚháizi?</emphasis></foreignphrase> In Chinese, an
- "or" question (i.e., a question asking which of two alternatives is true)
- may be asked simply by stating the two alternatives with a pause between. In
- this kind of question, the verb must appear in each alternative. (You will
- learn other ways of making "or" questions in later modules.)</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu</foreignphrase> may usually
- be translated in a sentence as "all (of)," or, if it refers to only two
- things, as both (of)." Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dōu</foreignphrase> means "in all cases," "uniformly," "entirely,"
- "completely." Since it is an adverb), it must be placed after the subject of
- a sentence and before the verb (like the adverb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase>, "also".)</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №8-9</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>8.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu
- shénme rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你家里有什么人？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What people are (there) in your family?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu wǒ tàitai
- gēn sānge háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有我太太跟三个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>There's my wife and three children.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>9.</entry>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu
- shénme rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你家里有什么人？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What people are (there) in your family?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù yǒu wǒ
- fùqin, mǔqin.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >就有我父亲，母亲。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Just my father and mother.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>Literally, the phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ
- jiāli</foreignphrase> means "in your home" (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiā</foreignphrase>, "home"; <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-li</foreignphrase>, "in"）. In this sentence
- it is extended to mean "the people in your home, " that is, "your
- family."</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli - yǒu - shénme
- rén?</foreignphrase> Phrase by phrase, this question is: "In your family
- - there are - what people?,’ The word "family" can be taken to mean either
- all your relatives or only those living in your household.</para>
- <para>By itself, the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yǒu</foreignphrase> means "to "be," "to exist." You have now seen it
- translated two ways: </para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>as "have," with a personal subject: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu sānge háizi</foreignphrase>
- . "We have three children." </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>as "there is/are," in the so-called impersonal construction:
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
- rén?</foreignphrase> "What people are (there) in your
- family?"</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>In exchange 8, the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yǒu</foreignphrase> in the answer is translated as "there's." Some
- English speakers may find this translation too colloquial. The answer can
- also be translated Just by listing the family members, with no verb in the
- English, as was done in exchange 9« Chinese almost always keeps the verb in
- the answer to a question, while English tends to leave it out.</para>
- <para><emphasis role="bold">How to say "and":</emphasis> Chinese has several
- words for "and." <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Gēn</foreignphrase> is the word for "and" when joining nouns or noun
- phrases. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yě</foreignphrase> is the
- word for "and" when Joining verbs, verb phrases, or whole sentences:</para>
- <example>
- <title>Example:</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng Lǐ, yě bú xìng
- Lǔ. Wǒ xìng Lǚ.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>I'm not surnamed <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lǐ</foreignphrase> and I'm not surnamed <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǔ</foreignphrase>. I'm surnamed
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǚ</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </example>
- <para>Chinese tends to use a word for "and" when the noun phrases being Joined
- are not parallel and not to use one when the phrases are parallel:<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="3.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5" align="center"><emphasis
- role="bold">Not parallel</emphasis></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒ
- tàitai</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>Possessor noun</para>
- </entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gēn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānge
- háizi.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>number noun</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>There's my wife and 3 children.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5" align="center"><emphasis
- role="bold">Parallel</emphasis></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎngge
- nánháizi</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>number noun</para>
- </entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >,</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge
- nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>number noun</para>
- </entry>
- <entry>There are 2 boys and one girl.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>While "and" is often omitted in Chinese, it may be added for emphasis
- between nouns and between noun phrases just as in English.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù</foreignphrase>, "only,"
- "Just," is an advert (like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yě</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dōu</foreignphrase>. The use of <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> to mean "only" is
- probably mostly confined to the Peking dialect.<footnote>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù</foreignphrase> has
- several other meanings, which will be presented to you as you
- continue through this course.</para>
- </footnote> Speakers from other parts of the country will not necessarily
- use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> to mean
- "only" or understand it as such. A more widely used and understood word for
- "only" is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ</foreignphrase>.
- Thus the answer in exchange 9 could also be: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhǐ yǒu wǒ fùqin,
- mǔqin.</foreignphrase></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on additional vocabulary</title>
- <para>Chinese is much more precise than English in its terms for family members.
- There is not Just one word for "brother," or "sister" but words for "older
- brother," "younger brother," "older sister," and "younger sister."<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><emphasis role="bold">older</emphasis></entry>
- <entry><emphasis role="bold">younger</emphasis></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>brother</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gēge</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dìdi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>brothers</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiōngdì</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>sister</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiějie</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >mèimei</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>sisters</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiěmèi</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>When referring to both older and younger sisters, the term <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiěmèi</foreignphrase> is used. When
- referring to both older and younger brothers, the term <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiōngdì</foreignphrase> is used. When
- referring to sisters and brothers, the phrase <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiōngdì jiěmèi</foreignphrase> is
- used.</para>
- <para>Chinese also distinguishes between grandparents on the father's side of
- the family and grandparents on the mother's side:<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><emphasis role="bold">father's
- side</emphasis></entry>
- <entry><emphasis role="bold">mother's
- side</emphasis></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><emphasis role="bold">grandfather</emphasis></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wàizǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><emphasis role="bold">grandmother</emphasis></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wàizǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>The syllable <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wài-</foreignphrase> in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wàizǔfù</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wàizǔmǔ</foreignphrase> literally means "outer" or "outside."</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Drills</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Response drill</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Response drill</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Response drill</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Response drill</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Transformation drill</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Response drill</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Expansion drill</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Response drill</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Response drill</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Response drill</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Substitution drill</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Expansion drill</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Response drill</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title/>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title/>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title/>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title/>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title/>
- <para/>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 4</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Introduction</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Arrival and departure times,</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le</foreignphrase></para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì … de</foreignphrase>
- construction.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Material you will need</title>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>The C-l and P-l tapes» the Reference List and Reference Notes.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes» the Workbook.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The UD-1 tape.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>References</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para>in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase></para>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren lái
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你爱人来吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Is your wife coming?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她来。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>She is coming.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren lái le
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你爱人来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Has your wife come?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái le, tā lái
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >来了，她来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Yes, she has come.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren yě lái le
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你爱人也来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Has your wife come too?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
- lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她还没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>She hasn't come yet.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shénme shíhou
- lái?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她什么时候来？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>When is she coming?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā míngtiān
- lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她明天来。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>She is coming tomorrow.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou shénme
- shíhou dào?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你朋友什么时候到？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>When is your friend arriving?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjīng dào
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他已经到了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He has already arrived.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì shénme
- shíhou dàode?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她是什么时候到的？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>When did she arrive?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì zuótiān
- dàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她是昨天到的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>She arrived Yesterday.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì yíge rén
- láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你是一个人来的吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Did you come alone?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì, wǒ bú shì
- yíge rén láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不是，我不是一个人来的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>No, I didn't come alone.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>8.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shénme shíhou
- zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你什么时候走？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>When are you leaving?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān
- zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我今天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm leaving today.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>9.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ něitiān
- zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你哪天走？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What day are you leaving?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān
- zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我今天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm leaving today.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hòutiān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">后天</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>the day after tomorrow</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qiántiān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">前天</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>the day before yesterday</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tiāntiān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">天天</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>every day</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >érzi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">二字</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>son</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nǚér</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">女儿</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>daughter</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dào</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">到</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to arrive</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >érzi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">二字</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>son</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòutiān
- (hòutian)</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">后天</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>the day after tomorrow</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīntiān
- (jīntian)</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">今天</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>today</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">来</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to come</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">了</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>combined le: new-situation and completion marker</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míngtiān
- (mīngtian)</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">明天</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>tomorrow</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >něitiān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪天</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>what day</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nǚér</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">女儿</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>daughter</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiántiān
- (qiántian)</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">前天</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>the day before Yesterday</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme
- shíhou</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >什么时候</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>when</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì
- de</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">十的</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>focus construction</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-tiān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">天</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>day</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tiāntiān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">天天</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>every day</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge
- rén</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >一个人</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>singly, alone</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐjīng
- (yǐjing)</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">已经</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>already</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">走</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to leave</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zuótiān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">昨天</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Yesterday</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiéhūn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">结婚</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to get married, to be married</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi
- jiéhūn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >没结婚</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>not to be married</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >kěshi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">可是</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>but</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">想</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to think, to think that</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №1</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren lái
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你爱人来吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Is your wife coming?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她来。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>She is coming.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>These sentences refer to future time, but <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> is not a future-tense
- form. Strictly speaking, Chinese verbs do not have tenses. The same form of
- the verb can be used in present, past, and future contexts.</para>
- <para>We translated the sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- zài Táinán gōngzuò.</foreignphrase> as "He works in Tainan" assuming a
- present context. But in a past context we could translate It as "He
- <emphasis role="bold">worked</emphasis> in Tainan; and in a future
- context we could translate it as "He <emphasis role="bold">will
- work</emphasis> in Tainan." The verb form <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò</foreignphrase> does not tell you
- what time is being talked about. You have to look elsewhere for that
- information, perhaps to a time expression like "last year" or "now" or
- "tomorrow," or to the conversational setting.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №2</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren lái le
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你爱人来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Has your wife come?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái le, tā lái
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >来了，她来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Yes, she has come.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para><emphasis role="bold">Aspect</emphasis>: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Le</foreignphrase> is an aspect marker.
- Through the use of and other one-syllable markers (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de, zhe, ne, guo</foreignphrase>), the
- Chinese language indicates whether the occurrence being talked about is
- completed, ongoing, about to occur, or experienced for the first time.
- Aspect markers may also be used to indicate whether the whole situation in
- the sentence is a new, changed situation.</para>
- <para>"<emphasis role="bold">Completion</emphasis>" and "new situation" are not
- <emphasis role="bold">tenses</emphasis> but <emphasis role="bold"
- >aspects</emphasis>. Aspect is a way of talking about events or
- activities in relation to time. While tenses categorize action in terms of
- features such as completeness and change. Aspect markers are very different
- from tense markers because the same aspect may be used in past, present, and
- future contexts. We may speak of an action that will be completed as of a
- future time, for example, or of a situation that was new as of a past time.
- English communicates these ideas to a certain extent through the use of many
- different tenses for the verb (future perfect, simple past, etc,). Chinese
- does this through the use of aspect markers and time words. The verbs
- themselves do not change form.</para>
- <para>Le is used in exchange 2 to indicate two aspects-completion and new
- situation, (it is, however, often used to indicate only one aspect.)</para>
- <para>Here, it indicates that the person has come, meaning that the action is
- completed, and that the person is now here, a changed situation. When the
- marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> refers
- to both these aspects, we call it "combined <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>." Combined le can be
- thought of as a telescoping of the completion le followed by a new-situation
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>:
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le le</foreignphrase> becomes
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>. In the
- next two units, you will see the marker <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> used to Indicate each of
- these aspects separately.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №3</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren yě lái
- le ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你爱人也来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Has your wife come too?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
- lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她还没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>She hasn't come yet.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>Negative of combined <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le</foreignphrase>: Compare these affirmative and negative
- forms:<informaltable frame="all">
- <tgroup cols="6">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.5*" align="left"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><emphasis role="bold">affirmative</emphasis></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>is coming.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><emphasis role="bold">negative</emphasis></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bù</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>isn't coming.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable><informaltable frame="all">
- <tgroup cols="6">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.5*" align="left"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><emphasis role="bold">affirmative</emphasis></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>has come (now).</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><emphasis role="bold">negative</emphasis></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >méi(you)</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>hasn't come (yet).</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Notice that the marker le does not appear in the negative answer in the
- exchange.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái</foreignphrase>: The
- negative of a sentence containing combined le_ will include the adverb
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase>, "yet," as
- well as the negative <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >méi(you)</foreignphrase>. In English, the "yet" is frequently left
- out.</para>
- <para>Like other adverbs such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yě</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hái</foreignphrase> always precedes the verb, although not always
- directly. Elements such as the negatives and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> may come between an
- adverb and a verb,</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou</foreignphrase>, "not
- have" is used to negate the aspect of completion; that is, to say that a
- certain event did not take place. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Méiyou</foreignphrase> may be shortened to <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase>. Here are three possible
- negative answers to the question.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le ma?</foreignphrase>
- "Has he come?"<informaltable frame="all">
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >méiyou</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He hasn't come yet.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >méi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He hasn't come yet.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >méiyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Not yet.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №4-5</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shénme
- shíhou lái?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她什么时候来？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>When is she coming?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā míngtiān
- lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她明天来。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>She is coming tomorrow.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou
- shénme shíhou dào?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你朋友什么时候到？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>When is your friend arriving?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjīng dào
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他已经到了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He has already arrived.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>Position of time words: Time phrases occupy the same position in a
- sentence as adverbs such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yě</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hái</foreignphrase> between the subject and the verb.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №6-7</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì shénme
- shíhou dàode?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她是什么时候到的？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>When did she arrive?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì zuótiān
- dàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她是昨天到的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>She arrived Yesterday.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì yíge rén
- láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你是一个人来的吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Did you come alone?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì, wǒ bú
- shì yíge rén láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不是，我不是一个人来的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>No, I didn't come alone.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase>: <footnote>
- <para>On occasion, a speaker may omit the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> (which is why it
- is written in parentheses in these notes).</para>
- </footnote> This is another way to indicate the aspect of completion. The
- aspect marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>
- and the pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >(shì...de)</foreignphrase> perform different functions and convey
- different meanings. This is how they are different:</para>
- <para>The aspect marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le</foreignphrase> or its negative <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi (you)</foreignphrase> is used when the
- center of interest is whether or not an action took place. For example, if
- you do not know whether Mr. Sun came or not, you would ask:<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā léile
- méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Did he come?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>and you would be answered either<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- láile.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He came.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>or<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā méi
- lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He didn't come.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>In this question and answer, you use <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> or its negative
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi(you)</foreignphrase>
- because the focus is on whether the action took place or not.</para>
- <para>The purpose of the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >(shì)...de</foreignphrase> construction, on the other hand, is to focus
- on additional information about a completed action; that is, the
- construction is used when the center of interest is NOT whether or not a
- certain action took place. </para>
- <para>For example, once it has been established that Mr. Sun did in fact come,
- the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase>
- construction will probably be used for any additional questions and answers
- about his coming. For example:<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
- shénme shíhou láide?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>When did he come?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
- zuótiān láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He came yesterday.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi yíge
- rén láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Did he come alone?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi yíge
- rén láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He came alone.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>These questions and answers use the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase> construction
- because you already know that Mr. Sun came and now you are asking for
- additional information about his visit. Many types of additional information
- can be focus points for which the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >(shì)...de</foreignphrase> construction is used. </para>
- <para>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi shénme shíhou
- láide?</foreignphrase> the additional information is the time when
- something happens. </para>
- <para>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi yíge rén láide
- ma?</foreignphrase> the information asked for is the manner in which
- something takes place. </para>
- <para>Other possible focus points are place, cause of action, goal of action,
- and performer of action.</para>
- <para>Now let's take a look at how <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shì</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >de</foreignphrase> function separately in this construction. The verb
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>, coming
- before the phrase which is the center of interest, serves as a signal that
- what follows is emphasised. The verb "to "be" is often used in a similar way
- in English to mark the center of interest:<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
- zuótiān láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Was it yesterday that he came?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Another way of showing the center of interest in English is by word
- stress. Here is a comparison between focusing in Chinese with <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase> and focusing in
- English with stress:<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Has he come?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Yes, he has.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
- zuótiān láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Did he come YESTERDAY?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā shi
- zuótiān láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Yes, YESTERDAY.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>
- coming after the verb indicates completion. When the marker <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is not used in the
- sentence, that sentence no longer describes a completed event. The marker
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> by itself
- emphasizes something about the action.</para>
- <para> Compare these sentences:<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
- jīntiān lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>She is coming (later) today.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
- jīntiān láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>She came (earlier) today.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>For the time being, you will not use <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> without <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para>The negative form of the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >(shì)...de</foreignphrase> construction is <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú shi...de</foreignphrase> . Compare this
- with the negatives you have already learned:<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="8">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.5*"/>
- <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c7" colnum="7" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c8" colnum="8" colwidth="7.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zuótiān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-de</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>It was YESTERDAY that he came.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bú</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zuótiān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-de</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>It wasn't YESTERDAY that he came.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable><informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="8">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.5*"/>
- <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c7" colnum="7" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c8" colnum="8" colwidth="7.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He has come.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >méi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>He hasn't come.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable><informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="8">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.5*"/>
- <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c7" colnum="7" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c8" colnum="8" colwidth="7.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >míngtiān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>He is coming tomorrow.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >míngtiān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bù</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>He isn't coming tomorrow.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Notice that in a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >(shì)...de</foreignphrase> construction the negative <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú</foreignphrase> precedes the verb
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> rather
- than the main verb. Short answers are also formed with <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> rather than with the main verb:<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi yíge
- rén láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Did you come alone?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, wǒ shì
- yíge rén láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Yes, I came alone.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Búshì, wǒ
- bú shi yíge rén láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>No, I didn't come alone.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase>
- construction is not used in every completed-action sentence containing a
- time, place, or manner phrase. If the center of interest is still whether or
- not the action took place, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le</foreignphrase> is used. If, for example, you knew that someone was
- expected to come yesterday and you wanted to find out only whether he
- actually did come, the conversation might go as follows:<informaltable
- frame="none">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
- méi lái ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Didn't he COME yesterday?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
- lái le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He DID COME yesterday.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge
- rén</foreignphrase> means "one person." When the expression is used to
- describe how someone does something, translate it as "alone"</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №8-9</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>8.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shénme
- shíhou zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你什么时候走？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>When are you leaving?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān
- zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我今天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm leaving today.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>9.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ něitiān
- zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你哪天走？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What day are you leaving?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān
- zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我今天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm leaving today.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>The word for "day" is the bound word <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tiān</foreignphrase>. To ask "what day"
- (literally "which day"), the bound word <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi-</foreignphrase> "which," is combined
- with the bound word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-tiān</foreignphrase>, "day": <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >něitiān</foreignphrase> (like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >něiguó</foreignphrase>, "which country").<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >něitiān?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>what day?/which day?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qiántiān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>day before yesterday</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zuótiān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>yesterday</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jīntiān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>today</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >míngtiān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>tomorrow</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hòutiān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>day after tomorrow</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Some speakers say the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-tiān</foreignphrase> in these words in the Neutral tone:
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qiántian</foreignphrase>,<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zuótian</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jīntian</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >míngtian</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hòutian</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Drills</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Criterion test</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Appendices</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Appendix </title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Appendix </title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Appendix </title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Appendix </title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Appendix </title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 5</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Introduction</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Date and Place of birth.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Days of the week.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Ages.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le</foreignphrase> for new situations.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Material you will need</title>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>The C-1 and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The 5D-1 tape.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>References</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Andesen Fūren, nǐ
- shì zài nǎr shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >安德森夫人，你是在哪儿生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Mrs. Andersen, where were you born?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì zài Dézhōu
- shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我是在得州生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I was born in Texas.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen shì Xīngqīsì
- dàode ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你们是星期四到的吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Did you arrive on Thursday?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì, wǒmen shì
- Xīngqīwǔ dàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不是，我们是星期五到的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>No, we arrived on Friday.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen xīngqījǐ
- zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你们星期几走？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What day of the week are you leaving?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen Xīngqītiān
- zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我们星期天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>We are leaving on Sunday.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì něinián
- shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你是哪年生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What year are you born?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Yī jiǔ sān
- jiǔ nián shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我是一九三九年生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I was born in 1939.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì jǐyüè
- shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你是几月生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What month were you born?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Qíyüè
- shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我是七月生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I was born in July.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì jǐhào
- shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你是几号生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What day of the month were you born?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Sìhào
- shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我是四号生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I was born on the fourth.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duó dà
- le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你多大了？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How old are you?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ èr shi sì
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我二十四了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm 24.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>8.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duó dà
- le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你多大了？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How old are you?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ sān shi wǔ
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我三十五了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm 35.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>9.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen nǚháizi jǐsuì
- le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你们女孩子几岁了？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How old is your girl?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā básuì
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她八岁了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>She's eight years old.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>10.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen nánháizi dōu
- jǐsuì le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你们男孩子都几岁了？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How old are your boys?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge jiǔsuì le,
- yíge liùsuì le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >一个九岁了， 一个六岁了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>One is nine, and one is six.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title>
- <para/>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duó
- dà</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">多大</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>how old</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòunián
- (hòunian)</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">后年</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>the year after next</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jǐhào</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">几号</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>what day of the month?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīnnián
- (jīnnian)</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">今年</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>this year</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jǐsuì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">几岁</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>how old</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jǐyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">几月</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>what month</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míngnián
- (míngnian)</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">明年</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>next year</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >něinián</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >哪年？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>which year</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niánnián
- (niánnian)</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">年年</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>every year</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiánnián
- (qiánnian)</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">前年</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>the year before last</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǜnián
- (qǜnian)</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">去年</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>last year</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shàngge
- yüè</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >上个月</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>last month</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shēng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">生</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to be born</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-suì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">岁</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>year (of age)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàge
- yüè</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >下个月</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>next month</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Xīngqīèr</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >星期二</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Tuesday</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xīngqījǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >星期几</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>what day of the week</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Xīngqīliù</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >星期六</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Saturday</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Xīngqīsān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >星期三</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Wednesday</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Xīngqīsì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >星期四</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Thursday</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Xīngqītiān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >星期日，星期天</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Sunday</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Xīngqīwǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >星期五</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Friday</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Xīngqīyī</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >星期一</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Monday</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zheìge
- yüè</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这个月</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>this month</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №1</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Andesen Fūren,
- nǐ shì zài nǎr shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >安德森夫人，你是在哪儿生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Mrs. Andersen, where were you born?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì zài
- Dézhōu shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我是在得州生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I was born in Texas.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì...de</foreignphrase>
- construction is used to focus on place expressions as well as on time and
- manner expressions.<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="6">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="4.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
- Měiguó</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shēng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-de.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I was born in America. WHERE</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zuótiān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dào</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-de.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I arrived yesterday. WHEN</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge
- rén</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-de.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I came alone. HOW</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №2-3</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen shì
- Xīngqīsì dàode ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你们是星期四到的吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Did you arrive on Thursday?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì, wǒmen
- shì Xīngqīwǔ dàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不是，我们是星期五到的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>No, we arrived on Friday.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen xīngqījǐ
- zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你们星期几走？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What day of the week are you leaving?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
- Xīngqītiān zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我们星期天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>We are leaving on Sunday.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para><emphasis role="bold">Days of the week:</emphasis></para>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xīngqījǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What day of the week?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xīngqīyī</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Monday</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xīngqīèr</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Tuesday</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xīngqīsàn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Wednesday</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xīngqīsì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Thursday</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xingqīwǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Friday</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xīngqīliù</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Saturday</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xīngqītiān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Sunday</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>Until now, you have always seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jǐ</foreignphrase>, "how many," at the beginning of a word
- (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǐge háizi, jǐwèi xiānsheng,
- jǐhào</foreignphrase>). In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xīngqījǐ</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-jǐ</foreignphrase> is at the end of the word. In both places, occupies
- the position of a number and acts like a number: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīngqījǐ</foreignphrase>, "What number day of
- the week?"</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №4</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì něinián
- shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你是哪年生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What year are you born?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Yī jiǔ
- sān jiǔ nián shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我是一九三九年生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I was born in 1939.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>The word for "year," -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nián</foreignphrase> is a bound word (like the word for "day,"
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tiān</foreignphrase>). The
- question word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >něinián</foreignphrase>, "which year," is formed with the bound word
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi</foreignphrase>
- "which."</para>
- <para>The year is given as a sequence of digits, so that 1972, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yījiǔqīèrnián</foreignphrase> would literally
- be "one-nine-seven-two year." In a sequence of digits, the word
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">èr-</foreignphrase> (not
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎng-</foreignphrase> is used
- for 2, and the words for 1, T, and 8 keep their basic high tones. (See notes
- on No. 10 for cases in which these tones change.)</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №5</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì jǐyüè
- shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你是几月生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What month were you born?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Qíyüè
- shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我是七月生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I was born in July.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para><emphasis role="bold">Months:</emphasis></para>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="4">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jǐyüè?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What month?</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yíyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>January</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qíyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>July</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >èryüè</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>February</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >báyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>August</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >sānyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>March</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiǔyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>September</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >sìyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>April</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shíyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>October</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wǔyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>May</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shǐyīyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>November</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >liùyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>June</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shíèryüè</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>December</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>Since the names of the months are formed with numbers, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǐ-</foreignphrase> "how many," is the
- appropriate question word to use for "what month." <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jǐ-</foreignphrase> is used in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> to ask for a number
- expected to be around 10 or 11. </para>
- <para>Notice the tones on the words for 1, 7 and 8, which most Peking speakers
- pronounce as Rising before Falling-tone words such as <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yüè</foreignphrase>. The syllable
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-yī-</foreignphrase> in the
- word for "November," however, is usually pronounced with the High tone:
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíyīyüè</foreignphrase> (See
- the notes on No, 10 for a summary of tone changes.)</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №6</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì jǐhào
- shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你是几号生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What day of the month were you born?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Sìhào
- shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我是四号生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I was born on the fourth.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>Days of the month are expressed by the number of the day followed by the
- bound word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-haò</foreignphrase>.
- You will remember that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-hào</foreignphrase> is also used in giving addresses. </para>
- <para>In asking about days of the month, "how many," is used, even though the
- question may be answered by a number as high as 31. The month and day of the
- month may be given together. For example:</para>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi jǐyüè
- jǐhào shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What is your month and day of birth?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi bāyüè
- jiǔhào shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I was born on August 9.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №7-8</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duó dà
- le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你多大了？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How old are you?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ èr shi sì
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我二十四了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm 24.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>8.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duó dà
- le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你多大了？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How old are you?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ sān shi wǔ
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我三十五了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm 35.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duō dà le?</foreignphrase>
- "How old are you?" literally means "How big (in years of age) are you?" This
- is a common way to ask a person's age. The question is appropriate for
- asking the age of a child or a young adult, but the expression is not
- considered polite enough for asking an older adult his age. (More formal
- ways to ask a person's age will be introduced on the C-2, P-2, and drill
- tapes.)</para>
- <para> The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le</foreignphrase>_which ends these sentences calls attention to the fact
- that something is true now that was not true before. <note>
- <para>Ages may also be asked and given without using the new-situation
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </note>Le has only this new-situation meaning in these sentences. It has no
- meaning of completion, since in fact, there is no completed event. </para>
- <para>One way to reflect the new-situation <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> in the English translation
- is to add the word "now": I'm 35 now." Essentially, however, "new situation"
- (sometimes called change of state") is a Chinese grammatical category with
- no simple English equivalent. </para>
- <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>
- for new situations is always found at the end of a sentence and is sometimes
- called "sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le</foreignphrase>."</para>
- <para>Notice that neither answer contains a verb. The verb that has been left
- out is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase> "to
- have." The verb may not be left out in the negative: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méiyou sānshiwǔ.</foreignphrase> "I’m not
- 35."</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №9</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>9.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen nǚháizi
- jǐsuì le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你们女孩子几岁了？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How old is your girl?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā básuì
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她八岁了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>She's eight years old.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-suì</foreignphrase>: In the
- traditional Chinese system of giving ages, a person is one -sui old at birth
- and becomes another <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-suì</foreignphrase> old on the New Year's following his birth. A baby
- born the day before New Year's would thus be two <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-suì</foreignphrase> old on the day after his
- birth. Most Chinese, however, have now switched to the Western style of
- computing age and use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-suì</foreignphrase> just as we use years old. </para>
- <para>The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-suì</foreignphrase>
- like the word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-hào</foreignphrase>, is a bound word shoving what kind of thing a number
- is counting. </para>
- <para>In a date or address you are listing a number and use <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">èr</foreignphrase> for 2, while in giving an
- age you are counting an amount of something and use <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎng</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎngsuì</foreignphrase>, "two years
- old."</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №10</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>10.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen nánháizi
- dōu jǐsuì le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你们男孩子都几岁了？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How old are your boys?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge jiǔsuì le,
- yíge liùsuì le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >一个九岁了， 一个六岁了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>One is nine, and one is six.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase> is
- used when "both" or "all" would probably not be used in English, namely,
- when expecting different information about each of the things (or persons)
- being discussed. "All" tends to be collective, asking or telling about
- something the members of a group have in common. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu</foreignphrase> can be distributive,
- asking or telling something about the members of a group as
- individuals.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yí, qí, bá</foreignphrase>: In
- the spoken language of Peking, the basic High tones of <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qī</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bā</foreignphrase> usually change to Rising
- tones before Falling-tone words (such as <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-hào</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yüè</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-suì</foreignphrase>). This change is most
- common when the complete number given has only one digit. When there are two
- or more digits, the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qī</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bā</foreignphrase> of numbers ending in 7 and 8 are more likely to have
- Rising tones than the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yī</foreignphrase> of numbers ending in 1 (which is usually in the High
- tone). </para>
- <para>Compare:<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shíqíhào</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>the 17th</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shíyīyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>November</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>In all cases, the High tone is more likely to be kept in rapid speech. You
- may also encounter speakers who never make changes in the tones of
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qī</foreignphrase> and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bā</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para>Remember that, in the digit-by-digit form of giving the year, the numbers
- 1, 7, and 8 keep their basic High tones: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yījiǔbāliùnián</foreignphrase> 1986.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on additional required vocabulary</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="6">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>Days</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qiántiān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><emphasis
- role="bold"
- >zuótiān</emphasis></foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jīntiān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >mīngtiān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hòutiān</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Years</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qiánnián</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><emphasis
- role="bold"
- >qǜnián</emphasis></foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jīnnián</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >míngnián</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hòunián</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>In the Chinese system of expressing relative time in terms of days and
- years, only one pair of terms is not parallel: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuótiān</foreignphrase> "yesterday," and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǜnián</foreignphrase> "last
- year."</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Drills</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Criterion test</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Appendices</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Appendix </title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Appendix </title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Appendix </title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Appendix </title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Appendix </title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 6</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Introduction</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Duration phrases</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le</foreignphrase> for completion. </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The "double <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le</foreignphrase>" construction. </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-guo</foreignphrase>. </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Action verbs.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>State verbs.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Material you will need</title>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes. </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The 6D-1 tape.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>References</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù duó
- jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How long are you staying?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù
- yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我住一年。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm staying one year.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zhù duó
- jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你太太住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How long is your wife staying?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ta zhù
- liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她住两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>She is staying two days.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài
- Xiānggǎng zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你太太在香港住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How long is your wife staying in Hong Kong?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng tā zhù
- liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我想她住两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I think she is staying two days.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng zhù duò
- jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你想住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How long are you thinking of staying?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng zhù
- yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我想住一年。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm thinking of staying one year.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng zài Táiwān
- zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你想在台湾住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How long are you thinking of staying in Taiwan?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng zhù báge
- yüè.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我想住八个月。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm thinking of staying eight months.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou xiǎng
- zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你朋友想住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How long is your friend thinking of staying?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiǎng zhù
- liǎngge xīngqī.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他想住两个星期。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He is thinking of staying two weeks.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ láile duó jiǔ
- le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你来了多久了？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How long have you been there?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ láile sāntiān
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我来了三天了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I have been here three days.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>8.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài
- Xiānggǎng zhùle duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你太太在香港住了多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How long did your wife stay in Hong Kong?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhùle
- liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她住了两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>She stayed two days.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>9.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Did he come?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái le, tā lái
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >来了，他来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Yes, he came.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>10.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Did he come?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi lái, tā méi
- lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >没来， 他没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>No, he didn't come.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>11.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián láiguo
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你从前来过吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Have you ever been here before?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ cóngqián méi
- láiguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我从前没来过。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I have never been here before.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title>
- <para/>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qù</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">去</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to go</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niǔ
- Yüē</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">纽约</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>New York</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >cóngqián</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">从前</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>before</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duó
- jiǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">多久</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>how long</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-guo</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">—过</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>experiential marker</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">想</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to think that, to want to, would you like to</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Xiānggǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">香港</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Hong Kong</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xīngqī</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">星期</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>week</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">住</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to live somewhere</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №1</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù duó
- jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How long are you staying?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù
- yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我住一年。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm staying one year.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>Expressions like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duó
- jiǔ</foreignphrase>, "how long," and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìnián</foreignphrase> "one year," called
- duration phrases, come after the verb. <note>
- <para>"One day" is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yìtiān</foreignphrase>. The tone on <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase> changes to Falling
- before a High-tone.</para>
- </note>Notice the contrast with time-when phrases, like <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme shíhou,</foreignphrase> "when," and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīnnián</foreignphrase> "this
- year," which come before the verb.</para>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>If a duration phrase is used with the verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase>, this phrase preempts the
- position after the verb; and any place phrase, like <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài Běijīng</foreignphrase>, must come before
- the verb.</para>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yìnián</foreignphrase>: In
- telling how many years (giving an amount) no counter is used. The tone on
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase>, "one,"
- changes to Falling before a Rising tone.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №2</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zhù
- duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你太太住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How long is your wife staying?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ta zhù
- liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她住两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>She is staying two days.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liǎngtiān</foreignphrase>:
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tiān</foreignphrase>, "day,"
- like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-nián</foreignphrase>,
- "year," is used without a counter. When telling how many of something, the
- number 2 takes the form <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >liǎng</foreignphrase>. (See Unit 3, notes on Nos. 3-4.)</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №3-4</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài
- Xiānggǎng zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你太太在香港住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How long is your wife staying in Hong Kong?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng tā zhù
- liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我想她住两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I think she is staying two days.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng zhù
- duò jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你想住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How long are you thinking of staying?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng zhù
- yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我想住一年。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm thinking of staying one year.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase>,
- "to think that," "to want to," "would like to," may be used as a main verb
- or as an auxiliary verb. As a main verb it means "to think that." It is used
- this way in the answer of exchange 3 and in the following examples. <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I think he is coming tomorrow. </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I think he is not going. </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>When <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase> is
- used as a main verb meaning "to think that," it is not made negative. This
- may be a special problem for English speakers who are used to saying "I
- don't think he is going." </para>
- <para>In Chinese, it is: "I think he is <emphasis role="bold">not
- going</emphasis>" <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng tā
- bú qù.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>When <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase> is
- used as an auxiliary verb, it means, "to want to," "would like to." It is
- used this way in exchange 4, which could also be translated as, "How long
- would you like to stay?" </para>
- <para>Here are other examples: <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng
- zǒu ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Would you like to leave? OR Do you want to
- go?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù xiǎng
- zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I don't want to leave. </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng
- zài Táiběi gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>
- <para>Do you want to work in Taipei?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №5-6</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng zài
- Táiwān zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你想在台湾住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How long are you thinking of staying in Taiwan?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng zhù
- báge yüè.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我想住八个月。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm thinking of staying eight months.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou
- xiǎng zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你朋友想住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How long is your friend thinking of staying?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiǎng zhù
- liǎngge xīngqī.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他想住两个星期。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He is thinking of staying two weeks.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>You already know that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yìnián</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yìtiān</foreignphrase> are used without counters. The words for "month"
- and "week," however, are used with counters.</para>
- <para><emphasis role="bold">Compare</emphasis>:<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >sāntiān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>3 days</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >sānnián</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>3 years</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānge
- xīngqī</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>3 weeks</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānge
- yüè</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>3 months</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №7</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ láile duó
- jiǔ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你来了多久了？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How long have you been there?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ láile
- sāntiān le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我来了三天了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I have been here three days.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le...le</foreignphrase>, "up
- until now," "so far": The use of completed-action le after the verb and of
- new-situation <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>
- after the duration phrase tells you how long the activity has been going on
- and that it is still going on. The answer could also have been translated "I
- have been here three days so far." This pattern is sometimes called "double
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>." </para>
- <para>Notice that when <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le</foreignphrase> is in the middle of a sentence (in this case,
- because it is followed by a duration phrase), we write it attached to the
- verb before it: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">láile duó jiǔ
- le.</foreignphrase></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №8</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>8.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài
- Xiānggǎng zhùle duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你太太在香港住了多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How long did your wife stay in Hong Kong?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhùle
- liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她住了两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>She stayed two days.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para><emphasis role="bold">Completion <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le</foreignphrase>:</emphasis> Here you see the marker le used to
- indicate one aspect, completion. Compare a sentence with one le to a
- sentence with two <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le</foreignphrase>'s: <informaltable frame="none">
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài nàr
- zhùle sāntiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I stayed there three days.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài nàr
- zhùle sāntiān le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I have been here (stayed here) for three days now (so
- far). </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Completion <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> is
- used with verbs that describe actions or processes, not with verbs that
- describe a state or condition, or a continuing situation. The following
- sentences, describing states or ongoing situations, have past-tense verbs in
- English but no <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>
- in Chinese. <informaltable frame="none">
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige
- shíhou tāmen zhǐ yǒu liǎnge
- háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>At that time they had only two children. </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qǜnián
- bú zài Shànghǎi, zài
- Běijīng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry> He wasn't in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>
- last year; he was in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>.
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><emphasis role="bold">Verb types in Chinese:</emphasis> In studying some
- languages, it is important to learn whether a noun is masculine, feminine,
- or neuter. In Chinese, it is important to learn whether a verb is an action,
- state, or process verb. These three verb categories are meaning (semantic)
- groups. A verb is a member of one group or another depending on the meaning
- of the verb. For instance, "running" and "dancing" are actions; "being good"
- and "being beautiful" are states; and "getting sick" and "melting" are
- processes. In Chinese, grammatical rules are applied differently to each
- semantic verb category. For the most part, you have learned only action and
- state verbs in this course; so these comments will be confined to those two
- verb categories. (See Unit 8 of this module for process verbs,)</para>
- <para><emphasis role="bold">Action verbs:</emphasis> These are verbs which
- describe physical and mental activities. The easiest to classify are verbs
- of movement such as "walking," "running," and "riding", however, action
- verbs also include verbs with not too much motion, such as "working" and
- "writing," and verbs with no apparent motion, such as "studying." One test
- for determining if a verb is an action is asking "What did he do?" "He
- arrived," "He spoke," and ’"He listened" are answers which contain action
- verbs. "He knew" "He wanted" and "He is here" are answers which contain
- state verbs, not action verbs. Some of the action verbs you have learned
- are: <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dào</foreignphrase> (to arrive)</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái</foreignphrase> (to come)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gōngzuò</foreignphrase> (to work)</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhù</foreignphrase> (to live, to stay)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><emphasis role="bold">State verbs:</emphasis> These verbs describe
- qualities, conditions, and states. All adjectival verbs, such as
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase> "to be
- good," and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǔ</foreignphrase>,
- "to be long (in time)," are state verbs. Emotions, such as "being happy" and
- "being sad," are expressed with state verbs. "Knowing," "liking," "wanting,"
- and "understanding," which may be called mental states, are also expressed
- with state verbs. Also, all auxiliary verbs, such as <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase>, "to want to," "would
- like to," are state verbs. Here are some of the state verbs: <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dà</foreignphrase> to be large</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shì</foreignphrase> to be</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >duì</foreignphrase> to be correct</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiào</foreignphrase> to be called</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xìng</foreignphrase> to be surnamed</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zài</foreignphrase> to be at</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiǎng</foreignphrase> to want to</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhīdào</foreignphrase> to know</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><emphasis role="bold">Aspect and verb types:</emphasis> Not every aspect
- marker in Chinese may be used with all typs8 of verbs. Completion
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> does not
- occur with state verbs. It does occur with action verbs.<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry morerows="2" valign="middle" align="center"
- >ACTION</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjīng
- dào le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He has already arrived.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- gōngzuòle yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He worked one year.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Did he come?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3"/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry morerows="2" valign="middle" align="center"
- >STATE</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qǜnián
- bú zài zhèr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He wasn't here last year.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
- xiǎng qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Yesterday he wanted to go.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
- bú zhīdào.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He didn't know yesterday.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №9-10</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>9.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Did he come?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái le, tā lái
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >来了，他来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Yes, he came.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>10.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Did he come?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi lái, tā méi
- lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >没来， 他没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>No, he didn't come.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para/>
- <para>Compare the two possible interpretations of the question <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le ma?</foreignphrase> and the answers
- they receive:<informaltable frame="none">
- <tgroup cols="6">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="4.0*"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c6" align="center">Completion
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Did she come?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>She came.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >méi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>She didn't come.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable><informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="7">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="newCol6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c6" colnum="7" colwidth="4.0*"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c6" align="center">Combined
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Has he come?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>She has come. OR She's here.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >méi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>She hasn't come yet.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>The first question, with completion <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>, asks only if the action
- took place. The second question, with combined <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> asks both whether the
- action has been completed and whether the resulting new situation still
- exists.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №11</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>11.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián
- láiguo ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你从前来过吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Have you ever been here before?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ cóngqián méi
- láiguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我从前没来过。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I have never been here before.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>The aspect marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-guo</foreignphrase> means literally "to pass over," "to cross over.
- The implication is that an event took place and then ceased at some time in
- the past.</para>
- <para>It may help you to conceptualize <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-guo</foreignphrase> in terms of a bridge. The whole bridge is the
- event. The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-guo</foreignphrase> stresses the fact that not only have you crossed
- over the bridge but at present you are no longer standing on it. </para>
- <para>The meaning of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-guo</foreignphrase> changes slightly depending on what type of verb it
- is used with: action or process, (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-guo</foreignphrase> may not be used with state verbs.) With an action
- verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> means
- that the action took place and then ceased at some time before the present.
- With a process verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-guo</foreignphrase> means that the process took place and that the
- state which resulted from the process ended at some time before the present. </para>
- <para>Remember that aspect markers like <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> are used only when the
- speaker feels it necessary to stress some feature or aspect of an event. Le
- is used to stress finishing, or completion, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> is used to stress that a
- situation occurred in the past and was "over or "undone," before the time of
- speaking (that is, the absence of that situation followed the situation). </para>
- <para>Let's contrast <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-guo</foreignphrase> with completion <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>: both <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> express completion, but
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> stresses
- that an action is no longer being performed, or that a state resulting from
- a process no longer exists. </para>
- <para>For example, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái
- le.</foreignphrase> means "He came," or "He has come," not indicating
- whether or not he is still there. </para>
- <para>But <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā láiguo</foreignphrase>
- means "He came" with the specification that he is not there anymore –that
- is, he came and left.</para>
- <para>One of the uses of the aspect marker <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase>,is in sentences which
- express experience or having experienced something at least once in the
- past, that is, "to have had the experience of doing something." This is how
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> is used
- in exchange 11. In a question, the marker <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> can he reflected by the
- English word "ever," and in a negative statement by "never."<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="7">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c7" colnum="7" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >cóngqiān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-guo</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Have you <emphasis role="bold">ever</emphasis> been
- (come) here before?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >cóngqián</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >méi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-guo</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I have <emphasis role="bold">never</emphasis> been
- (come) here before.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >cóngqián</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-guo</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I have been (come) here before</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>The negative of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái
- le.</foreignphrase> does not include a <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>, but the negative of
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā láiguo.</foreignphrase>
- does have a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> .
- The negative adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >méi</foreignphrase> is used to negate both completion <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
- frame="none" pgwide="0">
- <tgroup cols="4">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >méi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable><informaltable frame="none" pgwide="0">
- <tgroup cols="4">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-guo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Ta</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >méi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-guo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Drills</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Criterion test</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Appendices</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Appendix </title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Appendix </title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Appendix </title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Appendix </title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Appendix </title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 7</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Introduction</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Topics Covered In This Unit</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Where someone works.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Where and what someone has studied.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What languages someone can speak.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Auxiliary verbs.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>General objects.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Material you will need</title>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes,</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The TD-1 tape.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>References</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn zài náli
- gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >您在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Měiguó
- Guówùyàn gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我在美国国务院工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I work with the State Department.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn zài náli
- gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >您在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì
- xüésheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我是学生。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm a student.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn lái zuò
- shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >您来做什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What did you come here to do?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lái niàn
- shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我来念书。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I came here to study.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Òu, wǒ yě shì
- xüésheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >哦，我也是学生。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Oh, I'm a student too.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ niàn
- shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >请问，你念什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>May I ask, what are you studying?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn
- lìshǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我念历史。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm studying history.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kē xiānsheng, nǐ
- niàn shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >可先生，你念什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What are you studying, Mr. Cook?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài zhèli xüé
- zhōngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我在这里学中文。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm studying Chinese here.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ xüéguo
- Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >请问，你学过英文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>May I ask, have you ever studied English?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Xüéguo</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >学过。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Yes.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ huì
- shuō Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >请问，你会说英文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>May I ask, can you speak English?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ huì shuō
- yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我会说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I can speak a little.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>8.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai yě huì
- shuō Zhōngguó huà ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你太太也会说中国话吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Can your wife speak Chinese too?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú huì, tā bú huì
- shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不会，她不会说。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>No, she can't.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>9.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde Zhōngguó huà
- hěn hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你的中国话很好。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Your Chinese is very good.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Náli, náli. wǒ jiù
- shuō yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >哪里，哪里。我就说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Not at all, not at all. I can speak only a little.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>10.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì zài náli
- xüéde?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你是在哪里学的？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Where did you study it?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì zài
- Huáshèngdùn xüéde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我是在华盛顿学的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I studied it in Washington.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>11.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì zài dàxüé
- xüéde Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你是在大学学的英文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Did you study English at college?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìde, wǒ shì zài
- Táiwān Dàxüé xüéde Yīngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是的，我是在台湾大学学的英文。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Yes, I studied English at Taiwan University.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title>
- <para/>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jīngxüé</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">经学</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>classics</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Rìwén</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">日文</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Japanese language</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wénxüé</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">文学</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>literature</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhènzhixüé</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >政治学</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>political science</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nán</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">难</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to be difficult</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >róngyi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">容易</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to be easy</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xüéxí
- (xüéxi)</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学习</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to study, to learn</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >daxüé</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大学</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>university</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >huà</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">话</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>language, words</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >huàshèngdùn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >华盛顿</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Washington</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >huì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">会</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to know how to, to can</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jīngjixüé</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >经济学</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>economics</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lìshǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">历史</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>history</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó
- Guówùyüàn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >美国国务院</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>U.S. Department of State</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nán</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">难</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to be difficult</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn
- (shū)</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">念书</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to study</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Rìwén</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">日文</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Japanese language</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuō
- (huà)</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">说话</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to speak, to talk</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xüé</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to study</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xüéshēng
- (xüésheng)</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学生</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>student</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xüéxí
- (xüéxi)</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学习</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to study, to learn (PRC)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yìdiǎn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一点</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>a little</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yīngwén</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">英文</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>English</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhènzhixüé</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >政治学</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>political science</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhōngwén</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">中文</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Chinese</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zuò</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">做</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to do</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme
- dìfang</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >什么地方</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>where, what place</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №1-2</title>
- <informaltable frame="all">
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn zài náli
- gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >您在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Měiguó
- Guówùyüàn gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我在美国国务院工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I work with the State Department.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn zài náli
- gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >您在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì
- xüésheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我是学生。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm a student.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài Měiguó Guówùyüàn
- gōngzuò</foreignphrase> means either "work at the State Department"
- (i.e., at main State in Washington, D,C.) or "work in the organisation of
- the State Department" (no matter where assigned). Here the expression is
- translated loosely as "work with the State Department," meaning "in the
- organization.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №3-4</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn lái zuò
- shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >您来做什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What did you come here to do?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lái niàn
- shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我来念书。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I came here to study.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Òu, wǒ yě shì
- xüésheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >哦，我也是学生。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Oh, I'm a student too.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ
- niàn shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >请问，你念什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>May I ask, what are you studying?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn
- lìshǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我念历史。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm studying history.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para><emphasis role="bold">Purpose:</emphasis> When <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase>, "to come," is followed
- by another verb, the second verb expresses the purpose of the subject's
- coming. The "purpose of coming" may be emphasized by the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì...de</foreignphrase> construction, with
- the marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>
- before the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none">
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì lái
- nián shūde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I came to study.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para> </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niàn shū</foreignphrase>:
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niàn</foreignphrase> by itself
- means "to read aloud." When followed by an object, the expression means "to
- study." <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shū</foreignphrase> is
- "book(s)," but <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn
- shū</foreignphrase> simply means "to study." <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shū</foreignphrase> is used as a general
- object, standing for whatever is being studied.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niàn lìshǐ</foreignphrase>: When
- you are talking about studying a particular subject, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn</foreignphrase> is followed by the name
- of that subject rather than by the general object <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shū</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para>To have the meaning "to study," <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >niàn</foreignphrase> must be followed by either the general object
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shū</foreignphrase> or a
- specific object such as the name of a subject.</para>
- <para><emphasis role="bold">Verb types:</emphasis>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuò</foreignphrase>, "to do," and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn (shū)</foreignphrase>,
- "to study," are action verbs. Both are made negative with bu when referring
- to actions not yet finished Both may take completion <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>_or its negative
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase>.<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú niàn
- shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He doesn't study.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā méi niàn
- shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He didn't study.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjǐng
- niàn shù le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He has already studied.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №5-6</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kē xiānsheng,
- nǐ niàn shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >可先生，你念什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What are you studying, Mr. Cook?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài zhèli
- xüé zhōngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我在这里学中文。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm studying Chinese here.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ
- xüéguo Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >请问，你学过英文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>May I ask, have you ever studied English?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Xüéguo</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >学过。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Yes.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xüé</foreignphrase>, "to study"
- （an action verb): You will recognize <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xüé</foreignphrase> from the word for
- "student," <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xüésheng</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Xüé</foreignphrase> may refer to acquiring either knowledge or a skill.
- For example, you can <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xüé</foreignphrase> history, economics, a language, piano， and tennis.
- On the other hand, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >niàn</foreignphrase> is used for "study" in the sense of taking a
- course or courses in a field of knowledge. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niàn</foreignphrase> is not used for a
- skill.</para>
- <para>In some contexts, the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xüé</foreignphrase> means "to learn." The following sentence may be
- interpreted two ways, depending on the situation.<informaltable frame="none">
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry morerows="2" valign="middle"><foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Měiguó yǐjīng
- xüéguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I learned it in America.(e.g., how to use
- chopsticks)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry align="center">OR</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>I studied it in America.</para>
- <para>(e.g., the Chinese language)</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngwén</foreignphrase> is used
- for either the Chinese spoken language or the written language， including
- literature. In general, use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xüé</foreignphrase> for "learning" to speak Chinese and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn</foreignphrase> for "studying’ Chinese
- literature.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №7-8</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ huì
- shuō Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >请问，你会说英文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>May I ask, can you speak English?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ huì shuō
- yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我会说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I can speak a little.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>8.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai yě
- huì shuō Zhōngguó huà ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你太太也会说中国话吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Can tour wife speak Chinese too?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú huì, tā bú
- huì shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不会，她不会说。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>No, she can't.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huì</foreignphrase>, "to know
- how to," "can," is an auxiliary verb. It is used before the main verb to
- express an attitude toward the action or to express the potential of action.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎng</foreignphrase>, "to
- want to," "would like to," is also an auxiliary verb. "Should," "must," and
- "may" are other examples of auxiliary verbs. All auxiliary verbs in Chinese
- are state verbs, which means that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bù</foreignphrase> is always used to make them negative. Auxiliary
- verbs never take the aspect marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le</foreignphrase> for completed action, regardless of whether you are
- talking about past, present, or future.<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qǜnián
- bú huì shuō Yīngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He couldn’t speak English last year.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>When the marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le</foreignphrase> is used, it is the aspect marker for new situations.<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qǜnián
- bú huì shuō Yīngwén, xiànzài huì
- le,</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>
- <para> Last year he couldn’t speak English, but now he
- can.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ huì shuō
- yìdiǎn</foreignphrase>, "工 can speak a little": The word <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìdiǎn</foreignphrase>, literally "a dot,"
- functions as a noun. It is used in a sentence to mean "a little bit" where a
- noun object, such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yīngwén</foreignphrase>, "English," might be used.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yìdiǎn</foreignphrase> may not
- be used directly after an auxiliary verb, which must be followed by another
- verb.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuō</foreignphrase>, "to
- speak," "to talk," is another example of a verb which must always have an
- object. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuō</foreignphrase> must
- be followed by either:</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>the general object <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >huà</foreignphrase>, "words," in which case the meaning of
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuō
- huà</foreignphrase> is simply "to speak," "to talk," as
- in:<informaltable frame="none">
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- hái méi shuō huà.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He hasn't yet spoken.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>OR</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>a specific object such as the name of a language.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú huì</foreignphrase>: The
- short yes/no answer to a question containing the auxiliary verb
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> is formed
- with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> rather
- than with the main verb.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó huà</foreignphrase>:
- This expression refers only to the spoken language, in contrast to
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngwén</foreignphrase>,
- which refers to both the spoken and written language.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №9</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>9.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde Zhōngguó
- huà hěn hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你的中国话很好。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Your Chinese is very good.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Náli, náli. wǒ
- jiù shuō yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >哪里，哪里。我就说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Not at all, not at all. I can speak only a
- little.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náli</foreignphrase>
- means "where." As a reply to a compliment, we have translated <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náli</foreignphrase> as "not at all." In
- China, it has traditionally been considered proper and a matter of course to
- deny any compliment received, no matter how much truth there is to it. Many
- people still regard <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xièxie</foreignphrase> "thank you," as an immodest reply to a
- compliment, since that would amount to agreeing that the compliment was
- completely correct.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù</foreignphrase>, "only": As
- was noted in Unit 3, notes on Nos. 8-9, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> meaning "only" is not as
- widely understood as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhǐ</foreignphrase>. The last sentence in exchange 9 could Just as well
- be <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhǐ huì shuō
- yìdiǎn</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №10-11</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>11.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì zài
- dàxüé xüéde Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你是在大学学的英文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Did you study English at college?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìde, wǒ shì
- zài Táiwān Dàxüé xüéde Yīngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是的，我是在台湾大学学的英文。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Yes, I studied English at Taiwan University.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>In the Peking dialect of Standard Chinese, which is the model for
- grammatical patterns presented in this course, the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de</foreignphrase> of a <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì...de</foreignphrase> construction comes
- between the verb and its object. The object, therefore, is outside the
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì...de</foreignphrase>
- construction. Compare "I studied here" with "I studied English here":</para>
- <para>However, you may hear some Standard Chinese speakers who place the object
- inside the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shì...de</foreignphrase> construction.<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="6">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
- zhèr</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xüé</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-de.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
- zhèr</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xüé</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-de</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yīngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Drills</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Criterion test</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Appendices</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Appendix </title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Appendix </title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Appendix </title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Appendix </title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Appendix </title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 8</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Introduction</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>More on duration phrases.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le</foreignphrase> for new situations in negative sentences.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Military titles and 'branches of service,</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >ne</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Process verbs.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Material you will need</title>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The 8D-1 tape.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>References</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jīntiān hái yǒu
- kè ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你今天还有课吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Do you have any more classes today?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiyou kè
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >没有课了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I don't have any more classes.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián niàn
- Yīngwén niànle duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你从前念英文念了多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How long did you study English?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn Yīngwén
- niànle liǔnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我念英文念了六年。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I studied English for six years.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiànzài niàn
- shénme ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你现在念什么呢？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What are you studying now?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn Fàwén
- ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我念法文</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm studying French.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ niàn Fàwén
- niànle duó jiǔ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你念法文念了多久了？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How long have you studying French?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niànle yìnián
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我念了一年了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I've have been studying it for one year.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ huì xiě Zhōngguo
- zì ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你会写中国字吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Can you write Chinese characters?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huì
- yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >会一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I can a little.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǜnián wǒ hái bú
- huì xiě.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >去年我还不会写。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Last year, I couldn't write them.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài wǒ huì xiě
- yìdiǎn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >现在我会写一点了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Now, I can write a little.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ fùqin shi jǖnrén
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你父亲是军人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Is your father a military man?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā shi hǎijǖn
- jǖnguān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是，他是海军陆军。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Yes, he is a naval officer.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>8.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān bù lái
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我今天不来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm not coming today.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bìng
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我病了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm sick.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>9.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo le
- méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >今天好了没有？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Are you better today? (Are you recovered?)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >今天好了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Today I'm better.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title>
- <para/>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >kōngjǖn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">空军</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Air Force</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lùjǖn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">陆军</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>army</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shìbīng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">事兵</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>enlisted man</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò
- shì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">做事</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to work</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Déwén</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">德文</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>German language</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bìng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">病</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to become ill</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Déwén</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">德文</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>German language</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Fàwén</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">法文</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>French language</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hǎijǖn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">海军</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>navy</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jǖnguān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">陆军</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>military officer</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jǖnrén</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">军人</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>military person</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >kè</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">课</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>class</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiě</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">写</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to write</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">字</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>character</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №1</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jīntiān hái
- yǒu kè ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你今天还有课吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Do you have any more classes today?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiyou kè
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >没有课了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I don't have any more classes.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái</foreignphrase>,
- "additionally," "also": You have already learned the word <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase> used as an adverb meaning
- "still." In this exchange you learn a second way to use <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase>.<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái
- xiǎng zǒu ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Do you still want to leave?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái yào
- xüé shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What else do you want to study?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou...le</foreignphrase>: You
- will remember that in the negative of a completed action, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou</foreignphrase> replaces the
- completion marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le</foreignphrase> is never used together with it.<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He came.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >méi(you)</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>He did not come.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>In the sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou kè
- le</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le</foreignphrase> is a new-situation marker, and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou</foreignphrase> is simply the negative
- of the full verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yǒu</foreignphrase>. (Remember that the verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase> is always made negative
- with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase>, never
- with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>.)<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c6" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
- kè</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Now he has class. [Due to a change in the schedule,
- he now has class at this time.]</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >méi-</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
- kè</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He doesn't have any more classes.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Bù...le/méiyou...le</foreignphrase>: When the marker <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> for new situations is used
- with a negative verb, there are two possible meanings: </para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>one is that something that was supposed to happen is now not going
- to happen.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para> the other is that something that was happening is not happening
- anymore. </para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>Thus the following sentence is ambiguous:<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bù lái
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>
- <para>He is not coining now. [Either he was expected to
- come but changed his mind, or he used to come at
- this time but now has stopped.]</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>In the context of a conversation, the meaning of the sentence would become
- clear. </para>
- <para>Here are more-examples with the "anymore" meaning:<informaltable
- frame="none">
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú niàn
- shū le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He is not going to study anymore.[He will no longer
- attend college.]</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú shi
- wǒde péngyou le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He is not my friend anymore.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>There is no more.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №2</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián
- niàn Yīngwén niànle duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你从前念英文念了多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How long did you study English?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn Yīngwén
- niànle liǔnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我念英文念了六年。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I studied English for six years.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>More on duration: In Unit 6 of this module, you learned to express
- duration in a sentence with no object (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Xiāngǎng zhùle liùge yüè
- le.</foreignphrase> ). In this unit, you learn one way to express the
- duration of an activity which involves using both a verb and an object (e.g.
- , "studying economics"). In such cases, the verb appears twice in the
- sentence: first when the object is stated, and again when the duration is stated.<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā niàn
- jīngjixüé, niánle yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He studied economics for one year.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xüé
- Zhōngguo huà, xüéle sānge yüè
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>
- <para>He has been studying Chinese for three
- months.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Notice that aspect markers do not occur after the first verb in each
- sentence, but only after the second verb and at the end of the second
- sentence.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №3</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiànzài niàn
- shénme ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你现在念什么呢？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>What are you studying now?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn Fàwén
- ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我念法文</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm studying French.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ne</foreignphrase> is an aspect
- marker used to emphasize the fact that something is in progress. With action
- verbs, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>
- indicates that the action is going on.</para>
- <para>With state verbs, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >ne</foreignphrase> shows that the state exists. With some process
- verbs, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>
- indicates that the process is going on. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ne</foreignphrase> may not be used with
- certain process verbs. (See also notes on No. 8, about verbs.)</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №4-5</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ niàn Fàwén
- niànle duó jiǔ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你念法文念了多久了？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>How long have you studying French?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niànle
- yìnián le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我念了一年了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I've have been studying it for one year.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ huì xiě
- Zhōngguo zì ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你会写中国字吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Can you write Chinese characters?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huì
- yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >会一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I can a little.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiě Zhōngguo zì</foreignphrase>:
- The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě</foreignphrase>, "to
- write" can occur with specific objects, such as <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguo zì</foreignphrase>, as well as with
- the general object <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zì</foreignphrase>. The combination <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě zì</foreignphrase>can mean either "to
- write characters" or simply "to write."</para>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiǎng xüé
- Zhōngguo zì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He wants to learn to write Chinese characters.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo dìdi sìsuì
- le, yǐjīng huì xiě zì le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Little younger brother is four years old and already can
- write.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>In the reply <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì
- yìdiǎn</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >huì</foreignphrase> is used as a main verb --not as an auxiliary verb,
- as in the question. </para>
- <para>As a main verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >huì</foreignphrase> means "to have the skill of," "to have the
- knowledge of," "to know."<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ huì
- Yīngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I know English.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №6</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǜnián wǒ hái
- bú huì xiě.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >去年我还不会写。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Last year, I couldn't write them.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài wǒ huì
- xiě yìdiǎn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >现在我会写一点了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Now, I can write a little.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qùnián wǒ hái bú huì
- xiě.</foreignphrase>: Notice that here it is the auxiliary verb
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase>, not the
- verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě</foreignphrase>, that is
- made negative. Auxiliary verbs such as <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase> are STATE verbs and so
- are made negative with the prefix <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bù</foreignphrase>, regardless of whether the context is past, present,
- or future.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài wǒ huì xiě yìdiǎn
- le.</foreignphrase>: The marker used is <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> for new situations. It is
- always placed at the end of a sentence.</para>
- <para>The time word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiànzài</foreignphrase> comes at the beginning of the sentence here.
- Most time words of more than one syllable may come either <emphasis
- role="bold">before</emphasis> or <emphasis role="bold">after</emphasis>
- the <emphasis role="bold">subject</emphasis>, but in either case <emphasis
- role="bold"><emphasis role="underline">before the
- verb</emphasis></emphasis>.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №7-8</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ fùqin shi
- jǖnrén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你父亲是军人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Is your father a military man?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā shi
- hǎijǖn jǖnguān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是，他是海军陆军。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Yes, he is a naval officer.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>8.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān bù
- lái le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我今天不来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm not coming today.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bìng
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我病了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm sick.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìng</foreignphrase>,
- "to get sick," "to become ill," is a process verb; that is the activity
- described includes some changes in the situation. Process verbs tell of an
- action which has caused a change from one state to another, as from whole to
- broken ("to break") and from frozen to melted ("to melt"). <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bìng</foreignphrase> is typical of process
- verbs: not only is an action described (coming down with an illness) but
- also a resulting state (being ill). Because of this typical combination,
- process verbs are sometimes thought of as combining the semantic
- characteristics of action and state verbs.</para>
- <para>One of the main purposes of talking about verbs in terms of action, state,
- and process is to draw attention to the fact that the Chinese way of
- expressing something may not correspond to the English. </para>
- <para>For instance,</para>
- <para>"I am sick" in Chinese is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- bìng le. </foreignphrase>("I have gotten sick"). For "I am not sick,"
- you say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méi
- bìng.</foreignphrase> ("I didn't get sick").</para>
- <para>Process verbs are always made negative with m|i9 regardless of whether you
- are referring to past, present, or future.<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bìng le
- méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Are you sick?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou. Wǒ
- méi bing.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>No. I'm not sick.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>(State verbs are always made negative with <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>.)</para>
- <para>Another reason for putting verbs into categories according to the type of
- meaning is to discover how verbs behave in sentences. Knowing whether a verb
- is in the action, state, or process category, you will know what aspect
- markers and negatives may be used with that verb. In the following charts, a
- check mark means that this combination of verb and aspect occurs in the language.<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.5*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry morerows="1" namest="c1" nameend="c2"/>
- <entry namest="c3" nameend="c5" align="center">Aspect
- Markers</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Completion <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Combined <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>New-situation</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">Verbs</entry>
- <entry>Action</entry>
- <entry align="center">X</entry>
- <entry>X</entry>
- <entry>X</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>State</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>X</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Process</entry>
- <entry>X</entry>
- <entry>X</entry>
- <entry>X</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><emphasis role="bold">Examples:</emphasis><footnote>
- <para>Most of the time you can figure out from a verb's meaning the
- semantic category in which that verb belongs. However, process verbs
- may not be so predictable.</para>
- </footnote><informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry morerows="2" align="center" valign="middle"
- >Action</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
- gōngzuò le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He worked yesterday. (completion Le)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjīng
- lái le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He has already come. (combined le)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gēge
- xiànzài niàn dàxüé le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Older brother goes to college now. (new-situation le)<footnote>
- <para>In affirmative sentences containing action
- verbs, the marker le for new situations is used to
- describe a change in a general habit.</para>
- </footnote></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry align="center" valign="middle">State</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiànzài
- huì xiě zì le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He can write now. (new-situation le)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry morerows="2" align="center" valign="middle"
- >Process</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
- bìng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He got sick yesterday. (completion le)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiànzài
- bìng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He is sick.(combined le)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bìngle
- yíge yüé le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He has been sick for one month now. (new-situation le
- and completion le)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="3.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2" morerows="1"/>
- <entry namest="c3" nameend="c5" align="center">Verbs</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry align="center">Action</entry>
- <entry align="center">State</entry>
- <entry align="center">Process</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">Negation</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bù</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>X</entry>
- <entry>X</entry>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>—negation of completion <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>X</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>X</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>—negation of combined <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>X</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>X</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><emphasis role="bold">Examples: </emphasis><informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry morerows="2" valign="middle" align="center"
- >Action</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú niàn
- shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He doesn’t (isn't going to) study</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā méi niàn
- shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He didn't study.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
- niàn shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He hasn’t studied yet,</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry align="center">State</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qǜnián
- bù xiǎng niàn shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Last year, she didn't want to study.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry align="center" morerows="1" valign="middle"
- >Process</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jīntiān
- méi bìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He is not sick today.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
- hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He hasn't yet recovered.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Notice that only action verbs use the whole range of negatives to mark the
- negative of future or present action, completed action, or new situations.
- State verbs use the negative prefix <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> even when referring to
- past states. Process verbs use the negative prefix <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> even when referring to
- something in the present.</para>
- <para>If you find a verb occurring with a negative or an aspect marker you had
- not expected, you might discuss with your teacher how the verb behaves in
- terms of these charts. You might discover that what you thought was a state
- verb is actually a process verb, or vice versa.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №9</title>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>9.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo le
- méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >今天好了没有？</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Are you better today? (Are you recovered?)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >今天好了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Today I'm better.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo le.</foreignphrase>:
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo</foreignphrase> is one of
- many state verbs which can become process verbs. When such a verb becomes a
- process verb, it takes on a different meaning. While the state verb
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase> means "to
- be good" or "to be well," the process verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase> means "to get better,"
- "to recover." Compare these sentences:<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>He's in good health.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
- bìng le. Tā jīntiān yǐjīng hǎo
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Yesterday he became sick. Today he is already
- recovered.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>The difference between the state verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase> and the process verb
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase> is even
- more evident in negative sentences. State verbs, as you remember, are made
- negative only with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bù</foreignphrase>. Process verbs are made negative only with
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái méi</foreignphrase>.<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bù
- hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>
- <para>He's not good. [He’s not a good person.]</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
- hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>
- <para>He hasn't yet recovered. [He is still
- sick.]</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>It can be difficult to remember that <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìng</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase>, sometimes translated as
- "<emphasis role="bold">to be sick</emphasis>" and "<emphasis role="bold"
- >to be better</emphasis>," are actually process verbs in Chinese, not
- state verbs.</para>
- <para> The English sentence "I am better (recovered)" translates as
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hǎo le.</foreignphrase> ("I
- have become veil") and would be incorrect without the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para>J<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">īntiān hǎo le
- méiyou?</foreignphrase> Questions may be formed from statements
- containing completion <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le</foreignphrase> or combined <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> by adding <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou</foreignphrase> at the end of the
- statements.</para>
- <para> You will learn more about forming questions in the first unit of the next module.<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā láile
- méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Did he come?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎole
- méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>
- <para> Are you recovered (from your illness)?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Drills</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Criterion test</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Appendices</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Appendix </title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Appendix </title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Appendix </title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Appendix </title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Appendix </title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- </chapter>
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