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ch02s18.html

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  4. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head xmlns:h="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><title>Unit 8</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"/></head><body><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="d0e65665"/>Unit 8</h1></div></div></div><p/><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="d0e65669"/>Introduction</h2></div></div></div><p/><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="d0e65673"/>Topics covered in this unit</h3></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist"><li class="listitem"><p>More on duration phrases.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> for new situations in negative sentences.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Military titles and 'branches of service,</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">ne</em></span>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Process verbs.</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="d0e65698"/>Material you will need</h3></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist"><li class="listitem"><p>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The 8D-1 tape.</p></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="d0e65712"/>References</h2></div></div></div><p/><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="d0e65716"/>Reference List</h3></div></div></div><p/><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col style="text-align: center" class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center" class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center">1.</td><td style="text-align: center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ jīntiān hái yǒu
    5. 

  5.                                         kè ma?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你今天还有课吗？</em></span></td><td>Do you have any more classes today?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Měiyou kè
    6. 

  6.                                         le.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">没有课了。</em></span></td><td>I don't have any more classes.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center">2.</td><td style="text-align: center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ cóngqián niàn
    7. 

  7.                                         Yīngwén niànle duó jiǔ?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你从前念英文念了多久？</em></span></td><td>How long did you study English?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ niàn Yīngwén
    8. 

  8.                                         niànle liǔnián.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我念英文念了六年。</em></span></td><td>I studied English for six years.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center">3.</td><td style="text-align: center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ xiànzài niàn
    9. 

  9.                                         shénme ne?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你现在念什么呢？</em></span></td><td>What are you studying now?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ niàn Fàwén
    10. 

  10.                                         ne.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我念法文</em></span></td><td>I'm studying French.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center">4.</td><td style="text-align: center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ niàn Fàwén
    11. 

  11.                                         niànle duó jiǔ le?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你念法文念了多久了？</em></span></td><td>How long have you studying French?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ niànle yìnián
    12. 

  12.                                         le.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我念了一年了。</em></span></td><td>I've have been studying it for one year.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center">5.</td><td style="text-align: center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ huì xiě Zhōngguo
    13. 

  13.                                         zì ma?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你会写中国字吗？</em></span></td><td>Can you write Chinese characters?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Huì
    14. 

  14.                                         yìdiǎn.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">会一点。</em></span></td><td>I can a little.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center">6.</td><td style="text-align: center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Qǜnián wǒ hái bú
    15. 

  15.                                         huì xiě.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">去年我还不会写。</em></span></td><td>Last year, I couldn't write them.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Xiànzài wǒ huì xiě
    16. 

  16.                                         yìdiǎn le.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">现在我会写一点了。</em></span></td><td>Now, I can write a little.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center">7.</td><td style="text-align: center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ fùqin shi jǖnrén
    17. 

  17.                                         ma?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你父亲是军人吗？</em></span></td><td>Is your father a military man?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Shì, tā shi hǎijǖn
    18. 

  18.                                         jǖnguān.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">是，他是海军陆军。</em></span></td><td>Yes, he is a naval officer.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center">8.</td><td style="text-align: center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ jīntiān bù lái
    19. 

  19.                                         le.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我今天不来了。</em></span></td><td>I'm not coming today.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ bìng
    20. 

  20.                                         le.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我病了。</em></span></td><td>I'm sick.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center">9.</td><td style="text-align: center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Jīntiān hǎo le
    21. 

  21.                                         méiyou?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">今天好了没有？</em></span></td><td>Are you better today? (Are you recovered?)</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Jīntiān hǎo
    22. 

  22.                                         le.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">今天好了。</em></span></td><td>Today I'm better.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="d0e66002"/>Vocabulary</h3></div></div></div><p/><div class="striped"><table class="striped" border="0"><colgroup><col class="col1"/><col class="col2"/><col class="col3"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">kōngjǖn</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">空军</em></span></td><td>Air Force</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lùjǖn</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">陆军</em></span></td><td>army</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">shìbīng</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">事兵</em></span></td><td>enlisted man</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zuò
    23. 

  23.                                         shì</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">做事</em></span></td><td>to work</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Déwén</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">德文</em></span></td><td>German language</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">bìng</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">病</em></span></td><td>to become ill</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Déwén</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">德文</em></span></td><td>German language</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Fàwén</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">法文</em></span></td><td>French language</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hǎijǖn</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">海军</em></span></td><td>navy</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jǖnguān</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">陆军</em></span></td><td>military officer</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jǖnrén</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">军人</em></span></td><td>military person</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">kè</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">课</em></span></td><td>class</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiě</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">写</em></span></td><td>to write</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zì</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">字</em></span></td><td>character</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="d0e66139"/>Reference Notes</h3></div></div></div><p/><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="d0e66143"/>Notes on №1</h4></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col style="text-align: center" class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center" class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center">1.</td><td style="text-align: center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ jīntiān hái
    24. 

  24.                                             yǒu kè ma?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你今天还有课吗？</em></span></td><td>Do you have any more classes today?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Měiyou kè
    25. 

  25.                                             le.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">没有课了。</em></span></td><td>I don't have any more classes.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Hái</em></span>,
    26. 

  26.                         "additionally," "also": You have already learned the word <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hái</em></span> used as an adverb meaning
    27. 

  27.                         "still." In this exchange you learn a second way to use <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hái</em></span>.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ hái
    28. 

  28.                                                 xiǎng zǒu ma?</em></span></td><td>Do you still want to leave?</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ hái yào
    29. 

  29.                                                 xüé shénme?</em></span></td><td>What else do you want to study?</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Méiyou...le</em></span>: You
    30. 

  30.                         will remember that in the negative of a completed action, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span> or <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méiyou</em></span> replaces the
    31. 

  31.                         completion marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> is never used together with it.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="c3"/><col class="c4"/><col class="c5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td> </td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le.</em></span></td><td>He came.</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi(you)</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái.</em></span></td><td> </td><td>He did not come.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>In the sentence <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Méiyou kè
    32. 

  32.                             le</em></span>, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> is a new-situation marker, and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méiyou</em></span> is simply the negative
    33. 

  33.                         of the full verb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yǒu</em></span>. (Remember that the verb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yǒu</em></span> is always made negative
    34. 

  34.                         with <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span>, never
    35. 

  35.                         with <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">bù</em></span>.)</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="c3"/><col class="c4"/><col class="c6"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td> </td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yǒu
    36. 

  36.                                                 kè</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le.</em></span></td><td>Now he has class. [Due to a change in the schedule,
    37. 

  37.                                             he now has class at this time.]</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi-</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yǒu
    38. 

  38.                                                 kè</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le.</em></span></td><td>He doesn't have any more classes.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Bù...le/méiyou...le</em></span>: When the marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> for new situations is used
    39. 

  39.                         with a negative verb, there are two possible meanings: </p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist"><li class="listitem"><p>one is that something that was supposed to happen is now not going
    40. 

  40.                                 to happen.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p> the other is that something that was happening is not happening
    41. 

  41.                                 anymore. </p></li></ol></div><p>Thus the following sentence is ambiguous:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td valign="middle"><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā bù lái
    42. 

  42.                                                 le.</em></span></td><td>
    43. 

  43.                                             <p>He is not coining now. [Either he was expected to
    44. 

  44.                                                 come but changed his mind, or he used to come at
    45. 

  45.                                                 this time but now has stopped.]</p>
    46. 

  46.                                         </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>In the context of a conversation, the meaning of the sentence would become
    47. 

  47.                         clear. </p><p>Here are more-examples with the "anymore" meaning:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā bú niàn
    48. 

  48.                                                 shū le.</em></span></td><td>He is not going to study anymore.[He will no longer
    49. 

  49.                                             attend college.]</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā bú shi
    50. 

  50.                                                 wǒde péngyou le.</em></span></td><td>He is not my friend anymore.</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Méiyou
    51. 

  51.                                                 le.</em></span></td><td>There is no more.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="d0e66369"/>Notes on №2</h4></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col style="text-align: center" class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center" class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center">2.</td><td style="text-align: center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ cóngqián
    52. 

  52.                                             niàn Yīngwén niànle duó jiǔ?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你从前念英文念了多久？</em></span></td><td>How long did you study English?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ niàn Yīngwén
    53. 

  53.                                             niànle liǔnián.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我念英文念了六年。</em></span></td><td>I studied English for six years.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>More on duration: In Unit 6 of this module, you learned to express
    54. 

  54.                         duration in a sentence with no object (<span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ zài Xiāngǎng zhùle liùge yüè
    55. 

  55.                             le.</em></span> ). In this unit, you learn one way to express the
    56. 

  56.                         duration of an activity which involves using both a verb and an object (e.g.
    57. 

  57.                         , "studying economics"). In such cases, the verb appears twice in the
    58. 

  58.                         sentence: first when the object is stated, and again when the duration is stated.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā niàn
    59. 

  59.                                                 jīngjixüé, niánle yìnián.</em></span></td><td>He studied economics for one year.</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xüé
    60. 

  60.                                                 Zhōngguo huà, xüéle sānge yüè
    61. 

  61.                                             le.</em></span></td><td>
    62. 

  62.                                             <p>He has been studying Chinese for three
    63. 

  63.                                                 months.</p>
    64. 

  64.                                         </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Notice that aspect markers do not occur after the first verb in each
    65. 

  65.                         sentence, but only after the second verb and at the end of the second
    66. 

  66.                         sentence.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="d0e66432"/>Notes on №3</h4></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col style="text-align: center" class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center" class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center">3.</td><td style="text-align: center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ xiànzài niàn
    67. 

  67.                                             shénme ne?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你现在念什么呢？</em></span></td><td>What are you studying now?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ niàn Fàwén
    68. 

  68.                                             ne.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我念法文</em></span></td><td>I'm studying French.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Ne</em></span> is an aspect
    69. 

  69.                         marker used to emphasize the fact that something is in progress. With action
    70. 

  70.                         verbs, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">ne</em></span>
    71. 

  71.                         indicates that the action is going on.</p><p>With state verbs, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">ne</em></span> shows that the state exists. With some process
    72. 

  72.                         verbs, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">ne</em></span>
    73. 

  73.                         indicates that the process is going on. <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Ne</em></span> may not be used with
    74. 

  74.                         certain process verbs. (See also notes on No. 8, about verbs.)</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="d0e66486"/>Notes on №4-5</h4></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col style="text-align: center" class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center" class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center">4.</td><td style="text-align: center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ niàn Fàwén
    75. 

  75.                                             niànle duó jiǔ le?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你念法文念了多久了？</em></span></td><td>How long have you studying French?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ niànle
    76. 

  76.                                             yìnián le.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我念了一年了。</em></span></td><td>I've have been studying it for one year.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center">5.</td><td style="text-align: center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ huì xiě
    77. 

  77.                                             Zhōngguo zì ma?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你会写中国字吗？</em></span></td><td>Can you write Chinese characters?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Huì
    78. 

  78.                                             yìdiǎn.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">会一点。</em></span></td><td>I can a little.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Xiě Zhōngguo zì</em></span>:
    79. 

  79.                         The verb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiě</em></span>, "to
    80. 

  80.                         write" can occur with specific objects, such as <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Zhōngguo zì</em></span>, as well as with
    81. 

  81.                         the general object <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zì</em></span>. The combination <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiě zì</em></span>can mean either "to
    82. 

  82.                         write characters" or simply "to write."</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xiǎng xüé
    83. 

  83.                                             Zhōngguo zì.</em></span></td><td>He wants to learn to write Chinese characters.</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Xiǎo dìdi sìsuì
    84. 

  84.                                             le, yǐjīng huì xiě zì le.</em></span></td><td>Little younger brother is four years old and already can
    85. 

  85.                                         write.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>In the reply <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">huì
    86. 

  86.                             yìdiǎn</em></span>, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">huì</em></span> is used as a main verb --not as an auxiliary verb,
    87. 

  87.                         as in the question. </p><p>As a main verb, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">huì</em></span> means "to have the skill of," "to have the
    88. 

  88.                         knowledge of," "to know."</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ huì
    89. 

  89.                                                 Yīngwén.</em></span></td><td>I know English.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="d0e66610"/>Notes on №6</h4></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col style="text-align: center" class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center" class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center">6.</td><td style="text-align: center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Qǜnián wǒ hái
    90. 

  90.                                             bú huì xiě.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">去年我还不会写。</em></span></td><td>Last year, I couldn't write them.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Xiànzài wǒ huì
    91. 

  91.                                             xiě yìdiǎn le.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">现在我会写一点了。</em></span></td><td>Now, I can write a little.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Qùnián wǒ hái bú huì
    92. 

  92.                             xiě.</em></span>: Notice that here it is the auxiliary verb
    93. 

  93.                             <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">huì</em></span>, not the
    94. 

  94.                         verb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiě</em></span>, that is
    95. 

  95.                         made negative. Auxiliary verbs such as <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">huì</em></span> and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiǎng</em></span> are STATE verbs and so
    96. 

  96.                         are made negative with the prefix <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">bù</em></span>, regardless of whether the context is past, present,
    97. 

  97.                         or future.</p><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Xiànzài wǒ huì xiě yìdiǎn
    98. 

  98.                             le.</em></span>: The marker used is <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> for new situations. It is
    99. 

  99.                         always placed at the end of a sentence.</p><p>The time word <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiànzài</em></span> comes at the beginning of the sentence here.
    100. 

  100.                         Most time words of more than one syllable may come either <span class="bold"><strong>before</strong></span> or <span class="bold"><strong>after</strong></span>
    101. 

  101.                         the <span class="bold"><strong>subject</strong></span>, but in either case <span class="bold"><strong><span class="underline">before the
    102. 

  102.                             verb</span></strong></span>.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="d0e66690"/>Notes on №7-8</h4></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col style="text-align: center" class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center" class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center">7.</td><td style="text-align: center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ fùqin shi
    103. 

  103.                                             jǖnrén ma?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你父亲是军人吗？</em></span></td><td>Is your father a military man?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Shì, tā shi
    104. 

  104.                                             hǎijǖn jǖnguān.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">是，他是海军陆军。</em></span></td><td>Yes, he is a naval officer.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center">8.</td><td style="text-align: center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ jīntiān bù
    105. 

  105.                                             lái le.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我今天不来了。</em></span></td><td>I'm not coming today.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ bìng
    106. 

  106.                                             le.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我病了。</em></span></td><td>I'm sick.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The verb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">bìng</em></span>,
    107. 

  107.                         "to get sick," "to become ill," is a process verb; that is the activity
    108. 

  108.                         described includes some changes in the situation. Process verbs tell of an
    109. 

  109.                         action which has caused a change from one state to another, as from whole to
    110. 

  110.                         broken ("to break") and from frozen to melted ("to melt"). <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Bìng</em></span> is typical of process
    111. 

  111.                         verbs: not only is an action described (coming down with an illness) but
    112. 

  112.                         also a resulting state (being ill). Because of this typical combination,
    113. 

  113.                         process verbs are sometimes thought of as combining the semantic
    114. 

  114.                         characteristics of action and state verbs.</p><p>One of the main purposes of talking about verbs in terms of action, state,
    115. 

  115.                         and process is to draw attention to the fact that the Chinese way of
    116. 

  116.                         expressing something may not correspond to the English. </p><p>For instance,</p><p>"I am sick" in Chinese is <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ
    117. 

  117.                             bìng le. </em></span>("I have gotten sick"). For "I am not sick,"
    118. 

  118.                         you say <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ méi
    119. 

  119.                             bìng.</em></span> ("I didn't get sick").</p><p>Process verbs are always made negative with m|i9 regardless of whether you
    120. 

  120.                         are referring to past, present, or future.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ bìng le
    121. 

  121.                                                 méiyou?</em></span></td><td>Are you sick?</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Méiyou. Wǒ
    122. 

  122.                                                 méi bing.</em></span></td><td>No. I'm not sick.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>(State verbs are always made negative with <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">bù</em></span>.)</p><p>Another reason for putting verbs into categories according to the type of
    123. 

  123.                         meaning is to discover how verbs behave in sentences. Knowing whether a verb
    124. 

  124.                         is in the action, state, or process category, you will know what aspect
    125. 

  125.                         markers and negatives may be used with that verb. In the following charts, a
    126. 

  126.                         check mark means that this combination of verb and aspect occurs in the language.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col style="text-align: center" class="c1"/><col style="text-align: center" class="c2"/><col style="text-align: center" class="c3"/><col style="text-align: center" class="c4"/><col style="text-align: center" class="c5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td colspan="3" style="text-align: center">Aspect
    127. 

  127.                                             Markers</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center">Completion <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center">Combined <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center">New-situation</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" style="text-align: center" valign="middle">Verbs</td><td style="text-align: center">Action</td><td style="text-align: center">X</td><td style="text-align: center">X</td><td style="text-align: center">X</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center">State</td><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center">X</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center">Process</td><td style="text-align: center">X</td><td style="text-align: center">X</td><td style="text-align: center">X</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Examples:</strong></span><a href="#ftn.d0e66856" class="footnote" id="d0e66856"><sup class="footnote">[8]</sup></a></p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="c3"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td rowspan="3">Action</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā zuótiān
    128. 

  128.                                                 gōngzuò le.</em></span></td><td>He worked yesterday. (completion Le)</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā yǐjīng
    129. 

  129.                                                 lái le.</em></span></td><td>He has already come. (combined le)</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Gēge
    130. 

  130.                                                 xiànzài niàn dàxüé le.</em></span></td><td>Older brother goes to college now. (new-situation le)<a href="#ftn.d0e66885" class="footnote" id="d0e66885"><sup class="footnote">[a]</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>State</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xiànzài
    131. 

  131.                                                 huì xiě zì le.</em></span></td><td>He can write now. (new-situation le)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Process</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā zuótiān
    132. 

  132.                                                 bìng le.</em></span></td><td>He got sick yesterday. (completion le)</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xiànzài
    133. 

  133.                                                 bìng le.</em></span></td><td>He is sick.(combined le)</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā bìngle
    134. 

  134.                                                 yíge yüé le.</em></span></td><td>He has been sick for one month now. (new-situation le
    135. 

  135.                                             and completion le)</td></tr></tbody><tbody class="footnotes"><tr><td colspan="3"><div id="ftn.d0e66885" class="footnote"><p><a href="#d0e66885" class="para"><sup class="para">[a] </sup></a>In affirmative sentences containing action
    136. 

  136.                                                   verbs, the marker le for new situations is used to
    137. 

  137.                                                   describe a change in a general habit.</p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>
    138. 

  138.                         </p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col style="text-align: center" class="c1"/><col style="text-align: center" class="c2"/><col style="text-align: center" class="c3"/><col style="text-align: center" class="c4"/><col style="text-align: center" class="c5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align: center"> </td><td colspan="3" style="text-align: center">Verbs</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center">Action</td><td style="text-align: center">State</td><td style="text-align: center">Process</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" style="text-align: center" valign="middle">Negation</td><td style="text-align: center"><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">bù</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center">X</td><td style="text-align: center">X</td><td style="text-align: center"> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center">—negation of completion <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center">X</td><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center">X</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center">—negation of combined <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center">X</td><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center">X</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>
    139. 

  139.                     </p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Examples: </strong></span></p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="c3"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td rowspan="3" style="text-align: center" valign="middle">Action</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā bú niàn
    140. 

  140.                                                 shū.</em></span></td><td>He doesn’t (isn't going to) study</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā méi niàn
    141. 

  141.                                                 shū.</em></span></td><td>He didn't study.</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā hái méi
    142. 

  142.                                                 niàn shū.</em></span></td><td>He hasn’t studied yet,</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center">State</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā qǜnián
    143. 

  143.                                                 bù xiǎng niàn shū.</em></span></td><td>Last year, she didn't want to study.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" style="text-align: center" valign="middle">Process</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā jīntiān
    144. 

  144.                                                 méi bìng.</em></span></td><td>He is not sick today.</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā hái méi
    145. 

  145.                                                 hǎo.</em></span></td><td>He hasn't yet recovered.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Notice that only action verbs use the whole range of negatives to mark the
    146. 

  146.                         negative of future or present action, completed action, or new situations.
    147. 

  147.                         State verbs use the negative prefix <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">bù</em></span> even when referring to
    148. 

  148.                         past states. Process verbs use the negative prefix <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span> even when referring to
    149. 

  149.                         something in the present.</p><p>If you find a verb occurring with a negative or an aspect marker you had
    150. 

  150.                         not expected, you might discuss with your teacher how the verb behaves in
    151. 

  151.                         terms of these charts. You might discover that what you thought was a state
    152. 

  152.                         verb is actually a process verb, or vice versa.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="d0e67030"/>Notes on №9</h4></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col style="text-align: center" class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center" class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center">9.</td><td style="text-align: center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Jīntiān hǎo le
    153. 

  153.                                             méiyou?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">今天好了没有？</em></span></td><td>Are you better today? (Are you recovered?)</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"> </td><td style="text-align: center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Jīntiān hǎo
    154. 

  154.                                             le.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">今天好了。</em></span></td><td>Today I'm better.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Jīntiān hǎo le.</em></span>:
    155. 

  155.                             <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Hǎo</em></span> is one of
    156. 

  156.                         many state verbs which can become process verbs. When such a verb becomes a
    157. 

  157.                         process verb, it takes on a different meaning. While the state verb
    158. 

  158.                             <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hǎo</em></span> means "to
    159. 

  159.                         be good" or "to be well," the process verb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hǎo</em></span> means "to get better,"
    160. 

  160.                         "to recover." Compare these sentences:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā
    161. 

  161.                                                 hǎo.</em></span></td><td>He's in good health.</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā zuótiān
    162. 

  162.                                                 bìng le. Tā jīntiān yǐjīng hǎo
    163. 

  163.                                             le.</em></span></td><td>Yesterday he became sick. Today he is already
    164. 

  164.                                             recovered.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The difference between the state verb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hǎo</em></span> and the process verb
    165. 

  165.                             <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hǎo</em></span> is even
    166. 

  166.                         more evident in negative sentences. State verbs, as you remember, are made
    167. 

  167.                         negative only with <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">bù</em></span>. Process verbs are made negative only with
    168. 

  168.                             <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span> or
    169. 

  169.                             <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hái méi</em></span>.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā bù
    170. 

  170.                                                 hǎo.</em></span></td><td>
    171. 

  171.                                             <p>He's not good. [He’s not a good person.]</p>
    172. 

  172.                                         </td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā hái méi
    173. 

  173.                                                 hǎo.</em></span></td><td>
    174. 

  174.                                             <p>He hasn't yet recovered. [He is still
    175. 

  175.                                                 sick.]</p>
    176. 

  176.                                         </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>It can be difficult to remember that <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">bìng</em></span> and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hǎo</em></span>, sometimes translated as
    177. 

  177.                             "<span class="bold"><strong>to be sick</strong></span>" and "<span class="bold"><strong>to be better</strong></span>," are actually process verbs in Chinese, not
    178. 

  178.                         state verbs.</p><p> The English sentence "I am better (recovered)" translates as
    179. 

  179.                             <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ hǎo le.</em></span> ("I
    180. 

  180.                         have become veil") and would be incorrect without the <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>.</p><p>J<span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">īntiān hǎo le
    181. 

  181.                             méiyou?</em></span> Questions may be formed from statements
    182. 

  182.                         containing completion <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> or combined <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> by adding <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méiyou</em></span> at the end of the
    183. 

  183.                         statements.</p><p> You will learn more about forming questions in the first unit of the next module.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā láile
    184. 

  184.                                                 méiyou?</em></span></td><td>Did he come?</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ hǎole
    185. 

  185.                                                 méiyou?</em></span></td><td>
    186. 

  186.                                             <p> Are you recovered (from your illness)?</p>
    187. 

  187.                                         </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="d0e67195"/>Drills</h2></div></div></div><p/><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="d0e67199"/> Response drill</h3></div></div></div><p/><div class="table"><a id="d0e67203"/><p class="title"><strong>Table 2.88. </strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="newCol3"/><col class="c3"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th style="background-color: #b3d9ff"/><th style="text-align: center">Question</th><th> </th><th style="text-align: center">Answer</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle"> 1. </td><td>
    188. 

  188.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她今天还有课吗？</em></span></p>
    189. 

  189.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā jīntiān hái
    190. 

  190.                                             yǒu kè ma?</em></span></p>
    191. 

  191.                                     <p>Does he have any more class today?</p>
    192. 

  192.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    193. 

  193.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她没有课了。</em></span></p>
    194. 

  194.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā méiyou kè
    195. 

  195.                                             le.</em></span></p>
    196. 

  196.                                     <p>He doesn't have any more classes.</p>
    197. 

  197.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">2.</td><td>
    198. 

  198.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她今天还来吗？</em></span></p>
    199. 

  199.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā jīntiān hái
    200. 

  200.                                             lái ma?</em></span></p>
    201. 

  201.                                     <p>Is he/she still coming today?</p>
    202. 

  202.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    203. 

  203.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她不来了。</em></span></p>
    204. 

  204.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā bù lái
    205. 

  205.                                             le.</em></span></p>
    206. 

  206.                                     <p>He/she is not coming.</p>
    207. 

  207.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">3.</td><td>
    208. 

  208.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她现在还会说中国话吗？</em></span></p>
    209. 

  209.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xiànzài hái
    210. 

  210.                                             huì shuō Zhōngguó huà ma?</em></span></p>
    211. 

  211.                                     <p>Does he/she still speak Chinese now?</p>
    212. 

  212.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    213. 

  213.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她不会说中国话了。</em></span></p>
    214. 

  214.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā bú huì shuō
    215. 

  215.                                             Zhōngguò huà le.</em></span></p>
    216. 

  216.                                     <p>He/she can't speak Chinese anymore.</p>
    217. 

  217.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">4.</td><td>
    218. 

  218.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她现在还有中国书吗？</em></span></p>
    219. 

  219.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xiànzài hái
    220. 

  220.                                             yǒu Zhōngguó shū ma?</em></span></p>
    221. 

  221.                                     <p>Does he/she still have Chinese books now?</p>
    222. 

  222.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    223. 

  223.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她没有中国书了。</em></span></p>
    224. 

  224.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā méiyou
    225. 

  225.                                             Zhōngguó shū le.</em></span></p>
    226. 

  226.                                     <p>He/she has no more Chinese books anymore.</p>
    227. 

  227.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">5.</td><td>
    228. 

  228.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她还念历史吗？</em></span></p>
    229. 

  229.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā hái niàn
    230. 

  230.                                             lìshǐ ma?</em></span></p>
    231. 

  231.                                     <p>Does he/she still study history?</p>
    232. 

  232.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    233. 

  233.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她不念历史了。</em></span></p>
    234. 

  234.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā bú niàn lìshǐ
    235. 

  235.                                             le.</em></span></p>
    236. 

  236.                                     <p>He/she doesn't study history anymore.</p>
    237. 

  237.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">6.</td><td>
    238. 

  238.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她现在还在空军工作吗？</em></span></p>
    239. 

  239.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xiànzài hái
    240. 

  240.                                             zài kōngjǖn gōngzuò ma?</em></span></p>
    241. 

  241.                                     <p>Is he/she still working in the Air Force?</p>
    242. 

  242.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    243. 

  243.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她不在空军工作。</em></span></p>
    244. 

  244.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā bú zài
    245. 

  245.                                             kōngjǖn gōngzuò.</em></span></p>
    246. 

  246.                                     <p>He/she does not work in the Air Force anymore.</p>
    247. 

  247.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">7.</td><td>
    248. 

  248.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她现在还想走吗？</em></span></p>
    249. 

  249.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xiànzài hái
    250. 

  250.                                             xiǎng zǒu ma?</em></span></p>
    251. 

  251.                                     <p>Does he/she still want to leave now?</p>
    252. 

  252.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    253. 

  253.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她不想走了。</em></span></p>
    254. 

  254.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā bù xiǎng zǒu
    255. 

  255.                                             le.</em></span></p>
    256. 

  256.                                     <p>He/she doesn't want to go anymore.</p>
    257. 

  257.                                 </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="d0e67441"/> Expansion drill</h3></div></div></div><p/><div class="table"><a id="d0e67445"/><p class="title"><strong>Table 2.89. </strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="newCol3"/><col class="c3"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th style="background-color: #b3d9ff"/><th style="text-align: center">Question</th><th> </th><th style="text-align: center">Answer</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle"> 1. </td><td>
    258. 

  258.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前念历史。</em></span></p>
    259. 

  259.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián niàn
    260. 

  260.                                             lìshǐ.</em></span></p>
    261. 

  261.                                     <p>He/she formerly studied history.</p>
    262. 

  262.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    263. 

  263.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前念历史，现在不念了。</em></span></p>
    264. 

  264.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián niàn
    265. 

  265.                                             lìshǐ, xiànzài bú niàn le.</em></span></p>
    266. 

  266.                                     <p>He/she formerly studied history, but now he/she doesn't
    267. 

  267.                                         anymore.</p>
    268. 

  268.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">2.</td><td>
    269. 

  269.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前念书。</em></span></p>
    270. 

  270.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián niàn
    271. 

  271.                                             shū.</em></span></p>
    272. 

  272.                                     <p>He/she used to study.</p>
    273. 

  273.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    274. 

  274.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前念书，现在不念了。</em></span></p>
    275. 

  275.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián niàn
    276. 

  276.                                             shū, xiànzài bú niàn le.</em></span></p>
    277. 

  277.                                     <p>He/she used to study, now he/she doesn't anymore.</p>
    278. 

  278.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">3.</td><td>
    279. 

  279.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前在陆军做事。</em></span></p>
    280. 

  280.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián zài
    281. 

  281.                                             lùjǖn zuò shì.</em></span></p>
    282. 

  282.                                     <p>He/she used to be in the Army.</p>
    283. 

  283.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    284. 

  284.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前在陆军做事，现在不在陆军作是了。</em></span></p>
    285. 

  285.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián zài
    286. 

  286.                                             lùjǖn zuò shì, xiànzài bú zài lùjǖn zuò shì
    287. 

  287.                                             le.</em></span></p>
    288. 

  288.                                     <p>He/she used to be in the Army, but he/she doesn't
    289. 

  289.                                         anymore.</p>
    290. 

  290.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">4.</td><td>
    291. 

  291.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前不会。</em></span></p>
    292. 

  292.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián bú
    293. 

  293.                                             huì.</em></span></p>
    294. 

  294.                                     <p>He/she used to not.</p>
    295. 

  295.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    296. 

  296.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前不会，现在会了。</em></span></p>
    297. 

  297.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián bú
    298. 

  298.                                             huì, xiànzài huì le.</em></span></p>
    299. 

  299.                                     <p>He/she used to not, but now he/she does.</p>
    300. 

  300.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">5.</td><td>
    301. 

  301.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前不知道。</em></span></p>
    302. 

  302.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián bù
    303. 

  303.                                             zhīdào.</em></span></p>
    304. 

  304.                                     <p>He/she never knew before.</p>
    305. 

  305.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    306. 

  306.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从不前知道，现在知道了。</em></span></p>
    307. 

  307.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián bù
    308. 

  308.                                             zhīdào, xiànzài zhīdào le.</em></span></p>
    309. 

  309.                                     <p>He/she never knew before, but he/she knows now.</p>
    310. 

  310.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">6.</td><td>
    311. 

  311.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她中文从前不很好。</em></span></p>
    312. 

  312.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tāde Zhōngwén
    313. 

  313.                                             cóngqián bù hěn hǎo.</em></span></p>
    314. 

  314.                                     <p>He/she wasn't very good at Chinese.</p>
    315. 

  315.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    316. 

  316.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她中文从前不很好，现在很好了。</em></span></p>
    317. 

  317.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tāde Zhōngwén
    318. 

  318.                                             cóngqián bù hěn hǎo, xiànzài hěn hǎo
    319. 

  319.                                         le.</em></span></p>
    320. 

  320.                                     <p>He/she wasn't very good at Chinese, but he/she is
    321. 

  321.                                         now.</p>
    322. 

  322.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">7.</td><td>
    323. 

  323.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前会说法国话。</em></span></p>
    324. 

  324.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián huì
    325. 

  325.                                             shuō Fàguó huà.</em></span></p>
    326. 

  326.                                     <p>He/she used to speak French.</p>
    327. 

  327.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    328. 

  328.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前会说法国话，现在不会了。</em></span></p>
    329. 

  329.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián huì
    330. 

  330.                                             shuō Fàguó huà, xiànzài bú huì
    331. 

  331.                                         le.</em></span></p>
    332. 

  332.                                     <p>He/she used to speak French, now he/she doesn't.</p>
    333. 

  333.                                 </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="d0e67683"/> Transformation drill</h3></div></div></div><p/><div class="table"><a id="d0e67687"/><p class="title"><strong>Table 2.90. </strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="newCol3"/><col class="c3"/><col class="newCol5"/><col class="c4"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th style="background-color: #b3d9ff"/><th style="text-align: center">Question</th><th> </th><th style="text-align: center">Cue</th><th> </th><th style="text-align: center">Answer</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle"> 1. </td><td>
    334. 

  334.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她念过政治学。</em></span></p>
    335. 

  335.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā niànguo
    336. 

  336.                                             zhèngzhixüé.</em></span></p>
    337. 

  337.                                     <p>He/she has studied political science.</p>
    338. 

  338.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    339. 

  339.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">多久</em></span></p>
    340. 

  340.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">duō
    341. 

  341.                                             jiǔ</em></span></p>
    342. 

  342.                                     <p>how long</p>
    343. 

  343.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    344. 

  344.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她念政治学，
    345. 

  345.                                             念了多久？</em></span></p>
    346. 

  346.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā niàn
    347. 

  347.                                             zhèngzhixüé, niànle duó jiǔ?</em></span></p>
    348. 

  348.                                     <p>How long did he/she study political science?</p>
    349. 

  349.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">2.</td><td>
    350. 

  350.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她念过经济学。</em></span></p>
    351. 

  351.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā niànguo
    352. 

  352.                                             jīngjixüé.</em></span></p>
    353. 

  353.                                     <p>He/she has studied economics.</p>
    354. 

  354.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    355. 

  355.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">几年</em></span></p>
    356. 

  356.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jǐnián</em></span></p>
    357. 

  357.                                     <p>how many years</p>
    358. 

  358.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    359. 

  359.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她念经济学，念了几年？</em></span></p>
    360. 

  360.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā niàn
    361. 

  361.                                             jīngjixüé, niànle jǐnián?</em></span></p>
    362. 

  362.                                     <p>How many years did he/she study economics?</p>
    363. 

  363.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">3.</td><td>
    364. 

  364.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她念过中国文学。</em></span></p>
    365. 

  365.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā niànguo
    366. 

  366.                                             Zhōngguó wénxüé.</em></span></p>
    367. 

  367.                                     <p>He/she has studied literature.</p>
    368. 

  368.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    369. 

  369.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">多久</em></span></p>
    370. 

  370.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">duō
    371. 

  371.                                             jiǔ</em></span></p>
    372. 

  372.                                     <p>how long</p>
    373. 

  373.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    374. 

  374.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她念中国文学，念了多久？</em></span></p>
    375. 

  375.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā niàn Zhōngguó
    376. 

  376.                                             wénxüé, niànle duō jiǔ?</em></span></p>
    377. 

  377.                                     <p>How long did he/she study literature?</p>
    378. 

  378.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">4.</td><td>
    379. 

  379.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她学过日文？</em></span></p>
    380. 

  380.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xüéguo
    381. 

  381.                                             Rìwén.</em></span></p>
    382. 

  382.                                     <p>He/she has learned Japanese.</p>
    383. 

  383.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    384. 

  384.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">几个月</em></span></p>
    385. 

  385.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jǐge
    386. 

  386.                                             yüè</em></span></p>
    387. 

  387.                                     <p>how many months</p>
    388. 

  388.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    389. 

  389.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她学日文，学了几个月？</em></span></p>
    390. 

  390.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xüé Rìwén,
    391. 

  391.                                             xüéle jǐge yüè?</em></span></p>
    392. 

  392.                                     <p> How many months did he/she learn Japanese?</p>
    393. 

  393.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">5.</td><td>
    394. 

  394.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她在空军做过事。</em></span></p>
    395. 

  395.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā zài kōngjǖn
    396. 

  396.                                             zuòguo shì.</em></span></p>
    397. 

  397.                                     <p>He/she has worked in the Air Force.</p>
    398. 

  398.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    399. 

  399.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">多久</em></span></p>
    400. 

  400.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">duō
    401. 

  401.                                             jiǔ</em></span></p>
    402. 

  402.                                     <p>how long</p>
    403. 

  403.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    404. 

  404.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她在空军做事，做了多久？</em></span></p>
    405. 

  405.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā zài kōngjǖn
    406. 

  406.                                             zuò shì, zuòle duō jiǔ?</em></span></p>
    407. 

  407.                                     <p>How long did he/she work in the Air Force?</p>
    408. 

  408.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">6.</td><td>
    409. 

  409.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她念过中国历史。</em></span></p>
    410. 

  410.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā niànguo
    411. 

  411.                                             Zhōngguó lìshǐ.</em></span></p>
    412. 

  412.                                     <p>He/she has studied Chinese history.</p>
    413. 

  413.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    414. 

  414.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">多久</em></span></p>
    415. 

  415.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">duō
    416. 

  416.                                             jiǔ</em></span></p>
    417. 

  417.                                     <p>how long</p>
    418. 

  418.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    419. 

  419.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她念中国历史，念了多久？</em></span></p>
    420. 

  420.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā niàn Zhōngguó
    421. 

  421.                                             lìshǐ, niànle duō jiǔ?</em></span></p>
    422. 

  422.                                     <p>How long did he/she study history?</p>
    423. 

  423.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">7.</td><td>
    424. 

  424.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她念过英国文学。</em></span></p>
    425. 

  425.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā niànguo
    426. 

  426.                                             Yīngguó wénxüé.</em></span></p>
    427. 

  427.                                     <p>He/she has studied English literature.</p>
    428. 

  428.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    429. 

  429.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">几年</em></span></p>
    430. 

  430.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jǐnián</em></span></p>
    431. 

  431.                                     <p>how many years</p>
    432. 

  432.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    433. 

  433.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她念英国文学，念了几年？</em></span></p>
    434. 

  434.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā niàn Yīngguó
    435. 

  435.                                             wénxüé, niànle jǐniàn?</em></span></p>
    436. 

  436.                                     <p>How many years did he/she study literature?</p>
    437. 

  437.                                 </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="d0e68032"/> Transformation drill</h3></div></div></div><p/><div class="table"><a id="d0e68036"/><p class="title"><strong>Table 2.91. </strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="newCol3"/><col class="c3"/><col class="newCol5"/><col class="c4"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th style="background-color: #b3d9ff"/><th style="text-align: center">Question</th><th> </th><th style="text-align: center">Cue</th><th> </th><th style="text-align: center">Answer</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle"> 1. </td><td>
    438. 

  438.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她现在念历史。</em></span></p>
    439. 

  439.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xiànzài niàn
    440. 

  440.                                             lìshǐ.</em></span></p>
    441. 

  441.                                     <p>He/she is studying history now.</p>
    442. 

  442.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    443. 

  443.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">多久</em></span></p>
    444. 

  444.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">duō
    445. 

  445.                                             jiǔ</em></span></p>
    446. 

  446.                                     <p>how long</p>
    447. 

  447.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    448. 

  448.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她念历史，念了多久了？</em></span></p>
    449. 

  449.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā niàn lìshǐ,
    450. 

  450.                                             niànle duō jiǔ le? </em></span></p>
    451. 

  451.                                     <p>How long has he been studying history?</p>
    452. 

  452.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">2.</td><td>
    453. 

  453.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她现在学日文。</em></span></p>
    454. 

  454.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xiànzài xüé
    455. 

  455.                                             Rìwén.</em></span></p>
    456. 

  456.                                     <p>He/she is studying Japanese now.</p>
    457. 

  457.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    458. 

  458.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">几个月</em></span></p>
    459. 

  459.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jǐge
    460. 

  460.                                             yüè</em></span></p>
    461. 

  461.                                     <p>how many months</p>
    462. 

  462.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    463. 

  463.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她学日文，学了几个月？</em></span></p>
    464. 

  464.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xüé Rìwén,
    465. 

  465.                                             xüéle jǐge yüè?</em></span></p>
    466. 

  466.                                     <p>How many months has he been studying Japanese?</p>
    467. 

  467.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">3.</td><td>
    468. 

  468.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她现在念英文。</em></span></p>
    469. 

  469.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xiànzài niàn
    470. 

  470.                                             Yīngwén.</em></span></p>
    471. 

  471.                                     <p>He/she is studying English now.</p>
    472. 

  472.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    473. 

  473.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">几个月</em></span></p>
    474. 

  474.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jǐge
    475. 

  475.                                             yüè</em></span></p>
    476. 

  476.                                     <p>how many months</p>
    477. 

  477.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    478. 

  478.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她念了英文，里念了几个月了？</em></span></p>
    479. 

  479.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā niànle
    480. 

  480.                                             Yīngwén, niànle jǐge yüè le?</em></span></p>
    481. 

  481.                                     <p>How many months has he been studying English?</p>
    482. 

  482.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">4.</td><td>
    483. 

  483.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她现在在海军做事。</em></span></p>
    484. 

  484.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xiànzài zài
    485. 

  485.                                             hǎijǖn zuò shì.</em></span></p>
    486. 

  486.                                     <p>He/she is now working in the Navy.</p>
    487. 

  487.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    488. 

  488.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">几年</em></span></p>
    489. 

  489.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jǐnián</em></span></p>
    490. 

  490.                                     <p>how many years</p>
    491. 

  491.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    492. 

  492.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她在海军做事，作了几年了？</em></span></p>
    493. 

  493.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā zài hǎijǖn
    494. 

  494.                                             zuò shì, zuòle jǐnián le?</em></span></p>
    495. 

  495.                                     <p>How many years has he been working in the Navy?</p>
    496. 

  496.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">5.</td><td>
    497. 

  497.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她现在学中国话。</em></span></p>
    498. 

  498.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xiànzài xüé
    499. 

  499.                                             Zhōngguó huà.</em></span></p>
    500. 

  500.                                     <p>He/she is learning Chinese now.</p>
    501. 

  501.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    502. 

  502.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">多久</em></span></p>
    503. 

  503.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">duō
    504. 

  504.                                             jiǔ</em></span></p>
    505. 

  505.                                     <p>how long</p>
    506. 

  506.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    507. 

  507.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她中国话，学了多久了？</em></span></p>
    508. 

  508.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xüé Zhōngguó
    509. 

  509.                                             huà, xüéle duō jiǔ le?</em></span></p>
    510. 

  510.                                     <p>How long has he/she been learning Chinese?</p>
    511. 

  511.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">6.</td><td>
    512. 

  512.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她现在在陆军做事。</em></span></p>
    513. 

  513.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xiànzài zài
    514. 

  514.                                             lùjǖn zuò shì.</em></span></p>
    515. 

  515.                                     <p>He/she is working in the Army now.</p>
    516. 

  516.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    517. 

  517.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">几年</em></span></p>
    518. 

  518.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jínián</em></span></p>
    519. 

  519.                                     <p>how many years</p>
    520. 

  520.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    521. 

  521.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她在陆军做事，作了几年了？</em></span></p>
    522. 

  522.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā zài lùjǖn zuò
    523. 

  523.                                             shì, zuòle jǐnián le? </em></span></p>
    524. 

  524.                                     <p>How many years has he/she been working in the Army?</p>
    525. 

  525.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">7.</td><td>
    526. 

  526.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她在银行做事。</em></span></p>
    527. 

  527.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Ta ziànzài zài
    528. 

  528.                                             yínháng zuò shì.</em></span></p>
    529. 

  529.                                     <p>He/she is working in a bank now.</p>
    530. 

  530.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    531. 

  531.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">几年</em></span></p>
    532. 

  532.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jǐnián</em></span></p>
    533. 

  533.                                     <p>how many years</p>
    534. 

  534.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    535. 

  535.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她银行做事，作了寄来哪了？</em></span></p>
    536. 

  536.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā zài yínháng
    537. 

  537.                                             zuò shì, zuòle jǐnián le?</em></span></p>
    538. 

  538.                                     <p>How many years has he/she been working in the bank?</p>
    539. 

  539.                                 </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="d0e68381"/> Transformation drill</h3></div></div></div><p/><div class="table"><a id="d0e68385"/><p class="title"><strong>Table 2.92. </strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="newCol3"/><col class="c3"/><col class="newCol5"/><col class="c4"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th style="background-color: #b3d9ff"/><th style="text-align: center">Question</th><th> </th><th style="text-align: center">Cue</th><th> </th><th style="text-align: center">Answer</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle"> 1. </td><td>
    540. 

  540.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她现在还念历史呢。</em></span></p>
    541. 

  541.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xiànzài hái
    542. 

  542.                                             niàn lìshǐ ne.</em></span></p>
    543. 

  543.                                     <p>He/she is still studying history.</p>
    544. 

  544.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    545. 

  545.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">多久</em></span></p>
    546. 

  546.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">duō
    547. 

  547.                                             jiǔ</em></span></p>
    548. 

  548.                                     <p>how long</p>
    549. 

  549.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    550. 

  550.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她念历史，还想念多久？</em></span></p>
    551. 

  551.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā niàn lìshǐ,
    552. 

  552.                                             hái xiǎng niàn duō jiǔ?</em></span></p>
    553. 

  553.                                     <p>How much longer is he/she going to study history?</p>
    554. 

  554.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">2.</td><td>
    555. 

  555.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她现在还念中国文学呢。</em></span></p>
    556. 

  556.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xiànzài hái
    557. 

  557.                                             niàn Zhōngguó wènxüé ne.</em></span></p>
    558. 

  558.                                     <p>He/she is still studying Chinese literature.</p>
    559. 

  559.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    560. 

  560.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">多久</em></span></p>
    561. 

  561.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">duō
    562. 

  562.                                             jiǔ</em></span></p>
    563. 

  563.                                     <p>how long</p>
    564. 

  564.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    565. 

  565.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她念中国历史，还想念多久？</em></span></p>
    566. 

  566.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā niàn Zhōngguó
    567. 

  567.                                             wènxüé, hái xiǎng niàn duō jiǔ?</em></span></p>
    568. 

  568.                                     <p>How much longer is he/she going to study Chinese
    569. 

  569.                                         literature?</p>
    570. 

  570.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">3.</td><td>
    571. 

  571.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她现在还学日文呢。</em></span></p>
    572. 

  572.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xiànzài hái
    573. 

  573.                                             xüé Rìwén ne.</em></span></p>
    574. 

  574.                                     <p>He/she is still learning Japanese.</p>
    575. 

  575.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    576. 

  576.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">几个月</em></span></p>
    577. 

  577.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jǐge
    578. 

  578.                                             yüè</em></span></p>
    579. 

  579.                                     <p>how many months</p>
    580. 

  580.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    581. 

  581.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她学日文，还想学几个月？</em></span></p>
    582. 

  582.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xüé Rìwén,
    583. 

  583.                                             hái xiǎng xüé jǐge yüè?</em></span></p>
    584. 

  584.                                     <p>How much longer is he/she going to learn Japanese?</p>
    585. 

  585.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">4.</td><td>
    586. 

  586.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她现在还在陆军做事呢。</em></span></p>
    587. 

  587.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xiànzài hái
    588. 

  588.                                             zài lùjǖn zuò shì ne.</em></span></p>
    589. 

  589.                                     <p>He/she is still working for the Army.</p>
    590. 

  590.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    591. 

  591.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">多久</em></span></p>
    592. 

  592.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">duō
    593. 

  593.                                             jiǔ</em></span></p>
    594. 

  594.                                     <p>how long</p>
    595. 

  595.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    596. 

  596.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她陆军做事，还想做多久？</em></span></p>
    597. 

  597.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā zài lùjǖn zuò
    598. 

  598.                                             shì, hái xiǎng zuò duō jiǔ?</em></span></p>
    599. 

  599.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">5.</td><td>
    600. 

  600.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她现在还学中国话呢。</em></span></p>
    601. 

  601.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xiànzài hái
    602. 

  602.                                             xüé Zhōngguó huà ne.</em></span></p>
    603. 

  603.                                     <p>He/she is still learning Chinese.</p>
    604. 

  604.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    605. 

  605.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">多久</em></span></p>
    606. 

  606.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">duō
    607. 

  607.                                             jiǔ</em></span></p>
    608. 

  608.                                     <p>how long</p>
    609. 

  609.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    610. 

  610.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她学中国话，还想邪恶多久？</em></span></p>
    611. 

  611.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xüé Zhōngguó
    612. 

  612.                                             huà, hái xiǎng xüé duō jiǔ?</em></span></p>
    613. 

  613.                                     <p>How long is he/she going to learn Chinese?</p>
    614. 

  614.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">6.</td><td>
    615. 

  615.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她现在还念政治学呢。</em></span></p>
    616. 

  616.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā zianzài hái
    617. 

  617.                                             niàn zhèngzhixüé ne.</em></span></p>
    618. 

  618.                                     <p>He/she is still studying political science.</p>
    619. 

  619.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    620. 

  620.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">多久</em></span></p>
    621. 

  621.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">duō
    622. 

  622.                                             jiǔ</em></span></p>
    623. 

  623.                                     <p>how long</p>
    624. 

  624.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    625. 

  625.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她念政治学，还想念多久？</em></span></p>
    626. 

  626.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā niàn
    627. 

  627.                                             zhèngzhixüé, hái xiǎng niàn duō
    628. 

  628.                                         jiǔ?</em></span></p>
    629. 

  629.                                     <p>How long is he/she going to study political
    630. 

  630.                                         science?</p>
    631. 

  631.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">7.</td><td>
    632. 

  632.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她现在还念经济学呢。</em></span></p>
    633. 

  633.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā ziànzài hái
    634. 

  634.                                             niàn jīngjixüé ne.</em></span></p>
    635. 

  635.                                     <p>He/she is still studying economics.</p>
    636. 

  636.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    637. 

  637.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">多久</em></span></p>
    638. 

  638.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">duō
    639. 

  639.                                             jiǔ</em></span></p>
    640. 

  640.                                     <p>how long</p>
    641. 

  641.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    642. 

  642.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她念经济学，还想年多久？</em></span></p>
    643. 

  643.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā niàn
    644. 

  644.                                             jīngjixüé, hái xiǎng niàn duō
    645. 

  645.                                         jiǔ?</em></span></p>
    646. 

  646.                                     <p>How long is he/she going to study economics?</p>
    647. 

  647.                                 </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="d0e68727"/> Transformation drill</h3></div></div></div><p/><div class="table"><a id="d0e68731"/><p class="title"><strong>Table 2.93. </strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="newCol3"/><col class="c3"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th style="background-color: #b3d9ff"/><th style="text-align: center">Question</th><th> </th><th style="text-align: center">Answer</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle"> 1. </td><td>
    648. 

  648.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她现在念历史。</em></span></p>
    649. 

  649.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xiànzài niàn
    650. 

  650.                                             lìshǐ.</em></span></p>
    651. 

  651.                                     <p>He is studying history now.</p>
    652. 

  652.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    653. 

  653.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她念历史，念了多久了？</em></span></p>
    654. 

  654.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā niàn lìshǐ,
    655. 

  655.                                             niànle duō jiǔ le?</em></span></p>
    656. 

  656.                                     <p>How long has he studied history?</p>
    657. 

  657.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">2.</td><td>
    658. 

  658.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她念过历史。</em></span></p>
    659. 

  659.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā niànguo
    660. 

  660.                                             lìshǐ.</em></span></p>
    661. 

  661.                                     <p>He studied history.</p>
    662. 

  662.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    663. 

  663.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她念历史，念了对久？</em></span></p>
    664. 

  664.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā niàn lìshǐ,
    665. 

  665.                                             niànle duō jiǔ?</em></span></p>
    666. 

  666.                                     <p>How long did he study history?</p>
    667. 

  667.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">3.</td><td>
    668. 

  668.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她现在还念历史。</em></span></p>
    669. 

  669.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xiànzài hái
    670. 

  670.                                             niàn lìshǐ.</em></span></p>
    671. 

  671.                                     <p>He/she is still studying history.</p>
    672. 

  672.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    673. 

  673.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她念历史，还想念多久？</em></span></p>
    674. 

  674.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā niàn lìshǐ,
    675. 

  675.                                             hái xiǎng niàn duō jiǔ?</em></span></p>
    676. 

  676.                                     <p>How long does he/she plan to study history?</p>
    677. 

  677.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">4.</td><td>
    678. 

  678.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她现在念中国文学。</em></span></p>
    679. 

  679.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xiànzài niàn
    680. 

  680.                                             Zhōngguó wènxüé.</em></span></p>
    681. 

  681.                                     <p>He/she is now studying Chinese literature.</p>
    682. 

  682.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    683. 

  683.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她念中国文学，念了多久了？</em></span></p>
    684. 

  684.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā niàn Zhōngguó
    685. 

  685.                                             wènxüé, niànle duō jiǔ le?</em></span></p>
    686. 

  686.                                     <p>How long has he/she been studying Chinese
    687. 

  687.                                         literature?</p>
    688. 

  688.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">5.</td><td>
    689. 

  689.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她念过中国文学。</em></span></p>
    690. 

  690.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā niànguo
    691. 

  691.                                             Zhōngguó wènxüé.</em></span></p>
    692. 

  692.                                     <p>He/she has studied Chinese literature.</p>
    693. 

  693.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    694. 

  694.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她念中国文学，念了多久？</em></span></p>
    695. 

  695.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā niàn Zhōngguó
    696. 

  696.                                             wènxüé, niànle duō jiǔ?</em></span></p>
    697. 

  697.                                     <p>How long did he/she study Chinese literature?</p>
    698. 

  698.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">6.</td><td>
    699. 

  699.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她现在还念日文。</em></span></p>
    700. 

  700.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā ziànzài hái
    701. 

  701.                                             niàn Rìwén.</em></span></p>
    702. 

  702.                                     <p>He/she is still studying Japanese.</p>
    703. 

  703.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    704. 

  704.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她念日文，还想念多久？</em></span></p>
    705. 

  705.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā niàn Rìwén，
    706. 

  706.                                             hái xiǎng niàn duó jiǔ?</em></span></p>
    707. 

  707.                                     <p>How long does he/she plan to study Japanese?</p>
    708. 

  708.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">7.</td><td>
    709. 

  709.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她念过日文。</em></span></p>
    710. 

  710.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā niànguo
    711. 

  711.                                             Rìwén.</em></span></p>
    712. 

  712.                                     <p>He/she has studied Chinese.</p>
    713. 

  713.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    714. 

  714.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她念日文，念了多久？</em></span></p>
    715. 

  715.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā niàn Rìwén,
    716. 

  716.                                             niànle duō jiǔ?</em></span></p>
    717. 

  717.                                     <p>How long has he/she been studying Japanese?</p>
    718. 

  718.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">8.</td><td>
    719. 

  719.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她学过英文。</em></span></p>
    720. 

  720.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xüéguo
    721. 

  721.                                             Yīngwén.</em></span></p>
    722. 

  722.                                     <p>He/she has learned English.</p>
    723. 

  723.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    724. 

  724.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她学英文，学了多久？</em></span></p>
    725. 

  725.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xüé Yīngwén,
    726. 

  726.                                             xüéle duō jiǔ?</em></span></p>
    727. 

  727.                                     <p>How long has he/she been learning English?</p>
    728. 

  728.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">9.</td><td>
    729. 

  729.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她现在还学英文。</em></span></p>
    730. 

  730.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xiànzài hái
    731. 

  731.                                             xüé Yīngwén.</em></span></p>
    732. 

  732.                                     <p>He/she is still learning English.</p>
    733. 

  733.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    734. 

  734.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她学英文，还想学多久？</em></span></p>
    735. 

  735.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xüé Yīngwén,
    736. 

  736.                                             hái xiǎng xüé duō jiǔ?</em></span></p>
    737. 

  737.                                     <p>How long does he/she plan to learn English.</p>
    738. 

  738.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">10.</td><td>
    739. 

  739.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她现在在空军做事。</em></span></p>
    740. 

  740.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xiànzài zài
    741. 

  741.                                             kōngjǖn zuò shì.</em></span></p>
    742. 

  742.                                     <p>He/she now works for the Air Force.</p>
    743. 

  743.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    744. 

  744.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她在空军做事，做了多久了？</em></span></p>
    745. 

  745.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā zài kōngjǖn
    746. 

  746.                                             zuò shì, zuòle duō jiǔ le?</em></span></p>
    747. 

  747.                                     <p>how long has he/she been working for the Air Force?</p>
    748. 

  748.                                 </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="d0e69059"/> Expansion drill</h3></div></div></div><p/><div class="table"><a id="d0e69063"/><p class="title"><strong>Table 2.94. </strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="newCol3"/><col class="c3"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th style="background-color: #b3d9ff"/><th style="text-align: center">Question</th><th> </th><th style="text-align: center">Answer</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle"> 1. </td><td>
    749. 

  749.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她写了吗？</em></span></p>
    750. 

  750.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xiě le
    751. 

  751.                                             ma?</em></span></p>
    752. 

  752.                                     <p>Did he/she write?</p>
    753. 

  753.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    754. 

  754.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她还没写。</em></span></p>
    755. 

  755.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā hái méi
    756. 

  756.                                             xiě.</em></span></p>
    757. 

  757.                                     <p>He/she still hasn't written.</p>
    758. 

  758.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">2.</td><td>
    759. 

  759.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她来了吗？</em></span></p>
    760. 

  760.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā lái le
    761. 

  761.                                             ma?</em></span></p>
    762. 

  762.                                     <p>Did he/she come?</p>
    763. 

  763.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    764. 

  764.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她还没来。</em></span></p>
    765. 

  765.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā hái méi
    766. 

  766.                                             lái.</em></span></p>
    767. 

  767.                                     <p>He/she still hasn't come.</p>
    768. 

  768.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">3.</td><td>
    769. 

  769.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她好了吗？</em></span></p>
    770. 

  770.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā hǎo le
    771. 

  771.                                             ma?</em></span></p>
    772. 

  772.                                     <p>Did he/she get better?</p>
    773. 

  773.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    774. 

  774.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她还没好。</em></span></p>
    775. 

  775.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā hái méi
    776. 

  776.                                             hǎo.</em></span></p>
    777. 

  777.                                     <p>He/she still hasn't got better.</p>
    778. 

  778.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">4.</td><td>
    779. 

  779.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她懂了吗？</em></span></p>
    780. 

  780.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā dǒng le
    781. 

  781.                                             ma?</em></span></p>
    782. 

  782.                                     <p>Did he/she understand?</p>
    783. 

  783.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    784. 

  784.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她还没董。</em></span></p>
    785. 

  785.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā hái méi
    786. 

  786.                                             dǒng.</em></span></p>
    787. 

  787.                                     <p>He/she still hasn't understood.</p>
    788. 

  788.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">5.</td><td>
    789. 

  789.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她走了吗？</em></span></p>
    790. 

  790.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā zǒu le
    791. 

  791.                                             ma?</em></span></p>
    792. 

  792.                                     <p>Did he/she leave?</p>
    793. 

  793.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    794. 

  794.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她还没走。</em></span></p>
    795. 

  795.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā hái méi
    796. 

  796.                                             zǒu.</em></span></p>
    797. 

  797.                                     <p>He/she still hasn't left?</p>
    798. 

  798.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">6.</td><td>
    799. 

  799.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她听了吗？</em></span></p>
    800. 

  800.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā tīng le
    801. 

  801.                                             ma?</em></span></p>
    802. 

  802.                                     <p>Did he/she listen?</p>
    803. 

  803.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    804. 

  804.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她还没听。</em></span></p>
    805. 

  805.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā hái méi
    806. 

  806.                                             tīng.</em></span></p>
    807. 

  807.                                     <p>He/she still hasn't listened?</p>
    808. 

  808.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">7.</td><td>
    809. 

  809.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她学了吗？</em></span></p>
    810. 

  810.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xüé le
    811. 

  811.                                             ma?</em></span></p>
    812. 

  812.                                     <p>Did he/she learn?</p>
    813. 

  813.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    814. 

  814.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她还美学。</em></span></p>
    815. 

  815.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā hái méi
    816. 

  816.                                             xüé.</em></span></p>
    817. 

  817.                                     <p>He/she still hasn't learned.</p>
    818. 

  818.                                 </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="d0e69301"/> Response drill</h3></div></div></div><p/><div class="table"><a id="d0e69305"/><p class="title"><strong>Table 2.95. </strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="newCol3"/><col class="c3"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th style="background-color: #b3d9ff"/><th style="text-align: center">Question</th><th> </th><th style="text-align: center">Answer</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle"> 1. </td><td>
    819. 

  819.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前不会写中国字。现在呢？</em></span></p>
    820. 

  820.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián bú
    821. 

  821.                                             huì xiě Zhōngguó zì. Xiànzài ne?</em></span></p>
    822. 

  822.                                     <p>In the past he/she couldn't write Chinese characters. And
    823. 

  823.                                         now?</p>
    824. 

  824.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    825. 

  825.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她还不会写中国字。</em></span></p>
    826. 

  826.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā hái bú huì
    827. 

  827.                                             xiě Zhōngguó zì.</em></span></p>
    828. 

  828.                                     <p>He/she still can't write Chinese characters.</p>
    829. 

  829.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">2.</td><td>
    830. 

  830.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前不想学日文。现在呢？</em></span></p>
    831. 

  831.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián bù
    832. 

  832.                                             xiǎng xüé Rìwén. Xiànzài ne?</em></span></p>
    833. 

  833.                                     <p>In the past he/she didn't want to learn Japanese. And
    834. 

  834.                                         now?</p>
    835. 

  835.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    836. 

  836.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她还不想学日文。</em></span></p>
    837. 

  837.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā hái bù xiǎng
    838. 

  838.                                             xüé Rìwén.</em></span></p>
    839. 

  839.                                     <p>He/she still doesn't want to learn Japanese. </p>
    840. 

  840.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">3.</td><td>
    841. 

  841.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前不念历史。现在呢？</em></span></p>
    842. 

  842.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián bú
    843. 

  843.                                             niàn lìshǐ. Xiànzài ne?</em></span></p>
    844. 

  844.                                     <p>In the past he/she didn't learn history. And now?</p>
    845. 

  845.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    846. 

  846.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她还不念历史。</em></span></p>
    847. 

  847.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā hái bú niàn
    848. 

  848.                                             lìshǐ.</em></span></p>
    849. 

  849.                                     <p>He/she still doesn't learn history.</p>
    850. 

  850.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">4.</td><td>
    851. 

  851.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前不董法文。现在呢？</em></span></p>
    852. 

  852.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián bù
    853. 

  853.                                             dǒng Fàwén. Xiànzài ne?</em></span></p>
    854. 

  854.                                     <p>In the past he/she didn't understand French. And
    855. 

  855.                                         now?</p>
    856. 

  856.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    857. 

  857.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她还不董法文。</em></span></p>
    858. 

  858.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā hái bù dǒng
    859. 

  859.                                             Fàwén.</em></span></p>
    860. 

  860.                                     <p>He/she still doesn't understand French.</p>
    861. 

  861.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">5.</td><td>
    862. 

  862.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她们没有孩子。现在呢？</em></span></p>
    863. 

  863.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tāmen cóngqián
    864. 

  864.                                             méiyou háizi. Xiànzài ne?</em></span></p>
    865. 

  865.                                     <p>In the past he/she didn't have children. And now?</p>
    866. 

  866.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    867. 

  867.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她们还没有孩子。</em></span></p>
    868. 

  868.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tāmen hái méiyou
    869. 

  869.                                             háizi.</em></span></p>
    870. 

  870.                                     <p>He/she still doesn't have any children.</p>
    871. 

  871.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">6.</td><td>
    872. 

  872.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前不会说德国化。现在呢？</em></span></p>
    873. 

  873.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián bú
    874. 

  874.                                             huì shuō Déguó huà. Xiànzài ne?</em></span></p>
    875. 

  875.                                     <p>In the past he/she couldn't speak German. And now?</p>
    876. 

  876.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    877. 

  877.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她还不会说德国化。</em></span></p>
    878. 

  878.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā hái bú huì
    879. 

  879.                                             shuō Déguó huà.</em></span></p>
    880. 

  880.                                     <p>He/she still doesn't speak German.</p>
    881. 

  881.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">7.</td><td>
    882. 

  882.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前不想学英文。现在呢？</em></span></p>
    883. 

  883.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián bù
    884. 

  884.                                             xiǎng xüé Yīngwén. Xiànzài ne?</em></span></p>
    885. 

  885.                                     <p>In the past he/she didn't want to learn English. And
    886. 

  886.                                         now?</p>
    887. 

  887.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    888. 

  888.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她还不想学英文。</em></span></p>
    889. 

  889.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā hái bù xiǎng
    890. 

  890.                                             xüé Yīngwén.</em></span></p>
    891. 

  891.                                     <p>He/she still doesn't want to learn English.</p>
    892. 

  892.                                 </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="d0e69543"/> Response drill</h3></div></div></div><p/><div class="table"><a id="d0e69547"/><p class="title"><strong>Table 2.96. </strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="newCol3"/><col class="c3"/><col class="newCol5"/><col class="c4"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th style="background-color: #b3d9ff"/><th style="text-align: center">Question</th><th> </th><th style="text-align: center">Cue</th><th> </th><th style="text-align: center">Answer</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle"> 1. </td><td>
    893. 

  893.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前不会写中哦字。</em></span></p>
    894. 

  894.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián bú
    895. 

  895.                                             huì xiě Zhōngguó zì.</em></span></p>
    896. 

  896.                                     <p>In the past, he/she couldn't write Chinese
    897. 

  897.                                         characters.</p>
    898. 

  898.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    899. 

  899.                                     <p>now he/she can</p>
    900. 

  900.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    901. 

  901.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前不会写，现在会写了。</em></span></p>
    902. 

  902.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián bú
    903. 

  903.                                             huì xiě, xiànzài huì xiě le.</em></span></p>
    904. 

  904.                                     <p>In the past, he/she couldn't write, now he/she can.</p>
    905. 

  905.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">2.</td><td>
    906. 

  906.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前会写了。</em></span></p>
    907. 

  907.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián huì
    908. 

  908.                                             xiě Zhōngguó zì.</em></span></p>
    909. 

  909.                                     <p>In the past he/she could write Chinese characters</p>
    910. 

  910.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    911. 

  911.                                     <p>no longer</p>
    912. 

  912.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    913. 

  913.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前会写，现在不会写了。</em></span></p>
    914. 

  914.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián huì
    915. 

  915.                                             xiě, ziànzài bú huì xiě le.</em></span></p>
    916. 

  916.                                     <p>In the past he/she could write, now he/she can't.</p>
    917. 

  917.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">3.</td><td>
    918. 

  918.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前不会写中国字。</em></span></p>
    919. 

  919.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián bú
    920. 

  920.                                             huì xiě Zhōngguó zì.</em></span></p>
    921. 

  921.                                     <p>In the past he/she couldn't write Chinese
    922. 

  922.                                         characters.</p>
    923. 

  923.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    924. 

  924.                                     <p>still can't</p>
    925. 

  925.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    926. 

  926.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前不会写，现在还不会写。</em></span></p>
    927. 

  927.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián bú
    928. 

  928.                                             huì xiě, ziànzài hái bú huì xiě.</em></span></p>
    929. 

  929.                                     <p>In the past he/she couldn't write, now he/she still
    930. 

  930.                                         can't.</p>
    931. 

  931.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">4.</td><td>
    932. 

  932.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前不董法文。</em></span></p>
    933. 

  933.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián bù
    934. 

  934.                                             dǒng Fàwén.</em></span></p>
    935. 

  935.                                     <p>In the past he/she didn't understand French.</p>
    936. 

  936.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    937. 

  937.                                     <p>now he/she can</p>
    938. 

  938.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    939. 

  939.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前不董，现在董了。</em></span></p>
    940. 

  940.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián bù
    941. 

  941.                                             dǒng, xiànzài dǒng le.</em></span></p>
    942. 

  942.                                     <p>In the past he/she didn't understand, now he/she
    943. 

  943.                                         can.</p>
    944. 

  944.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">5.</td><td>
    945. 

  945.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前董法文。</em></span></p>
    946. 

  946.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián dǒng
    947. 

  947.                                             Fàwén.</em></span></p>
    948. 

  948.                                     <p>In the past he/she did understand French.</p>
    949. 

  949.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    950. 

  950.                                     <p>no longer</p>
    951. 

  951.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    952. 

  952.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前董，现在不董了。</em></span></p>
    953. 

  953.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián
    954. 

  954.                                             dǒng, xiànzài bù dǒng le.</em></span></p>
    955. 

  955.                                     <p>In the past he/she did understand, now he/she cannot
    956. 

  956.                                         anymore.</p>
    957. 

  957.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">6.</td><td>
    958. 

  958.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前不董法文。</em></span></p>
    959. 

  959.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián bù
    960. 

  960.                                             dǒng Fàwén.</em></span></p>
    961. 

  961.                                     <p>In the past he/she didn't understand French.</p>
    962. 

  962.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    963. 

  963.                                     <p>still can't</p>
    964. 

  964.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    965. 

  965.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前不董，现在还不董。</em></span></p>
    966. 

  966.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián bù
    967. 

  967.                                             dǒng, xiànzài hái bù dǒng.</em></span></p>
    968. 

  968.                                     <p>In the past he/she didn't understand, now he/she still
    969. 

  969.                                         can't.</p>
    970. 

  970.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">7.</td><td>
    971. 

  971.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前不想学英文。</em></span></p>
    972. 

  972.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián bù
    973. 

  973.                                             xiǎng xüé Yīngwén.</em></span></p>
    974. 

  974.                                     <p>In the past he/she didn't want to learn English.</p>
    975. 

  975.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    976. 

  976.                                     <p>now he/she does</p>
    977. 

  977.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    978. 

  978.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前不想学，现在想学了。</em></span></p>
    979. 

  979.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián bù
    980. 

  980.                                             xiǎng xüé, xiànzài xiǎng xüé le.</em></span></p>
    981. 

  981.                                     <p>In the past he/she didn't want to learn, now he/she wants
    982. 

  982.                                         to.</p>
    983. 

  983.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">8.</td><td>
    984. 

  984.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前想学英文。</em></span></p>
    985. 

  985.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián
    986. 

  986.                                             xiǎng xüé Yīngwén.</em></span></p>
    987. 

  987.                                     <p>In the past he/she did want to learn English.</p>
    988. 

  988.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    989. 

  989.                                     <p>no longer</p>
    990. 

  990.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    991. 

  991.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前想学，现在不想学了。</em></span></p>
    992. 

  992.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián
    993. 

  993.                                             xiǎng xüé, xiànzài bù xiǎng xüé
    994. 

  994.                                         le.</em></span></p>
    995. 

  995.                                     <p>In the past he/she did want to learn, now he/she doesn't
    996. 

  996.                                         want to anymore.</p>
    997. 

  997.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">9.</td><td>
    998. 

  998.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前不想学英文。</em></span></p>
    999. 

  999.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián bù
    1000. 

  1000.                                             xiǎng xüé Yīngwén.</em></span></p>
    1001. 

  1001.                                     <p>In the past he/she didn't want to learn English.</p>
    1002. 

  1002.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    1003. 

  1003.                                     <p>still doesn't</p>
    1004. 

  1004.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    1005. 

  1005.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前不想学，现在还不想学？。</em></span></p>
    1006. 

  1006.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián bù
    1007. 

  1007.                                             xiǎng xüé, xiànzài hái bù xiǎng
    1008. 

  1008.                                         xüé.</em></span></p>
    1009. 

  1009.                                     <p>In the past he/she didn't want to learn, now he/she still
    1010. 

  1010.                                         doesn't want to. </p>
    1011. 

  1011.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">10.</td><td>
    1012. 

  1012.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前不念历史。</em></span></p>
    1013. 

  1013.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián bú
    1014. 

  1014.                                             niàn lìshǐ.</em></span></p>
    1015. 

  1015.                                     <p>In the past he/she didn't study history.</p>
    1016. 

  1016.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    1017. 

  1017.                                     <p>now he/she does</p>
    1018. 

  1018.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    1019. 

  1019.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前不念，现在念了。</em></span></p>
    1020. 

  1020.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián bú
    1021. 

  1021.                                             niàn, xiànzài niàn le.</em></span></p>
    1022. 

  1022.                                     <p>In the past he/she didn't study, now she does
    1023. 

  1023.                                         study.</p>
    1024. 

  1024.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">11.</td><td>
    1025. 

  1025.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前念历史。</em></span></p>
    1026. 

  1026.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián niàn
    1027. 

  1027.                                             lìshǐ.</em></span></p>
    1028. 

  1028.                                     <p>In the past he/she did study history.</p>
    1029. 

  1029.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    1030. 

  1030.                                     <p>no longer</p>
    1031. 

  1031.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    1032. 

  1032.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前念，现在不念了。</em></span></p>
    1033. 

  1033.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián
    1034. 

  1034.                                             niàn, xiànzài bú niàn le.</em></span></p>
    1035. 

  1035.                                     <p>In the past he/she did study, now he/she doesn't
    1036. 

  1036.                                         anymore.</p>
    1037. 

  1037.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">12.</td><td>
    1038. 

  1038.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前不念历史。</em></span></p>
    1039. 

  1039.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián bú
    1040. 

  1040.                                             niàn lìshǐ.</em></span></p>
    1041. 

  1041.                                     <p>In the past he/she didn't study history.</p>
    1042. 

  1042.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    1043. 

  1043.                                     <p>still doesn't</p>
    1044. 

  1044.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    1045. 

  1045.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他/她从前不念，现在还不念。</em></span></p>
    1046. 

  1046.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā cóngqián bú
    1047. 

  1047.                                             niàn, xiànzài hái bú niàn.</em></span></p>
    1048. 

  1048.                                     <p>In the past he/she didn't study, now he/she still
    1049. 

  1049.                                         doesn't.</p>
    1050. 

  1050.                                 </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="d0e70016"/> Transformation drill</h3></div></div></div><p/><div class="table"><a id="d0e70020"/><p class="title"><strong>Table 2.97. </strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="newCol3"/><col class="c3"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th style="background-color: #b3d9ff"/><th style="text-align: center">Question</th><th> </th><th style="text-align: center">Answer</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle"> 1. </td><td>
    1051. 

  1051.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我写字了。</em></span></p>
    1052. 

  1052.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ xiě zì
    1053. 

  1053.                                             le.</em></span></p>
    1054. 

  1054.                                     <p>I wrote.</p>
    1055. 

  1055.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    1056. 

  1056.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我写字了，他/她没写字。</em></span></p>
    1057. 

  1057.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ xiě zì le, tā
    1058. 

  1058.                                             méi xiě zì.</em></span></p>
    1059. 

  1059.                                     <p>I wrote, he/she didn't write.</p>
    1060. 

  1060.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">2.</td><td>
    1061. 

  1061.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我懂了。</em></span></p>
    1062. 

  1062.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ dǒng
    1063. 

  1063.                                             le.</em></span></p>
    1064. 

  1064.                                     <p>I understood.</p>
    1065. 

  1065.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    1066. 

  1066.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我懂了，他/她没董。</em></span></p>
    1067. 

  1067.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ dǒng le, tā
    1068. 

  1068.                                             méi dǒng.</em></span></p>
    1069. 

  1069.                                     <p>I understood, he/she didn't.</p>
    1070. 

  1070.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">3.</td><td>
    1071. 

  1071.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我来了。</em></span></p>
    1072. 

  1072.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ lái
    1073. 

  1073.                                             le.</em></span></p>
    1074. 

  1074.                                     <p>I came.</p>
    1075. 

  1075.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    1076. 

  1076.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我来了，他/她没来。</em></span></p>
    1077. 

  1077.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ lái le, tā
    1078. 

  1078.                                             méi lái.</em></span></p>
    1079. 

  1079.                                     <p>I came, he/she didn't.</p>
    1080. 

  1080.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">4.</td><td>
    1081. 

  1081.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我走了。</em></span></p>
    1082. 

  1082.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ zǒu
    1083. 

  1083.                                             le.</em></span></p>
    1084. 

  1084.                                     <p>I left.</p>
    1085. 

  1085.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    1086. 

  1086.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我走了，她没走。</em></span></p>
    1087. 

  1087.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ zǒu le, tā
    1088. 

  1088.                                             méi zǒu.</em></span></p>
    1089. 

  1089.                                     <p>I left, he/she didn't.</p>
    1090. 

  1090.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">5.</td><td>
    1091. 

  1091.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我坐了。</em></span></p>
    1092. 

  1092.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ zuò
    1093. 

  1093.                                             le.</em></span></p>
    1094. 

  1094.                                     <p>I sat.</p>
    1095. 

  1095.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    1096. 

  1096.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我坐了，她没坐。</em></span></p>
    1097. 

  1097.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ zuò le, tā
    1098. 

  1098.                                             méi zuò.</em></span></p>
    1099. 

  1099.                                     <p>I sat, he/she didn't.</p>
    1100. 

  1100.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">6.</td><td>
    1101. 

  1101.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我听了。</em></span></p>
    1102. 

  1102.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ tīng
    1103. 

  1103.                                             le.</em></span></p>
    1104. 

  1104.                                     <p>I listened.</p>
    1105. 

  1105.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    1106. 

  1106.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我听了，他/她没听。</em></span></p>
    1107. 

  1107.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ tīng le, tā
    1108. 

  1108.                                             méi tīng.</em></span></p>
    1109. 

  1109.                                     <p>I listened, he/she didn't.</p>
    1110. 

  1110.                                 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center" valign="middle">7.</td><td>
    1111. 

  1111.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我学了。</em></span></p>
    1112. 

  1112.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ xüé
    1113. 

  1113.                                             le.</em></span></p>
    1114. 

  1114.                                     <p>I learned.</p>
    1115. 

  1115.                                 </td><td> </td><td>
    1116. 

  1116.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我学了，她没学。</em></span></p>
    1117. 

  1117.                                     <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ xüé le, tā
    1118. 

  1118.                                             méi xüé.</em></span></p>
    1119. 

  1119.                                     <p>I learned, he/she didn't.</p>
    1120. 

  1120.                                 </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div><div class="footnotes"><br/><hr/><div id="ftn.d0e66856" class="footnote"><p><a href="#d0e66856" class="para"><sup class="para">[8] </sup></a>Most of the time you can figure out from a verb's meaning the
    1121. 

  1121.                                 semantic category in which that verb belongs. However, process verbs
    1122. 

  1122.                                 may not be so predictable.</p></div></div></div></body></html>
    1123.