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  1. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?><!DOCTYPE html><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:epub="http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:pls="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon" xmlns:ssml="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis" xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><head><title>Unit 6</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="docbook-epub.css"/><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"/><link rel="prev" href="ch02s15.xhtml" title="Unit 5"/><link rel="next" href="ch02s17.xhtml" title="Unit 7"/></head><body><header/><section class="section" title="Unit 6" epub:type="subchapter" id="d0e50223"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">Unit 6</h2></div></div></div><p/><section class="section" title="Introduction" epub:type="division" id="d0e50227"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">Introduction</h3></div></div></div><p/><section class="section" title="Topics covered in this unit" epub:type="division" id="d0e50231"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Topics covered in this unit</h4></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>Duration phrases</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> for completion. </p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The "double <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>" construction. </p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span>. </p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>Action verbs.</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>State verbs.</p></li></ol></div></section><section class="section" title="Material you will need" epub:type="division" id="d0e50262"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Material you will need</h4></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes. </p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The 6D-1 tape.</p></li></ol></div></section></section><section class="section" title="References" epub:type="division" id="d0e50276"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">References</h3></div></div></div><p/><section class="section" title="Reference List" epub:type="division" id="d0e50280"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Reference List</h4></div></div></div><p/><div class="informaltable"><table style="border: none;"><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">1.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ zhù duó
    2. 

  2.                                         jiǔ?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你住多久？</em></span></td><td>How long are you staying?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ zhù
    3. 

  3.                                         yìnián.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我住一年。</em></span></td><td>I'm staying one year.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">2.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ tàitai zhù duó
    4. 

  4.                                         jiǔ?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你太太住多久？</em></span></td><td>How long is your wife staying?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Ta zhù
    5. 

  5.                                         liǎngtiān.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">她住两天。</em></span></td><td>She is staying two days.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">3.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ tàitai zài
    6. 

  6.                                         Xiānggǎng zhù duó jiǔ?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你太太在香港住多久？</em></span></td><td>How long is your wife staying in Hong Kong?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ xiǎng tā zhù
    7. 

  7.                                         liǎngtiān.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我想她住两天。</em></span></td><td>I think she is staying two days.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">4.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ xiǎng zhù duò
    8. 

  8.                                         jiǔ?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你想住多久？</em></span></td><td>How long are you thinking of staying?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ xiǎng zhù
    9. 

  9.                                         yìnián.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我想住一年。</em></span></td><td>I'm thinking of staying one year.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">5.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ xiǎng zài Táiwān
    10. 

  10.                                         zhù duó jiǔ?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你想在台湾住多久？</em></span></td><td>How long are you thinking of staying in Taiwan?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ xiǎng zhù báge
    11. 

  11.                                         yüè.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我想住八个月。</em></span></td><td>I'm thinking of staying eight months.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">6.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ péngyou xiǎng
    12. 

  12.                                         zhù duó jiǔ?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你朋友想住多久？</em></span></td><td>How long is your friend thinking of staying?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xiǎng zhù
    13. 

  13.                                         liǎngge xīngqī.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他想住两个星期。</em></span></td><td>He is thinking of staying two weeks.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">7.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ láile duó jiǔ
    14. 

  14.                                         le?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你来了多久了？</em></span></td><td>How long have you been there?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ láile sāntiān
    15. 

  15.                                         le.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我来了三天了。</em></span></td><td>I have been here three days.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">8.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ tàitai zài
    16. 

  16.                                         Xiānggǎng zhùle duó jiǔ?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你太太在香港住了多久？</em></span></td><td>How long did your wife stay in Hong Kong?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā zhùle
    17. 

  17.                                         liǎngtiān.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">她住了两天。</em></span></td><td>She stayed two days.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">9.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā lái le
    18. 

  18.                                         ma?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他来了吗？</em></span></td><td>Did he come?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Lái le, tā lái
    19. 

  19.                                         le.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">来了，他来了。</em></span></td><td>Yes, he came.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">10.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā lái le
    20. 

  20.                                         ma?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他来了吗？</em></span></td><td>Did he come?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Méi lái, tā méi
    21. 

  21.                                         lái.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">没来，　他没来。</em></span></td><td>No, he didn't come.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">11.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ cóngqián láiguo
    22. 

  22.                                         ma?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你从前来过吗？</em></span></td><td>Have you ever been here before?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ cóngqián méi
    23. 

  23.                                         láiguo.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我从前没来过。</em></span></td><td>I have never been here before.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></section><section class="section" title="Vocabulary" epub:type="division" id="d0e50628"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Vocabulary</h4></div></div></div><p/><div class="striped"><table style="border: none;"><colgroup><col class="col1"/><col class="col2"/><col class="col3"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">qù</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">去</em></span></td><td>to go</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Niǔ
    24. 

  24.                                         Yüē</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">纽约</em></span></td><td>New York</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">cóngqián</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">从前</em></span></td><td>before</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">duó
    25. 

  25.                                         jiǔ</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">多久</em></span></td><td>how long</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">—过</em></span></td><td>experiential marker</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiǎng</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">想</em></span></td><td>to think that, to want to, would you like to</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Xiānggǎng</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">香港</em></span></td><td>Hong Kong</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xīngqī</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">星期</em></span></td><td>week</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zhù
    26. 

  26.                                     </em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">住</em></span></td><td>to live somewhere</td></tr></tbody></table></div></section><section class="section" title="Reference Notes" epub:type="division" id="d0e50720"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Reference Notes</h4></div></div></div><p/><section class="section" title="Notes on №1" epub:type="division" id="d0e50724"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">Notes on №1</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border: none;"><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">1.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ zhù duó
    27. 

  27.                                             jiǔ?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你住多久？</em></span></td><td>How long are you staying?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ zhù
    28. 

  28.                                             yìnián.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我住一年。</em></span></td><td>I'm staying one year.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Expressions like <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">duó
    29. 

  29.                             jiǔ</em></span>, "how long," and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yìnián</em></span> "one year," called
    30. 

  30.                         duration phrases, come after the verb. </p><div class="note" title="Note" epub:type="notice"><table style="border: 0; "><tr><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; width: 25px; " rowspan="2"><img alt="[Note]" src="file:/home/eric/bin/Xml/Oxygen%20XML%20Editor%2021/frameworks/docbook/css/img/note.png"/></td><th style="text-align: left; ">Note</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top; "><p>"One day" is <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yìtiān</em></span>. The tone on <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yī</em></span> changes to Falling
    31. 

  31.                                 before a High-tone.</p></td></tr></table></div><p>Notice the contrast with time-when phrases, like <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">shénme shíhou,</em></span> "when," and
    32. 

  32.                             <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jīnnián</em></span> "this
    33. 

  33.                         year," which come before the verb.</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="c3"/><col class="c4"/><col class="c5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>If a duration phrase is used with the verb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zhù</em></span>, this phrase preempts the
    34. 

  34.                         position after the verb; and any place phrase, like <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zài Běijīng</em></span>, must come before
    35. 

  35.                         the verb.</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="c3"/><col class="c4"/><col class="c5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Yìnián</em></span>: In
    36. 

  36.                         telling how many years (giving an amount) no counter is used. The tone on
    37. 

  37.                             <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yī</em></span>, "one,"
    38. 

  38.                         changes to Falling before a Rising tone.</p></section><section class="section" title="Notes on №2" epub:type="division" id="d0e50839"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">Notes on №2</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border: none;"><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">2.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ tàitai zhù
    39. 

  39.                                             duó jiǔ?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你太太住多久？</em></span></td><td>How long is your wife staying?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Ta zhù
    40. 

  40.                                             liǎngtiān.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">她住两天。</em></span></td><td>She is staying two days.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Liǎngtiān</em></span>:
    41. 

  41.                             <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-tiān</em></span>, "day,"
    42. 

  42.                         like <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-nián</em></span>,
    43. 

  43.                         "year," is used without a counter. When telling how many of something, the
    44. 

  44.                         number 2 takes the form <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">liǎng</em></span>. (See Unit 3, notes on Nos. 3-4.)</p></section><section class="section" title="Notes on №3-4" epub:type="division" id="d0e50888"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">Notes on №3-4</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border: none;"><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">3.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ tàitai zài
    45. 

  45.                                             Xiānggǎng zhù duó jiǔ?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你太太在香港住多久？</em></span></td><td>How long is your wife staying in Hong Kong?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ xiǎng tā zhù
    46. 

  46.                                             liǎngtiān.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我想她住两天。</em></span></td><td>I think she is staying two days.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">4.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ xiǎng zhù
    47. 

  47.                                             duò jiǔ?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你想住多久？</em></span></td><td>How long are you thinking of staying?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ xiǎng zhù
    48. 

  48.                                             yìnián.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我想住一年。</em></span></td><td>I'm thinking of staying one year.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The verb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiǎng</em></span>,
    49. 

  49.                         "to think that," "to want to," "would like to," may be used as a main verb
    50. 

  50.                         or as an auxiliary verb. As a main verb it means "to think that." It is used
    51. 

  51.                         this way in the answer of exchange 3 and in the following examples. </p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">I think he is coming tomorrow. </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td>I think he is not going. </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>When <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiǎng</em></span> is
    52. 

  52.                         used as a main verb meaning "to think that," it is not made negative. This
    53. 

  53.                         may be a special problem for English speakers who are used to saying "I
    54. 

  54.                         don't think he is going." </p><p>In Chinese, it is: "I think he is <span class="bold"><strong>not
    55. 

  55.                             going</strong></span>" <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ xiǎng tā
    56. 

  56.                             bú qù.</em></span></p><p>When <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiǎng</em></span> is
    57. 

  57.                         used as an auxiliary verb, it means, "to want to," "would like to." It is
    58. 

  58.                         used this way in exchange 4, which could also be translated as, "How long
    59. 

  59.                         would you like to stay?" </p><p>Here are other examples: </p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ xiǎng
    60. 

  60.                                                 zǒu ma?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Would you like to leave? OR Do you want to
    61. 

  61.                                             go?</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ bù xiǎng
    62. 

  62.                                                 zǒu.</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">I don't want to leave. </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ xiǎng
    63. 

  63.                                                 zài Táiběi gōngzuò ma?</em></span></td><td>
    64. 

  64.                                             <p>Do you want to work in Taipei?</p>
    65. 

  65.                                         </td></tr></tbody></table></div></section><section class="section" title="Notes on №5-6" epub:type="division" id="d0e51018"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">Notes on №5-6</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border: none;"><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">5.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ xiǎng zài
    66. 

  66.                                             Táiwān zhù duó jiǔ?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你想在台湾住多久？</em></span></td><td>How long are you thinking of staying in Taiwan?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ xiǎng zhù
    67. 

  67.                                             báge yüè.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我想住八个月。</em></span></td><td>I'm thinking of staying eight months.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">6.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ péngyou
    68. 

  68.                                             xiǎng zhù duó jiǔ?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你朋友想住多久？</em></span></td><td>How long is your friend thinking of staying?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xiǎng zhù
    69. 

  69.                                             liǎngge xīngqī.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他想住两个星期。</em></span></td><td>He is thinking of staying two weeks.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>You already know that <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yìnián</em></span> and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yìtiān</em></span> are used without counters. The words for "month"
    70. 

  70.                         and "week," however, are used with counters.</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Compare</strong></span>:</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">sāntiān</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">3 days</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">sānnián</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">3 years</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">sānge
    71. 

  71.                                                 xīngqī</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">3 weeks</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">sānge
    72. 

  72.                                                 yüè</em></span></td><td>3 months</td></tr></tbody></table></div></section><section class="section" title="Notes on №7" epub:type="division" id="d0e51126"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">Notes on №7</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border: none;"><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">7.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ láile duó
    73. 

  73.                                             jiǔ le?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你来了多久了？</em></span></td><td>How long have you been there?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ láile
    74. 

  74.                                             sāntiān le.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我来了三天了。</em></span></td><td>I have been here three days.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le...le</em></span>, "up
    75. 

  75.                         until now," "so far": The use of completed-action le after the verb and of
    76. 

  76.                         new-situation <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>
    77. 

  77.                         after the duration phrase tells you how long the activity has been going on
    78. 

  78.                         and that it is still going on. The answer could also have been translated "I
    79. 

  79.                         have been here three days so far." This pattern is sometimes called "double
    80. 

  80.                             <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>." </p><p>Notice that when <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> is in the middle of a sentence (in this case,
    81. 

  81.                         because it is followed by a duration phrase), we write it attached to the
    82. 

  82.                         verb before it: <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">láile duó jiǔ
    83. 

  83.                             le.</em></span></p></section><section class="section" title="Notes on №8" epub:type="division" id="d0e51179"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">Notes on №8</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border: none;"><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">8.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ tàitai zài
    84. 

  84.                                             Xiānggǎng zhùle duó jiǔ?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你太太在香港住了多久？</em></span></td><td>How long did your wife stay in Hong Kong?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā zhùle
    85. 

  85.                                             liǎngtiān.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">她住了两天。</em></span></td><td>She stayed two days.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Completion <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>:</strong></span> Here you see the marker le used to
    86. 

  86.                         indicate one aspect, completion. Compare a sentence with one le to a
    87. 

  87.                         sentence with two <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>'s: </p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border: none;"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ zài nàr
    88. 

  88.                                                 zhùle sāntiān.</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">I stayed there three days.</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ zài nàr
    89. 

  89.                                                 zhùle sāntiān le.</em></span></td><td>I have been here (stayed here) for three days now (so
    90. 

  90.                                             far). </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Completion <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> is
    91. 

  91.                         used with verbs that describe actions or processes, not with verbs that
    92. 

  92.                         describe a state or condition, or a continuing situation. The following
    93. 

  93.                         sentences, describing states or ongoing situations, have past-tense verbs in
    94. 

  94.                         English but no <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>
    95. 

  95.                         in Chinese. </p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border: none;"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nèige
    96. 

  96.                                                 shíhou tāmen zhǐ yǒu liǎnge
    97. 

  97.                                             háizi.</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">At that time they had only two children. </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā qǜnián
    98. 

  98.                                                 bú zài Shànghǎi, zài
    99. 

  99.                                             Běijīng.</em></span></td><td> He wasn't in <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Shànghǎi</em></span>
    100. 

  100.                                             last year; he was in <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Běijīng</em></span>.
    101. 

  101.                                         </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Verb types in Chinese:</strong></span> In studying some
    102. 

  102.                         languages, it is important to learn whether a noun is masculine, feminine,
    103. 

  103.                         or neuter. In Chinese, it is important to learn whether a verb is an action,
    104. 

  104.                         state, or process verb. These three verb categories are meaning (semantic)
    105. 

  105.                         groups. A verb is a member of one group or another depending on the meaning
    106. 

  106.                         of the verb. For instance, "running" and "dancing" are actions; "being good"
    107. 

  107.                         and "being beautiful" are states; and "getting sick" and "melting" are
    108. 

  108.                         processes. In Chinese, grammatical rules are applied differently to each
    109. 

  109.                         semantic verb category. For the most part, you have learned only action and
    110. 

  110.                         state verbs in this course; so these comments will be confined to those two
    111. 

  111.                         verb categories. (See Unit 8 of this module for process verbs,)</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Action verbs:</strong></span> These are verbs which
    112. 

  112.                         describe physical and mental activities. The easiest to classify are verbs
    113. 

  113.                         of movement such as "walking," "running," and "riding", however, action
    114. 

  114.                         verbs also include verbs with not too much motion, such as "working" and
    115. 

  115.                         "writing," and verbs with no apparent motion, such as "studying." One test
    116. 

  116.                         for determining if a verb is an action is asking "What did he do?" "He
    117. 

  117.                         arrived," "He spoke," and ’"He listened" are answers which contain action
    118. 

  118.                         verbs. "He knew" "He wanted" and "He is here" are answers which contain
    119. 

  119.                         state verbs, not action verbs. Some of the action verbs you have learned
    120. 

  120.                         are: </p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">dào</em></span> (to arrive)</td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span> (to come)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">gōngzuò</em></span> (to work)</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zhù</em></span> (to live, to stay)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>State verbs:</strong></span> These verbs describe
    121. 

  121.                         qualities, conditions, and states. All adjectival verbs, such as
    122. 

  122.                             <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hǎo</em></span> "to be
    123. 

  123.                         good," and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jiǔ</em></span>,
    124. 

  124.                         "to be long (in time)," are state verbs. Emotions, such as "being happy" and
    125. 

  125.                         "being sad," are expressed with state verbs. "Knowing," "liking," "wanting,"
    126. 

  126.                         and "understanding," which may be called mental states, are also expressed
    127. 

  127.                         with state verbs. Also, all auxiliary verbs, such as <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiǎng</em></span>, "to want to," "would
    128. 

  128.                         like to," are state verbs. Here are some of the state verbs: </p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">dà</em></span> to be large</td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">shì</em></span> to be</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">duì</em></span> to be correct</td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jiào</em></span> to be called</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xìng</em></span> to be surnamed</td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zài</em></span> to be at</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiǎng</em></span> to want to</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zhīdào</em></span> to know</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Aspect and verb types:</strong></span> Not every aspect
    129. 

  129.                         marker in Chinese may be used with all typs8 of verbs. Completion
    130. 

  130.                             <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> does not
    131. 

  131.                         occur with state verbs. It does occur with action verbs.</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="c3"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; " rowspan="3">ACTION</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā yǐjīng
    132. 

  132.                                                 dào le.</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He has already arrived.</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā
    133. 

  133.                                                 gōngzuòle yìnián.</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He worked one year.</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā lái le
    134. 

  134.                                                 ma?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Did he come?</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; " colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-right: 1px solid ; " rowspan="3">STATE</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā qǜnián
    135. 

  135.                                                 bú zài zhèr.</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He wasn't here last year.</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā zuótiān
    136. 

  136.                                                 xiǎng qù.</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Yesterday he wanted to go.</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā zuótiān
    137. 

  137.                                                 bú zhīdào.</em></span></td><td>He didn't know yesterday.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></section><section class="section" title="Notes on №9-10" epub:type="division" id="d0e51413"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">Notes on №9-10</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border: none;"><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">9.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā lái le
    138. 

  138.                                             ma?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他来了吗？</em></span></td><td>Did he come?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Lái le, tā lái
    139. 

  139.                                             le.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">来了，他来了。</em></span></td><td>Yes, he came.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">10.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā lái le
    140. 

  140.                                             ma?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他来了吗？</em></span></td><td>Did he come?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Méi lái, tā méi
    141. 

  141.                                             lái.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">没来，　他没来。</em></span></td><td>No, he didn't come.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p/><p>Compare the two possible interpretations of the question <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā lái le ma?</em></span> and the answers
    142. 

  142.                         they receive:</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border: none;"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="c3"/><col class="c4"/><col class="c5"/><col class="c6"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; " colspan="6">Completion
    143. 

  143.                                                 <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>
    144. 

  144.                                         </th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">ma?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Did she come?</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">She came.</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td>She didn't come.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="c3"/><col class="c4"/><col class="c5"/><col class="newCol6"/><col class="c6"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; " colspan="7">Combined
    145. 

  145.                                                 <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">ma?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Has he come?</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">She has come. OR She's here.</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hái</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td>She hasn't come yet.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The first question, with completion <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>, asks only if the action
    146. 

  146.                         took place. The second question, with combined <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> asks both whether the
    147. 

  147.                         action has been completed and whether the resulting new situation still
    148. 

  148.                         exists.</p></section><section class="section" title="Notes on №11" epub:type="division" id="d0e51619"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">Notes on №11</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border: none;"><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">11.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ cóngqián
    149. 

  149.                                             láiguo ma?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你从前来过吗？</em></span></td><td>Have you ever been here before?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ cóngqián méi
    150. 

  150.                                             láiguo.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我从前没来过。</em></span></td><td>I have never been here before.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The aspect marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> means literally "to pass over," "to cross over.
    151. 

  151.                         The implication is that an event took place and then ceased at some time in
    152. 

  152.                         the past.</p><p>It may help you to conceptualize <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> in terms of a bridge. The whole bridge is the
    153. 

  153.                         event. The marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> stresses the fact that not only have you crossed
    154. 

  154.                         over the bridge but at present you are no longer standing on it. </p><p>The meaning of <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> changes slightly depending on what type of verb it
    155. 

  155.                         is used with: action or process, (<span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> may not be used with state verbs.) With an action
    156. 

  156.                         verb, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> means
    157. 

  157.                         that the action took place and then ceased at some time before the present.
    158. 

  158.                         With a process verb, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> means that the process took place and that the
    159. 

  159.                         state which resulted from the process ended at some time before the present. </p><p>Remember that aspect markers like <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> are used only when the
    160. 

  160.                         speaker feels it necessary to stress some feature or aspect of an event. Le
    161. 

  161.                         is used to stress finishing, or completion, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> is used to stress that a
    162. 

  162.                         situation occurred in the past and was "over or "undone," before the time of
    163. 

  163.                         speaking (that is, the absence of that situation followed the situation). </p><p>Let's contrast <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> with completion <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>: both <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> express completion, but
    164. 

  164.                             <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> stresses
    165. 

  165.                         that an action is no longer being performed, or that a state resulting from
    166. 

  166.                         a process no longer exists. </p><p>For example, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā lái
    167. 

  167.                             le.</em></span> means "He came," or "He has come," not indicating
    168. 

  168.                         whether or not he is still there. </p><p>But <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā láiguo</em></span>
    169. 

  169.                         means "He came" with the specification that he is not there anymore –that
    170. 

  170.                         is, he came and left.</p><p>One of the uses of the aspect marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span>,is in sentences which
    171. 

  171.                         express experience or having experienced something at least once in the
    172. 

  172.                         past, that is, "to have had the experience of doing something." This is how
    173. 

  173.                             <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> is used
    174. 

  174.                         in exchange 11. In a question, the marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> can he reflected by the
    175. 

  175.                         English word "ever," and in a negative statement by "never."</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="c3"/><col class="c4"/><col class="c5"/><col class="c6"/><col class="c7"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">cóngqiān</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">ma?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Have you <span class="bold"><strong>ever</strong></span> been
    176. 

  176.                                             (come) here before?</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">cóngqián</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">I have <span class="bold"><strong>never</strong></span> been
    177. 

  177.                                             (come) here before.</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">cóngqián</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td>I have been (come) here before</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The negative of <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā lái
    178. 

  178.                             le.</em></span> does not include a <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>, but the negative of
    179. 

  179.                             <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā láiguo.</em></span>
    180. 

  180.                         does have a <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> .
    181. 

  181.                         The negative adverb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span> is used to negate both completion <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span>.</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border: none;"><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="c1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c2"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c3"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c4"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le.</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; "> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border: none;"><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="c1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c2"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c3"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c4"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo.</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Ta</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo.</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></section></section></section><section class="section" title="Drills" epub:type="division" id="d0e51886"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">Drills</h3></div></div></div><p/></section><section class="section" title="Criterion test" epub:type="division" id="d0e51891"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">Criterion test</h3></div></div></div><p/></section><section class="section" title="Appendices" epub:type="division" id="d0e51896"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">Appendices</h3></div></div></div><p/><section class="section" title="Appendix" epub:type="division" id="d0e51900"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p/></section><section class="section" title="Appendix" epub:type="division" id="d0e51904"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p/></section><section class="section" title="Appendix" epub:type="division" id="d0e51908"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p/></section><section class="section" title="Appendix" epub:type="division" id="d0e51912"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p/></section><section class="section" title="Appendix" epub:type="division" id="d0e51916"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p/></section></section></section><footer/></body></html>
    182.