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							<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?><!DOCTYPE html><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:epub="http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:pls="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon" xmlns:ssml="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis" xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><head><title>Unit 7</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="docbook-epub.css"/><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"/><link rel="prev" href="ch02s16.xhtml" title="Unit 6"/><link rel="next" href="ch02s18.xhtml" title="Unit 8"/></head><body><header/><section class="section" title="Unit 7" epub:type="subchapter" id="d0e51921"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">Unit 7</h2></div></div></div><p/><section class="section" title="Introduction" epub:type="division" id="d0e51925"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">Introduction</h3></div></div></div><p/><section class="section" title="Topics covered in this unit" epub:type="division" id="d0e51929"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Topics covered in this unit</h4></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>Topics Covered In This Unit</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>Where someone works.</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>Where and what someone has studied.</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>What languages someone can speak.</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>Auxiliary verbs.</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>General objects.</p></li></ol></div></section><section class="section" title="Material you will need" epub:type="division" id="d0e51951"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Material you will need</h4></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes,</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The TD-1 tape.</p></li></ol></div></section></section><section class="section" title="References" epub:type="division" id="d0e51965"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">References</h3></div></div></div><p/><section class="section" title="Reference List" epub:type="division" id="d0e51969"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Reference List</h4></div></div></div><p/><div class="informaltable"><table style="border: none;"><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">1.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐn zài náli
                                        gōngzuò?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">您在哪里工作？</em></span></td><td>Where do you work?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ zài Měiguó
                                        Guówùyàn gōngzuò.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我在美国国务院工作。</em></span></td><td>I work with the State Department.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">2.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐn zài náli
                                        gōngzuò?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">您在哪里工作？</em></span></td><td>Where do you work?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ shì
                                        xüésheng.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我是学生。</em></span></td><td>I'm a student.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">3.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐn lái zuò
                                        shénme?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">您来做什么？</em></span></td><td>What did you come here to do?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ lái niàn
                                        shū.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我来念书。</em></span></td><td>I came here to study.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">4.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Òu, wǒ yě shì
                                        xüésheng.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">哦，我也是学生。</em></span></td><td>Oh, I'm a student too.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Qǐngwèn, nǐ niàn
                                        shénme?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">请问，你念什么？</em></span></td><td>May I ask, what are you studying?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ niàn
                                        lìshǐ.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我念历史。</em></span></td><td>I'm studying history.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">5.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Kē xiānsheng, nǐ
                                        niàn shénme?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">可先生，你念什么？</em></span></td><td>What are you studying, Mr. Cook?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ zài zhèli xüé
                                        zhōngwén.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我在这里学中文。</em></span></td><td>I'm studying Chinese here.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">6.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Qǐngwèn, nǐ xüéguo
                                        Yīngwén ma?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">请问，你学过英文吗？</em></span></td><td>May I ask, have you ever studied English?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Xüéguo</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">学过。</em></span></td><td>Yes.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">7.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Qǐngwèn, nǐ huì
                                        shuō Yīngwén ma?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">请问，你会说英文吗？</em></span></td><td>May I ask, can you speak English?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ huì shuō
                                        yìdiǎn.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我会说一点。</em></span></td><td>I can speak a little.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">8.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ tàitai yě huì
                                        shuō Zhōngguó huà ma?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你太太也会说中国话吗？</em></span></td><td>Can your wife speak Chinese too?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Bú huì, tā bú huì
                                        shuō.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">不会，她不会说。</em></span></td><td>No, she can't.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">9.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐde Zhōngguó huà
                                        hěn hǎo.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你的中国话很好。</em></span></td><td>Your Chinese is very good.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Náli, náli. wǒ jiù
                                        shuō yìdiǎn.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">哪里，哪里。我就说一点。</em></span></td><td>Not at all, not at all. I can speak only a little.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">10.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ shì zài náli
                                        xüéde?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你是在哪里学的？</em></span></td><td>Where did you study it?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ shì zài
                                        Huáshèngdùn xüéde.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我是在华盛顿学的。</em></span></td><td>I studied it in Washington.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">11.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ shì zài dàxüé
                                        xüéde Yīngwén ma?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你是在大学学的英文吗？</em></span></td><td>Did you study English at college?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Shìde, wǒ shì zài
                                        Táiwān Dàxüé xüéde Yīngwén.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">是的，我是在台湾大学学的英文。</em></span></td><td>Yes, I studied English at Taiwan University.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></section><section class="section" title="Vocabulary" epub:type="division" id="d0e52329"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Vocabulary</h4></div></div></div><p/><div class="striped"><table style="border: none;"><colgroup><col class="col1"/><col class="col2"/><col class="col3"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jīngxüé</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">经学</em></span></td><td>classics</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Rìwén</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">日文</em></span></td><td>Japanese language</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">wénxüé</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">文学</em></span></td><td>literature</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zhènzhixüé</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">政治学</em></span></td><td>political science</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">nán</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">难</em></span></td><td>to be difficult</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">róngyi</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">容易</em></span></td><td>to be easy</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xüéxí
                                        (xüéxi)</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">学习</em></span></td><td>to study, to learn</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">daxüé</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">大学</em></span></td><td>university</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">huà</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">话</em></span></td><td>language, words</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">huàshèngdùn</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">华盛顿</em></span></td><td>Washington</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">huì</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">会</em></span></td><td>to know how to, to can</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jīngjixüé</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">经济学</em></span></td><td>economics</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lìshǐ</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">历史</em></span></td><td>history</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Měiguó
                                        Guówùyüàn</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">美国国务院</em></span></td><td>U.S. Department of State</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">nán</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">难</em></span></td><td>to be difficult</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">niàn
                                        (shū)</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">念书</em></span></td><td>to study</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Rìwén</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">日文</em></span></td><td>Japanese language</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">shuō
                                        (huà)</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">说话</em></span></td><td>to speak, to talk</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xüé</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">学</em></span></td><td>to study</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xüéshēng
                                        (xüésheng)</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">学生</em></span></td><td>student</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xüéxí
                                        (xüéxi)</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">学习</em></span></td><td>to study, to learn (PRC)</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yìdiǎn</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">一点</em></span></td><td>a little</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Yīngwén</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">英文</em></span></td><td>English</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zhènzhixüé</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">政治学</em></span></td><td>political science</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Zhōngwén</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">中文</em></span></td><td>Chinese</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zuò</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">做</em></span></td><td>to do</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">shénme
                                        dìfang</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">什么地方</em></span></td><td>where, what place</td></tr></tbody></table></div></section><section class="section" title="Reference Notes" epub:type="division" id="d0e52583"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Reference Notes</h4></div></div></div><p/><section class="section" title="Notes on №1-2" epub:type="division" id="d0e52587"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">Notes on №1-2</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border: none;"><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">1.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐn zài náli
                                            gōngzuò?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">您在哪里工作？</em></span></td><td>Where do you work?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ zài Měiguó
                                            Guówùyüàn gōngzuò.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我在美国国务院工作。</em></span></td><td>I work with the State Department.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">2.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐn zài náli
                                            gōngzuò?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">您在哪里工作？</em></span></td><td>Where do you work?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ shì
                                            xüésheng.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我是学生。</em></span></td><td>I'm a student.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Zài Měiguó Guówùyüàn
                            gōngzuò</em></span> means either "work at the State Department"
                        (i.e., at main State in Washington, D,C.) or "work in the organisation of
                        the State Department" (no matter where assigned). Here the expression is
                        translated loosely as "work with the State Department," meaning "in the
                        organization.</p></section><section class="section" title="Notes on №3-4" epub:type="division" id="d0e52658"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">Notes on №3-4</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border: none;"><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">3.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐn lái zuò
                                            shénme?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">您来做什么？</em></span></td><td>What did you come here to do?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ lái niàn
                                            shū.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我来念书。</em></span></td><td>I came here to study.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">4.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Òu, wǒ yě shì
                                            xüésheng.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">哦，我也是学生。</em></span></td><td>Oh, I'm a student too.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Qǐngwèn, nǐ
                                            niàn shénme?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">请问，你念什么？</em></span></td><td>May I ask, what are you studying?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ niàn
                                            lìshǐ.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我念历史。</em></span></td><td>I'm studying history.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Purpose:</strong></span> When <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span>, "to come," is followed
                        by another verb, the second verb expresses the purpose of the subject's
                        coming. The "purpose of coming" may be emphasized by the <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">shì...de</em></span> construction, with
                        the marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">shì</em></span>
                        before the verb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span>:</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border: none;"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ shì lái
                                                nián shūde.</em></span></td><td>I came to study.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p> </p><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Niàn shū</em></span>:
                            <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Niàn</em></span> by itself
                        means "to read aloud." When followed by an object, the expression means "to
                        study." <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Shū</em></span> is
                        "book(s)," but <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">niàn
                            shū</em></span> simply means "to study." <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Shū</em></span> is used as a general
                        object, standing for whatever is being studied.</p><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Niàn lìshǐ</em></span>: When
                        you are talking about studying a particular subject, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">niàn</em></span> is followed by the name
                        of that subject rather than by the general object <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">shū</em></span>.</p><p>To have the meaning "to study," <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">niàn</em></span> must be followed by either the general object
                            <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">shū</em></span> or a
                        specific object such as the name of a subject.</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Verb types:</strong></span>
                        <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Zuò</em></span>, "to do," and
                            <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">niàn (shū)</em></span>,
                        "to study," are action verbs. Both are made negative with bu when referring
                        to actions not yet finished Both may take completion <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>_or its negative
                            <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span>.</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā bú niàn
                                                shū.</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He doesn't study.</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā méi niàn
                                                shū.</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He didn't study.</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā yǐjǐng
                                                niàn shù le.</em></span></td><td>He has already studied.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></section><section class="section" title="Notes on №5-6" epub:type="division" id="d0e52839"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">Notes on №5-6</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border: none;"><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">5.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Kē xiānsheng,
                                            nǐ niàn shénme?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">可先生，你念什么？</em></span></td><td>What are you studying, Mr. Cook?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ zài zhèli
                                            xüé zhōngwén.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我在这里学中文。</em></span></td><td>I'm studying Chinese here.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">6.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Qǐngwèn, nǐ
                                            xüéguo Yīngwén ma?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">请问，你学过英文吗？</em></span></td><td>May I ask, have you ever studied English?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Xüéguo</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">学过。</em></span></td><td>Yes.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Xüé</em></span>, "to study"
                        （an action verb): You will recognize <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xüé</em></span> from the word for
                        "student," <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xüésheng</em></span>. <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Xüé</em></span> may refer to acquiring either knowledge or a skill.
                        For example, you can <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xüé</em></span> history, economics, a language, piano， and tennis.
                        On the other hand, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">niàn</em></span> is used for "study" in the sense of taking a
                        course or courses in a field of knowledge. <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Niàn</em></span> is not used for a
                        skill.</p><p>In some contexts, the verb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xüé</em></span> means "to learn." The following sentence may be
                        interpreted two ways, depending on the situation.</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border: none;"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: middle; border-right: 1px solid ; " rowspan="3"><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ zài Měiguó yǐjīng
                                                xüéguo.</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">I learned it in America.(e.g., how to use
                                            chopsticks)</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">OR</td></tr><tr><td>
                                            <p>I studied it in America.</p>
                                            <p>(e.g., the Chinese language)</p>
                                        </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Zhōngwén</em></span> is used
                        for either the Chinese spoken language or the written language， including
                        literature. In general, use <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xüé</em></span> for "learning" to speak Chinese and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">niàn</em></span> for "studying’ Chinese
                        literature.</p></section><section class="section" title="Notes on №7-8" epub:type="division" id="d0e52966"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">Notes on №7-8</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border: none;"><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">7.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Qǐngwèn, nǐ huì
                                            shuō Yīngwén ma?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">请问，你会说英文吗？</em></span></td><td>May I ask, can you speak English?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ huì shuō
                                            yìdiǎn.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我会说一点。</em></span></td><td>I can speak a little.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">8.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ tàitai yě
                                            huì shuō Zhōngguó huà ma?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你太太也会说中国话吗？</em></span></td><td>Can tour wife speak Chinese too?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Bú huì, tā bú
                                            huì shuō.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">不会，她不会说。</em></span></td><td>No, she can't.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Huì</em></span>, "to know
                        how to," "can," is an auxiliary verb. It is used before the main verb to
                        express an attitude toward the action or to express the potential of action.
                            <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Xiǎng</em></span>, "to
                        want to," "would like to," is also an auxiliary verb. "Should," "must," and
                        "may" are other examples of auxiliary verbs. All auxiliary verbs in Chinese
                        are state verbs, which means that <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">bù</em></span> is always used to make them negative. Auxiliary
                        verbs never take the aspect marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> for completed action, regardless of whether you are
                        talking about past, present, or future.</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā qǜnián
                                                bú huì shuō Yīngwén.</em></span></td><td>He couldn’t speak English last year.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>When the marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> is used, it is the aspect marker for new situations.</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā qǜnián
                                                bú huì shuō Yīngwén, xiànzài huì
                                            le,</em></span></td><td>
                                            <p> Last year he couldn’t speak English, but now he
                                                can.</p>
                                        </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ huì shuō
                            yìdiǎn</em></span>, "工 can speak a little": The word <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yìdiǎn</em></span>, literally "a dot,"
                        functions as a noun. It is used in a sentence to mean "a little bit" where a
                        noun object, such as <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Yīngwén</em></span>, "English," might be used.</p><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Yìdiǎn</em></span> may not
                        be used directly after an auxiliary verb, which must be followed by another
                        verb.</p><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Shuō</em></span>, "to
                        speak," "to talk," is another example of a verb which must always have an
                        object. <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Shuō</em></span> must
                        be followed by either:</p><div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>the general object <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">huà</em></span>, "words," in which case the meaning of
                                    <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">shuō
                                    huà</em></span> is simply "to speak," "to talk," as
                                    in:</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border: none;"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā
                                                  hái méi shuō huà.</em></span></td><td>He hasn't yet spoken.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>OR</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>a specific object such as the name of a language.</p></li></ol></div><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Bú huì</em></span>: The
                        short yes/no answer to a question containing the auxiliary verb
                            <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">huì</em></span> is formed
                        with <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">huì</em></span> rather
                        than with the main verb.</p><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Zhōngguó huà</em></span>:
                        This expression refers only to the spoken language, in contrast to
                            <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Zhōngwén</em></span>,
                        which refers to both the spoken and written language.</p></section><section class="section" title="Notes on №9" epub:type="division" id="d0e53140"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">Notes on №9</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border: none;"><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">9.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐde Zhōngguó
                                            huà hěn hǎo.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你的中国话很好。</em></span></td><td>Your Chinese is very good.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Náli, náli. wǒ
                                            jiù shuō yìdiǎn.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">哪里，哪里。我就说一点。</em></span></td><td>Not at all, not at all. I can speak only a
                                        little.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Literally, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">náli</em></span>
                        means "where." As a reply to a compliment, we have translated <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">náli</em></span> as "not at all." In
                        China, it has traditionally been considered proper and a matter of course to
                        deny any compliment received, no matter how much truth there is to it. Many
                        people still regard <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xièxie</em></span> "thank you," as an immodest reply to a
                        compliment, since that would amount to agreeing that the compliment was
                        completely correct.</p><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Jiù</em></span>, "only": As
                        was noted in Unit 3, notes on Nos. 8-9, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jiù</em></span> meaning "only" is not as
                        widely understood as <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zhǐ</em></span>. The last sentence in exchange 9 could Just as well
                        be <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ zhǐ huì shuō
                            yìdiǎn</em></span>.</p></section><section class="section" title="Notes on №10-11" epub:type="division" id="d0e53200"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">Notes on №10-11</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border: none;"><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; ">11.</td><td style="text-align: center; ">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ shì zài
                                            dàxüé xüéde Yīngwén ma?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你是在大学学的英文吗？</em></span></td><td>Did you study English at college?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; ">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Shìde, wǒ shì
                                            zài Táiwān Dàxüé xüéde Yīngwén.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">是的，我是在台湾大学学的英文。</em></span></td><td>Yes, I studied English at Taiwan University.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>In the Peking dialect of Standard Chinese, which is the model for
                        grammatical patterns presented in this course, the <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-de</em></span> of a <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">shì...de</em></span> construction comes
                        between the verb and its object. The object, therefore, is outside the
                            <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">shì...de</em></span>
                        construction. Compare "I studied here" with "I studied English here":</p><p>However, you may hear some Standard Chinese speakers who place the object
                        inside the <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">shì...de</em></span> construction.</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="c3"/><col class="c4"/><col class="c5"/><col class="c6"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">shì</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zài
                                                zhèr</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xüé</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-de.</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">shì</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zài
                                                zhèr</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xüé</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-de</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Yīngwén.</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></section></section></section><section class="section" title="Drills" epub:type="division" id="d0e53298"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">Drills</h3></div></div></div><p/></section><section class="section" title="Criterion test" epub:type="division" id="d0e53303"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">Criterion test</h3></div></div></div><p/></section><section class="section" title="Appendices" epub:type="division" id="d0e53308"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">Appendices</h3></div></div></div><p/><section class="section" title="Appendix" epub:type="division" id="d0e53312"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p/></section><section class="section" title="Appendix" epub:type="division" id="d0e53316"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p/></section><section class="section" title="Appendix" epub:type="division" id="d0e53320"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p/></section><section class="section" title="Appendix" epub:type="division" id="d0e53324"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p/></section><section class="section" title="Appendix" epub:type="division" id="d0e53328"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p/></section></section></section><footer/></body></html>