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  3.    <title xmlns:ng="http://docbook.org/docbook-ng">Unit 6</title><meta xmlns:ng="http://docbook.org/docbook-ng" name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Standard Chinese"><link rel="up" href="ch02.html" title="Chapter&nbsp;2.&nbsp;Module 2: Biographic Information"><link rel="prev" href="ch02s15.html" title="Unit 5"><link rel="next" href="ch02s17.html" title="Unit 7"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Unit 6</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch02s15.html">Prev</a>&nbsp;</td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter&nbsp;2.&nbsp;Module 2: Biographic Information</th><td width="20%" align="right">&nbsp;<a accesskey="n" href="ch02s17.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="d5e29197"></a>Unit 6</h2></div></div></div><p></p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e29200"></a>Introduction</h3></div></div></div><p></p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="d5e29203"></a>Topics covered in this unit</h4></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>Duration phrases</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The marker <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> for completion. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The "double <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>" construction. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The marker <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span>. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Action verbs.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>State verbs.</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="d5e29221"></a>Material you will need</h4></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The 6D-1 tape.</p></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e29230"></a>References</h3></div></div></div><p></p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="d5e29233"></a>Reference List</h4></div></div></div><p></p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"><col align="center" class="col2"><col class="col3"><col class="col4"><col class="col5"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">1.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; zh&ugrave; du&oacute;
    4. 

  4.                                         ji&#468;?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#20303;&#22810;&#20037;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>How long are you staying?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; zh&ugrave;
    5. 

  5.                                         y&igrave;ni&aacute;n.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#20303;&#19968;&#24180;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I'm staying one year.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">2.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; t&agrave;itai zh&ugrave; du&oacute;
    6. 

  6.                                         ji&#468;?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#22826;&#22826;&#20303;&#22810;&#20037;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>How long is your wife staying?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Ta zh&ugrave;
    7. 

  7.                                         li&#462;ngti&#257;n.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#22905;&#20303;&#20004;&#22825;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>She is staying two days.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">3.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; t&agrave;itai z&agrave;i
    8. 

  8.                                         Xi&#257;ngg&#462;ng zh&ugrave; du&oacute; ji&#468;?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#22826;&#22826;&#22312;&#39321;&#28207;&#20303;&#22810;&#20037;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>How long is your wife staying in Hong Kong?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; xi&#462;ng t&#257; zh&ugrave;
    9. 

  9.                                         li&#462;ngti&#257;n.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#24819;&#22905;&#20303;&#20004;&#22825;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I think she is staying two days.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">4.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; xi&#462;ng zh&ugrave; du&ograve;
    10. 

  10.                                         ji&#468;?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#24819;&#20303;&#22810;&#20037;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>How long are you thinking of staying?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; xi&#462;ng zh&ugrave;
    11. 

  11.                                         y&igrave;ni&aacute;n.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#24819;&#20303;&#19968;&#24180;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I'm thinking of staying one year.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">5.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; xi&#462;ng z&agrave;i T&aacute;iw&#257;n
    12. 

  12.                                         zh&ugrave; du&oacute; ji&#468;?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#24819;&#22312;&#21488;&#28286;&#20303;&#22810;&#20037;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>How long are you thinking of staying in Taiwan?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; xi&#462;ng zh&ugrave; b&aacute;ge
    13. 

  13.                                         y&uuml;&egrave;.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#24819;&#20303;&#20843;&#20010;&#26376;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I'm thinking of staying eight months.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">6.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; p&eacute;ngyou xi&#462;ng
    14. 

  14.                                         zh&ugrave; du&oacute; ji&#468;?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#26379;&#21451;&#24819;&#20303;&#22810;&#20037;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>How long is your friend thinking of staying?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; xi&#462;ng zh&ugrave;
    15. 

  15.                                         li&#462;ngge x&#299;ngq&#299;.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20182;&#24819;&#20303;&#20004;&#20010;&#26143;&#26399;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>He is thinking of staying two weeks.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">7.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; l&aacute;ile du&oacute; ji&#468;
    16. 

  16.                                         le?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#26469;&#20102;&#22810;&#20037;&#20102;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>How long have you been there?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; l&aacute;ile s&#257;nti&#257;n
    17. 

  17.                                         le.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#26469;&#20102;&#19977;&#22825;&#20102;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I have been here three days.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">8.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; t&agrave;itai z&agrave;i
    18. 

  18.                                         Xi&#257;ngg&#462;ng zh&ugrave;le du&oacute; ji&#468;?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#22826;&#22826;&#22312;&#39321;&#28207;&#20303;&#20102;&#22810;&#20037;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>How long did your wife stay in Hong Kong?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; zh&ugrave;le
    19. 

  19.                                         li&#462;ngti&#257;n.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#22905;&#20303;&#20102;&#20004;&#22825;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>She stayed two days.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">9.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; l&aacute;i le
    20. 

  20.                                         ma?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20182;&#26469;&#20102;&#21527;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>Did he come?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">L&aacute;i le, t&#257; l&aacute;i
    21. 

  21.                                         le.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#26469;&#20102;&#65292;&#20182;&#26469;&#20102;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>Yes, he came.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">10.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; l&aacute;i le
    22. 

  22.                                         ma?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20182;&#26469;&#20102;&#21527;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>Did he come?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">M&eacute;i l&aacute;i, t&#257; m&eacute;i
    23. 

  23.                                         l&aacute;i.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#27809;&#26469;&#65292;&#12288;&#20182;&#27809;&#26469;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>No, he didn't come.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">11.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; c&oacute;ngqi&aacute;n l&aacute;iguo
    24. 

  24.                                         ma?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#20174;&#21069;&#26469;&#36807;&#21527;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>Have you ever been here before?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; c&oacute;ngqi&aacute;n m&eacute;i
    25. 

  25.                                         l&aacute;iguo.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#20174;&#21069;&#27809;&#26469;&#36807;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I have never been here before.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="d5e29480"></a>Vocabulary</h4></div></div></div><p></p><div class="striped"><table class="striped" border="0"><colgroup><col class="col1"><col class="col2"><col class="col3"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">q&ugrave;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#21435;</em></span></td><td>to go</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Ni&#468;
    26. 

  26.                                         Y&uuml;&#275;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#32445;&#32422;</em></span></td><td>New York</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">c&oacute;ngqi&aacute;n</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20174;&#21069;</em></span></td><td>before</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">du&oacute;
    27. 

  27.                                         ji&#468;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#22810;&#20037;</em></span></td><td>how long</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#8212;&#36807;</em></span></td><td>experiential marker</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xi&#462;ng</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#24819;</em></span></td><td>to think that, to want to, would you like to</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Xi&#257;ngg&#462;ng</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#39321;&#28207;</em></span></td><td>Hong Kong</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">x&#299;ngq&#299;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#26143;&#26399;</em></span></td><td>week</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zh&ugrave;
    28. 

  28.                                     </em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20303;</em></span></td><td>to live somewhere</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="d5e29543"></a>Reference Notes</h4></div></div></div><p></p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a name="d5e29546"></a>Notes on &#8470;1</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"><col align="center" class="col2"><col class="col3"><col class="col4"><col class="col5"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">1.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; zh&ugrave; du&oacute;
    29. 

  29.                                             ji&#468;?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#20303;&#22810;&#20037;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>How long are you staying?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; zh&ugrave;
    30. 

  30.                                             y&igrave;ni&aacute;n.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#20303;&#19968;&#24180;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I'm staying one year.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Expressions like <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">du&oacute;
    31. 

  31.                             ji&#468;</em></span>, "how long," and <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">y&igrave;ni&aacute;n</em></span> "one year," called
    32. 

  32.                         duration phrases, come after the verb. </p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><table border="0" summary="Note"><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="file:/home/eric/bin/Xml/Oxygen%20XML%20Editor%2021/frameworks/docbook/css/img/note.png"></td><th align="left">Note</th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>"One day" is <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">y&igrave;ti&#257;n</em></span>. The tone on <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">y&#299;</em></span> changes to Falling
    33. 

  33.                                 before a High-tone.</p></td></tr></table></div><p>Notice the contrast with time-when phrases, like <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">sh&eacute;nme sh&iacute;hou,</em></span> "when," and
    34. 

  34.                             <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">j&#299;nni&aacute;n</em></span> "this
    35. 

  35.                         year," which come before the verb.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"><col class="c3"><col class="c4"><col class="c5"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>If a duration phrase is used with the verb <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zh&ugrave;</em></span>, this phrase preempts the
    36. 

  36.                         position after the verb; and any place phrase, like <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">z&agrave;i B&#283;ij&#299;ng</em></span>, must come before
    37. 

  37.                         the verb.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"><col class="c3"><col class="c4"><col class="c5"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Y&igrave;ni&aacute;n</em></span>: In
    38. 

  38.                         telling how many years (giving an amount) no counter is used. The tone on
    39. 

  39.                             <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">y&#299;</em></span>, "one,"
    40. 

  40.                         changes to Falling before a Rising tone.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a name="d5e29627"></a>Notes on &#8470;2</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"><col align="center" class="col2"><col class="col3"><col class="col4"><col class="col5"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">2.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; t&agrave;itai zh&ugrave;
    41. 

  41.                                             du&oacute; ji&#468;?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#22826;&#22826;&#20303;&#22810;&#20037;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>How long is your wife staying?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Ta zh&ugrave;
    42. 

  42.                                             li&#462;ngti&#257;n.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#22905;&#20303;&#20004;&#22825;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>She is staying two days.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Li&#462;ngti&#257;n</em></span>:
    43. 

  43.                             <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-ti&#257;n</em></span>, "day,"
    44. 

  44.                         like <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-ni&aacute;n</em></span>,
    45. 

  45.                         "year," is used without a counter. When telling how many of something, the
    46. 

  46.                         number 2 takes the form <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">li&#462;ng</em></span>. (See Unit 3, notes on Nos. 3-4.)</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a name="d5e29658"></a>Notes on &#8470;3-4</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"><col align="center" class="col2"><col class="col3"><col class="col4"><col class="col5"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">3.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; t&agrave;itai z&agrave;i
    47. 

  47.                                             Xi&#257;ngg&#462;ng zh&ugrave; du&oacute; ji&#468;?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#22826;&#22826;&#22312;&#39321;&#28207;&#20303;&#22810;&#20037;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>How long is your wife staying in Hong Kong?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; xi&#462;ng t&#257; zh&ugrave;
    48. 

  48.                                             li&#462;ngti&#257;n.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#24819;&#22905;&#20303;&#20004;&#22825;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I think she is staying two days.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">4.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; xi&#462;ng zh&ugrave;
    49. 

  49.                                             du&ograve; ji&#468;?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#24819;&#20303;&#22810;&#20037;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>How long are you thinking of staying?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; xi&#462;ng zh&ugrave;
    50. 

  50.                                             y&igrave;ni&aacute;n.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#24819;&#20303;&#19968;&#24180;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I'm thinking of staying one year.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The verb <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xi&#462;ng</em></span>,
    51. 

  51.                         "to think that," "to want to," "would like to," may be used as a main verb
    52. 

  52.                         or as an auxiliary verb. As a main verb it means "to think that." It is used
    53. 

  53.                         this way in the answer of exchange 3 and in the following examples. </p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>I think he is coming tomorrow. </td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>I think he is not going. </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>When <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xi&#462;ng</em></span> is
    54. 

  54.                         used as a main verb meaning "to think that," it is not made negative. This
    55. 

  55.                         may be a special problem for English speakers who are used to saying "I
    56. 

  56.                         don't think he is going." </p><p>In Chinese, it is: "I think he is <span class="bold"><strong>not
    57. 

  57.                             going</strong></span>" <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; xi&#462;ng t&#257;
    58. 

  58.                             b&uacute; q&ugrave;.</em></span></p><p>When <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xi&#462;ng</em></span> is
    59. 

  59.                         used as an auxiliary verb, it means, "to want to," "would like to." It is
    60. 

  60.                         used this way in exchange 4, which could also be translated as, "How long
    61. 

  61.                         would you like to stay?" </p><p>Here are other examples: </p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; xi&#462;ng
    62. 

  62.                                                 z&#466;u ma?</em></span></td><td>Would you like to leave? OR Do you want to
    63. 

  63.                                             go?</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; b&ugrave; xi&#462;ng
    64. 

  64.                                                 z&#466;u.</em></span></td><td>I don't want to leave. </td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; xi&#462;ng
    65. 

  65.                                                 z&agrave;i T&aacute;ib&#283;i g&#333;ngzu&ograve; ma?</em></span></td><td>
    66. 

  66.                                             <p>Do you want to work in Taipei?</p>
    67. 

  67.                                         </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a name="d5e29745"></a>Notes on &#8470;5-6</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"><col align="center" class="col2"><col class="col3"><col class="col4"><col class="col5"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">5.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; xi&#462;ng z&agrave;i
    68. 

  68.                                             T&aacute;iw&#257;n zh&ugrave; du&oacute; ji&#468;?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#24819;&#22312;&#21488;&#28286;&#20303;&#22810;&#20037;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>How long are you thinking of staying in Taiwan?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; xi&#462;ng zh&ugrave;
    69. 

  69.                                             b&aacute;ge y&uuml;&egrave;.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#24819;&#20303;&#20843;&#20010;&#26376;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I'm thinking of staying eight months.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">6.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; p&eacute;ngyou
    70. 

  70.                                             xi&#462;ng zh&ugrave; du&oacute; ji&#468;?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#26379;&#21451;&#24819;&#20303;&#22810;&#20037;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>How long is your friend thinking of staying?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; xi&#462;ng zh&ugrave;
    71. 

  71.                                             li&#462;ngge x&#299;ngq&#299;.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20182;&#24819;&#20303;&#20004;&#20010;&#26143;&#26399;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>He is thinking of staying two weeks.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>You already know that <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">y&igrave;ni&aacute;n</em></span> and <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">y&igrave;ti&#257;n</em></span> are used without counters. The words for "month"
    72. 

  72.                         and "week," however, are used with counters.</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Compare</strong></span>:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">s&#257;nti&#257;n</em></span></td><td>3 days</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">s&#257;nni&aacute;n</em></span></td><td>3 years</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">s&#257;nge
    73. 

  73.                                                 x&#299;ngq&#299;</em></span></td><td>3 weeks</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">s&#257;nge
    74. 

  74.                                                 y&uuml;&egrave;</em></span></td><td>3 months</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a name="d5e29819"></a>Notes on &#8470;7</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"><col align="center" class="col2"><col class="col3"><col class="col4"><col class="col5"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">7.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; l&aacute;ile du&oacute;
    75. 

  75.                                             ji&#468; le?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#26469;&#20102;&#22810;&#20037;&#20102;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>How long have you been there?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; l&aacute;ile
    76. 

  76.                                             s&#257;nti&#257;n le.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#26469;&#20102;&#19977;&#22825;&#20102;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I have been here three days.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le...le</em></span>, "up
    77. 

  77.                         until now," "so far": The use of completed-action le after the verb and of
    78. 

  78.                         new-situation <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>
    79. 

  79.                         after the duration phrase tells you how long the activity has been going on
    80. 

  80.                         and that it is still going on. The answer could also have been translated "I
    81. 

  81.                         have been here three days so far." This pattern is sometimes called "double
    82. 

  82.                             <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>." </p><p>Notice that when <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> is in the middle of a sentence (in this case,
    83. 

  83.                         because it is followed by a duration phrase), we write it attached to the
    84. 

  84.                         verb before it: <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">l&aacute;ile du&oacute; ji&#468;
    85. 

  85.                             le.</em></span></p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a name="d5e29852"></a>Notes on &#8470;8</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"><col align="center" class="col2"><col class="col3"><col class="col4"><col class="col5"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">8.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; t&agrave;itai z&agrave;i
    86. 

  86.                                             Xi&#257;ngg&#462;ng zh&ugrave;le du&oacute; ji&#468;?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#22826;&#22826;&#22312;&#39321;&#28207;&#20303;&#20102;&#22810;&#20037;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>How long did your wife stay in Hong Kong?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; zh&ugrave;le
    87. 

  87.                                             li&#462;ngti&#257;n.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#22905;&#20303;&#20102;&#20004;&#22825;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>She stayed two days.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Completion <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>:</strong></span> Here you see the marker le used to
    88. 

  88.                         indicate one aspect, completion. Compare a sentence with one le to a
    89. 

  89.                         sentence with two <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>'s: </p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; z&agrave;i n&agrave;r
    90. 

  90.                                                 zh&ugrave;le s&#257;nti&#257;n.</em></span></td><td>I stayed there three days.</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; z&agrave;i n&agrave;r
    91. 

  91.                                                 zh&ugrave;le s&#257;nti&#257;n le.</em></span></td><td>I have been here (stayed here) for three days now (so
    92. 

  92.                                             far). </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Completion <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> is
    93. 

  93.                         used with verbs that describe actions or processes, not with verbs that
    94. 

  94.                         describe a state or condition, or a continuing situation. The following
    95. 

  95.                         sentences, describing states or ongoing situations, have past-tense verbs in
    96. 

  96.                         English but no <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>
    97. 

  97.                         in Chinese. </p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&egrave;ige
    98. 

  98.                                                 sh&iacute;hou t&#257;men zh&#464; y&#466;u li&#462;nge
    99. 

  99.                                             h&aacute;izi.</em></span></td><td>At that time they had only two children. </td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; q&#476;ni&aacute;n
    100. 

  100.                                                 b&uacute; z&agrave;i Sh&agrave;ngh&#462;i, z&agrave;i
    101. 

  101.                                             B&#283;ij&#299;ng.</em></span></td><td> He wasn't in <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Sh&agrave;ngh&#462;i</em></span>
    102. 

  102.                                             last year; he was in <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">B&#283;ij&#299;ng</em></span>.
    103. 

  103.                                         </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Verb types in Chinese:</strong></span> In studying some
    104. 

  104.                         languages, it is important to learn whether a noun is masculine, feminine,
    105. 

  105.                         or neuter. In Chinese, it is important to learn whether a verb is an action,
    106. 

  106.                         state, or process verb. These three verb categories are meaning (semantic)
    107. 

  107.                         groups. A verb is a member of one group or another depending on the meaning
    108. 

  108.                         of the verb. For instance, "running" and "dancing" are actions; "being good"
    109. 

  109.                         and "being beautiful" are states; and "getting sick" and "melting" are
    110. 

  110.                         processes. In Chinese, grammatical rules are applied differently to each
    111. 

  111.                         semantic verb category. For the most part, you have learned only action and
    112. 

  112.                         state verbs in this course; so these comments will be confined to those two
    113. 

  113.                         verb categories. (See Unit 8 of this module for process verbs,)</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Action verbs:</strong></span> These are verbs which
    114. 

  114.                         describe physical and mental activities. The easiest to classify are verbs
    115. 

  115.                         of movement such as "walking," "running," and "riding", however, action
    116. 

  116.                         verbs also include verbs with not too much motion, such as "working" and
    117. 

  117.                         "writing," and verbs with no apparent motion, such as "studying." One test
    118. 

  118.                         for determining if a verb is an action is asking "What did he do?" "He
    119. 

  119.                         arrived," "He spoke," and &#8217;"He listened" are answers which contain action
    120. 

  120.                         verbs. "He knew" "He wanted" and "He is here" are answers which contain
    121. 

  121.                         state verbs, not action verbs. Some of the action verbs you have learned
    122. 

  122.                         are: </p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">d&agrave;o</em></span> (to arrive)</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">l&aacute;i</em></span> (to come)</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">g&#333;ngzu&ograve;</em></span> (to work)</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zh&ugrave;</em></span> (to live, to stay)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>State verbs:</strong></span> These verbs describe
    123. 

  123.                         qualities, conditions, and states. All adjectival verbs, such as
    124. 

  124.                             <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">h&#462;o</em></span> "to be
    125. 

  125.                         good," and <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">ji&#468;</em></span>,
    126. 

  126.                         "to be long (in time)," are state verbs. Emotions, such as "being happy" and
    127. 

  127.                         "being sad," are expressed with state verbs. "Knowing," "liking," "wanting,"
    128. 

  128.                         and "understanding," which may be called mental states, are also expressed
    129. 

  129.                         with state verbs. Also, all auxiliary verbs, such as <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xi&#462;ng</em></span>, "to want to," "would
    130. 

  130.                         like to," are state verbs. Here are some of the state verbs: </p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">d&agrave;</em></span> to be large</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">sh&igrave;</em></span> to be</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">du&igrave;</em></span> to be correct</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">ji&agrave;o</em></span> to be called</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">x&igrave;ng</em></span> to be surnamed</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">z&agrave;i</em></span> to be at</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xi&#462;ng</em></span> to want to</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zh&#299;d&agrave;o</em></span> to know</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Aspect and verb types:</strong></span> Not every aspect
    131. 

  131.                         marker in Chinese may be used with all typs8 of verbs. Completion
    132. 

  132.                             <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> does not
    133. 

  133.                         occur with state verbs. It does occur with action verbs.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"><col class="c3"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle">ACTION</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; y&#464;j&#299;ng
    134. 

  134.                                                 d&agrave;o le.</em></span></td><td>He has already arrived.</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257;
    135. 

  135.                                                 g&#333;ngzu&ograve;le y&igrave;ni&aacute;n.</em></span></td><td>He worked one year.</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; l&aacute;i le
    136. 

  136.                                                 ma?</em></span></td><td>Did he come?</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle">STATE</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; q&#476;ni&aacute;n
    137. 

  137.                                                 b&uacute; z&agrave;i zh&egrave;r.</em></span></td><td>He wasn't here last year.</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; zu&oacute;ti&#257;n
    138. 

  138.                                                 xi&#462;ng q&ugrave;.</em></span></td><td>Yesterday he wanted to go.</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; zu&oacute;ti&#257;n
    139. 

  139.                                                 b&uacute; zh&#299;d&agrave;o.</em></span></td><td>He didn't know yesterday.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a name="d5e29999"></a>Notes on &#8470;9-10</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"><col align="center" class="col2"><col class="col3"><col class="col4"><col class="col5"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">9.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; l&aacute;i le
    140. 

  140.                                             ma?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20182;&#26469;&#20102;&#21527;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>Did he come?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">L&aacute;i le, t&#257; l&aacute;i
    141. 

  141.                                             le.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#26469;&#20102;&#65292;&#20182;&#26469;&#20102;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>Yes, he came.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">10.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; l&aacute;i le
    142. 

  142.                                             ma?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20182;&#26469;&#20102;&#21527;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>Did he come?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">M&eacute;i l&aacute;i, t&#257; m&eacute;i
    143. 

  143.                                             l&aacute;i.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#27809;&#26469;&#65292;&#12288;&#20182;&#27809;&#26469;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>No, he didn't come.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p></p><p>Compare the two possible interpretations of the question <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; l&aacute;i le ma?</em></span> and the answers
    144. 

  144.                         they receive:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"><col class="c3"><col class="c4"><col class="c5"><col class="c6"></colgroup><thead><tr><th colspan="6" align="center">Completion
    145. 

  145.                                                 <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>
    146. 

  146.                                         </th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257;</em></span></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">l&aacute;i</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">ma?</em></span></td><td>Did she come?</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257;</em></span></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">l&aacute;i</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le.</em></span></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>She came.</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">m&eacute;i</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">l&aacute;i</em></span></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>She didn't come.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"><col class="c3"><col class="c4"><col class="c5"><col class="newCol6"><col class="c6"></colgroup><thead><tr><th colspan="7" align="center">Combined
    147. 

  147.                                                 <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257;</em></span></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">l&aacute;i</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">ma?</em></span></td><td>Has he come?</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257;</em></span></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">l&aacute;i</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le.</em></span></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>She has come. OR She's here.</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">h&aacute;i</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">m&eacute;i</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">l&aacute;i.</em></span></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>She hasn't come yet.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The first question, with completion <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>, asks only if the action
    148. 

  148.                         took place. The second question, with combined <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> asks both whether the
    149. 

  149.                         action has been completed and whether the resulting new situation still
    150. 

  150.                         exists.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a name="d5e30146"></a>Notes on &#8470;11</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"><col align="center" class="col2"><col class="col3"><col class="col4"><col class="col5"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">11.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; c&oacute;ngqi&aacute;n
    151. 

  151.                                             l&aacute;iguo ma?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#20174;&#21069;&#26469;&#36807;&#21527;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>Have you ever been here before?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; c&oacute;ngqi&aacute;n m&eacute;i
    152. 

  152.                                             l&aacute;iguo.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#20174;&#21069;&#27809;&#26469;&#36807;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I have never been here before.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The aspect marker <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> means literally "to pass over," "to cross over.
    153. 

  153.                         The implication is that an event took place and then ceased at some time in
    154. 

  154.                         the past.</p><p>It may help you to conceptualize <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> in terms of a bridge. The whole bridge is the
    155. 

  155.                         event. The marker <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> stresses the fact that not only have you crossed
    156. 

  156.                         over the bridge but at present you are no longer standing on it. </p><p>The meaning of <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> changes slightly depending on what type of verb it
    157. 

  157.                         is used with: action or process, (<span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> may not be used with state verbs.) With an action
    158. 

  158.                         verb, <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> means
    159. 

  159.                         that the action took place and then ceased at some time before the present.
    160. 

  160.                         With a process verb, <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> means that the process took place and that the
    161. 

  161.                         state which resulted from the process ended at some time before the present. </p><p>Remember that aspect markers like <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> and <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> are used only when the
    162. 

  162.                         speaker feels it necessary to stress some feature or aspect of an event. Le
    163. 

  163.                         is used to stress finishing, or completion, <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> is used to stress that a
    164. 

  164.                         situation occurred in the past and was "over or "undone," before the time of
    165. 

  165.                         speaking (that is, the absence of that situation followed the situation). </p><p>Let's contrast <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> with completion <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>: both <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> and <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> express completion, but
    166. 

  166.                             <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> stresses
    167. 

  167.                         that an action is no longer being performed, or that a state resulting from
    168. 

  168.                         a process no longer exists. </p><p>For example, <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; l&aacute;i
    169. 

  169.                             le.</em></span> means "He came," or "He has come," not indicating
    170. 

  170.                         whether or not he is still there. </p><p>But <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; l&aacute;iguo</em></span>
    171. 

  171.                         means "He came" with the specification that he is not there anymore &#8211;that
    172. 

  172.                         is, he came and left.</p><p>One of the uses of the aspect marker <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span>,is in sentences which
    173. 

  173.                         express experience or having experienced something at least once in the
    174. 

  174.                         past, that is, "to have had the experience of doing something." This is how
    175. 

  175.                             <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> is used
    176. 

  176.                         in exchange 11. In a question, the marker <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> can he reflected by the
    177. 

  177.                         English word "ever," and in a negative statement by "never."</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"><col class="c3"><col class="c4"><col class="c5"><col class="c6"><col class="c7"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">c&oacute;ngqi&#257;n</em></span></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">l&aacute;i</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">ma?</em></span></td><td>Have you <span class="bold"><strong>ever</strong></span> been
    178. 

  178.                                             (come) here before?</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">c&oacute;ngqi&aacute;n</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">m&eacute;i</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">l&aacute;i</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>I have <span class="bold"><strong>never</strong></span> been
    179. 

  179.                                             (come) here before.</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">c&oacute;ngqi&aacute;n</em></span></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">l&aacute;i</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>I have been (come) here before</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The negative of <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; l&aacute;i
    180. 

  180.                             le.</em></span> does not include a <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>, but the negative of
    181. 

  181.                             <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; l&aacute;iguo.</em></span>
    182. 

  182.                         does have a <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> .
    183. 

  183.                         The negative adverb <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">m&eacute;i</em></span> is used to negate both completion <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> and <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span>.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="c1"><col align="center" class="c2"><col align="center" class="c3"><col align="center" class="c4"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257;</em></span></td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center"><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">l&aacute;i</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le.</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257;</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">m&eacute;i</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">l&aacute;i</em></span></td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="c1"><col align="center" class="c2"><col align="center" class="c3"><col align="center" class="c4"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257;</em></span></td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center"><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">l&aacute;i</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo.</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Ta</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">m&eacute;i</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">l&aacute;i</em></span></td><td align="center"><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo.</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e30305"></a>Drills</h3></div></div></div><p></p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e30308"></a>Criterion test</h3></div></div></div><p></p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e30311"></a>Appendices</h3></div></div></div><p></p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="d5e30314"></a>Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p></p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="d5e30317"></a>Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p></p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="d5e30320"></a>Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p></p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="d5e30323"></a>Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p></p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="d5e30326"></a>Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p></p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch02s15.html">Prev</a>&nbsp;</td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="ch02.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right">&nbsp;<a accesskey="n" href="ch02s17.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Unit 5&nbsp;</td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top">&nbsp;Unit 7</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
    184.