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  3.    <title xmlns:ng="http://docbook.org/docbook-ng">Unit 7</title><meta xmlns:ng="http://docbook.org/docbook-ng" name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Standard Chinese"><link rel="up" href="ch02.html" title="Chapter&nbsp;2.&nbsp;Module 2: Biographic Information"><link rel="prev" href="ch02s16.html" title="Unit 6"><link rel="next" href="ch02s18.html" title="Unit 8"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Unit 7</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch02s16.html">Prev</a>&nbsp;</td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter&nbsp;2.&nbsp;Module 2: Biographic Information</th><td width="20%" align="right">&nbsp;<a accesskey="n" href="ch02s18.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="d5e30329"></a>Unit 7</h2></div></div></div><p></p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e30332"></a>Introduction</h3></div></div></div><p></p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="d5e30335"></a>Topics covered in this unit</h4></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>Topics Covered In This Unit</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Where someone works.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Where and what someone has studied.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>What languages someone can speak.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Auxiliary verbs.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>General objects.</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="d5e30350"></a>Material you will need</h4></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes,</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The TD-1 tape.</p></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e30359"></a>References</h3></div></div></div><p></p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="d5e30362"></a>Reference List</h4></div></div></div><p></p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"><col align="center" class="col2"><col class="col3"><col class="col4"><col class="col5"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">1.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464;n z&agrave;i n&aacute;li
    4. 

  4.                                         g&#333;ngzu&ograve;?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#24744;&#22312;&#21738;&#37324;&#24037;&#20316;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>Where do you work?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; z&agrave;i M&#283;igu&oacute;
    5. 

  5.                                         Gu&oacute;w&ugrave;y&agrave;n g&#333;ngzu&ograve;.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#22312;&#32654;&#22269;&#22269;&#21153;&#38498;&#24037;&#20316;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I work with the State Department.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">2.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464;n z&agrave;i n&aacute;li
    6. 

  6.                                         g&#333;ngzu&ograve;?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#24744;&#22312;&#21738;&#37324;&#24037;&#20316;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>Where do you work?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; sh&igrave;
    7. 

  7.                                         x&uuml;&eacute;sheng.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#26159;&#23398;&#29983;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I'm a student.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">3.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464;n l&aacute;i zu&ograve;
    8. 

  8.                                         sh&eacute;nme?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#24744;&#26469;&#20570;&#20160;&#20040;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>What did you come here to do?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; l&aacute;i ni&agrave;n
    9. 

  9.                                         sh&#363;.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#26469;&#24565;&#20070;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I came here to study.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">4.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">&Ograve;u, w&#466; y&#283; sh&igrave;
    10. 

  10.                                         x&uuml;&eacute;sheng.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#21734;&#65292;&#25105;&#20063;&#26159;&#23398;&#29983;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>Oh, I'm a student too.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Q&#464;ngw&egrave;n, n&#464; ni&agrave;n
    11. 

  11.                                         sh&eacute;nme?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#35831;&#38382;&#65292;&#20320;&#24565;&#20160;&#20040;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>May I ask, what are you studying?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; ni&agrave;n
    12. 

  12.                                         l&igrave;sh&#464;.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#24565;&#21382;&#21490;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I'm studying history.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">5.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">K&#275; xi&#257;nsheng, n&#464;
    13. 

  13.                                         ni&agrave;n sh&eacute;nme?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#21487;&#20808;&#29983;&#65292;&#20320;&#24565;&#20160;&#20040;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>What are you studying, Mr. Cook?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; z&agrave;i zh&egrave;li x&uuml;&eacute;
    14. 

  14.                                         zh&#333;ngw&eacute;n.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#22312;&#36825;&#37324;&#23398;&#20013;&#25991;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I'm studying Chinese here.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">6.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Q&#464;ngw&egrave;n, n&#464; x&uuml;&eacute;guo
    15. 

  15.                                         Y&#299;ngw&eacute;n ma?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#35831;&#38382;&#65292;&#20320;&#23398;&#36807;&#33521;&#25991;&#21527;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>May I ask, have you ever studied English?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">X&uuml;&eacute;guo</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#23398;&#36807;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>Yes.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">7.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Q&#464;ngw&egrave;n, n&#464; hu&igrave;
    16. 

  16.                                         shu&#333; Y&#299;ngw&eacute;n ma?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#35831;&#38382;&#65292;&#20320;&#20250;&#35828;&#33521;&#25991;&#21527;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>May I ask, can you speak English?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; hu&igrave; shu&#333;
    17. 

  17.                                         y&igrave;di&#462;n.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#20250;&#35828;&#19968;&#28857;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I can speak a little.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">8.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; t&agrave;itai y&#283; hu&igrave;
    18. 

  18.                                         shu&#333; Zh&#333;nggu&oacute; hu&agrave; ma?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#22826;&#22826;&#20063;&#20250;&#35828;&#20013;&#22269;&#35805;&#21527;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>Can your wife speak Chinese too?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">B&uacute; hu&igrave;, t&#257; b&uacute; hu&igrave;
    19. 

  19.                                         shu&#333;.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#19981;&#20250;&#65292;&#22905;&#19981;&#20250;&#35828;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>No, she can't.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">9.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464;de Zh&#333;nggu&oacute; hu&agrave;
    20. 

  20.                                         h&#283;n h&#462;o.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#30340;&#20013;&#22269;&#35805;&#24456;&#22909;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>Your Chinese is very good.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&aacute;li, n&aacute;li. w&#466; ji&ugrave;
    21. 

  21.                                         shu&#333; y&igrave;di&#462;n.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#21738;&#37324;&#65292;&#21738;&#37324;&#12290;&#25105;&#23601;&#35828;&#19968;&#28857;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>Not at all, not at all. I can speak only a little.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">10.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; sh&igrave; z&agrave;i n&aacute;li
    22. 

  22.                                         x&uuml;&eacute;de?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#26159;&#22312;&#21738;&#37324;&#23398;&#30340;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>Where did you study it?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; sh&igrave; z&agrave;i
    23. 

  23.                                         Hu&aacute;sh&egrave;ngd&ugrave;n x&uuml;&eacute;de.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#26159;&#22312;&#21326;&#30427;&#39039;&#23398;&#30340;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I studied it in Washington.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">11.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; sh&igrave; z&agrave;i d&agrave;x&uuml;&eacute;
    24. 

  24.                                         x&uuml;&eacute;de Y&#299;ngw&eacute;n ma?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#26159;&#22312;&#22823;&#23398;&#23398;&#30340;&#33521;&#25991;&#21527;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>Did you study English at college?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Sh&igrave;de, w&#466; sh&igrave; z&agrave;i
    25. 

  25.                                         T&aacute;iw&#257;n D&agrave;x&uuml;&eacute; x&uuml;&eacute;de Y&#299;ngw&eacute;n.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#26159;&#30340;&#65292;&#25105;&#26159;&#22312;&#21488;&#28286;&#22823;&#23398;&#23398;&#30340;&#33521;&#25991;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>Yes, I studied English at Taiwan University.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="d5e30617"></a>Vocabulary</h4></div></div></div><p></p><div class="striped"><table class="striped" border="0"><colgroup><col class="col1"><col class="col2"><col class="col3"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">j&#299;ngx&uuml;&eacute;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#32463;&#23398;</em></span></td><td>classics</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">R&igrave;w&eacute;n</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#26085;&#25991;</em></span></td><td>Japanese language</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">w&eacute;nx&uuml;&eacute;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25991;&#23398;</em></span></td><td>literature</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zh&egrave;nzhix&uuml;&eacute;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25919;&#27835;&#23398;</em></span></td><td>political science</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">n&aacute;n</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#38590;</em></span></td><td>to be difficult</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">r&oacute;ngyi</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#23481;&#26131;</em></span></td><td>to be easy</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">x&uuml;&eacute;x&iacute;
    26. 

  26.                                         (x&uuml;&eacute;xi)</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#23398;&#20064;</em></span></td><td>to study, to learn</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">dax&uuml;&eacute;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#22823;&#23398;</em></span></td><td>university</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hu&agrave;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#35805;</em></span></td><td>language, words</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hu&agrave;sh&egrave;ngd&ugrave;n</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#21326;&#30427;&#39039;</em></span></td><td>Washington</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hu&igrave;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20250;</em></span></td><td>to know how to, to can</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">j&#299;ngjix&uuml;&eacute;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#32463;&#27982;&#23398;</em></span></td><td>economics</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">l&igrave;sh&#464;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#21382;&#21490;</em></span></td><td>history</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">M&#283;igu&oacute;
    27. 

  27.                                         Gu&oacute;w&ugrave;y&uuml;&agrave;n</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#32654;&#22269;&#22269;&#21153;&#38498;</em></span></td><td>U.S. Department of State</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">n&aacute;n</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#38590;</em></span></td><td>to be difficult</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">ni&agrave;n
    28. 

  28.                                         (sh&#363;)</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#24565;&#20070;</em></span></td><td>to study</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">R&igrave;w&eacute;n</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#26085;&#25991;</em></span></td><td>Japanese language</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">shu&#333;
    29. 

  29.                                         (hu&agrave;)</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#35828;&#35805;</em></span></td><td>to speak, to talk</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">x&uuml;&eacute;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#23398;</em></span></td><td>to study</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">x&uuml;&eacute;sh&#275;ng
    30. 

  30.                                         (x&uuml;&eacute;sheng)</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#23398;&#29983;</em></span></td><td>student</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">x&uuml;&eacute;x&iacute;
    31. 

  31.                                         (x&uuml;&eacute;xi)</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#23398;&#20064;</em></span></td><td>to study, to learn (PRC)</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">y&igrave;di&#462;n</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#19968;&#28857;</em></span></td><td>a little</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Y&#299;ngw&eacute;n</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#33521;&#25991;</em></span></td><td>English</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zh&egrave;nzhix&uuml;&eacute;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25919;&#27835;&#23398;</em></span></td><td>political science</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Zh&#333;ngw&eacute;n</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20013;&#25991;</em></span></td><td>Chinese</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zu&ograve;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20570;</em></span></td><td>to do</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">sh&eacute;nme
    32. 

  32.                                         d&igrave;fang</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20160;&#20040;&#22320;&#26041;</em></span></td><td>where, what place</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="d5e30788"></a>Reference Notes</h4></div></div></div><p></p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a name="d5e30791"></a>Notes on &#8470;1-2</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"><col align="center" class="col2"><col class="col3"><col class="col4"><col class="col5"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">1.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464;n z&agrave;i n&aacute;li
    33. 

  33.                                             g&#333;ngzu&ograve;?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#24744;&#22312;&#21738;&#37324;&#24037;&#20316;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>Where do you work?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; z&agrave;i M&#283;igu&oacute;
    34. 

  34.                                             Gu&oacute;w&ugrave;y&uuml;&agrave;n g&#333;ngzu&ograve;.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#22312;&#32654;&#22269;&#22269;&#21153;&#38498;&#24037;&#20316;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I work with the State Department.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">2.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464;n z&agrave;i n&aacute;li
    35. 

  35.                                             g&#333;ngzu&ograve;?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#24744;&#22312;&#21738;&#37324;&#24037;&#20316;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>Where do you work?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; sh&igrave;
    36. 

  36.                                             x&uuml;&eacute;sheng.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#26159;&#23398;&#29983;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I'm a student.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Z&agrave;i M&#283;igu&oacute; Gu&oacute;w&ugrave;y&uuml;&agrave;n
    37. 

  37.                             g&#333;ngzu&ograve;</em></span> means either "work at the State Department"
    38. 

  38.                         (i.e., at main State in Washington, D,C.) or "work in the organisation of
    39. 

  39.                         the State Department" (no matter where assigned). Here the expression is
    40. 

  40.                         translated loosely as "work with the State Department," meaning "in the
    41. 

  41.                         organization.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a name="d5e30841"></a>Notes on &#8470;3-4</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"><col align="center" class="col2"><col class="col3"><col class="col4"><col class="col5"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">3.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464;n l&aacute;i zu&ograve;
    42. 

  42.                                             sh&eacute;nme?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#24744;&#26469;&#20570;&#20160;&#20040;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>What did you come here to do?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; l&aacute;i ni&agrave;n
    43. 

  43.                                             sh&#363;.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#26469;&#24565;&#20070;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I came here to study.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">4.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">&Ograve;u, w&#466; y&#283; sh&igrave;
    44. 

  44.                                             x&uuml;&eacute;sheng.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#21734;&#65292;&#25105;&#20063;&#26159;&#23398;&#29983;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>Oh, I'm a student too.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Q&#464;ngw&egrave;n, n&#464;
    45. 

  45.                                             ni&agrave;n sh&eacute;nme?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#35831;&#38382;&#65292;&#20320;&#24565;&#20160;&#20040;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>May I ask, what are you studying?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; ni&agrave;n
    46. 

  46.                                             l&igrave;sh&#464;.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#24565;&#21382;&#21490;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I'm studying history.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Purpose:</strong></span> When <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">l&aacute;i</em></span>, "to come," is followed
    47. 

  47.                         by another verb, the second verb expresses the purpose of the subject's
    48. 

  48.                         coming. The "purpose of coming" may be emphasized by the <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">sh&igrave;...de</em></span> construction, with
    49. 

  49.                         the marker <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">sh&igrave;</em></span>
    50. 

  50.                         before the verb <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">l&aacute;i</em></span>:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; sh&igrave; l&aacute;i
    51. 

  51.                                                 ni&aacute;n sh&#363;de.</em></span></td><td>I came to study.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p> </p><p><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Ni&agrave;n sh&#363;</em></span>:
    52. 

  52.                             <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Ni&agrave;n</em></span> by itself
    53. 

  53.                         means "to read aloud." When followed by an object, the expression means "to
    54. 

  54.                         study." <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Sh&#363;</em></span> is
    55. 

  55.                         "book(s)," but <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">ni&agrave;n
    56. 

  56.                             sh&#363;</em></span> simply means "to study." <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Sh&#363;</em></span> is used as a general
    57. 

  57.                         object, standing for whatever is being studied.</p><p><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Ni&agrave;n l&igrave;sh&#464;</em></span>: When
    58. 

  58.                         you are talking about studying a particular subject, <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">ni&agrave;n</em></span> is followed by the name
    59. 

  59.                         of that subject rather than by the general object <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">sh&#363;</em></span>.</p><p>To have the meaning "to study," <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">ni&agrave;n</em></span> must be followed by either the general object
    60. 

  60.                             <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">sh&#363;</em></span> or a
    61. 

  61.                         specific object such as the name of a subject.</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Verb types:</strong></span>
    62. 

  62.                         <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Zu&ograve;</em></span>, "to do," and
    63. 

  63.                             <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">ni&agrave;n (sh&#363;)</em></span>,
    64. 

  64.                         "to study," are action verbs. Both are made negative with bu when referring
    65. 

  65.                         to actions not yet finished Both may take completion <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>_or its negative
    66. 

  66.                             <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">m&eacute;i</em></span>.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; b&uacute; ni&agrave;n
    67. 

  67.                                                 sh&#363;.</em></span></td><td>He doesn't study.</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; m&eacute;i ni&agrave;n
    68. 

  68.                                                 sh&#363;.</em></span></td><td>He didn't study.</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; y&#464;j&#464;ng
    69. 

  69.                                                 ni&agrave;n sh&ugrave; le.</em></span></td><td>He has already studied.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a name="d5e30949"></a>Notes on &#8470;5-6</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"><col align="center" class="col2"><col class="col3"><col class="col4"><col class="col5"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">5.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">K&#275; xi&#257;nsheng,
    70. 

  70.                                             n&#464; ni&agrave;n sh&eacute;nme?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#21487;&#20808;&#29983;&#65292;&#20320;&#24565;&#20160;&#20040;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>What are you studying, Mr. Cook?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; z&agrave;i zh&egrave;li
    71. 

  71.                                             x&uuml;&eacute; zh&#333;ngw&eacute;n.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#22312;&#36825;&#37324;&#23398;&#20013;&#25991;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I'm studying Chinese here.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">6.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Q&#464;ngw&egrave;n, n&#464;
    72. 

  72.                                             x&uuml;&eacute;guo Y&#299;ngw&eacute;n ma?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#35831;&#38382;&#65292;&#20320;&#23398;&#36807;&#33521;&#25991;&#21527;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>May I ask, have you ever studied English?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">X&uuml;&eacute;guo</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#23398;&#36807;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>Yes.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">X&uuml;&eacute;</em></span>, "to study"
    73. 

  73.                         &#65288;an action verb): You will recognize <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">x&uuml;&eacute;</em></span> from the word for
    74. 

  74.                         "student," <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">x&uuml;&eacute;sheng</em></span>. <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">X&uuml;&eacute;</em></span> may refer to acquiring either knowledge or a skill.
    75. 

  75.                         For example, you can <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">x&uuml;&eacute;</em></span> history, economics, a language, piano&#65292; and tennis.
    76. 

  76.                         On the other hand, <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">ni&agrave;n</em></span> is used for "study" in the sense of taking a
    77. 

  77.                         course or courses in a field of knowledge. <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Ni&agrave;n</em></span> is not used for a
    78. 

  78.                         skill.</p><p>In some contexts, the verb <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">x&uuml;&eacute;</em></span> means "to learn." The following sentence may be
    79. 

  79.                         interpreted two ways, depending on the situation.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td rowspan="3" valign="middle"><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; z&agrave;i M&#283;igu&oacute; y&#464;j&#299;ng
    80. 

  80.                                                 x&uuml;&eacute;guo.</em></span></td><td>I learned it in America.(e.g., how to use
    81. 

  81.                                             chopsticks)</td></tr><tr><td align="center">OR</td></tr><tr><td>
    82. 

  82.                                             <p>I studied it in America.</p>
    83. 

  83.                                             <p>(e.g., the Chinese language)</p>
    84. 

  84.                                         </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Zh&#333;ngw&eacute;n</em></span> is used
    85. 

  85.                         for either the Chinese spoken language or the written language&#65292; including
    86. 

  86.                         literature. In general, use <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">x&uuml;&eacute;</em></span> for "learning" to speak Chinese and <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">ni&agrave;n</em></span> for "studying&#8217; Chinese
    87. 

  87.                         literature.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a name="d5e31026"></a>Notes on &#8470;7-8</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"><col align="center" class="col2"><col class="col3"><col class="col4"><col class="col5"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">7.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Q&#464;ngw&egrave;n, n&#464; hu&igrave;
    88. 

  88.                                             shu&#333; Y&#299;ngw&eacute;n ma?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#35831;&#38382;&#65292;&#20320;&#20250;&#35828;&#33521;&#25991;&#21527;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>May I ask, can you speak English?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; hu&igrave; shu&#333;
    89. 

  89.                                             y&igrave;di&#462;n.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#20250;&#35828;&#19968;&#28857;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I can speak a little.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">8.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; t&agrave;itai y&#283;
    90. 

  90.                                             hu&igrave; shu&#333; Zh&#333;nggu&oacute; hu&agrave; ma?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#22826;&#22826;&#20063;&#20250;&#35828;&#20013;&#22269;&#35805;&#21527;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>Can tour wife speak Chinese too?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">B&uacute; hu&igrave;, t&#257; b&uacute;
    91. 

  91.                                             hu&igrave; shu&#333;.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#19981;&#20250;&#65292;&#22905;&#19981;&#20250;&#35828;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>No, she can't.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Hu&igrave;</em></span>, "to know
    92. 

  92.                         how to," "can," is an auxiliary verb. It is used before the main verb to
    93. 

  93.                         express an attitude toward the action or to express the potential of action.
    94. 

  94.                             <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Xi&#462;ng</em></span>, "to
    95. 

  95.                         want to," "would like to," is also an auxiliary verb. "Should," "must," and
    96. 

  96.                         "may" are other examples of auxiliary verbs. All auxiliary verbs in Chinese
    97. 

  97.                         are state verbs, which means that <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">b&ugrave;</em></span> is always used to make them negative. Auxiliary
    98. 

  98.                         verbs never take the aspect marker <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> for completed action, regardless of whether you are
    99. 

  99.                         talking about past, present, or future.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; q&#476;ni&aacute;n
    100. 

  100.                                                 b&uacute; hu&igrave; shu&#333; Y&#299;ngw&eacute;n.</em></span></td><td>He couldn&#8217;t speak English last year.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>When the marker <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> is used, it is the aspect marker for new situations.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; q&#476;ni&aacute;n
    101. 

  101.                                                 b&uacute; hu&igrave; shu&#333; Y&#299;ngw&eacute;n, xi&agrave;nz&agrave;i hu&igrave;
    102. 

  102.                                             le,</em></span></td><td>
    103. 

  103.                                             <p> Last year he couldn&#8217;t speak English, but now he
    104. 

  104.                                                 can.</p>
    105. 

  105.                                         </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; hu&igrave; shu&#333;
    106. 

  106.                             y&igrave;di&#462;n</em></span>, "&#24037; can speak a little": The word <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">y&igrave;di&#462;n</em></span>, literally "a dot,"
    107. 

  107.                         functions as a noun. It is used in a sentence to mean "a little bit" where a
    108. 

  108.                         noun object, such as <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Y&#299;ngw&eacute;n</em></span>, "English," might be used.</p><p><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Y&igrave;di&#462;n</em></span> may not
    109. 

  109.                         be used directly after an auxiliary verb, which must be followed by another
    110. 

  110.                         verb.</p><p><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Shu&#333;</em></span>, "to
    111. 

  111.                         speak," "to talk," is another example of a verb which must always have an
    112. 

  112.                         object. <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Shu&#333;</em></span> must
    113. 

  113.                         be followed by either:</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>the general object <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hu&agrave;</em></span>, "words," in which case the meaning of
    114. 

  114.                                     <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">shu&#333;
    115. 

  115.                                     hu&agrave;</em></span> is simply "to speak," "to talk," as
    116. 

  116.                                     in:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257;
    117. 

  117.                                                   h&aacute;i m&eacute;i shu&#333; hu&agrave;.</em></span></td><td>He hasn't yet spoken.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>OR</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>a specific object such as the name of a language.</p></li></ol></div><p><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">B&uacute; hu&igrave;</em></span>: The
    118. 

  118.                         short yes/no answer to a question containing the auxiliary verb
    119. 

  119.                             <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hu&igrave;</em></span> is formed
    120. 

  120.                         with <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hu&igrave;</em></span> rather
    121. 

  121.                         than with the main verb.</p><p><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Zh&#333;nggu&oacute; hu&agrave;</em></span>:
    122. 

  122.                         This expression refers only to the spoken language, in contrast to
    123. 

  123.                             <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Zh&#333;ngw&eacute;n</em></span>,
    124. 

  124.                         which refers to both the spoken and written language.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a name="d5e31133"></a>Notes on &#8470;9</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"><col align="center" class="col2"><col class="col3"><col class="col4"><col class="col5"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">9.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464;de Zh&#333;nggu&oacute;
    125. 

  125.                                             hu&agrave; h&#283;n h&#462;o.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#30340;&#20013;&#22269;&#35805;&#24456;&#22909;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>Your Chinese is very good.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&aacute;li, n&aacute;li. w&#466;
    126. 

  126.                                             ji&ugrave; shu&#333; y&igrave;di&#462;n.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#21738;&#37324;&#65292;&#21738;&#37324;&#12290;&#25105;&#23601;&#35828;&#19968;&#28857;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>Not at all, not at all. I can speak only a
    127. 

  127.                                         little.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Literally, <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">n&aacute;li</em></span>
    128. 

  128.                         means "where." As a reply to a compliment, we have translated <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">n&aacute;li</em></span> as "not at all." In
    129. 

  129.                         China, it has traditionally been considered proper and a matter of course to
    130. 

  130.                         deny any compliment received, no matter how much truth there is to it. Many
    131. 

  131.                         people still regard <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xi&egrave;xie</em></span> "thank you," as an immodest reply to a
    132. 

  132.                         compliment, since that would amount to agreeing that the compliment was
    133. 

  133.                         completely correct.</p><p><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Ji&ugrave;</em></span>, "only": As
    134. 

  134.                         was noted in Unit 3, notes on Nos. 8-9, <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">ji&ugrave;</em></span> meaning "only" is not as
    135. 

  135.                         widely understood as <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zh&#464;</em></span>. The last sentence in exchange 9 could Just as well
    136. 

  136.                         be <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; zh&#464; hu&igrave; shu&#333;
    137. 

  137.                             y&igrave;di&#462;n</em></span>.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a name="d5e31168"></a>Notes on &#8470;10-11</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"><col align="center" class="col2"><col class="col3"><col class="col4"><col class="col5"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">11.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; sh&igrave; z&agrave;i
    138. 

  138.                                             d&agrave;x&uuml;&eacute; x&uuml;&eacute;de Y&#299;ngw&eacute;n ma?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#26159;&#22312;&#22823;&#23398;&#23398;&#30340;&#33521;&#25991;&#21527;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>Did you study English at college?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Sh&igrave;de, w&#466; sh&igrave;
    139. 

  139.                                             z&agrave;i T&aacute;iw&#257;n D&agrave;x&uuml;&eacute; x&uuml;&eacute;de Y&#299;ngw&eacute;n.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#26159;&#30340;&#65292;&#25105;&#26159;&#22312;&#21488;&#28286;&#22823;&#23398;&#23398;&#30340;&#33521;&#25991;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>Yes, I studied English at Taiwan University.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>In the Peking dialect of Standard Chinese, which is the model for
    140. 

  140.                         grammatical patterns presented in this course, the <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-de</em></span> of a <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">sh&igrave;...de</em></span> construction comes
    141. 

  141.                         between the verb and its object. The object, therefore, is outside the
    142. 

  142.                             <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">sh&igrave;...de</em></span>
    143. 

  143.                         construction. Compare "I studied here" with "I studied English here":</p><p>However, you may hear some Standard Chinese speakers who place the object
    144. 

  144.                         inside the <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">sh&igrave;...de</em></span> construction.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"><col class="c3"><col class="c4"><col class="c5"><col class="c6"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">sh&igrave;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">z&agrave;i
    145. 

  145.                                                 zh&egrave;r</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">x&uuml;&eacute;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-de.</em></span></td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">sh&igrave;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">z&agrave;i
    146. 

  146.                                                 zh&egrave;r</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">x&uuml;&eacute;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-de</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Y&#299;ngw&eacute;n.</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e31234"></a>Drills</h3></div></div></div><p></p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e31237"></a>Criterion test</h3></div></div></div><p></p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e31240"></a>Appendices</h3></div></div></div><p></p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="d5e31243"></a>Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p></p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="d5e31246"></a>Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p></p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="d5e31249"></a>Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p></p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="d5e31252"></a>Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p></p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="d5e31255"></a>Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p></p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch02s16.html">Prev</a>&nbsp;</td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="ch02.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right">&nbsp;<a accesskey="n" href="ch02s18.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Unit 6&nbsp;</td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top">&nbsp;Unit 8</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
    147.