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  3.    <title xmlns:ng="http://docbook.org/docbook-ng">Unit 8</title><meta xmlns:ng="http://docbook.org/docbook-ng" name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Standard Chinese"><link rel="up" href="ch02.html" title="Chapter&nbsp;2.&nbsp;Module 2: Biographic Information"><link rel="prev" href="ch02s17.html" title="Unit 7"><link rel="next" href="ch03.html" title="Chapter&nbsp;3.&nbsp;Module 3: MONEY"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Unit 8</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch02s17.html">Prev</a>&nbsp;</td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter&nbsp;2.&nbsp;Module 2: Biographic Information</th><td width="20%" align="right">&nbsp;<a accesskey="n" href="ch03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="d5e31258"></a>Unit 8</h2></div></div></div><p></p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e31261"></a>Introduction</h3></div></div></div><p></p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="d5e31264"></a>Topics covered in this unit</h4></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>More on duration phrases.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The marker <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> for new situations in negative sentences.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Military titles and 'branches of service,</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The marker <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">ne</em></span>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Process verbs.</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="d5e31279"></a>Material you will need</h4></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The 8D-1 tape.</p></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e31288"></a>References</h3></div></div></div><p></p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="d5e31291"></a>Reference List</h4></div></div></div><p></p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"><col align="center" class="col2"><col class="col3"><col class="col4"><col class="col5"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">1.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; j&#299;nti&#257;n h&aacute;i y&#466;u
    4. 

  4.                                         k&egrave; ma?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#20170;&#22825;&#36824;&#26377;&#35838;&#21527;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>Do you have any more classes today?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">M&#283;iyou k&egrave;
    5. 

  5.                                         le.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#27809;&#26377;&#35838;&#20102;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I don't have any more classes.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">2.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; c&oacute;ngqi&aacute;n ni&agrave;n
    6. 

  6.                                         Y&#299;ngw&eacute;n ni&agrave;nle du&oacute; ji&#468;?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#20174;&#21069;&#24565;&#33521;&#25991;&#24565;&#20102;&#22810;&#20037;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>How long did you study English?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; ni&agrave;n Y&#299;ngw&eacute;n
    7. 

  7.                                         ni&agrave;nle li&#468;ni&aacute;n.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#24565;&#33521;&#25991;&#24565;&#20102;&#20845;&#24180;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I studied English for six years.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">3.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; xi&agrave;nz&agrave;i ni&agrave;n
    8. 

  8.                                         sh&eacute;nme ne?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#29616;&#22312;&#24565;&#20160;&#20040;&#21602;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>What are you studying now?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; ni&agrave;n F&agrave;w&eacute;n
    9. 

  9.                                         ne.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#24565;&#27861;&#25991;</em></span></td><td>I'm studying French.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">4.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; ni&agrave;n F&agrave;w&eacute;n
    10. 

  10.                                         ni&agrave;nle du&oacute; ji&#468; le?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#24565;&#27861;&#25991;&#24565;&#20102;&#22810;&#20037;&#20102;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>How long have you studying French?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; ni&agrave;nle y&igrave;ni&aacute;n
    11. 

  11.                                         le.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#24565;&#20102;&#19968;&#24180;&#20102;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I've have been studying it for one year.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">5.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; hu&igrave; xi&#283; Zh&#333;ngguo
    12. 

  12.                                         z&igrave; ma?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#20250;&#20889;&#20013;&#22269;&#23383;&#21527;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>Can you write Chinese characters?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Hu&igrave;
    13. 

  13.                                         y&igrave;di&#462;n.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20250;&#19968;&#28857;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I can a little.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">6.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Q&#476;ni&aacute;n w&#466; h&aacute;i b&uacute;
    14. 

  14.                                         hu&igrave; xi&#283;.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#21435;&#24180;&#25105;&#36824;&#19981;&#20250;&#20889;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>Last year, I couldn't write them.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Xi&agrave;nz&agrave;i w&#466; hu&igrave; xi&#283;
    15. 

  15.                                         y&igrave;di&#462;n le.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#29616;&#22312;&#25105;&#20250;&#20889;&#19968;&#28857;&#20102;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>Now, I can write a little.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">7.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; f&ugrave;qin shi j&#470;nr&eacute;n
    16. 

  16.                                         ma?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#29238;&#20146;&#26159;&#20891;&#20154;&#21527;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>Is your father a military man?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Sh&igrave;, t&#257; shi h&#462;ij&#470;n
    17. 

  17.                                         j&#470;ngu&#257;n.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#26159;&#65292;&#20182;&#26159;&#28023;&#20891;&#38470;&#20891;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>Yes, he is a naval officer.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">8.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; j&#299;nti&#257;n b&ugrave; l&aacute;i
    18. 

  18.                                         le.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#20170;&#22825;&#19981;&#26469;&#20102;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I'm not coming today.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; b&igrave;ng
    19. 

  19.                                         le.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#30149;&#20102;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I'm sick.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">9.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">J&#299;nti&#257;n h&#462;o le
    20. 

  20.                                         m&eacute;iyou?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20170;&#22825;&#22909;&#20102;&#27809;&#26377;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>Are you better today? (Are you recovered?)</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">J&#299;nti&#257;n h&#462;o
    21. 

  21.                                         le.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20170;&#22825;&#22909;&#20102;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>Today I'm better.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="d5e31494"></a>Vocabulary</h4></div></div></div><p></p><div class="striped"><table class="striped" border="0"><colgroup><col class="col1"><col class="col2"><col class="col3"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">k&#333;ngj&#470;n</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#31354;&#20891;</em></span></td><td>Air Force</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">l&ugrave;j&#470;n</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#38470;&#20891;</em></span></td><td>army</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">sh&igrave;b&#299;ng</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20107;&#20853;</em></span></td><td>enlisted man</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zu&ograve;
    22. 

  22.                                         sh&igrave;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20570;&#20107;</em></span></td><td>to work</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">D&eacute;w&eacute;n</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#24503;&#25991;</em></span></td><td>German language</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">b&igrave;ng</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#30149;</em></span></td><td>to become ill</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">D&eacute;w&eacute;n</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#24503;&#25991;</em></span></td><td>German language</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">F&agrave;w&eacute;n</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#27861;&#25991;</em></span></td><td>French language</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">h&#462;ij&#470;n</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#28023;&#20891;</em></span></td><td>navy</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">j&#470;ngu&#257;n</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#38470;&#20891;</em></span></td><td>military officer</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">j&#470;nr&eacute;n</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20891;&#20154;</em></span></td><td>military person</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">k&egrave;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#35838;</em></span></td><td>class</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xi&#283;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20889;</em></span></td><td>to write</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">z&igrave;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#23383;</em></span></td><td>character</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="d5e31587"></a>Reference Notes</h4></div></div></div><p></p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a name="d5e31590"></a>Notes on &#8470;1</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"><col align="center" class="col2"><col class="col3"><col class="col4"><col class="col5"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">1.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; j&#299;nti&#257;n h&aacute;i
    23. 

  23.                                             y&#466;u k&egrave; ma?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#20170;&#22825;&#36824;&#26377;&#35838;&#21527;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>Do you have any more classes today?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">M&#283;iyou k&egrave;
    24. 

  24.                                             le.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#27809;&#26377;&#35838;&#20102;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I don't have any more classes.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">H&aacute;i</em></span>,
    25. 

  25.                         "additionally," "also": You have already learned the word <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">h&aacute;i</em></span> used as an adverb meaning
    26. 

  26.                         "still." In this exchange you learn a second way to use <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">h&aacute;i</em></span>.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; h&aacute;i
    27. 

  27.                                                 xi&#462;ng z&#466;u ma?</em></span></td><td>Do you still want to leave?</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; h&aacute;i y&agrave;o
    28. 

  28.                                                 x&uuml;&eacute; sh&eacute;nme?</em></span></td><td>What else do you want to study?</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">M&eacute;iyou...le</em></span>: You
    29. 

  29.                         will remember that in the negative of a completed action, <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">m&eacute;i</em></span> or <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">m&eacute;iyou</em></span> replaces the
    30. 

  30.                         completion marker <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> is never used together with it.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"><col class="c3"><col class="c4"><col class="c5"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257;</em></span></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">l&aacute;i</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le.</em></span></td><td>He came.</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">m&eacute;i(you)</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">l&aacute;i.</em></span></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>He did not come.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>In the sentence <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">M&eacute;iyou k&egrave;
    31. 

  31.                             le</em></span>, <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> is a new-situation marker, and <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">m&eacute;iyou</em></span> is simply the negative
    32. 

  32.                         of the full verb <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">y&#466;u</em></span>. (Remember that the verb <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">y&#466;u</em></span> is always made negative
    33. 

  33.                         with <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">m&eacute;i</em></span>, never
    34. 

  34.                         with <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">b&ugrave;</em></span>.)</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"><col class="c3"><col class="c4"><col class="c6"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257;</em></span></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">y&#466;u
    35. 

  35.                                                 k&egrave;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le.</em></span></td><td>Now he has class. [Due to a change in the schedule,
    36. 

  36.                                             he now has class at this time.]</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">m&eacute;i-</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">y&#466;u
    37. 

  37.                                                 k&egrave;</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le.</em></span></td><td>He doesn't have any more classes.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">B&ugrave;...le/m&eacute;iyou...le</em></span>: When the marker <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> for new situations is used
    38. 

  38.                         with a negative verb, there are two possible meanings: </p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>one is that something that was supposed to happen is now not going
    39. 

  39.                                 to happen.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p> the other is that something that was happening is not happening
    40. 

  40.                                 anymore. </p></li></ol></div><p>Thus the following sentence is ambiguous:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td valign="middle"><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; b&ugrave; l&aacute;i
    41. 

  41.                                                 le.</em></span></td><td>
    42. 

  42.                                             <p>He is not coining now. [Either he was expected to
    43. 

  43.                                                 come but changed his mind, or he used to come at
    44. 

  44.                                                 this time but now has stopped.]</p>
    45. 

  45.                                         </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>In the context of a conversation, the meaning of the sentence would become
    46. 

  46.                         clear. </p><p>Here are more-examples with the "anymore" meaning:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; b&uacute; ni&agrave;n
    47. 

  47.                                                 sh&#363; le.</em></span></td><td>He is not going to study anymore.[He will no longer
    48. 

  48.                                             attend college.]</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; b&uacute; shi
    49. 

  49.                                                 w&#466;de p&eacute;ngyou le.</em></span></td><td>He is not my friend anymore.</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">M&eacute;iyou
    50. 

  50.                                                 le.</em></span></td><td>There is no more.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a name="d5e31737"></a>Notes on &#8470;2</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"><col align="center" class="col2"><col class="col3"><col class="col4"><col class="col5"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">2.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; c&oacute;ngqi&aacute;n
    51. 

  51.                                             ni&agrave;n Y&#299;ngw&eacute;n ni&agrave;nle du&oacute; ji&#468;?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#20174;&#21069;&#24565;&#33521;&#25991;&#24565;&#20102;&#22810;&#20037;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>How long did you study English?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; ni&agrave;n Y&#299;ngw&eacute;n
    52. 

  52.                                             ni&agrave;nle li&#468;ni&aacute;n.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#24565;&#33521;&#25991;&#24565;&#20102;&#20845;&#24180;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I studied English for six years.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>More on duration: In Unit 6 of this module, you learned to express
    53. 

  53.                         duration in a sentence with no object (<span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; z&agrave;i Xi&#257;ng&#462;ng zh&ugrave;le li&ugrave;ge y&uuml;&egrave;
    54. 

  54.                             le.</em></span> ). In this unit, you learn one way to express the
    55. 

  55.                         duration of an activity which involves using both a verb and an object (e.g.
    56. 

  56.                         , "studying economics"). In such cases, the verb appears twice in the
    57. 

  57.                         sentence: first when the object is stated, and again when the duration is stated.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; ni&agrave;n
    58. 

  58.                                                 j&#299;ngjix&uuml;&eacute;, ni&aacute;nle y&igrave;ni&aacute;n.</em></span></td><td>He studied economics for one year.</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; x&uuml;&eacute;
    59. 

  59.                                                 Zh&#333;ngguo hu&agrave;, x&uuml;&eacute;le s&#257;nge y&uuml;&egrave;
    60. 

  60.                                             le.</em></span></td><td>
    61. 

  61.                                             <p>He has been studying Chinese for three
    62. 

  62.                                                 months.</p>
    63. 

  63.                                         </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Notice that aspect markers do not occur after the first verb in each
    64. 

  64.                         sentence, but only after the second verb and at the end of the second
    65. 

  65.                         sentence.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a name="d5e31780"></a>Notes on &#8470;3</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"><col align="center" class="col2"><col class="col3"><col class="col4"><col class="col5"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">3.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; xi&agrave;nz&agrave;i ni&agrave;n
    66. 

  66.                                             sh&eacute;nme ne?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#29616;&#22312;&#24565;&#20160;&#20040;&#21602;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>What are you studying now?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; ni&agrave;n F&agrave;w&eacute;n
    67. 

  67.                                             ne.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#24565;&#27861;&#25991;</em></span></td><td>I'm studying French.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Ne</em></span> is an aspect
    68. 

  68.                         marker used to emphasize the fact that something is in progress. With action
    69. 

  69.                         verbs, <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">ne</em></span>
    70. 

  70.                         indicates that the action is going on.</p><p>With state verbs, <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">ne</em></span> shows that the state exists. With some process
    71. 

  71.                         verbs, <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">ne</em></span>
    72. 

  72.                         indicates that the process is going on. <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Ne</em></span> may not be used with
    73. 

  73.                         certain process verbs. (See also notes on No. 8, about verbs.)</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a name="d5e31813"></a>Notes on &#8470;4-5</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"><col align="center" class="col2"><col class="col3"><col class="col4"><col class="col5"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">4.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; ni&agrave;n F&agrave;w&eacute;n
    74. 

  74.                                             ni&agrave;nle du&oacute; ji&#468; le?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#24565;&#27861;&#25991;&#24565;&#20102;&#22810;&#20037;&#20102;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>How long have you studying French?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; ni&agrave;nle
    75. 

  75.                                             y&igrave;ni&aacute;n le.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#24565;&#20102;&#19968;&#24180;&#20102;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I've have been studying it for one year.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">5.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; hu&igrave; xi&#283;
    76. 

  76.                                             Zh&#333;ngguo z&igrave; ma?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#20250;&#20889;&#20013;&#22269;&#23383;&#21527;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>Can you write Chinese characters?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Hu&igrave;
    77. 

  77.                                             y&igrave;di&#462;n.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20250;&#19968;&#28857;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I can a little.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Xi&#283; Zh&#333;ngguo z&igrave;</em></span>:
    78. 

  78.                         The verb <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xi&#283;</em></span>, "to
    79. 

  79.                         write" can occur with specific objects, such as <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Zh&#333;ngguo z&igrave;</em></span>, as well as with
    80. 

  80.                         the general object <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">z&igrave;</em></span>. The combination <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xi&#283; z&igrave;</em></span>can mean either "to
    81. 

  81.                         write characters" or simply "to write."</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; xi&#462;ng x&uuml;&eacute;
    82. 

  82.                                             Zh&#333;ngguo z&igrave;.</em></span></td><td>He wants to learn to write Chinese characters.</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Xi&#462;o d&igrave;di s&igrave;su&igrave;
    83. 

  83.                                             le, y&#464;j&#299;ng hu&igrave; xi&#283; z&igrave; le.</em></span></td><td>Little younger brother is four years old and already can
    84. 

  84.                                         write.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>In the reply <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hu&igrave;
    85. 

  85.                             y&igrave;di&#462;n</em></span>, <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hu&igrave;</em></span> is used as a main verb --not as an auxiliary verb,
    86. 

  86.                         as in the question. </p><p>As a main verb, <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hu&igrave;</em></span> means "to have the skill of," "to have the
    87. 

  87.                         knowledge of," "to know."</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; hu&igrave;
    88. 

  88.                                                 Y&#299;ngw&eacute;n.</em></span></td><td>I know English.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a name="d5e31894"></a>Notes on &#8470;6</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"><col align="center" class="col2"><col class="col3"><col class="col4"><col class="col5"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">6.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Q&#476;ni&aacute;n w&#466; h&aacute;i
    89. 

  89.                                             b&uacute; hu&igrave; xi&#283;.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#21435;&#24180;&#25105;&#36824;&#19981;&#20250;&#20889;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>Last year, I couldn't write them.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Xi&agrave;nz&agrave;i w&#466; hu&igrave;
    90. 

  90.                                             xi&#283; y&igrave;di&#462;n le.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#29616;&#22312;&#25105;&#20250;&#20889;&#19968;&#28857;&#20102;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>Now, I can write a little.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Q&ugrave;ni&aacute;n w&#466; h&aacute;i b&uacute; hu&igrave;
    91. 

  91.                             xi&#283;.</em></span>: Notice that here it is the auxiliary verb
    92. 

  92.                             <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hu&igrave;</em></span>, not the
    93. 

  93.                         verb <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xi&#283;</em></span>, that is
    94. 

  94.                         made negative. Auxiliary verbs such as <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hu&igrave;</em></span> and <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xi&#462;ng</em></span> are STATE verbs and so
    95. 

  95.                         are made negative with the prefix <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">b&ugrave;</em></span>, regardless of whether the context is past, present,
    96. 

  96.                         or future.</p><p><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Xi&agrave;nz&agrave;i w&#466; hu&igrave; xi&#283; y&igrave;di&#462;n
    97. 

  97.                             le.</em></span>: The marker used is <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> for new situations. It is
    98. 

  98.                         always placed at the end of a sentence.</p><p>The time word <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xi&agrave;nz&agrave;i</em></span> comes at the beginning of the sentence here.
    99. 

  99.                         Most time words of more than one syllable may come either <span class="bold"><strong>before</strong></span> or <span class="bold"><strong>after</strong></span>
    100. 

  100.                         the <span class="bold"><strong>subject</strong></span>, but in either case <span class="bold"><strong><span class="underline">before the
    101. 

  101.                             verb</span></strong></span>.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a name="d5e31937"></a>Notes on &#8470;7-8</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"><col align="center" class="col2"><col class="col3"><col class="col4"><col class="col5"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">7.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; f&ugrave;qin shi
    102. 

  102.                                             j&#470;nr&eacute;n ma?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20320;&#29238;&#20146;&#26159;&#20891;&#20154;&#21527;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>Is your father a military man?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Sh&igrave;, t&#257; shi
    103. 

  103.                                             h&#462;ij&#470;n j&#470;ngu&#257;n.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#26159;&#65292;&#20182;&#26159;&#28023;&#20891;&#38470;&#20891;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>Yes, he is a naval officer.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">8.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; j&#299;nti&#257;n b&ugrave;
    104. 

  104.                                             l&aacute;i le.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#20170;&#22825;&#19981;&#26469;&#20102;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I'm not coming today.</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; b&igrave;ng
    105. 

  105.                                             le.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#25105;&#30149;&#20102;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>I'm sick.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The verb <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">b&igrave;ng</em></span>,
    106. 

  106.                         "to get sick," "to become ill," is a process verb; that is the activity
    107. 

  107.                         described includes some changes in the situation. Process verbs tell of an
    108. 

  108.                         action which has caused a change from one state to another, as from whole to
    109. 

  109.                         broken ("to break") and from frozen to melted ("to melt"). <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">B&igrave;ng</em></span> is typical of process
    110. 

  110.                         verbs: not only is an action described (coming down with an illness) but
    111. 

  111.                         also a resulting state (being ill). Because of this typical combination,
    112. 

  112.                         process verbs are sometimes thought of as combining the semantic
    113. 

  113.                         characteristics of action and state verbs.</p><p>One of the main purposes of talking about verbs in terms of action, state,
    114. 

  114.                         and process is to draw attention to the fact that the Chinese way of
    115. 

  115.                         expressing something may not correspond to the English. </p><p>For instance,</p><p>"I am sick" in Chinese is <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466;
    116. 

  116.                             b&igrave;ng le. </em></span>("I have gotten sick"). For "I am not sick,"
    117. 

  117.                         you say <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; m&eacute;i
    118. 

  118.                             b&igrave;ng.</em></span> ("I didn't get sick").</p><p>Process verbs are always made negative with m|i9 regardless of whether you
    119. 

  119.                         are referring to past, present, or future.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; b&igrave;ng le
    120. 

  120.                                                 m&eacute;iyou?</em></span></td><td>Are you sick?</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">M&eacute;iyou. W&#466;
    121. 

  121.                                                 m&eacute;i bing.</em></span></td><td>No. I'm not sick.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>(State verbs are always made negative with <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">b&ugrave;</em></span>.)</p><p>Another reason for putting verbs into categories according to the type of
    122. 

  122.                         meaning is to discover how verbs behave in sentences. Knowing whether a verb
    123. 

  123.                         is in the action, state, or process category, you will know what aspect
    124. 

  124.                         markers and negatives may be used with that verb. In the following charts, a
    125. 

  125.                         check mark means that this combination of verb and aspect occurs in the language.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col align="center" class="c1"><col align="center" class="c2"><col align="center" class="c3"><col align="center" class="c4"><col align="center" class="c5"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2" colspan="2" align="center">&nbsp;</td><td colspan="3" align="center">Aspect
    126. 

  126.                                             Markers</td></tr><tr><td align="center">Completion <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span></td><td align="center">Combined <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span></td><td align="center">New-situation</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle">Verbs</td><td align="center">Action</td><td align="center">X</td><td align="center">X</td><td align="center">X</td></tr><tr><td align="center">State</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">X</td></tr><tr><td align="center">Process</td><td align="center">X</td><td align="center">X</td><td align="center">X</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Examples:</strong></span><a href="#ftn.d5e32045" class="footnote" name="d5e32045"><sup class="footnote">[8]</sup></a></p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"><col class="c3"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td rowspan="3">Action</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; zu&oacute;ti&#257;n
    127. 

  127.                                                 g&#333;ngzu&ograve; le.</em></span></td><td>He worked yesterday. (completion Le)</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; y&#464;j&#299;ng
    128. 

  128.                                                 l&aacute;i le.</em></span></td><td>He has already come. (combined le)</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">G&#275;ge
    129. 

  129.                                                 xi&agrave;nz&agrave;i ni&agrave;n d&agrave;x&uuml;&eacute; le.</em></span></td><td>Older brother goes to college now. (new-situation le)<a href="#ftn.d5e32066" class="footnote" name="d5e32066"><sup class="footnote">[a]</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>State</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; xi&agrave;nz&agrave;i
    130. 

  130.                                                 hu&igrave; xi&#283; z&igrave; le.</em></span></td><td>He can write now. (new-situation le)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Process</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; zu&oacute;ti&#257;n
    131. 

  131.                                                 b&igrave;ng le.</em></span></td><td>He got sick yesterday. (completion le)</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; xi&agrave;nz&agrave;i
    132. 

  132.                                                 b&igrave;ng le.</em></span></td><td>He is sick.(combined le)</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; b&igrave;ngle
    133. 

  133.                                                 y&iacute;ge y&uuml;&eacute; le.</em></span></td><td>He has been sick for one month now. (new-situation le
    134. 

  134.                                             and completion le)</td></tr></tbody><tbody class="footnotes"><tr><td colspan="3"><div id="ftn.d5e32066" class="footnote"><p><a href="#d5e32066" class="para"><sup class="para">[a] </sup></a>In affirmative sentences containing action
    135. 

  135.                                                   verbs, the marker le for new situations is used to
    136. 

  136.                                                   describe a change in a general habit.</p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>
    137. 

  137.                         </p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col align="center" class="c1"><col align="center" class="c2"><col align="center" class="c3"><col align="center" class="c4"><col align="center" class="c5"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2" colspan="2" align="center">&nbsp;</td><td colspan="3" align="center">Verbs</td></tr><tr><td align="center">Action</td><td align="center">State</td><td align="center">Process</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle">Negation</td><td align="center"><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">b&ugrave;</em></span></td><td align="center">X</td><td align="center">X</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&#8212;negation of completion <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span></td><td align="center">X</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">X</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&#8212;negation of combined <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span></td><td align="center">X</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">X</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>
    138. 

  138.                     </p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Examples: </strong></span></p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"><col class="c3"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle">Action</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; b&uacute; ni&agrave;n
    139. 

  139.                                                 sh&#363;.</em></span></td><td>He doesn&#8217;t (isn't going to) study</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; m&eacute;i ni&agrave;n
    140. 

  140.                                                 sh&#363;.</em></span></td><td>He didn't study.</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; h&aacute;i m&eacute;i
    141. 

  141.                                                 ni&agrave;n sh&#363;.</em></span></td><td>He hasn&#8217;t studied yet,</td></tr><tr><td align="center">State</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; q&#476;ni&aacute;n
    142. 

  142.                                                 b&ugrave; xi&#462;ng ni&agrave;n sh&#363;.</em></span></td><td>Last year, she didn't want to study.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">Process</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; j&#299;nti&#257;n
    143. 

  143.                                                 m&eacute;i b&igrave;ng.</em></span></td><td>He is not sick today.</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; h&aacute;i m&eacute;i
    144. 

  144.                                                 h&#462;o.</em></span></td><td>He hasn't yet recovered.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Notice that only action verbs use the whole range of negatives to mark the
    145. 

  145.                         negative of future or present action, completed action, or new situations.
    146. 

  146.                         State verbs use the negative prefix <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">b&ugrave;</em></span> even when referring to
    147. 

  147.                         past states. Process verbs use the negative prefix <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">m&eacute;i</em></span> even when referring to
    148. 

  148.                         something in the present.</p><p>If you find a verb occurring with a negative or an aspect marker you had
    149. 

  149.                         not expected, you might discuss with your teacher how the verb behaves in
    150. 

  150.                         terms of these charts. You might discover that what you thought was a state
    151. 

  151.                         verb is actually a process verb, or vice versa.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a name="d5e32160"></a>Notes on &#8470;9</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"><col align="center" class="col2"><col class="col3"><col class="col4"><col class="col5"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">9.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">J&#299;nti&#257;n h&#462;o le
    152. 

  152.                                             m&eacute;iyou?</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20170;&#22825;&#22909;&#20102;&#27809;&#26377;&#65311;</em></span></td><td>Are you better today? (Are you recovered?)</td></tr><tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">J&#299;nti&#257;n h&#462;o
    153. 

  153.                                             le.</em></span></td><td><span lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">&#20170;&#22825;&#22909;&#20102;&#12290;</em></span></td><td>Today I'm better.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">J&#299;nti&#257;n h&#462;o le.</em></span>:
    154. 

  154.                             <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">H&#462;o</em></span> is one of
    155. 

  155.                         many state verbs which can become process verbs. When such a verb becomes a
    156. 

  156.                         process verb, it takes on a different meaning. While the state verb
    157. 

  157.                             <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">h&#462;o</em></span> means "to
    158. 

  158.                         be good" or "to be well," the process verb <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">h&#462;o</em></span> means "to get better,"
    159. 

  159.                         "to recover." Compare these sentences:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257;
    160. 

  160.                                                 h&#462;o.</em></span></td><td>He's in good health.</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; zu&oacute;ti&#257;n
    161. 

  161.                                                 b&igrave;ng le. T&#257; j&#299;nti&#257;n y&#464;j&#299;ng h&#462;o
    162. 

  162.                                             le.</em></span></td><td>Yesterday he became sick. Today he is already
    163. 

  163.                                             recovered.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The difference between the state verb <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">h&#462;o</em></span> and the process verb
    164. 

  164.                             <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">h&#462;o</em></span> is even
    165. 

  165.                         more evident in negative sentences. State verbs, as you remember, are made
    166. 

  166.                         negative only with <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">b&ugrave;</em></span>. Process verbs are made negative only with
    167. 

  167.                             <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">m&eacute;i</em></span> or
    168. 

  168.                             <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">h&aacute;i m&eacute;i</em></span>.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; b&ugrave;
    169. 

  169.                                                 h&#462;o.</em></span></td><td>
    170. 

  170.                                             <p>He's not good. [He&#8217;s not a good person.]</p>
    171. 

  171.                                         </td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; h&aacute;i m&eacute;i
    172. 

  172.                                                 h&#462;o.</em></span></td><td>
    173. 

  173.                                             <p>He hasn't yet recovered. [He is still
    174. 

  174.                                                 sick.]</p>
    175. 

  175.                                         </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>It can be difficult to remember that <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">b&igrave;ng</em></span> and <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">h&#462;o</em></span>, sometimes translated as
    176. 

  176.                             "<span class="bold"><strong>to be sick</strong></span>" and "<span class="bold"><strong>to be better</strong></span>," are actually process verbs in Chinese, not
    177. 

  177.                         state verbs.</p><p> The English sentence "I am better (recovered)" translates as
    178. 

  178.                             <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">W&#466; h&#462;o le.</em></span> ("I
    179. 

  179.                         have become veil") and would be incorrect without the <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>.</p><p>J<span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">&#299;nti&#257;n h&#462;o le
    180. 

  180.                             m&eacute;iyou?</em></span> Questions may be formed from statements
    181. 

  181.                         containing completion <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> or combined <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> by adding <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">m&eacute;iyou</em></span> at the end of the
    182. 

  182.                         statements.</p><p> You will learn more about forming questions in the first unit of the next module.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"><col class="c2"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">T&#257; l&aacute;ile
    183. 

  183.                                                 m&eacute;iyou?</em></span></td><td>Did he come?</td></tr><tr><td><span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">N&#464; h&#462;ole
    184. 

  184.                                                 m&eacute;iyou?</em></span></td><td>
    185. 

  185.                                             <p> Are you recovered (from your illness)?</p>
    186. 

  186.                                         </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e32253"></a>Drills</h3></div></div></div><p></p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e32256"></a>Criterion test</h3></div></div></div><p></p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d5e32259"></a>Appendices</h3></div></div></div><p></p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="d5e32262"></a>Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p></p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="d5e32265"></a>Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p></p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="d5e32268"></a>Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p></p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="d5e32271"></a>Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p></p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="d5e32274"></a>Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p></p></div></div><div class="footnotes"><br><hr style="width:100; text-align:left;margin-left: 0"><div id="ftn.d5e32045" class="footnote"><p><a href="#d5e32045" class="para"><sup class="para">[8] </sup></a>Most of the time you can figure out from a verb's meaning the
    187. 

  187.                                 semantic category in which that verb belongs. However, process verbs
    188. 

  188.                                 may not be so predictable.</p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch02s17.html">Prev</a>&nbsp;</td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="ch02.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right">&nbsp;<a accesskey="n" href="ch03.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Unit 7&nbsp;</td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top">&nbsp;Chapter&nbsp;3.&nbsp;Module 3: MONEY</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
    189.