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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>Unit 6</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"/><link rel="home" href="index.xhtml" title="Standard Chinese"/><link rel="up" href="ch02.xhtml" title="Chapter 2. Module 2: Biographic Information"/><link rel="prev" href="ch02s15.xhtml" title="Unit 5"/><link rel="next" href="ch02s17.xhtml" title="Unit 7"/></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Unit 6</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch02s15.xhtml">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 2. Module 2: Biographic Information</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ch02s17.xhtml">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr/></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="d5e29197"/>Unit 6</h2></div></div></div><p/><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="d5e29200"/>Introduction</h3></div></div></div><p/><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="d5e29203"/>Topics covered in this unit</h4></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>Duration phrases</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> for completion. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The "double <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>" construction. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span>. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Action verbs.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>State verbs.</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="d5e29221"/>Material you will need</h4></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The 6D-1 tape.</p></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="d5e29230"/>References</h3></div></div></div><p/><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="d5e29233"/>Reference List</h4></div></div></div><p/><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"/><col align="center" class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">1.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ zhù duó
                                        jiǔ?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你住多久？</em></span></td><td>How long are you staying?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ zhù
                                        yìnián.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我住一年。</em></span></td><td>I'm staying one year.</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td align="center">2.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ tàitai zhù duó
                                        jiǔ?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你太太住多久？</em></span></td><td>How long is your wife staying?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Ta zhù
                                        liǎngtiān.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">她住两天。</em></span></td><td>She is staying two days.</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td align="center">3.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ tàitai zài
                                        Xiānggǎng zhù duó jiǔ?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你太太在香港住多久？</em></span></td><td>How long is your wife staying in Hong Kong?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ xiǎng tā zhù
                                        liǎngtiān.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我想她住两天。</em></span></td><td>I think she is staying two days.</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td align="center">4.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ xiǎng zhù duò
                                        jiǔ?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你想住多久？</em></span></td><td>How long are you thinking of staying?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ xiǎng zhù
                                        yìnián.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我想住一年。</em></span></td><td>I'm thinking of staying one year.</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td align="center">5.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ xiǎng zài Táiwān
                                        zhù duó jiǔ?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你想在台湾住多久？</em></span></td><td>How long are you thinking of staying in Taiwan?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ xiǎng zhù báge
                                        yüè.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我想住八个月。</em></span></td><td>I'm thinking of staying eight months.</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td align="center">6.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ péngyou xiǎng
                                        zhù duó jiǔ?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你朋友想住多久？</em></span></td><td>How long is your friend thinking of staying?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xiǎng zhù
                                        liǎngge xīngqī.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他想住两个星期。</em></span></td><td>He is thinking of staying two weeks.</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td align="center">7.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ láile duó jiǔ
                                        le?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你来了多久了？</em></span></td><td>How long have you been there?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ láile sāntiān
                                        le.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我来了三天了。</em></span></td><td>I have been here three days.</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td align="center">8.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ tàitai zài
                                        Xiānggǎng zhùle duó jiǔ?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你太太在香港住了多久？</em></span></td><td>How long did your wife stay in Hong Kong?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā zhùle
                                        liǎngtiān.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">她住了两天。</em></span></td><td>She stayed two days.</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td align="center">9.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā lái le
                                        ma?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他来了吗？</em></span></td><td>Did he come?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Lái le, tā lái
                                        le.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">来了，他来了。</em></span></td><td>Yes, he came.</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td align="center">10.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā lái le
                                        ma?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他来了吗？</em></span></td><td>Did he come?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Méi lái, tā méi
                                        lái.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">没来，　他没来。</em></span></td><td>No, he didn't come.</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td align="center">11.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ cóngqián láiguo
                                        ma?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你从前来过吗？</em></span></td><td>Have you ever been here before?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ cóngqián méi
                                        láiguo.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我从前没来过。</em></span></td><td>I have never been here before.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="d5e29480"/>Vocabulary</h4></div></div></div><p/><div class="striped"><table class="striped" border="0"><colgroup><col class="col1"/><col class="col2"/><col class="col3"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">qù</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">去</em></span></td><td>to go</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Niǔ
                                        Yüē</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">纽约</em></span></td><td>New York</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">cóngqián</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">从前</em></span></td><td>before</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">duó
                                        jiǔ</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">多久</em></span></td><td>how long</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">—过</em></span></td><td>experiential marker</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiǎng</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">想</em></span></td><td>to think that, to want to, would you like to</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Xiānggǎng</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">香港</em></span></td><td>Hong Kong</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xīngqī</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">星期</em></span></td><td>week</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zhù
                                    </em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">住</em></span></td><td>to live somewhere</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="d5e29543"/>Reference Notes</h4></div></div></div><p/><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="d5e29546"/>Notes on №1</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"/><col align="center" class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">1.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ zhù duó
                                            jiǔ?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你住多久？</em></span></td><td>How long are you staying?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ zhù
                                            yìnián.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我住一年。</em></span></td><td>I'm staying one year.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Expressions like <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">duó
                            jiǔ</em></span>, "how long," and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yìnián</em></span> "one year," called
                        duration phrases, come after the verb. </p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><table border="0" summary="Note"><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="file:/home/eric/bin/Xml/Oxygen%20XML%20Editor%2021/frameworks/docbook/css/img/note.png"/></td><th align="left">Note</th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>"One day" is <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yìtiān</em></span>. The tone on <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yī</em></span> changes to Falling
                                before a High-tone.</p></td></tr></table></div><p>Notice the contrast with time-when phrases, like <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">shénme shíhou,</em></span> "when," and
                            <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jīnnián</em></span> "this
                        year," which come before the verb.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="c3"/><col class="c4"/><col class="c5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>If a duration phrase is used with the verb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zhù</em></span>, this phrase preempts the
                        position after the verb; and any place phrase, like <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zài Běijīng</em></span>, must come before
                        the verb.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="c3"/><col class="c4"/><col class="c5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Yìnián</em></span>: In
                        telling how many years (giving an amount) no counter is used. The tone on
                            <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yī</em></span>, "one,"
                        changes to Falling before a Rising tone.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="d5e29627"/>Notes on №2</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"/><col align="center" class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">2.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ tàitai zhù
                                            duó jiǔ?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你太太住多久？</em></span></td><td>How long is your wife staying?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Ta zhù
                                            liǎngtiān.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">她住两天。</em></span></td><td>She is staying two days.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Liǎngtiān</em></span>:
                            <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-tiān</em></span>, "day,"
                        like <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-nián</em></span>,
                        "year," is used without a counter. When telling how many of something, the
                        number 2 takes the form <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">liǎng</em></span>. (See Unit 3, notes on Nos. 3-4.)</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="d5e29658"/>Notes on №3-4</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"/><col align="center" class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">3.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ tàitai zài
                                            Xiānggǎng zhù duó jiǔ?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你太太在香港住多久？</em></span></td><td>How long is your wife staying in Hong Kong?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ xiǎng tā zhù
                                            liǎngtiān.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我想她住两天。</em></span></td><td>I think she is staying two days.</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td align="center">4.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ xiǎng zhù
                                            duò jiǔ?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你想住多久？</em></span></td><td>How long are you thinking of staying?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ xiǎng zhù
                                            yìnián.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我想住一年。</em></span></td><td>I'm thinking of staying one year.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The verb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiǎng</em></span>,
                        "to think that," "to want to," "would like to," may be used as a main verb
                        or as an auxiliary verb. As a main verb it means "to think that." It is used
                        this way in the answer of exchange 3 and in the following examples. </p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td> </td><td>I think he is coming tomorrow. </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>I think he is not going. </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>When <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiǎng</em></span> is
                        used as a main verb meaning "to think that," it is not made negative. This
                        may be a special problem for English speakers who are used to saying "I
                        don't think he is going." </p><p>In Chinese, it is: "I think he is <span class="bold"><strong>not
                            going</strong></span>" <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ xiǎng tā
                            bú qù.</em></span></p><p>When <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiǎng</em></span> is
                        used as an auxiliary verb, it means, "to want to," "would like to." It is
                        used this way in exchange 4, which could also be translated as, "How long
                        would you like to stay?" </p><p>Here are other examples: </p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ xiǎng
                                                zǒu ma?</em></span></td><td>Would you like to leave? OR Do you want to
                                            go?</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ bù xiǎng
                                                zǒu.</em></span></td><td>I don't want to leave. </td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ xiǎng
                                                zài Táiběi gōngzuò ma?</em></span></td><td>
                                            <p>Do you want to work in Taipei?</p>
                                        </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="d5e29745"/>Notes on №5-6</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"/><col align="center" class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">5.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ xiǎng zài
                                            Táiwān zhù duó jiǔ?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你想在台湾住多久？</em></span></td><td>How long are you thinking of staying in Taiwan?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ xiǎng zhù
                                            báge yüè.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我想住八个月。</em></span></td><td>I'm thinking of staying eight months.</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td align="center">6.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ péngyou
                                            xiǎng zhù duó jiǔ?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你朋友想住多久？</em></span></td><td>How long is your friend thinking of staying?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xiǎng zhù
                                            liǎngge xīngqī.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他想住两个星期。</em></span></td><td>He is thinking of staying two weeks.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>You already know that <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yìnián</em></span> and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yìtiān</em></span> are used without counters. The words for "month"
                        and "week," however, are used with counters.</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Compare</strong></span>:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">sāntiān</em></span></td><td>3 days</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">sānnián</em></span></td><td>3 years</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">sānge
                                                xīngqī</em></span></td><td>3 weeks</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">sānge
                                                yüè</em></span></td><td>3 months</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="d5e29819"/>Notes on №7</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"/><col align="center" class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">7.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ láile duó
                                            jiǔ le?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你来了多久了？</em></span></td><td>How long have you been there?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ láile
                                            sāntiān le.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我来了三天了。</em></span></td><td>I have been here three days.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le...le</em></span>, "up
                        until now," "so far": The use of completed-action le after the verb and of
                        new-situation <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>
                        after the duration phrase tells you how long the activity has been going on
                        and that it is still going on. The answer could also have been translated "I
                        have been here three days so far." This pattern is sometimes called "double
                            <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>." </p><p>Notice that when <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> is in the middle of a sentence (in this case,
                        because it is followed by a duration phrase), we write it attached to the
                        verb before it: <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">láile duó jiǔ
                            le.</em></span></p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="d5e29852"/>Notes on №8</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"/><col align="center" class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">8.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ tàitai zài
                                            Xiānggǎng zhùle duó jiǔ?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你太太在香港住了多久？</em></span></td><td>How long did your wife stay in Hong Kong?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā zhùle
                                            liǎngtiān.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">她住了两天。</em></span></td><td>She stayed two days.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Completion <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>:</strong></span> Here you see the marker le used to
                        indicate one aspect, completion. Compare a sentence with one le to a
                        sentence with two <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>'s: </p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ zài nàr
                                                zhùle sāntiān.</em></span></td><td>I stayed there three days.</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ zài nàr
                                                zhùle sāntiān le.</em></span></td><td>I have been here (stayed here) for three days now (so
                                            far). </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Completion <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> is
                        used with verbs that describe actions or processes, not with verbs that
                        describe a state or condition, or a continuing situation. The following
                        sentences, describing states or ongoing situations, have past-tense verbs in
                        English but no <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>
                        in Chinese. </p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nèige
                                                shíhou tāmen zhǐ yǒu liǎnge
                                            háizi.</em></span></td><td>At that time they had only two children. </td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā qǜnián
                                                bú zài Shànghǎi, zài
                                            Běijīng.</em></span></td><td> He wasn't in <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Shànghǎi</em></span>
                                            last year; he was in <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Běijīng</em></span>.
                                        </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Verb types in Chinese:</strong></span> In studying some
                        languages, it is important to learn whether a noun is masculine, feminine,
                        or neuter. In Chinese, it is important to learn whether a verb is an action,
                        state, or process verb. These three verb categories are meaning (semantic)
                        groups. A verb is a member of one group or another depending on the meaning
                        of the verb. For instance, "running" and "dancing" are actions; "being good"
                        and "being beautiful" are states; and "getting sick" and "melting" are
                        processes. In Chinese, grammatical rules are applied differently to each
                        semantic verb category. For the most part, you have learned only action and
                        state verbs in this course; so these comments will be confined to those two
                        verb categories. (See Unit 8 of this module for process verbs,)</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Action verbs:</strong></span> These are verbs which
                        describe physical and mental activities. The easiest to classify are verbs
                        of movement such as "walking," "running," and "riding", however, action
                        verbs also include verbs with not too much motion, such as "working" and
                        "writing," and verbs with no apparent motion, such as "studying." One test
                        for determining if a verb is an action is asking "What did he do?" "He
                        arrived," "He spoke," and ’"He listened" are answers which contain action
                        verbs. "He knew" "He wanted" and "He is here" are answers which contain
                        state verbs, not action verbs. Some of the action verbs you have learned
                        are: </p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">dào</em></span> (to arrive)</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span> (to come)</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">gōngzuò</em></span> (to work)</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zhù</em></span> (to live, to stay)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>State verbs:</strong></span> These verbs describe
                        qualities, conditions, and states. All adjectival verbs, such as
                            <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hǎo</em></span> "to be
                        good," and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jiǔ</em></span>,
                        "to be long (in time)," are state verbs. Emotions, such as "being happy" and
                        "being sad," are expressed with state verbs. "Knowing," "liking," "wanting,"
                        and "understanding," which may be called mental states, are also expressed
                        with state verbs. Also, all auxiliary verbs, such as <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiǎng</em></span>, "to want to," "would
                        like to," are state verbs. Here are some of the state verbs: </p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">dà</em></span> to be large</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">shì</em></span> to be</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">duì</em></span> to be correct</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jiào</em></span> to be called</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xìng</em></span> to be surnamed</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zài</em></span> to be at</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiǎng</em></span> to want to</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zhīdào</em></span> to know</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Aspect and verb types:</strong></span> Not every aspect
                        marker in Chinese may be used with all typs8 of verbs. Completion
                            <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> does not
                        occur with state verbs. It does occur with action verbs.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="c3"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle">ACTION</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā yǐjīng
                                                dào le.</em></span></td><td>He has already arrived.</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā
                                                gōngzuòle yìnián.</em></span></td><td>He worked one year.</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā lái le
                                                ma?</em></span></td><td>Did he come?</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle">STATE</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā qǜnián
                                                bú zài zhèr.</em></span></td><td>He wasn't here last year.</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā zuótiān
                                                xiǎng qù.</em></span></td><td>Yesterday he wanted to go.</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā zuótiān
                                                bú zhīdào.</em></span></td><td>He didn't know yesterday.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="d5e29999"/>Notes on №9-10</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"/><col align="center" class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">9.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā lái le
                                            ma?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他来了吗？</em></span></td><td>Did he come?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Lái le, tā lái
                                            le.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">来了，他来了。</em></span></td><td>Yes, he came.</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td align="center">10.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā lái le
                                            ma?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他来了吗？</em></span></td><td>Did he come?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Méi lái, tā méi
                                            lái.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">没来，　他没来。</em></span></td><td>No, he didn't come.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p/><p>Compare the two possible interpretations of the question <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā lái le ma?</em></span> and the answers
                        they receive:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="c3"/><col class="c4"/><col class="c5"/><col class="c6"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th colspan="6" align="center">Completion
                                                <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>
                                        </th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td> </td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">ma?</em></span></td><td>Did she come?</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td> </td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le.</em></span></td><td> </td><td>She came.</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td> </td><td> </td><td>She didn't come.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="c3"/><col class="c4"/><col class="c5"/><col class="newCol6"/><col class="c6"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th colspan="7" align="center">Combined
                                                <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td> </td><td> </td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">ma?</em></span></td><td>Has he come?</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td> </td><td> </td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le.</em></span></td><td> </td><td>She has come. OR She's here.</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hái</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái.</em></span></td><td> </td><td> </td><td>She hasn't come yet.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The first question, with completion <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>, asks only if the action
                        took place. The second question, with combined <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> asks both whether the
                        action has been completed and whether the resulting new situation still
                        exists.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="d5e30146"/>Notes on №11</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"/><col align="center" class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">11.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ cóngqián
                                            láiguo ma?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你从前来过吗？</em></span></td><td>Have you ever been here before?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ cóngqián méi
                                            láiguo.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我从前没来过。</em></span></td><td>I have never been here before.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The aspect marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> means literally "to pass over," "to cross over.
                        The implication is that an event took place and then ceased at some time in
                        the past.</p><p>It may help you to conceptualize <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> in terms of a bridge. The whole bridge is the
                        event. The marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> stresses the fact that not only have you crossed
                        over the bridge but at present you are no longer standing on it. </p><p>The meaning of <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> changes slightly depending on what type of verb it
                        is used with: action or process, (<span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> may not be used with state verbs.) With an action
                        verb, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> means
                        that the action took place and then ceased at some time before the present.
                        With a process verb, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> means that the process took place and that the
                        state which resulted from the process ended at some time before the present. </p><p>Remember that aspect markers like <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> are used only when the
                        speaker feels it necessary to stress some feature or aspect of an event. Le
                        is used to stress finishing, or completion, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> is used to stress that a
                        situation occurred in the past and was "over or "undone," before the time of
                        speaking (that is, the absence of that situation followed the situation). </p><p>Let's contrast <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> with completion <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>: both <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> express completion, but
                            <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> stresses
                        that an action is no longer being performed, or that a state resulting from
                        a process no longer exists. </p><p>For example, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā lái
                            le.</em></span> means "He came," or "He has come," not indicating
                        whether or not he is still there. </p><p>But <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā láiguo</em></span>
                        means "He came" with the specification that he is not there anymore –that
                        is, he came and left.</p><p>One of the uses of the aspect marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span>,is in sentences which
                        express experience or having experienced something at least once in the
                        past, that is, "to have had the experience of doing something." This is how
                            <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> is used
                        in exchange 11. In a question, the marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> can he reflected by the
                        English word "ever," and in a negative statement by "never."</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="c3"/><col class="c4"/><col class="c5"/><col class="c6"/><col class="c7"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">cóngqiān</em></span></td><td> </td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">ma?</em></span></td><td>Have you <span class="bold"><strong>ever</strong></span> been
                                            (come) here before?</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">cóngqián</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span></td><td> </td><td>I have <span class="bold"><strong>never</strong></span> been
                                            (come) here before.</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">cóngqián</em></span></td><td> </td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span></td><td> </td><td>I have been (come) here before</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The negative of <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā lái
                            le.</em></span> does not include a <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>, but the negative of
                            <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā láiguo.</em></span>
                        does have a <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> .
                        The negative adverb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span> is used to negate both completion <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span>.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="c1"/><col align="center" class="c2"/><col align="center" class="c3"/><col align="center" class="c4"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td align="center"><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le.</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td align="center"><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span></td><td align="center"><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td align="center"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="c1"/><col align="center" class="c2"/><col align="center" class="c3"/><col align="center" class="c4"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td align="center"><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo.</em></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Ta</em></span></td><td align="center"><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span></td><td align="center"><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td align="center"><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-guo.</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="d5e30305"/>Drills</h3></div></div></div><p/></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="d5e30308"/>Criterion test</h3></div></div></div><p/></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="d5e30311"/>Appendices</h3></div></div></div><p/><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="d5e30314"/>Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p/></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="d5e30317"/>Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p/></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="d5e30320"/>Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p/></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="d5e30323"/>Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p/></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="d5e30326"/>Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p/></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr/><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch02s15.xhtml">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="ch02.xhtml">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ch02s17.xhtml">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Unit 5 </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.xhtml">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Unit 7</td></tr></table></div></body></html>