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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>Unit 8</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"/><link rel="home" href="index.xhtml" title="Standard Chinese"/><link rel="up" href="ch02.xhtml" title="Chapter 2. Module 2: Biographic Information"/><link rel="prev" href="ch02s17.xhtml" title="Unit 7"/><link rel="next" href="ch03.xhtml" title="Chapter 3. Module 3: MONEY"/></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Unit 8</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch02s17.xhtml">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 2. Module 2: Biographic Information</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ch03.xhtml">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr/></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="d5e31258"/>Unit 8</h2></div></div></div><p/><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="d5e31261"/>Introduction</h3></div></div></div><p/><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="d5e31264"/>Topics covered in this unit</h4></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>More on duration phrases.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> for new situations in negative sentences.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Military titles and 'branches of service,</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">ne</em></span>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Process verbs.</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="d5e31279"/>Material you will need</h4></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The 8D-1 tape.</p></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="d5e31288"/>References</h3></div></div></div><p/><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="d5e31291"/>Reference List</h4></div></div></div><p/><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"/><col align="center" class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">1.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ jīntiān hái yǒu
                                        kè ma?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你今天还有课吗？</em></span></td><td>Do you have any more classes today?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Měiyou kè
                                        le.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">没有课了。</em></span></td><td>I don't have any more classes.</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td align="center">2.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ cóngqián niàn
                                        Yīngwén niànle duó jiǔ?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你从前念英文念了多久？</em></span></td><td>How long did you study English?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ niàn Yīngwén
                                        niànle liǔnián.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我念英文念了六年。</em></span></td><td>I studied English for six years.</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td align="center">3.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ xiànzài niàn
                                        shénme ne?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你现在念什么呢？</em></span></td><td>What are you studying now?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ niàn Fàwén
                                        ne.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我念法文</em></span></td><td>I'm studying French.</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td align="center">4.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ niàn Fàwén
                                        niànle duó jiǔ le?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你念法文念了多久了？</em></span></td><td>How long have you studying French?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ niànle yìnián
                                        le.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我念了一年了。</em></span></td><td>I've have been studying it for one year.</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td align="center">5.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ huì xiě Zhōngguo
                                        zì ma?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你会写中国字吗？</em></span></td><td>Can you write Chinese characters?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Huì
                                        yìdiǎn.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">会一点。</em></span></td><td>I can a little.</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td align="center">6.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Qǜnián wǒ hái bú
                                        huì xiě.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">去年我还不会写。</em></span></td><td>Last year, I couldn't write them.</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Xiànzài wǒ huì xiě
                                        yìdiǎn le.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">现在我会写一点了。</em></span></td><td>Now, I can write a little.</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td align="center">7.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ fùqin shi jǖnrén
                                        ma?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你父亲是军人吗？</em></span></td><td>Is your father a military man?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Shì, tā shi hǎijǖn
                                        jǖnguān.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">是，他是海军陆军。</em></span></td><td>Yes, he is a naval officer.</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td align="center">8.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ jīntiān bù lái
                                        le.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我今天不来了。</em></span></td><td>I'm not coming today.</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ bìng
                                        le.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我病了。</em></span></td><td>I'm sick.</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td align="center">9.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Jīntiān hǎo le
                                        méiyou?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">今天好了没有？</em></span></td><td>Are you better today? (Are you recovered?)</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Jīntiān hǎo
                                        le.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">今天好了。</em></span></td><td>Today I'm better.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="d5e31494"/>Vocabulary</h4></div></div></div><p/><div class="striped"><table class="striped" border="0"><colgroup><col class="col1"/><col class="col2"/><col class="col3"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">kōngjǖn</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">空军</em></span></td><td>Air Force</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lùjǖn</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">陆军</em></span></td><td>army</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">shìbīng</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">事兵</em></span></td><td>enlisted man</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zuò
                                        shì</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">做事</em></span></td><td>to work</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Déwén</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">德文</em></span></td><td>German language</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">bìng</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">病</em></span></td><td>to become ill</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Déwén</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">德文</em></span></td><td>German language</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Fàwén</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">法文</em></span></td><td>French language</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hǎijǖn</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">海军</em></span></td><td>navy</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jǖnguān</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">陆军</em></span></td><td>military officer</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jǖnrén</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">军人</em></span></td><td>military person</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">kè</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">课</em></span></td><td>class</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiě</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">写</em></span></td><td>to write</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zì</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">字</em></span></td><td>character</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="d5e31587"/>Reference Notes</h4></div></div></div><p/><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="d5e31590"/>Notes on №1</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"/><col align="center" class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">1.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ jīntiān hái
                                            yǒu kè ma?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你今天还有课吗？</em></span></td><td>Do you have any more classes today?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Měiyou kè
                                            le.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">没有课了。</em></span></td><td>I don't have any more classes.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Hái</em></span>,
                        "additionally," "also": You have already learned the word <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hái</em></span> used as an adverb meaning
                        "still." In this exchange you learn a second way to use <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hái</em></span>.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ hái
                                                xiǎng zǒu ma?</em></span></td><td>Do you still want to leave?</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ hái yào
                                                xüé shénme?</em></span></td><td>What else do you want to study?</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Méiyou...le</em></span>: You
                        will remember that in the negative of a completed action, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span> or <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méiyou</em></span> replaces the
                        completion marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> is never used together with it.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="c3"/><col class="c4"/><col class="c5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td> </td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le.</em></span></td><td>He came.</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi(you)</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái.</em></span></td><td> </td><td>He did not come.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>In the sentence <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Méiyou kè
                            le</em></span>, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> is a new-situation marker, and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méiyou</em></span> is simply the negative
                        of the full verb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yǒu</em></span>. (Remember that the verb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yǒu</em></span> is always made negative
                        with <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span>, never
                        with <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">bù</em></span>.)</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="c3"/><col class="c4"/><col class="c6"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td> </td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yǒu
                                                kè</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le.</em></span></td><td>Now he has class. [Due to a change in the schedule,
                                            he now has class at this time.]</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi-</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yǒu
                                                kè</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le.</em></span></td><td>He doesn't have any more classes.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Bù...le/méiyou...le</em></span>: When the marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> for new situations is used
                        with a negative verb, there are two possible meanings: </p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>one is that something that was supposed to happen is now not going
                                to happen.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p> the other is that something that was happening is not happening
                                anymore. </p></li></ol></div><p>Thus the following sentence is ambiguous:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td valign="middle"><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā bù lái
                                                le.</em></span></td><td>
                                            <p>He is not coining now. [Either he was expected to
                                                come but changed his mind, or he used to come at
                                                this time but now has stopped.]</p>
                                        </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>In the context of a conversation, the meaning of the sentence would become
                        clear. </p><p>Here are more-examples with the "anymore" meaning:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā bú niàn
                                                shū le.</em></span></td><td>He is not going to study anymore.[He will no longer
                                            attend college.]</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā bú shi
                                                wǒde péngyou le.</em></span></td><td>He is not my friend anymore.</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Méiyou
                                                le.</em></span></td><td>There is no more.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="d5e31737"/>Notes on №2</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"/><col align="center" class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">2.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ cóngqián
                                            niàn Yīngwén niànle duó jiǔ?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你从前念英文念了多久？</em></span></td><td>How long did you study English?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ niàn Yīngwén
                                            niànle liǔnián.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我念英文念了六年。</em></span></td><td>I studied English for six years.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>More on duration: In Unit 6 of this module, you learned to express
                        duration in a sentence with no object (<span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ zài Xiāngǎng zhùle liùge yüè
                            le.</em></span> ). In this unit, you learn one way to express the
                        duration of an activity which involves using both a verb and an object (e.g.
                        , "studying economics"). In such cases, the verb appears twice in the
                        sentence: first when the object is stated, and again when the duration is stated.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā niàn
                                                jīngjixüé, niánle yìnián.</em></span></td><td>He studied economics for one year.</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xüé
                                                Zhōngguo huà, xüéle sānge yüè
                                            le.</em></span></td><td>
                                            <p>He has been studying Chinese for three
                                                months.</p>
                                        </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Notice that aspect markers do not occur after the first verb in each
                        sentence, but only after the second verb and at the end of the second
                        sentence.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="d5e31780"/>Notes on №3</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"/><col align="center" class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">3.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ xiànzài niàn
                                            shénme ne?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你现在念什么呢？</em></span></td><td>What are you studying now?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ niàn Fàwén
                                            ne.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我念法文</em></span></td><td>I'm studying French.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Ne</em></span> is an aspect
                        marker used to emphasize the fact that something is in progress. With action
                        verbs, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">ne</em></span>
                        indicates that the action is going on.</p><p>With state verbs, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">ne</em></span> shows that the state exists. With some process
                        verbs, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">ne</em></span>
                        indicates that the process is going on. <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Ne</em></span> may not be used with
                        certain process verbs. (See also notes on No. 8, about verbs.)</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="d5e31813"/>Notes on №4-5</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"/><col align="center" class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">4.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ niàn Fàwén
                                            niànle duó jiǔ le?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你念法文念了多久了？</em></span></td><td>How long have you studying French?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ niànle
                                            yìnián le.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我念了一年了。</em></span></td><td>I've have been studying it for one year.</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td align="center">5.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ huì xiě
                                            Zhōngguo zì ma?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你会写中国字吗？</em></span></td><td>Can you write Chinese characters?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Huì
                                            yìdiǎn.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">会一点。</em></span></td><td>I can a little.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Xiě Zhōngguo zì</em></span>:
                        The verb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiě</em></span>, "to
                        write" can occur with specific objects, such as <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Zhōngguo zì</em></span>, as well as with
                        the general object <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zì</em></span>. The combination <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiě zì</em></span>can mean either "to
                        write characters" or simply "to write."</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xiǎng xüé
                                            Zhōngguo zì.</em></span></td><td>He wants to learn to write Chinese characters.</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Xiǎo dìdi sìsuì
                                            le, yǐjīng huì xiě zì le.</em></span></td><td>Little younger brother is four years old and already can
                                        write.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>In the reply <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">huì
                            yìdiǎn</em></span>, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">huì</em></span> is used as a main verb --not as an auxiliary verb,
                        as in the question. </p><p>As a main verb, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">huì</em></span> means "to have the skill of," "to have the
                        knowledge of," "to know."</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ huì
                                                Yīngwén.</em></span></td><td>I know English.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="d5e31894"/>Notes on №6</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"/><col align="center" class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">6.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Qǜnián wǒ hái
                                            bú huì xiě.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">去年我还不会写。</em></span></td><td>Last year, I couldn't write them.</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Xiànzài wǒ huì
                                            xiě yìdiǎn le.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">现在我会写一点了。</em></span></td><td>Now, I can write a little.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Qùnián wǒ hái bú huì
                            xiě.</em></span>: Notice that here it is the auxiliary verb
                            <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">huì</em></span>, not the
                        verb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiě</em></span>, that is
                        made negative. Auxiliary verbs such as <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">huì</em></span> and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiǎng</em></span> are STATE verbs and so
                        are made negative with the prefix <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">bù</em></span>, regardless of whether the context is past, present,
                        or future.</p><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Xiànzài wǒ huì xiě yìdiǎn
                            le.</em></span>: The marker used is <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> for new situations. It is
                        always placed at the end of a sentence.</p><p>The time word <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiànzài</em></span> comes at the beginning of the sentence here.
                        Most time words of more than one syllable may come either <span class="bold"><strong>before</strong></span> or <span class="bold"><strong>after</strong></span>
                        the <span class="bold"><strong>subject</strong></span>, but in either case <span class="bold"><strong><span class="underline">before the
                            verb</span></strong></span>.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="d5e31937"/>Notes on №7-8</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"/><col align="center" class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">7.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ fùqin shi
                                            jǖnrén ma?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你父亲是军人吗？</em></span></td><td>Is your father a military man?</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Shì, tā shi
                                            hǎijǖn jǖnguān.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">是，他是海军陆军。</em></span></td><td>Yes, he is a naval officer.</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td align="center">8.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ jīntiān bù
                                            lái le.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我今天不来了。</em></span></td><td>I'm not coming today.</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ bìng
                                            le.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我病了。</em></span></td><td>I'm sick.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The verb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">bìng</em></span>,
                        "to get sick," "to become ill," is a process verb; that is the activity
                        described includes some changes in the situation. Process verbs tell of an
                        action which has caused a change from one state to another, as from whole to
                        broken ("to break") and from frozen to melted ("to melt"). <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Bìng</em></span> is typical of process
                        verbs: not only is an action described (coming down with an illness) but
                        also a resulting state (being ill). Because of this typical combination,
                        process verbs are sometimes thought of as combining the semantic
                        characteristics of action and state verbs.</p><p>One of the main purposes of talking about verbs in terms of action, state,
                        and process is to draw attention to the fact that the Chinese way of
                        expressing something may not correspond to the English. </p><p>For instance,</p><p>"I am sick" in Chinese is <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ
                            bìng le. </em></span>("I have gotten sick"). For "I am not sick,"
                        you say <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ méi
                            bìng.</em></span> ("I didn't get sick").</p><p>Process verbs are always made negative with m|i9 regardless of whether you
                        are referring to past, present, or future.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ bìng le
                                                méiyou?</em></span></td><td>Are you sick?</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Méiyou. Wǒ
                                                méi bing.</em></span></td><td>No. I'm not sick.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>(State verbs are always made negative with <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">bù</em></span>.)</p><p>Another reason for putting verbs into categories according to the type of
                        meaning is to discover how verbs behave in sentences. Knowing whether a verb
                        is in the action, state, or process category, you will know what aspect
                        markers and negatives may be used with that verb. In the following charts, a
                        check mark means that this combination of verb and aspect occurs in the language.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col align="center" class="c1"/><col align="center" class="c2"/><col align="center" class="c3"/><col align="center" class="c4"/><col align="center" class="c5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2" colspan="2" align="center"> </td><td colspan="3" align="center">Aspect
                                            Markers</td></tr><tr><td align="center">Completion <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span></td><td align="center">Combined <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span></td><td align="center">New-situation</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle">Verbs</td><td align="center">Action</td><td align="center">X</td><td align="center">X</td><td align="center">X</td></tr><tr><td align="center">State</td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">X</td></tr><tr><td align="center">Process</td><td align="center">X</td><td align="center">X</td><td align="center">X</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Examples:</strong></span><a href="#ftn.d5e32045" class="footnote" id="d5e32045"><sup class="footnote">[8]</sup></a></p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="c3"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td rowspan="3">Action</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā zuótiān
                                                gōngzuò le.</em></span></td><td>He worked yesterday. (completion Le)</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā yǐjīng
                                                lái le.</em></span></td><td>He has already come. (combined le)</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Gēge
                                                xiànzài niàn dàxüé le.</em></span></td><td>Older brother goes to college now. (new-situation le)<a href="#ftn.d5e32066" class="footnote" id="d5e32066"><sup class="footnote">[a]</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>State</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xiànzài
                                                huì xiě zì le.</em></span></td><td>He can write now. (new-situation le)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Process</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā zuótiān
                                                bìng le.</em></span></td><td>He got sick yesterday. (completion le)</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā xiànzài
                                                bìng le.</em></span></td><td>He is sick.(combined le)</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā bìngle
                                                yíge yüé le.</em></span></td><td>He has been sick for one month now. (new-situation le
                                            and completion le)</td></tr></tbody><tbody class="footnotes"><tr><td colspan="3"><div id="ftn.d5e32066" class="footnote"><p><a href="#d5e32066" class="para"><sup class="para">[a] </sup></a>In affirmative sentences containing action
                                                  verbs, the marker le for new situations is used to
                                                  describe a change in a general habit.</p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>
                        </p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col align="center" class="c1"/><col align="center" class="c2"/><col align="center" class="c3"/><col align="center" class="c4"/><col align="center" class="c5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2" colspan="2" align="center"> </td><td colspan="3" align="center">Verbs</td></tr><tr><td align="center">Action</td><td align="center">State</td><td align="center">Process</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle">Negation</td><td align="center"><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">bù</em></span></td><td align="center">X</td><td align="center">X</td><td align="center"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center">—negation of completion <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span></td><td align="center">X</td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">X</td></tr><tr><td align="center">—negation of combined <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span></td><td align="center">X</td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">X</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>
                    </p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Examples: </strong></span></p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="c3"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle">Action</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā bú niàn
                                                shū.</em></span></td><td>He doesn’t (isn't going to) study</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā méi niàn
                                                shū.</em></span></td><td>He didn't study.</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā hái méi
                                                niàn shū.</em></span></td><td>He hasn’t studied yet,</td></tr><tr><td align="center">State</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā qǜnián
                                                bù xiǎng niàn shū.</em></span></td><td>Last year, she didn't want to study.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">Process</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā jīntiān
                                                méi bìng.</em></span></td><td>He is not sick today.</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā hái méi
                                                hǎo.</em></span></td><td>He hasn't yet recovered.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Notice that only action verbs use the whole range of negatives to mark the
                        negative of future or present action, completed action, or new situations.
                        State verbs use the negative prefix <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">bù</em></span> even when referring to
                        past states. Process verbs use the negative prefix <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span> even when referring to
                        something in the present.</p><p>If you find a verb occurring with a negative or an aspect marker you had
                        not expected, you might discuss with your teacher how the verb behaves in
                        terms of these charts. You might discover that what you thought was a state
                        verb is actually a process verb, or vice versa.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="d5e32160"/>Notes on №9</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="0"><colgroup><col align="center" class="col1"/><col align="center" class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">9.</td><td align="center">A:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Jīntiān hǎo le
                                            méiyou?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">今天好了没有？</em></span></td><td>Are you better today? (Are you recovered?)</td></tr><tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">B:</td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Jīntiān hǎo
                                            le.</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">今天好了。</em></span></td><td>Today I'm better.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Jīntiān hǎo le.</em></span>:
                            <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Hǎo</em></span> is one of
                        many state verbs which can become process verbs. When such a verb becomes a
                        process verb, it takes on a different meaning. While the state verb
                            <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hǎo</em></span> means "to
                        be good" or "to be well," the process verb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hǎo</em></span> means "to get better,"
                        "to recover." Compare these sentences:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā
                                                hǎo.</em></span></td><td>He's in good health.</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā zuótiān
                                                bìng le. Tā jīntiān yǐjīng hǎo
                                            le.</em></span></td><td>Yesterday he became sick. Today he is already
                                            recovered.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The difference between the state verb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hǎo</em></span> and the process verb
                            <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hǎo</em></span> is even
                        more evident in negative sentences. State verbs, as you remember, are made
                        negative only with <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">bù</em></span>. Process verbs are made negative only with
                            <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span> or
                            <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hái méi</em></span>.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā bù
                                                hǎo.</em></span></td><td>
                                            <p>He's not good. [He’s not a good person.]</p>
                                        </td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā hái méi
                                                hǎo.</em></span></td><td>
                                            <p>He hasn't yet recovered. [He is still
                                                sick.]</p>
                                        </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>It can be difficult to remember that <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">bìng</em></span> and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hǎo</em></span>, sometimes translated as
                            "<span class="bold"><strong>to be sick</strong></span>" and "<span class="bold"><strong>to be better</strong></span>," are actually process verbs in Chinese, not
                        state verbs.</p><p> The English sentence "I am better (recovered)" translates as
                            <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ hǎo le.</em></span> ("I
                        have become veil") and would be incorrect without the <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>.</p><p>J<span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">īntiān hǎo le
                            méiyou?</em></span> Questions may be formed from statements
                        containing completion <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> or combined <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> by adding <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méiyou</em></span> at the end of the
                        statements.</p><p> You will learn more about forming questions in the first unit of the next module.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā láile
                                                méiyou?</em></span></td><td>Did he come?</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ hǎole
                                                méiyou?</em></span></td><td>
                                            <p> Are you recovered (from your illness)?</p>
                                        </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="d5e32253"/>Drills</h3></div></div></div><p/></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="d5e32256"/>Criterion test</h3></div></div></div><p/></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="d5e32259"/>Appendices</h3></div></div></div><p/><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="d5e32262"/>Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p/></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="d5e32265"/>Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p/></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="d5e32268"/>Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p/></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="d5e32271"/>Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p/></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="d5e32274"/>Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p/></div></div><div class="footnotes"><br/><hr style="width:100; text-align:left;margin-left: 0"/><div id="ftn.d5e32045" class="footnote"><p><a href="#d5e32045" class="para"><sup class="para">[8] </sup></a>Most of the time you can figure out from a verb's meaning the
                                semantic category in which that verb belongs. However, process verbs
                                may not be so predictable.</p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr/><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch02s17.xhtml">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="ch02.xhtml">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ch03.xhtml">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Unit 7 </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.xhtml">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 3. Module 3: MONEY</td></tr></table></div></body></html>