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  1. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:epub="http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:pls="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon" xmlns:ssml="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis" xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><head><title>Unit 4</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="docbook-epub.css"/><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"/><link rel="prev" href="ch01s13.xhtml" title="Unit 3"/><link rel="next" href="ch01s15.xhtml" title="Unit 5"/></head><body><header/><section class="section" title="Unit 4" epub:type="subchapter" id="d0e7614"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">Unit 4</h2></div></div></div><p/><section class="section" title="Introduction" epub:type="division" id="d0e7618"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">Introduction</h3></div></div></div><p/><section class="section" title="Topics covered in this unit" epub:type="division" id="d0e7622"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Topics covered in this unit</h4></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>Arrival and departure times,</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">shì … de</em></span>
    2. 

  2.                             construction.</p></li></ol></div></section><section class="section" title="Material you will need" epub:type="division" id="d0e7640"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Material you will need</h4></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The C-l and P-l tapes» the Reference List and Reference Notes.</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The C-2 and P-2 tapes» the Workbook.</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The UD-1 tape.</p></li></ol></div></section></section><section class="section" title="References" epub:type="division" id="d0e7654"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">References</h3></div></div></div><section class="section" title="Reference List" epub:type="division" id="d0e7657"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Reference List</h4></div></div></div><p>in <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Běijīng</em></span></p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">1.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ àiren lái
    3. 

  3.                                         ma?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你爱人来吗？</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Is your wife coming?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā
    4. 

  4.                                         lái.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">她来。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">She is coming.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">2.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ àiren lái le
    5. 

  5.                                         ma?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你爱人来了吗？</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Has your wife come?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Lái le, tā lái
    6. 

  6.                                         le.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">来了，她来了。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Yes, she has come.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">3.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ àiren yě lái le
    7. 

  7.                                         ma?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你爱人也来了吗？</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Has your wife come too?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā hái méi
    8. 

  8.                                         lái.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">她还没来。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">She hasn't come yet.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">4.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā shénme shíhou
    9. 

  9.                                         lái?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">她什么时候来？</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">When is she coming?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā míngtiān
    10. 

  10.                                         lái.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">她明天来。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">She is coming tomorrow.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">5.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ péngyou shénme
    11. 

  11.                                         shíhou dào?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你朋友什么时候到？</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">When is your friend arriving?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā yǐjīng dào
    12. 

  12.                                         le.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他已经到了。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He has already arrived.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">6.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā shì shénme
    13. 

  13.                                         shíhou dàode?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">她是什么时候到的？</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">When did she arrive?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā shì zuótiān
    14. 

  14.                                         dàode.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">她是昨天到的。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">She arrived Yesterday.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">7.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ shì yíge rén
    15. 

  15.                                         láide ma?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你是一个人来的吗？</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Did you come alone?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Bú shì, wǒ bú shì
    16. 

  16.                                         yíge rén láide.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">不是，我不是一个人来的。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">No, I didn't come alone.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">8.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ shénme shíhou
    17. 

  17.                                         zǒu?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你什么时候走？</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">When are you leaving?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ jīntiān
    18. 

  18.                                         zǒu.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我今天走。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">I'm leaving today.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">9.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ něitiān
    19. 

  19.                                         zǒu?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你哪天走？</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">What day are you leaving?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ jīntiān
    20. 

  20.                                         zǒu.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我今天走。</em></span></td><td>I'm leaving today.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></section><section class="section" title="Vocabulary" epub:type="division" id="d0e7946"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Vocabulary</h4></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="col1"/><col class="col2"/><col class="col3"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hòutiān</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">后天</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">the day after tomorrow</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">qiántiān</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">前天</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">the day before yesterday</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">tiāntiān</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">天天</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">every day</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">érzi</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">二字</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">son</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">nǚér</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">女儿</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">daughter</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">dào</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">到</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">to arrive</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">érzi</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">二字</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">son</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hòutiān
    21. 

  21.                                         (hòutian)</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">后天</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">the day after tomorrow</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jīntiān
    22. 

  22.                                         (jīntian)</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">今天</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">today</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">来</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">to come</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">了</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">combined le: new-situation and completion marker</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">míngtiān
    23. 

  23.                                         (mīngtian)</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">明天</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">tomorrow</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">něitiān</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">哪天</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">what day</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">nǚér</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">女儿</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">daughter</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">qiántiān
    24. 

  24.                                         (qiántian)</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">前天</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">the day before Yesterday</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">shénme
    25. 

  25.                                         shíhou</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">什么时候</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">when</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">shì
    26. 

  26.                                         de</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">十的</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">focus construction</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-tiān</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">天</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">day</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">tiāntiān</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">天天</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">every day</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yíge
    27. 

  27.                                         rén</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">一个人</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">singly, alone</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yǐjīng
    28. 

  28.                                         (yǐjing)</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">已经</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">already</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zǒu</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">走</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">to leave</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zuótiān</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">昨天</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Yesterday</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jiéhūn</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">结婚</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">to get married, to be married</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi
    29. 

  29.                                         jiéhūn</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">没结婚</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">not to be married</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">kěshi</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">可是</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">but</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiǎng</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">想</em></span></td><td>to think, to think that</td></tr></tbody></table></div></section><section class="section" title="Reference Notes" epub:type="division" id="d0e8199"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Reference Notes</h4></div></div></div><section class="section" title="Notes on №1" epub:type="division" id="d0e8202"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">Notes on №1</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">1.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ àiren lái
    30. 

  30.                                             ma?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你爱人来吗？</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Is your wife coming?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā
    31. 

  31.                                             lái.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">她来。</em></span></td><td>She is coming.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>These sentences refer to future time, but <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span> is not a future-tense
    32. 

  32.                         form. Strictly speaking, Chinese verbs do not have tenses. The same form of
    33. 

  33.                         the verb can be used in present, past, and future contexts.</p><p>We translated the sentence <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā
    34. 

  34.                             zài Táinán gōngzuò.</em></span> as "He works in Tainan" assuming a
    35. 

  35.                         present context. But in a past context we could translate It as "He
    36. 

  36.                             <span class="bold"><strong>worked</strong></span> in Tainan; and in a future
    37. 

  37.                         context we could translate it as "He <span class="bold"><strong>will
    38. 

  38.                             work</strong></span> in Tainan." The verb form <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">gōngzuò</em></span> does not tell you
    39. 

  39.                         what time is being talked about. You have to look elsewhere for that
    40. 

  40.                         information, perhaps to a time expression like "last year" or "now" or
    41. 

  41.                         "tomorrow," or to the conversational setting.</p></section><section class="section" title="Notes on №2" epub:type="division" id="d0e8257"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">Notes on №2</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">2.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ àiren lái le
    42. 

  42.                                             ma?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你爱人来了吗？</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Has your wife come?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Lái le, tā lái
    43. 

  43.                                             le.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">来了，她来了。</em></span></td><td>Yes, she has come.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Aspect</strong></span>: <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Le</em></span> is an aspect marker.
    44. 

  44.                         Through the use of and other one-syllable markers (<span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">de, zhe, ne, guo</em></span>), the
    45. 

  45.                         Chinese language indicates whether the occurrence being talked about is
    46. 

  46.                         completed, ongoing, about to occur, or experienced for the first time.
    47. 

  47.                         Aspect markers may also be used to indicate whether the whole situation in
    48. 

  48.                         the sentence is a new, changed situation.</p><p>"<span class="bold"><strong>Completion</strong></span>" and "new situation" are not
    49. 

  49.                             <span class="bold"><strong>tenses</strong></span> but <span class="bold"><strong>aspects</strong></span>. Aspect is a way of talking about events or
    50. 

  50.                         activities in relation to time. While tenses categorize action in terms of
    51. 

  51.                         features such as completeness and change. Aspect markers are very different
    52. 

  52.                         from tense markers because the same aspect may be used in past, present, and
    53. 

  53.                         future contexts. We may speak of an action that will be completed as of a
    54. 

  54.                         future time, for example, or of a situation that was new as of a past time.
    55. 

  55.                         English communicates these ideas to a certain extent through the use of many
    56. 

  56.                         different tenses for the verb (future perfect, simple past, etc,). Chinese
    57. 

  57.                         does this through the use of aspect markers and time words. The verbs
    58. 

  58.                         themselves do not change form.</p><p>Le is used in exchange 2 to indicate two aspects-completion and new
    59. 

  59.                         situation, (it is, however, often used to indicate only one aspect.)</p><p>Here, it indicates that the person has come, meaning that the action is
    60. 

  60.                         completed, and that the person is now here, a changed situation. When the
    61. 

  61.                         marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> refers
    62. 

  62.                         to both these aspects, we call it "combined <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>." Combined le can be
    63. 

  63.                         thought of as a telescoping of the completion le followed by a new-situation
    64. 

  64.                             <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>:
    65. 

  65.                             <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le le</em></span> becomes
    66. 

  66.                             <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>. In the
    67. 

  67.                         next two units, you will see the marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> used to Indicate each of
    68. 

  68.                         these aspects separately.</p></section><section class="section" title="Notes on №3" epub:type="division" id="d0e8336"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">Notes on №3</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">3.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ àiren yě lái
    69. 

  69.                                             le ma?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你爱人也来了吗？</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Has your wife come too?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā hái méi
    70. 

  70.                                             lái.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">她还没来。</em></span></td><td>She hasn't come yet.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Negative of combined <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>: Compare these affirmative and negative
    71. 

  71.                             forms:</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: left; " class="c1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c2"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c3"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c4"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c5"/><col class="c6"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: left; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span class="bold"><strong>affirmative</strong></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">is coming.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: left; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span class="bold"><strong>negative</strong></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">bù</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td>isn't coming.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: left; " class="c1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c2"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c3"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c4"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c5"/><col class="c6"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: left; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span class="bold"><strong>affirmative</strong></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">has come (now).</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: left; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span class="bold"><strong>negative</strong></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hái</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi(you)</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td>hasn't come (yet).</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Notice that the marker le does not appear in the negative answer in the
    72. 

  72.                         exchange.</p><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Hái</em></span>: The
    73. 

  73.                         negative of a sentence containing combined le_ will include the adverb
    74. 

  74.                             <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hái</em></span>, "yet," as
    75. 

  75.                         well as the negative <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi(you)</em></span>. In English, the "yet" is frequently left
    76. 

  76.                         out.</p><p>Like other adverbs such as <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yě</em></span>, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hái</em></span> always precedes the verb, although not always
    77. 

  77.                         directly. Elements such as the negatives and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span> may come between an
    78. 

  78.                         adverb and a verb,</p><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Méiyou</em></span>, "not
    79. 

  79.                         have" is used to negate the aspect of completion; that is, to say that a
    80. 

  80.                         certain event did not take place. <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Méiyou</em></span> may be shortened to <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span>. Here are three possible
    81. 

  81.                         negative answers to the question.</p><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā lái le ma?</em></span>
    82. 

  82.                         "Has he come?"</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="c1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c2"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c3"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c4"/><col class="c5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hái</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méiyou</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái.</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He hasn't come yet.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hái</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái.</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He hasn't come yet.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hái</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méiyou.</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td>Not yet.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></section><section class="section" title="Notes on №4-5" epub:type="division" id="d0e8537"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">Notes on №4-5</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">4.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā shénme
    83. 

  83.                                             shíhou lái?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">她什么时候来？</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">When is she coming?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā míngtiān
    84. 

  84.                                             lái.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">她明天来。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">She is coming tomorrow.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">5.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ péngyou
    85. 

  85.                                             shénme shíhou dào?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你朋友什么时候到？</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">When is your friend arriving?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā yǐjīng dào
    86. 

  86.                                             le.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他已经到了。</em></span></td><td>He has already arrived.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Position of time words: Time phrases occupy the same position in a
    87. 

  87.                         sentence as adverbs such as <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yě</em></span> and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hái</em></span> between the subject and the verb.</p></section><section class="section" title="Notes on №6-7" epub:type="division" id="d0e8612"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">Notes on №6-7</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">6.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā shì shénme
    88. 

  88.                                             shíhou dàode?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">她是什么时候到的？</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">When did she arrive?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā shì zuótiān
    89. 

  89.                                             dàode.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">她是昨天到的。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">She arrived Yesterday.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">7.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ shì yíge rén
    90. 

  90.                                             láide ma?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你是一个人来的吗？</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Did you come alone?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Bú shì, wǒ bú
    91. 

  91.                                             shì yíge rén láide.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">不是，我不是一个人来的。</em></span></td><td>No, I didn't come alone.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>
    92. 

  92.                         <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">(shì)...de</em></span>: <a href="#ftn.d0e8684" class="footnote"><sup class="footnote" id="d0e8684">[5]</sup></a> This is another way to indicate the aspect of completion. The
    93. 

  93.                         aspect marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>
    94. 

  94.                         and the pattern <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">(shì...de)</em></span> perform different functions and convey
    95. 

  95.                         different meanings. This is how they are different:</p><p>The aspect marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> or its negative <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi (you)</em></span> is used when the
    96. 

  96.                         center of interest is whether or not an action took place. For example, if
    97. 

  97.                         you do not know whether Mr. Sun came or not, you would ask:</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="c1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā léile
    98. 

  98.                                                 méiyou?</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; ">Did he come?</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>and you would be answered either</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="c1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā
    99. 

  99.                                                 láile.</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; ">He came.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>or</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="c1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā méi
    100. 

  100.                                                 lái.</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; ">He didn't come.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>In this question and answer, you use <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> or its negative
    101. 

  101.                             <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi(you)</em></span>
    102. 

  102.                         because the focus is on whether the action took place or not.</p><p>The purpose of the <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">(shì)...de</em></span> construction, on the other hand, is to focus
    103. 

  103.                         on additional information about a completed action; that is, the
    104. 

  104.                         construction is used when the center of interest is NOT whether or not a
    105. 

  105.                         certain action took place. </p><p>For example, once it has been established that Mr. Sun did in fact come,
    106. 

  106.                         the <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">(shì)...de</em></span>
    107. 

  107.                         construction will probably be used for any additional questions and answers
    108. 

  108.                         about his coming. For example:</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā shi
    109. 

  109.                                                 shénme shíhou láide?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">When did he come?</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā shi
    110. 

  110.                                                 zuótiān láide.</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He came yesterday.</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā shi yíge
    111. 

  111.                                                 rén láide ma?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Did he come alone?</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā shi yíge
    112. 

  112.                                                 rén láide.</em></span></td><td>He came alone.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>These questions and answers use the <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">(shì)...de</em></span> construction
    113. 

  113.                         because you already know that Mr. Sun came and now you are asking for
    114. 

  114.                         additional information about his visit. Many types of additional information
    115. 

  115.                         can be focus points for which the <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">(shì)...de</em></span> construction is used. </p><p>In <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā shi shénme shíhou
    116. 

  116.                             láide?</em></span> the additional information is the time when
    117. 

  117.                         something happens. </p><p>In <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā shi yíge rén láide
    118. 

  118.                             ma?</em></span> the information asked for is the manner in which
    119. 

  119.                         something takes place. </p><p>Other possible focus points are place, cause of action, goal of action,
    120. 

  120.                         and performer of action.</p><p>Now let's take a look at how <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">shì</em></span> and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">de</em></span> function separately in this construction. The verb
    121. 

  121.                             <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">shì</em></span>, coming
    122. 

  122.                         before the phrase which is the center of interest, serves as a signal that
    123. 

  123.                         what follows is emphasised. The verb "to "be" is often used in a similar way
    124. 

  124.                         in English to mark the center of interest:</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="c1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā shi
    125. 

  125.                                                 zuótiān láide ma?</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; ">Was it yesterday that he came?</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Another way of showing the center of interest in English is by word
    126. 

  126.                         stress. Here is a comparison between focusing in Chinese with <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">(shì)...de</em></span> and focusing in
    127. 

  127.                         English with stress:</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā lái le
    128. 

  128.                                                 ma?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Has he come?</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Lái
    129. 

  129.                                                 le.</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Yes, he has.</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā shi
    130. 

  130.                                                 zuótiān láide ma?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Did he come YESTERDAY?</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Shì, tā shi
    131. 

  131.                                                 zuótiān láide.</em></span></td><td>Yes, YESTERDAY.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">de</em></span>
    132. 

  132.                         coming after the verb indicates completion. When the marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">de</em></span> is not used in the
    133. 

  133.                         sentence, that sentence no longer describes a completed event. The marker
    134. 

  134.                             <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">shì</em></span> by itself
    135. 

  135.                         emphasizes something about the action.</p><p> Compare these sentences:</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā shi
    136. 

  136.                                                 jīntiān lái.</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">She is coming (later) today.</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā shi
    137. 

  137.                                                 jīntiān láide.</em></span></td><td>She came (earlier) today.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>For the time being, you will not use <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">shì</em></span> without <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">de</em></span>.</p><p>The negative form of the <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">(shì)...de</em></span> construction is <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">bú shi...de</em></span> . Compare this
    138. 

  138.                         with the negatives you have already learned:</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="c3"/><col class="c4"/><col class="c5"/><col class="c6"/><col class="c7"/><col class="c8"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">shi</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zuótiān</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-de</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">It was YESTERDAY that he came.</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">bú</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zuótiān</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-de</em></span></td><td>It wasn't YESTERDAY that he came.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="c3"/><col class="c4"/><col class="c5"/><col class="c6"/><col class="c7"/><col class="c8"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le.</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He has come.</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hái</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td>He hasn't come.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="c3"/><col class="c4"/><col class="c5"/><col class="c6"/><col class="c7"/><col class="c8"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">míngtiān</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He is coming tomorrow.</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">míngtiān</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">bù</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">lái.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td>He isn't coming tomorrow.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Notice that in a <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">(shì)...de</em></span> construction the negative <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">bú</em></span> precedes the verb
    139. 

  139.                             <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">shì</em></span> rather
    140. 

  140.                         than the main verb. Short answers are also formed with <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">shì</em></span> rather than with the main verb:</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ shi yíge
    141. 

  141.                                                 rén láide ma?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Did you come alone?</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Shì, wǒ shì
    142. 

  142.                                                 yíge rén láide.</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Yes, I came alone.</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Búshì, wǒ
    143. 

  143.                                                 bú shi yíge rén láide.</em></span></td><td>No, I didn't come alone.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">(shì)...de</em></span>
    144. 

  144.                         construction is not used in every completed-action sentence containing a
    145. 

  145.                         time, place, or manner phrase. If the center of interest is still whether or
    146. 

  146.                         not the action took place, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> is used. If, for example, you knew that someone was
    147. 

  147.                         expected to come yesterday and you wanted to find out only whether he
    148. 

  148.                         actually did come, the conversation might go as follows:</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border: none;"><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="c3"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā zuótiān
    149. 

  149.                                                 méi lái ma?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Didn't he COME yesterday?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā zuótiān
    150. 

  150.                                                 lái le.</em></span></td><td>He DID COME yesterday.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Literally, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yíge
    151. 

  151.                             rén</em></span> means "one person." When the expression is used to
    152. 

  152.                         describe how someone does something, translate it as "alone"</p></section><section class="section" title="Notes on №8-9" epub:type="division" id="d0e9124"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">Notes on №8-9</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">8.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ shénme
    153. 

  153.                                             shíhou zǒu?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你什么时候走？</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">When are you leaving?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ jīntiān
    154. 

  154.                                             zǒu.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我今天走。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">I'm leaving today.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">9.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ něitiān
    155. 

  155.                                             zǒu?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你哪天走？</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">What day are you leaving?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ jīntiān
    156. 

  156.                                             zǒu.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我今天走。</em></span></td><td>I'm leaving today.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The word for "day" is the bound word <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-tiān</em></span>. To ask "what day"
    157. 

  157.                         (literally "which day"), the bound word <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">něi-</em></span> "which," is combined
    158. 

  158.                         with the bound word <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-tiān</em></span>, "day": <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">něitiān</em></span> (like <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">něiguó</em></span>, "which country").</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">něitiān?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">what day?/which day?</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">qiántiān</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">day before yesterday</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zuótiān</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">yesterday</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jīntiān</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">today</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">míngtiān</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">tomorrow</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hòutiān</em></span></td><td>day after tomorrow</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Some speakers say the <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-tiān</em></span> in these words in the Neutral tone:
    159. 

  159.                             <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">qiántian</em></span>,<span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zuótian</em></span>, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jīntian</em></span>, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">míngtian</em></span>, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hòutian</em></span>.</p></section></section></section><section class="section" title="Drills" epub:type="division" id="d0e9270"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">Drills</h3></div></div></div><p/></section><section class="section" title="Criterion test" epub:type="division" id="d0e9275"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">Criterion test</h3></div></div></div><p/></section><section class="section" title="Appendices" epub:type="division" id="d0e9280"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">Appendices</h3></div></div></div><p/><section class="section" title="Appendix" epub:type="division" id="d0e9284"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p/></section><section class="section" title="Appendix" epub:type="division" id="d0e9288"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p/></section><section class="section" title="Appendix" epub:type="division" id="d0e9292"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p/></section><section class="section" title="Appendix" epub:type="division" id="d0e9296"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p/></section><section class="section" title="Appendix" epub:type="division" id="d0e9300"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Appendix </h4></div></div></div><p/></section></section><div class="footnotes" epub:type="footnotes"><br/><hr class="footnote-hr"/><div id="ftn.d0e8684" class="footnote" epub:type="footnote"><p><a href="#d0e8684" class="para"><sup class="para">[5] </sup></a>On occasion, a speaker may omit the <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">shì</em></span> (which is why it
    160. 

  160.                                 is written in parentheses in these notes).</p></div></div></section><footer/></body></html>
    161.