xincluded-profiled1324.xml 697 KB

12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970717273747576777879808182838485868788899091929394959697989910010110210310410510610710810911011111211311411511611711811912012112212312412512612712812913013113213313413513613713813914014114214314414514614714814915015115215315415515615715815916016116216316416516616716816917017117217317417517617717817918018118218318418518618718818919019119219319419519619719819920020120220320420520620720820921021121221321421521621721821922022122222322422522622722822923023123223323423523623723823924024124224324424524624724824925025125225325425525625725825926026126226326426526626726826927027127227327427527627727827928028128228328428528628728828929029129229329429529629729829930030130230330430530630730830931031131231331431531631731831932032132232332432532632732832933033133233333433533633733833934034134234334434534634734834935035135235335435535635735835936036136236336436536636736836937037137237337437537637737837938038138238338438538638738838939039139239339439539639739839940040140240340440540640740840941041141241341441541641741841942042142242342442542642742842943043143243343443543643743843944044144244344444544644744844945045145245345445545645745845946046146246346446546646746846947047147247347447547647747847948048148248348448548648748848949049149249349449549649749849950050150250350450550650750850951051151251351451551651751851952052152252352452552652752852953053153253353453553653753853954054154254354454554654754854955055155255355455555655755855956056156256356456556656756856957057157257357457557657757857958058158258358458558658758858959059159259359459559659759859960060160260360460560660760860961061161261361461561661761861962062162262362462562662762862963063163263363463563663763863964064164264364464564664764864965065165265365465565665765865966066166266366466566666766866967067167267367467567667767867968068168268368468568668768868969069169269369469569669769869970070170270370470570670770870971071171271371471571671771871972072172272372472572672772872973073173273373473573673773873974074174274374474574674774874975075175275375475575675775875976076176276376476576676776876977077177277377477577677777877978078178278378478578678778878979079179279379479579679779879980080180280380480580680780880981081181281381481581681781881982082182282382482582682782882983083183283383483583683783883984084184284384484584684784884985085185285385485585685785885986086186286386486586686786886987087187287387487587687787887988088188288388488588688788888989089189289389489589689789889990090190290390490590690790890991091191291391491591691791891992092192292392492592692792892993093193293393493593693793893994094194294394494594694794894995095195295395495595695795895996096196296396496596696796896997097197297397497597697797897998098198298398498598698798898999099199299399499599699799899910001001100210031004100510061007100810091010101110121013101410151016101710181019102010211022102310241025102610271028102910301031103210331034103510361037103810391040104110421043104410451046104710481049105010511052105310541055105610571058105910601061106210631064106510661067106810691070107110721073107410751076107710781079108010811082108310841085108610871088108910901091109210931094109510961097109810991100110111021103110411051106110711081109111011111112111311141115111611171118111911201121112211231124112511261127112811291130113111321133113411351136113711381139114011411142114311441145114611471148114911501151115211531154115511561157115811591160116111621163116411651166116711681169117011711172117311741175117611771178117911801181118211831184118511861187118811891190119111921193119411951196119711981199120012011202120312041205120612071208120912101211121212131214121512161217121812191220122112221223122412251226122712281229123012311232123312341235123612371238123912401241124212431244124512461247124812491250125112521253125412551256125712581259126012611262126312641265126612671268126912701271127212731274127512761277127812791280128112821283128412851286128712881289129012911292129312941295129612971298129913001301130213031304130513061307130813091310131113121313131413151316131713181319132013211322132313241325132613271328132913301331133213331334133513361337133813391340134113421343134413451346134713481349135013511352135313541355135613571358135913601361136213631364136513661367136813691370137113721373137413751376137713781379138013811382138313841385138613871388138913901391139213931394139513961397139813991400140114021403140414051406140714081409141014111412141314141415141614171418141914201421142214231424142514261427142814291430143114321433143414351436143714381439144014411442144314441445144614471448144914501451145214531454145514561457145814591460146114621463146414651466146714681469147014711472147314741475147614771478147914801481148214831484148514861487148814891490149114921493149414951496149714981499150015011502150315041505150615071508150915101511151215131514151515161517151815191520152115221523152415251526152715281529153015311532153315341535153615371538153915401541154215431544154515461547154815491550155115521553155415551556155715581559156015611562156315641565156615671568156915701571157215731574157515761577157815791580158115821583158415851586158715881589159015911592159315941595159615971598159916001601160216031604160516061607160816091610161116121613161416151616161716181619162016211622162316241625162616271628162916301631163216331634163516361637163816391640164116421643164416451646164716481649165016511652165316541655165616571658165916601661166216631664166516661667166816691670167116721673167416751676167716781679168016811682168316841685168616871688168916901691169216931694169516961697169816991700170117021703170417051706170717081709171017111712171317141715171617171718171917201721172217231724172517261727172817291730173117321733173417351736173717381739174017411742174317441745174617471748174917501751175217531754175517561757175817591760176117621763176417651766176717681769177017711772177317741775177617771778177917801781178217831784178517861787178817891790179117921793179417951796179717981799180018011802180318041805180618071808180918101811181218131814181518161817181818191820182118221823182418251826182718281829183018311832183318341835183618371838183918401841184218431844184518461847184818491850185118521853185418551856185718581859186018611862186318641865186618671868186918701871187218731874187518761877187818791880188118821883188418851886188718881889189018911892189318941895189618971898189919001901190219031904190519061907190819091910191119121913191419151916191719181919192019211922192319241925192619271928192919301931193219331934193519361937193819391940194119421943194419451946194719481949195019511952195319541955195619571958195919601961196219631964196519661967196819691970197119721973197419751976197719781979198019811982198319841985198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024202520262027202820292030203120322033203420352036203720382039204020412042204320442045204620472048204920502051205220532054205520562057205820592060206120622063206420652066206720682069207020712072207320742075207620772078207920802081208220832084208520862087208820892090209120922093209420952096209720982099210021012102210321042105210621072108210921102111211221132114211521162117211821192120212121222123212421252126212721282129213021312132213321342135213621372138213921402141214221432144214521462147214821492150215121522153215421552156215721582159216021612162216321642165216621672168216921702171217221732174217521762177217821792180218121822183218421852186218721882189219021912192219321942195219621972198219922002201220222032204220522062207220822092210221122122213221422152216221722182219222022212222222322242225222622272228222922302231223222332234223522362237223822392240224122422243224422452246224722482249225022512252225322542255225622572258225922602261226222632264226522662267226822692270227122722273227422752276227722782279228022812282228322842285228622872288228922902291229222932294229522962297229822992300230123022303230423052306230723082309231023112312231323142315231623172318231923202321232223232324232523262327232823292330233123322333233423352336233723382339234023412342234323442345234623472348234923502351235223532354235523562357235823592360236123622363236423652366236723682369237023712372237323742375237623772378237923802381238223832384238523862387238823892390239123922393239423952396239723982399240024012402240324042405240624072408240924102411241224132414241524162417241824192420242124222423242424252426242724282429243024312432243324342435243624372438243924402441244224432444244524462447244824492450245124522453245424552456245724582459246024612462246324642465246624672468246924702471247224732474247524762477247824792480248124822483248424852486248724882489249024912492249324942495249624972498249925002501250225032504250525062507250825092510251125122513251425152516251725182519252025212522252325242525252625272528252925302531253225332534253525362537253825392540254125422543254425452546254725482549255025512552255325542555255625572558255925602561256225632564256525662567256825692570257125722573257425752576257725782579258025812582258325842585258625872588258925902591259225932594259525962597259825992600260126022603260426052606260726082609261026112612261326142615261626172618261926202621262226232624262526262627262826292630263126322633263426352636263726382639264026412642264326442645264626472648264926502651265226532654265526562657265826592660266126622663266426652666266726682669267026712672267326742675267626772678267926802681268226832684268526862687268826892690269126922693269426952696269726982699270027012702270327042705270627072708270927102711271227132714271527162717271827192720272127222723272427252726272727282729273027312732273327342735273627372738273927402741274227432744274527462747274827492750275127522753275427552756275727582759276027612762276327642765276627672768276927702771277227732774277527762777277827792780278127822783278427852786278727882789279027912792279327942795279627972798279928002801280228032804280528062807280828092810281128122813281428152816281728182819282028212822282328242825282628272828282928302831283228332834283528362837283828392840284128422843284428452846284728482849285028512852285328542855285628572858285928602861286228632864286528662867286828692870287128722873287428752876287728782879288028812882288328842885288628872888288928902891289228932894289528962897289828992900290129022903290429052906290729082909291029112912291329142915291629172918291929202921292229232924292529262927292829292930293129322933293429352936293729382939294029412942294329442945294629472948294929502951295229532954295529562957295829592960296129622963296429652966296729682969297029712972297329742975297629772978297929802981298229832984298529862987298829892990299129922993299429952996299729982999300030013002300330043005300630073008300930103011301230133014301530163017301830193020302130223023302430253026302730283029303030313032303330343035303630373038303930403041304230433044304530463047304830493050305130523053305430553056305730583059306030613062306330643065306630673068306930703071307230733074307530763077307830793080308130823083308430853086308730883089309030913092309330943095309630973098309931003101310231033104310531063107310831093110311131123113311431153116311731183119312031213122312331243125312631273128312931303131313231333134313531363137313831393140314131423143314431453146314731483149315031513152315331543155315631573158315931603161316231633164316531663167316831693170317131723173317431753176317731783179318031813182318331843185318631873188318931903191319231933194319531963197319831993200320132023203320432053206320732083209321032113212321332143215321632173218321932203221322232233224322532263227322832293230323132323233323432353236323732383239324032413242324332443245324632473248324932503251325232533254325532563257325832593260326132623263326432653266326732683269327032713272327332743275327632773278327932803281328232833284328532863287328832893290329132923293329432953296329732983299330033013302330333043305330633073308330933103311331233133314331533163317331833193320332133223323332433253326332733283329333033313332333333343335333633373338333933403341334233433344334533463347334833493350335133523353335433553356335733583359336033613362336333643365336633673368336933703371337233733374337533763377337833793380338133823383338433853386338733883389339033913392339333943395339633973398339934003401340234033404340534063407340834093410341134123413341434153416341734183419342034213422342334243425342634273428342934303431343234333434343534363437343834393440344134423443344434453446344734483449345034513452345334543455345634573458345934603461346234633464346534663467346834693470347134723473347434753476347734783479348034813482348334843485348634873488348934903491349234933494349534963497349834993500350135023503350435053506350735083509351035113512351335143515351635173518351935203521352235233524352535263527352835293530353135323533353435353536353735383539354035413542354335443545354635473548354935503551355235533554355535563557355835593560356135623563356435653566356735683569357035713572357335743575357635773578357935803581358235833584358535863587358835893590359135923593359435953596359735983599360036013602360336043605360636073608360936103611361236133614361536163617361836193620362136223623362436253626362736283629363036313632363336343635363636373638363936403641364236433644364536463647364836493650365136523653365436553656365736583659366036613662366336643665366636673668366936703671367236733674367536763677367836793680368136823683368436853686368736883689369036913692369336943695369636973698369937003701370237033704370537063707370837093710371137123713371437153716371737183719372037213722372337243725372637273728372937303731373237333734373537363737373837393740374137423743374437453746374737483749375037513752375337543755375637573758375937603761376237633764376537663767376837693770377137723773377437753776377737783779378037813782378337843785378637873788378937903791379237933794379537963797379837993800380138023803380438053806380738083809381038113812381338143815381638173818381938203821382238233824382538263827382838293830383138323833383438353836383738383839384038413842384338443845384638473848384938503851385238533854385538563857385838593860386138623863386438653866386738683869387038713872387338743875387638773878387938803881388238833884388538863887388838893890389138923893389438953896389738983899390039013902390339043905390639073908390939103911391239133914391539163917391839193920392139223923392439253926392739283929393039313932393339343935393639373938393939403941394239433944394539463947394839493950395139523953395439553956395739583959396039613962396339643965396639673968396939703971397239733974397539763977397839793980398139823983398439853986398739883989399039913992399339943995399639973998399940004001400240034004400540064007400840094010401140124013401440154016401740184019402040214022402340244025402640274028402940304031403240334034403540364037403840394040404140424043404440454046404740484049405040514052405340544055405640574058405940604061406240634064406540664067406840694070407140724073407440754076407740784079408040814082408340844085408640874088408940904091409240934094409540964097409840994100410141024103410441054106410741084109411041114112411341144115411641174118411941204121412241234124412541264127412841294130413141324133413441354136413741384139414041414142414341444145414641474148414941504151415241534154415541564157415841594160416141624163416441654166416741684169417041714172417341744175417641774178417941804181418241834184418541864187418841894190419141924193419441954196419741984199420042014202420342044205420642074208420942104211421242134214421542164217421842194220422142224223422442254226422742284229423042314232423342344235423642374238423942404241424242434244424542464247424842494250425142524253425442554256425742584259426042614262426342644265426642674268426942704271427242734274427542764277427842794280428142824283428442854286428742884289429042914292429342944295429642974298429943004301430243034304430543064307430843094310431143124313431443154316431743184319432043214322432343244325432643274328432943304331433243334334433543364337433843394340434143424343434443454346434743484349435043514352435343544355435643574358435943604361436243634364436543664367436843694370437143724373437443754376437743784379438043814382438343844385438643874388438943904391439243934394439543964397439843994400440144024403440444054406440744084409441044114412441344144415441644174418441944204421442244234424442544264427442844294430443144324433443444354436443744384439444044414442444344444445444644474448444944504451445244534454445544564457445844594460446144624463446444654466446744684469447044714472447344744475447644774478447944804481448244834484448544864487448844894490449144924493449444954496449744984499450045014502450345044505450645074508450945104511451245134514451545164517451845194520452145224523452445254526452745284529453045314532453345344535453645374538453945404541454245434544454545464547454845494550455145524553455445554556455745584559456045614562456345644565456645674568456945704571457245734574457545764577457845794580458145824583458445854586458745884589459045914592459345944595459645974598459946004601460246034604460546064607460846094610461146124613461446154616461746184619462046214622462346244625462646274628462946304631463246334634463546364637463846394640464146424643464446454646464746484649465046514652465346544655465646574658465946604661466246634664466546664667466846694670467146724673467446754676467746784679468046814682468346844685468646874688468946904691469246934694469546964697469846994700470147024703470447054706470747084709471047114712471347144715471647174718471947204721472247234724472547264727472847294730473147324733473447354736473747384739474047414742474347444745474647474748474947504751475247534754475547564757475847594760476147624763476447654766476747684769477047714772477347744775477647774778477947804781478247834784478547864787478847894790479147924793479447954796479747984799480048014802480348044805480648074808480948104811481248134814481548164817481848194820482148224823482448254826482748284829483048314832483348344835483648374838483948404841484248434844484548464847484848494850485148524853485448554856485748584859486048614862486348644865486648674868486948704871487248734874487548764877487848794880488148824883488448854886488748884889489048914892489348944895489648974898489949004901490249034904490549064907490849094910491149124913491449154916491749184919492049214922492349244925492649274928492949304931493249334934493549364937493849394940494149424943494449454946494749484949495049514952495349544955495649574958495949604961496249634964496549664967496849694970497149724973497449754976497749784979498049814982498349844985498649874988498949904991499249934994499549964997499849995000500150025003500450055006500750085009501050115012501350145015501650175018501950205021502250235024502550265027502850295030503150325033503450355036503750385039504050415042504350445045504650475048504950505051505250535054505550565057505850595060506150625063506450655066506750685069507050715072507350745075507650775078507950805081508250835084508550865087508850895090509150925093509450955096509750985099510051015102510351045105510651075108510951105111511251135114511551165117511851195120512151225123512451255126512751285129513051315132513351345135513651375138513951405141514251435144514551465147514851495150515151525153515451555156515751585159516051615162516351645165516651675168516951705171517251735174517551765177517851795180518151825183518451855186518751885189519051915192519351945195519651975198519952005201520252035204520552065207520852095210521152125213521452155216521752185219522052215222522352245225522652275228522952305231523252335234523552365237523852395240524152425243524452455246524752485249525052515252525352545255525652575258525952605261526252635264526552665267526852695270527152725273527452755276527752785279528052815282528352845285528652875288528952905291529252935294529552965297529852995300530153025303530453055306530753085309531053115312531353145315531653175318531953205321532253235324532553265327532853295330533153325333533453355336533753385339534053415342534353445345534653475348534953505351535253535354535553565357535853595360536153625363536453655366536753685369537053715372537353745375537653775378537953805381538253835384538553865387538853895390539153925393539453955396539753985399540054015402540354045405540654075408540954105411541254135414541554165417541854195420542154225423542454255426542754285429543054315432543354345435543654375438543954405441544254435444544554465447544854495450545154525453545454555456545754585459546054615462546354645465546654675468546954705471547254735474547554765477547854795480548154825483548454855486548754885489549054915492549354945495549654975498549955005501550255035504550555065507550855095510551155125513551455155516551755185519552055215522552355245525552655275528552955305531553255335534553555365537553855395540554155425543554455455546554755485549555055515552555355545555555655575558555955605561556255635564556555665567556855695570557155725573557455755576557755785579558055815582558355845585558655875588558955905591559255935594559555965597559855995600560156025603560456055606560756085609561056115612561356145615561656175618561956205621562256235624562556265627562856295630563156325633563456355636563756385639564056415642564356445645564656475648564956505651565256535654565556565657565856595660566156625663566456655666566756685669567056715672567356745675567656775678567956805681568256835684568556865687568856895690569156925693569456955696569756985699570057015702570357045705570657075708570957105711571257135714571557165717571857195720572157225723572457255726572757285729573057315732573357345735573657375738573957405741574257435744574557465747574857495750575157525753575457555756575757585759576057615762576357645765576657675768576957705771577257735774577557765777577857795780578157825783578457855786578757885789579057915792579357945795579657975798579958005801580258035804580558065807580858095810581158125813581458155816581758185819582058215822582358245825582658275828582958305831583258335834583558365837583858395840584158425843584458455846584758485849585058515852585358545855585658575858585958605861586258635864586558665867586858695870587158725873587458755876587758785879588058815882588358845885588658875888588958905891589258935894589558965897589858995900590159025903590459055906590759085909591059115912591359145915591659175918591959205921592259235924592559265927592859295930593159325933593459355936593759385939594059415942594359445945594659475948594959505951595259535954595559565957595859595960596159625963596459655966596759685969597059715972597359745975597659775978597959805981598259835984598559865987598859895990599159925993599459955996599759985999600060016002600360046005600660076008600960106011601260136014601560166017601860196020602160226023602460256026602760286029603060316032603360346035603660376038603960406041604260436044604560466047604860496050605160526053605460556056605760586059606060616062606360646065606660676068606960706071607260736074607560766077607860796080608160826083608460856086608760886089609060916092609360946095609660976098609961006101610261036104610561066107610861096110611161126113611461156116611761186119612061216122612361246125612661276128612961306131613261336134613561366137613861396140614161426143614461456146614761486149615061516152615361546155615661576158615961606161616261636164616561666167616861696170617161726173617461756176617761786179618061816182618361846185618661876188618961906191619261936194619561966197619861996200620162026203620462056206620762086209621062116212621362146215621662176218621962206221622262236224622562266227622862296230623162326233623462356236623762386239624062416242624362446245624662476248624962506251625262536254625562566257625862596260626162626263626462656266626762686269627062716272627362746275627662776278627962806281628262836284628562866287628862896290629162926293629462956296629762986299630063016302630363046305630663076308630963106311631263136314631563166317631863196320632163226323632463256326632763286329633063316332633363346335633663376338633963406341634263436344634563466347634863496350635163526353635463556356635763586359636063616362636363646365636663676368636963706371637263736374637563766377637863796380638163826383638463856386638763886389639063916392639363946395639663976398639964006401640264036404640564066407640864096410641164126413641464156416641764186419642064216422642364246425642664276428642964306431643264336434643564366437643864396440644164426443644464456446644764486449645064516452645364546455645664576458645964606461646264636464646564666467646864696470647164726473647464756476647764786479648064816482648364846485648664876488648964906491649264936494649564966497649864996500650165026503650465056506650765086509651065116512651365146515651665176518651965206521652265236524652565266527652865296530653165326533653465356536653765386539654065416542654365446545654665476548654965506551655265536554655565566557655865596560656165626563656465656566656765686569657065716572657365746575657665776578657965806581658265836584658565866587658865896590659165926593659465956596659765986599660066016602660366046605660666076608660966106611661266136614661566166617661866196620662166226623662466256626662766286629663066316632663366346635663666376638663966406641664266436644664566466647664866496650665166526653665466556656665766586659666066616662666366646665666666676668666966706671667266736674667566766677667866796680668166826683668466856686668766886689669066916692669366946695669666976698669967006701670267036704670567066707670867096710671167126713671467156716671767186719672067216722672367246725672667276728672967306731673267336734673567366737673867396740674167426743674467456746674767486749675067516752675367546755675667576758675967606761676267636764676567666767676867696770677167726773677467756776677767786779678067816782678367846785678667876788678967906791679267936794679567966797679867996800680168026803680468056806680768086809681068116812681368146815681668176818681968206821682268236824682568266827682868296830683168326833683468356836683768386839684068416842684368446845684668476848684968506851685268536854685568566857685868596860686168626863686468656866686768686869687068716872687368746875687668776878687968806881688268836884688568866887688868896890689168926893689468956896689768986899690069016902690369046905690669076908690969106911691269136914691569166917691869196920692169226923692469256926692769286929693069316932693369346935693669376938693969406941694269436944694569466947694869496950695169526953695469556956695769586959696069616962696369646965696669676968696969706971697269736974697569766977697869796980698169826983698469856986698769886989699069916992699369946995699669976998699970007001700270037004700570067007700870097010701170127013701470157016701770187019702070217022702370247025702670277028702970307031703270337034703570367037703870397040704170427043704470457046704770487049705070517052705370547055705670577058705970607061706270637064706570667067706870697070707170727073707470757076707770787079708070817082708370847085708670877088708970907091709270937094709570967097709870997100710171027103710471057106710771087109711071117112711371147115711671177118711971207121712271237124712571267127712871297130713171327133713471357136713771387139714071417142714371447145714671477148714971507151715271537154715571567157715871597160716171627163716471657166716771687169717071717172717371747175717671777178717971807181718271837184718571867187718871897190719171927193719471957196719771987199720072017202720372047205720672077208720972107211721272137214721572167217721872197220722172227223722472257226722772287229723072317232723372347235723672377238723972407241724272437244724572467247724872497250725172527253725472557256725772587259726072617262726372647265726672677268726972707271727272737274727572767277727872797280728172827283728472857286728772887289729072917292729372947295729672977298729973007301730273037304730573067307730873097310731173127313731473157316731773187319732073217322732373247325732673277328732973307331733273337334733573367337733873397340734173427343734473457346734773487349735073517352735373547355735673577358735973607361736273637364736573667367736873697370737173727373737473757376737773787379738073817382738373847385738673877388738973907391739273937394739573967397739873997400740174027403740474057406740774087409741074117412741374147415741674177418741974207421742274237424742574267427742874297430743174327433743474357436743774387439744074417442744374447445744674477448744974507451745274537454745574567457745874597460746174627463746474657466746774687469747074717472747374747475747674777478747974807481748274837484748574867487748874897490749174927493749474957496749774987499750075017502750375047505750675077508750975107511751275137514751575167517751875197520752175227523752475257526752775287529753075317532753375347535753675377538753975407541754275437544754575467547754875497550755175527553755475557556755775587559756075617562756375647565756675677568756975707571757275737574757575767577757875797580758175827583758475857586758775887589759075917592759375947595759675977598759976007601760276037604760576067607760876097610761176127613761476157616761776187619762076217622762376247625762676277628762976307631763276337634763576367637763876397640764176427643764476457646764776487649765076517652765376547655765676577658765976607661766276637664766576667667766876697670767176727673767476757676767776787679768076817682768376847685768676877688768976907691769276937694769576967697769876997700770177027703770477057706770777087709771077117712771377147715771677177718771977207721772277237724772577267727772877297730773177327733773477357736773777387739774077417742774377447745774677477748774977507751775277537754775577567757775877597760776177627763776477657766776777687769777077717772777377747775777677777778777977807781778277837784778577867787778877897790779177927793779477957796779777987799780078017802780378047805780678077808780978107811781278137814781578167817781878197820782178227823782478257826782778287829783078317832783378347835783678377838783978407841784278437844784578467847784878497850785178527853785478557856785778587859786078617862786378647865786678677868786978707871787278737874787578767877787878797880788178827883788478857886788778887889789078917892789378947895789678977898789979007901790279037904790579067907790879097910791179127913791479157916791779187919792079217922792379247925792679277928792979307931793279337934793579367937793879397940794179427943794479457946794779487949795079517952795379547955795679577958795979607961796279637964796579667967796879697970797179727973797479757976797779787979798079817982798379847985798679877988798979907991799279937994799579967997799879998000800180028003800480058006800780088009801080118012801380148015801680178018801980208021802280238024802580268027802880298030803180328033803480358036803780388039804080418042804380448045804680478048804980508051805280538054805580568057805880598060806180628063806480658066806780688069807080718072807380748075807680778078807980808081808280838084808580868087808880898090809180928093809480958096809780988099810081018102810381048105810681078108810981108111811281138114811581168117811881198120812181228123812481258126812781288129813081318132813381348135813681378138813981408141814281438144814581468147814881498150815181528153815481558156815781588159816081618162816381648165816681678168816981708171817281738174817581768177817881798180818181828183818481858186818781888189819081918192819381948195819681978198819982008201820282038204820582068207820882098210821182128213821482158216821782188219822082218222822382248225822682278228822982308231823282338234823582368237823882398240824182428243824482458246824782488249825082518252825382548255825682578258825982608261826282638264826582668267826882698270827182728273827482758276827782788279828082818282828382848285828682878288828982908291829282938294829582968297829882998300830183028303830483058306830783088309831083118312831383148315831683178318831983208321832283238324832583268327832883298330833183328333833483358336833783388339834083418342834383448345834683478348834983508351835283538354835583568357835883598360836183628363836483658366836783688369837083718372837383748375837683778378837983808381838283838384838583868387838883898390839183928393839483958396839783988399840084018402840384048405840684078408840984108411841284138414841584168417841884198420842184228423842484258426842784288429843084318432843384348435843684378438843984408441844284438444844584468447844884498450845184528453845484558456845784588459846084618462846384648465846684678468846984708471847284738474847584768477847884798480848184828483848484858486848784888489849084918492849384948495849684978498849985008501850285038504850585068507850885098510851185128513851485158516851785188519852085218522852385248525852685278528852985308531853285338534853585368537853885398540854185428543854485458546854785488549855085518552855385548555855685578558855985608561856285638564856585668567856885698570857185728573857485758576857785788579858085818582858385848585858685878588858985908591859285938594859585968597859885998600860186028603860486058606860786088609861086118612861386148615861686178618861986208621862286238624862586268627862886298630863186328633863486358636863786388639864086418642864386448645864686478648864986508651865286538654865586568657865886598660866186628663866486658666866786688669867086718672867386748675867686778678867986808681868286838684868586868687868886898690869186928693869486958696869786988699870087018702870387048705870687078708870987108711871287138714871587168717871887198720872187228723872487258726872787288729873087318732873387348735873687378738873987408741874287438744874587468747874887498750875187528753875487558756875787588759876087618762876387648765876687678768876987708771877287738774877587768777877887798780878187828783878487858786878787888789879087918792879387948795879687978798879988008801880288038804880588068807880888098810881188128813881488158816881788188819882088218822882388248825882688278828882988308831883288338834883588368837883888398840884188428843884488458846884788488849885088518852885388548855885688578858885988608861886288638864886588668867886888698870887188728873887488758876887788788879888088818882888388848885888688878888888988908891889288938894889588968897889888998900890189028903890489058906890789088909891089118912891389148915891689178918891989208921892289238924892589268927892889298930893189328933893489358936893789388939894089418942894389448945894689478948894989508951895289538954895589568957895889598960896189628963896489658966896789688969897089718972897389748975897689778978897989808981898289838984898589868987898889898990899189928993899489958996899789988999900090019002900390049005900690079008900990109011901290139014901590169017901890199020902190229023902490259026902790289029903090319032903390349035903690379038903990409041904290439044904590469047904890499050905190529053905490559056905790589059906090619062906390649065906690679068906990709071907290739074907590769077907890799080908190829083908490859086908790889089909090919092909390949095909690979098909991009101910291039104910591069107910891099110911191129113911491159116911791189119912091219122912391249125912691279128912991309131913291339134913591369137913891399140914191429143914491459146914791489149915091519152915391549155915691579158915991609161916291639164916591669167916891699170917191729173917491759176917791789179918091819182918391849185918691879188918991909191919291939194919591969197919891999200920192029203920492059206920792089209921092119212921392149215921692179218921992209221922292239224922592269227922892299230923192329233923492359236923792389239924092419242924392449245924692479248924992509251925292539254925592569257925892599260926192629263926492659266926792689269927092719272927392749275927692779278927992809281928292839284928592869287928892899290929192929293929492959296929792989299930093019302930393049305930693079308930993109311931293139314931593169317931893199320932193229323932493259326932793289329933093319332933393349335933693379338933993409341934293439344934593469347934893499350935193529353935493559356935793589359936093619362936393649365936693679368936993709371937293739374937593769377937893799380938193829383938493859386938793889389939093919392939393949395939693979398939994009401940294039404940594069407940894099410941194129413941494159416941794189419942094219422942394249425942694279428942994309431943294339434943594369437943894399440944194429443944494459446944794489449945094519452945394549455945694579458945994609461946294639464946594669467946894699470947194729473947494759476947794789479948094819482948394849485948694879488948994909491949294939494949594969497949894999500950195029503950495059506950795089509951095119512951395149515951695179518951995209521952295239524952595269527952895299530953195329533953495359536953795389539954095419542954395449545954695479548954995509551955295539554955595569557955895599560956195629563956495659566956795689569957095719572957395749575957695779578957995809581958295839584958595869587958895899590959195929593959495959596959795989599960096019602960396049605960696079608960996109611961296139614961596169617961896199620962196229623962496259626962796289629963096319632963396349635963696379638963996409641964296439644964596469647964896499650965196529653965496559656965796589659966096619662966396649665966696679668966996709671967296739674967596769677967896799680968196829683968496859686968796889689969096919692969396949695969696979698969997009701970297039704970597069707970897099710971197129713971497159716971797189719972097219722972397249725972697279728972997309731973297339734973597369737973897399740974197429743974497459746974797489749975097519752975397549755975697579758975997609761976297639764976597669767976897699770977197729773977497759776977797789779978097819782978397849785978697879788978997909791979297939794979597969797979897999800980198029803980498059806980798089809981098119812981398149815981698179818981998209821982298239824982598269827982898299830983198329833983498359836983798389839984098419842984398449845984698479848984998509851985298539854985598569857985898599860986198629863986498659866986798689869987098719872987398749875987698779878987998809881988298839884988598869887988898899890989198929893989498959896989798989899990099019902990399049905990699079908990999109911991299139914991599169917991899199920992199229923992499259926992799289929993099319932993399349935993699379938993999409941994299439944994599469947994899499950995199529953995499559956995799589959996099619962996399649965996699679968996999709971997299739974997599769977997899799980998199829983998499859986998799889989999099919992999399949995999699979998999910000100011000210003100041000510006100071000810009100101001110012100131001410015100161001710018100191002010021100221002310024100251002610027100281002910030100311003210033100341003510036100371003810039100401004110042100431004410045100461004710048100491005010051100521005310054100551005610057100581005910060100611006210063100641006510066100671006810069100701007110072100731007410075100761007710078100791008010081100821008310084100851008610087100881008910090100911009210093100941009510096100971009810099101001010110102101031010410105101061010710108101091011010111101121011310114101151011610117101181011910120101211012210123101241012510126101271012810129101301013110132101331013410135101361013710138101391014010141101421014310144101451014610147101481014910150101511015210153101541015510156101571015810159101601016110162101631016410165101661016710168101691017010171101721017310174101751017610177101781017910180101811018210183101841018510186101871018810189101901019110192101931019410195101961019710198101991020010201102021020310204102051020610207102081020910210102111021210213102141021510216102171021810219102201022110222102231022410225102261022710228102291023010231102321023310234102351023610237102381023910240102411024210243102441024510246102471024810249102501025110252102531025410255102561025710258102591026010261102621026310264102651026610267102681026910270102711027210273102741027510276102771027810279102801028110282102831028410285102861028710288102891029010291102921029310294102951029610297102981029910300103011030210303103041030510306103071030810309103101031110312103131031410315103161031710318103191032010321103221032310324103251032610327103281032910330103311033210333103341033510336103371033810339103401034110342103431034410345103461034710348103491035010351103521035310354103551035610357103581035910360103611036210363103641036510366103671036810369103701037110372103731037410375103761037710378103791038010381103821038310384103851038610387103881038910390103911039210393103941039510396103971039810399104001040110402104031040410405104061040710408104091041010411104121041310414104151041610417104181041910420104211042210423104241042510426104271042810429104301043110432104331043410435104361043710438104391044010441104421044310444104451044610447104481044910450104511045210453104541045510456104571045810459104601046110462104631046410465104661046710468104691047010471104721047310474104751047610477104781047910480104811048210483104841048510486104871048810489104901049110492104931049410495104961049710498104991050010501105021050310504105051050610507105081050910510105111051210513105141051510516105171051810519105201052110522105231052410525105261052710528105291053010531105321053310534105351053610537105381053910540105411054210543105441054510546105471054810549105501055110552105531055410555105561055710558105591056010561105621056310564105651056610567105681056910570105711057210573105741057510576105771057810579105801058110582105831058410585105861058710588105891059010591105921059310594105951059610597105981059910600106011060210603106041060510606106071060810609106101061110612106131061410615106161061710618106191062010621106221062310624106251062610627106281062910630106311063210633106341063510636106371063810639106401064110642106431064410645106461064710648106491065010651106521065310654106551065610657106581065910660106611066210663106641066510666106671066810669106701067110672106731067410675106761067710678106791068010681106821068310684106851068610687106881068910690106911069210693106941069510696106971069810699107001070110702107031070410705107061070710708107091071010711107121071310714107151071610717107181071910720107211072210723107241072510726107271072810729107301073110732107331073410735107361073710738107391074010741107421074310744107451074610747107481074910750107511075210753107541075510756107571075810759107601076110762107631076410765107661076710768107691077010771107721077310774107751077610777107781077910780107811078210783107841078510786107871078810789107901079110792107931079410795107961079710798107991080010801108021080310804108051080610807108081080910810108111081210813108141081510816108171081810819108201082110822108231082410825108261082710828108291083010831108321083310834108351083610837108381083910840108411084210843108441084510846108471084810849108501085110852108531085410855108561085710858108591086010861108621086310864108651086610867108681086910870108711087210873108741087510876108771087810879108801088110882108831088410885108861088710888108891089010891108921089310894108951089610897108981089910900109011090210903109041090510906109071090810909109101091110912109131091410915109161091710918109191092010921109221092310924109251092610927109281092910930109311093210933109341093510936109371093810939109401094110942109431094410945109461094710948109491095010951109521095310954109551095610957109581095910960109611096210963109641096510966109671096810969109701097110972109731097410975109761097710978109791098010981109821098310984109851098610987
  1. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.0/rng/docbook.rng" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?><?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.0/rng/docbook.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?><chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="5.0">
  2. <title>Module 2: Biographic Information</title>
  3. <para>The Biographic Information Module provides you with linguistic and cultural skills needed
  4. for a simple conversation typical of a first-meeting situation in China. These skills
  5. include those needed at the beginning of a conversation (greetings, introductions, and forms
  6. of address), in the middle of a conversation (understanding and answering questions about
  7. your­self and your immediate family), and at the end of a conversation
  8. (leave-taking).</para>
  9. <para> Before starting this module, you must take and pass the ORN Criterion Test. The resource
  10. modules Pronunciation and Romanization and Numbers (tapes 1-4) are also prerequisites to the
  11. BIO Module.</para>
  12. <para> The Criterion Test will focus largely on this module, but material from Module 1 and
  13. associated resource modules may also be included.</para>
  14. <section>
  15. <title>Objectives</title>
  16. <para>Upon successful completion of the module, the student should be able to:</para>
  17. <orderedlist>
  18. <listitem>
  19. <para> Pronounce correctly any word from the Target Lists of ORN or BIO, properly
  20. distinguishing sounds and tones, using the proper stress and neutral tones, and
  21. making the necessary tone changes.</para>
  22. </listitem>
  23. <listitem>
  24. <para> Pronounce correctly any sentence from the BIO Target Lists, with proper
  25. pauses and intonation, that is, without obscuring the tones with English
  26. intonation.</para>
  27. </listitem>
  28. <listitem>
  29. <para> Use polite formulas in asking and answering questions about identity (name),
  30. health, age, and other basic information.</para>
  31. </listitem>
  32. <listitem>
  33. <para>Reply to questions with the Chinese equivalents of "yes" and "no"</para>
  34. </listitem>
  35. <listitem>
  36. <para> Ask and answer questions about families, including who the members are, how
  37. old they are, and where they are.</para>
  38. </listitem>
  39. <listitem>
  40. <para> Ask and answer questions about a stay in China, including the date of
  41. arrival, location-purpose-duration of stay, previous visits, traveling
  42. companions, and date of departure.</para>
  43. </listitem>
  44. <listitem>
  45. <para> Ask and answer questions about work or study, identification of occupation,
  46. the location, and the duration.</para>
  47. </listitem>
  48. <listitem>
  49. <para> Give the English equivalent for any Chinese sentence in the BIO Target
  50. Lists.</para>
  51. </listitem>
  52. <listitem>
  53. <para>Be able to say any Chinese sentence in the BIO Target Lists when cued with its
  54. English equivalent.</para>
  55. </listitem>
  56. <listitem>
  57. <para>Take part in a short Chinese conversation, using expressions included in the
  58. BIO Target List sentences.</para>
  59. </listitem>
  60. </orderedlist>
  61. </section>
  62. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  63. <section>
  64. <title>Tapes for BIO and associated modules</title>
  65. <para><emphasis role="bold">Biographic information (BIO)</emphasis></para>
  66. <informaltable>
  67. <tgroup cols="7">
  68. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
  69. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
  70. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
  71. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
  72. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5"/>
  73. <colspec colnum="6" colname="col6"/>
  74. <colspec colnum="7" colname="col7"/>
  75. <tbody>
  76. <row>
  77. <entry>Unit 1:</entry>
  78. <entry>1</entry>
  79. <entry>C-l</entry>
  80. <entry>1 p-l</entry>
  81. <entry>1&amp;2 D-l</entry>
  82. <entry>1 C-2</entry>
  83. <entry>1 P-2</entry>
  84. </row>
  85. <row>
  86. <entry>Unit 2:</entry>
  87. <entry>2</entry>
  88. <entry>C-l</entry>
  89. <entry>2 P-l</entry>
  90. <entry/>
  91. <entry>2 C-2</entry>
  92. <entry>2 P-2</entry>
  93. </row>
  94. <row>
  95. <entry>Unit 3:</entry>
  96. <entry>3</entry>
  97. <entry>C-l</entry>
  98. <entry>3 P-l</entry>
  99. <entry>3&amp;4 D-l</entry>
  100. <entry>3 C-2</entry>
  101. <entry>3 P-2</entry>
  102. </row>
  103. <row>
  104. <entry>Unit 4:</entry>
  105. <entry>4</entry>
  106. <entry>C-l</entry>
  107. <entry>4 P-l</entry>
  108. <entry/>
  109. <entry>4 C-2</entry>
  110. <entry>4 P-2</entry>
  111. </row>
  112. <row>
  113. <entry>Unit 5:</entry>
  114. <entry>5</entry>
  115. <entry>C-l</entry>
  116. <entry>5 P-l</entry>
  117. <entry>5&amp;6 D-l</entry>
  118. <entry>5 C-2</entry>
  119. <entry>5 P-2</entry>
  120. </row>
  121. <row>
  122. <entry>Unit 6:</entry>
  123. <entry>6</entry>
  124. <entry>C-l</entry>
  125. <entry>6 P-l</entry>
  126. <entry/>
  127. <entry>6 C-2</entry>
  128. <entry>6 P-2</entry>
  129. </row>
  130. <row>
  131. <entry>Unit 7:</entry>
  132. <entry>7</entry>
  133. <entry>C-l</entry>
  134. <entry>7 P-l</entry>
  135. <entry>7&amp;8 D-l</entry>
  136. <entry>7C-2</entry>
  137. <entry>7 P-2</entry>
  138. </row>
  139. <row>
  140. <entry>Unit 8:</entry>
  141. <entry>8</entry>
  142. <entry>C-l</entry>
  143. <entry>8 P-l</entry>
  144. <entry/>
  145. <entry>8 C-2</entry>
  146. <entry>8 P-2</entry>
  147. </row>
  148. </tbody>
  149. </tgroup>
  150. </informaltable>
  151. <para>Units 1-4 R-1 </para>
  152. <para>Units 5-8 R-1</para>
  153. <para><emphasis role="bold">Classroom Expressions (CE)</emphasis></para>
  154. <para>CE 2</para>
  155. <para><emphasis role="bold">Time and Dates (T&amp;D)</emphasis></para>
  156. <para>T&amp;D 1 T&amp;D 2</para>
  157. </section>
  158. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  159. <section>
  160. <title>Unit 1 Target List</title>
  161. <para>
  162. <informaltable colsep="0" rowsep="0" frame="none">
  163. <tgroup cols="4">
  164. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  165. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
  166. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
  167. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
  168. <tbody>
  169. <row>
  170. <entry>1.</entry>
  171. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīnwèn, nǐ zhù zai
  172. nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
  173. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">亲问,你住在那儿?</foreignphrase></entry>
  174. <entry>May I ask, where are you staying?</entry>
  175. </row>
  176. <row>
  177. <entry/>
  178. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai Běijīng
  179. Fāndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  180. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我住在北京饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
  181. <entry>I'm staying at the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> Hotel.</entry>
  182. </row>
  183. <row>
  184. <entry/>
  185. <entry/>
  186. <entry/>
  187. <entry/>
  188. </row>
  189. <row>
  190. <entry>2.</entry>
  191. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai něige
  192. fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
  193. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你住在哪个饭店?</foreignphrase></entry>
  194. <entry>Which hotel are you staying at?</entry>
  195. </row>
  196. <row>
  197. <entry/>
  198. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai nèige
  199. fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  200. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我住在那个饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
  201. <entry>I'm staying at that hotel.</entry>
  202. </row>
  203. <row>
  204. <entry/>
  205. <entry/>
  206. <entry/>
  207. <entry/>
  208. </row>
  209. <row>
  210. <entry>3.</entry>
  211. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai zhèige
  212. fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  213. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你住在这个饭店吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  214. <entry>Are you staying at this hotel?</entry>
  215. </row>
  216. <row>
  217. <entry/>
  218. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, wǒ bú zhù zai
  219. zhèige fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  220. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不,我不住在这个饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
  221. <entry>No, I'm not staying at this hotel.</entry>
  222. </row>
  223. <row>
  224. <entry/>
  225. <entry/>
  226. <entry/>
  227. <entry/>
  228. </row>
  229. <row>
  230. <entry>4.</entry>
  231. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai Mínzú
  232. Fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
  233. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你住在民族饭店?</foreignphrase></entry>
  234. <entry>Are you staying at the Nationalities Hotel?</entry>
  235. </row>
  236. <row>
  237. <entry/>
  238. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, wǒ bú zhù zai Mínzú
  239. Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  240. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不,我不住在民族饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
  241. <entry>No, I'm not staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</entry>
  242. </row>
  243. <row>
  244. <entry/>
  245. <entry/>
  246. <entry/>
  247. <entry/>
  248. </row>
  249. <row>
  250. <entry>5.</entry>
  251. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwèi shi Gāo
  252. Tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
  253. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪位是高同志?</foreignphrase></entry>
  254. <entry>Which one is Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo</foreignphrase></entry>
  255. </row>
  256. <row>
  257. <entry/>
  258. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiwèi shi Gāo
  259. Tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  260. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那位是高同志</foreignphrase></entry>
  261. <entry>That one is Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo</foreignphrase>.</entry>
  262. </row>
  263. <row>
  264. <entry/>
  265. <entry/>
  266. <entry/>
  267. <entry/>
  268. </row>
  269. <row>
  270. <entry>6.</entry>
  271. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǎo. Nuòwǎkè nǚshì! Nǐn
  272. hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  273. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早。
  274. 诺瓦克女士!您好</foreignphrase></entry>
  275. <entry>Good morning. Miss Nowak! How are you?</entry>
  276. </row>
  277. <row>
  278. <entry/>
  279. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hěn
  280. hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  281. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我很好</foreignphrase></entry>
  282. <entry>I'm very well.</entry>
  283. </row>
  284. <row>
  285. <entry/>
  286. <entry/>
  287. <entry/>
  288. <entry/>
  289. </row>
  290. <row>
  291. <entry>7.</entry>
  292. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi Měiguó nǎrde
  293. rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
  294. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">请问,你是美国哪儿个人</foreignphrase></entry>
  295. <entry>Where are you from in America?</entry>
  296. </row>
  297. <row>
  298. <entry/>
  299. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi Jiāzhōu
  300. Jiǔjīnshān rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
  301. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是加州旧金山人</foreignphrase></entry>
  302. <entry>I'm from San Francisco, California.</entry>
  303. </row>
  304. </tbody>
  305. </tgroup>
  306. </informaltable>
  307. </para>
  308. </section>
  309. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  310. <section>
  311. <title>Unit 2 Target List</title>
  312. <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
  313. <tgroup cols="4">
  314. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  315. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
  316. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
  317. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
  318. <tbody>
  319. <row>
  320. <entry>1.</entry>
  321. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou jiā zài náli?
  322. </foreignphrase></entry>
  323. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友家在哪里?</foreignphrase></entry>
  324. <entry>Where is your friend's house?</entry>
  325. </row>
  326. <row>
  327. <entry/>
  328. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jiā zài Dàlǐ
  329. Jiē.</foreignphrase></entry>
  330. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他家在大理街。</foreignphrase></entry>
  331. <entry>His house is on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> street.</entry>
  332. </row>
  333. <row>
  334. <entry/>
  335. <entry/>
  336. <entry/>
  337. <entry/>
  338. </row>
  339. <row>
  340. <entry>2.</entry>
  341. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyoude dìzhǐ shi
  342. ...?</foreignphrase></entry>
  343. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友的地址是。。。?</foreignphrase></entry>
  344. <entry>What is your friend's address?</entry>
  345. </row>
  346. <row>
  347. <entry/>
  348. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde dìzhǐ shi Dàlǐ Jiē
  349. Sìshièr hào.</foreignphrase></entry>
  350. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他的地址是大理街四十二号。</foreignphrase></entry>
  351. <entry>His address is No. 42 <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> Street.</entry>
  352. </row>
  353. <row>
  354. <entry/>
  355. <entry/>
  356. <entry/>
  357. <entry/>
  358. </row>
  359. <row>
  360. <entry>3.</entry>
  361. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi Wèi Shàoxiào
  362. ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
  363. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是韦少校把?</foreignphrase></entry>
  364. <entry>You are Major Weiss, aren't you?</entry>
  365. </row>
  366. <row>
  367. <entry/>
  368. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  369. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是的。</foreignphrase></entry>
  370. <entry>Yes.</entry>
  371. </row>
  372. <row>
  373. <entry/>
  374. <entry/>
  375. <entry/>
  376. <entry/>
  377. </row>
  378. <row>
  379. <entry>4.</entry>
  380. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shi Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn
  381. ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
  382. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那是国宾大饭店吧?</foreignphrase></entry>
  383. <entry>That is Ambassador Hotel, isn't it?</entry>
  384. </row>
  385. <row>
  386. <entry/>
  387. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìde, nà shi Guóbīn
  388. Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  389. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是的,那是国宾大饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
  390. <entry>Yes, that's the Ambassador Hotel.</entry>
  391. </row>
  392. <row>
  393. <entry/>
  394. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai nàli
  395. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  396. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你住在那里吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  397. <entry>Are you staying there?</entry>
  398. </row>
  399. <row>
  400. <entry/>
  401. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, wǒ zhù zai
  402. zhèli.</foreignphrase></entry>
  403. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不,我住在这里</foreignphrase></entry>
  404. <entry>No, I'm staying here.</entry>
  405. </row>
  406. <row>
  407. <entry/>
  408. <entry/>
  409. <entry/>
  410. <entry/>
  411. </row>
  412. <row>
  413. <entry>5.</entry>
  414. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou zài Táiběi
  415. gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  416. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友在台北工作吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  417. <entry>Does your friend work in Taipei? </entry>
  418. </row>
  419. <row>
  420. <entry/>
  421. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài Táiběi gōngzuò;
  422. tā zài Táizhōng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  423. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他不在台北工作;他在台中工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
  424. <entry>He doesn't work in Taipei; he works in Taichung.</entry>
  425. </row>
  426. <row>
  427. <entry/>
  428. <entry/>
  429. <entry/>
  430. <entry/>
  431. </row>
  432. <row>
  433. <entry>6.</entry>
  434. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli
  435. gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
  436. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你在哪里工作?</foreignphrase></entry>
  437. <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
  438. </row>
  439. <row>
  440. <entry/>
  441. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Wǔguānchù
  442. gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  443. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我在武官处工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
  444. <entry>I work at the defense attache's office.</entry>
  445. </row>
  446. <row>
  447. <entry/>
  448. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài yínháng
  449. gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  450. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我在银行工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
  451. <entry>I work at a bank.</entry>
  452. </row>
  453. </tbody>
  454. </tgroup>
  455. </informaltable>
  456. </section>
  457. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  458. <section>
  459. <title>Unit 3 Target List</title>
  460. <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
  461. <tgroup cols="4">
  462. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  463. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
  464. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
  465. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
  466. <tbody>
  467. <row>
  468. <entry>1.</entry>
  469. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu háizi
  470. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  471. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们有孩子</foreignphrase></entry>
  472. <entry>Do you have children?</entry>
  473. </row>
  474. <row>
  475. <entry/>
  476. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu, wǒmen
  477. yǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
  478. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有,我们有。</foreignphrase></entry>
  479. <entry>Yes, we have.</entry>
  480. </row>
  481. <row>
  482. <entry/>
  483. <entry/>
  484. <entry/>
  485. <entry/>
  486. </row>
  487. <row>
  488. <entry>2.</entry>
  489. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú Xiānsheng méiyou Měiguó
  490. péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
  491. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">刘先生没有美国朋友。</foreignphrase></entry>
  492. <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú</foreignphrase>
  493. doesn't have any American friends.</entry>
  494. </row>
  495. <row>
  496. <entry/>
  497. <entry/>
  498. <entry/>
  499. <entry/>
  500. </row>
  501. <row>
  502. <entry>3.</entry>
  503. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge nánháizi,
  504. jǐge nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
  505. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们有几个男孩子,几个女孩子?</foreignphrase></entry>
  506. <entry>How many boys and how many girls do you have?</entry>
  507. </row>
  508. <row>
  509. <entry/>
  510. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wómen yǒu liǎnge nánhaizi,
  511. yíge nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  512. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我们有两个男孩子,一个女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
  513. <entry>We have two boys and one girl.</entry>
  514. </row>
  515. <row>
  516. <entry/>
  517. <entry/>
  518. <entry/>
  519. <entry/>
  520. </row>
  521. <row>
  522. <entry>4.</entry>
  523. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú Xiānsheng, Hú tàitai yǒu
  524. jǐge háizi? </foreignphrase></entry>
  525. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">胡先生,胡太太有几个孩子?</foreignphrase></entry>
  526. <entry>How many children do Mr. and Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú</foreignphrase> have?</entry>
  527. </row>
  528. <row>
  529. <entry/>
  530. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen yǒu liǎngge
  531. háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  532. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他们有两个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
  533. <entry>They have two children.</entry>
  534. </row>
  535. <row>
  536. <entry/>
  537. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shi nánháizi, shi
  538. nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
  539. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是男孩子,是女孩子?</foreignphrase></entry>
  540. <entry>Are they boys or girls?</entry>
  541. </row>
  542. <row>
  543. <entry/>
  544. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu shi
  545. nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  546. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">都是女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
  547. <entry>Both of them are girls.</entry>
  548. </row>
  549. <row>
  550. <entry/>
  551. <entry/>
  552. <entry/>
  553. <entry/>
  554. </row>
  555. <row>
  556. <entry>5.</entry>
  557. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen háizi dōu zài zhèli
  558. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  559. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们孩子都在这里吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  560. <entry>Are all your children here?</entry>
  561. </row>
  562. <row>
  563. <entry/>
  564. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù. Liǎngge zài zhèli, yíge
  565. hái zài Měiguó.</foreignphrase></entry>
  566. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不,两个在这里,一个还在美国。</foreignphrase></entry>
  567. <entry>No. Two are here, and one is still in America.</entry>
  568. </row>
  569. <row>
  570. <entry/>
  571. <entry/>
  572. <entry/>
  573. <entry/>
  574. </row>
  575. <row>
  576. <entry>6.</entry>
  577. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
  578. rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
  579. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你家里有什么人?</foreignphrase></entry>
  580. <entry>What people are in your family?</entry>
  581. </row>
  582. <row>
  583. <entry/>
  584. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu wǒ tàitai gēn sānge
  585. háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  586. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有我太太跟三个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
  587. <entry>There's my wife and two children.</entry>
  588. </row>
  589. <row>
  590. <entry/>
  591. <entry/>
  592. <entry/>
  593. <entry/>
  594. </row>
  595. <row>
  596. <entry>7.</entry>
  597. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
  598. rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
  599. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你家里有什么人?</foreignphrase></entry>
  600. <entry>What people are in your family?</entry>
  601. </row>
  602. <row>
  603. <entry/>
  604. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù yǒu wǒ fùqin,
  605. mǔqin.</foreignphrase></entry>
  606. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">就有我父亲,母亲。</foreignphrase></entry>
  607. <entry>Just my father and mother.</entry>
  608. </row>
  609. </tbody>
  610. </tgroup>
  611. </informaltable>
  612. </section>
  613. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  614. <section>
  615. <title>Unit 4 Target List</title>
  616. <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
  617. <tgroup cols="4">
  618. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  619. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
  620. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
  621. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
  622. <tbody>
  623. <row>
  624. <entry>1.</entry>
  625. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā míngtiān lái
  626. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  627. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他明天来吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  628. <entry>Is he coming tomorrow?</entry>
  629. </row>
  630. <row>
  631. <entry/>
  632. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjīng lái
  633. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  634. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他已经来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  635. <entry>He has already come.</entry>
  636. </row>
  637. <row>
  638. <entry/>
  639. <entry/>
  640. <entry/>
  641. <entry/>
  642. </row>
  643. <row>
  644. <entry>2.</entry>
  645. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou lái le
  646. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  647. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友来了吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  648. <entry>Has your friend come?</entry>
  649. </row>
  650. <row>
  651. <entry/>
  652. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi(you)
  653. lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
  654. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她还没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
  655. <entry>She hasn't come yet.</entry>
  656. </row>
  657. <row>
  658. <entry/>
  659. <entry/>
  660. <entry/>
  661. <entry/>
  662. </row>
  663. <row>
  664. <entry>3.</entry>
  665. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi shénme shíhou
  666. dàode?</foreignphrase></entry>
  667. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是什么时候到的?</foreignphrase></entry>
  668. <entry>When did he arrive?</entry>
  669. </row>
  670. <row>
  671. <entry/>
  672. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi zuótiān
  673. dàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
  674. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是昨天到的。</foreignphrase></entry>
  675. <entry>He arrived yesterday.</entry>
  676. </row>
  677. <row>
  678. <entry/>
  679. <entry/>
  680. <entry/>
  681. <entry/>
  682. </row>
  683. <row>
  684. <entry>4.</entry>
  685. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi yíge rén láide
  686. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  687. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是一个人来的吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  688. <entry> Did you come alone?</entry>
  689. </row>
  690. <row>
  691. <entry/>
  692. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, wǒ bú shi yíge rén
  693. láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
  694. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是,我不是一个人来的。</foreignphrase></entry>
  695. <entry>No, I didn't come alone.</entry>
  696. </row>
  697. <row>
  698. <entry/>
  699. <entry/>
  700. <entry/>
  701. <entry/>
  702. </row>
  703. <row>
  704. <entry>5.</entry>
  705. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ něitiān
  706. zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
  707. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你哪天走?</foreignphrase></entry>
  708. <entry>What day are you leaving?</entry>
  709. </row>
  710. <row>
  711. <entry/>
  712. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntian
  713. zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
  714. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我今天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
  715. <entry>I'm leaving today.</entry>
  716. </row>
  717. </tbody>
  718. </tgroup>
  719. </informaltable>
  720. </section>
  721. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  722. <section>
  723. <title>Unit 5 Target List</title>
  724. <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
  725. <tgroup cols="4">
  726. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  727. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
  728. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
  729. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
  730. <tbody>
  731. <row>
  732. <entry>1.</entry>
  733. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi zài nǎr
  734. shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
  735. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是在哪儿生的?</foreignphrase></entry>
  736. <entry>Where were you born?</entry>
  737. </row>
  738. <row>
  739. <entry/>
  740. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi zài Dézhōu
  741. shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  742. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是在得州生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
  743. <entry>I was born in Texas.</entry>
  744. </row>
  745. <row>
  746. <entry/>
  747. <entry/>
  748. <entry/>
  749. <entry/>
  750. </row>
  751. <row>
  752. <entry>2.</entry>
  753. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen xīngqījǐ
  754. zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
  755. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们星期几走?</foreignphrase></entry>
  756. <entry>What day of the week are you leaving?</entry>
  757. </row>
  758. <row>
  759. <entry/>
  760. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen Xīngqītiān
  761. zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
  762. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我们星期天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
  763. <entry>We are leaving on Sunday.</entry>
  764. </row>
  765. <row>
  766. <entry/>
  767. <entry/>
  768. <entry/>
  769. <entry/>
  770. </row>
  771. <row>
  772. <entry>3.</entry>
  773. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní shi něinián
  774. shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
  775. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是哪年生的?</foreignphrase></entry>
  776. <entry>What year were you born?</entry>
  777. </row>
  778. <row>
  779. <entry/>
  780. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi Yī jiǔ sān jiǔ nián
  781. shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  782. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是一九三九年生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
  783. <entry>I was born in 1939.</entry>
  784. </row>
  785. <row>
  786. <entry/>
  787. <entry/>
  788. <entry/>
  789. <entry/>
  790. </row>
  791. <row>
  792. <entry>4.</entry>
  793. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi jǐyüè jíhào
  794. shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
  795. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是几月几号生的?</foreignphrase></entry>
  796. <entry>What is your month and day of birth?</entry>
  797. </row>
  798. <row>
  799. <entry/>
  800. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wó shi Qíyüe sìhào
  801. shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  802. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是七月四号生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
  803. <entry>I was born on July 4.</entry>
  804. </row>
  805. <row>
  806. <entry/>
  807. <entry/>
  808. <entry/>
  809. <entry/>
  810. </row>
  811. <row>
  812. <entry>5.</entry>
  813. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duō dà
  814. le?</foreignphrase></entry>
  815. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你多大了?</foreignphrase></entry>
  816. <entry>How old are you?</entry>
  817. </row>
  818. <row>
  819. <entry/>
  820. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ sān shi wǔ
  821. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  822. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我三十五了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  823. <entry>I'm 35.</entry>
  824. </row>
  825. <row>
  826. <entry/>
  827. <entry/>
  828. <entry/>
  829. <entry/>
  830. </row>
  831. <row>
  832. <entry>6.</entry>
  833. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nímem nánháizi dōu jǐsuì
  834. le?</foreignphrase></entry>
  835. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们男孩子都几岁了?</foreignphrase></entry>
  836. <entry>How old are your boys?</entry>
  837. </row>
  838. <row>
  839. <entry/>
  840. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge jiǔsuì le, yíge liùsuì
  841. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  842. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一个九岁了,一个六岁了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  843. <entry>One is nine and one is six.</entry>
  844. </row>
  845. </tbody>
  846. </tgroup>
  847. </informaltable>
  848. </section>
  849. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  850. <section>
  851. <title>Unit 6 Target List</title>
  852. <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
  853. <tgroup cols="4">
  854. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  855. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
  856. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
  857. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
  858. <tbody>
  859. <row>
  860. <entry>1.</entry>
  861. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù duó
  862. jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
  863. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你住多久?</foreignphrase></entry>
  864. <entry>How long are you staying?</entry>
  865. </row>
  866. <row>
  867. <entry/>
  868. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù
  869. yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
  870. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我住一年。</foreignphrase></entry>
  871. <entry>I'm staying one year.</entry>
  872. </row>
  873. <row>
  874. <entry/>
  875. <entry/>
  876. <entry/>
  877. <entry/>
  878. </row>
  879. <row>
  880. <entry>2.</entry>
  881. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài Xiānggǎng zhù
  882. duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
  883. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你太太在香港住多久?</foreignphrase></entry>
  884. <entry>How long is your wife staying in Hong Kong?</entry>
  885. </row>
  886. <row>
  887. <entry/>
  888. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng tā zhù
  889. liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
  890. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我想她住两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
  891. <entry>I think she is staying two days.</entry>
  892. </row>
  893. <row>
  894. <entry/>
  895. <entry/>
  896. <entry/>
  897. <entry/>
  898. </row>
  899. <row>
  900. <entry>3.</entry>
  901. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng zài Táiwān zhù duó
  902. jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
  903. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你想在台湾住多久?</foreignphrase></entry>
  904. <entry>How long are you thinking of staying in Taiwan?</entry>
  905. </row>
  906. <row>
  907. <entry/>
  908. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng zhù liùge
  909. yüè.</foreignphrase></entry>
  910. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我想住六个月。</foreignphrase></entry>
  911. <entry>I'm thinking of staying six months.</entry>
  912. </row>
  913. <row>
  914. <entry/>
  915. <entry/>
  916. <entry/>
  917. <entry/>
  918. </row>
  919. <row>
  920. <entry>4.</entry>
  921. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ láile duó jiǔ
  922. le?</foreignphrase></entry>
  923. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你来了多久了?</foreignphrase></entry>
  924. <entry>How long have you been here?</entry>
  925. </row>
  926. <row>
  927. <entry/>
  928. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ láile liǎngge xīnqī
  929. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  930. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我来了两个星期。</foreignphrase></entry>
  931. <entry>I have been here two weeks.</entry>
  932. </row>
  933. <row>
  934. <entry/>
  935. <entry/>
  936. <entry/>
  937. <entry/>
  938. </row>
  939. <row>
  940. <entry>5.</entry>
  941. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài Xiānggǎng
  942. zhùle dó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
  943. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你太太在香港住了多久?</foreignphrase></entry>
  944. <entry>How long did your wife stay in Hong Kong?</entry>
  945. </row>
  946. <row>
  947. <entry/>
  948. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhùle
  949. liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
  950. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她住了两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
  951. <entry>She stayed two days.</entry>
  952. </row>
  953. <row>
  954. <entry/>
  955. <entry/>
  956. <entry/>
  957. <entry/>
  958. </row>
  959. <row>
  960. <entry>6.</entry>
  961. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Tàitai méi
  962. lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
  963. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">李太太没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
  964. <entry>Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ</foreignphrase>
  965. didn't come.</entry>
  966. </row>
  967. <row>
  968. <entry/>
  969. <entry/>
  970. <entry/>
  971. <entry/>
  972. </row>
  973. <row>
  974. <entry>7.</entry>
  975. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián méi láiguo. Wǒ
  976. tàitai láiguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  977. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我从前没来过。我太太来过。</foreignphrase></entry>
  978. <entry>I have never been here before. My wife has been here.</entry>
  979. </row>
  980. </tbody>
  981. </tgroup>
  982. </informaltable>
  983. </section>
  984. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  985. <section>
  986. <title>Unit 7 Target List</title>
  987. <informaltable colsep="0" rowsep="0" frame="none">
  988. <tgroup cols="5">
  989. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  990. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  991. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
  992. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*"/>
  993. <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*"/>
  994. <tbody>
  995. <row>
  996. <entry>1.</entry>
  997. <entry>A:</entry>
  998. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín zài náli
  999. gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1000. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">您在哪里工作?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1001. <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
  1002. </row>
  1003. <row>
  1004. <entry/>
  1005. <entry>B:</entry>
  1006. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Měiguó Guówùyàn
  1007. gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1008. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我在美国国务院工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1009. <entry>I work with the State Department.</entry>
  1010. </row>
  1011. <row>
  1012. <entry/>
  1013. <entry/>
  1014. <entry/>
  1015. <entry/>
  1016. <entry/>
  1017. </row>
  1018. <row>
  1019. <entry>2.</entry>
  1020. <entry>A:</entry>
  1021. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní zai náli
  1022. gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1023. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">您在哪里工作?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1024. <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
  1025. </row>
  1026. <row>
  1027. <entry/>
  1028. <entry>B:</entry>
  1029. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi
  1030. xüsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1031. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是学生。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1032. <entry>I'm student.</entry>
  1033. </row>
  1034. <row>
  1035. <entry/>
  1036. <entry/>
  1037. <entry/>
  1038. <entry/>
  1039. <entry/>
  1040. </row>
  1041. <row>
  1042. <entry>3.</entry>
  1043. <entry>A:</entry>
  1044. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ lái zuò
  1045. shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1046. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">您来做什么?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1047. <entry>What did you come here to do?</entry>
  1048. </row>
  1049. <row>
  1050. <entry/>
  1051. <entry>B:</entry>
  1052. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lái niàn
  1053. shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1054. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我来念书。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1055. <entry>I came here to study.</entry>
  1056. </row>
  1057. <row>
  1058. <entry/>
  1059. <entry/>
  1060. <entry/>
  1061. <entry/>
  1062. <entry/>
  1063. </row>
  1064. <row>
  1065. <entry>4.</entry>
  1066. <entry>A:</entry>
  1067. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ niàn
  1068. shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1069. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你念什么?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1070. <entry>What are you studying?</entry>
  1071. </row>
  1072. <row>
  1073. <entry/>
  1074. <entry>B:</entry>
  1075. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xüé
  1076. Zhōngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1077. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我学中文。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1078. <entry>I'm studying Chinese.</entry>
  1079. </row>
  1080. <row>
  1081. <entry/>
  1082. <entry/>
  1083. <entry/>
  1084. <entry/>
  1085. <entry/>
  1086. </row>
  1087. <row>
  1088. <entry>5.</entry>
  1089. <entry>A:</entry>
  1090. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài dàxüé niànguo lìshǐ
  1091. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1092. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你在大学念过历史吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1093. <entry>Did you study history in college?</entry>
  1094. </row>
  1095. <row>
  1096. <entry/>
  1097. <entry>B:</entry>
  1098. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niànguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1099. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学念。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1100. <entry>Yes.</entry>
  1101. </row>
  1102. <row>
  1103. <entry/>
  1104. <entry/>
  1105. <entry/>
  1106. <entry/>
  1107. <entry/>
  1108. </row>
  1109. <row>
  1110. <entry>6.</entry>
  1111. <entry>A:</entry>
  1112. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen huì shuō Zhōngwén ma?
  1113. </foreignphrase></entry>
  1114. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们会说中文吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1115. <entry>Can you speak Chinese?</entry>
  1116. </row>
  1117. <row>
  1118. <entry/>
  1119. <entry>B:</entry>
  1120. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ tàitai bú huǐ shuō, wǒ
  1121. huì shuō yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1122. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我太太不会说,我会说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1123. <entry>My wife can't speak it; I can speak it a little.</entry>
  1124. </row>
  1125. <row>
  1126. <entry/>
  1127. <entry/>
  1128. <entry/>
  1129. <entry/>
  1130. <entry/>
  1131. </row>
  1132. <row>
  1133. <entry>7.</entry>
  1134. <entry>A:</entry>
  1135. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde Zhōngguo huà hěn
  1136. hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1137. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你的中国话很好。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1138. <entry>Your Chinese is very good.</entry>
  1139. </row>
  1140. <row>
  1141. <entry/>
  1142. <entry>B:</entry>
  1143. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Náli, náli. Wǒ jiù huì shuō
  1144. yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1145. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪里,哪里。我就说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1146. <entry>Not at all. I can speak only a little.</entry>
  1147. </row>
  1148. <row>
  1149. <entry/>
  1150. <entry/>
  1151. <entry/>
  1152. <entry/>
  1153. <entry/>
  1154. </row>
  1155. <row>
  1156. <entry>8.</entry>
  1157. <entry>A:</entry>
  1158. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi zài náli xüéde
  1159. Zhōngzén?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1160. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是在哪里学的中文?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1161. <entry>Where did you study Chinese?</entry>
  1162. </row>
  1163. <row>
  1164. <entry/>
  1165. <entry>B:</entry>
  1166. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wó shi zài Huáshèngdùn
  1167. xüéde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1168. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是在华盛顿学的。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1169. <entry>I studied it in Washington.</entry>
  1170. </row>
  1171. </tbody>
  1172. </tgroup>
  1173. </informaltable>
  1174. </section>
  1175. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  1176. <section>
  1177. <title>Unit 8 Target List</title>
  1178. <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
  1179. <tgroup cols="5">
  1180. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  1181. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  1182. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
  1183. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*"/>
  1184. <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*"/>
  1185. <tbody>
  1186. <row>
  1187. <entry>1.</entry>
  1188. <entry>A:</entry>
  1189. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jīntiān hái yǒu kè
  1190. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1191. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你今天还有课吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1192. <entry>Do you have any more classes today?</entry>
  1193. </row>
  1194. <row>
  1195. <entry/>
  1196. <entry>B:</entry>
  1197. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou kè
  1198. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1199. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">没有课了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1200. <entry>I don't have any more classes.</entry>
  1201. </row>
  1202. <row>
  1203. <entry/>
  1204. <entry/>
  1205. <entry/>
  1206. <entry/>
  1207. <entry/>
  1208. </row>
  1209. <row>
  1210. <entry>2.</entry>
  1211. <entry>A:</entry>
  1212. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián niàn Yīngwén
  1213. niànle duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1214. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你从前念英文念了多久?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1215. <entry>How long did you study English?</entry>
  1216. </row>
  1217. <row>
  1218. <entry/>
  1219. <entry>B:</entry>
  1220. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn Yīngwén niànle
  1221. liùniàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1222. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我念英文念了六年。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1223. <entry>I studied English for six years.</entry>
  1224. </row>
  1225. <row>
  1226. <entry/>
  1227. <entry/>
  1228. <entry/>
  1229. <entry/>
  1230. <entry/>
  1231. </row>
  1232. <row>
  1233. <entry>3.</entry>
  1234. <entry>A:</entry>
  1235. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ niàn Fàwén niànle duó
  1236. jiǔ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1237. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你念法文念了多久了?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1238. <entry>How long have you been studying French?</entry>
  1239. </row>
  1240. <row>
  1241. <entry/>
  1242. <entry>B:</entry>
  1243. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niànle yìnián
  1244. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1245. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我念了一年了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1246. <entry>I've been studying it for one year.</entry>
  1247. </row>
  1248. <row>
  1249. <entry/>
  1250. <entry/>
  1251. <entry/>
  1252. <entry/>
  1253. <entry/>
  1254. </row>
  1255. <row>
  1256. <entry>4.</entry>
  1257. <entry>A:</entry>
  1258. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǜnián wǒ hái bú huì xiě
  1259. Zhōnggui zì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1260. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">去年我还不会写中国字。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1261. <entry>Last year, I couldn't write Chinese characters.</entry>
  1262. </row>
  1263. <row>
  1264. <entry/>
  1265. <entry>B:</entry>
  1266. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài wǒ huì xiě yìdiǎn
  1267. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1268. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">现在我会写一点了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1269. <entry>Now, I can write a little.</entry>
  1270. </row>
  1271. <row>
  1272. <entry/>
  1273. <entry/>
  1274. <entry/>
  1275. <entry/>
  1276. <entry/>
  1277. </row>
  1278. <row>
  1279. <entry>5.</entry>
  1280. <entry>A:</entry>
  1281. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ fùqin shi jǖnrén
  1282. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1283. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你父亲是军人吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1284. <entry>Is your father a military man?</entry>
  1285. </row>
  1286. <row>
  1287. <entry/>
  1288. <entry>B:</entry>
  1289. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā shi hǎijǖn
  1290. jǖnguān.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1291. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是,他是海军陆军。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1292. <entry>Yes, he's a naval officer.</entry>
  1293. </row>
  1294. <row>
  1295. <entry/>
  1296. <entry/>
  1297. <entry/>
  1298. <entry/>
  1299. <entry/>
  1300. </row>
  1301. <row>
  1302. <entry>6.</entry>
  1303. <entry>A:</entry>
  1304. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān bù lái
  1305. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1306. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我今天不来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1307. <entry>I'm not coming today.</entry>
  1308. </row>
  1309. <row>
  1310. <entry/>
  1311. <entry>B:</entry>
  1312. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bìng
  1313. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1314. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我病了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1315. <entry>I'm sick.</entry>
  1316. </row>
  1317. <row>
  1318. <entry/>
  1319. <entry/>
  1320. <entry/>
  1321. <entry/>
  1322. <entry/>
  1323. </row>
  1324. <row>
  1325. <entry>7.</entry>
  1326. <entry>A:</entry>
  1327. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo le
  1328. méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1329. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">今天好了没有?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1330. <entry>Are you better today?</entry>
  1331. </row>
  1332. <row>
  1333. <entry/>
  1334. <entry>B:</entry>
  1335. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo
  1336. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1337. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">今天好了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1338. <entry>Today, I'm better.</entry>
  1339. </row>
  1340. </tbody>
  1341. </tgroup>
  1342. </informaltable>
  1343. </section>
  1344. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  1345. <section>
  1346. <title>Unit 1</title>
  1347. <section>
  1348. <title>Introduction</title>
  1349. <section>
  1350. <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
  1351. <para>
  1352. <orderedlist>
  1353. <listitem>
  1354. <para>Where people are staying (hotels),</para>
  1355. </listitem>
  1356. <listitem>
  1357. <para>Short answers.</para>
  1358. </listitem>
  1359. <listitem>
  1360. <para>The question word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něige</foreignphrase>, "which."</para>
  1361. </listitem>
  1362. </orderedlist>
  1363. </para>
  1364. </section>
  1365. <section>
  1366. <title>Material you will need</title>
  1367. <para>
  1368. <orderedlist>
  1369. <listitem>
  1370. <para>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference
  1371. Notes.</para>
  1372. </listitem>
  1373. <listitem>
  1374. <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
  1375. </listitem>
  1376. <listitem>
  1377. <para>The drill tape (1D-1).</para>
  1378. </listitem>
  1379. </orderedlist>
  1380. </para>
  1381. </section>
  1382. </section>
  1383. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  1384. <section>
  1385. <title>References</title>
  1386. <section>
  1387. <title>Reference List</title>
  1388. <para>(in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>)</para>
  1389. <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
  1390. <tgroup cols="5">
  1391. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  1392. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  1393. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  1394. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  1395. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  1396. <tbody>
  1397. <row>
  1398. <entry>1.</entry>
  1399. <entry>A:</entry>
  1400. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ zhù zai
  1401. nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1402. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">亲吻,你朱在哪儿?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1403. <entry>May I ask, where are you staying?</entry>
  1404. </row>
  1405. <row>
  1406. <entry/>
  1407. <entry>B:</entry>
  1408. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai Běijīng
  1409. Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1410. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">握住在北京饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1411. <entry>I'm staying at the Beijing Hotel.</entry>
  1412. </row>
  1413. <row>
  1414. <entry/>
  1415. <entry/>
  1416. <entry/>
  1417. <entry/>
  1418. <entry/>
  1419. </row>
  1420. <row>
  1421. <entry>2.</entry>
  1422. <entry>A:</entry>
  1423. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai Mínzú
  1424. Fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1425. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你住在民族饭店吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1426. <entry>Are you staying at the Nationalities Hotel?</entry>
  1427. </row>
  1428. <row>
  1429. <entry/>
  1430. <entry>B:</entry>
  1431. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, wǒ zhù zai
  1432. Mínzú Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1433. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是,我住在民族饭店吗。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1434. <entry>Yes, I'm staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</entry>
  1435. </row>
  1436. <row>
  1437. <entry/>
  1438. <entry/>
  1439. <entry/>
  1440. <entry/>
  1441. <entry/>
  1442. </row>
  1443. <row>
  1444. <entry>3.</entry>
  1445. <entry>A:</entry>
  1446. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai něige
  1447. fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1448. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你住在呢个饭店?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1449. <entry>Which hotel are you staying at?</entry>
  1450. </row>
  1451. <row>
  1452. <entry/>
  1453. <entry>B:</entry>
  1454. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai Běijīng
  1455. Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1456. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我住在北京饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1457. <entry>I'm staying ate the Beijing Hotel.</entry>
  1458. </row>
  1459. <row>
  1460. <entry/>
  1461. <entry/>
  1462. <entry/>
  1463. <entry/>
  1464. <entry/>
  1465. </row>
  1466. <row>
  1467. <entry>4.</entry>
  1468. <entry>A:</entry>
  1469. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwèi shì Zhāng
  1470. tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1471. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪位是张同志?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1472. <entry>Which one is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng</foreignphrase>?</entry>
  1473. </row>
  1474. <row>
  1475. <entry/>
  1476. <entry>B:</entry>
  1477. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Zhāng
  1478. tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1479. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是张同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1480. <entry>She is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
  1481. </row>
  1482. <row>
  1483. <entry/>
  1484. <entry/>
  1485. <entry/>
  1486. <entry/>
  1487. <entry/>
  1488. </row>
  1489. <row>
  1490. <entry>5.</entry>
  1491. <entry>A:</entry>
  1492. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige rén shì Méi
  1493. tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1494. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪个人是Méi同志?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1495. <entry>Which person is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi</foreignphrase>?</entry>
  1496. </row>
  1497. <row>
  1498. <entry/>
  1499. <entry>B:</entry>
  1500. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige rén shì Méi
  1501. tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1502. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个人是Méi同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1503. <entry>That person is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi</foreignphrase>.</entry>
  1504. </row>
  1505. <row>
  1506. <entry/>
  1507. <entry/>
  1508. <entry/>
  1509. <entry/>
  1510. <entry/>
  1511. </row>
  1512. <row>
  1513. <entry>6.</entry>
  1514. <entry>A:</entry>
  1515. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwei shì Gāo
  1516. tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1517. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪位是局同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1518. <entry>Which one is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo</foreignphrase>?</entry>
  1519. </row>
  1520. <row>
  1521. <entry/>
  1522. <entry>B:</entry>
  1523. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiwèi shì Gāo
  1524. tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1525. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那位是局同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1526. <entry>That one is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo</foreignphrase>.</entry>
  1527. </row>
  1528. <row>
  1529. <entry/>
  1530. <entry/>
  1531. <entry/>
  1532. <entry/>
  1533. <entry/>
  1534. </row>
  1535. <row>
  1536. <entry>
  1537. <para>7.<footnote>
  1538. <para>This exchange occurs on the C-l tape only.</para>
  1539. </footnote></para>
  1540. </entry>
  1541. <entry>A:</entry>
  1542. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai zheìge
  1543. fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1544. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你住在这个饭店吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1545. <entry>Are you staying at this hotel?</entry>
  1546. </row>
  1547. <row>
  1548. <entry/>
  1549. <entry>B:</entry>
  1550. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, wǒ bú zhù zai
  1551. zheìge fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1552. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不,我不住在这个饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1553. <entry>No, I"m staying at this hotel.</entry>
  1554. </row>
  1555. <row>
  1556. <entry/>
  1557. <entry/>
  1558. <entry/>
  1559. <entry/>
  1560. <entry/>
  1561. </row>
  1562. <row>
  1563. <entry>8.</entry>
  1564. <entry>A:</entry>
  1565. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng tóngzhì! nín
  1566. zǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1567. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">蒋同志!您早。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1568. <entry>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng</foreignphrase>! Good morning.</entry>
  1569. </row>
  1570. <row>
  1571. <entry/>
  1572. <entry>B:</entry>
  1573. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǎo. Nuòwǎkè Nǔshì!
  1574. nín hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1575. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早。Nuòwǎkè
  1576. 女士!您好。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1577. <entry>Good morning, Miss Novak! How are you?</entry>
  1578. </row>
  1579. <row>
  1580. <entry/>
  1581. <entry>A:</entry>
  1582. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hěn
  1583. hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1584. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我很好</foreignphrase></entry>
  1585. <entry>I'm very well.</entry>
  1586. </row>
  1587. <row>
  1588. <entry/>
  1589. <entry/>
  1590. <entry/>
  1591. <entry/>
  1592. <entry/>
  1593. </row>
  1594. <row>
  1595. <entry>9.</entry>
  1596. <entry>A:</entry>
  1597. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ shì
  1598. Měiguo nǎrde rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1599. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">请问,你是美国哪儿人?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1600. <entry>May I ask, where are you from in America?</entry>
  1601. </row>
  1602. <row>
  1603. <entry/>
  1604. <entry>B:</entry>
  1605. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Jiāzhōu
  1606. Jiùjīnshān rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1607. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是加州旧金山人。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1608. <entry>I'm from San Francisco, California.</entry>
  1609. </row>
  1610. </tbody>
  1611. </tgroup>
  1612. </informaltable>
  1613. </section>
  1614. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  1615. <section>
  1616. <title>Vocabulary</title>
  1617. <informaltable>
  1618. <tgroup cols="3">
  1619. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
  1620. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  1621. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  1622. <tbody>
  1623. <row>
  1624. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
  1625. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
  1626. <entry>hotel</entry>
  1627. </row>
  1628. <row>
  1629. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase></entry>
  1630. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">个</foreignphrase></entry>
  1631. <entry>general counter</entry>
  1632. </row>
  1633. <row>
  1634. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn</foreignphrase></entry>
  1635. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">很</foreignphrase></entry>
  1636. <entry>very</entry>
  1637. </row>
  1638. <row>
  1639. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiùjīnshān</foreignphrase></entry>
  1640. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">旧金山</foreignphrase></entry>
  1641. <entry>San Francisco</entry>
  1642. </row>
  1643. <row>
  1644. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mínzú
  1645. Fàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
  1646. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">民族饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
  1647. <entry>Nationalities Hotel</entry>
  1648. </row>
  1649. <row>
  1650. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi-</foreignphrase></entry>
  1651. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪-?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1652. <entry>which</entry>
  1653. </row>
  1654. <row>
  1655. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něige?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1656. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪个</foreignphrase></entry>
  1657. <entry>which?</entry>
  1658. </row>
  1659. <row>
  1660. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige</foreignphrase></entry>
  1661. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个</foreignphrase></entry>
  1662. <entry>that</entry>
  1663. </row>
  1664. <row>
  1665. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něiwei</foreignphrase></entry>
  1666. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪位</foreignphrase></entry>
  1667. <entry>which one (person)</entry>
  1668. </row>
  1669. <row>
  1670. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèiwèi</foreignphrase></entry>
  1671. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那位</foreignphrase></entry>
  1672. <entry>that one (person)</entry>
  1673. </row>
  1674. <row>
  1675. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǔshì</foreignphrase></entry>
  1676. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">女士</foreignphrase></entry>
  1677. <entry>polite title for a married or unmarried woman) Ms. ;
  1678. Lady</entry>
  1679. </row>
  1680. <row>
  1681. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase></entry>
  1682. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是</foreignphrase></entry>
  1683. <entry>yes, that's so.</entry>
  1684. </row>
  1685. <row>
  1686. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-wèi</foreignphrase></entry>
  1687. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">位</foreignphrase></entry>
  1688. <entry>polite counter for people</entry>
  1689. </row>
  1690. <row>
  1691. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎo</foreignphrase></entry>
  1692. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早</foreignphrase></entry>
  1693. <entry>good morning</entry>
  1694. </row>
  1695. <row>
  1696. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi-</foreignphrase></entry>
  1697. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这-</foreignphrase></entry>
  1698. <entry>this</entry>
  1699. </row>
  1700. <row>
  1701. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zheìge</foreignphrase></entry>
  1702. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这个</foreignphrase></entry>
  1703. <entry>this</entry>
  1704. </row>
  1705. <row>
  1706. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèiwèi</foreignphrase></entry>
  1707. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这位</foreignphrase></entry>
  1708. <entry>this one (person)</entry>
  1709. </row>
  1710. <row>
  1711. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase></entry>
  1712. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">朱</foreignphrase></entry>
  1713. <entry>to stay, to live</entry>
  1714. </row>
  1715. </tbody>
  1716. </tgroup>
  1717. </informaltable>
  1718. </section>
  1719. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  1720. <section>
  1721. <title>Reference Notes</title>
  1722. <section>
  1723. <title>Notes on № 1</title>
  1724. <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
  1725. <tgroup cols="5">
  1726. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  1727. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  1728. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  1729. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  1730. <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  1731. <tbody>
  1732. <row>
  1733. <entry>1.</entry>
  1734. <entry>A:</entry>
  1735. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ zhù
  1736. zai nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1737. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">亲吻,你朱在哪儿?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1738. <entry>May I ask, where are you staying?</entry>
  1739. </row>
  1740. <row>
  1741. <entry/>
  1742. <entry>B:</entry>
  1743. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai
  1744. Běijīng Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1745. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">握住在北京饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1746. <entry>I'm staying at the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
  1747. Hotel.</entry>
  1748. </row>
  1749. </tbody>
  1750. </tgroup>
  1751. </informaltable>
  1752. <para>The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase>,
  1753. "to live," or "to reside," may be used to mean "to stay at" (temporary
  1754. residence) or "to live in" (permanent residence). </para>
  1755. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhù zài nǎr</foreignphrase>
  1756. literally means "live at where." The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>, "to be in/at/on," is
  1757. used here as a preposition "at." It loses its tone in this position in a
  1758. sentence. (The use of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> as a preposition is treated more fully in Unit 2.) </para>
  1759. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fàndiàn</foreignphrase> has two
  1760. meanings "restaurant" and "Hotel" (a relatively large hotel with modern facilities).<footnote>
  1761. <para>Another word for "restaurant" is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fànguǎnzi</foreignphrase>. The
  1762. general word for "hotel" is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǚguǎn</foreignphrase>.</para>
  1763. </footnote> Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fànguǎnzi</foreignphrase> means "rice shop."</para>
  1764. </section>
  1765. <section>
  1766. <title>Notes on № 2</title>
  1767. <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
  1768. <tgroup cols="5">
  1769. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  1770. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  1771. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  1772. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  1773. <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  1774. <tbody>
  1775. <row>
  1776. <entry>2.</entry>
  1777. <entry>A:</entry>
  1778. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai
  1779. Mínzú Fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1780. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你住在民族饭店吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1781. <entry>Are you staying at the Nationalities Hotel?</entry>
  1782. </row>
  1783. <row>
  1784. <entry/>
  1785. <entry>B:</entry>
  1786. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, wǒ zhù zai
  1787. Mínzú Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1788. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是,我住在民族饭店吗。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1789. <entry>Yes, I'm staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</entry>
  1790. </row>
  1791. </tbody>
  1792. </tgroup>
  1793. </informaltable>
  1794. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì</foreignphrase>: The usual
  1795. way to give a short affirmative answer is to repeat the verb used in the
  1796. question. Some verbs, however, may not be repeated as short answers.
  1797. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhù</foreignphrase> is one
  1798. such verb. Others not to be used are <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xìng</foreignphrase>, "to be surnamed," and
  1799. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiào</foreignphrase>, "to be
  1800. given-named." Many speakers do not repeat the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> as a short answer. To
  1801. give a short "yes" answer to questions containing these verbs, you use
  1802. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>.</para>
  1803. </section>
  1804. <section>
  1805. <title>Notes on № 3-7</title>
  1806. <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
  1807. <tgroup cols="5">
  1808. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  1809. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  1810. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  1811. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  1812. <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  1813. <tbody>
  1814. <row>
  1815. <entry>3.</entry>
  1816. <entry>A:</entry>
  1817. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai
  1818. něige fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1819. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你住在呢个饭店?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1820. <entry>Which hotel are you staying at?</entry>
  1821. </row>
  1822. <row>
  1823. <entry/>
  1824. <entry>B:</entry>
  1825. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai
  1826. Běijīng Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1827. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我住在北京饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1828. <entry>I'm staying ate the Beijing Hotel.</entry>
  1829. </row>
  1830. <row>
  1831. <entry/>
  1832. <entry/>
  1833. <entry/>
  1834. <entry/>
  1835. <entry/>
  1836. </row>
  1837. <row>
  1838. <entry>4.</entry>
  1839. <entry>A:</entry>
  1840. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwèi shì
  1841. Zhāng tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1842. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪位是张同志?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1843. <entry>Which one is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng</foreignphrase>?</entry>
  1844. </row>
  1845. <row>
  1846. <entry/>
  1847. <entry>B:</entry>
  1848. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Zhāng
  1849. tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1850. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是张同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1851. <entry>She is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
  1852. </row>
  1853. <row>
  1854. <entry/>
  1855. <entry/>
  1856. <entry/>
  1857. <entry/>
  1858. <entry/>
  1859. </row>
  1860. <row>
  1861. <entry>5.</entry>
  1862. <entry>A:</entry>
  1863. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige rén shì
  1864. Méi tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1865. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪个人是Méi同志?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1866. <entry>Which person is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi</foreignphrase>?</entry>
  1867. </row>
  1868. <row>
  1869. <entry/>
  1870. <entry>B:</entry>
  1871. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige rén shì
  1872. Méi tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1873. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个人是Méi同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1874. <entry>That person is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi</foreignphrase>.</entry>
  1875. </row>
  1876. <row>
  1877. <entry/>
  1878. <entry/>
  1879. <entry/>
  1880. <entry/>
  1881. <entry/>
  1882. </row>
  1883. <row>
  1884. <entry>6.</entry>
  1885. <entry>A:</entry>
  1886. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwei shì Gāo
  1887. tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1888. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪位是局同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1889. <entry>Which one is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo</foreignphrase>?</entry>
  1890. </row>
  1891. <row>
  1892. <entry/>
  1893. <entry>B:</entry>
  1894. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiwèi shì Gāo
  1895. tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1896. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那位是局同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1897. <entry>That one is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo</foreignphrase>.</entry>
  1898. </row>
  1899. <row>
  1900. <entry/>
  1901. <entry/>
  1902. <entry/>
  1903. <entry/>
  1904. <entry/>
  1905. </row>
  1906. <row>
  1907. <entry>7.</entry>
  1908. <entry>A:</entry>
  1909. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai
  1910. zheìge fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1911. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你住在这个饭店吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1912. <entry>Are you staying at this hotel?</entry>
  1913. </row>
  1914. <row>
  1915. <entry/>
  1916. <entry>B:</entry>
  1917. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, wǒ bú zhù
  1918. zai zheìge fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1919. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不,我不住在这个饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
  1920. <entry>No, I"m staying at this hotel.</entry>
  1921. </row>
  1922. </tbody>
  1923. </tgroup>
  1924. </informaltable>
  1925. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige</foreignphrase> is the
  1926. question word "which." In the compound <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něiguó</foreignphrase>, you found the bound
  1927. word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi-</foreignphrase>, which
  1928. was attached to the noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guó</foreignphrase>. In the phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něiguó rén</foreignphrase>, "which person,"
  1929. the bound word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi-</foreignphrase> is attached to the general counter <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase>. (You will learn more
  1930. about counters in Unit 3_ For now, you nay think of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase> as an ending which turns
  1931. the bound word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi-</foreignphrase> into the full word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něige</foreignphrase>.) </para>
  1932. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige
  1933. rén/něiwèi</foreignphrase>: To be polite when referring to an adult, you say
  1934. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něiwèi</foreignphrase> or
  1935. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèiwèi</foreignphrase>, using
  1936. the polite counter for people <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-wèi</foreignphrase> rather than the general counter <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase>, though <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase> is used in many informal
  1937. situations. </para>
  1938. <para>Notice that the noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rén</foreignphrase> is not used directly after <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-wèi</foreignphrase>: </para>
  1939. <informaltable frame="all">
  1940. <tgroup cols="3">
  1941. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  1942. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  1943. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  1944. <tbody>
  1945. <row>
  1946. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiwèi</foreignphrase></entry>
  1947. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó
  1948. rén</foreignphrase></entry>
  1949. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì
  1950. shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1951. </row>
  1952. <row>
  1953. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwèi</foreignphrase></entry>
  1954. <entry/>
  1955. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù zài Mínzú
  1956. Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1957. </row>
  1958. </tbody>
  1959. </tgroup>
  1960. </informaltable>
  1961. <para>Compare the specifying words "which?" "that," and "this" with the location
  1962. words you learned in Unit U of ORN: </para>
  1963. <informaltable frame="all">
  1964. <tgroup cols="4">
  1965. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  1966. <colspec colname="newCol3" colnum="2" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
  1967. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  1968. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  1969. <thead>
  1970. <row>
  1971. <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol3" align="center">Specifying
  1972. words</entry>
  1973. <entry namest="c3" nameend="c4" align="center">Location
  1974. words</entry>
  1975. </row>
  1976. </thead>
  1977. <tbody>
  1978. <row>
  1979. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něige?
  1980. (nǎge?)</foreignphrase></entry>
  1981. <entry>which</entry>
  1982. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎr</foreignphrase></entry>
  1983. <entry>where</entry>
  1984. </row>
  1985. <row>
  1986. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige
  1987. (nàge)</foreignphrase></entry>
  1988. <entry>that</entry>
  1989. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nàr
  1990. (nèr)</foreignphrase></entry>
  1991. <entry>there</entry>
  1992. </row>
  1993. <row>
  1994. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige
  1995. (zhège)</foreignphrase></entry>
  1996. <entry>this</entry>
  1997. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèr
  1998. (zhàr)</foreignphrase></entry>
  1999. <entry>here</entry>
  2000. </row>
  2001. </tbody>
  2002. </tgroup>
  2003. </informaltable>
  2004. <para>Both question words are in the Low tone, while the other four words are in
  2005. the Falling tone. </para>
  2006. <para>Many people pronounce the words for "which?" "that," and "this" with the
  2007. usual vowels for "where?" "there," and "here": <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎge</foreignphrase>? <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nàge</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhège</foreignphrase>. </para>
  2008. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù</foreignphrase>: A short
  2009. negative answer is usually formed by <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> plus a repetition of the
  2010. verb used in the question. When a verb, like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>), cannot be repeated,
  2011. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> is used as
  2012. a short answer and is followed by a complete answer. Notice that when used
  2013. by itself <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> is in
  2014. the Falling ton, but when followed by a Falling-tone syllable <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> is in the Rising tone. </para>
  2015. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, tā xiānzài bú zài
  2016. zhèr.</foreignphrase> No, he's not here now.</para>
  2017. </section>
  2018. <section>
  2019. <title>Notes on № 8</title>
  2020. <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
  2021. <tgroup cols="5">
  2022. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  2023. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  2024. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  2025. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  2026. <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  2027. <tbody>
  2028. <row>
  2029. <entry>8.</entry>
  2030. <entry>A:</entry>
  2031. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng tóngzhì!
  2032. nín zǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2033. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">蒋同志!您早。</foreignphrase></entry>
  2034. <entry>Comrade Jiang! Good morning.</entry>
  2035. </row>
  2036. <row>
  2037. <entry/>
  2038. <entry>B:</entry>
  2039. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǎo. Nuòwǎkè
  2040. Nǔshì! nín hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2041. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早。Nuòwǎkè
  2042. 女士!您好。</foreignphrase></entry>
  2043. <entry>Good morning, Miss Novak! How are you?</entry>
  2044. </row>
  2045. </tbody>
  2046. </tgroup>
  2047. </informaltable>
  2048. <para>Name as greeting: A greeting may consist simply of a person's name:
  2049. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng tóngzhì</foreignphrase>!
  2050. "Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>!"
  2051. The name may also be used with a greeting phrase: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng tóngzhì! Nín zǎo.
  2052. </foreignphrase>"Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>! Good morning." --or, in reverse order,
  2053. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín zǎo. Wáng
  2054. tóngzhì!</foreignphrase> "Good morning. Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>!" The name is pronounced
  2055. as an independent exclamation acknowledging that person's presence and
  2056. status. It is not de-emphasized like "Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>," in the English
  2057. sentence 11 Good morning, Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>." </para>
  2058. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín zǎo</foreignphrase> means
  2059. "good morning" --literally, "you are early." You may also say either
  2060. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ zǎo</foreignphrase> or
  2061. simply <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎo</foreignphrase>. </para>
  2062. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǚshì</foreignphrase>, "Ms.," is
  2063. a formal, respectful title for a married or unmarried woman. It is used
  2064. after a woman's own surname, not her husband's. Traditionally, this title
  2065. was used for older, educated, and accomplished women. </para>
  2066. <para>In the PRC, where people use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóngzhì</foreignphrase>, "Comrade," in general only foreign women are
  2067. referred to and addressed as (so-and-so) <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚshì</foreignphrase>. On Taiwan, however,
  2068. any woman may be called (so-and-so) <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚshì</foreignphrase> in a formal context,
  2069. such as a speech or an invitation. </para>
  2070. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín hǎo</foreignphrase>: This
  2071. greeting may be said either with or without a question marker, just as in
  2072. English we say "How are you?" as a question or "How are you?" as a simple
  2073. greeting. </para>
  2074. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎo ma?</foreignphrase> How
  2075. are you? </para>
  2076. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎo.</foreignphrase> How are
  2077. you. </para>
  2078. <para>Also Just as in English, you may respond to the greeting by repeating it
  2079. rather than giving an answer. </para>
  2080. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ tóngzhì! Nín
  2081. hǎo.</foreignphrase> Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ</foreignphrase>! How are you. </para>
  2082. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín hǎo. Gāo
  2083. tóngzhì!</foreignphrase> How are you. Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo</foreignphrase>! </para>
  2084. <para>Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn</foreignphrase>
  2085. means "very." The word often accompanies adjectival verbs (like
  2086. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase>, "to be
  2087. good"), adding little to their meaning. (See also Module 3, Unit 3.) </para>
  2088. <para>How to identify yourself: You have now learned several ways to introduce
  2089. yourself. One simple, direct way is to extend your hand and state your name
  2090. in Chinese –- for instance, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
  2091. Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>. Here are some other ways:</para>
  2092. <para>
  2093. <informaltable frame="all">
  2094. <tgroup cols="2">
  2095. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  2096. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  2097. <tbody>
  2098. <row>
  2099. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Mǎ
  2100. Mínglǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2101. <entry>I'm <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
  2102. Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
  2103. </row>
  2104. <row>
  2105. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
  2106. Mǎ.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2107. <entry>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
  2108. </row>
  2109. <row>
  2110. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng Mǎ,
  2111. jiào Mǎ Mínglǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2112. <entry>
  2113. <para>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ</foreignphrase>; I'm
  2114. called <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
  2115. Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</para>
  2116. </entry>
  2117. </row>
  2118. <row>
  2119. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde
  2120. Zhōngguó míngzi jiào Mǎ
  2121. Mínglǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2122. <entry>My Chinese name is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
  2123. Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
  2124. </row>
  2125. </tbody>
  2126. </tgroup>
  2127. </informaltable>
  2128. </para>
  2129. </section>
  2130. <section>
  2131. <title>Notes on № 9</title>
  2132. <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
  2133. <tgroup cols="5">
  2134. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  2135. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  2136. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  2137. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  2138. <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  2139. <tbody>
  2140. <row>
  2141. <entry>9.</entry>
  2142. <entry>A:</entry>
  2143. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ shì
  2144. Měiguo nǎrde rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
  2145. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">请问,你是美国哪儿人?</foreignphrase></entry>
  2146. <entry>May I ask, where are you from in America?</entry>
  2147. </row>
  2148. <row>
  2149. <entry/>
  2150. <entry>B:</entry>
  2151. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Jiāzhōu
  2152. Jiùjīnshān rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2153. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是加州旧金山人。</foreignphrase></entry>
  2154. <entry>I'm from San Francisco, California.</entry>
  2155. </row>
  2156. </tbody>
  2157. </tgroup>
  2158. </informaltable>
  2159. <para>Order of place names: Notice that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāzhōu Jiùjīnshān</foreignphrase> is
  2160. literally "California, San Francisco." In Chinese, the larger unit cones
  2161. before the smaller. Similarly, in the question <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì Měiguó nǎrde rén?</foreignphrase> the
  2162. name of the country comes before the question word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎr</foreignphrase>, which is asking for a
  2163. more detailed location. The larger unit is usually repeated in the answer: </para>
  2164. <para>
  2165. <informaltable frame="all">
  2166. <tgroup cols="5">
  2167. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  2168. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  2169. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  2170. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  2171. <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  2172. <tbody>
  2173. <row>
  2174. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
  2175. shì</foreignphrase></entry>
  2176. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shāndōng</foreignphrase></entry>
  2177. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎr</foreignphrase></entry>
  2178. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de
  2179. </foreignphrase></entry>
  2180. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
  2181. </row>
  2182. <row>
  2183. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
  2184. shì</foreignphrase></entry>
  2185. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shāndōng</foreignphrase></entry>
  2186. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīngdǎo</foreignphrase></entry>
  2187. <entry/>
  2188. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2189. </row>
  2190. </tbody>
  2191. </tgroup>
  2192. </informaltable>
  2193. </para>
  2194. <para>Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiùjīnshān</foreignphrase> means "Old Gold Mountain." The Chinese gave
  2195. this name to San Francisco during the Gold Rush days.</para>
  2196. </section>
  2197. </section>
  2198. </section>
  2199. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  2200. <section>
  2201. <title>Drills</title>
  2202. <section>
  2203. <title>Response drill</title>
  2204. <table frame="all">
  2205. <title>Response according to the clue</title>
  2206. <tgroup cols="4">
  2207. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
  2208. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  2209. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="0.4*"/>
  2210. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  2211. <thead>
  2212. <row>
  2213. <entry/>
  2214. <entry>Question</entry>
  2215. <entry>Clue</entry>
  2216. <entry>Answer</entry>
  2217. </row>
  2218. </thead>
  2219. <tbody>
  2220. <row>
  2221. <entry>1.</entry>
  2222. <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/他住在哪儿?
  2223. </foreignphrase></para>
  2224. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai
  2225. nǎr?</foreignphrase></para><para> Where is he/she
  2226. staying?</para></entry>
  2227. <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">北京饭店
  2228. </foreignphrase></para>
  2229. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng Fàndiàn
  2230. </foreignphrase></para><para>the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
  2231. Hotel</para></entry>
  2232. <entry xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
  2233. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在北京饭店。
  2234. </foreignphrase></para>
  2235. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai
  2236. Běijìng Fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
  2237. <para>He/she is staying at the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
  2238. Hotel.</para>
  2239. </entry>
  2240. </row>
  2241. <row>
  2242. <entry>2.</entry>
  2243. <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你爱人住在哪儿?
  2244. </foreignphrase></para>
  2245. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren zhù zai
  2246. nǎr? </foreignphrase></para><para>Where is your spouse
  2247. staying?</para></entry>
  2248. <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">民族饭店
  2249. </foreignphrase></para>
  2250. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mínzú Fàndiàn
  2251. </foreignphrase></para><para>the Nationalities
  2252. Hotel</para></entry>
  2253. <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在民族饭店。
  2254. </foreignphrase></para>
  2255. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai Mínzú
  2256. Fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para><para>He/she is staying
  2257. at the Nationalities Hotel.</para>
  2258. </entry>
  2259. </row>
  2260. <row>
  2261. <entry>3.</entry>
  2262. <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">李同志住在哪儿?
  2263. </foreignphrase></para>
  2264. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Tóngzhì zhù
  2265. zai nǎr? </foreignphrase></para><para>Where is comrade
  2266. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ</foreignphrase> staying?</para></entry>
  2267. <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这个饭店
  2268. </foreignphrase></para>
  2269. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige fàndiàn
  2270. </foreignphrase></para><para>this hotel</para></entry>
  2271. <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在这个饭店。
  2272. </foreignphrase></para>
  2273. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai
  2274. zhèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para><para>He/she is
  2275. staying at this hotel.</para></entry>
  2276. </row>
  2277. <row>
  2278. <entry>4.</entry>
  2279. <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">方同志住在哪儿?
  2280. </foreignphrase></para>
  2281. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Tóngzhì zhù
  2282. zai nǎr? </foreignphrase></para><para>Where is comrade
  2283. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng</foreignphrase> staying?</para></entry>
  2284. <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个饭店
  2285. </foreignphrase></para>
  2286. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige fàndiàn
  2287. </foreignphrase></para><para>that hotel</para></entry>
  2288. <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在那个饭店。
  2289. </foreignphrase></para>
  2290. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai nèige
  2291. fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para><para>He/she is staying
  2292. at that hotel.</para></entry>
  2293. </row>
  2294. <row>
  2295. <entry>5.</entry>
  2296. <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">陈同志住在哪儿?
  2297. </foreignphrase></para>
  2298. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén Tóngzhì zhù
  2299. zai nǎr? </foreignphrase></para><para>Where is comrade
  2300. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén</foreignphrase> staying?</para></entry>
  2301. <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">北京饭店
  2302. </foreignphrase></para>
  2303. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng Fàndiàn
  2304. </foreignphrase></para><para>the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
  2305. Hotel</para></entry>
  2306. <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在北京饭店。
  2307. </foreignphrase></para>
  2308. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ta zhù zai
  2309. Běijīng Fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para><para>He/she is
  2310. staying at the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> Hotel.</para></entry>
  2311. </row>
  2312. <row>
  2313. <entry>6.</entry>
  2314. <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">林同志住在哪儿?
  2315. </foreignphrase></para>
  2316. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lín Tóngzhì zhù
  2317. zai nǎr? </foreignphrase></para><para>Where is comrade
  2318. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lín</foreignphrase> staying? </para></entry>
  2319. <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">民族饭店
  2320. </foreignphrase></para>
  2321. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mínzú Fàndiàn
  2322. </foreignphrase></para><para>the Nationalities
  2323. Hotel</para></entry>
  2324. <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在民族饭店。
  2325. </foreignphrase></para>
  2326. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai Mínzú
  2327. Fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para><para>He/she is staying
  2328. at the Nationalities Hotel.</para></entry>
  2329. </row>
  2330. <row>
  2331. <entry>7.</entry>
  2332. <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">黄同志住在哪儿?
  2333. </foreignphrase></para>
  2334. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáng Tóngzhì
  2335. zhù zai nǎr? </foreignphrase></para><para>Where is
  2336. comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáng</foreignphrase> staying?</para></entry>
  2337. <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这个饭店
  2338. </foreignphrase></para>
  2339. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige fàndiàn
  2340. </foreignphrase></para><para>this hotel</para></entry>
  2341. <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她住在这个饭店。
  2342. </foreignphrase></para>
  2343. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai
  2344. zhèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para><para>He/she is
  2345. staying at this hotel.</para></entry>
  2346. </row>
  2347. </tbody>
  2348. </tgroup>
  2349. </table>
  2350. </section>
  2351. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  2352. <section>
  2353. <title>Response drill</title>
  2354. <table frame="all">
  2355. <title>Give affirmative response to all questions.</title>
  2356. <tgroup cols="3">
  2357. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
  2358. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  2359. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  2360. <thead>
  2361. <row>
  2362. <entry/>
  2363. <entry>Question</entry>
  2364. <entry>Answer</entry>
  2365. </row>
  2366. </thead>
  2367. <tbody>
  2368. <row>
  2369. <entry>1.</entry>
  2370. <entry>
  2371. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">局女士住在民族饭店吗?
  2372. </foreignphrase></para>
  2373. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo Nǚshì zhù
  2374. zai Mínzú fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></para>
  2375. <para>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo</foreignphrase> staying at the Nationalities
  2376. Hotel?</para>
  2377. </entry>
  2378. <entry>
  2379. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是,她住在民族饭店。
  2380. </foreignphrase></para>
  2381. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
  2382. Mínzú Fàndiàn, </foreignphrase></para>
  2383. <para>&gt;Yes, she is staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</para>
  2384. </entry>
  2385. </row>
  2386. <row>
  2387. <entry>2.</entry>
  2388. <entry>
  2389. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">张女士住在北京饭店吗?
  2390. </foreignphrase></para>
  2391. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng Nǚshì zhù
  2392. zai Běijìng Fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
  2393. <para>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng</foreignphrase> staying at the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Beǐjīng</foreignphrase>
  2394. Hotel?</para>
  2395. </entry>
  2396. <entry>
  2397. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是,她住在北京饭店。
  2398. </foreignphrase></para>
  2399. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
  2400. Běijīng Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
  2401. <para>Yes, she is staying at the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Beǐjīng</foreignphrase>
  2402. Hotel.</para>
  2403. </entry>
  2404. </row>
  2405. <row>
  2406. <entry>3.</entry>
  2407. <entry>
  2408. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">江女士住在这个饭店吗?
  2409. </foreignphrase></para>
  2410. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng Nǚshì zhù
  2411. zai zhèige fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
  2412. <para>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng</foreignphrase> staying at this
  2413. hotel?</para></entry>
  2414. <entry>
  2415. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是,她住在这个饭店。
  2416. </foreignphrase></para>
  2417. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
  2418. zhèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
  2419. <para>Yes, she is staying at this hotel.</para>
  2420. </entry>
  2421. </row>
  2422. <row>
  2423. <entry>4.</entry>
  2424. <entry>
  2425. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">黄女士住在那个饭店吗?
  2426. </foreignphrase></para>
  2427. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huāng Nǚshì zhù
  2428. zai nèige fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
  2429. <para>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huāng</foreignphrase> staying at that hotel?</para>
  2430. </entry>
  2431. <entry>
  2432. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是,她住在那个饭店。
  2433. </foreignphrase></para>
  2434. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
  2435. nèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
  2436. <para>&gt;Yes, she is staying at that hotel.</para>
  2437. </entry>
  2438. </row>
  2439. <row>
  2440. <entry>5.</entry>
  2441. <entry>
  2442. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">王女士住在北京饭店吗?
  2443. </foreignphrase></para>
  2444. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng Nǚshì zhù
  2445. zai Běijīng Fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
  2446. <para>&gt;Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase> staying at the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Beǐjīng</foreignphrase>
  2447. Hotel?</para>
  2448. </entry>
  2449. <entry>
  2450. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是,她住在北京饭店。
  2451. </foreignphrase></para>
  2452. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
  2453. Beǐjīng fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
  2454. <para>Yes, she is staying at the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Beǐjīng</foreignphrase>
  2455. Hotel.</para>
  2456. </entry>
  2457. </row>
  2458. <row>
  2459. <entry>6.</entry>
  2460. <entry>
  2461. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">林女士住在民族饭店吗?
  2462. </foreignphrase></para>
  2463. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lín Nǚshì zhù
  2464. zai Mínzú Fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
  2465. <para>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lín</foreignphrase> staying at the Nationalities
  2466. Hotel?</para>
  2467. </entry>
  2468. <entry>
  2469. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是,她住在民族饭店。
  2470. </foreignphrase></para>
  2471. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
  2472. Mínzú Fàndiàn, </foreignphrase></para>
  2473. <para>Yes, she is staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</para>
  2474. </entry>
  2475. </row>
  2476. <row>
  2477. <entry>7.</entry>
  2478. <entry>
  2479. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">毛女士住在这个饭店吗?
  2480. </foreignphrase></para>
  2481. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máo Nǚshì zhù
  2482. zai zhèige fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
  2483. <para>Is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máo</foreignphrase> staying at this hotel?</para>
  2484. </entry>
  2485. <entry>
  2486. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是,她住在这个饭店。
  2487. </foreignphrase></para>
  2488. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
  2489. zhèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
  2490. <para>Yes, she is staying at this hotel.</para>
  2491. </entry>
  2492. </row>
  2493. </tbody>
  2494. </tgroup>
  2495. </table>
  2496. </section>
  2497. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  2498. <section>
  2499. <title>Response drill</title>
  2500. <table frame="all">
  2501. <title>Give affirmative response to all questions.</title>
  2502. <tgroup cols="3">
  2503. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
  2504. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  2505. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  2506. <thead>
  2507. <row>
  2508. <entry/>
  2509. <entry>Question</entry>
  2510. <entry>Answer</entry>
  2511. </row>
  2512. </thead>
  2513. <tbody>
  2514. <row>
  2515. <entry>1.</entry>
  2516. <entry>
  2517. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">蒋先生住在这个饭店吗?
  2518. </foreignphrase></para>
  2519. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng Xiānsheng
  2520. zhù zai zhège fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
  2521. <para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng</foreignphrase> staying at this hotel?</para>
  2522. </entry>
  2523. <entry>
  2524. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是,他不住在这个饭店。
  2525. </foreignphrase></para>
  2526. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
  2527. zhù zai zhège fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
  2528. <para>No, he is not staying at this hotel.</para>
  2529. </entry>
  2530. </row>
  2531. <row>
  2532. <entry>2.</entry>
  2533. <entry>
  2534. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">马先生住在那个饭店吗?
  2535. </foreignphrase></para>
  2536. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Xiānsheng zhù
  2537. zai nàge fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
  2538. <para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ</foreignphrase> staying at that hotel?</para>
  2539. </entry>
  2540. <entry>
  2541. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是,他不住在那个饭店。
  2542. </foreignphrase></para>
  2543. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
  2544. zhù zai nàge fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
  2545. <para>No, he is not staying at that hotel.</para>
  2546. </entry>
  2547. </row>
  2548. <row>
  2549. <entry>3.</entry>
  2550. <entry>
  2551. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">李先生住在国宾大饭店吗?
  2552. </foreignphrase></para>
  2553. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Xiānsheng zhù
  2554. zai Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
  2555. <para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ</foreignphrase> staying at the Ambassador
  2556. Hotel?</para>
  2557. </entry>
  2558. <entry>
  2559. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是,他不住在国宾大饭店。
  2560. </foreignphrase></para>
  2561. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
  2562. zhù zai Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
  2563. <para>No, he is not staying at the Ambassador Hotel.</para>
  2564. </entry>
  2565. </row>
  2566. <row>
  2567. <entry>4.</entry>
  2568. <entry>
  2569. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">赵先生住在員山大饭店吗?
  2570. </foreignphrase></para>
  2571. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào Xiānsheng
  2572. zhù zai Yuánshān Dàfàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
  2573. <para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào</foreignphrase> staying at the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yuánshān</foreignphrase>
  2574. hotel?</para>
  2575. </entry>
  2576. <entry>
  2577. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是,他不住在員山大饭店。
  2578. </foreignphrase></para>
  2579. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
  2580. zhù zai Yuánshān Dàfàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
  2581. <para>No, he is not staying at the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yuánshān</foreignphrase>
  2582. hotel.</para>
  2583. </entry>
  2584. </row>
  2585. <row>
  2586. <entry>5.</entry>
  2587. <entry>
  2588. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">刘先生住在員山大饭店吗?
  2589. </foreignphrase></para>
  2590. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú Xiānsheng
  2591. zhù zai Yuánshān Dàfàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
  2592. <para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú</foreignphrase> staying at the Yuánshān
  2593. hotel?</para>
  2594. </entry>
  2595. <entry>
  2596. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是,他不住在員山大饭店。
  2597. </foreignphrase></para>
  2598. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
  2599. zhù zai Yánshān Dàfàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
  2600. <para>No, he is not staying at the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yuánshān</foreignphrase>
  2601. hotel.</para></entry>
  2602. </row>
  2603. <row>
  2604. <entry>6.</entry>
  2605. <entry>
  2606. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">唐先生住在那个饭店吗?
  2607. </foreignphrase></para>
  2608. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táng Xiānsheng
  2609. zhù zai nàge fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
  2610. <para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táng</foreignphrase> staying at that hotel?</para>
  2611. </entry>
  2612. <entry>
  2613. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是,他不住在那个饭店。
  2614. </foreignphrase></para>
  2615. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
  2616. zhù zai nàge fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
  2617. <para>No, he is not staying at that hotel.</para></entry>
  2618. </row>
  2619. <row>
  2620. <entry>7.</entry>
  2621. <entry>
  2622. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">宋先生住在这个饭店吗?
  2623. </foreignphrase></para>
  2624. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sòng Xiānsheng
  2625. zhù zai zhège fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
  2626. <para>Is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sòng</foreignphrase> staying at this hotel.</para>
  2627. </entry>
  2628. <entry>
  2629. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是,他不住在这个饭店。
  2630. </foreignphrase></para>
  2631. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
  2632. zhù zai zhège fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
  2633. <para>No, he is not staying at this hotel.</para></entry>
  2634. </row>
  2635. </tbody>
  2636. </tgroup>
  2637. </table>
  2638. </section>
  2639. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  2640. <section>
  2641. <title>Response drill</title>
  2642. <para/>
  2643. <table frame="all">
  2644. <title>Give affirmative response to all questions.</title>
  2645. <tgroup cols="4">
  2646. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
  2647. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  2648. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  2649. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  2650. <thead>
  2651. <row>
  2652. <entry/>
  2653. <entry>Question</entry>
  2654. <entry>Clue</entry>
  2655. <entry>Answer</entry>
  2656. </row>
  2657. </thead>
  2658. <tbody>
  2659. <row>
  2660. <entry>1.</entry>
  2661. <entry>
  2662. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">唐同志在这个饭店吗?</foreignphrase></para>
  2663. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táng Tóngzhì zhù
  2664. zai zhèige fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
  2665. <para>Is comrade Táng staying at this hotel?</para>
  2666. </entry>
  2667. <entry>
  2668. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这个饭店</foreignphrase></para>
  2669. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige fàndiàn
  2670. </foreignphrase></para>
  2671. <para>this hotel</para>
  2672. </entry>
  2673. <entry>
  2674. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是,他/她住在这个饭店。</foreignphrase></para>
  2675. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
  2676. zhèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
  2677. <para>Yes, he/she is staying at this hotel.</para>
  2678. </entry>
  2679. </row>
  2680. <row>
  2681. <entry>2.</entry>
  2682. <entry>
  2683. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">马同志住在那个饭店吗?</foreignphrase></para>
  2684. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Tóngzhì zhù
  2685. zai nèige fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></para>
  2686. <para>Is comrade Mǎ staying at that hotel?</para>
  2687. </entry>
  2688. <entry>
  2689. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这个饭店</foreignphrase></para>
  2690. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige fàndiàn
  2691. </foreignphrase></para>
  2692. <para>this hotel</para>
  2693. </entry>
  2694. <entry>
  2695. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是,他/她不住在那个饭店。
  2696. </foreignphrase></para>
  2697. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
  2698. zhù zai nèige fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
  2699. <para>No, he/she is not staying at that hotel.</para>
  2700. </entry>
  2701. </row>
  2702. <row>
  2703. <entry>3.</entry>
  2704. <entry>
  2705. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">李同志住在北京饭店吗?
  2706. </foreignphrase></para>
  2707. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Tóngzhì zhù
  2708. zai Běijīng fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
  2709. <para>Is comrade Lǐ staying at the Běijīng Hotel?</para>
  2710. </entry>
  2711. <entry>
  2712. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">北京饭店
  2713. </foreignphrase></para>
  2714. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng Fàndiàn
  2715. </foreignphrase></para>
  2716. <para>Běijīng Hotel</para>
  2717. </entry>
  2718. <entry>
  2719. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是,他/她住在北京饭店。
  2720. </foreignphrase></para>
  2721. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
  2722. Běijīng Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
  2723. <para>Yes, he/she is staying at the Běijīng Hotel.</para>
  2724. </entry>
  2725. </row>
  2726. <row>
  2727. <entry>4.</entry>
  2728. <entry>
  2729. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">赵同志住在民族饭店吗?
  2730. </foreignphrase></para>
  2731. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào Tóngzhì zhù
  2732. zai Mínzǔ fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
  2733. <para>Is comrade Zhào staying at the Nationalities Hotel?</para>
  2734. </entry>
  2735. <entry>
  2736. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">北京饭店
  2737. </foreignphrase></para>
  2738. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng Fàndiàn
  2739. </foreignphrase></para>
  2740. <para>Běijīng Hotel</para>
  2741. </entry>
  2742. <entry>
  2743. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是,他/她不住在民族饭店。
  2744. </foreignphrase></para>
  2745. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
  2746. zhù zai Mínzú Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
  2747. <para>No, he/she is not staying at the Nationalities
  2748. Hotel.</para>
  2749. </entry>
  2750. </row>
  2751. <row>
  2752. <entry>5.</entry>
  2753. <entry>
  2754. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">刘同志住在这个饭店吗?
  2755. </foreignphrase></para>
  2756. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú Tóngzhì zhù
  2757. zai zhèige fàndiàn ma? </foreignphrase></para>
  2758. <para>Is comrade Liú staying at this hotel?</para>
  2759. </entry>
  2760. <entry>
  2761. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个饭店
  2762. </foreignphrase></para>
  2763. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige fàndiàn
  2764. </foreignphrase></para>
  2765. <para>that hotel</para>
  2766. </entry>
  2767. <entry>
  2768. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是,他/她不住在这个饭店。
  2769. </foreignphrase></para>
  2770. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, tā bú
  2771. zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
  2772. <para>No, he/she is not staying at this hotel.</para>
  2773. </entry>
  2774. </row>
  2775. <row>
  2776. <entry>6.</entry>
  2777. <entry>
  2778. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">蒋同志住在那个饭店?
  2779. </foreignphrase></para>
  2780. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng Tóngzhì
  2781. zhù zai nèige fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></para>
  2782. <para>Is Jiāng Tóngzhì staying at that hotel?</para>
  2783. </entry>
  2784. <entry>
  2785. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个饭店
  2786. </foreignphrase></para>
  2787. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige
  2788. fàndiàn</foreignphrase></para>
  2789. <para>that hotel</para>
  2790. </entry>
  2791. <entry>
  2792. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是,他/她住在那个饭店。
  2793. </foreignphrase></para>
  2794. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā zhù zai
  2795. nèige fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
  2796. <para>Yes, he/she is staying at that hotel.</para>
  2797. </entry>
  2798. </row>
  2799. <row>
  2800. <entry>7.</entry>
  2801. <entry>
  2802. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">张同志住在北京饭店吗?
  2803. </foreignphrase></para>
  2804. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng Tóngzhì
  2805. zhù zai Běijīng Fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></para>
  2806. <para>Is Zhāng Tóngzhì staying at the Běijīng Hotel?</para>
  2807. </entry>
  2808. <entry>
  2809. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">民族饭店
  2810. </foreignphrase></para>
  2811. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mínzǔ Fàndiàn
  2812. </foreignphrase></para>
  2813. <para>Nationalities Hotel</para>
  2814. </entry>
  2815. <entry>
  2816. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是,他/她不住在北京饭店。</foreignphrase></para>
  2817. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Bú shi, tā bú
  2818. zhù zai Běijīng Fàndiàn. </foreignphrase></para>
  2819. <para>No, he/she is not staying at the Běijīng Hotel.</para>
  2820. </entry>
  2821. </row>
  2822. </tbody>
  2823. </tgroup>
  2824. </table>
  2825. </section>
  2826. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  2827. <section>
  2828. <title/>
  2829. <para/>
  2830. </section>
  2831. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  2832. <section>
  2833. <title/>
  2834. <para/>
  2835. </section>
  2836. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  2837. <section>
  2838. <title/>
  2839. <para/>
  2840. </section>
  2841. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  2842. <section>
  2843. <title/>
  2844. <para/>
  2845. </section>
  2846. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  2847. <section>
  2848. <title/>
  2849. <para/>
  2850. </section>
  2851. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  2852. <section>
  2853. <title/>
  2854. <para/>
  2855. </section>
  2856. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  2857. <section>
  2858. <title/>
  2859. <para/>
  2860. </section>
  2861. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  2862. <section>
  2863. <title/>
  2864. <para/>
  2865. </section>
  2866. </section>
  2867. </section>
  2868. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  2869. <section>
  2870. <title>Unit 2</title>
  2871. <section>
  2872. <title>Introduction</title>
  2873. <section>
  2874. <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
  2875. <orderedlist>
  2876. <listitem>
  2877. <para> Where people are staying (houses).</para>
  2878. </listitem>
  2879. <listitem>
  2880. <para> Where people are working.</para>
  2881. </listitem>
  2882. <listitem>
  2883. <para> Addresses.</para>
  2884. </listitem>
  2885. <listitem>
  2886. <para>The marker de </para>
  2887. </listitem>
  2888. <listitem>
  2889. <para> The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ba</foreignphrase>,</para>
  2890. </listitem>
  2891. <listitem>
  2892. <para> The prepositional verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase></para>
  2893. </listitem>
  2894. </orderedlist>
  2895. </section>
  2896. <section>
  2897. <title>Material you will need</title>
  2898. <orderedlist>
  2899. <listitem>
  2900. <para> The C-l and P-l tapes9 the Reference List and Reference Notes.</para>
  2901. </listitem>
  2902. <listitem>
  2903. <para> The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
  2904. </listitem>
  2905. <listitem>
  2906. <para> The 2D-1 tape.</para>
  2907. </listitem>
  2908. </orderedlist>
  2909. </section>
  2910. </section>
  2911. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  2912. <section>
  2913. <title>References</title>
  2914. <section>
  2915. <title>Reference List</title>
  2916. <informaltable>
  2917. <tgroup cols="5">
  2918. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  2919. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  2920. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  2921. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  2922. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  2923. <tbody>
  2924. <row>
  2925. <entry>1.</entry>
  2926. <entry>A:</entry>
  2927. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
  2928. náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
  2929. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你住在哪理?</foreignphrase></entry>
  2930. <entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
  2931. </row>
  2932. <row>
  2933. <entry/>
  2934. <entry>B:</entry>
  2935. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài Guóbīn
  2936. Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2937. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我住在国宾大饭店:</foreignphrase></entry>
  2938. <entry>I'm staying at the Ambassador Hotel.</entry>
  2939. </row>
  2940. <row>
  2941. <entry/>
  2942. <entry/>
  2943. <entry/>
  2944. <entry/>
  2945. <entry/>
  2946. </row>
  2947. <row>
  2948. <entry>2.</entry>
  2949. <entry>A:</entry>
  2950. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
  2951. náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
  2952. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你住在哪理?</foreignphrase></entry>
  2953. <entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
  2954. </row>
  2955. <row>
  2956. <entry/>
  2957. <entry>B:</entry>
  2958. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài
  2959. zhèli.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2960. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我住在这理。</foreignphrase></entry>
  2961. <entry>I'm staying here.</entry>
  2962. </row>
  2963. <row>
  2964. <entry/>
  2965. <entry>A:</entry>
  2966. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
  2967. ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
  2968. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
  2969. <entry>How about him?</entry>
  2970. </row>
  2971. <row>
  2972. <entry/>
  2973. <entry>B:</entry>
  2974. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zài
  2975. nàli.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2976. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他住在那理。</foreignphrase></entry>
  2977. <entry>He is staying there.</entry>
  2978. </row>
  2979. <row>
  2980. <entry/>
  2981. <entry/>
  2982. <entry/>
  2983. <entry/>
  2984. <entry/>
  2985. </row>
  2986. <row>
  2987. <entry>3.</entry>
  2988. <entry>A:</entry>
  2989. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
  2990. náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
  2991. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你住在哪理?</foreignphrase></entry>
  2992. <entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
  2993. </row>
  2994. <row>
  2995. <entry/>
  2996. <entry>B:</entry>
  2997. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài péngyou
  2998. jiā.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2999. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我住在朋友家。</foreignphrase></entry>
  3000. <entry>I'm staying at a friend's home.</entry>
  3001. </row>
  3002. <row>
  3003. <entry/>
  3004. <entry/>
  3005. <entry/>
  3006. <entry/>
  3007. <entry/>
  3008. </row>
  3009. <row>
  3010. <entry>4.</entry>
  3011. <entry>A:</entry>
  3012. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou jiā zài
  3013. náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3014. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友家在哪理?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3015. <entry>Where is your friend's house?</entry>
  3016. </row>
  3017. <row>
  3018. <entry/>
  3019. <entry>B:</entry>
  3020. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jiā zài Dàlǐ
  3021. Jiē.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3022. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他家在大力街。</foreignphrase></entry>
  3023. <entry>His house is on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> Street.</entry>
  3024. </row>
  3025. <row>
  3026. <entry/>
  3027. <entry/>
  3028. <entry/>
  3029. <entry/>
  3030. <entry/>
  3031. </row>
  3032. <row>
  3033. <entry>5.</entry>
  3034. <entry>A:</entry>
  3035. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyoude dìzhǐ
  3036. shì ...?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3037. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友的地质是。。。?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3038. <entry>What is your friend's address?</entry>
  3039. </row>
  3040. <row>
  3041. <entry/>
  3042. <entry>B:</entry>
  3043. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā de dìzhǐ shì jiē
  3044. Sìshièrhào.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3045. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他的地质是大力街四十二号。</foreignphrase></entry>
  3046. <entry>His address is № 42 <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> Street.</entry>
  3047. </row>
  3048. <row>
  3049. <entry/>
  3050. <entry/>
  3051. <entry/>
  3052. <entry/>
  3053. <entry/>
  3054. </row>
  3055. <row>
  3056. <entry>6.<footnote>
  3057. <para>This exchange occurs on the C-1 tape only</para>
  3058. </footnote></entry>
  3059. <entry>A:</entry>
  3060. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì Wèi Shàoxiào
  3061. ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3062. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是Wèi少校吧?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3063. <entry>You are Major Weiss, aren't you?</entry>
  3064. </row>
  3065. <row>
  3066. <entry/>
  3067. <entry>B:</entry>
  3068. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3069. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是的。</foreignphrase></entry>
  3070. <entry>Yes.</entry>
  3071. </row>
  3072. <row>
  3073. <entry/>
  3074. <entry/>
  3075. <entry/>
  3076. <entry/>
  3077. <entry/>
  3078. </row>
  3079. <row>
  3080. <entry>7.<footnote>
  3081. <para>This exchange occurs on the P-1 tape only</para>
  3082. </footnote></entry>
  3083. <entry>A:</entry>
  3084. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shì Guóbīn
  3085. Dàfàndiàn ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3086. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那是国宾大饭店吧?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3087. <entry>That is Ambassador Hotel, isn't it?</entry>
  3088. </row>
  3089. <row>
  3090. <entry/>
  3091. <entry>B:</entry>
  3092. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3093. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是的。</foreignphrase></entry>
  3094. <entry>Yes.</entry>
  3095. </row>
  3096. <row>
  3097. <entry/>
  3098. <entry/>
  3099. <entry/>
  3100. <entry/>
  3101. <entry/>
  3102. </row>
  3103. <row>
  3104. <entry>8.</entry>
  3105. <entry>A:</entry>
  3106. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou xiànzài
  3107. zài náli gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3108. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友现在在哪里工作?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3109. <entry>Where does your friend work now?</entry>
  3110. </row>
  3111. <row>
  3112. <entry/>
  3113. <entry>B:</entry>
  3114. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Táinán
  3115. gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3116. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他在台南工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
  3117. <entry>He works in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táinán</foreignphrase>.</entry>
  3118. </row>
  3119. <row>
  3120. <entry/>
  3121. <entry/>
  3122. <entry/>
  3123. <entry/>
  3124. <entry/>
  3125. </row>
  3126. <row>
  3127. <entry>9.<footnote>
  3128. <para>This exchange occurs on the C-1 tape only</para>
  3129. </footnote></entry>
  3130. <entry>A:</entry>
  3131. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli
  3132. gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3133. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你在哪里工作?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3134. <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
  3135. </row>
  3136. <row>
  3137. <entry/>
  3138. <entry>B:</entry>
  3139. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Wǔguānchù
  3140. gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3141. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我在武官处工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
  3142. <entry>I work at the Defense Attache's Office.</entry>
  3143. </row>
  3144. <row>
  3145. <entry/>
  3146. <entry/>
  3147. <entry/>
  3148. <entry/>
  3149. <entry/>
  3150. </row>
  3151. <row>
  3152. <entry>10.<footnote>
  3153. <para>This exchange occurs on the P-1 tape only</para>
  3154. </footnote></entry>
  3155. <entry>A:</entry>
  3156. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli
  3157. gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3158. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你在哪里工作?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3159. <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
  3160. </row>
  3161. <row>
  3162. <entry/>
  3163. <entry>B:</entry>
  3164. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài yínháng
  3165. gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3166. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我在银行工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
  3167. <entry>I work at a bank.</entry>
  3168. </row>
  3169. <row>
  3170. <entry/>
  3171. <entry/>
  3172. <entry/>
  3173. <entry/>
  3174. <entry/>
  3175. </row>
  3176. <row>
  3177. <entry>11.<footnote>
  3178. <para>This exchange occurs on the C-1 tape only</para>
  3179. </footnote></entry>
  3180. <entry>A:</entry>
  3181. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou zài
  3182. Táiběi gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3183. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友在台北工作吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3184. <entry>Does your friend work in Taipei?</entry>
  3185. </row>
  3186. <row>
  3187. <entry/>
  3188. <entry>B:</entry>
  3189. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài Táiběi
  3190. gōngzuò. Tā zài Táizhōng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3191. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他不在台北工作。他在台中工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
  3192. <entry>He doesn't work in Taipei; he works in Taichung.</entry>
  3193. </row>
  3194. </tbody>
  3195. </tgroup>
  3196. </informaltable>
  3197. </section>
  3198. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  3199. <section>
  3200. <title>Vocabulary</title>
  3201. <informaltable>
  3202. <tgroup cols="3">
  3203. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
  3204. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  3205. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  3206. <tbody>
  3207. <row>
  3208. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ba</foreignphrase></entry>
  3209. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吧</foreignphrase></entry>
  3210. <entry>question marker expressing supposition of what answer will
  3211. be</entry>
  3212. </row>
  3213. <row>
  3214. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàfàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
  3215. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
  3216. <entry>hotel</entry>
  3217. </row>
  3218. <row>
  3219. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de</foreignphrase></entry>
  3220. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">的</foreignphrase></entry>
  3221. <entry>possessive marker</entry>
  3222. </row>
  3223. <row>
  3224. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìzhǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
  3225. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">地址</foreignphrase></entry>
  3226. <entry>address</entry>
  3227. </row>
  3228. <row>
  3229. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò</foreignphrase></entry>
  3230. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">工作</foreignphrase></entry>
  3231. <entry>to work</entry>
  3232. </row>
  3233. <row>
  3234. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guóbīn
  3235. Dàfàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
  3236. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">国宾大饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
  3237. <entry>Ambassador Hotel</entry>
  3238. </row>
  3239. <row>
  3240. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-hào</foreignphrase></entry>
  3241. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">—号</foreignphrase></entry>
  3242. <entry>number (in address)</entry>
  3243. </row>
  3244. <row>
  3245. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiā</foreignphrase></entry>
  3246. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">家</foreignphrase></entry>
  3247. <entry>home, house</entry>
  3248. </row>
  3249. <row>
  3250. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiē</foreignphrase></entry>
  3251. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">街</foreignphrase></entry>
  3252. <entry>street</entry>
  3253. </row>
  3254. <row>
  3255. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lù</foreignphrase></entry>
  3256. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">路</foreignphrase></entry>
  3257. <entry>road</entry>
  3258. </row>
  3259. <row>
  3260. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nà-</foreignphrase></entry>
  3261. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那—</foreignphrase></entry>
  3262. <entry>that</entry>
  3263. </row>
  3264. <row>
  3265. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nàge</foreignphrase></entry>
  3266. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那</foreignphrase></entry>
  3267. <entry>that (one)</entry>
  3268. </row>
  3269. <row>
  3270. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náli</foreignphrase></entry>
  3271. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪里</foreignphrase></entry>
  3272. <entry>where</entry>
  3273. </row>
  3274. <row>
  3275. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nàli</foreignphrase></entry>
  3276. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那里</foreignphrase></entry>
  3277. <entry>there</entry>
  3278. </row>
  3279. <row>
  3280. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">péngyou</foreignphrase></entry>
  3281. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">朋友</foreignphrase></entry>
  3282. <entry>friend</entry>
  3283. </row>
  3284. <row>
  3285. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shàoxiào</foreignphrase></entry>
  3286. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">少校</foreignphrase></entry>
  3287. <entry>major( military title)</entry>
  3288. </row>
  3289. <row>
  3290. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìde</foreignphrase></entry>
  3291. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是的</foreignphrase></entry>
  3292. <entry>Yes, that's so.</entry>
  3293. </row>
  3294. <row>
  3295. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǔguānchù</foreignphrase></entry>
  3296. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">武官处</foreignphrase></entry>
  3297. <entry>defense attache office</entry>
  3298. </row>
  3299. <row>
  3300. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yínháng</foreignphrase></entry>
  3301. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">银行</foreignphrase></entry>
  3302. <entry>bank</entry>
  3303. </row>
  3304. <row>
  3305. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase></entry>
  3306. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">在</foreignphrase></entry>
  3307. <entry>to be in/at/on (prepositional verb)</entry>
  3308. </row>
  3309. <row>
  3310. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhè-</foreignphrase></entry>
  3311. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这</foreignphrase></entry>
  3312. <entry>this</entry>
  3313. </row>
  3314. <row>
  3315. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhège</foreignphrase></entry>
  3316. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这个</foreignphrase></entry>
  3317. <entry>this (one)</entry>
  3318. </row>
  3319. <row>
  3320. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèli</foreignphrase></entry>
  3321. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这里</foreignphrase></entry>
  3322. <entry>here</entry>
  3323. </row>
  3324. <row>
  3325. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dìyī
  3326. Dàfàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
  3327. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">第一大饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
  3328. <entry>First Hotel</entry>
  3329. </row>
  3330. <row>
  3331. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó Guójì
  3332. Jiāoliú Zǒngshǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
  3333. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">美国国际</foreignphrase><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāoliú
  3334. Zǒngshǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
  3335. <entry>U.S. International Communications Agency</entry>
  3336. </row>
  3337. <row>
  3338. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó
  3339. Yínháng</foreignphrase></entry>
  3340. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">美国银行</foreignphrase></entry>
  3341. <entry>Bank of America</entry>
  3342. </row>
  3343. <row>
  3344. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táiwān
  3345. Yínháng</foreignphrase></entry>
  3346. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">台湾银行</foreignphrase></entry>
  3347. <entry>Bank of Taiwan</entry>
  3348. </row>
  3349. <row>
  3350. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yóuzhèngjǘ</foreignphrase></entry>
  3351. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">邮政局</foreignphrase></entry>
  3352. <entry>post office</entry>
  3353. </row>
  3354. </tbody>
  3355. </tgroup>
  3356. </informaltable>
  3357. </section>
  3358. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  3359. <section>
  3360. <title>Reference Notes</title>
  3361. <section>
  3362. <title>Notes on №1-2</title>
  3363. <informaltable frame="all">
  3364. <tgroup cols="5">
  3365. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  3366. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  3367. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  3368. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  3369. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  3370. <tbody>
  3371. <row>
  3372. <entry>1.</entry>
  3373. <entry>A:</entry>
  3374. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
  3375. náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3376. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你住在哪理?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3377. <entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
  3378. </row>
  3379. <row>
  3380. <entry/>
  3381. <entry>B:</entry>
  3382. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài
  3383. Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3384. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我住在国宾大饭店:</foreignphrase></entry>
  3385. <entry>I'm staying at the Ambassador Hotel.</entry>
  3386. </row>
  3387. <row>
  3388. <entry/>
  3389. <entry/>
  3390. <entry/>
  3391. <entry/>
  3392. <entry/>
  3393. </row>
  3394. <row>
  3395. <entry>2.</entry>
  3396. <entry>A:</entry>
  3397. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
  3398. náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3399. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你住在哪理?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3400. <entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
  3401. </row>
  3402. <row>
  3403. <entry/>
  3404. <entry>B:</entry>
  3405. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài
  3406. zhèli.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3407. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我住在这理。</foreignphrase></entry>
  3408. <entry>I'm staying here.</entry>
  3409. </row>
  3410. <row>
  3411. <entry/>
  3412. <entry>A:</entry>
  3413. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
  3414. ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3415. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3416. <entry>How about him?</entry>
  3417. </row>
  3418. <row>
  3419. <entry/>
  3420. <entry>B:</entry>
  3421. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zài
  3422. nàli.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3423. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他住在那理。</foreignphrase></entry>
  3424. <entry>He is staying there.</entry>
  3425. </row>
  3426. </tbody>
  3427. </tgroup>
  3428. </informaltable>
  3429. <para>The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guóbǐn</foreignphrase>
  3430. actually refers to any official state guest, not just an ambassador. (The
  3431. word for "ambassador" is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàshǐ</foreignphrase>) The translation "Ambassador Hotel" has been used
  3432. for years by that hotel and, although inaccurate, has been retained in this
  3433. text.</para>
  3434. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàfàndiàn</foreignphrase> means
  3435. "great hotel" or "grand hotel." It is commonly used in the names of Taiwan
  3436. and Hong Kong hotels.</para>
  3437. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Náli</foreignphrase>,
  3438. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nàli</foreignphrase>, and
  3439. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèli</foreignphrase> are
  3440. common variants of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎr</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nàr</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèr</foreignphrase> in non-Peking dialects of Standard Chinese. The
  3441. forms with <emphasis role="bold">r</emphasis> are Peking dialect
  3442. forms.</para>
  3443. <para> Compare:<informaltable>
  3444. <tgroup cols="3">
  3445. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  3446. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  3447. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  3448. <thead>
  3449. <row>
  3450. <entry>Peking</entry>
  3451. <entry>Other</entry>
  3452. <entry/>
  3453. </row>
  3454. </thead>
  3455. <tbody>
  3456. <row>
  3457. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎr</foreignphrase></entry>
  3458. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náli</foreignphrase></entry>
  3459. <entry>where</entry>
  3460. </row>
  3461. <row>
  3462. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nàr</foreignphrase></entry>
  3463. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nàli</foreignphrase></entry>
  3464. <entry>there</entry>
  3465. </row>
  3466. <row>
  3467. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèr</foreignphrase></entry>
  3468. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèli</foreignphrase></entry>
  3469. <entry>here</entry>
  3470. </row>
  3471. </tbody>
  3472. </tgroup>
  3473. </informaltable>Notice the difference in tone "between <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎr</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náli</foreignphrase>. This is because
  3474. -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">li</foreignphrase> has a
  3475. basic Low tone, and the first of two adjoining Low-tone syllables changes to
  3476. a Rising tone: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎ</foreignphrase>
  3477. + -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐ</foreignphrase> =
  3478. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náli</foreignphrase>.</para>
  3479. </section>
  3480. <section>
  3481. <title>Notes on №3-4</title>
  3482. <informaltable>
  3483. <tgroup cols="5">
  3484. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  3485. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  3486. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  3487. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  3488. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  3489. <tbody>
  3490. <row>
  3491. <entry>3.</entry>
  3492. <entry>A:</entry>
  3493. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
  3494. náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3495. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你住在哪理?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3496. <entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
  3497. </row>
  3498. <row>
  3499. <entry/>
  3500. <entry>B:</entry>
  3501. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài
  3502. péngyou jiā.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3503. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我住在朋友家。</foreignphrase></entry>
  3504. <entry>I'm staying at a friend's home.</entry>
  3505. </row>
  3506. <row>
  3507. <entry/>
  3508. <entry/>
  3509. <entry/>
  3510. <entry/>
  3511. <entry/>
  3512. </row>
  3513. <row>
  3514. <entry>4.</entry>
  3515. <entry>A:</entry>
  3516. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou jiā
  3517. zài náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3518. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友家在哪理?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3519. <entry>Where is your friend's house?</entry>
  3520. </row>
  3521. <row>
  3522. <entry/>
  3523. <entry>B:</entry>
  3524. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jiā zài Dàlǐ
  3525. Jiē.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3526. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他家在大力街。</foreignphrase></entry>
  3527. <entry>His house is on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> Street.</entry>
  3528. </row>
  3529. </tbody>
  3530. </tgroup>
  3531. </informaltable>
  3532. <para>The possessive relationships in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">péngyou jiā</foreignphrase>, "friend's house," <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ péngyou jiā</foreignphrase>, "your
  3533. friend’s house," and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā
  3534. jiā</foreignphrase>, "his house," are unmarked, while the English must
  3535. include -'s or the possessive form of the pronoun ("your," "his".) In
  3536. Chinese, possessive relationships may be expressed by simply putting the
  3537. possessor in front of the possessed when the relationship between the two is
  3538. particularly close, like the relationship between a person and his home,
  3539. family, or friends.</para>
  3540. </section>
  3541. <section>
  3542. <title>Notes on №5</title>
  3543. <informaltable>
  3544. <tgroup cols="5">
  3545. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  3546. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  3547. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  3548. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  3549. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  3550. <tbody>
  3551. <row>
  3552. <entry>5.</entry>
  3553. <entry>A:</entry>
  3554. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyoude
  3555. dìzhǐ shì ...?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3556. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友的地质是。。。?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3557. <entry>What is your friend's address?</entry>
  3558. </row>
  3559. <row>
  3560. <entry/>
  3561. <entry>B:</entry>
  3562. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā de dìzhǐ shì
  3563. jiē Sìshièrhào.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3564. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他的地质是大力街四十二号。</foreignphrase></entry>
  3565. <entry>His address is № 42 <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàlǐ</foreignphrase>
  3566. street.</entry>
  3567. </row>
  3568. </tbody>
  3569. </tgroup>
  3570. </informaltable>
  3571. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Péngyoude dìzhǐ:</foreignphrase>
  3572. "The marker -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> in
  3573. this phrase is Just like the English possessive ending -'s. With the
  3574. exception of close relationships, this is the usual way to form the
  3575. possessive in Chinese.<informaltable>
  3576. <tgroup cols="3">
  3577. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  3578. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  3579. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  3580. <tbody>
  3581. <row>
  3582. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ
  3583. péngyǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
  3584. <entry>-de</entry>
  3585. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìzhǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
  3586. </row>
  3587. <row>
  3588. <entry>your friend</entry>
  3589. <entry>'s</entry>
  3590. <entry>address</entry>
  3591. </row>
  3592. </tbody>
  3593. </tgroup>
  3594. </informaltable>Unlike the English -'s ending, -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is also added to pronouns.<informaltable>
  3595. <tgroup cols="2">
  3596. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  3597. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  3598. <tbody>
  3599. <row>
  3600. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒde</foreignphrase></entry>
  3601. <entry>my</entry>
  3602. </row>
  3603. <row>
  3604. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐde</foreignphrase></entry>
  3605. <entry>your</entry>
  3606. </row>
  3607. <row>
  3608. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tāde</foreignphrase></entry>
  3609. <entry>his/her</entry>
  3610. </row>
  3611. </tbody>
  3612. </tgroup>
  3613. </informaltable>You are learning possessive phrases in which the marker
  3614. -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is used
  3615. (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tāde dìzhǐ</foreignphrase>)
  3616. and some possessive phrases which do not contain -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ péngyou jiā</foreignphrase>). There are
  3617. certain reasons for the inclusion or omission of -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>. If a close relationship
  3618. exists between the possessor and the possessed, the marker -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> might not be used. If a
  3619. phrase is long and complex, as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ
  3620. Xiānsheng péngyoude tàitai</foreignphrase> , the marker -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is used to separate the
  3621. possessor from the possessed.<informaltable>
  3622. <tgroup cols="4">
  3623. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  3624. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  3625. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="2.0*" align="center"/>
  3626. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="2.0*"/>
  3627. <thead>
  3628. <row>
  3629. <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2" align="center">short or
  3630. simple</entry>
  3631. <entry namest="c3" nameend="c4" align="center">long or
  3632. complex</entry>
  3633. </row>
  3634. </thead>
  3635. <tbody>
  3636. <row>
  3637. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
  3638. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiā</foreignphrase></entry>
  3639. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
  3640. Měilíng</foreignphrase></entry>
  3641. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de
  3642. lǎojiā</foreignphrase></entry>
  3643. </row>
  3644. <row>
  3645. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
  3646. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">péngyou</foreignphrase></entry>
  3647. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ
  3648. péngyou</foreignphrase></entry>
  3649. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de
  3650. dìzhǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
  3651. </row>
  3652. <row>
  3653. <entry/>
  3654. <entry/>
  3655. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ
  3656. Xiānsheng péngyou</foreignphrase></entry>
  3657. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de
  3658. tàitai</foreignphrase></entry>
  3659. </row>
  3660. </tbody>
  3661. </tgroup>
  3662. </informaltable></para>
  3663. <para>But these are not hard and fast rules. The use or omission of
  3664. -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is not
  3665. determined solely by the number of syllables in a phrase or by the closeness
  3666. between the possessor and the possessed, although both of these
  3667. considerations do play a Mg part in the decision.</para>
  3668. <para>While some common nouns are usually used without -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> "before them, most nouns
  3669. are more likely to be preceded by -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>, and many even require it. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dìzhǐ</foreignphrase>, "address," is the only
  3670. noun you have learned which <emphasis role="bold">REQUIRES</emphasis> the
  3671. possessive marker -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> added to the possessor. But other nouns such as
  3672. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiā</foreignphrase> are not
  3673. always preceded by -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>. This is also the case with nouns indicating
  3674. personal relationships, like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùmǔ</foreignphrase>, "father," and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tàitai</foreignphrase> "wife." <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Péngyou</foreignphrase>,
  3675. "friend,"<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xuésheng</foreignphrase>," student and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎoshī</foreignphrase> "student are commonly
  3676. used without -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>,
  3677. but may also be used with the marker.</para>
  3678. <para>You might expect the question <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
  3679. péngyoude dìzhǐ...?</foreignphrase> to "be completed with a word such as
  3680. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme?</foreignphrase>, what.
  3681. However, the incomplete form given in this exchange, with the voice trailing
  3682. off, inviting completion, is also commonly used.</para>
  3683. <para><emphasis role="bold">Addresses</emphasis>: The order in which addresses
  3684. are given in Chinese is the reverse of that used in English. In Chinese, the
  3685. order is from the general to the specific: country, province or state, city,
  3686. street name, street number.</para>
  3687. <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hào</foreignphrase>: A street
  3688. number is always given with the bound word -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hào</foreignphrase>, "number," after it. <footnote>
  3689. <para>The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dì</foreignphrase>- is sometimes translated "number," as in
  3690. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìyī</foreignphrase>,
  3691. "number one" (See resource module on Numbers, tape 4.)</para>
  3692. </footnote></para>
  3693. </section>
  3694. <section>
  3695. <title>Notes on №6-7</title>
  3696. <informaltable>
  3697. <tgroup cols="5">
  3698. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  3699. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  3700. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  3701. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  3702. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  3703. <tbody>
  3704. <row>
  3705. <entry>6.</entry>
  3706. <entry>A:</entry>
  3707. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì Wèi
  3708. Shàoxiào ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3709. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是Wèi少校吧?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3710. <entry>You are Major Weiss, aren't you?</entry>
  3711. </row>
  3712. <row>
  3713. <entry/>
  3714. <entry>B:</entry>
  3715. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3716. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是的。</foreignphrase></entry>
  3717. <entry>Yes.</entry>
  3718. </row>
  3719. <row>
  3720. <entry/>
  3721. <entry/>
  3722. <entry/>
  3723. <entry/>
  3724. <entry/>
  3725. </row>
  3726. <row>
  3727. <entry>7.</entry>
  3728. <entry>A:</entry>
  3729. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shì Guóbīn
  3730. Dàfàndiàn ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3731. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那是国宾大饭店吧?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3732. <entry>That is Ambassador Hotel, isn't it?</entry>
  3733. </row>
  3734. <row>
  3735. <entry/>
  3736. <entry>B:</entry>
  3737. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3738. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是的。</foreignphrase></entry>
  3739. <entry>Yes.</entry>
  3740. </row>
  3741. </tbody>
  3742. </tgroup>
  3743. </informaltable>
  3744. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ba</foreignphrase> is a marker
  3745. for a question which expresses the speaker's supposition as to what the
  3746. answer will be. It is the type of question which asks for a confirmation
  3747. from the listener.</para>
  3748. <para>There are three ways to translate the two questions in exchanges 6 and 7
  3749. into English:<informaltable>
  3750. <tgroup cols="2">
  3751. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  3752. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.5*"/>
  3753. <tbody>
  3754. <row>
  3755. <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi Wèi Shàoxiào
  3756. ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3757. <entry><para>Aren't you Major Weiss?</para><para>You are
  3758. Major Weiss, aren't you?</para><para>You must be
  3759. Major Weiss.</para></entry>
  3760. </row>
  3761. <row>
  3762. <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi Guóbǐn Dàfàndiàn
  3763. ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3764. <entry>
  3765. <para>Isn't that the Ambassador Hotel?</para>
  3766. <para>That is the Ambassador Hotel, isn't it?</para>
  3767. <para>That must be the Ambassador Hotel.</para>
  3768. </entry>
  3769. </row>
  3770. </tbody>
  3771. </tgroup>
  3772. </informaltable></para>
  3773. <para>Each translation reflects a different degree of certainty on the part of
  3774. the speaker. (While the differences in certainty are expressed in English by
  3775. variation in wording, they can be expressed in Chinese by intonation.) You
  3776. will probably find that the "isn’t it", "aren't you" translation fits most
  3777. situations.</para>
  3778. <para>The short answer <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shìde</foreignphrase> is an expanded form of the short answer
  3779. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>, with the
  3780. same meaning: "Yes, that's so." <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìde</foreignphrase> is also the word used for the "yes" in the
  3781. military "Yes, sir."</para>
  3782. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà</foreignphrase>(<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèi</foreignphrase>): In the subject position, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nà</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèi</foreignphrase>), "that," and
  3783. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhè</foreignphrase>
  3784. (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi</foreignphrase>),
  3785. "this," may be used either as free words or as bound words, with
  3786. -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ge</foreignphrase> following. </para>
  3787. <para>Compare:<informaltable>
  3788. <tgroup cols="3">
  3789. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  3790. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  3791. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  3792. <tbody>
  3793. <row>
  3794. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà</foreignphrase></entry>
  3795. <entry/>
  3796. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì Guóbǐn
  3797. Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3798. </row>
  3799. <row>
  3800. <entry>That</entry>
  3801. <entry/>
  3802. <entry>is the Ambassador Hotel.</entry>
  3803. </row>
  3804. <row>
  3805. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà</foreignphrase></entry>
  3806. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase></entry>
  3807. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì Guóbǐn
  3808. Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3809. </row>
  3810. <row>
  3811. <entry>That</entry>
  3812. <entry>one</entry>
  3813. <entry>is the Ambassador Hotel.</entry>
  3814. </row>
  3815. </tbody>
  3816. </tgroup>
  3817. </informaltable>However, the question form <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎ</foreignphrase>- (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi</foreignphrase>-) is a bound word.<informaltable>
  3818. <tgroup cols="2">
  3819. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  3820. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  3821. <tbody>
  3822. <row>
  3823. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǎge
  3824. (fàndiàn) shì Guóbǐn
  3825. Dàfàndiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3826. <entry>Which one is the Ambassador Hotel?</entry>
  3827. </row>
  3828. </tbody>
  3829. </tgroup>
  3830. </informaltable></para>
  3831. </section>
  3832. <section>
  3833. <title>Notes on №8-11</title>
  3834. <informaltable>
  3835. <tgroup cols="5">
  3836. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  3837. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  3838. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  3839. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  3840. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  3841. <tbody>
  3842. <row>
  3843. <entry>8.</entry>
  3844. <entry>A:</entry>
  3845. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou
  3846. xiànzài zài náli gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3847. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友现在在哪里工作?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3848. <entry>Where does your friend work now?</entry>
  3849. </row>
  3850. <row>
  3851. <entry/>
  3852. <entry>B:</entry>
  3853. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Táinán
  3854. gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3855. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他在台南工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
  3856. <entry>He works in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táinán</foreignphrase>.</entry>
  3857. </row>
  3858. <row>
  3859. <entry/>
  3860. <entry/>
  3861. <entry/>
  3862. <entry/>
  3863. <entry/>
  3864. </row>
  3865. <row>
  3866. <entry>9.</entry>
  3867. <entry>A:</entry>
  3868. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli
  3869. gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3870. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你在哪里工作?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3871. <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
  3872. </row>
  3873. <row>
  3874. <entry/>
  3875. <entry>B:</entry>
  3876. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài
  3877. Wǔguānchù gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3878. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我在武官处工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
  3879. <entry>I work at the Defense Attache's Office.</entry>
  3880. </row>
  3881. <row>
  3882. <entry/>
  3883. <entry/>
  3884. <entry/>
  3885. <entry/>
  3886. <entry/>
  3887. </row>
  3888. <row>
  3889. <entry>10.</entry>
  3890. <entry>A:</entry>
  3891. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli
  3892. gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3893. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你在哪里工作?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3894. <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
  3895. </row>
  3896. <row>
  3897. <entry/>
  3898. <entry>B:</entry>
  3899. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài yínháng
  3900. gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3901. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我在银行工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
  3902. <entry>I work at a bank.</entry>
  3903. </row>
  3904. <row>
  3905. <entry/>
  3906. <entry/>
  3907. <entry/>
  3908. <entry/>
  3909. <entry/>
  3910. </row>
  3911. <row>
  3912. <entry>11.</entry>
  3913. <entry>A:</entry>
  3914. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou zài
  3915. Táiběi gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3916. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友在台北工作吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3917. <entry>Does your friend work in Taipei?</entry>
  3918. </row>
  3919. <row>
  3920. <entry/>
  3921. <entry>B:</entry>
  3922. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài
  3923. Táiběi gōngzuò. Tā zài Táizhōng
  3924. gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3925. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他不在台北工作。他在台中工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
  3926. <entry>He doesn't work in Taipei; he works in Taichung.</entry>
  3927. </row>
  3928. </tbody>
  3929. </tgroup>
  3930. </informaltable>
  3931. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǔguānchù</foreignphrase>,
  3932. "defense attache’s office," literally means "military attache's
  3933. office."</para>
  3934. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài gōngzuò</foreignphrase>:
  3935. Compare these two sentences:</para>
  3936. <informaltable>
  3937. <tgroup cols="4">
  3938. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="left"/>
  3939. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  3940. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  3941. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  3942. <tbody>
  3943. <row>
  3944. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
  3945. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase></entry>
  3946. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táinán.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3947. <entry/>
  3948. </row>
  3949. <row>
  3950. <entry>He </entry>
  3951. <entry>is in</entry>
  3952. <entry>Tainan.</entry>
  3953. <entry/>
  3954. </row>
  3955. <row>
  3956. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
  3957. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase></entry>
  3958. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táinán</foreignphrase></entry>
  3959. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3960. </row>
  3961. <row>
  3962. <entry>He </entry>
  3963. <entry>in </entry>
  3964. <entry>Tainan</entry>
  3965. <entry>works.</entry>
  3966. </row>
  3967. </tbody>
  3968. </tgroup>
  3969. </informaltable>
  3970. <para>The sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Táinán
  3971. gōngzuò</foreignphrase> seems to have two verbs: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>, "to be in/at/on," and
  3972. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò</foreignphrase>," to
  3973. work." But there is only one verb in the translation: "He works in Tainan."
  3974. The translation reflects the fact that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> loses its full verb
  3975. status in this sentence and plays a role like that of the English
  3976. preposition "in" The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> phrase in Chinese, like the "in" phrase in English,
  3977. gives more information about the main verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò</foreignphrase>; that is, it tells
  3978. where the action takes place. "He works," and the work takes place "in
  3979. Tainan." In sentences like this, the word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> is a prepositional verb.
  3980. Most relationships expressed by prepositions in English are expressed by
  3981. prepositional verbs in Chinese.</para>
  3982. <para>You have also seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> used as a prepositional verb in the sentence
  3983. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ zhù zài
  3984. náli?</foreignphrase> "Where do you live?" --literally, "You live at
  3985. where?" Notice that in this sentence the prepositional verb phrase
  3986. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài náli</foreignphrase> comes
  3987. after the main verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase>. In the sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli gōngzuò?</foreignphrase> the
  3988. prepositional verb phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
  3989. náli</foreignphrase> conies before the main verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò</foreignphrase>. Many things, such as
  3990. stress, contrast, and other objects in the sentence, can influence the order
  3991. of the prepositional verb phrase and the main verb.</para>
  3992. <para>In some cases, either order may be used, as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli zhù?</foreignphrase> or
  3993. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
  3994. náli?</foreignphrase>. In other cases, the word order is fixed, as in
  3995. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli gōngzuò?
  3996. </foreignphrase>For text examples, it will be pointed out whether or not the
  3997. word order may be changed, and the reasons will be given.</para>
  3998. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài Táiběi
  3999. gōngzuò</foreignphrase>, "He doesn't work in Taipei": In this sentence,
  4000. the negative adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> comes before the prepositional verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> (which starts the
  4001. complete predicate <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài Táiběi
  4002. gōngzuò</foreignphrase>, not before the main verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò</foreignphrase>. This makes sense,
  4003. for you are not saying "He does NOT WORK," but you are saying "He does NOT
  4004. work IN TAIPEI."<informaltable>
  4005. <tgroup cols="4">
  4006. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  4007. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  4008. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  4009. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  4010. <tbody>
  4011. <row>
  4012. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
  4013. <entry/>
  4014. <entry/>
  4015. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4016. </row>
  4017. <row>
  4018. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
  4019. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase></entry>
  4020. <entry/>
  4021. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4022. </row>
  4023. <row>
  4024. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
  4025. <entry/>
  4026. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
  4027. Táiběi</foreignphrase></entry>
  4028. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4029. </row>
  4030. <row>
  4031. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
  4032. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase></entry>
  4033. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
  4034. Táiběi</foreignphrase></entry>
  4035. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4036. </row>
  4037. </tbody>
  4038. </tgroup>
  4039. </informaltable></para>
  4040. </section>
  4041. </section>
  4042. </section>
  4043. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  4044. <section>
  4045. <title>Drills</title>
  4046. <para/>
  4047. </section>
  4048. </section>
  4049. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  4050. <section>
  4051. <title>Unit 3</title>
  4052. <section>
  4053. <title>Introduction</title>
  4054. <section>
  4055. <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
  4056. <orderedlist>
  4057. <listitem>
  4058. <para>Members of a family.</para>
  4059. </listitem>
  4060. <listitem>
  4061. <para>The plural ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">men</foreignphrase>.</para>
  4062. </listitem>
  4063. <listitem>
  4064. <para>The question word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǐ</foreignphrase>- "how many."</para>
  4065. </listitem>
  4066. <listitem>
  4067. <para>The adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase> "all."</para>
  4068. </listitem>
  4069. <listitem>
  4070. <para>Several ways to express "and."</para>
  4071. </listitem>
  4072. </orderedlist>
  4073. </section>
  4074. <section>
  4075. <title>Material you will need</title>
  4076. <orderedlist>
  4077. <listitem>
  4078. <para>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</para>
  4079. </listitem>
  4080. <listitem>
  4081. <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
  4082. </listitem>
  4083. <listitem>
  4084. <para>The 3D-1 tape.</para>
  4085. </listitem>
  4086. </orderedlist>
  4087. </section>
  4088. </section>
  4089. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  4090. <section>
  4091. <title>References</title>
  4092. <para/>
  4093. <section>
  4094. <title>Reference List</title>
  4095. <informaltable>
  4096. <tgroup cols="5">
  4097. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  4098. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  4099. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  4100. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  4101. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  4102. <tbody>
  4103. <row>
  4104. <entry>1.</entry>
  4105. <entry>A:</entry>
  4106. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu háizi
  4107. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4108. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们有孩子吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4109. <entry>Do you have children?</entry>
  4110. </row>
  4111. <row>
  4112. <entry/>
  4113. <entry>B:</entry>
  4114. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu, wǒmen
  4115. yǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4116. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有,我们有。</foreignphrase></entry>
  4117. <entry>Yes, we have.</entry>
  4118. </row>
  4119. <row>
  4120. <entry/>
  4121. <entry/>
  4122. <entry/>
  4123. <entry/>
  4124. <entry/>
  4125. </row>
  4126. <row>
  4127. <entry>2.</entry>
  4128. <entry>B:</entry>
  4129. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú xiānsheng yǒu
  4130. Měiguó péngyou ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4131. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">刘先生有美国朋友吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4132. <entry>Does Mr <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú</foreignphrase> have any American friends?</entry>
  4133. </row>
  4134. <row>
  4135. <entry/>
  4136. <entry>B:</entry>
  4137. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā meíyǒu Měiguó
  4138. péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4139. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他没有美国朋友。</foreignphrase></entry>
  4140. <entry>He doesn't have any American friends.</entry>
  4141. </row>
  4142. <row>
  4143. <entry/>
  4144. <entry>A:</entry>
  4145. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǒu Yīngguó
  4146. péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4147. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他有英国朋友。</foreignphrase></entry>
  4148. <entry>He has English friends. (or an English friend)</entry>
  4149. </row>
  4150. <row>
  4151. <entry/>
  4152. <entry/>
  4153. <entry/>
  4154. <entry/>
  4155. <entry/>
  4156. </row>
  4157. <row>
  4158. <entry>3.</entry>
  4159. <entry>A:</entry>
  4160. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge
  4161. háizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4162. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们有几个孩子?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4163. <entry>How many children do you have?</entry>
  4164. </row>
  4165. <row>
  4166. <entry/>
  4167. <entry>B:</entry>
  4168. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu sānge
  4169. háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4170. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我们有三个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
  4171. <entry>We have three children.</entry>
  4172. </row>
  4173. <row>
  4174. <entry/>
  4175. <entry/>
  4176. <entry/>
  4177. <entry/>
  4178. <entry/>
  4179. </row>
  4180. <row>
  4181. <entry>4.</entry>
  4182. <entry>A:</entry>
  4183. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge
  4184. nánháizi, jǐge nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4185. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们有几个男孩子,几个女孩子?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4186. <entry>How many boys and how many girls do you have?</entry>
  4187. </row>
  4188. <row>
  4189. <entry/>
  4190. <entry>B:</entry>
  4191. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu liǎngge
  4192. nánháizi, yīge nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4193. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我们有两个男孩子,一个女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
  4194. <entry>We have two boys and one girl.</entry>
  4195. </row>
  4196. <row>
  4197. <entry/>
  4198. <entry/>
  4199. <entry/>
  4200. <entry/>
  4201. <entry/>
  4202. </row>
  4203. <row>
  4204. <entry>5.</entry>
  4205. <entry>B:</entry>
  4206. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì nánháizi, shì
  4207. nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4208. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是男孩子,是女孩子?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4209. <entry>Are they boys or girls?</entry>
  4210. </row>
  4211. <row>
  4212. <entry/>
  4213. <entry>A:</entry>
  4214. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen dōu shì
  4215. nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4216. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他们都是女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
  4217. <entry>All of them are girls.</entry>
  4218. </row>
  4219. <row>
  4220. <entry/>
  4221. <entry/>
  4222. <entry/>
  4223. <entry/>
  4224. <entry/>
  4225. </row>
  4226. <row>
  4227. <entry>6.</entry>
  4228. <entry>B:</entry>
  4229. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú xiānsheng,
  4230. tàitai ne? tāmen yǒu jǐge háizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4231. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">胡先生,太太呢?他们有几个孩子?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4232. <entry>How about Mr. and Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú</foreignphrase>? How many
  4233. children do they have?</entry>
  4234. </row>
  4235. <row>
  4236. <entry/>
  4237. <entry>A:</entry>
  4238. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen yǒu liǎngge
  4239. háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4240. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他们有两个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
  4241. <entry>They have two children.</entry>
  4242. </row>
  4243. <row>
  4244. <entry/>
  4245. <entry>B:</entry>
  4246. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì nánháizi, shì
  4247. nǚháizi? </foreignphrase></entry>
  4248. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是男孩子,是女孩子?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4249. <entry>Are they boys or girls?</entry>
  4250. </row>
  4251. <row>
  4252. <entry/>
  4253. <entry>A:</entry>
  4254. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu shì
  4255. nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4256. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">都是女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
  4257. <entry>Both of them are girls.</entry>
  4258. </row>
  4259. <row>
  4260. <entry/>
  4261. <entry/>
  4262. <entry/>
  4263. <entry/>
  4264. <entry/>
  4265. </row>
  4266. <row>
  4267. <entry>7.</entry>
  4268. <entry>A:</entry>
  4269. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen háizi dōu zài
  4270. zhèli ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4271. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们孩子都在这里吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4272. <entry>Are all your children here?</entry>
  4273. </row>
  4274. <row>
  4275. <entry/>
  4276. <entry>B:</entry>
  4277. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, liǎngge zài
  4278. zhèli, yíge hái zài Měiguó.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4279. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不,两个在这里,一个还在美国。</foreignphrase></entry>
  4280. <entry>No. Two are here, and one is still in America.</entry>
  4281. </row>
  4282. <row>
  4283. <entry/>
  4284. <entry/>
  4285. <entry/>
  4286. <entry/>
  4287. <entry/>
  4288. </row>
  4289. <row>
  4290. <entry>8.</entry>
  4291. <entry>A:</entry>
  4292. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
  4293. rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4294. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你家里有什么人?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4295. <entry>What people are (there) in your family?</entry>
  4296. </row>
  4297. <row>
  4298. <entry/>
  4299. <entry>B:</entry>
  4300. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu wǒ tàitai gēn
  4301. sānge háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4302. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有我太太跟三个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
  4303. <entry>There's my wife and three children.</entry>
  4304. </row>
  4305. <row>
  4306. <entry/>
  4307. <entry/>
  4308. <entry/>
  4309. <entry/>
  4310. <entry/>
  4311. </row>
  4312. <row>
  4313. <entry>9.</entry>
  4314. <entry>B:</entry>
  4315. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
  4316. rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4317. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你家里有什么人?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4318. <entry>What people are (there) in your family?</entry>
  4319. </row>
  4320. <row>
  4321. <entry/>
  4322. <entry>A:</entry>
  4323. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù (yǒu) wǒ fùqin,
  4324. mǔqin.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4325. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">就(有)我父亲,母亲。</foreignphrase></entry>
  4326. <entry>Just my father and mother.</entry>
  4327. </row>
  4328. </tbody>
  4329. </tgroup>
  4330. </informaltable>
  4331. </section>
  4332. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  4333. <section>
  4334. <title>Vocabulary</title>
  4335. <para/>
  4336. <informaltable>
  4337. <tgroup cols="3">
  4338. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
  4339. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  4340. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  4341. <tbody>
  4342. <row>
  4343. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
  4344. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">只</foreignphrase></entry>
  4345. <entry>only</entry>
  4346. </row>
  4347. <row>
  4348. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìdi</foreignphrase></entry>
  4349. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">弟弟</foreignphrase></entry>
  4350. <entry>younger brother</entry>
  4351. </row>
  4352. <row>
  4353. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gēge</foreignphrase></entry>
  4354. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哥哥</foreignphrase></entry>
  4355. <entry>older brother</entry>
  4356. </row>
  4357. <row>
  4358. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiějie</foreignphrase></entry>
  4359. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">姐姐</foreignphrase></entry>
  4360. <entry>older sister</entry>
  4361. </row>
  4362. <row>
  4363. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mèimei</foreignphrase></entry>
  4364. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">妹妹</foreignphrase></entry>
  4365. <entry>younger sister</entry>
  4366. </row>
  4367. <row>
  4368. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiōngdì</foreignphrase></entry>
  4369. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">兄弟</foreignphrase></entry>
  4370. <entry>brothers</entry>
  4371. </row>
  4372. <row>
  4373. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiěmèi</foreignphrase></entry>
  4374. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">姐妹</foreignphrase></entry>
  4375. <entry>sisters</entry>
  4376. </row>
  4377. <row>
  4378. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiōngdì
  4379. jiěmèi</foreignphrase></entry>
  4380. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">兄弟姐妹</foreignphrase></entry>
  4381. <entry>brothers and sisters</entry>
  4382. </row>
  4383. <row>
  4384. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
  4385. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">父母</foreignphrase></entry>
  4386. <entry>parents</entry>
  4387. </row>
  4388. <row>
  4389. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
  4390. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">祖父</foreignphrase></entry>
  4391. <entry>paternal grandfather</entry>
  4392. </row>
  4393. <row>
  4394. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
  4395. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">祖母</foreignphrase></entry>
  4396. <entry>paternal grandmother</entry>
  4397. </row>
  4398. <row>
  4399. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàizǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
  4400. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">外祖父</foreignphrase></entry>
  4401. <entry>maternal grandfather</entry>
  4402. </row>
  4403. <row>
  4404. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàizǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
  4405. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">外祖母</foreignphrase></entry>
  4406. <entry>maternal grandmother</entry>
  4407. </row>
  4408. <row>
  4409. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bàba</foreignphrase></entry>
  4410. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">爸爸</foreignphrase></entry>
  4411. <entry>papa, dad, father</entry>
  4412. </row>
  4413. <row>
  4414. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">māma</foreignphrase></entry>
  4415. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吗吗</foreignphrase></entry>
  4416. <entry>momma, mom, mother</entry>
  4417. </row>
  4418. <row>
  4419. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bàba</foreignphrase></entry>
  4420. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">爸爸</foreignphrase></entry>
  4421. <entry>papa, dad, father</entry>
  4422. </row>
  4423. <row>
  4424. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìdi</foreignphrase></entry>
  4425. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">弟弟</foreignphrase></entry>
  4426. <entry>younger brother</entry>
  4427. </row>
  4428. <row>
  4429. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase></entry>
  4430. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">都</foreignphrase></entry>
  4431. <entry>all, both</entry>
  4432. </row>
  4433. <row>
  4434. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
  4435. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">父母</foreignphrase></entry>
  4436. <entry>parents</entry>
  4437. </row>
  4438. <row>
  4439. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùqin</foreignphrase></entry>
  4440. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">父亲</foreignphrase></entry>
  4441. <entry>father</entry>
  4442. </row>
  4443. <row>
  4444. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gēge</foreignphrase></entry>
  4445. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哥哥</foreignphrase></entry>
  4446. <entry>older brother</entry>
  4447. </row>
  4448. <row>
  4449. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gēn</foreignphrase></entry>
  4450. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">跟</foreignphrase></entry>
  4451. <entry>and, with, and (in addition to)</entry>
  4452. </row>
  4453. <row>
  4454. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase></entry>
  4455. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">还</foreignphrase></entry>
  4456. <entry>still, yet</entry>
  4457. </row>
  4458. <row>
  4459. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">háizi</foreignphrase></entry>
  4460. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">孩子</foreignphrase></entry>
  4461. <entry>children, child</entry>
  4462. </row>
  4463. <row>
  4464. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǐ-</foreignphrase></entry>
  4465. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">几-</foreignphrase></entry>
  4466. <entry>how many</entry>
  4467. </row>
  4468. <row>
  4469. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāli</foreignphrase></entry>
  4470. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">家里</foreignphrase></entry>
  4471. <entry>family</entry>
  4472. </row>
  4473. <row>
  4474. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiějie</foreignphrase></entry>
  4475. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">姐姐</foreignphrase></entry>
  4476. <entry>older sister </entry>
  4477. </row>
  4478. <row>
  4479. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiěmèi</foreignphrase></entry>
  4480. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">姐妹</foreignphrase></entry>
  4481. <entry>sisters</entry>
  4482. </row>
  4483. <row>
  4484. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǐge</foreignphrase></entry>
  4485. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">几个</foreignphrase></entry>
  4486. <entry>how many</entry>
  4487. </row>
  4488. <row>
  4489. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase></entry>
  4490. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">就</foreignphrase></entry>
  4491. <entry>only, just</entry>
  4492. </row>
  4493. <row>
  4494. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎng-</foreignphrase></entry>
  4495. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">两</foreignphrase></entry>
  4496. <entry>two</entry>
  4497. </row>
  4498. <row>
  4499. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">māma</foreignphrase></entry>
  4500. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">妈妈</foreignphrase></entry>
  4501. <entry>momma, mom, mother</entry>
  4502. </row>
  4503. <row>
  4504. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase></entry>
  4505. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">没</foreignphrase></entry>
  4506. <entry>not, not to have</entry>
  4507. </row>
  4508. <row>
  4509. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mèimei</foreignphrase></entry>
  4510. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">妹妹</foreignphrase></entry>
  4511. <entry>younger sister</entry>
  4512. </row>
  4513. <row>
  4514. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mèiyou</foreignphrase></entry>
  4515. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">没有</foreignphrase></entry>
  4516. <entry>not to have, there is not</entry>
  4517. </row>
  4518. <row>
  4519. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-men</foreignphrase></entry>
  4520. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">们</foreignphrase></entry>
  4521. <entry>plural suffix</entry>
  4522. </row>
  4523. <row>
  4524. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǔqin</foreignphrase></entry>
  4525. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">母亲</foreignphrase></entry>
  4526. <entry>mother</entry>
  4527. </row>
  4528. <row>
  4529. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nán-</foreignphrase></entry>
  4530. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">男-</foreignphrase></entry>
  4531. <entry>male</entry>
  4532. </row>
  4533. <row>
  4534. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánháizi</foreignphrase></entry>
  4535. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">男孩子</foreignphrase></entry>
  4536. <entry>boy</entry>
  4537. </row>
  4538. <row>
  4539. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐmen</foreignphrase></entry>
  4540. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们</foreignphrase></entry>
  4541. <entry>you (plural)</entry>
  4542. </row>
  4543. <row>
  4544. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚ-</foreignphrase></entry>
  4545. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">奴-</foreignphrase></entry>
  4546. <entry>female</entry>
  4547. </row>
  4548. <row>
  4549. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚháizi</foreignphrase></entry>
  4550. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">奴孩子</foreignphrase></entry>
  4551. <entry>girl</entry>
  4552. </row>
  4553. <row>
  4554. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tāmen</foreignphrase></entry>
  4555. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他们</foreignphrase></entry>
  4556. <entry>they, them</entry>
  4557. </row>
  4558. <row>
  4559. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàizǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
  4560. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">外祖父</foreignphrase></entry>
  4561. <entry>maternal grandfather</entry>
  4562. </row>
  4563. <row>
  4564. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàizǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
  4565. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">外祖母</foreignphrase></entry>
  4566. <entry>maternal grandmother</entry>
  4567. </row>
  4568. <row>
  4569. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒmen</foreignphrase></entry>
  4570. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我们</foreignphrase></entry>
  4571. <entry>we, us</entry>
  4572. </row>
  4573. <row>
  4574. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiōngdì</foreignphrase></entry>
  4575. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">兄弟</foreignphrase></entry>
  4576. <entry>brothers</entry>
  4577. </row>
  4578. <row>
  4579. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiōngdì
  4580. jiěmèi</foreignphrase></entry>
  4581. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">兄弟姐妹</foreignphrase></entry>
  4582. <entry>brothers and sisters</entry>
  4583. </row>
  4584. <row>
  4585. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
  4586. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有</foreignphrase></entry>
  4587. <entry>to have, there is</entry>
  4588. </row>
  4589. <row>
  4590. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
  4591. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">只</foreignphrase></entry>
  4592. <entry>only</entry>
  4593. </row>
  4594. <row>
  4595. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
  4596. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">祖父</foreignphrase></entry>
  4597. <entry>paternal grandfather</entry>
  4598. </row>
  4599. <row>
  4600. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
  4601. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">祖母</foreignphrase></entry>
  4602. <entry>paternal grandmother</entry>
  4603. </row>
  4604. <row>
  4605. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíng
  4606. le</foreignphrase></entry>
  4607. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">赢了</foreignphrase></entry>
  4608. <entry>I('ve) won</entry>
  4609. </row>
  4610. </tbody>
  4611. </tgroup>
  4612. </informaltable>
  4613. </section>
  4614. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  4615. <section>
  4616. <title>Reference Notes</title>
  4617. <para/>
  4618. <section>
  4619. <title>Notes on №1</title>
  4620. <informaltable>
  4621. <tgroup cols="5">
  4622. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  4623. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  4624. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  4625. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  4626. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  4627. <tbody>
  4628. <row>
  4629. <entry>1.</entry>
  4630. <entry>A:</entry>
  4631. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu háizi
  4632. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4633. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们有孩子吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4634. <entry>Do you have children?</entry>
  4635. </row>
  4636. <row>
  4637. <entry/>
  4638. <entry>B:</entry>
  4639. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu, wǒmen
  4640. yǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4641. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有,我们有。</foreignphrase></entry>
  4642. <entry>Yes, we have.</entry>
  4643. </row>
  4644. </tbody>
  4645. </tgroup>
  4646. </informaltable>
  4647. <para>The plural pronouns are formed by adding -men to the singular
  4648. pronouns</para>
  4649. <informaltable>
  4650. <tgroup cols="4">
  4651. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  4652. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  4653. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  4654. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  4655. <thead>
  4656. <row>
  4657. <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2"><emphasis role="bold">singular</emphasis></entry>
  4658. <entry namest="c3" nameend="c4"><emphasis role="bold">plural</emphasis></entry>
  4659. </row>
  4660. </thead>
  4661. <tbody>
  4662. <row>
  4663. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
  4664. <entry>I</entry>
  4665. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒmen</foreignphrase></entry>
  4666. <entry>we</entry>
  4667. </row>
  4668. <row>
  4669. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
  4670. <entry>you</entry>
  4671. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐmen</foreignphrase></entry>
  4672. <entry>you</entry>
  4673. </row>
  4674. <row>
  4675. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase></entry>
  4676. <entry>he/she</entry>
  4677. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tāmen</foreignphrase></entry>
  4678. <entry>they</entry>
  4679. </row>
  4680. </tbody>
  4681. </tgroup>
  4682. </informaltable>
  4683. <para>(You have already seen these pronoun forms used as possessives: "my,"
  4684. "our," etc. Later you will find that they are also used as objects: "me,"
  4685. "us," etc.)</para>
  4686. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Háizi</foreignphrase>: Chinese
  4687. nouns have the same form for singular and plural.</para>
  4688. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Háizi</foreignphrase> may be
  4689. either "child" or "children."<footnote>
  4690. <para>A few nouns referring to people may be made explicitly plural by
  4691. adding -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">men</foreignphrase> . <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Háizimen</foreignphrase> can only be ''children"</para>
  4692. </footnote>Usually the context will make clear whether a noun should be
  4693. translated as singular or as plural, but not always. Chinese does not
  4694. require that the matter be pinned down to the same extent that English
  4695. does.</para>
  4696. <para>
  4697. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu háizi</foreignphrase> is
  4698. a perfectly good sentence, even though the only accurate translation is the
  4699. clumsy "We have one or more children." We would prefer to have enough
  4700. information to translate it either as "We have a child" or as "We have
  4701. children." </para>
  4702. <para>At times this ambiguity is an advantage. When you ask <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu háizi ma?</foreignphrase> you do
  4703. not, after all, know whether you are referring to one child or to more than
  4704. one child. To cover both bets in the same way in English, we have to say "Do
  4705. you have any children?"</para>
  4706. </section>
  4707. <section>
  4708. <title>Notes on №2</title>
  4709. <informaltable>
  4710. <tgroup cols="5">
  4711. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  4712. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  4713. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  4714. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  4715. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  4716. <tbody>
  4717. <row>
  4718. <entry>2.</entry>
  4719. <entry>B:</entry>
  4720. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú xiānsheng
  4721. yǒu Měiguó péngyou ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4722. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">刘先生有美国朋友吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4723. <entry>Does Mr <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú</foreignphrase> have any American friends?</entry>
  4724. </row>
  4725. <row>
  4726. <entry/>
  4727. <entry>B:</entry>
  4728. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā meíyǒu
  4729. Měiguó péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4730. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他没有美国朋友。</foreignphrase></entry>
  4731. <entry>He doesn't have any American friends.</entry>
  4732. </row>
  4733. <row>
  4734. <entry/>
  4735. <entry>A:</entry>
  4736. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǒu Yīngguó
  4737. péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4738. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他有英国朋友。</foreignphrase></entry>
  4739. <entry>He has English friends. (or an English friend)</entry>
  4740. </row>
  4741. </tbody>
  4742. </tgroup>
  4743. </informaltable>
  4744. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou</foreignphrase>: All the
  4745. verbs discussed so far form the negative with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>, with the single exception
  4746. of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase>, "to have,"
  4747. which has the irregular negative form <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou</foreignphrase>.</para>
  4748. </section>
  4749. <section>
  4750. <title>Notes on №3-4</title>
  4751. <informaltable>
  4752. <tgroup cols="5">
  4753. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  4754. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  4755. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  4756. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  4757. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  4758. <tbody>
  4759. <row>
  4760. <entry>3.</entry>
  4761. <entry>A:</entry>
  4762. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge
  4763. háizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4764. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们有几个孩子?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4765. <entry>How many children do you have?</entry>
  4766. </row>
  4767. <row>
  4768. <entry/>
  4769. <entry>B:</entry>
  4770. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu sānge
  4771. háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4772. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我们有三个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
  4773. <entry>We have three children.</entry>
  4774. </row>
  4775. <row>
  4776. <entry/>
  4777. <entry/>
  4778. <entry/>
  4779. <entry/>
  4780. <entry/>
  4781. </row>
  4782. <row>
  4783. <entry>4.</entry>
  4784. <entry>A:</entry>
  4785. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge
  4786. nánháizi, jǐge nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4787. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们有几个男孩子,几个女孩子?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4788. <entry>How many boys and how many girls do you have?</entry>
  4789. </row>
  4790. <row>
  4791. <entry/>
  4792. <entry>B:</entry>
  4793. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu
  4794. liǎngge nánháizi, yīge nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4795. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我们有两个男孩子,一个女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
  4796. <entry>We have two boys and one girl.</entry>
  4797. </row>
  4798. </tbody>
  4799. </tgroup>
  4800. </informaltable>
  4801. <para>In Peking speech,<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
  4802. jǐ-</foreignphrase>, "how many," is usually used only when the number
  4803. expected in an answer is about 10 or less. In many other parts of China,
  4804. speakers use jl- no matter how large a number is expected in the
  4805. answer.</para>
  4806. <para><emphasis role="bold">Counters</emphasis>: In Chinese, a noun cannot be
  4807. counted or specified (i.e., used with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi-</foreignphrase> "which," <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèi-</foreignphrase>, "that," <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi-</foreignphrase>, "this") without the
  4808. addition of a bound word, a counter, to indicate the sort of thing being
  4809. specified or counted. English has a few such counters, as "head" in "how
  4810. many head of cattle" and "loaves" in " seven loaves of bread."</para>
  4811. <para>The counter used in a particular instance depends on the noun "being
  4812. specified or counted. Many nouns have special counters. You have already
  4813. learned the polite counter for persons, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-wèi</foreignphrase>. Other special counters
  4814. refer in some way to the kind of thing the noun represents. The word for
  4815. "hotel," for instance, has a special counter <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-jiā</foreignphrase>, "house," used for
  4816. counting or specifying business establishments.</para>
  4817. <para>The general counter <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase> is used with nouns that do not have special
  4818. counters. For example, there is no special counter for the word
  4819. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pùbù</foreignphrase>,
  4820. "waterfall," so you would say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge
  4821. pùbù</foreignphrase>, "one waterfall." You have already found the
  4822. general counter <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase> in specifying expressions such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něige háizi</foreignphrase>, "which child,"
  4823. and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige
  4824. fàndiàn</foreignphrase>,"this hotel."</para>
  4825. <para>You may find that, in colloquial speech, nouns that have special counters
  4826. are sometimes used with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase> anyway, but this tendency is looked down upon by
  4827. many speakers.</para>
  4828. <para>Here are the numbers 1 through 10 with the counter <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase>:</para>
  4829. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge liǎngge sānge sìge wǔge
  4830. liùge qíge báge jiǔge shíge</foreignphrase></para>
  4831. <para>The number 2 has a special form before a counter: l<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">iǎng-</foreignphrase>. Notice that the words
  4832. for 1, 2, and 8 have Rising tones before <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase>, because <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase> is basically a
  4833. Falling-tone syllable. (See also Unit 5, notes on No. 9 and No. 10.)</para>
  4834. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nán- nǚ-</foreignphrase>: The
  4835. "bound words <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nán-</foreignphrase>
  4836. "male," and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚ-</foreignphrase>,
  4837. "female," are often used in compounds; for example, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánpéngyou</foreignphrase>, "boyfriend," and
  4838. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚtóngzhì</foreignphrase>
  4839. "(woman) Comrade."</para>
  4840. <para>"<emphasis role="bold">And</emphasis>": In Chinese, a word for "and" is
  4841. not needed between parallel phrases like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎngge nánháizi, yíge
  4842. nǚháizi</foreignphrase> "two boys, (and) one girl."</para>
  4843. <para>A pause is usual between the two phrases, but even the pause is sometimes
  4844. omitted.</para>
  4845. </section>
  4846. <section>
  4847. <title>Notes on №5-7</title>
  4848. <informaltable>
  4849. <tgroup cols="5">
  4850. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  4851. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  4852. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  4853. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  4854. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  4855. <tbody>
  4856. <row>
  4857. <entry>5.</entry>
  4858. <entry>B:</entry>
  4859. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì nánháizi,
  4860. shì nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4861. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是男孩子,是女孩子?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4862. <entry>Are they boys or girls?</entry>
  4863. </row>
  4864. <row>
  4865. <entry/>
  4866. <entry>A:</entry>
  4867. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen dōu shì
  4868. nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4869. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他们都是女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
  4870. <entry>All of them are girls.</entry>
  4871. </row>
  4872. <row>
  4873. <entry/>
  4874. <entry/>
  4875. <entry/>
  4876. <entry/>
  4877. <entry/>
  4878. </row>
  4879. <row>
  4880. <entry>6.</entry>
  4881. <entry>B:</entry>
  4882. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú xiānsheng,
  4883. tàitai ne? tāmen yǒu jǐge háizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4884. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">胡先生,太太呢?他们有几个孩子?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4885. <entry>How about Mr. and Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú</foreignphrase>? How many
  4886. children do they have?</entry>
  4887. </row>
  4888. <row>
  4889. <entry/>
  4890. <entry>A:</entry>
  4891. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen yǒu
  4892. liǎngge háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4893. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他们有两个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
  4894. <entry>They have two children.</entry>
  4895. </row>
  4896. <row>
  4897. <entry/>
  4898. <entry>B:</entry>
  4899. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì nánháizi,
  4900. shì nǚháizi? </foreignphrase></entry>
  4901. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是男孩子,是女孩子?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4902. <entry>Are they boys or girls?</entry>
  4903. </row>
  4904. <row>
  4905. <entry/>
  4906. <entry>A:</entry>
  4907. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu shì
  4908. nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4909. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">都是女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
  4910. <entry>Both of them are girls.</entry>
  4911. </row>
  4912. <row>
  4913. <entry/>
  4914. <entry/>
  4915. <entry/>
  4916. <entry/>
  4917. <entry/>
  4918. </row>
  4919. <row>
  4920. <entry>7.</entry>
  4921. <entry>A:</entry>
  4922. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen háizi dōu
  4923. zài zhèli ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4924. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们孩子都在这里吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4925. <entry>Are all your children here?</entry>
  4926. </row>
  4927. <row>
  4928. <entry/>
  4929. <entry>B:</entry>
  4930. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, liǎngge zài
  4931. zhèli, yíge hái zài Měiguó.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4932. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不,两个在这里,一个还在美国。</foreignphrase></entry>
  4933. <entry>No. Two are here, and one is still in America.</entry>
  4934. </row>
  4935. </tbody>
  4936. </tgroup>
  4937. </informaltable>
  4938. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><emphasis role="bold">Shi
  4939. nánháizi, shi nǚháizi?</emphasis></foreignphrase> In Chinese, an
  4940. "or" question (i.e., a question asking which of two alternatives is true)
  4941. may be asked simply by stating the two alternatives with a pause between. In
  4942. this kind of question, the verb must appear in each alternative. (You will
  4943. learn other ways of making "or" questions in later modules.)</para>
  4944. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu</foreignphrase> may usually
  4945. be translated in a sentence as "all (of)," or, if it refers to only two
  4946. things, as both (of)." Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase> means "in all cases," "uniformly," "entirely,"
  4947. "completely." Since it is an adverb), it must be placed after the subject of
  4948. a sentence and before the verb (like the adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase>, "also".)</para>
  4949. </section>
  4950. <section>
  4951. <title>Notes on №8-9</title>
  4952. <informaltable>
  4953. <tgroup cols="5">
  4954. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  4955. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  4956. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  4957. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  4958. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  4959. <tbody>
  4960. <row>
  4961. <entry>8.</entry>
  4962. <entry>A:</entry>
  4963. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu
  4964. shénme rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4965. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你家里有什么人?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4966. <entry>What people are (there) in your family?</entry>
  4967. </row>
  4968. <row>
  4969. <entry/>
  4970. <entry>B:</entry>
  4971. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu wǒ tàitai
  4972. gēn sānge háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4973. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有我太太跟三个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
  4974. <entry>There's my wife and three children.</entry>
  4975. </row>
  4976. <row>
  4977. <entry/>
  4978. <entry/>
  4979. <entry/>
  4980. <entry/>
  4981. <entry/>
  4982. </row>
  4983. <row>
  4984. <entry>9.</entry>
  4985. <entry>B:</entry>
  4986. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu
  4987. shénme rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4988. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你家里有什么人?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4989. <entry>What people are (there) in your family?</entry>
  4990. </row>
  4991. <row>
  4992. <entry/>
  4993. <entry>A:</entry>
  4994. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù yǒu wǒ
  4995. fùqin, mǔqin.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4996. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">就有我父亲,母亲。</foreignphrase></entry>
  4997. <entry>Just my father and mother.</entry>
  4998. </row>
  4999. </tbody>
  5000. </tgroup>
  5001. </informaltable>
  5002. <para>Literally, the phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ
  5003. jiāli</foreignphrase> means "in your home" (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiā</foreignphrase>, "home"; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-li</foreignphrase>, "in"). In this sentence
  5004. it is extended to mean "the people in your home, " that is, "your
  5005. family."</para>
  5006. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli - yǒu - shénme
  5007. rén?</foreignphrase> Phrase by phrase, this question is: "In your family
  5008. - there are - what people?,’ The word "family" can be taken to mean either
  5009. all your relatives or only those living in your household.</para>
  5010. <para>By itself, the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase> means "to "be," "to exist." You have now seen it
  5011. translated two ways: </para>
  5012. <orderedlist>
  5013. <listitem>
  5014. <para>as "have," with a personal subject: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu sānge háizi</foreignphrase>
  5015. . "We have three children." </para>
  5016. </listitem>
  5017. <listitem>
  5018. <para>as "there is/are," in the so-called impersonal construction:
  5019. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
  5020. rén?</foreignphrase> "What people are (there) in your
  5021. family?"</para>
  5022. </listitem>
  5023. </orderedlist>
  5024. <para>In exchange 8, the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase> in the answer is translated as "there's." Some
  5025. English speakers may find this translation too colloquial. The answer can
  5026. also be translated Just by listing the family members, with no verb in the
  5027. English, as was done in exchange 9« Chinese almost always keeps the verb in
  5028. the answer to a question, while English tends to leave it out.</para>
  5029. <para><emphasis role="bold">How to say "and":</emphasis> Chinese has several
  5030. words for "and." <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gēn</foreignphrase> is the word for "and" when joining nouns or noun
  5031. phrases. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yě</foreignphrase> is the
  5032. word for "and" when Joining verbs, verb phrases, or whole sentences:</para>
  5033. <example>
  5034. <title>Example:</title>
  5035. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng Lǐ, yě bú xìng
  5036. Lǔ. Wǒ xìng Lǚ.</foreignphrase></para>
  5037. <para>I'm not surnamed <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ</foreignphrase> and I'm not surnamed <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǔ</foreignphrase>. I'm surnamed
  5038. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǚ</foreignphrase>.</para>
  5039. </example>
  5040. <para>Chinese tends to use a word for "and" when the noun phrases being Joined
  5041. are not parallel and not to use one when the phrases are parallel:<informaltable>
  5042. <tgroup cols="5">
  5043. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5044. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="3.0*" align="center"/>
  5045. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5046. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*" align="center"/>
  5047. <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  5048. <tbody>
  5049. <row>
  5050. <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5" align="center"><emphasis role="bold">Not parallel</emphasis></entry>
  5051. </row>
  5052. <row>
  5053. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
  5054. <entry>
  5055. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒ
  5056. tàitai</foreignphrase></para>
  5057. <para>Possessor noun</para>
  5058. </entry>
  5059. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gēn</foreignphrase></entry>
  5060. <entry>
  5061. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānge
  5062. háizi.</foreignphrase></para>
  5063. <para>number noun</para>
  5064. </entry>
  5065. <entry>There's my wife and 3 children.</entry>
  5066. </row>
  5067. <row>
  5068. <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5" align="center"><emphasis role="bold">Parallel</emphasis></entry>
  5069. </row>
  5070. <row>
  5071. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
  5072. <entry>
  5073. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎngge
  5074. nánháizi</foreignphrase></para>
  5075. <para>number noun</para>
  5076. </entry>
  5077. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">,</foreignphrase></entry>
  5078. <entry>
  5079. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge
  5080. nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></para>
  5081. <para>number noun</para>
  5082. </entry>
  5083. <entry>There are 2 boys and one girl.</entry>
  5084. </row>
  5085. </tbody>
  5086. </tgroup>
  5087. </informaltable></para>
  5088. <para>While "and" is often omitted in Chinese, it may be added for emphasis
  5089. between nouns and between noun phrases just as in English.</para>
  5090. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù</foreignphrase>, "only,"
  5091. "Just," is an advert (like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase>. The use of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> to mean "only" is
  5092. probably mostly confined to the Peking dialect.<footnote>
  5093. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù</foreignphrase> has
  5094. several other meanings, which will be presented to you as you
  5095. continue through this course.</para>
  5096. </footnote> Speakers from other parts of the country will not necessarily
  5097. use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> to mean
  5098. "only" or understand it as such. A more widely used and understood word for
  5099. "only" is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ</foreignphrase>.
  5100. Thus the answer in exchange 9 could also be: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhǐ yǒu wǒ fùqin,
  5101. mǔqin.</foreignphrase></para>
  5102. </section>
  5103. <section>
  5104. <title>Notes on additional vocabulary</title>
  5105. <para>Chinese is much more precise than English in its terms for family members.
  5106. There is not Just one word for "brother," or "sister" but words for "older
  5107. brother," "younger brother," "older sister," and "younger sister."<informaltable>
  5108. <tgroup cols="5">
  5109. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5110. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5111. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5112. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5113. <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5114. <tbody>
  5115. <row>
  5116. <entry/>
  5117. <entry><emphasis role="bold">older</emphasis></entry>
  5118. <entry><emphasis role="bold">younger</emphasis></entry>
  5119. <entry/>
  5120. <entry/>
  5121. </row>
  5122. <row>
  5123. <entry>brother</entry>
  5124. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gēge</foreignphrase></entry>
  5125. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìdi</foreignphrase></entry>
  5126. <entry>brothers</entry>
  5127. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiōngdì</foreignphrase></entry>
  5128. </row>
  5129. <row>
  5130. <entry>sister</entry>
  5131. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiějie</foreignphrase></entry>
  5132. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mèimei</foreignphrase></entry>
  5133. <entry>sisters</entry>
  5134. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiěmèi</foreignphrase></entry>
  5135. </row>
  5136. </tbody>
  5137. </tgroup>
  5138. </informaltable></para>
  5139. <para>When referring to both older and younger sisters, the term <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiěmèi</foreignphrase> is used. When
  5140. referring to both older and younger brothers, the term <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiōngdì</foreignphrase> is used. When
  5141. referring to sisters and brothers, the phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiōngdì jiěmèi</foreignphrase> is
  5142. used.</para>
  5143. <para>Chinese also distinguishes between grandparents on the father's side of
  5144. the family and grandparents on the mother's side:<informaltable>
  5145. <tgroup cols="3">
  5146. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5147. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5148. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5149. <tbody>
  5150. <row>
  5151. <entry/>
  5152. <entry><emphasis role="bold">father's
  5153. side</emphasis></entry>
  5154. <entry><emphasis role="bold">mother's
  5155. side</emphasis></entry>
  5156. </row>
  5157. <row>
  5158. <entry><emphasis role="bold">grandfather</emphasis></entry>
  5159. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
  5160. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàizǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
  5161. </row>
  5162. <row>
  5163. <entry><emphasis role="bold">grandmother</emphasis></entry>
  5164. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
  5165. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàizǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
  5166. </row>
  5167. </tbody>
  5168. </tgroup>
  5169. </informaltable></para>
  5170. <para>The syllable <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wài-</foreignphrase> in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàizǔfù</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàizǔmǔ</foreignphrase> literally means "outer" or "outside."</para>
  5171. </section>
  5172. </section>
  5173. </section>
  5174. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  5175. <section>
  5176. <title>Drills</title>
  5177. <para/>
  5178. </section>
  5179. </section>
  5180. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  5181. <section>
  5182. <title>Unit 4</title>
  5183. <para/>
  5184. <section>
  5185. <title>Introduction</title>
  5186. <para/>
  5187. <section>
  5188. <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
  5189. <orderedlist>
  5190. <listitem>
  5191. <para>Arrival and departure times,</para>
  5192. </listitem>
  5193. <listitem>
  5194. <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase></para>
  5195. </listitem>
  5196. <listitem>
  5197. <para>The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì … de</foreignphrase>
  5198. construction.</para>
  5199. </listitem>
  5200. </orderedlist>
  5201. </section>
  5202. <section>
  5203. <title>Material you will need</title>
  5204. <orderedlist>
  5205. <listitem>
  5206. <para>The C-l and P-l tapes» the Reference List and Reference Notes.</para>
  5207. </listitem>
  5208. <listitem>
  5209. <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes» the Workbook.</para>
  5210. </listitem>
  5211. <listitem>
  5212. <para>The UD-1 tape.</para>
  5213. </listitem>
  5214. </orderedlist>
  5215. </section>
  5216. </section>
  5217. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  5218. <section>
  5219. <title>References</title>
  5220. <section>
  5221. <title>Reference List</title>
  5222. <para>in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase></para>
  5223. <informaltable>
  5224. <tgroup cols="5">
  5225. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5226. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5227. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  5228. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  5229. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  5230. <tbody>
  5231. <row>
  5232. <entry>1.</entry>
  5233. <entry>A:</entry>
  5234. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren lái
  5235. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5236. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你爱人来吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5237. <entry>Is your wife coming?</entry>
  5238. </row>
  5239. <row>
  5240. <entry/>
  5241. <entry>B:</entry>
  5242. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
  5243. lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5244. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她来。</foreignphrase></entry>
  5245. <entry>She is coming.</entry>
  5246. </row>
  5247. <row>
  5248. <entry/>
  5249. <entry/>
  5250. <entry/>
  5251. <entry/>
  5252. <entry/>
  5253. </row>
  5254. <row>
  5255. <entry>2.</entry>
  5256. <entry>A:</entry>
  5257. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren lái le
  5258. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5259. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你爱人来了吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5260. <entry>Has your wife come?</entry>
  5261. </row>
  5262. <row>
  5263. <entry/>
  5264. <entry>B:</entry>
  5265. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái le, tā lái
  5266. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5267. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">来了,她来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  5268. <entry>Yes, she has come.</entry>
  5269. </row>
  5270. <row>
  5271. <entry/>
  5272. <entry/>
  5273. <entry/>
  5274. <entry/>
  5275. <entry/>
  5276. </row>
  5277. <row>
  5278. <entry>3.</entry>
  5279. <entry>A:</entry>
  5280. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren yě lái le
  5281. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5282. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你爱人也来了吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5283. <entry>Has your wife come too?</entry>
  5284. </row>
  5285. <row>
  5286. <entry/>
  5287. <entry>B:</entry>
  5288. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
  5289. lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5290. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她还没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
  5291. <entry>She hasn't come yet.</entry>
  5292. </row>
  5293. <row>
  5294. <entry/>
  5295. <entry/>
  5296. <entry/>
  5297. <entry/>
  5298. <entry/>
  5299. </row>
  5300. <row>
  5301. <entry>4.</entry>
  5302. <entry>A:</entry>
  5303. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shénme shíhou
  5304. lái?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5305. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她什么时候来?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5306. <entry>When is she coming?</entry>
  5307. </row>
  5308. <row>
  5309. <entry/>
  5310. <entry>B:</entry>
  5311. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā míngtiān
  5312. lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5313. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她明天来。</foreignphrase></entry>
  5314. <entry>She is coming tomorrow.</entry>
  5315. </row>
  5316. <row>
  5317. <entry/>
  5318. <entry/>
  5319. <entry/>
  5320. <entry/>
  5321. <entry/>
  5322. </row>
  5323. <row>
  5324. <entry>5.</entry>
  5325. <entry>A:</entry>
  5326. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou shénme
  5327. shíhou dào?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5328. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友什么时候到?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5329. <entry>When is your friend arriving?</entry>
  5330. </row>
  5331. <row>
  5332. <entry/>
  5333. <entry>B:</entry>
  5334. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjīng dào
  5335. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5336. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他已经到了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  5337. <entry>He has already arrived.</entry>
  5338. </row>
  5339. <row>
  5340. <entry/>
  5341. <entry/>
  5342. <entry/>
  5343. <entry/>
  5344. <entry/>
  5345. </row>
  5346. <row>
  5347. <entry>6.</entry>
  5348. <entry>A:</entry>
  5349. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì shénme
  5350. shíhou dàode?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5351. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她是什么时候到的?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5352. <entry>When did she arrive?</entry>
  5353. </row>
  5354. <row>
  5355. <entry/>
  5356. <entry>B:</entry>
  5357. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì zuótiān
  5358. dàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5359. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她是昨天到的。</foreignphrase></entry>
  5360. <entry>She arrived Yesterday.</entry>
  5361. </row>
  5362. <row>
  5363. <entry/>
  5364. <entry/>
  5365. <entry/>
  5366. <entry/>
  5367. <entry/>
  5368. </row>
  5369. <row>
  5370. <entry>7.</entry>
  5371. <entry>A:</entry>
  5372. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì yíge rén
  5373. láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5374. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是一个人来的吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5375. <entry>Did you come alone?</entry>
  5376. </row>
  5377. <row>
  5378. <entry/>
  5379. <entry>B:</entry>
  5380. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì, wǒ bú shì
  5381. yíge rén láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5382. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是,我不是一个人来的。</foreignphrase></entry>
  5383. <entry>No, I didn't come alone.</entry>
  5384. </row>
  5385. <row>
  5386. <entry/>
  5387. <entry/>
  5388. <entry/>
  5389. <entry/>
  5390. <entry/>
  5391. </row>
  5392. <row>
  5393. <entry>8.</entry>
  5394. <entry>A:</entry>
  5395. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shénme shíhou
  5396. zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5397. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你什么时候走?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5398. <entry>When are you leaving?</entry>
  5399. </row>
  5400. <row>
  5401. <entry/>
  5402. <entry>B:</entry>
  5403. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān
  5404. zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5405. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我今天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
  5406. <entry>I'm leaving today.</entry>
  5407. </row>
  5408. <row>
  5409. <entry/>
  5410. <entry/>
  5411. <entry/>
  5412. <entry/>
  5413. <entry/>
  5414. </row>
  5415. <row>
  5416. <entry>9.</entry>
  5417. <entry>A:</entry>
  5418. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ něitiān
  5419. zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5420. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你哪天走?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5421. <entry>What day are you leaving?</entry>
  5422. </row>
  5423. <row>
  5424. <entry/>
  5425. <entry>B:</entry>
  5426. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān
  5427. zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5428. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我今天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
  5429. <entry>I'm leaving today.</entry>
  5430. </row>
  5431. </tbody>
  5432. </tgroup>
  5433. </informaltable>
  5434. </section>
  5435. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  5436. <section>
  5437. <title>Vocabulary</title>
  5438. <informaltable>
  5439. <tgroup cols="3">
  5440. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
  5441. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  5442. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  5443. <tbody>
  5444. <row>
  5445. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòutiān</foreignphrase></entry>
  5446. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">后天</foreignphrase></entry>
  5447. <entry>the day after tomorrow</entry>
  5448. </row>
  5449. <row>
  5450. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiántiān</foreignphrase></entry>
  5451. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">前天</foreignphrase></entry>
  5452. <entry>the day before yesterday</entry>
  5453. </row>
  5454. <row>
  5455. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tiāntiān</foreignphrase></entry>
  5456. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">天天</foreignphrase></entry>
  5457. <entry>every day</entry>
  5458. </row>
  5459. <row>
  5460. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">érzi</foreignphrase></entry>
  5461. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">二字</foreignphrase></entry>
  5462. <entry>son</entry>
  5463. </row>
  5464. <row>
  5465. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚér</foreignphrase></entry>
  5466. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">女儿</foreignphrase></entry>
  5467. <entry>daughter</entry>
  5468. </row>
  5469. <row>
  5470. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase></entry>
  5471. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">到</foreignphrase></entry>
  5472. <entry>to arrive</entry>
  5473. </row>
  5474. <row>
  5475. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">érzi</foreignphrase></entry>
  5476. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">二字</foreignphrase></entry>
  5477. <entry>son</entry>
  5478. </row>
  5479. <row>
  5480. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòutiān
  5481. (hòutian)</foreignphrase></entry>
  5482. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">后天</foreignphrase></entry>
  5483. <entry>the day after tomorrow</entry>
  5484. </row>
  5485. <row>
  5486. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīntiān
  5487. (jīntian)</foreignphrase></entry>
  5488. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">今天</foreignphrase></entry>
  5489. <entry>today</entry>
  5490. </row>
  5491. <row>
  5492. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase></entry>
  5493. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">来</foreignphrase></entry>
  5494. <entry>to come</entry>
  5495. </row>
  5496. <row>
  5497. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase></entry>
  5498. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">了</foreignphrase></entry>
  5499. <entry>combined le: new-situation and completion marker</entry>
  5500. </row>
  5501. <row>
  5502. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míngtiān
  5503. (mīngtian)</foreignphrase></entry>
  5504. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">明天</foreignphrase></entry>
  5505. <entry>tomorrow</entry>
  5506. </row>
  5507. <row>
  5508. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něitiān</foreignphrase></entry>
  5509. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪天</foreignphrase></entry>
  5510. <entry>what day</entry>
  5511. </row>
  5512. <row>
  5513. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚér</foreignphrase></entry>
  5514. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">女儿</foreignphrase></entry>
  5515. <entry>daughter</entry>
  5516. </row>
  5517. <row>
  5518. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiántiān
  5519. (qiántian)</foreignphrase></entry>
  5520. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">前天</foreignphrase></entry>
  5521. <entry>the day before Yesterday</entry>
  5522. </row>
  5523. <row>
  5524. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme
  5525. shíhou</foreignphrase></entry>
  5526. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">什么时候</foreignphrase></entry>
  5527. <entry>when</entry>
  5528. </row>
  5529. <row>
  5530. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì
  5531. de</foreignphrase></entry>
  5532. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">十的</foreignphrase></entry>
  5533. <entry>focus construction</entry>
  5534. </row>
  5535. <row>
  5536. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tiān</foreignphrase></entry>
  5537. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">天</foreignphrase></entry>
  5538. <entry>day</entry>
  5539. </row>
  5540. <row>
  5541. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tiāntiān</foreignphrase></entry>
  5542. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">天天</foreignphrase></entry>
  5543. <entry>every day</entry>
  5544. </row>
  5545. <row>
  5546. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge
  5547. rén</foreignphrase></entry>
  5548. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一个人</foreignphrase></entry>
  5549. <entry>singly, alone</entry>
  5550. </row>
  5551. <row>
  5552. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐjīng
  5553. (yǐjing)</foreignphrase></entry>
  5554. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">已经</foreignphrase></entry>
  5555. <entry>already</entry>
  5556. </row>
  5557. <row>
  5558. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
  5559. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">走</foreignphrase></entry>
  5560. <entry>to leave</entry>
  5561. </row>
  5562. <row>
  5563. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuótiān</foreignphrase></entry>
  5564. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">昨天</foreignphrase></entry>
  5565. <entry>Yesterday</entry>
  5566. </row>
  5567. <row>
  5568. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiéhūn</foreignphrase></entry>
  5569. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">结婚</foreignphrase></entry>
  5570. <entry>to get married, to be married</entry>
  5571. </row>
  5572. <row>
  5573. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi
  5574. jiéhūn</foreignphrase></entry>
  5575. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">没结婚</foreignphrase></entry>
  5576. <entry>not to be married</entry>
  5577. </row>
  5578. <row>
  5579. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kěshi</foreignphrase></entry>
  5580. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">可是</foreignphrase></entry>
  5581. <entry>but</entry>
  5582. </row>
  5583. <row>
  5584. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
  5585. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">想</foreignphrase></entry>
  5586. <entry>to think, to think that</entry>
  5587. </row>
  5588. </tbody>
  5589. </tgroup>
  5590. </informaltable>
  5591. </section>
  5592. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  5593. <section>
  5594. <title>Reference Notes</title>
  5595. <section>
  5596. <title>Notes on №1</title>
  5597. <informaltable>
  5598. <tgroup cols="5">
  5599. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5600. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5601. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  5602. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  5603. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  5604. <tbody>
  5605. <row>
  5606. <entry>1.</entry>
  5607. <entry>A:</entry>
  5608. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren lái
  5609. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5610. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你爱人来吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5611. <entry>Is your wife coming?</entry>
  5612. </row>
  5613. <row>
  5614. <entry/>
  5615. <entry>B:</entry>
  5616. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
  5617. lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5618. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她来。</foreignphrase></entry>
  5619. <entry>She is coming.</entry>
  5620. </row>
  5621. </tbody>
  5622. </tgroup>
  5623. </informaltable>
  5624. <para>These sentences refer to future time, but <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> is not a future-tense
  5625. form. Strictly speaking, Chinese verbs do not have tenses. The same form of
  5626. the verb can be used in present, past, and future contexts.</para>
  5627. <para>We translated the sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
  5628. zài Táinán gōngzuò.</foreignphrase> as "He works in Tainan" assuming a
  5629. present context. But in a past context we could translate It as "He
  5630. <emphasis role="bold">worked</emphasis> in Tainan; and in a future
  5631. context we could translate it as "He <emphasis role="bold">will
  5632. work</emphasis> in Tainan." The verb form <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò</foreignphrase> does not tell you
  5633. what time is being talked about. You have to look elsewhere for that
  5634. information, perhaps to a time expression like "last year" or "now" or
  5635. "tomorrow," or to the conversational setting.</para>
  5636. </section>
  5637. <section>
  5638. <title>Notes on №2</title>
  5639. <informaltable>
  5640. <tgroup cols="5">
  5641. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5642. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5643. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  5644. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  5645. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  5646. <tbody>
  5647. <row>
  5648. <entry>2.</entry>
  5649. <entry>A:</entry>
  5650. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren lái le
  5651. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5652. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你爱人来了吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5653. <entry>Has your wife come?</entry>
  5654. </row>
  5655. <row>
  5656. <entry/>
  5657. <entry>B:</entry>
  5658. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái le, tā lái
  5659. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5660. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">来了,她来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  5661. <entry>Yes, she has come.</entry>
  5662. </row>
  5663. </tbody>
  5664. </tgroup>
  5665. </informaltable>
  5666. <para><emphasis role="bold">Aspect</emphasis>: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Le</foreignphrase> is an aspect marker.
  5667. Through the use of and other one-syllable markers (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de, zhe, ne, guo</foreignphrase>), the
  5668. Chinese language indicates whether the occurrence being talked about is
  5669. completed, ongoing, about to occur, or experienced for the first time.
  5670. Aspect markers may also be used to indicate whether the whole situation in
  5671. the sentence is a new, changed situation.</para>
  5672. <para>"<emphasis role="bold">Completion</emphasis>" and "new situation" are not
  5673. <emphasis role="bold">tenses</emphasis> but <emphasis role="bold">aspects</emphasis>. Aspect is a way of talking about events or
  5674. activities in relation to time. While tenses categorize action in terms of
  5675. features such as completeness and change. Aspect markers are very different
  5676. from tense markers because the same aspect may be used in past, present, and
  5677. future contexts. We may speak of an action that will be completed as of a
  5678. future time, for example, or of a situation that was new as of a past time.
  5679. English communicates these ideas to a certain extent through the use of many
  5680. different tenses for the verb (future perfect, simple past, etc,). Chinese
  5681. does this through the use of aspect markers and time words. The verbs
  5682. themselves do not change form.</para>
  5683. <para>Le is used in exchange 2 to indicate two aspects-completion and new
  5684. situation, (it is, however, often used to indicate only one aspect.)</para>
  5685. <para>Here, it indicates that the person has come, meaning that the action is
  5686. completed, and that the person is now here, a changed situation. When the
  5687. marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> refers
  5688. to both these aspects, we call it "combined <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>." Combined le can be
  5689. thought of as a telescoping of the completion le followed by a new-situation
  5690. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>:
  5691. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le le</foreignphrase> becomes
  5692. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>. In the
  5693. next two units, you will see the marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> used to Indicate each of
  5694. these aspects separately.</para>
  5695. </section>
  5696. <section>
  5697. <title>Notes on №3</title>
  5698. <informaltable>
  5699. <tgroup cols="5">
  5700. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5701. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5702. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  5703. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  5704. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  5705. <tbody>
  5706. <row>
  5707. <entry>3.</entry>
  5708. <entry>A:</entry>
  5709. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren yě lái
  5710. le ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5711. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你爱人也来了吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5712. <entry>Has your wife come too?</entry>
  5713. </row>
  5714. <row>
  5715. <entry/>
  5716. <entry>B:</entry>
  5717. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
  5718. lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5719. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她还没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
  5720. <entry>She hasn't come yet.</entry>
  5721. </row>
  5722. </tbody>
  5723. </tgroup>
  5724. </informaltable>
  5725. <para>Negative of combined <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>: Compare these affirmative and negative
  5726. forms:<informaltable frame="all">
  5727. <tgroup cols="6">
  5728. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.5*" align="left"/>
  5729. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5730. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5731. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5732. <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5733. <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="2.0*"/>
  5734. <tbody>
  5735. <row>
  5736. <entry><emphasis role="bold">affirmative</emphasis></entry>
  5737. <entry/>
  5738. <entry/>
  5739. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase></entry>
  5740. <entry/>
  5741. <entry>is coming.</entry>
  5742. </row>
  5743. <row>
  5744. <entry><emphasis role="bold">negative</emphasis></entry>
  5745. <entry/>
  5746. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase></entry>
  5747. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase></entry>
  5748. <entry/>
  5749. <entry>isn't coming.</entry>
  5750. </row>
  5751. </tbody>
  5752. </tgroup>
  5753. </informaltable><informaltable frame="all">
  5754. <tgroup cols="6">
  5755. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.5*" align="left"/>
  5756. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5757. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5758. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5759. <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5760. <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="2.0*"/>
  5761. <tbody>
  5762. <row>
  5763. <entry><emphasis role="bold">affirmative</emphasis></entry>
  5764. <entry/>
  5765. <entry/>
  5766. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase></entry>
  5767. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase></entry>
  5768. <entry>has come (now).</entry>
  5769. </row>
  5770. <row>
  5771. <entry><emphasis role="bold">negative</emphasis></entry>
  5772. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase></entry>
  5773. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi(you)</foreignphrase></entry>
  5774. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase></entry>
  5775. <entry/>
  5776. <entry>hasn't come (yet).</entry>
  5777. </row>
  5778. </tbody>
  5779. </tgroup>
  5780. </informaltable></para>
  5781. <para>Notice that the marker le does not appear in the negative answer in the
  5782. exchange.</para>
  5783. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái</foreignphrase>: The
  5784. negative of a sentence containing combined le_ will include the adverb
  5785. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase>, "yet," as
  5786. well as the negative <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi(you)</foreignphrase>. In English, the "yet" is frequently left
  5787. out.</para>
  5788. <para>Like other adverbs such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase> always precedes the verb, although not always
  5789. directly. Elements such as the negatives and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> may come between an
  5790. adverb and a verb,</para>
  5791. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou</foreignphrase>, "not
  5792. have" is used to negate the aspect of completion; that is, to say that a
  5793. certain event did not take place. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou</foreignphrase> may be shortened to <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase>. Here are three possible
  5794. negative answers to the question.</para>
  5795. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le ma?</foreignphrase>
  5796. "Has he come?"<informaltable frame="all">
  5797. <tgroup cols="5">
  5798. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5799. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5800. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5801. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5802. <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  5803. <tbody>
  5804. <row>
  5805. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
  5806. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase></entry>
  5807. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou</foreignphrase></entry>
  5808. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5809. <entry>He hasn't come yet.</entry>
  5810. </row>
  5811. <row>
  5812. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
  5813. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase></entry>
  5814. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase></entry>
  5815. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5816. <entry>He hasn't come yet.</entry>
  5817. </row>
  5818. <row>
  5819. <entry/>
  5820. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase></entry>
  5821. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5822. <entry/>
  5823. <entry>Not yet.</entry>
  5824. </row>
  5825. </tbody>
  5826. </tgroup>
  5827. </informaltable></para>
  5828. </section>
  5829. <section>
  5830. <title>Notes on №4-5</title>
  5831. <informaltable>
  5832. <tgroup cols="5">
  5833. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5834. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5835. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  5836. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  5837. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  5838. <tbody>
  5839. <row>
  5840. <entry>4.</entry>
  5841. <entry>A:</entry>
  5842. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shénme
  5843. shíhou lái?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5844. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她什么时候来?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5845. <entry>When is she coming?</entry>
  5846. </row>
  5847. <row>
  5848. <entry/>
  5849. <entry>B:</entry>
  5850. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā míngtiān
  5851. lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5852. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她明天来。</foreignphrase></entry>
  5853. <entry>She is coming tomorrow.</entry>
  5854. </row>
  5855. <row>
  5856. <entry/>
  5857. <entry/>
  5858. <entry/>
  5859. <entry/>
  5860. <entry/>
  5861. </row>
  5862. <row>
  5863. <entry>5.</entry>
  5864. <entry>A:</entry>
  5865. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou
  5866. shénme shíhou dào?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5867. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友什么时候到?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5868. <entry>When is your friend arriving?</entry>
  5869. </row>
  5870. <row>
  5871. <entry/>
  5872. <entry>B:</entry>
  5873. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjīng dào
  5874. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5875. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他已经到了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  5876. <entry>He has already arrived.</entry>
  5877. </row>
  5878. </tbody>
  5879. </tgroup>
  5880. </informaltable>
  5881. <para>Position of time words: Time phrases occupy the same position in a
  5882. sentence as adverbs such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase> between the subject and the verb.</para>
  5883. </section>
  5884. <section>
  5885. <title>Notes on №6-7</title>
  5886. <informaltable>
  5887. <tgroup cols="5">
  5888. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5889. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5890. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  5891. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  5892. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  5893. <tbody>
  5894. <row>
  5895. <entry>6.</entry>
  5896. <entry>A:</entry>
  5897. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì shénme
  5898. shíhou dàode?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5899. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她是什么时候到的?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5900. <entry>When did she arrive?</entry>
  5901. </row>
  5902. <row>
  5903. <entry/>
  5904. <entry>B:</entry>
  5905. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì zuótiān
  5906. dàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5907. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她是昨天到的。</foreignphrase></entry>
  5908. <entry>She arrived Yesterday.</entry>
  5909. </row>
  5910. <row>
  5911. <entry/>
  5912. <entry/>
  5913. <entry/>
  5914. <entry/>
  5915. <entry/>
  5916. </row>
  5917. <row>
  5918. <entry>7.</entry>
  5919. <entry>A:</entry>
  5920. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì yíge rén
  5921. láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5922. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是一个人来的吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5923. <entry>Did you come alone?</entry>
  5924. </row>
  5925. <row>
  5926. <entry/>
  5927. <entry>B:</entry>
  5928. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì, wǒ bú
  5929. shì yíge rén láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5930. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是,我不是一个人来的。</foreignphrase></entry>
  5931. <entry>No, I didn't come alone.</entry>
  5932. </row>
  5933. </tbody>
  5934. </tgroup>
  5935. </informaltable>
  5936. <para>
  5937. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase>: <footnote>
  5938. <para>On occasion, a speaker may omit the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> (which is why it
  5939. is written in parentheses in these notes).</para>
  5940. </footnote> This is another way to indicate the aspect of completion. The
  5941. aspect marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>
  5942. and the pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì...de)</foreignphrase> perform different functions and convey
  5943. different meanings. This is how they are different:</para>
  5944. <para>The aspect marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> or its negative <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi (you)</foreignphrase> is used when the
  5945. center of interest is whether or not an action took place. For example, if
  5946. you do not know whether Mr. Sun came or not, you would ask:<informaltable>
  5947. <tgroup cols="2">
  5948. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5949. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5950. <tbody>
  5951. <row>
  5952. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā léile
  5953. méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5954. <entry>Did he come?</entry>
  5955. </row>
  5956. </tbody>
  5957. </tgroup>
  5958. </informaltable></para>
  5959. <para>and you would be answered either<informaltable>
  5960. <tgroup cols="2">
  5961. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5962. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5963. <tbody>
  5964. <row>
  5965. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
  5966. láile.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5967. <entry>He came.</entry>
  5968. </row>
  5969. </tbody>
  5970. </tgroup>
  5971. </informaltable></para>
  5972. <para>or<informaltable>
  5973. <tgroup cols="2">
  5974. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5975. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  5976. <tbody>
  5977. <row>
  5978. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā méi
  5979. lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5980. <entry>He didn't come.</entry>
  5981. </row>
  5982. </tbody>
  5983. </tgroup>
  5984. </informaltable></para>
  5985. <para>In this question and answer, you use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> or its negative
  5986. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi(you)</foreignphrase>
  5987. because the focus is on whether the action took place or not.</para>
  5988. <para>The purpose of the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase> construction, on the other hand, is to focus
  5989. on additional information about a completed action; that is, the
  5990. construction is used when the center of interest is NOT whether or not a
  5991. certain action took place. </para>
  5992. <para>For example, once it has been established that Mr. Sun did in fact come,
  5993. the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase>
  5994. construction will probably be used for any additional questions and answers
  5995. about his coming. For example:<informaltable>
  5996. <tgroup cols="2">
  5997. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  5998. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  5999. <tbody>
  6000. <row>
  6001. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
  6002. shénme shíhou láide?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6003. <entry>When did he come?</entry>
  6004. </row>
  6005. <row>
  6006. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
  6007. zuótiān láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6008. <entry>He came yesterday.</entry>
  6009. </row>
  6010. <row>
  6011. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi yíge
  6012. rén láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6013. <entry>Did he come alone?</entry>
  6014. </row>
  6015. <row>
  6016. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi yíge
  6017. rén láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6018. <entry>He came alone.</entry>
  6019. </row>
  6020. </tbody>
  6021. </tgroup>
  6022. </informaltable></para>
  6023. <para>These questions and answers use the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase> construction
  6024. because you already know that Mr. Sun came and now you are asking for
  6025. additional information about his visit. Many types of additional information
  6026. can be focus points for which the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase> construction is used. </para>
  6027. <para>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi shénme shíhou
  6028. láide?</foreignphrase> the additional information is the time when
  6029. something happens. </para>
  6030. <para>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi yíge rén láide
  6031. ma?</foreignphrase> the information asked for is the manner in which
  6032. something takes place. </para>
  6033. <para>Other possible focus points are place, cause of action, goal of action,
  6034. and performer of action.</para>
  6035. <para>Now let's take a look at how <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> function separately in this construction. The verb
  6036. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>, coming
  6037. before the phrase which is the center of interest, serves as a signal that
  6038. what follows is emphasised. The verb "to "be" is often used in a similar way
  6039. in English to mark the center of interest:<informaltable>
  6040. <tgroup cols="2">
  6041. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  6042. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  6043. <tbody>
  6044. <row>
  6045. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
  6046. zuótiān láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6047. <entry>Was it yesterday that he came?</entry>
  6048. </row>
  6049. </tbody>
  6050. </tgroup>
  6051. </informaltable></para>
  6052. <para>Another way of showing the center of interest in English is by word
  6053. stress. Here is a comparison between focusing in Chinese with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase> and focusing in
  6054. English with stress:<informaltable>
  6055. <tgroup cols="2">
  6056. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6057. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6058. <tbody>
  6059. <row>
  6060. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
  6061. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6062. <entry>Has he come?</entry>
  6063. </row>
  6064. <row>
  6065. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái
  6066. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6067. <entry>Yes, he has.</entry>
  6068. </row>
  6069. <row>
  6070. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
  6071. zuótiān láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6072. <entry>Did he come YESTERDAY?</entry>
  6073. </row>
  6074. <row>
  6075. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā shi
  6076. zuótiān láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6077. <entry>Yes, YESTERDAY.</entry>
  6078. </row>
  6079. </tbody>
  6080. </tgroup>
  6081. </informaltable></para>
  6082. <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>
  6083. coming after the verb indicates completion. When the marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is not used in the
  6084. sentence, that sentence no longer describes a completed event. The marker
  6085. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> by itself
  6086. emphasizes something about the action.</para>
  6087. <para> Compare these sentences:<informaltable>
  6088. <tgroup cols="2">
  6089. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6090. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6091. <tbody>
  6092. <row>
  6093. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
  6094. jīntiān lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6095. <entry>She is coming (later) today.</entry>
  6096. </row>
  6097. <row>
  6098. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
  6099. jīntiān láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6100. <entry>She came (earlier) today.</entry>
  6101. </row>
  6102. </tbody>
  6103. </tgroup>
  6104. </informaltable></para>
  6105. <para>For the time being, you will not use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> without <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>.</para>
  6106. <para>The negative form of the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase> construction is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú shi...de</foreignphrase> . Compare this
  6107. with the negatives you have already learned:<informaltable>
  6108. <tgroup cols="8">
  6109. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6110. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6111. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6112. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.5*"/>
  6113. <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6114. <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6115. <colspec colname="c7" colnum="7" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6116. <colspec colname="c8" colnum="8" colwidth="7.0*"/>
  6117. <tbody>
  6118. <row>
  6119. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
  6120. <entry/>
  6121. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shi</foreignphrase></entry>
  6122. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuótiān</foreignphrase></entry>
  6123. <entry/>
  6124. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase></entry>
  6125. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de</foreignphrase></entry>
  6126. <entry>It was YESTERDAY that he came.</entry>
  6127. </row>
  6128. <row>
  6129. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
  6130. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú</foreignphrase></entry>
  6131. <entry/>
  6132. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuótiān</foreignphrase></entry>
  6133. <entry/>
  6134. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase></entry>
  6135. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de</foreignphrase></entry>
  6136. <entry>It wasn't YESTERDAY that he came.</entry>
  6137. </row>
  6138. </tbody>
  6139. </tgroup>
  6140. </informaltable><informaltable>
  6141. <tgroup cols="8">
  6142. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6143. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6144. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6145. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.5*"/>
  6146. <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6147. <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6148. <colspec colname="c7" colnum="7" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6149. <colspec colname="c8" colnum="8" colwidth="7.0*"/>
  6150. <tbody>
  6151. <row>
  6152. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
  6153. <entry/>
  6154. <entry/>
  6155. <entry/>
  6156. <entry/>
  6157. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase></entry>
  6158. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6159. <entry>He has come.</entry>
  6160. </row>
  6161. <row>
  6162. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
  6163. <entry/>
  6164. <entry/>
  6165. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase></entry>
  6166. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase></entry>
  6167. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6168. <entry/>
  6169. <entry>He hasn't come.</entry>
  6170. </row>
  6171. </tbody>
  6172. </tgroup>
  6173. </informaltable><informaltable>
  6174. <tgroup cols="8">
  6175. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6176. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6177. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6178. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.5*"/>
  6179. <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6180. <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6181. <colspec colname="c7" colnum="7" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6182. <colspec colname="c8" colnum="8" colwidth="7.0*"/>
  6183. <tbody>
  6184. <row>
  6185. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
  6186. <entry/>
  6187. <entry/>
  6188. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míngtiān</foreignphrase></entry>
  6189. <entry/>
  6190. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6191. <entry/>
  6192. <entry>He is coming tomorrow.</entry>
  6193. </row>
  6194. <row>
  6195. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
  6196. <entry/>
  6197. <entry/>
  6198. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míngtiān</foreignphrase></entry>
  6199. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase></entry>
  6200. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6201. <entry/>
  6202. <entry>He isn't coming tomorrow.</entry>
  6203. </row>
  6204. </tbody>
  6205. </tgroup>
  6206. </informaltable></para>
  6207. <para>Notice that in a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase> construction the negative <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú</foreignphrase> precedes the verb
  6208. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> rather
  6209. than the main verb. Short answers are also formed with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> rather than with the main verb:<informaltable>
  6210. <tgroup cols="2">
  6211. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6212. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6213. <tbody>
  6214. <row>
  6215. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi yíge
  6216. rén láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6217. <entry>Did you come alone?</entry>
  6218. </row>
  6219. <row>
  6220. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, wǒ shì
  6221. yíge rén láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6222. <entry>Yes, I came alone.</entry>
  6223. </row>
  6224. <row>
  6225. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Búshì, wǒ
  6226. bú shi yíge rén láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6227. <entry>No, I didn't come alone.</entry>
  6228. </row>
  6229. </tbody>
  6230. </tgroup>
  6231. </informaltable></para>
  6232. <para>The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase>
  6233. construction is not used in every completed-action sentence containing a
  6234. time, place, or manner phrase. If the center of interest is still whether or
  6235. not the action took place, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> is used. If, for example, you knew that someone was
  6236. expected to come yesterday and you wanted to find out only whether he
  6237. actually did come, the conversation might go as follows:<informaltable frame="none">
  6238. <tgroup cols="3">
  6239. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  6240. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*"/>
  6241. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
  6242. <tbody>
  6243. <row>
  6244. <entry>A:</entry>
  6245. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
  6246. méi lái ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6247. <entry>Didn't he COME yesterday?</entry>
  6248. </row>
  6249. <row>
  6250. <entry>B:</entry>
  6251. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
  6252. lái le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6253. <entry>He DID COME yesterday.</entry>
  6254. </row>
  6255. </tbody>
  6256. </tgroup>
  6257. </informaltable></para>
  6258. <para>Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge
  6259. rén</foreignphrase> means "one person." When the expression is used to
  6260. describe how someone does something, translate it as "alone"</para>
  6261. </section>
  6262. <section>
  6263. <title>Notes on №8-9</title>
  6264. <informaltable>
  6265. <tgroup cols="5">
  6266. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  6267. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  6268. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  6269. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  6270. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  6271. <tbody>
  6272. <row>
  6273. <entry>8.</entry>
  6274. <entry>A:</entry>
  6275. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shénme
  6276. shíhou zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6277. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你什么时候走?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6278. <entry>When are you leaving?</entry>
  6279. </row>
  6280. <row>
  6281. <entry/>
  6282. <entry>B:</entry>
  6283. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān
  6284. zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6285. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我今天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
  6286. <entry>I'm leaving today.</entry>
  6287. </row>
  6288. <row>
  6289. <entry/>
  6290. <entry/>
  6291. <entry/>
  6292. <entry/>
  6293. <entry/>
  6294. </row>
  6295. <row>
  6296. <entry>9.</entry>
  6297. <entry>A:</entry>
  6298. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ něitiān
  6299. zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6300. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你哪天走?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6301. <entry>What day are you leaving?</entry>
  6302. </row>
  6303. <row>
  6304. <entry/>
  6305. <entry>B:</entry>
  6306. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān
  6307. zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6308. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我今天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
  6309. <entry>I'm leaving today.</entry>
  6310. </row>
  6311. </tbody>
  6312. </tgroup>
  6313. </informaltable>
  6314. <para>The word for "day" is the bound word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tiān</foreignphrase>. To ask "what day"
  6315. (literally "which day"), the bound word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi-</foreignphrase> "which," is combined
  6316. with the bound word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tiān</foreignphrase>, "day": <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něitiān</foreignphrase> (like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něiguó</foreignphrase>, "which country").<informaltable>
  6317. <tgroup cols="2">
  6318. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6319. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
  6320. <tbody>
  6321. <row>
  6322. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něitiān?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6323. <entry>what day?/which day?</entry>
  6324. </row>
  6325. <row>
  6326. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiántiān</foreignphrase></entry>
  6327. <entry>day before yesterday</entry>
  6328. </row>
  6329. <row>
  6330. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuótiān</foreignphrase></entry>
  6331. <entry>yesterday</entry>
  6332. </row>
  6333. <row>
  6334. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīntiān</foreignphrase></entry>
  6335. <entry>today</entry>
  6336. </row>
  6337. <row>
  6338. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míngtiān</foreignphrase></entry>
  6339. <entry>tomorrow</entry>
  6340. </row>
  6341. <row>
  6342. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòutiān</foreignphrase></entry>
  6343. <entry>day after tomorrow</entry>
  6344. </row>
  6345. </tbody>
  6346. </tgroup>
  6347. </informaltable></para>
  6348. <para>Some speakers say the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tiān</foreignphrase> in these words in the Neutral tone:
  6349. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiántian</foreignphrase>,<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuótian</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīntian</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míngtian</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòutian</foreignphrase>.</para>
  6350. </section>
  6351. </section>
  6352. </section>
  6353. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  6354. <section>
  6355. <title>Drills</title>
  6356. <para/>
  6357. </section>
  6358. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  6359. <section>
  6360. <title>Criterion test</title>
  6361. <para/>
  6362. </section>
  6363. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  6364. <section>
  6365. <title>Appendices</title>
  6366. <para/>
  6367. <section>
  6368. <title>Appendix </title>
  6369. <para/>
  6370. </section>
  6371. <section>
  6372. <title>Appendix </title>
  6373. <para/>
  6374. </section>
  6375. <section>
  6376. <title>Appendix </title>
  6377. <para/>
  6378. </section>
  6379. <section>
  6380. <title>Appendix </title>
  6381. <para/>
  6382. </section>
  6383. <section>
  6384. <title>Appendix </title>
  6385. <para/>
  6386. </section>
  6387. </section>
  6388. </section>
  6389. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  6390. <section>
  6391. <title>Unit 5</title>
  6392. <para/>
  6393. <section>
  6394. <title>Introduction</title>
  6395. <para/>
  6396. <section>
  6397. <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
  6398. <orderedlist>
  6399. <listitem>
  6400. <para>Date and Place of birth.</para>
  6401. </listitem>
  6402. <listitem>
  6403. <para>Days of the week.</para>
  6404. </listitem>
  6405. <listitem>
  6406. <para>Ages.</para>
  6407. </listitem>
  6408. <listitem>
  6409. <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> for new situations.</para>
  6410. </listitem>
  6411. </orderedlist>
  6412. </section>
  6413. <section>
  6414. <title>Material you will need</title>
  6415. <orderedlist>
  6416. <listitem>
  6417. <para>The C-1 and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</para>
  6418. </listitem>
  6419. <listitem>
  6420. <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes.</para>
  6421. </listitem>
  6422. <listitem>
  6423. <para>The 5D-1 tape.</para>
  6424. </listitem>
  6425. </orderedlist>
  6426. </section>
  6427. </section>
  6428. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  6429. <section>
  6430. <title>References</title>
  6431. <para/>
  6432. <section>
  6433. <title>Reference List</title>
  6434. <para/>
  6435. <informaltable>
  6436. <tgroup cols="5">
  6437. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  6438. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  6439. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  6440. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  6441. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  6442. <tbody>
  6443. <row>
  6444. <entry>1.</entry>
  6445. <entry>A:</entry>
  6446. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Andesen Fūren, nǐ
  6447. shì zài nǎr shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6448. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">安德森夫人,你是在哪儿生的?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6449. <entry>Mrs. Andersen, where were you born?</entry>
  6450. </row>
  6451. <row>
  6452. <entry/>
  6453. <entry>B:</entry>
  6454. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì zài Dézhōu
  6455. shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6456. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是在得州生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
  6457. <entry>I was born in Texas.</entry>
  6458. </row>
  6459. <row>
  6460. <entry/>
  6461. <entry/>
  6462. <entry/>
  6463. <entry/>
  6464. <entry/>
  6465. </row>
  6466. <row>
  6467. <entry>2.</entry>
  6468. <entry>A:</entry>
  6469. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen shì Xīngqīsì
  6470. dàode ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6471. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们是星期四到的吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6472. <entry>Did you arrive on Thursday?</entry>
  6473. </row>
  6474. <row>
  6475. <entry/>
  6476. <entry>B:</entry>
  6477. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì, wǒmen shì
  6478. Xīngqīwǔ dàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6479. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是,我们是星期五到的。</foreignphrase></entry>
  6480. <entry>No, we arrived on Friday.</entry>
  6481. </row>
  6482. <row>
  6483. <entry/>
  6484. <entry/>
  6485. <entry/>
  6486. <entry/>
  6487. <entry/>
  6488. </row>
  6489. <row>
  6490. <entry>3.</entry>
  6491. <entry>A:</entry>
  6492. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen xīngqījǐ
  6493. zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6494. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们星期几走?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6495. <entry>What day of the week are you leaving?</entry>
  6496. </row>
  6497. <row>
  6498. <entry/>
  6499. <entry>B:</entry>
  6500. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen Xīngqītiān
  6501. zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6502. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我们星期天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
  6503. <entry>We are leaving on Sunday.</entry>
  6504. </row>
  6505. <row>
  6506. <entry/>
  6507. <entry/>
  6508. <entry/>
  6509. <entry/>
  6510. <entry/>
  6511. </row>
  6512. <row>
  6513. <entry>4.</entry>
  6514. <entry>A:</entry>
  6515. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì něinián
  6516. shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6517. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是哪年生的?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6518. <entry>What year are you born?</entry>
  6519. </row>
  6520. <row>
  6521. <entry/>
  6522. <entry>B:</entry>
  6523. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Yī jiǔ sān
  6524. jiǔ nián shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6525. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是一九三九年生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
  6526. <entry>I was born in 1939.</entry>
  6527. </row>
  6528. <row>
  6529. <entry/>
  6530. <entry/>
  6531. <entry/>
  6532. <entry/>
  6533. <entry/>
  6534. </row>
  6535. <row>
  6536. <entry>5.</entry>
  6537. <entry>A:</entry>
  6538. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì jǐyüè
  6539. shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6540. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是几月生的?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6541. <entry>What month were you born?</entry>
  6542. </row>
  6543. <row>
  6544. <entry/>
  6545. <entry>B:</entry>
  6546. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Qíyüè
  6547. shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6548. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是七月生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
  6549. <entry>I was born in July.</entry>
  6550. </row>
  6551. <row>
  6552. <entry/>
  6553. <entry/>
  6554. <entry/>
  6555. <entry/>
  6556. <entry/>
  6557. </row>
  6558. <row>
  6559. <entry>6.</entry>
  6560. <entry>A:</entry>
  6561. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì jǐhào
  6562. shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6563. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是几号生的?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6564. <entry>What day of the month were you born?</entry>
  6565. </row>
  6566. <row>
  6567. <entry/>
  6568. <entry>B:</entry>
  6569. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Sìhào
  6570. shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6571. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是四号生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
  6572. <entry>I was born on the fourth.</entry>
  6573. </row>
  6574. <row>
  6575. <entry/>
  6576. <entry/>
  6577. <entry/>
  6578. <entry/>
  6579. <entry/>
  6580. </row>
  6581. <row>
  6582. <entry>7.</entry>
  6583. <entry>A:</entry>
  6584. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duó dà
  6585. le?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6586. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你多大了?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6587. <entry>How old are you?</entry>
  6588. </row>
  6589. <row>
  6590. <entry/>
  6591. <entry>B:</entry>
  6592. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ èr shi sì
  6593. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6594. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我二十四了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  6595. <entry>I'm 24.</entry>
  6596. </row>
  6597. <row>
  6598. <entry/>
  6599. <entry/>
  6600. <entry/>
  6601. <entry/>
  6602. <entry/>
  6603. </row>
  6604. <row>
  6605. <entry>8.</entry>
  6606. <entry>A:</entry>
  6607. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duó dà
  6608. le?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6609. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你多大了?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6610. <entry>How old are you?</entry>
  6611. </row>
  6612. <row>
  6613. <entry/>
  6614. <entry>B:</entry>
  6615. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ sān shi wǔ
  6616. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6617. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我三十五了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  6618. <entry>I'm 35.</entry>
  6619. </row>
  6620. <row>
  6621. <entry/>
  6622. <entry/>
  6623. <entry/>
  6624. <entry/>
  6625. <entry/>
  6626. </row>
  6627. <row>
  6628. <entry>9.</entry>
  6629. <entry>A:</entry>
  6630. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen nǚháizi jǐsuì
  6631. le?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6632. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们女孩子几岁了?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6633. <entry>How old is your girl?</entry>
  6634. </row>
  6635. <row>
  6636. <entry/>
  6637. <entry>B:</entry>
  6638. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā básuì
  6639. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6640. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她八岁了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  6641. <entry>She's eight years old.</entry>
  6642. </row>
  6643. <row>
  6644. <entry/>
  6645. <entry/>
  6646. <entry/>
  6647. <entry/>
  6648. <entry/>
  6649. </row>
  6650. <row>
  6651. <entry>10.</entry>
  6652. <entry>A:</entry>
  6653. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen nánháizi dōu
  6654. jǐsuì le?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6655. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们男孩子都几岁了?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6656. <entry>How old are your boys?</entry>
  6657. </row>
  6658. <row>
  6659. <entry/>
  6660. <entry>B:</entry>
  6661. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge jiǔsuì le,
  6662. yíge liùsuì le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6663. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一个九岁了, 一个六岁了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  6664. <entry>One is nine, and one is six.</entry>
  6665. </row>
  6666. </tbody>
  6667. </tgroup>
  6668. </informaltable>
  6669. </section>
  6670. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  6671. <section>
  6672. <title>Vocabulary</title>
  6673. <para/>
  6674. <informaltable>
  6675. <tgroup cols="3">
  6676. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
  6677. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6678. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  6679. <tbody>
  6680. <row>
  6681. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duó
  6682. dà</foreignphrase></entry>
  6683. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">多大</foreignphrase></entry>
  6684. <entry>how old</entry>
  6685. </row>
  6686. <row>
  6687. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòunián
  6688. (hòunian)</foreignphrase></entry>
  6689. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">后年</foreignphrase></entry>
  6690. <entry>the year after next</entry>
  6691. </row>
  6692. <row>
  6693. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǐhào</foreignphrase></entry>
  6694. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">几号</foreignphrase></entry>
  6695. <entry>what day of the month?</entry>
  6696. </row>
  6697. <row>
  6698. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīnnián
  6699. (jīnnian)</foreignphrase></entry>
  6700. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">今年</foreignphrase></entry>
  6701. <entry>this year</entry>
  6702. </row>
  6703. <row>
  6704. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǐsuì</foreignphrase></entry>
  6705. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">几岁</foreignphrase></entry>
  6706. <entry>how old</entry>
  6707. </row>
  6708. <row>
  6709. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǐyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
  6710. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">几月</foreignphrase></entry>
  6711. <entry>what month</entry>
  6712. </row>
  6713. <row>
  6714. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míngnián
  6715. (míngnian)</foreignphrase></entry>
  6716. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">明年</foreignphrase></entry>
  6717. <entry>next year</entry>
  6718. </row>
  6719. <row>
  6720. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něinián</foreignphrase></entry>
  6721. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪年?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6722. <entry>which year</entry>
  6723. </row>
  6724. <row>
  6725. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niánnián
  6726. (niánnian)</foreignphrase></entry>
  6727. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">年年</foreignphrase></entry>
  6728. <entry>every year</entry>
  6729. </row>
  6730. <row>
  6731. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiánnián
  6732. (qiánnian)</foreignphrase></entry>
  6733. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">前年</foreignphrase></entry>
  6734. <entry>the year before last</entry>
  6735. </row>
  6736. <row>
  6737. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǜnián
  6738. (qǜnian)</foreignphrase></entry>
  6739. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">去年</foreignphrase></entry>
  6740. <entry>last year</entry>
  6741. </row>
  6742. <row>
  6743. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shàngge
  6744. yüè</foreignphrase></entry>
  6745. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">上个月</foreignphrase></entry>
  6746. <entry>last month</entry>
  6747. </row>
  6748. <row>
  6749. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēng</foreignphrase></entry>
  6750. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">生</foreignphrase></entry>
  6751. <entry>to be born</entry>
  6752. </row>
  6753. <row>
  6754. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-suì</foreignphrase></entry>
  6755. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">岁</foreignphrase></entry>
  6756. <entry>year (of age)</entry>
  6757. </row>
  6758. <row>
  6759. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàge
  6760. yüè</foreignphrase></entry>
  6761. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">下个月</foreignphrase></entry>
  6762. <entry>next month</entry>
  6763. </row>
  6764. <row>
  6765. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīngqīèr</foreignphrase></entry>
  6766. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">星期二</foreignphrase></entry>
  6767. <entry>Tuesday</entry>
  6768. </row>
  6769. <row>
  6770. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīngqījǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
  6771. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">星期几</foreignphrase></entry>
  6772. <entry>what day of the week</entry>
  6773. </row>
  6774. <row>
  6775. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīngqīliù</foreignphrase></entry>
  6776. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">星期六</foreignphrase></entry>
  6777. <entry>Saturday</entry>
  6778. </row>
  6779. <row>
  6780. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīngqīsān</foreignphrase></entry>
  6781. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">星期三</foreignphrase></entry>
  6782. <entry>Wednesday</entry>
  6783. </row>
  6784. <row>
  6785. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīngqīsì</foreignphrase></entry>
  6786. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">星期四</foreignphrase></entry>
  6787. <entry>Thursday</entry>
  6788. </row>
  6789. <row>
  6790. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīngqītiān</foreignphrase></entry>
  6791. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">星期日,星期天</foreignphrase></entry>
  6792. <entry>Sunday</entry>
  6793. </row>
  6794. <row>
  6795. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīngqīwǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
  6796. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">星期五</foreignphrase></entry>
  6797. <entry>Friday</entry>
  6798. </row>
  6799. <row>
  6800. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīngqīyī</foreignphrase></entry>
  6801. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">星期一</foreignphrase></entry>
  6802. <entry>Monday</entry>
  6803. </row>
  6804. <row>
  6805. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zheìge
  6806. yüè</foreignphrase></entry>
  6807. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这个月</foreignphrase></entry>
  6808. <entry>this month</entry>
  6809. </row>
  6810. </tbody>
  6811. </tgroup>
  6812. </informaltable>
  6813. </section>
  6814. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  6815. <section>
  6816. <title>Reference Notes</title>
  6817. <para/>
  6818. <section>
  6819. <title>Notes on №1</title>
  6820. <informaltable>
  6821. <tgroup cols="5">
  6822. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  6823. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  6824. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  6825. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  6826. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  6827. <tbody>
  6828. <row>
  6829. <entry>1.</entry>
  6830. <entry>A:</entry>
  6831. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Andesen Fūren,
  6832. nǐ shì zài nǎr shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6833. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">安德森夫人,你是在哪儿生的?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6834. <entry>Mrs. Andersen, where were you born?</entry>
  6835. </row>
  6836. <row>
  6837. <entry/>
  6838. <entry>B:</entry>
  6839. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì zài
  6840. Dézhōu shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6841. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是在得州生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
  6842. <entry>I was born in Texas.</entry>
  6843. </row>
  6844. </tbody>
  6845. </tgroup>
  6846. </informaltable>
  6847. <para>The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì...de</foreignphrase>
  6848. construction is used to focus on place expressions as well as on time and
  6849. manner expressions.<informaltable>
  6850. <tgroup cols="6">
  6851. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6852. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6853. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6854. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6855. <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6856. <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="4.0*"/>
  6857. <tbody>
  6858. <row>
  6859. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
  6860. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shi</foreignphrase></entry>
  6861. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
  6862. Měiguó</foreignphrase></entry>
  6863. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēng</foreignphrase></entry>
  6864. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6865. <entry>I was born in America. WHERE</entry>
  6866. </row>
  6867. <row>
  6868. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
  6869. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shi</foreignphrase></entry>
  6870. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuótiān</foreignphrase></entry>
  6871. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase></entry>
  6872. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6873. <entry>I arrived yesterday. WHEN</entry>
  6874. </row>
  6875. <row>
  6876. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
  6877. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shi</foreignphrase></entry>
  6878. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge
  6879. rén</foreignphrase></entry>
  6880. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase></entry>
  6881. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6882. <entry>I came alone. HOW</entry>
  6883. </row>
  6884. </tbody>
  6885. </tgroup>
  6886. </informaltable></para>
  6887. </section>
  6888. <section>
  6889. <title>Notes on №2-3</title>
  6890. <informaltable>
  6891. <tgroup cols="5">
  6892. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  6893. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  6894. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  6895. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  6896. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  6897. <tbody>
  6898. <row>
  6899. <entry>2.</entry>
  6900. <entry>A:</entry>
  6901. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen shì
  6902. Xīngqīsì dàode ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6903. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们是星期四到的吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6904. <entry>Did you arrive on Thursday?</entry>
  6905. </row>
  6906. <row>
  6907. <entry/>
  6908. <entry>B:</entry>
  6909. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì, wǒmen
  6910. shì Xīngqīwǔ dàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6911. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是,我们是星期五到的。</foreignphrase></entry>
  6912. <entry>No, we arrived on Friday.</entry>
  6913. </row>
  6914. <row>
  6915. <entry/>
  6916. <entry/>
  6917. <entry/>
  6918. <entry/>
  6919. <entry/>
  6920. </row>
  6921. <row>
  6922. <entry>3.</entry>
  6923. <entry>A:</entry>
  6924. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen xīngqījǐ
  6925. zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6926. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们星期几走?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6927. <entry>What day of the week are you leaving?</entry>
  6928. </row>
  6929. <row>
  6930. <entry/>
  6931. <entry>B:</entry>
  6932. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
  6933. Xīngqītiān zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6934. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我们星期天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
  6935. <entry>We are leaving on Sunday.</entry>
  6936. </row>
  6937. </tbody>
  6938. </tgroup>
  6939. </informaltable>
  6940. <para><emphasis role="bold">Days of the week:</emphasis></para>
  6941. <informaltable>
  6942. <tgroup cols="2">
  6943. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6944. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  6945. <tbody>
  6946. <row>
  6947. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīngqījǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
  6948. <entry>What day of the week?</entry>
  6949. </row>
  6950. <row>
  6951. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīngqīyī</foreignphrase></entry>
  6952. <entry>Monday</entry>
  6953. </row>
  6954. <row>
  6955. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīngqīèr</foreignphrase></entry>
  6956. <entry>Tuesday</entry>
  6957. </row>
  6958. <row>
  6959. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīngqīsàn</foreignphrase></entry>
  6960. <entry>Wednesday</entry>
  6961. </row>
  6962. <row>
  6963. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīngqīsì</foreignphrase></entry>
  6964. <entry>Thursday</entry>
  6965. </row>
  6966. <row>
  6967. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xingqīwǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
  6968. <entry>Friday</entry>
  6969. </row>
  6970. <row>
  6971. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīngqīliù</foreignphrase></entry>
  6972. <entry>Saturday</entry>
  6973. </row>
  6974. <row>
  6975. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīngqītiān</foreignphrase></entry>
  6976. <entry>Sunday</entry>
  6977. </row>
  6978. </tbody>
  6979. </tgroup>
  6980. </informaltable>
  6981. <para>Until now, you have always seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǐ</foreignphrase>, "how many," at the beginning of a word
  6982. (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǐge háizi, jǐwèi xiānsheng,
  6983. jǐhào</foreignphrase>). In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīngqījǐ</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-jǐ</foreignphrase> is at the end of the word. In both places, occupies
  6984. the position of a number and acts like a number: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīngqījǐ</foreignphrase>, "What number day of
  6985. the week?"</para>
  6986. </section>
  6987. <section>
  6988. <title>Notes on №4</title>
  6989. <informaltable>
  6990. <tgroup cols="5">
  6991. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  6992. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  6993. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  6994. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  6995. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  6996. <tbody>
  6997. <row>
  6998. <entry>4.</entry>
  6999. <entry>A:</entry>
  7000. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì něinián
  7001. shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7002. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是哪年生的?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7003. <entry>What year are you born?</entry>
  7004. </row>
  7005. <row>
  7006. <entry/>
  7007. <entry>B:</entry>
  7008. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Yī jiǔ
  7009. sān jiǔ nián shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7010. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是一九三九年生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
  7011. <entry>I was born in 1939.</entry>
  7012. </row>
  7013. </tbody>
  7014. </tgroup>
  7015. </informaltable>
  7016. <para>The word for "year," -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nián</foreignphrase> is a bound word (like the word for "day,"
  7017. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tiān</foreignphrase>). The
  7018. question word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něinián</foreignphrase>, "which year," is formed with the bound word
  7019. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi</foreignphrase>
  7020. "which."</para>
  7021. <para>The year is given as a sequence of digits, so that 1972, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yījiǔqīèrnián</foreignphrase> would literally
  7022. be "one-nine-seven-two year." In a sequence of digits, the word
  7023. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">èr-</foreignphrase> (not
  7024. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎng-</foreignphrase> is used
  7025. for 2, and the words for 1, T, and 8 keep their basic high tones. (See notes
  7026. on No. 10 for cases in which these tones change.)</para>
  7027. </section>
  7028. <section>
  7029. <title>Notes on №5</title>
  7030. <informaltable>
  7031. <tgroup cols="5">
  7032. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  7033. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  7034. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  7035. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  7036. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  7037. <tbody>
  7038. <row>
  7039. <entry>5.</entry>
  7040. <entry>A:</entry>
  7041. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì jǐyüè
  7042. shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7043. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是几月生的?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7044. <entry>What month were you born?</entry>
  7045. </row>
  7046. <row>
  7047. <entry/>
  7048. <entry>B:</entry>
  7049. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Qíyüè
  7050. shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7051. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是七月生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
  7052. <entry>I was born in July.</entry>
  7053. </row>
  7054. </tbody>
  7055. </tgroup>
  7056. </informaltable>
  7057. <para><emphasis role="bold">Months:</emphasis></para>
  7058. <informaltable>
  7059. <tgroup cols="4">
  7060. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  7061. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  7062. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  7063. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  7064. <tbody>
  7065. <row>
  7066. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǐyüè?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7067. <entry>What month?</entry>
  7068. <entry/>
  7069. <entry/>
  7070. </row>
  7071. <row>
  7072. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
  7073. <entry>January</entry>
  7074. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qíyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
  7075. <entry>July</entry>
  7076. </row>
  7077. <row>
  7078. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">èryüè</foreignphrase></entry>
  7079. <entry>February</entry>
  7080. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">báyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
  7081. <entry>August</entry>
  7082. </row>
  7083. <row>
  7084. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
  7085. <entry>March</entry>
  7086. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǔyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
  7087. <entry>September</entry>
  7088. </row>
  7089. <row>
  7090. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sìyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
  7091. <entry>April</entry>
  7092. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
  7093. <entry>October</entry>
  7094. </row>
  7095. <row>
  7096. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǔyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
  7097. <entry>May</entry>
  7098. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǐyīyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
  7099. <entry>November</entry>
  7100. </row>
  7101. <row>
  7102. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liùyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
  7103. <entry>June</entry>
  7104. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíèryüè</foreignphrase></entry>
  7105. <entry>December</entry>
  7106. </row>
  7107. </tbody>
  7108. </tgroup>
  7109. </informaltable>
  7110. <para>Since the names of the months are formed with numbers, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǐ-</foreignphrase> "how many," is the
  7111. appropriate question word to use for "what month." <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jǐ-</foreignphrase> is used in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> to ask for a number
  7112. expected to be around 10 or 11. </para>
  7113. <para>Notice the tones on the words for 1, 7 and 8, which most Peking speakers
  7114. pronounce as Rising before Falling-tone words such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yüè</foreignphrase>. The syllable
  7115. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-yī-</foreignphrase> in the
  7116. word for "November," however, is usually pronounced with the High tone:
  7117. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíyīyüè</foreignphrase> (See
  7118. the notes on No, 10 for a summary of tone changes.)</para>
  7119. </section>
  7120. <section>
  7121. <title>Notes on №6</title>
  7122. <informaltable>
  7123. <tgroup cols="5">
  7124. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  7125. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  7126. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  7127. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  7128. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  7129. <tbody>
  7130. <row>
  7131. <entry>6.</entry>
  7132. <entry>A:</entry>
  7133. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì jǐhào
  7134. shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7135. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是几号生的?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7136. <entry>What day of the month were you born?</entry>
  7137. </row>
  7138. <row>
  7139. <entry/>
  7140. <entry>B:</entry>
  7141. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Sìhào
  7142. shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7143. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是四号生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
  7144. <entry>I was born on the fourth.</entry>
  7145. </row>
  7146. </tbody>
  7147. </tgroup>
  7148. </informaltable>
  7149. <para>Days of the month are expressed by the number of the day followed by the
  7150. bound word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-haò</foreignphrase>.
  7151. You will remember that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-hào</foreignphrase> is also used in giving addresses. </para>
  7152. <para>In asking about days of the month, "how many," is used, even though the
  7153. question may be answered by a number as high as 31. The month and day of the
  7154. month may be given together. For example:</para>
  7155. <informaltable>
  7156. <tgroup cols="2">
  7157. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  7158. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  7159. <tbody>
  7160. <row>
  7161. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi jǐyüè
  7162. jǐhào shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7163. <entry>What is your month and day of birth?</entry>
  7164. </row>
  7165. <row>
  7166. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi bāyüè
  7167. jiǔhào shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7168. <entry>I was born on August 9.</entry>
  7169. </row>
  7170. </tbody>
  7171. </tgroup>
  7172. </informaltable>
  7173. </section>
  7174. <section>
  7175. <title>Notes on №7-8</title>
  7176. <informaltable>
  7177. <tgroup cols="5">
  7178. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  7179. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  7180. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  7181. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  7182. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  7183. <tbody>
  7184. <row>
  7185. <entry>7.</entry>
  7186. <entry>A:</entry>
  7187. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duó dà
  7188. le?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7189. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你多大了?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7190. <entry>How old are you?</entry>
  7191. </row>
  7192. <row>
  7193. <entry/>
  7194. <entry>B:</entry>
  7195. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ èr shi sì
  7196. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7197. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我二十四了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  7198. <entry>I'm 24.</entry>
  7199. </row>
  7200. <row>
  7201. <entry/>
  7202. <entry/>
  7203. <entry/>
  7204. <entry/>
  7205. <entry/>
  7206. </row>
  7207. <row>
  7208. <entry>8.</entry>
  7209. <entry>A:</entry>
  7210. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duó dà
  7211. le?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7212. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你多大了?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7213. <entry>How old are you?</entry>
  7214. </row>
  7215. <row>
  7216. <entry/>
  7217. <entry>B:</entry>
  7218. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ sān shi wǔ
  7219. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7220. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我三十五了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  7221. <entry>I'm 35.</entry>
  7222. </row>
  7223. </tbody>
  7224. </tgroup>
  7225. </informaltable>
  7226. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duō dà le?</foreignphrase>
  7227. "How old are you?" literally means "How big (in years of age) are you?" This
  7228. is a common way to ask a person's age. The question is appropriate for
  7229. asking the age of a child or a young adult, but the expression is not
  7230. considered polite enough for asking an older adult his age. (More formal
  7231. ways to ask a person's age will be introduced on the C-2, P-2, and drill
  7232. tapes.)</para>
  7233. <para> The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>_which ends these sentences calls attention to the fact
  7234. that something is true now that was not true before. <note>
  7235. <para>Ages may also be asked and given without using the new-situation
  7236. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>.</para>
  7237. </note>Le has only this new-situation meaning in these sentences. It has no
  7238. meaning of completion, since in fact, there is no completed event. </para>
  7239. <para>One way to reflect the new-situation <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> in the English translation
  7240. is to add the word "now": I'm 35 now." Essentially, however, "new situation"
  7241. (sometimes called change of state") is a Chinese grammatical category with
  7242. no simple English equivalent. </para>
  7243. <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>
  7244. for new situations is always found at the end of a sentence and is sometimes
  7245. called "sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>."</para>
  7246. <para>Notice that neither answer contains a verb. The verb that has been left
  7247. out is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase> "to
  7248. have." The verb may not be left out in the negative: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méiyou sānshiwǔ.</foreignphrase> "I’m not
  7249. 35."</para>
  7250. </section>
  7251. <section>
  7252. <title>Notes on №9</title>
  7253. <informaltable>
  7254. <tgroup cols="5">
  7255. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  7256. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  7257. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  7258. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  7259. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  7260. <tbody>
  7261. <row>
  7262. <entry>9.</entry>
  7263. <entry>A:</entry>
  7264. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen nǚháizi
  7265. jǐsuì le?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7266. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们女孩子几岁了?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7267. <entry>How old is your girl?</entry>
  7268. </row>
  7269. <row>
  7270. <entry/>
  7271. <entry>B:</entry>
  7272. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā básuì
  7273. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7274. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她八岁了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  7275. <entry>She's eight years old.</entry>
  7276. </row>
  7277. </tbody>
  7278. </tgroup>
  7279. </informaltable>
  7280. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-suì</foreignphrase>: In the
  7281. traditional Chinese system of giving ages, a person is one -sui old at birth
  7282. and becomes another <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-suì</foreignphrase> old on the New Year's following his birth. A baby
  7283. born the day before New Year's would thus be two <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-suì</foreignphrase> old on the day after his
  7284. birth. Most Chinese, however, have now switched to the Western style of
  7285. computing age and use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-suì</foreignphrase> just as we use years old. </para>
  7286. <para>The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-suì</foreignphrase>
  7287. like the word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-hào</foreignphrase>, is a bound word shoving what kind of thing a number
  7288. is counting. </para>
  7289. <para>In a date or address you are listing a number and use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">èr</foreignphrase> for 2, while in giving an
  7290. age you are counting an amount of something and use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎng</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎngsuì</foreignphrase>, "two years
  7291. old."</para>
  7292. </section>
  7293. <section>
  7294. <title>Notes on №10</title>
  7295. <informaltable>
  7296. <tgroup cols="5">
  7297. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  7298. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  7299. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  7300. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  7301. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  7302. <tbody>
  7303. <row>
  7304. <entry>10.</entry>
  7305. <entry>A:</entry>
  7306. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen nánháizi
  7307. dōu jǐsuì le?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7308. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们男孩子都几岁了?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7309. <entry>How old are your boys?</entry>
  7310. </row>
  7311. <row>
  7312. <entry/>
  7313. <entry>B:</entry>
  7314. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge jiǔsuì le,
  7315. yíge liùsuì le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7316. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一个九岁了, 一个六岁了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  7317. <entry>One is nine, and one is six.</entry>
  7318. </row>
  7319. </tbody>
  7320. </tgroup>
  7321. </informaltable>
  7322. <para>The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase> is
  7323. used when "both" or "all" would probably not be used in English, namely,
  7324. when expecting different information about each of the things (or persons)
  7325. being discussed. "All" tends to be collective, asking or telling about
  7326. something the members of a group have in common. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu</foreignphrase> can be distributive,
  7327. asking or telling something about the members of a group as
  7328. individuals.</para>
  7329. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yí, qí, bá</foreignphrase>: In
  7330. the spoken language of Peking, the basic High tones of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qī</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bā</foreignphrase> usually change to Rising
  7331. tones before Falling-tone words (such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-hào</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yüè</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-suì</foreignphrase>). This change is most
  7332. common when the complete number given has only one digit. When there are two
  7333. or more digits, the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qī</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bā</foreignphrase> of numbers ending in 7 and 8 are more likely to have
  7334. Rising tones than the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase> of numbers ending in 1 (which is usually in the High
  7335. tone). </para>
  7336. <para>Compare:<informaltable>
  7337. <tgroup cols="2">
  7338. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  7339. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  7340. <tbody>
  7341. <row>
  7342. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíqíhào</foreignphrase></entry>
  7343. <entry>the 17th</entry>
  7344. </row>
  7345. <row>
  7346. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíyīyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
  7347. <entry>November</entry>
  7348. </row>
  7349. </tbody>
  7350. </tgroup>
  7351. </informaltable></para>
  7352. <para>In all cases, the High tone is more likely to be kept in rapid speech. You
  7353. may also encounter speakers who never make changes in the tones of
  7354. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase>,
  7355. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qī</foreignphrase> and
  7356. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bā</foreignphrase>.</para>
  7357. <para>Remember that, in the digit-by-digit form of giving the year, the numbers
  7358. 1, 7, and 8 keep their basic High tones: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yījiǔbāliùnián</foreignphrase> 1986.</para>
  7359. </section>
  7360. <section>
  7361. <title>Notes on additional required vocabulary</title>
  7362. <informaltable>
  7363. <tgroup cols="6">
  7364. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  7365. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  7366. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  7367. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  7368. <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  7369. <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  7370. <tbody>
  7371. <row>
  7372. <entry>Days</entry>
  7373. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiántiān</foreignphrase></entry>
  7374. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><emphasis role="bold">zuótiān</emphasis></foreignphrase></entry>
  7375. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīntiān</foreignphrase></entry>
  7376. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mīngtiān</foreignphrase></entry>
  7377. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòutiān</foreignphrase></entry>
  7378. </row>
  7379. <row>
  7380. <entry>Years</entry>
  7381. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiánnián</foreignphrase></entry>
  7382. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><emphasis role="bold">qǜnián</emphasis></foreignphrase></entry>
  7383. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīnnián</foreignphrase></entry>
  7384. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míngnián</foreignphrase></entry>
  7385. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòunián</foreignphrase></entry>
  7386. </row>
  7387. </tbody>
  7388. </tgroup>
  7389. </informaltable>
  7390. <para>In the Chinese system of expressing relative time in terms of days and
  7391. years, only one pair of terms is not parallel: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuótiān</foreignphrase> "yesterday," and
  7392. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǜnián</foreignphrase> "last
  7393. year."</para>
  7394. </section>
  7395. </section>
  7396. </section>
  7397. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  7398. <section>
  7399. <title>Drills</title>
  7400. <para/>
  7401. </section>
  7402. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  7403. <section>
  7404. <title>Criterion test</title>
  7405. <para/>
  7406. </section>
  7407. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  7408. <section>
  7409. <title>Appendices</title>
  7410. <para/>
  7411. <section>
  7412. <title>Appendix </title>
  7413. <para/>
  7414. </section>
  7415. <section>
  7416. <title>Appendix </title>
  7417. <para/>
  7418. </section>
  7419. <section>
  7420. <title>Appendix </title>
  7421. <para/>
  7422. </section>
  7423. <section>
  7424. <title>Appendix </title>
  7425. <para/>
  7426. </section>
  7427. <section>
  7428. <title>Appendix </title>
  7429. <para/>
  7430. </section>
  7431. </section>
  7432. </section>
  7433. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  7434. <section>
  7435. <title>Unit 6</title>
  7436. <para/>
  7437. <section>
  7438. <title>Introduction</title>
  7439. <para/>
  7440. <section>
  7441. <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
  7442. <orderedlist>
  7443. <listitem>
  7444. <para>Duration phrases</para>
  7445. </listitem>
  7446. <listitem>
  7447. <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> for completion. </para>
  7448. </listitem>
  7449. <listitem>
  7450. <para>The "double <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>" construction. </para>
  7451. </listitem>
  7452. <listitem>
  7453. <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase>. </para>
  7454. </listitem>
  7455. <listitem>
  7456. <para>Action verbs.</para>
  7457. </listitem>
  7458. <listitem>
  7459. <para>State verbs.</para>
  7460. </listitem>
  7461. </orderedlist>
  7462. </section>
  7463. <section>
  7464. <title>Material you will need</title>
  7465. <orderedlist>
  7466. <listitem>
  7467. <para>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes. </para>
  7468. </listitem>
  7469. <listitem>
  7470. <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
  7471. </listitem>
  7472. <listitem>
  7473. <para>The 6D-1 tape.</para>
  7474. </listitem>
  7475. </orderedlist>
  7476. </section>
  7477. </section>
  7478. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  7479. <section>
  7480. <title>References</title>
  7481. <para/>
  7482. <section>
  7483. <title>Reference List</title>
  7484. <para/>
  7485. <informaltable>
  7486. <tgroup cols="5">
  7487. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  7488. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  7489. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  7490. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  7491. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  7492. <tbody>
  7493. <row>
  7494. <entry>1.</entry>
  7495. <entry>A:</entry>
  7496. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù duó
  7497. jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7498. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你住多久?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7499. <entry>How long are you staying?</entry>
  7500. </row>
  7501. <row>
  7502. <entry/>
  7503. <entry>B:</entry>
  7504. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù
  7505. yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7506. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我住一年。</foreignphrase></entry>
  7507. <entry>I'm staying one year.</entry>
  7508. </row>
  7509. <row>
  7510. <entry/>
  7511. <entry/>
  7512. <entry/>
  7513. <entry/>
  7514. <entry/>
  7515. </row>
  7516. <row>
  7517. <entry>2.</entry>
  7518. <entry>A:</entry>
  7519. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zhù duó
  7520. jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7521. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你太太住多久?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7522. <entry>How long is your wife staying?</entry>
  7523. </row>
  7524. <row>
  7525. <entry/>
  7526. <entry>B:</entry>
  7527. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ta zhù
  7528. liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7529. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她住两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
  7530. <entry>She is staying two days.</entry>
  7531. </row>
  7532. <row>
  7533. <entry/>
  7534. <entry/>
  7535. <entry/>
  7536. <entry/>
  7537. <entry/>
  7538. </row>
  7539. <row>
  7540. <entry>3.</entry>
  7541. <entry>A:</entry>
  7542. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài
  7543. Xiānggǎng zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7544. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你太太在香港住多久?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7545. <entry>How long is your wife staying in Hong Kong?</entry>
  7546. </row>
  7547. <row>
  7548. <entry/>
  7549. <entry>B:</entry>
  7550. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng tā zhù
  7551. liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7552. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我想她住两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
  7553. <entry>I think she is staying two days.</entry>
  7554. </row>
  7555. <row>
  7556. <entry/>
  7557. <entry/>
  7558. <entry/>
  7559. <entry/>
  7560. <entry/>
  7561. </row>
  7562. <row>
  7563. <entry>4.</entry>
  7564. <entry>A:</entry>
  7565. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng zhù duò
  7566. jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7567. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你想住多久?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7568. <entry>How long are you thinking of staying?</entry>
  7569. </row>
  7570. <row>
  7571. <entry/>
  7572. <entry>B:</entry>
  7573. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng zhù
  7574. yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7575. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我想住一年。</foreignphrase></entry>
  7576. <entry>I'm thinking of staying one year.</entry>
  7577. </row>
  7578. <row>
  7579. <entry/>
  7580. <entry/>
  7581. <entry/>
  7582. <entry/>
  7583. <entry/>
  7584. </row>
  7585. <row>
  7586. <entry>5.</entry>
  7587. <entry>A:</entry>
  7588. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng zài Táiwān
  7589. zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7590. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你想在台湾住多久?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7591. <entry>How long are you thinking of staying in Taiwan?</entry>
  7592. </row>
  7593. <row>
  7594. <entry/>
  7595. <entry>B:</entry>
  7596. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng zhù báge
  7597. yüè.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7598. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我想住八个月。</foreignphrase></entry>
  7599. <entry>I'm thinking of staying eight months.</entry>
  7600. </row>
  7601. <row>
  7602. <entry/>
  7603. <entry/>
  7604. <entry/>
  7605. <entry/>
  7606. <entry/>
  7607. </row>
  7608. <row>
  7609. <entry>6.</entry>
  7610. <entry>A:</entry>
  7611. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou xiǎng
  7612. zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7613. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友想住多久?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7614. <entry>How long is your friend thinking of staying?</entry>
  7615. </row>
  7616. <row>
  7617. <entry/>
  7618. <entry>B:</entry>
  7619. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiǎng zhù
  7620. liǎngge xīngqī.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7621. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他想住两个星期。</foreignphrase></entry>
  7622. <entry>He is thinking of staying two weeks.</entry>
  7623. </row>
  7624. <row>
  7625. <entry/>
  7626. <entry/>
  7627. <entry/>
  7628. <entry/>
  7629. <entry/>
  7630. </row>
  7631. <row>
  7632. <entry>7.</entry>
  7633. <entry>A:</entry>
  7634. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ láile duó jiǔ
  7635. le?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7636. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你来了多久了?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7637. <entry>How long have you been there?</entry>
  7638. </row>
  7639. <row>
  7640. <entry/>
  7641. <entry>B:</entry>
  7642. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ láile sāntiān
  7643. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7644. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我来了三天了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  7645. <entry>I have been here three days.</entry>
  7646. </row>
  7647. <row>
  7648. <entry/>
  7649. <entry/>
  7650. <entry/>
  7651. <entry/>
  7652. <entry/>
  7653. </row>
  7654. <row>
  7655. <entry>8.</entry>
  7656. <entry>A:</entry>
  7657. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài
  7658. Xiānggǎng zhùle duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7659. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你太太在香港住了多久?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7660. <entry>How long did your wife stay in Hong Kong?</entry>
  7661. </row>
  7662. <row>
  7663. <entry/>
  7664. <entry>B:</entry>
  7665. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhùle
  7666. liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7667. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她住了两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
  7668. <entry>She stayed two days.</entry>
  7669. </row>
  7670. <row>
  7671. <entry/>
  7672. <entry/>
  7673. <entry/>
  7674. <entry/>
  7675. <entry/>
  7676. </row>
  7677. <row>
  7678. <entry>9.</entry>
  7679. <entry>A:</entry>
  7680. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
  7681. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7682. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他来了吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7683. <entry>Did he come?</entry>
  7684. </row>
  7685. <row>
  7686. <entry/>
  7687. <entry>B:</entry>
  7688. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái le, tā lái
  7689. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7690. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">来了,他来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  7691. <entry>Yes, he came.</entry>
  7692. </row>
  7693. <row>
  7694. <entry/>
  7695. <entry/>
  7696. <entry/>
  7697. <entry/>
  7698. <entry/>
  7699. </row>
  7700. <row>
  7701. <entry>10.</entry>
  7702. <entry>A:</entry>
  7703. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
  7704. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7705. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他来了吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7706. <entry>Did he come?</entry>
  7707. </row>
  7708. <row>
  7709. <entry/>
  7710. <entry>B:</entry>
  7711. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi lái, tā méi
  7712. lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7713. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">没来, 他没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
  7714. <entry>No, he didn't come.</entry>
  7715. </row>
  7716. <row>
  7717. <entry/>
  7718. <entry/>
  7719. <entry/>
  7720. <entry/>
  7721. <entry/>
  7722. </row>
  7723. <row>
  7724. <entry>11.</entry>
  7725. <entry>A:</entry>
  7726. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián láiguo
  7727. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7728. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你从前来过吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7729. <entry>Have you ever been here before?</entry>
  7730. </row>
  7731. <row>
  7732. <entry/>
  7733. <entry>B:</entry>
  7734. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ cóngqián méi
  7735. láiguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7736. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我从前没来过。</foreignphrase></entry>
  7737. <entry>I have never been here before.</entry>
  7738. </row>
  7739. </tbody>
  7740. </tgroup>
  7741. </informaltable>
  7742. </section>
  7743. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  7744. <section>
  7745. <title>Vocabulary</title>
  7746. <para/>
  7747. <informaltable>
  7748. <tgroup cols="3">
  7749. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
  7750. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  7751. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  7752. <tbody>
  7753. <row>
  7754. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qù</foreignphrase></entry>
  7755. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">去</foreignphrase></entry>
  7756. <entry>to go</entry>
  7757. </row>
  7758. <row>
  7759. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niǔ
  7760. Yüē</foreignphrase></entry>
  7761. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">纽约</foreignphrase></entry>
  7762. <entry>New York</entry>
  7763. </row>
  7764. <row>
  7765. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cóngqián</foreignphrase></entry>
  7766. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">从前</foreignphrase></entry>
  7767. <entry>before</entry>
  7768. </row>
  7769. <row>
  7770. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duó
  7771. jiǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
  7772. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">多久</foreignphrase></entry>
  7773. <entry>how long</entry>
  7774. </row>
  7775. <row>
  7776. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase></entry>
  7777. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">—过</foreignphrase></entry>
  7778. <entry>experiential marker</entry>
  7779. </row>
  7780. <row>
  7781. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
  7782. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">想</foreignphrase></entry>
  7783. <entry>to think that, to want to, would you like to</entry>
  7784. </row>
  7785. <row>
  7786. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānggǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
  7787. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">香港</foreignphrase></entry>
  7788. <entry>Hong Kong</entry>
  7789. </row>
  7790. <row>
  7791. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīngqī</foreignphrase></entry>
  7792. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">星期</foreignphrase></entry>
  7793. <entry>week</entry>
  7794. </row>
  7795. <row>
  7796. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù
  7797. </foreignphrase></entry>
  7798. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">住</foreignphrase></entry>
  7799. <entry>to live somewhere</entry>
  7800. </row>
  7801. </tbody>
  7802. </tgroup>
  7803. </informaltable>
  7804. </section>
  7805. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  7806. <section>
  7807. <title>Reference Notes</title>
  7808. <para/>
  7809. <section>
  7810. <title>Notes on №1</title>
  7811. <informaltable>
  7812. <tgroup cols="5">
  7813. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  7814. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  7815. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  7816. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  7817. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  7818. <tbody>
  7819. <row>
  7820. <entry>1.</entry>
  7821. <entry>A:</entry>
  7822. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù duó
  7823. jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7824. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你住多久?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7825. <entry>How long are you staying?</entry>
  7826. </row>
  7827. <row>
  7828. <entry/>
  7829. <entry>B:</entry>
  7830. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù
  7831. yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7832. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我住一年。</foreignphrase></entry>
  7833. <entry>I'm staying one year.</entry>
  7834. </row>
  7835. </tbody>
  7836. </tgroup>
  7837. </informaltable>
  7838. <para>Expressions like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duó
  7839. jiǔ</foreignphrase>, "how long," and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìnián</foreignphrase> "one year," called
  7840. duration phrases, come after the verb. <note>
  7841. <para>"One day" is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìtiān</foreignphrase>. The tone on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase> changes to Falling
  7842. before a High-tone.</para>
  7843. </note>Notice the contrast with time-when phrases, like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme shíhou,</foreignphrase> "when," and
  7844. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīnnián</foreignphrase> "this
  7845. year," which come before the verb.</para>
  7846. <informaltable>
  7847. <tgroup cols="5">
  7848. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  7849. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  7850. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  7851. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  7852. <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  7853. <tbody>
  7854. <row>
  7855. <entry/>
  7856. <entry/>
  7857. <entry/>
  7858. <entry/>
  7859. <entry/>
  7860. </row>
  7861. <row>
  7862. <entry/>
  7863. <entry/>
  7864. <entry/>
  7865. <entry/>
  7866. <entry/>
  7867. </row>
  7868. </tbody>
  7869. </tgroup>
  7870. </informaltable>
  7871. <para>If a duration phrase is used with the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase>, this phrase preempts the
  7872. position after the verb; and any place phrase, like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài Běijīng</foreignphrase>, must come before
  7873. the verb.</para>
  7874. <informaltable>
  7875. <tgroup cols="5">
  7876. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  7877. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  7878. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  7879. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  7880. <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  7881. <tbody>
  7882. <row>
  7883. <entry/>
  7884. <entry/>
  7885. <entry/>
  7886. <entry/>
  7887. <entry/>
  7888. </row>
  7889. <row>
  7890. <entry/>
  7891. <entry/>
  7892. <entry/>
  7893. <entry/>
  7894. <entry/>
  7895. </row>
  7896. </tbody>
  7897. </tgroup>
  7898. </informaltable>
  7899. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yìnián</foreignphrase>: In
  7900. telling how many years (giving an amount) no counter is used. The tone on
  7901. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase>, "one,"
  7902. changes to Falling before a Rising tone.</para>
  7903. </section>
  7904. <section>
  7905. <title>Notes on №2</title>
  7906. <informaltable>
  7907. <tgroup cols="5">
  7908. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  7909. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  7910. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  7911. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  7912. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  7913. <tbody>
  7914. <row>
  7915. <entry>2.</entry>
  7916. <entry>A:</entry>
  7917. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zhù
  7918. duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7919. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你太太住多久?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7920. <entry>How long is your wife staying?</entry>
  7921. </row>
  7922. <row>
  7923. <entry/>
  7924. <entry>B:</entry>
  7925. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ta zhù
  7926. liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7927. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她住两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
  7928. <entry>She is staying two days.</entry>
  7929. </row>
  7930. </tbody>
  7931. </tgroup>
  7932. </informaltable>
  7933. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liǎngtiān</foreignphrase>:
  7934. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tiān</foreignphrase>, "day,"
  7935. like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-nián</foreignphrase>,
  7936. "year," is used without a counter. When telling how many of something, the
  7937. number 2 takes the form <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎng</foreignphrase>. (See Unit 3, notes on Nos. 3-4.)</para>
  7938. </section>
  7939. <section>
  7940. <title>Notes on №3-4</title>
  7941. <informaltable>
  7942. <tgroup cols="5">
  7943. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  7944. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  7945. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  7946. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  7947. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  7948. <tbody>
  7949. <row>
  7950. <entry>3.</entry>
  7951. <entry>A:</entry>
  7952. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài
  7953. Xiānggǎng zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7954. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你太太在香港住多久?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7955. <entry>How long is your wife staying in Hong Kong?</entry>
  7956. </row>
  7957. <row>
  7958. <entry/>
  7959. <entry>B:</entry>
  7960. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng tā zhù
  7961. liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7962. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我想她住两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
  7963. <entry>I think she is staying two days.</entry>
  7964. </row>
  7965. <row>
  7966. <entry/>
  7967. <entry/>
  7968. <entry/>
  7969. <entry/>
  7970. <entry/>
  7971. </row>
  7972. <row>
  7973. <entry>4.</entry>
  7974. <entry>A:</entry>
  7975. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng zhù
  7976. duò jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7977. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你想住多久?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7978. <entry>How long are you thinking of staying?</entry>
  7979. </row>
  7980. <row>
  7981. <entry/>
  7982. <entry>B:</entry>
  7983. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng zhù
  7984. yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7985. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我想住一年。</foreignphrase></entry>
  7986. <entry>I'm thinking of staying one year.</entry>
  7987. </row>
  7988. </tbody>
  7989. </tgroup>
  7990. </informaltable>
  7991. <para>The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase>,
  7992. "to think that," "to want to," "would like to," may be used as a main verb
  7993. or as an auxiliary verb. As a main verb it means "to think that." It is used
  7994. this way in the answer of exchange 3 and in the following examples. <informaltable>
  7995. <tgroup cols="2">
  7996. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  7997. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  7998. <tbody>
  7999. <row>
  8000. <entry/>
  8001. <entry>I think he is coming tomorrow. </entry>
  8002. </row>
  8003. <row>
  8004. <entry/>
  8005. <entry>I think he is not going. </entry>
  8006. </row>
  8007. </tbody>
  8008. </tgroup>
  8009. </informaltable></para>
  8010. <para>When <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase> is
  8011. used as a main verb meaning "to think that," it is not made negative. This
  8012. may be a special problem for English speakers who are used to saying "I
  8013. don't think he is going." </para>
  8014. <para>In Chinese, it is: "I think he is <emphasis role="bold">not
  8015. going</emphasis>" <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng tā
  8016. bú qù.</foreignphrase></para>
  8017. <para>When <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase> is
  8018. used as an auxiliary verb, it means, "to want to," "would like to." It is
  8019. used this way in exchange 4, which could also be translated as, "How long
  8020. would you like to stay?" </para>
  8021. <para>Here are other examples: <informaltable>
  8022. <tgroup cols="2">
  8023. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  8024. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  8025. <tbody>
  8026. <row>
  8027. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng
  8028. zǒu ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8029. <entry>Would you like to leave? OR Do you want to
  8030. go?</entry>
  8031. </row>
  8032. <row>
  8033. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù xiǎng
  8034. zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8035. <entry>I don't want to leave. </entry>
  8036. </row>
  8037. <row>
  8038. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng
  8039. zài Táiběi gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8040. <entry>
  8041. <para>Do you want to work in Taipei?</para>
  8042. </entry>
  8043. </row>
  8044. </tbody>
  8045. </tgroup>
  8046. </informaltable></para>
  8047. </section>
  8048. <section>
  8049. <title>Notes on №5-6</title>
  8050. <informaltable>
  8051. <tgroup cols="5">
  8052. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  8053. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  8054. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  8055. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  8056. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  8057. <tbody>
  8058. <row>
  8059. <entry>5.</entry>
  8060. <entry>A:</entry>
  8061. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng zài
  8062. Táiwān zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8063. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你想在台湾住多久?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8064. <entry>How long are you thinking of staying in Taiwan?</entry>
  8065. </row>
  8066. <row>
  8067. <entry/>
  8068. <entry>B:</entry>
  8069. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng zhù
  8070. báge yüè.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8071. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我想住八个月。</foreignphrase></entry>
  8072. <entry>I'm thinking of staying eight months.</entry>
  8073. </row>
  8074. <row>
  8075. <entry/>
  8076. <entry/>
  8077. <entry/>
  8078. <entry/>
  8079. <entry/>
  8080. </row>
  8081. <row>
  8082. <entry>6.</entry>
  8083. <entry>A:</entry>
  8084. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou
  8085. xiǎng zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8086. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友想住多久?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8087. <entry>How long is your friend thinking of staying?</entry>
  8088. </row>
  8089. <row>
  8090. <entry/>
  8091. <entry>B:</entry>
  8092. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiǎng zhù
  8093. liǎngge xīngqī.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8094. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他想住两个星期。</foreignphrase></entry>
  8095. <entry>He is thinking of staying two weeks.</entry>
  8096. </row>
  8097. </tbody>
  8098. </tgroup>
  8099. </informaltable>
  8100. <para>You already know that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìnián</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìtiān</foreignphrase> are used without counters. The words for "month"
  8101. and "week," however, are used with counters.</para>
  8102. <para><emphasis role="bold">Compare</emphasis>:<informaltable>
  8103. <tgroup cols="2">
  8104. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  8105. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  8106. <tbody>
  8107. <row>
  8108. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sāntiān</foreignphrase></entry>
  8109. <entry>3 days</entry>
  8110. </row>
  8111. <row>
  8112. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānnián</foreignphrase></entry>
  8113. <entry>3 years</entry>
  8114. </row>
  8115. <row>
  8116. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānge
  8117. xīngqī</foreignphrase></entry>
  8118. <entry>3 weeks</entry>
  8119. </row>
  8120. <row>
  8121. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānge
  8122. yüè</foreignphrase></entry>
  8123. <entry>3 months</entry>
  8124. </row>
  8125. </tbody>
  8126. </tgroup>
  8127. </informaltable></para>
  8128. </section>
  8129. <section>
  8130. <title>Notes on №7</title>
  8131. <informaltable>
  8132. <tgroup cols="5">
  8133. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  8134. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  8135. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  8136. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  8137. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  8138. <tbody>
  8139. <row>
  8140. <entry>7.</entry>
  8141. <entry>A:</entry>
  8142. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ láile duó
  8143. jiǔ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8144. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你来了多久了?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8145. <entry>How long have you been there?</entry>
  8146. </row>
  8147. <row>
  8148. <entry/>
  8149. <entry>B:</entry>
  8150. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ láile
  8151. sāntiān le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8152. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我来了三天了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  8153. <entry>I have been here three days.</entry>
  8154. </row>
  8155. </tbody>
  8156. </tgroup>
  8157. </informaltable>
  8158. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le...le</foreignphrase>, "up
  8159. until now," "so far": The use of completed-action le after the verb and of
  8160. new-situation <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>
  8161. after the duration phrase tells you how long the activity has been going on
  8162. and that it is still going on. The answer could also have been translated "I
  8163. have been here three days so far." This pattern is sometimes called "double
  8164. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>." </para>
  8165. <para>Notice that when <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> is in the middle of a sentence (in this case,
  8166. because it is followed by a duration phrase), we write it attached to the
  8167. verb before it: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">láile duó jiǔ
  8168. le.</foreignphrase></para>
  8169. </section>
  8170. <section>
  8171. <title>Notes on №8</title>
  8172. <informaltable>
  8173. <tgroup cols="5">
  8174. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  8175. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  8176. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  8177. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  8178. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  8179. <tbody>
  8180. <row>
  8181. <entry>8.</entry>
  8182. <entry>A:</entry>
  8183. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài
  8184. Xiānggǎng zhùle duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8185. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你太太在香港住了多久?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8186. <entry>How long did your wife stay in Hong Kong?</entry>
  8187. </row>
  8188. <row>
  8189. <entry/>
  8190. <entry>B:</entry>
  8191. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhùle
  8192. liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8193. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她住了两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
  8194. <entry>She stayed two days.</entry>
  8195. </row>
  8196. </tbody>
  8197. </tgroup>
  8198. </informaltable>
  8199. <para><emphasis role="bold">Completion <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>:</emphasis> Here you see the marker le used to
  8200. indicate one aspect, completion. Compare a sentence with one le to a
  8201. sentence with two <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>'s: <informaltable frame="none">
  8202. <tgroup cols="2">
  8203. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  8204. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  8205. <tbody>
  8206. <row>
  8207. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài nàr
  8208. zhùle sāntiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8209. <entry>I stayed there three days.</entry>
  8210. </row>
  8211. <row>
  8212. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài nàr
  8213. zhùle sāntiān le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8214. <entry>I have been here (stayed here) for three days now (so
  8215. far). </entry>
  8216. </row>
  8217. </tbody>
  8218. </tgroup>
  8219. </informaltable></para>
  8220. <para>Completion <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> is
  8221. used with verbs that describe actions or processes, not with verbs that
  8222. describe a state or condition, or a continuing situation. The following
  8223. sentences, describing states or ongoing situations, have past-tense verbs in
  8224. English but no <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>
  8225. in Chinese. <informaltable frame="none">
  8226. <tgroup cols="2">
  8227. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  8228. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  8229. <tbody>
  8230. <row>
  8231. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige
  8232. shíhou tāmen zhǐ yǒu liǎnge
  8233. háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8234. <entry>At that time they had only two children. </entry>
  8235. </row>
  8236. <row>
  8237. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qǜnián
  8238. bú zài Shànghǎi, zài
  8239. Běijīng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8240. <entry> He wasn't in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>
  8241. last year; he was in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>.
  8242. </entry>
  8243. </row>
  8244. </tbody>
  8245. </tgroup>
  8246. </informaltable></para>
  8247. <para><emphasis role="bold">Verb types in Chinese:</emphasis> In studying some
  8248. languages, it is important to learn whether a noun is masculine, feminine,
  8249. or neuter. In Chinese, it is important to learn whether a verb is an action,
  8250. state, or process verb. These three verb categories are meaning (semantic)
  8251. groups. A verb is a member of one group or another depending on the meaning
  8252. of the verb. For instance, "running" and "dancing" are actions; "being good"
  8253. and "being beautiful" are states; and "getting sick" and "melting" are
  8254. processes. In Chinese, grammatical rules are applied differently to each
  8255. semantic verb category. For the most part, you have learned only action and
  8256. state verbs in this course; so these comments will be confined to those two
  8257. verb categories. (See Unit 8 of this module for process verbs,)</para>
  8258. <para><emphasis role="bold">Action verbs:</emphasis> These are verbs which
  8259. describe physical and mental activities. The easiest to classify are verbs
  8260. of movement such as "walking," "running," and "riding", however, action
  8261. verbs also include verbs with not too much motion, such as "working" and
  8262. "writing," and verbs with no apparent motion, such as "studying." One test
  8263. for determining if a verb is an action is asking "What did he do?" "He
  8264. arrived," "He spoke," and ’"He listened" are answers which contain action
  8265. verbs. "He knew" "He wanted" and "He is here" are answers which contain
  8266. state verbs, not action verbs. Some of the action verbs you have learned
  8267. are: <informaltable>
  8268. <tgroup cols="2">
  8269. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  8270. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  8271. <tbody>
  8272. <row>
  8273. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> (to arrive)</entry>
  8274. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> (to come)</entry>
  8275. </row>
  8276. <row>
  8277. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò</foreignphrase> (to work)</entry>
  8278. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase> (to live, to stay)</entry>
  8279. </row>
  8280. </tbody>
  8281. </tgroup>
  8282. </informaltable></para>
  8283. <para><emphasis role="bold">State verbs:</emphasis> These verbs describe
  8284. qualities, conditions, and states. All adjectival verbs, such as
  8285. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase> "to be
  8286. good," and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǔ</foreignphrase>,
  8287. "to be long (in time)," are state verbs. Emotions, such as "being happy" and
  8288. "being sad," are expressed with state verbs. "Knowing," "liking," "wanting,"
  8289. and "understanding," which may be called mental states, are also expressed
  8290. with state verbs. Also, all auxiliary verbs, such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase>, "to want to," "would
  8291. like to," are state verbs. Here are some of the state verbs: <informaltable>
  8292. <tgroup cols="2">
  8293. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  8294. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  8295. <tbody>
  8296. <row>
  8297. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dà</foreignphrase> to be large</entry>
  8298. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> to be</entry>
  8299. </row>
  8300. <row>
  8301. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duì</foreignphrase> to be correct</entry>
  8302. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiào</foreignphrase> to be called</entry>
  8303. </row>
  8304. <row>
  8305. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xìng</foreignphrase> to be surnamed</entry>
  8306. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> to be at</entry>
  8307. </row>
  8308. <row>
  8309. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase> to want to</entry>
  8310. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhīdào</foreignphrase> to know</entry>
  8311. </row>
  8312. </tbody>
  8313. </tgroup>
  8314. </informaltable></para>
  8315. <para><emphasis role="bold">Aspect and verb types:</emphasis> Not every aspect
  8316. marker in Chinese may be used with all typs8 of verbs. Completion
  8317. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> does not
  8318. occur with state verbs. It does occur with action verbs.<informaltable>
  8319. <tgroup cols="3">
  8320. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  8321. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*"/>
  8322. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
  8323. <tbody>
  8324. <row>
  8325. <entry morerows="2" valign="middle" align="center">ACTION</entry>
  8326. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjīng
  8327. dào le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8328. <entry>He has already arrived.</entry>
  8329. </row>
  8330. <row>
  8331. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
  8332. gōngzuòle yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8333. <entry>He worked one year.</entry>
  8334. </row>
  8335. <row>
  8336. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
  8337. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8338. <entry>Did he come?</entry>
  8339. </row>
  8340. <row>
  8341. <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3"/>
  8342. </row>
  8343. <row>
  8344. <entry morerows="2" valign="middle" align="center">STATE</entry>
  8345. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qǜnián
  8346. bú zài zhèr.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8347. <entry>He wasn't here last year.</entry>
  8348. </row>
  8349. <row>
  8350. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
  8351. xiǎng qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8352. <entry>Yesterday he wanted to go.</entry>
  8353. </row>
  8354. <row>
  8355. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
  8356. bú zhīdào.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8357. <entry>He didn't know yesterday.</entry>
  8358. </row>
  8359. </tbody>
  8360. </tgroup>
  8361. </informaltable></para>
  8362. </section>
  8363. <section>
  8364. <title>Notes on №9-10</title>
  8365. <informaltable>
  8366. <tgroup cols="5">
  8367. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  8368. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  8369. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  8370. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  8371. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  8372. <tbody>
  8373. <row>
  8374. <entry>9.</entry>
  8375. <entry>A:</entry>
  8376. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
  8377. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8378. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他来了吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8379. <entry>Did he come?</entry>
  8380. </row>
  8381. <row>
  8382. <entry/>
  8383. <entry>B:</entry>
  8384. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái le, tā lái
  8385. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8386. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">来了,他来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  8387. <entry>Yes, he came.</entry>
  8388. </row>
  8389. <row>
  8390. <entry/>
  8391. <entry/>
  8392. <entry/>
  8393. <entry/>
  8394. <entry/>
  8395. </row>
  8396. <row>
  8397. <entry>10.</entry>
  8398. <entry>A:</entry>
  8399. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
  8400. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8401. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他来了吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8402. <entry>Did he come?</entry>
  8403. </row>
  8404. <row>
  8405. <entry/>
  8406. <entry>B:</entry>
  8407. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi lái, tā méi
  8408. lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8409. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">没来, 他没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
  8410. <entry>No, he didn't come.</entry>
  8411. </row>
  8412. </tbody>
  8413. </tgroup>
  8414. </informaltable>
  8415. <para/>
  8416. <para>Compare the two possible interpretations of the question <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le ma?</foreignphrase> and the answers
  8417. they receive:<informaltable frame="none">
  8418. <tgroup cols="6">
  8419. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  8420. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  8421. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  8422. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  8423. <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  8424. <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="4.0*"/>
  8425. <thead>
  8426. <row>
  8427. <entry namest="c1" nameend="c6" align="center">Completion
  8428. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>
  8429. </entry>
  8430. </row>
  8431. </thead>
  8432. <tbody>
  8433. <row>
  8434. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
  8435. <entry/>
  8436. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase></entry>
  8437. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase></entry>
  8438. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8439. <entry>Did she come?</entry>
  8440. </row>
  8441. <row>
  8442. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
  8443. <entry/>
  8444. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase></entry>
  8445. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8446. <entry/>
  8447. <entry>She came.</entry>
  8448. </row>
  8449. <row>
  8450. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
  8451. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase></entry>
  8452. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase></entry>
  8453. <entry/>
  8454. <entry/>
  8455. <entry>She didn't come.</entry>
  8456. </row>
  8457. </tbody>
  8458. </tgroup>
  8459. </informaltable><informaltable>
  8460. <tgroup cols="7">
  8461. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  8462. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  8463. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  8464. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  8465. <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  8466. <colspec colname="newCol6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  8467. <colspec colname="c6" colnum="7" colwidth="4.0*"/>
  8468. <thead>
  8469. <row>
  8470. <entry namest="c1" nameend="c6" align="center">Combined
  8471. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase></entry>
  8472. </row>
  8473. </thead>
  8474. <tbody>
  8475. <row>
  8476. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
  8477. <entry/>
  8478. <entry/>
  8479. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase></entry>
  8480. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase></entry>
  8481. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8482. <entry>Has he come?</entry>
  8483. </row>
  8484. <row>
  8485. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
  8486. <entry/>
  8487. <entry/>
  8488. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase></entry>
  8489. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8490. <entry/>
  8491. <entry>She has come. OR She's here.</entry>
  8492. </row>
  8493. <row>
  8494. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
  8495. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase></entry>
  8496. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase></entry>
  8497. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8498. <entry/>
  8499. <entry/>
  8500. <entry>She hasn't come yet.</entry>
  8501. </row>
  8502. </tbody>
  8503. </tgroup>
  8504. </informaltable></para>
  8505. <para>The first question, with completion <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>, asks only if the action
  8506. took place. The second question, with combined <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> asks both whether the
  8507. action has been completed and whether the resulting new situation still
  8508. exists.</para>
  8509. </section>
  8510. <section>
  8511. <title>Notes on №11</title>
  8512. <informaltable>
  8513. <tgroup cols="5">
  8514. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  8515. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  8516. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  8517. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  8518. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  8519. <tbody>
  8520. <row>
  8521. <entry>11.</entry>
  8522. <entry>A:</entry>
  8523. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián
  8524. láiguo ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8525. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你从前来过吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8526. <entry>Have you ever been here before?</entry>
  8527. </row>
  8528. <row>
  8529. <entry/>
  8530. <entry>B:</entry>
  8531. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ cóngqián méi
  8532. láiguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8533. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我从前没来过。</foreignphrase></entry>
  8534. <entry>I have never been here before.</entry>
  8535. </row>
  8536. </tbody>
  8537. </tgroup>
  8538. </informaltable>
  8539. <para>The aspect marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> means literally "to pass over," "to cross over.
  8540. The implication is that an event took place and then ceased at some time in
  8541. the past.</para>
  8542. <para>It may help you to conceptualize <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> in terms of a bridge. The whole bridge is the
  8543. event. The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> stresses the fact that not only have you crossed
  8544. over the bridge but at present you are no longer standing on it. </para>
  8545. <para>The meaning of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> changes slightly depending on what type of verb it
  8546. is used with: action or process, (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> may not be used with state verbs.) With an action
  8547. verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> means
  8548. that the action took place and then ceased at some time before the present.
  8549. With a process verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> means that the process took place and that the
  8550. state which resulted from the process ended at some time before the present. </para>
  8551. <para>Remember that aspect markers like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> are used only when the
  8552. speaker feels it necessary to stress some feature or aspect of an event. Le
  8553. is used to stress finishing, or completion, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> is used to stress that a
  8554. situation occurred in the past and was "over or "undone," before the time of
  8555. speaking (that is, the absence of that situation followed the situation). </para>
  8556. <para>Let's contrast <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> with completion <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>: both <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> express completion, but
  8557. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> stresses
  8558. that an action is no longer being performed, or that a state resulting from
  8559. a process no longer exists. </para>
  8560. <para>For example, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái
  8561. le.</foreignphrase> means "He came," or "He has come," not indicating
  8562. whether or not he is still there. </para>
  8563. <para>But <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā láiguo</foreignphrase>
  8564. means "He came" with the specification that he is not there anymore –that
  8565. is, he came and left.</para>
  8566. <para>One of the uses of the aspect marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase>,is in sentences which
  8567. express experience or having experienced something at least once in the
  8568. past, that is, "to have had the experience of doing something." This is how
  8569. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> is used
  8570. in exchange 11. In a question, the marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> can he reflected by the
  8571. English word "ever," and in a negative statement by "never."<informaltable>
  8572. <tgroup cols="7">
  8573. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  8574. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  8575. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  8576. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  8577. <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  8578. <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  8579. <colspec colname="c7" colnum="7" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  8580. <tbody>
  8581. <row>
  8582. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
  8583. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cóngqiān</foreignphrase></entry>
  8584. <entry/>
  8585. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase></entry>
  8586. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase></entry>
  8587. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8588. <entry>Have you <emphasis role="bold">ever</emphasis> been
  8589. (come) here before?</entry>
  8590. </row>
  8591. <row>
  8592. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
  8593. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cóngqián</foreignphrase></entry>
  8594. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase></entry>
  8595. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase></entry>
  8596. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase></entry>
  8597. <entry/>
  8598. <entry>I have <emphasis role="bold">never</emphasis> been
  8599. (come) here before.</entry>
  8600. </row>
  8601. <row>
  8602. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
  8603. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cóngqián</foreignphrase></entry>
  8604. <entry/>
  8605. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase></entry>
  8606. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase></entry>
  8607. <entry/>
  8608. <entry>I have been (come) here before</entry>
  8609. </row>
  8610. </tbody>
  8611. </tgroup>
  8612. </informaltable></para>
  8613. <para>The negative of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái
  8614. le.</foreignphrase> does not include a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>, but the negative of
  8615. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā láiguo.</foreignphrase>
  8616. does have a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> .
  8617. The negative adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> is used to negate both completion <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" pgwide="0">
  8618. <tgroup cols="4">
  8619. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  8620. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  8621. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  8622. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  8623. <tbody>
  8624. <row>
  8625. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
  8626. <entry/>
  8627. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase></entry>
  8628. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8629. </row>
  8630. <row>
  8631. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
  8632. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase></entry>
  8633. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase></entry>
  8634. <entry/>
  8635. </row>
  8636. </tbody>
  8637. </tgroup>
  8638. </informaltable><informaltable frame="none" pgwide="0">
  8639. <tgroup cols="4">
  8640. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  8641. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  8642. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  8643. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  8644. <tbody>
  8645. <row>
  8646. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
  8647. <entry/>
  8648. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase></entry>
  8649. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8650. </row>
  8651. <row>
  8652. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ta</foreignphrase></entry>
  8653. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase></entry>
  8654. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase></entry>
  8655. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8656. </row>
  8657. </tbody>
  8658. </tgroup>
  8659. </informaltable></para>
  8660. </section>
  8661. </section>
  8662. </section>
  8663. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  8664. <section>
  8665. <title>Drills</title>
  8666. <para/>
  8667. </section>
  8668. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  8669. <section>
  8670. <title>Criterion test</title>
  8671. <para/>
  8672. </section>
  8673. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  8674. <section>
  8675. <title>Appendices</title>
  8676. <para/>
  8677. <section>
  8678. <title>Appendix </title>
  8679. <para/>
  8680. </section>
  8681. <section>
  8682. <title>Appendix </title>
  8683. <para/>
  8684. </section>
  8685. <section>
  8686. <title>Appendix </title>
  8687. <para/>
  8688. </section>
  8689. <section>
  8690. <title>Appendix </title>
  8691. <para/>
  8692. </section>
  8693. <section>
  8694. <title>Appendix </title>
  8695. <para/>
  8696. </section>
  8697. </section>
  8698. </section>
  8699. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  8700. <section>
  8701. <title>Unit 7</title>
  8702. <para/>
  8703. <section>
  8704. <title>Introduction</title>
  8705. <para/>
  8706. <section>
  8707. <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
  8708. <orderedlist>
  8709. <listitem>
  8710. <para>Topics Covered In This Unit</para>
  8711. </listitem>
  8712. <listitem>
  8713. <para>Where someone works.</para>
  8714. </listitem>
  8715. <listitem>
  8716. <para>Where and what someone has studied.</para>
  8717. </listitem>
  8718. <listitem>
  8719. <para>What languages someone can speak.</para>
  8720. </listitem>
  8721. <listitem>
  8722. <para>Auxiliary verbs.</para>
  8723. </listitem>
  8724. <listitem>
  8725. <para>General objects.</para>
  8726. </listitem>
  8727. </orderedlist>
  8728. </section>
  8729. <section>
  8730. <title>Material you will need</title>
  8731. <orderedlist>
  8732. <listitem>
  8733. <para>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes,</para>
  8734. </listitem>
  8735. <listitem>
  8736. <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
  8737. </listitem>
  8738. <listitem>
  8739. <para>The TD-1 tape.</para>
  8740. </listitem>
  8741. </orderedlist>
  8742. </section>
  8743. </section>
  8744. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  8745. <section>
  8746. <title>References</title>
  8747. <para/>
  8748. <section>
  8749. <title>Reference List</title>
  8750. <para/>
  8751. <informaltable>
  8752. <tgroup cols="5">
  8753. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  8754. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  8755. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  8756. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  8757. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  8758. <tbody>
  8759. <row>
  8760. <entry>1.</entry>
  8761. <entry>A:</entry>
  8762. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn zài náli
  8763. gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8764. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">您在哪里工作?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8765. <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
  8766. </row>
  8767. <row>
  8768. <entry/>
  8769. <entry>B:</entry>
  8770. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Měiguó
  8771. Guówùyàn gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8772. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我在美国国务院工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
  8773. <entry>I work with the State Department.</entry>
  8774. </row>
  8775. <row>
  8776. <entry/>
  8777. <entry/>
  8778. <entry/>
  8779. <entry/>
  8780. <entry/>
  8781. </row>
  8782. <row>
  8783. <entry>2.</entry>
  8784. <entry>A:</entry>
  8785. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn zài náli
  8786. gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8787. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">您在哪里工作?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8788. <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
  8789. </row>
  8790. <row>
  8791. <entry/>
  8792. <entry>B:</entry>
  8793. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì
  8794. xüésheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8795. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是学生。</foreignphrase></entry>
  8796. <entry>I'm a student.</entry>
  8797. </row>
  8798. <row>
  8799. <entry/>
  8800. <entry/>
  8801. <entry/>
  8802. <entry/>
  8803. <entry/>
  8804. </row>
  8805. <row>
  8806. <entry>3.</entry>
  8807. <entry>A:</entry>
  8808. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn lái zuò
  8809. shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8810. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">您来做什么?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8811. <entry>What did you come here to do?</entry>
  8812. </row>
  8813. <row>
  8814. <entry/>
  8815. <entry>B:</entry>
  8816. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lái niàn
  8817. shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8818. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我来念书。</foreignphrase></entry>
  8819. <entry>I came here to study.</entry>
  8820. </row>
  8821. <row>
  8822. <entry/>
  8823. <entry/>
  8824. <entry/>
  8825. <entry/>
  8826. <entry/>
  8827. </row>
  8828. <row>
  8829. <entry>4.</entry>
  8830. <entry>A:</entry>
  8831. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Òu, wǒ yě shì
  8832. xüésheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8833. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哦,我也是学生。</foreignphrase></entry>
  8834. <entry>Oh, I'm a student too.</entry>
  8835. </row>
  8836. <row>
  8837. <entry/>
  8838. <entry>B:</entry>
  8839. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ niàn
  8840. shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8841. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">请问,你念什么?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8842. <entry>May I ask, what are you studying?</entry>
  8843. </row>
  8844. <row>
  8845. <entry/>
  8846. <entry>B:</entry>
  8847. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn
  8848. lìshǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8849. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我念历史。</foreignphrase></entry>
  8850. <entry>I'm studying history.</entry>
  8851. </row>
  8852. <row>
  8853. <entry/>
  8854. <entry/>
  8855. <entry/>
  8856. <entry/>
  8857. <entry/>
  8858. </row>
  8859. <row>
  8860. <entry>5.</entry>
  8861. <entry>A:</entry>
  8862. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kē xiānsheng, nǐ
  8863. niàn shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8864. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">可先生,你念什么?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8865. <entry>What are you studying, Mr. Cook?</entry>
  8866. </row>
  8867. <row>
  8868. <entry/>
  8869. <entry>B:</entry>
  8870. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài zhèli xüé
  8871. zhōngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8872. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我在这里学中文。</foreignphrase></entry>
  8873. <entry>I'm studying Chinese here.</entry>
  8874. </row>
  8875. <row>
  8876. <entry/>
  8877. <entry/>
  8878. <entry/>
  8879. <entry/>
  8880. <entry/>
  8881. </row>
  8882. <row>
  8883. <entry>6.</entry>
  8884. <entry>A:</entry>
  8885. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ xüéguo
  8886. Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8887. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">请问,你学过英文吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8888. <entry>May I ask, have you ever studied English?</entry>
  8889. </row>
  8890. <row>
  8891. <entry/>
  8892. <entry>B:</entry>
  8893. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xüéguo</foreignphrase></entry>
  8894. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学过。</foreignphrase></entry>
  8895. <entry>Yes.</entry>
  8896. </row>
  8897. <row>
  8898. <entry/>
  8899. <entry/>
  8900. <entry/>
  8901. <entry/>
  8902. <entry/>
  8903. </row>
  8904. <row>
  8905. <entry>7.</entry>
  8906. <entry>A:</entry>
  8907. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ huì
  8908. shuō Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8909. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">请问,你会说英文吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8910. <entry>May I ask, can you speak English?</entry>
  8911. </row>
  8912. <row>
  8913. <entry/>
  8914. <entry>B:</entry>
  8915. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ huì shuō
  8916. yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8917. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我会说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
  8918. <entry>I can speak a little.</entry>
  8919. </row>
  8920. <row>
  8921. <entry/>
  8922. <entry/>
  8923. <entry/>
  8924. <entry/>
  8925. <entry/>
  8926. </row>
  8927. <row>
  8928. <entry>8.</entry>
  8929. <entry>A:</entry>
  8930. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai yě huì
  8931. shuō Zhōngguó huà ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8932. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你太太也会说中国话吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8933. <entry>Can your wife speak Chinese too?</entry>
  8934. </row>
  8935. <row>
  8936. <entry/>
  8937. <entry>B:</entry>
  8938. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú huì, tā bú huì
  8939. shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8940. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不会,她不会说。</foreignphrase></entry>
  8941. <entry>No, she can't.</entry>
  8942. </row>
  8943. <row>
  8944. <entry/>
  8945. <entry/>
  8946. <entry/>
  8947. <entry/>
  8948. <entry/>
  8949. </row>
  8950. <row>
  8951. <entry>9.</entry>
  8952. <entry>A:</entry>
  8953. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde Zhōngguó huà
  8954. hěn hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8955. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你的中国话很好。</foreignphrase></entry>
  8956. <entry>Your Chinese is very good.</entry>
  8957. </row>
  8958. <row>
  8959. <entry/>
  8960. <entry>B:</entry>
  8961. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Náli, náli. wǒ jiù
  8962. shuō yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8963. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪里,哪里。我就说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
  8964. <entry>Not at all, not at all. I can speak only a little.</entry>
  8965. </row>
  8966. <row>
  8967. <entry/>
  8968. <entry/>
  8969. <entry/>
  8970. <entry/>
  8971. <entry/>
  8972. </row>
  8973. <row>
  8974. <entry>10.</entry>
  8975. <entry>A:</entry>
  8976. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì zài náli
  8977. xüéde?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8978. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是在哪里学的?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8979. <entry>Where did you study it?</entry>
  8980. </row>
  8981. <row>
  8982. <entry/>
  8983. <entry>B:</entry>
  8984. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì zài
  8985. Huáshèngdùn xüéde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8986. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是在华盛顿学的。</foreignphrase></entry>
  8987. <entry>I studied it in Washington.</entry>
  8988. </row>
  8989. <row>
  8990. <entry/>
  8991. <entry/>
  8992. <entry/>
  8993. <entry/>
  8994. <entry/>
  8995. </row>
  8996. <row>
  8997. <entry>11.</entry>
  8998. <entry>A:</entry>
  8999. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì zài dàxüé
  9000. xüéde Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9001. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是在大学学的英文吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9002. <entry>Did you study English at college?</entry>
  9003. </row>
  9004. <row>
  9005. <entry/>
  9006. <entry>B:</entry>
  9007. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìde, wǒ shì zài
  9008. Táiwān Dàxüé xüéde Yīngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9009. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是的,我是在台湾大学学的英文。</foreignphrase></entry>
  9010. <entry>Yes, I studied English at Taiwan University.</entry>
  9011. </row>
  9012. </tbody>
  9013. </tgroup>
  9014. </informaltable>
  9015. </section>
  9016. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  9017. <section>
  9018. <title>Vocabulary</title>
  9019. <para/>
  9020. <informaltable>
  9021. <tgroup cols="3">
  9022. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
  9023. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  9024. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  9025. <tbody>
  9026. <row>
  9027. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīngxüé</foreignphrase></entry>
  9028. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">经学</foreignphrase></entry>
  9029. <entry>classics</entry>
  9030. </row>
  9031. <row>
  9032. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rìwén</foreignphrase></entry>
  9033. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">日文</foreignphrase></entry>
  9034. <entry>Japanese language</entry>
  9035. </row>
  9036. <row>
  9037. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wénxüé</foreignphrase></entry>
  9038. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">文学</foreignphrase></entry>
  9039. <entry>literature</entry>
  9040. </row>
  9041. <row>
  9042. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhènzhixüé</foreignphrase></entry>
  9043. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">政治学</foreignphrase></entry>
  9044. <entry>political science</entry>
  9045. </row>
  9046. <row>
  9047. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nán</foreignphrase></entry>
  9048. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">难</foreignphrase></entry>
  9049. <entry>to be difficult</entry>
  9050. </row>
  9051. <row>
  9052. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">róngyi</foreignphrase></entry>
  9053. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">容易</foreignphrase></entry>
  9054. <entry>to be easy</entry>
  9055. </row>
  9056. <row>
  9057. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xüéxí
  9058. (xüéxi)</foreignphrase></entry>
  9059. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学习</foreignphrase></entry>
  9060. <entry>to study, to learn</entry>
  9061. </row>
  9062. <row>
  9063. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">daxüé</foreignphrase></entry>
  9064. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大学</foreignphrase></entry>
  9065. <entry>university</entry>
  9066. </row>
  9067. <row>
  9068. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huà</foreignphrase></entry>
  9069. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">话</foreignphrase></entry>
  9070. <entry>language, words</entry>
  9071. </row>
  9072. <row>
  9073. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huàshèngdùn</foreignphrase></entry>
  9074. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">华盛顿</foreignphrase></entry>
  9075. <entry>Washington</entry>
  9076. </row>
  9077. <row>
  9078. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase></entry>
  9079. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">会</foreignphrase></entry>
  9080. <entry>to know how to, to can</entry>
  9081. </row>
  9082. <row>
  9083. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīngjixüé</foreignphrase></entry>
  9084. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">经济学</foreignphrase></entry>
  9085. <entry>economics</entry>
  9086. </row>
  9087. <row>
  9088. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lìshǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
  9089. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">历史</foreignphrase></entry>
  9090. <entry>history</entry>
  9091. </row>
  9092. <row>
  9093. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó
  9094. Guówùyüàn</foreignphrase></entry>
  9095. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">美国国务院</foreignphrase></entry>
  9096. <entry>U.S. Department of State</entry>
  9097. </row>
  9098. <row>
  9099. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nán</foreignphrase></entry>
  9100. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">难</foreignphrase></entry>
  9101. <entry>to be difficult</entry>
  9102. </row>
  9103. <row>
  9104. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn
  9105. (shū)</foreignphrase></entry>
  9106. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">念书</foreignphrase></entry>
  9107. <entry>to study</entry>
  9108. </row>
  9109. <row>
  9110. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rìwén</foreignphrase></entry>
  9111. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">日文</foreignphrase></entry>
  9112. <entry>Japanese language</entry>
  9113. </row>
  9114. <row>
  9115. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuō
  9116. (huà)</foreignphrase></entry>
  9117. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">说话</foreignphrase></entry>
  9118. <entry>to speak, to talk</entry>
  9119. </row>
  9120. <row>
  9121. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xüé</foreignphrase></entry>
  9122. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学</foreignphrase></entry>
  9123. <entry>to study</entry>
  9124. </row>
  9125. <row>
  9126. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xüéshēng
  9127. (xüésheng)</foreignphrase></entry>
  9128. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学生</foreignphrase></entry>
  9129. <entry>student</entry>
  9130. </row>
  9131. <row>
  9132. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xüéxí
  9133. (xüéxi)</foreignphrase></entry>
  9134. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学习</foreignphrase></entry>
  9135. <entry>to study, to learn (PRC)</entry>
  9136. </row>
  9137. <row>
  9138. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìdiǎn</foreignphrase></entry>
  9139. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一点</foreignphrase></entry>
  9140. <entry>a little</entry>
  9141. </row>
  9142. <row>
  9143. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yīngwén</foreignphrase></entry>
  9144. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">英文</foreignphrase></entry>
  9145. <entry>English</entry>
  9146. </row>
  9147. <row>
  9148. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhènzhixüé</foreignphrase></entry>
  9149. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">政治学</foreignphrase></entry>
  9150. <entry>political science</entry>
  9151. </row>
  9152. <row>
  9153. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngwén</foreignphrase></entry>
  9154. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">中文</foreignphrase></entry>
  9155. <entry>Chinese</entry>
  9156. </row>
  9157. <row>
  9158. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò</foreignphrase></entry>
  9159. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">做</foreignphrase></entry>
  9160. <entry>to do</entry>
  9161. </row>
  9162. <row>
  9163. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme
  9164. dìfang</foreignphrase></entry>
  9165. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">什么地方</foreignphrase></entry>
  9166. <entry>where, what place</entry>
  9167. </row>
  9168. </tbody>
  9169. </tgroup>
  9170. </informaltable>
  9171. </section>
  9172. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  9173. <section>
  9174. <title>Reference Notes</title>
  9175. <para/>
  9176. <section>
  9177. <title>Notes on №1-2</title>
  9178. <informaltable frame="all">
  9179. <tgroup cols="5">
  9180. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  9181. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  9182. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  9183. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  9184. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  9185. <tbody>
  9186. <row>
  9187. <entry>1.</entry>
  9188. <entry>A:</entry>
  9189. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn zài náli
  9190. gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9191. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">您在哪里工作?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9192. <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
  9193. </row>
  9194. <row>
  9195. <entry/>
  9196. <entry>B:</entry>
  9197. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Měiguó
  9198. Guówùyüàn gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9199. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我在美国国务院工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
  9200. <entry>I work with the State Department.</entry>
  9201. </row>
  9202. <row>
  9203. <entry/>
  9204. <entry/>
  9205. <entry/>
  9206. <entry/>
  9207. <entry/>
  9208. </row>
  9209. <row>
  9210. <entry>2.</entry>
  9211. <entry>A:</entry>
  9212. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn zài náli
  9213. gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9214. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">您在哪里工作?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9215. <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
  9216. </row>
  9217. <row>
  9218. <entry/>
  9219. <entry>B:</entry>
  9220. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì
  9221. xüésheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9222. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是学生。</foreignphrase></entry>
  9223. <entry>I'm a student.</entry>
  9224. </row>
  9225. </tbody>
  9226. </tgroup>
  9227. </informaltable>
  9228. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài Měiguó Guówùyüàn
  9229. gōngzuò</foreignphrase> means either "work at the State Department"
  9230. (i.e., at main State in Washington, D,C.) or "work in the organisation of
  9231. the State Department" (no matter where assigned). Here the expression is
  9232. translated loosely as "work with the State Department," meaning "in the
  9233. organization.</para>
  9234. </section>
  9235. <section>
  9236. <title>Notes on №3-4</title>
  9237. <informaltable>
  9238. <tgroup cols="5">
  9239. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  9240. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  9241. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  9242. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  9243. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  9244. <tbody>
  9245. <row>
  9246. <entry>3.</entry>
  9247. <entry>A:</entry>
  9248. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn lái zuò
  9249. shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9250. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">您来做什么?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9251. <entry>What did you come here to do?</entry>
  9252. </row>
  9253. <row>
  9254. <entry/>
  9255. <entry>B:</entry>
  9256. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lái niàn
  9257. shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9258. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我来念书。</foreignphrase></entry>
  9259. <entry>I came here to study.</entry>
  9260. </row>
  9261. <row>
  9262. <entry/>
  9263. <entry/>
  9264. <entry/>
  9265. <entry/>
  9266. <entry/>
  9267. </row>
  9268. <row>
  9269. <entry>4.</entry>
  9270. <entry>A:</entry>
  9271. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Òu, wǒ yě shì
  9272. xüésheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9273. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哦,我也是学生。</foreignphrase></entry>
  9274. <entry>Oh, I'm a student too.</entry>
  9275. </row>
  9276. <row>
  9277. <entry/>
  9278. <entry>B:</entry>
  9279. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ
  9280. niàn shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9281. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">请问,你念什么?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9282. <entry>May I ask, what are you studying?</entry>
  9283. </row>
  9284. <row>
  9285. <entry/>
  9286. <entry>B:</entry>
  9287. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn
  9288. lìshǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9289. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我念历史。</foreignphrase></entry>
  9290. <entry>I'm studying history.</entry>
  9291. </row>
  9292. </tbody>
  9293. </tgroup>
  9294. </informaltable>
  9295. <para><emphasis role="bold">Purpose:</emphasis> When <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase>, "to come," is followed
  9296. by another verb, the second verb expresses the purpose of the subject's
  9297. coming. The "purpose of coming" may be emphasized by the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì...de</foreignphrase> construction, with
  9298. the marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>
  9299. before the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none">
  9300. <tgroup cols="2">
  9301. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  9302. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  9303. <tbody>
  9304. <row>
  9305. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì lái
  9306. nián shūde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9307. <entry>I came to study.</entry>
  9308. </row>
  9309. </tbody>
  9310. </tgroup>
  9311. </informaltable></para>
  9312. <para> </para>
  9313. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niàn shū</foreignphrase>:
  9314. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niàn</foreignphrase> by itself
  9315. means "to read aloud." When followed by an object, the expression means "to
  9316. study." <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shū</foreignphrase> is
  9317. "book(s)," but <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn
  9318. shū</foreignphrase> simply means "to study." <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shū</foreignphrase> is used as a general
  9319. object, standing for whatever is being studied.</para>
  9320. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niàn lìshǐ</foreignphrase>: When
  9321. you are talking about studying a particular subject, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn</foreignphrase> is followed by the name
  9322. of that subject rather than by the general object <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shū</foreignphrase>.</para>
  9323. <para>To have the meaning "to study," <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn</foreignphrase> must be followed by either the general object
  9324. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shū</foreignphrase> or a
  9325. specific object such as the name of a subject.</para>
  9326. <para><emphasis role="bold">Verb types:</emphasis>
  9327. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuò</foreignphrase>, "to do," and
  9328. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn (shū)</foreignphrase>,
  9329. "to study," are action verbs. Both are made negative with bu when referring
  9330. to actions not yet finished Both may take completion <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>_or its negative
  9331. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase>.<informaltable>
  9332. <tgroup cols="2">
  9333. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  9334. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  9335. <tbody>
  9336. <row>
  9337. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú niàn
  9338. shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9339. <entry>He doesn't study.</entry>
  9340. </row>
  9341. <row>
  9342. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā méi niàn
  9343. shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9344. <entry>He didn't study.</entry>
  9345. </row>
  9346. <row>
  9347. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjǐng
  9348. niàn shù le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9349. <entry>He has already studied.</entry>
  9350. </row>
  9351. </tbody>
  9352. </tgroup>
  9353. </informaltable></para>
  9354. </section>
  9355. <section>
  9356. <title>Notes on №5-6</title>
  9357. <informaltable>
  9358. <tgroup cols="5">
  9359. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  9360. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  9361. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  9362. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  9363. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  9364. <tbody>
  9365. <row>
  9366. <entry>5.</entry>
  9367. <entry>A:</entry>
  9368. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kē xiānsheng,
  9369. nǐ niàn shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9370. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">可先生,你念什么?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9371. <entry>What are you studying, Mr. Cook?</entry>
  9372. </row>
  9373. <row>
  9374. <entry/>
  9375. <entry>B:</entry>
  9376. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài zhèli
  9377. xüé zhōngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9378. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我在这里学中文。</foreignphrase></entry>
  9379. <entry>I'm studying Chinese here.</entry>
  9380. </row>
  9381. <row>
  9382. <entry/>
  9383. <entry/>
  9384. <entry/>
  9385. <entry/>
  9386. <entry/>
  9387. </row>
  9388. <row>
  9389. <entry>6.</entry>
  9390. <entry>A:</entry>
  9391. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ
  9392. xüéguo Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9393. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">请问,你学过英文吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9394. <entry>May I ask, have you ever studied English?</entry>
  9395. </row>
  9396. <row>
  9397. <entry/>
  9398. <entry>B:</entry>
  9399. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xüéguo</foreignphrase></entry>
  9400. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学过。</foreignphrase></entry>
  9401. <entry>Yes.</entry>
  9402. </row>
  9403. </tbody>
  9404. </tgroup>
  9405. </informaltable>
  9406. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xüé</foreignphrase>, "to study"
  9407. (an action verb): You will recognize <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xüé</foreignphrase> from the word for
  9408. "student," <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xüésheng</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xüé</foreignphrase> may refer to acquiring either knowledge or a skill.
  9409. For example, you can <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xüé</foreignphrase> history, economics, a language, piano, and tennis.
  9410. On the other hand, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn</foreignphrase> is used for "study" in the sense of taking a
  9411. course or courses in a field of knowledge. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niàn</foreignphrase> is not used for a
  9412. skill.</para>
  9413. <para>In some contexts, the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xüé</foreignphrase> means "to learn." The following sentence may be
  9414. interpreted two ways, depending on the situation.<informaltable frame="none">
  9415. <tgroup cols="2">
  9416. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  9417. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  9418. <tbody>
  9419. <row>
  9420. <entry morerows="2" valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Měiguó yǐjīng
  9421. xüéguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9422. <entry>I learned it in America.(e.g., how to use
  9423. chopsticks)</entry>
  9424. </row>
  9425. <row>
  9426. <entry align="center">OR</entry>
  9427. </row>
  9428. <row>
  9429. <entry>
  9430. <para>I studied it in America.</para>
  9431. <para>(e.g., the Chinese language)</para>
  9432. </entry>
  9433. </row>
  9434. </tbody>
  9435. </tgroup>
  9436. </informaltable></para>
  9437. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngwén</foreignphrase> is used
  9438. for either the Chinese spoken language or the written language, including
  9439. literature. In general, use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xüé</foreignphrase> for "learning" to speak Chinese and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn</foreignphrase> for "studying’ Chinese
  9440. literature.</para>
  9441. </section>
  9442. <section>
  9443. <title>Notes on №7-8</title>
  9444. <informaltable>
  9445. <tgroup cols="5">
  9446. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  9447. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  9448. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  9449. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  9450. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  9451. <tbody>
  9452. <row>
  9453. <entry>7.</entry>
  9454. <entry>A:</entry>
  9455. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ huì
  9456. shuō Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9457. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">请问,你会说英文吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9458. <entry>May I ask, can you speak English?</entry>
  9459. </row>
  9460. <row>
  9461. <entry/>
  9462. <entry>B:</entry>
  9463. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ huì shuō
  9464. yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9465. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我会说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
  9466. <entry>I can speak a little.</entry>
  9467. </row>
  9468. <row>
  9469. <entry/>
  9470. <entry/>
  9471. <entry/>
  9472. <entry/>
  9473. <entry/>
  9474. </row>
  9475. <row>
  9476. <entry>8.</entry>
  9477. <entry>A:</entry>
  9478. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai yě
  9479. huì shuō Zhōngguó huà ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9480. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你太太也会说中国话吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9481. <entry>Can tour wife speak Chinese too?</entry>
  9482. </row>
  9483. <row>
  9484. <entry/>
  9485. <entry>B:</entry>
  9486. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú huì, tā bú
  9487. huì shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9488. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不会,她不会说。</foreignphrase></entry>
  9489. <entry>No, she can't.</entry>
  9490. </row>
  9491. </tbody>
  9492. </tgroup>
  9493. </informaltable>
  9494. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huì</foreignphrase>, "to know
  9495. how to," "can," is an auxiliary verb. It is used before the main verb to
  9496. express an attitude toward the action or to express the potential of action.
  9497. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎng</foreignphrase>, "to
  9498. want to," "would like to," is also an auxiliary verb. "Should," "must," and
  9499. "may" are other examples of auxiliary verbs. All auxiliary verbs in Chinese
  9500. are state verbs, which means that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> is always used to make them negative. Auxiliary
  9501. verbs never take the aspect marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> for completed action, regardless of whether you are
  9502. talking about past, present, or future.<informaltable>
  9503. <tgroup cols="2">
  9504. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  9505. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  9506. <tbody>
  9507. <row>
  9508. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qǜnián
  9509. bú huì shuō Yīngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9510. <entry>He couldn’t speak English last year.</entry>
  9511. </row>
  9512. </tbody>
  9513. </tgroup>
  9514. </informaltable></para>
  9515. <para>When the marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> is used, it is the aspect marker for new situations.<informaltable>
  9516. <tgroup cols="2">
  9517. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  9518. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  9519. <tbody>
  9520. <row>
  9521. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qǜnián
  9522. bú huì shuō Yīngwén, xiànzài huì
  9523. le,</foreignphrase></entry>
  9524. <entry>
  9525. <para> Last year he couldn’t speak English, but now he
  9526. can.</para>
  9527. </entry>
  9528. </row>
  9529. </tbody>
  9530. </tgroup>
  9531. </informaltable></para>
  9532. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ huì shuō
  9533. yìdiǎn</foreignphrase>, "工 can speak a little": The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìdiǎn</foreignphrase>, literally "a dot,"
  9534. functions as a noun. It is used in a sentence to mean "a little bit" where a
  9535. noun object, such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yīngwén</foreignphrase>, "English," might be used.</para>
  9536. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yìdiǎn</foreignphrase> may not
  9537. be used directly after an auxiliary verb, which must be followed by another
  9538. verb.</para>
  9539. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuō</foreignphrase>, "to
  9540. speak," "to talk," is another example of a verb which must always have an
  9541. object. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuō</foreignphrase> must
  9542. be followed by either:</para>
  9543. <orderedlist>
  9544. <listitem>
  9545. <para>the general object <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huà</foreignphrase>, "words," in which case the meaning of
  9546. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuō
  9547. huà</foreignphrase> is simply "to speak," "to talk," as
  9548. in:<informaltable frame="none">
  9549. <tgroup cols="2">
  9550. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  9551. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  9552. <tbody>
  9553. <row>
  9554. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
  9555. hái méi shuō huà.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9556. <entry>He hasn't yet spoken.</entry>
  9557. </row>
  9558. </tbody>
  9559. </tgroup>
  9560. </informaltable></para>
  9561. <para>OR</para>
  9562. </listitem>
  9563. <listitem>
  9564. <para>a specific object such as the name of a language.</para>
  9565. </listitem>
  9566. </orderedlist>
  9567. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú huì</foreignphrase>: The
  9568. short yes/no answer to a question containing the auxiliary verb
  9569. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> is formed
  9570. with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> rather
  9571. than with the main verb.</para>
  9572. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó huà</foreignphrase>:
  9573. This expression refers only to the spoken language, in contrast to
  9574. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngwén</foreignphrase>,
  9575. which refers to both the spoken and written language.</para>
  9576. </section>
  9577. <section>
  9578. <title>Notes on №9</title>
  9579. <informaltable>
  9580. <tgroup cols="5">
  9581. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  9582. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  9583. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  9584. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  9585. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  9586. <tbody>
  9587. <row>
  9588. <entry>9.</entry>
  9589. <entry>A:</entry>
  9590. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde Zhōngguó
  9591. huà hěn hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9592. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你的中国话很好。</foreignphrase></entry>
  9593. <entry>Your Chinese is very good.</entry>
  9594. </row>
  9595. <row>
  9596. <entry/>
  9597. <entry>B:</entry>
  9598. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Náli, náli. wǒ
  9599. jiù shuō yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9600. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪里,哪里。我就说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
  9601. <entry>Not at all, not at all. I can speak only a
  9602. little.</entry>
  9603. </row>
  9604. </tbody>
  9605. </tgroup>
  9606. </informaltable>
  9607. <para>Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náli</foreignphrase>
  9608. means "where." As a reply to a compliment, we have translated <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náli</foreignphrase> as "not at all." In
  9609. China, it has traditionally been considered proper and a matter of course to
  9610. deny any compliment received, no matter how much truth there is to it. Many
  9611. people still regard <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xièxie</foreignphrase> "thank you," as an immodest reply to a
  9612. compliment, since that would amount to agreeing that the compliment was
  9613. completely correct.</para>
  9614. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù</foreignphrase>, "only": As
  9615. was noted in Unit 3, notes on Nos. 8-9, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> meaning "only" is not as
  9616. widely understood as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ</foreignphrase>. The last sentence in exchange 9 could Just as well
  9617. be <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhǐ huì shuō
  9618. yìdiǎn</foreignphrase>.</para>
  9619. </section>
  9620. <section>
  9621. <title>Notes on №10-11</title>
  9622. <informaltable>
  9623. <tgroup cols="5">
  9624. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  9625. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  9626. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  9627. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  9628. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  9629. <tbody>
  9630. <row>
  9631. <entry>11.</entry>
  9632. <entry>A:</entry>
  9633. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì zài
  9634. dàxüé xüéde Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9635. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是在大学学的英文吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9636. <entry>Did you study English at college?</entry>
  9637. </row>
  9638. <row>
  9639. <entry/>
  9640. <entry>B:</entry>
  9641. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìde, wǒ shì
  9642. zài Táiwān Dàxüé xüéde Yīngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9643. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是的,我是在台湾大学学的英文。</foreignphrase></entry>
  9644. <entry>Yes, I studied English at Taiwan University.</entry>
  9645. </row>
  9646. </tbody>
  9647. </tgroup>
  9648. </informaltable>
  9649. <para>In the Peking dialect of Standard Chinese, which is the model for
  9650. grammatical patterns presented in this course, the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de</foreignphrase> of a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì...de</foreignphrase> construction comes
  9651. between the verb and its object. The object, therefore, is outside the
  9652. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì...de</foreignphrase>
  9653. construction. Compare "I studied here" with "I studied English here":</para>
  9654. <para>However, you may hear some Standard Chinese speakers who place the object
  9655. inside the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì...de</foreignphrase> construction.<informaltable>
  9656. <tgroup cols="6">
  9657. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  9658. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  9659. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  9660. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  9661. <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  9662. <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  9663. <tbody>
  9664. <row>
  9665. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
  9666. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase></entry>
  9667. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
  9668. zhèr</foreignphrase></entry>
  9669. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xüé</foreignphrase></entry>
  9670. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9671. <entry/>
  9672. </row>
  9673. <row>
  9674. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
  9675. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase></entry>
  9676. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
  9677. zhèr</foreignphrase></entry>
  9678. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xüé</foreignphrase></entry>
  9679. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de</foreignphrase></entry>
  9680. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yīngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9681. </row>
  9682. </tbody>
  9683. </tgroup>
  9684. </informaltable></para>
  9685. </section>
  9686. </section>
  9687. </section>
  9688. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  9689. <section>
  9690. <title>Drills</title>
  9691. <para/>
  9692. </section>
  9693. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  9694. <section>
  9695. <title>Criterion test</title>
  9696. <para/>
  9697. </section>
  9698. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  9699. <section>
  9700. <title>Appendices</title>
  9701. <para/>
  9702. <section>
  9703. <title>Appendix </title>
  9704. <para/>
  9705. </section>
  9706. <section>
  9707. <title>Appendix </title>
  9708. <para/>
  9709. </section>
  9710. <section>
  9711. <title>Appendix </title>
  9712. <para/>
  9713. </section>
  9714. <section>
  9715. <title>Appendix </title>
  9716. <para/>
  9717. </section>
  9718. <section>
  9719. <title>Appendix </title>
  9720. <para/>
  9721. </section>
  9722. </section>
  9723. </section>
  9724. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  9725. <section>
  9726. <title>Unit 8</title>
  9727. <para/>
  9728. <section>
  9729. <title>Introduction</title>
  9730. <para/>
  9731. <section>
  9732. <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
  9733. <orderedlist>
  9734. <listitem>
  9735. <para>More on duration phrases.</para>
  9736. </listitem>
  9737. <listitem>
  9738. <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> for new situations in negative sentences.</para>
  9739. </listitem>
  9740. <listitem>
  9741. <para>Military titles and 'branches of service,</para>
  9742. </listitem>
  9743. <listitem>
  9744. <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>.</para>
  9745. </listitem>
  9746. <listitem>
  9747. <para>Process verbs.</para>
  9748. </listitem>
  9749. </orderedlist>
  9750. </section>
  9751. <section>
  9752. <title>Material you will need</title>
  9753. <orderedlist>
  9754. <listitem>
  9755. <para>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</para>
  9756. </listitem>
  9757. <listitem>
  9758. <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
  9759. </listitem>
  9760. <listitem>
  9761. <para>The 8D-1 tape.</para>
  9762. </listitem>
  9763. </orderedlist>
  9764. </section>
  9765. </section>
  9766. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  9767. <section>
  9768. <title>References</title>
  9769. <para/>
  9770. <section>
  9771. <title>Reference List</title>
  9772. <para/>
  9773. <informaltable>
  9774. <tgroup cols="5">
  9775. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  9776. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  9777. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  9778. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  9779. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  9780. <tbody>
  9781. <row>
  9782. <entry>1.</entry>
  9783. <entry>A:</entry>
  9784. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jīntiān hái yǒu
  9785. kè ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9786. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你今天还有课吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9787. <entry>Do you have any more classes today?</entry>
  9788. </row>
  9789. <row>
  9790. <entry/>
  9791. <entry>B:</entry>
  9792. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiyou kè
  9793. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9794. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">没有课了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  9795. <entry>I don't have any more classes.</entry>
  9796. </row>
  9797. <row>
  9798. <entry/>
  9799. <entry/>
  9800. <entry/>
  9801. <entry/>
  9802. <entry/>
  9803. </row>
  9804. <row>
  9805. <entry>2.</entry>
  9806. <entry>A:</entry>
  9807. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián niàn
  9808. Yīngwén niànle duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9809. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你从前念英文念了多久?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9810. <entry>How long did you study English?</entry>
  9811. </row>
  9812. <row>
  9813. <entry/>
  9814. <entry>B:</entry>
  9815. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn Yīngwén
  9816. niànle liǔnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9817. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我念英文念了六年。</foreignphrase></entry>
  9818. <entry>I studied English for six years.</entry>
  9819. </row>
  9820. <row>
  9821. <entry/>
  9822. <entry/>
  9823. <entry/>
  9824. <entry/>
  9825. <entry/>
  9826. </row>
  9827. <row>
  9828. <entry>3.</entry>
  9829. <entry>A:</entry>
  9830. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiànzài niàn
  9831. shénme ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9832. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你现在念什么呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9833. <entry>What are you studying now?</entry>
  9834. </row>
  9835. <row>
  9836. <entry/>
  9837. <entry>B:</entry>
  9838. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn Fàwén
  9839. ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9840. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我念法文</foreignphrase></entry>
  9841. <entry>I'm studying French.</entry>
  9842. </row>
  9843. <row>
  9844. <entry/>
  9845. <entry/>
  9846. <entry/>
  9847. <entry/>
  9848. <entry/>
  9849. </row>
  9850. <row>
  9851. <entry>4.</entry>
  9852. <entry>A:</entry>
  9853. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ niàn Fàwén
  9854. niànle duó jiǔ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9855. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你念法文念了多久了?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9856. <entry>How long have you studying French?</entry>
  9857. </row>
  9858. <row>
  9859. <entry/>
  9860. <entry>B:</entry>
  9861. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niànle yìnián
  9862. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9863. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我念了一年了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  9864. <entry>I've have been studying it for one year.</entry>
  9865. </row>
  9866. <row>
  9867. <entry/>
  9868. <entry/>
  9869. <entry/>
  9870. <entry/>
  9871. <entry/>
  9872. </row>
  9873. <row>
  9874. <entry>5.</entry>
  9875. <entry>A:</entry>
  9876. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ huì xiě Zhōngguo
  9877. zì ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9878. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你会写中国字吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9879. <entry>Can you write Chinese characters?</entry>
  9880. </row>
  9881. <row>
  9882. <entry/>
  9883. <entry>B:</entry>
  9884. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huì
  9885. yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9886. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">会一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
  9887. <entry>I can a little.</entry>
  9888. </row>
  9889. <row>
  9890. <entry/>
  9891. <entry/>
  9892. <entry/>
  9893. <entry/>
  9894. <entry/>
  9895. </row>
  9896. <row>
  9897. <entry>6.</entry>
  9898. <entry>A:</entry>
  9899. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǜnián wǒ hái bú
  9900. huì xiě.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9901. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">去年我还不会写。</foreignphrase></entry>
  9902. <entry>Last year, I couldn't write them.</entry>
  9903. </row>
  9904. <row>
  9905. <entry/>
  9906. <entry>B:</entry>
  9907. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài wǒ huì xiě
  9908. yìdiǎn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9909. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">现在我会写一点了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  9910. <entry>Now, I can write a little.</entry>
  9911. </row>
  9912. <row>
  9913. <entry/>
  9914. <entry/>
  9915. <entry/>
  9916. <entry/>
  9917. <entry/>
  9918. </row>
  9919. <row>
  9920. <entry>7.</entry>
  9921. <entry>A:</entry>
  9922. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ fùqin shi jǖnrén
  9923. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9924. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你父亲是军人吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9925. <entry>Is your father a military man?</entry>
  9926. </row>
  9927. <row>
  9928. <entry/>
  9929. <entry>B:</entry>
  9930. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā shi hǎijǖn
  9931. jǖnguān.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9932. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是,他是海军陆军。</foreignphrase></entry>
  9933. <entry>Yes, he is a naval officer.</entry>
  9934. </row>
  9935. <row>
  9936. <entry/>
  9937. <entry/>
  9938. <entry/>
  9939. <entry/>
  9940. <entry/>
  9941. </row>
  9942. <row>
  9943. <entry>8.</entry>
  9944. <entry>A:</entry>
  9945. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān bù lái
  9946. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9947. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我今天不来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  9948. <entry>I'm not coming today.</entry>
  9949. </row>
  9950. <row>
  9951. <entry/>
  9952. <entry>B:</entry>
  9953. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bìng
  9954. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9955. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我病了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  9956. <entry>I'm sick.</entry>
  9957. </row>
  9958. <row>
  9959. <entry/>
  9960. <entry/>
  9961. <entry/>
  9962. <entry/>
  9963. <entry/>
  9964. </row>
  9965. <row>
  9966. <entry>9.</entry>
  9967. <entry>A:</entry>
  9968. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo le
  9969. méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9970. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">今天好了没有?</foreignphrase></entry>
  9971. <entry>Are you better today? (Are you recovered?)</entry>
  9972. </row>
  9973. <row>
  9974. <entry/>
  9975. <entry>B:</entry>
  9976. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo
  9977. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9978. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">今天好了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  9979. <entry>Today I'm better.</entry>
  9980. </row>
  9981. </tbody>
  9982. </tgroup>
  9983. </informaltable>
  9984. </section>
  9985. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  9986. <section>
  9987. <title>Vocabulary</title>
  9988. <para/>
  9989. <informaltable>
  9990. <tgroup cols="3">
  9991. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
  9992. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  9993. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  9994. <tbody>
  9995. <row>
  9996. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kōngjǖn</foreignphrase></entry>
  9997. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">空军</foreignphrase></entry>
  9998. <entry>Air Force</entry>
  9999. </row>
  10000. <row>
  10001. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lùjǖn</foreignphrase></entry>
  10002. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">陆军</foreignphrase></entry>
  10003. <entry>army</entry>
  10004. </row>
  10005. <row>
  10006. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shìbīng</foreignphrase></entry>
  10007. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">事兵</foreignphrase></entry>
  10008. <entry>enlisted man</entry>
  10009. </row>
  10010. <row>
  10011. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò
  10012. shì</foreignphrase></entry>
  10013. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">做事</foreignphrase></entry>
  10014. <entry>to work</entry>
  10015. </row>
  10016. <row>
  10017. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Déwén</foreignphrase></entry>
  10018. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">德文</foreignphrase></entry>
  10019. <entry>German language</entry>
  10020. </row>
  10021. <row>
  10022. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìng</foreignphrase></entry>
  10023. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">病</foreignphrase></entry>
  10024. <entry>to become ill</entry>
  10025. </row>
  10026. <row>
  10027. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Déwén</foreignphrase></entry>
  10028. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">德文</foreignphrase></entry>
  10029. <entry>German language</entry>
  10030. </row>
  10031. <row>
  10032. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fàwén</foreignphrase></entry>
  10033. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">法文</foreignphrase></entry>
  10034. <entry>French language</entry>
  10035. </row>
  10036. <row>
  10037. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎijǖn</foreignphrase></entry>
  10038. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">海军</foreignphrase></entry>
  10039. <entry>navy</entry>
  10040. </row>
  10041. <row>
  10042. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǖnguān</foreignphrase></entry>
  10043. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">陆军</foreignphrase></entry>
  10044. <entry>military officer</entry>
  10045. </row>
  10046. <row>
  10047. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǖnrén</foreignphrase></entry>
  10048. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">军人</foreignphrase></entry>
  10049. <entry>military person</entry>
  10050. </row>
  10051. <row>
  10052. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kè</foreignphrase></entry>
  10053. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">课</foreignphrase></entry>
  10054. <entry>class</entry>
  10055. </row>
  10056. <row>
  10057. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě</foreignphrase></entry>
  10058. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">写</foreignphrase></entry>
  10059. <entry>to write</entry>
  10060. </row>
  10061. <row>
  10062. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zì</foreignphrase></entry>
  10063. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">字</foreignphrase></entry>
  10064. <entry>character</entry>
  10065. </row>
  10066. </tbody>
  10067. </tgroup>
  10068. </informaltable>
  10069. </section>
  10070. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  10071. <section>
  10072. <title>Reference Notes</title>
  10073. <para/>
  10074. <section>
  10075. <title>Notes on №1</title>
  10076. <informaltable>
  10077. <tgroup cols="5">
  10078. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  10079. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  10080. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  10081. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  10082. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  10083. <tbody>
  10084. <row>
  10085. <entry>1.</entry>
  10086. <entry>A:</entry>
  10087. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jīntiān hái
  10088. yǒu kè ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  10089. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你今天还有课吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  10090. <entry>Do you have any more classes today?</entry>
  10091. </row>
  10092. <row>
  10093. <entry/>
  10094. <entry>B:</entry>
  10095. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiyou kè
  10096. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10097. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">没有课了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  10098. <entry>I don't have any more classes.</entry>
  10099. </row>
  10100. </tbody>
  10101. </tgroup>
  10102. </informaltable>
  10103. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái</foreignphrase>,
  10104. "additionally," "also": You have already learned the word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase> used as an adverb meaning
  10105. "still." In this exchange you learn a second way to use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase>.<informaltable>
  10106. <tgroup cols="2">
  10107. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  10108. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  10109. <tbody>
  10110. <row>
  10111. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái
  10112. xiǎng zǒu ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  10113. <entry>Do you still want to leave?</entry>
  10114. </row>
  10115. <row>
  10116. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái yào
  10117. xüé shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
  10118. <entry>What else do you want to study?</entry>
  10119. </row>
  10120. </tbody>
  10121. </tgroup>
  10122. </informaltable></para>
  10123. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou...le</foreignphrase>: You
  10124. will remember that in the negative of a completed action, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou</foreignphrase> replaces the
  10125. completion marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> is never used together with it.<informaltable>
  10126. <tgroup cols="5">
  10127. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  10128. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  10129. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  10130. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  10131. <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  10132. <tbody>
  10133. <row>
  10134. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
  10135. <entry/>
  10136. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase></entry>
  10137. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10138. <entry>He came.</entry>
  10139. </row>
  10140. <row>
  10141. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
  10142. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi(you)</foreignphrase></entry>
  10143. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10144. <entry/>
  10145. <entry>He did not come.</entry>
  10146. </row>
  10147. </tbody>
  10148. </tgroup>
  10149. </informaltable></para>
  10150. <para>In the sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou kè
  10151. le</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> is a new-situation marker, and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou</foreignphrase> is simply the negative
  10152. of the full verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase>. (Remember that the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase> is always made negative
  10153. with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase>, never
  10154. with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>.)<informaltable>
  10155. <tgroup cols="5">
  10156. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  10157. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  10158. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  10159. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  10160. <colspec colname="c6" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  10161. <tbody>
  10162. <row>
  10163. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
  10164. <entry/>
  10165. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
  10166. kè</foreignphrase></entry>
  10167. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10168. <entry>Now he has class. [Due to a change in the schedule,
  10169. he now has class at this time.]</entry>
  10170. </row>
  10171. <row>
  10172. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
  10173. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi-</foreignphrase></entry>
  10174. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
  10175. kè</foreignphrase></entry>
  10176. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10177. <entry>He doesn't have any more classes.</entry>
  10178. </row>
  10179. </tbody>
  10180. </tgroup>
  10181. </informaltable></para>
  10182. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù...le/méiyou...le</foreignphrase>: When the marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> for new situations is used
  10183. with a negative verb, there are two possible meanings: </para>
  10184. <orderedlist>
  10185. <listitem>
  10186. <para>one is that something that was supposed to happen is now not going
  10187. to happen.</para>
  10188. </listitem>
  10189. <listitem>
  10190. <para> the other is that something that was happening is not happening
  10191. anymore. </para>
  10192. </listitem>
  10193. </orderedlist>
  10194. <para>Thus the following sentence is ambiguous:<informaltable>
  10195. <tgroup cols="2">
  10196. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  10197. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*"/>
  10198. <tbody>
  10199. <row>
  10200. <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bù lái
  10201. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10202. <entry>
  10203. <para>He is not coining now. [Either he was expected to
  10204. come but changed his mind, or he used to come at
  10205. this time but now has stopped.]</para>
  10206. </entry>
  10207. </row>
  10208. </tbody>
  10209. </tgroup>
  10210. </informaltable></para>
  10211. <para>In the context of a conversation, the meaning of the sentence would become
  10212. clear. </para>
  10213. <para>Here are more-examples with the "anymore" meaning:<informaltable frame="none">
  10214. <tgroup cols="2">
  10215. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  10216. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  10217. <tbody>
  10218. <row>
  10219. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú niàn
  10220. shū le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10221. <entry>He is not going to study anymore.[He will no longer
  10222. attend college.]</entry>
  10223. </row>
  10224. <row>
  10225. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú shi
  10226. wǒde péngyou le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10227. <entry>He is not my friend anymore.</entry>
  10228. </row>
  10229. <row>
  10230. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou
  10231. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10232. <entry>There is no more.</entry>
  10233. </row>
  10234. </tbody>
  10235. </tgroup>
  10236. </informaltable></para>
  10237. </section>
  10238. <section>
  10239. <title>Notes on №2</title>
  10240. <informaltable>
  10241. <tgroup cols="5">
  10242. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  10243. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  10244. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  10245. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  10246. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  10247. <tbody>
  10248. <row>
  10249. <entry>2.</entry>
  10250. <entry>A:</entry>
  10251. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián
  10252. niàn Yīngwén niànle duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
  10253. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你从前念英文念了多久?</foreignphrase></entry>
  10254. <entry>How long did you study English?</entry>
  10255. </row>
  10256. <row>
  10257. <entry/>
  10258. <entry>B:</entry>
  10259. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn Yīngwén
  10260. niànle liǔnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10261. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我念英文念了六年。</foreignphrase></entry>
  10262. <entry>I studied English for six years.</entry>
  10263. </row>
  10264. </tbody>
  10265. </tgroup>
  10266. </informaltable>
  10267. <para>More on duration: In Unit 6 of this module, you learned to express
  10268. duration in a sentence with no object (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Xiāngǎng zhùle liùge yüè
  10269. le.</foreignphrase> ). In this unit, you learn one way to express the
  10270. duration of an activity which involves using both a verb and an object (e.g.
  10271. , "studying economics"). In such cases, the verb appears twice in the
  10272. sentence: first when the object is stated, and again when the duration is stated.<informaltable>
  10273. <tgroup cols="2">
  10274. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  10275. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  10276. <tbody>
  10277. <row>
  10278. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā niàn
  10279. jīngjixüé, niánle yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10280. <entry>He studied economics for one year.</entry>
  10281. </row>
  10282. <row>
  10283. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xüé
  10284. Zhōngguo huà, xüéle sānge yüè
  10285. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10286. <entry>
  10287. <para>He has been studying Chinese for three
  10288. months.</para>
  10289. </entry>
  10290. </row>
  10291. </tbody>
  10292. </tgroup>
  10293. </informaltable></para>
  10294. <para>Notice that aspect markers do not occur after the first verb in each
  10295. sentence, but only after the second verb and at the end of the second
  10296. sentence.</para>
  10297. </section>
  10298. <section>
  10299. <title>Notes on №3</title>
  10300. <informaltable>
  10301. <tgroup cols="5">
  10302. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  10303. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  10304. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  10305. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  10306. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  10307. <tbody>
  10308. <row>
  10309. <entry>3.</entry>
  10310. <entry>A:</entry>
  10311. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiànzài niàn
  10312. shénme ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
  10313. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你现在念什么呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
  10314. <entry>What are you studying now?</entry>
  10315. </row>
  10316. <row>
  10317. <entry/>
  10318. <entry>B:</entry>
  10319. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn Fàwén
  10320. ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10321. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我念法文</foreignphrase></entry>
  10322. <entry>I'm studying French.</entry>
  10323. </row>
  10324. </tbody>
  10325. </tgroup>
  10326. </informaltable>
  10327. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ne</foreignphrase> is an aspect
  10328. marker used to emphasize the fact that something is in progress. With action
  10329. verbs, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>
  10330. indicates that the action is going on.</para>
  10331. <para>With state verbs, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase> shows that the state exists. With some process
  10332. verbs, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>
  10333. indicates that the process is going on. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ne</foreignphrase> may not be used with
  10334. certain process verbs. (See also notes on No. 8, about verbs.)</para>
  10335. </section>
  10336. <section>
  10337. <title>Notes on №4-5</title>
  10338. <informaltable>
  10339. <tgroup cols="5">
  10340. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  10341. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  10342. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  10343. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  10344. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  10345. <tbody>
  10346. <row>
  10347. <entry>4.</entry>
  10348. <entry>A:</entry>
  10349. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ niàn Fàwén
  10350. niànle duó jiǔ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
  10351. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你念法文念了多久了?</foreignphrase></entry>
  10352. <entry>How long have you studying French?</entry>
  10353. </row>
  10354. <row>
  10355. <entry/>
  10356. <entry>B:</entry>
  10357. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niànle
  10358. yìnián le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10359. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我念了一年了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  10360. <entry>I've have been studying it for one year.</entry>
  10361. </row>
  10362. <row>
  10363. <entry/>
  10364. <entry/>
  10365. <entry/>
  10366. <entry/>
  10367. <entry/>
  10368. </row>
  10369. <row>
  10370. <entry>5.</entry>
  10371. <entry>A:</entry>
  10372. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ huì xiě
  10373. Zhōngguo zì ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  10374. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你会写中国字吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  10375. <entry>Can you write Chinese characters?</entry>
  10376. </row>
  10377. <row>
  10378. <entry/>
  10379. <entry>B:</entry>
  10380. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huì
  10381. yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10382. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">会一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
  10383. <entry>I can a little.</entry>
  10384. </row>
  10385. </tbody>
  10386. </tgroup>
  10387. </informaltable>
  10388. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiě Zhōngguo zì</foreignphrase>:
  10389. The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě</foreignphrase>, "to
  10390. write" can occur with specific objects, such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguo zì</foreignphrase>, as well as with
  10391. the general object <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zì</foreignphrase>. The combination <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě zì</foreignphrase>can mean either "to
  10392. write characters" or simply "to write."</para>
  10393. <informaltable>
  10394. <tgroup cols="2">
  10395. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  10396. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  10397. <tbody>
  10398. <row>
  10399. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiǎng xüé
  10400. Zhōngguo zì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10401. <entry>He wants to learn to write Chinese characters.</entry>
  10402. </row>
  10403. <row>
  10404. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo dìdi sìsuì
  10405. le, yǐjīng huì xiě zì le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10406. <entry>Little younger brother is four years old and already can
  10407. write.</entry>
  10408. </row>
  10409. </tbody>
  10410. </tgroup>
  10411. </informaltable>
  10412. <para>In the reply <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì
  10413. yìdiǎn</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> is used as a main verb --not as an auxiliary verb,
  10414. as in the question. </para>
  10415. <para>As a main verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> means "to have the skill of," "to have the
  10416. knowledge of," "to know."<informaltable>
  10417. <tgroup cols="2">
  10418. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  10419. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  10420. <tbody>
  10421. <row>
  10422. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ huì
  10423. Yīngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10424. <entry>I know English.</entry>
  10425. </row>
  10426. </tbody>
  10427. </tgroup>
  10428. </informaltable></para>
  10429. </section>
  10430. <section>
  10431. <title>Notes on №6</title>
  10432. <informaltable>
  10433. <tgroup cols="5">
  10434. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  10435. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  10436. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  10437. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  10438. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  10439. <tbody>
  10440. <row>
  10441. <entry>6.</entry>
  10442. <entry>A:</entry>
  10443. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǜnián wǒ hái
  10444. bú huì xiě.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10445. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">去年我还不会写。</foreignphrase></entry>
  10446. <entry>Last year, I couldn't write them.</entry>
  10447. </row>
  10448. <row>
  10449. <entry/>
  10450. <entry>B:</entry>
  10451. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài wǒ huì
  10452. xiě yìdiǎn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10453. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">现在我会写一点了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  10454. <entry>Now, I can write a little.</entry>
  10455. </row>
  10456. </tbody>
  10457. </tgroup>
  10458. </informaltable>
  10459. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qùnián wǒ hái bú huì
  10460. xiě.</foreignphrase>: Notice that here it is the auxiliary verb
  10461. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase>, not the
  10462. verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě</foreignphrase>, that is
  10463. made negative. Auxiliary verbs such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase> are STATE verbs and so
  10464. are made negative with the prefix <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>, regardless of whether the context is past, present,
  10465. or future.</para>
  10466. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài wǒ huì xiě yìdiǎn
  10467. le.</foreignphrase>: The marker used is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> for new situations. It is
  10468. always placed at the end of a sentence.</para>
  10469. <para>The time word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiànzài</foreignphrase> comes at the beginning of the sentence here.
  10470. Most time words of more than one syllable may come either <emphasis role="bold">before</emphasis> or <emphasis role="bold">after</emphasis>
  10471. the <emphasis role="bold">subject</emphasis>, but in either case <emphasis role="bold"><emphasis role="underline">before the
  10472. verb</emphasis></emphasis>.</para>
  10473. </section>
  10474. <section>
  10475. <title>Notes on №7-8</title>
  10476. <informaltable>
  10477. <tgroup cols="5">
  10478. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  10479. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  10480. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  10481. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  10482. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  10483. <tbody>
  10484. <row>
  10485. <entry>7.</entry>
  10486. <entry>A:</entry>
  10487. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ fùqin shi
  10488. jǖnrén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  10489. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你父亲是军人吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
  10490. <entry>Is your father a military man?</entry>
  10491. </row>
  10492. <row>
  10493. <entry/>
  10494. <entry>B:</entry>
  10495. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā shi
  10496. hǎijǖn jǖnguān.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10497. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是,他是海军陆军。</foreignphrase></entry>
  10498. <entry>Yes, he is a naval officer.</entry>
  10499. </row>
  10500. <row>
  10501. <entry/>
  10502. <entry/>
  10503. <entry/>
  10504. <entry/>
  10505. <entry/>
  10506. </row>
  10507. <row>
  10508. <entry>8.</entry>
  10509. <entry>A:</entry>
  10510. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān bù
  10511. lái le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10512. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我今天不来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  10513. <entry>I'm not coming today.</entry>
  10514. </row>
  10515. <row>
  10516. <entry/>
  10517. <entry>B:</entry>
  10518. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bìng
  10519. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10520. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我病了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  10521. <entry>I'm sick.</entry>
  10522. </row>
  10523. </tbody>
  10524. </tgroup>
  10525. </informaltable>
  10526. <para>The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìng</foreignphrase>,
  10527. "to get sick," "to become ill," is a process verb; that is the activity
  10528. described includes some changes in the situation. Process verbs tell of an
  10529. action which has caused a change from one state to another, as from whole to
  10530. broken ("to break") and from frozen to melted ("to melt"). <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bìng</foreignphrase> is typical of process
  10531. verbs: not only is an action described (coming down with an illness) but
  10532. also a resulting state (being ill). Because of this typical combination,
  10533. process verbs are sometimes thought of as combining the semantic
  10534. characteristics of action and state verbs.</para>
  10535. <para>One of the main purposes of talking about verbs in terms of action, state,
  10536. and process is to draw attention to the fact that the Chinese way of
  10537. expressing something may not correspond to the English. </para>
  10538. <para>For instance,</para>
  10539. <para>"I am sick" in Chinese is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
  10540. bìng le. </foreignphrase>("I have gotten sick"). For "I am not sick,"
  10541. you say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méi
  10542. bìng.</foreignphrase> ("I didn't get sick").</para>
  10543. <para>Process verbs are always made negative with m|i9 regardless of whether you
  10544. are referring to past, present, or future.<informaltable>
  10545. <tgroup cols="2">
  10546. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  10547. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  10548. <tbody>
  10549. <row>
  10550. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bìng le
  10551. méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
  10552. <entry>Are you sick?</entry>
  10553. </row>
  10554. <row>
  10555. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou. Wǒ
  10556. méi bing.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10557. <entry>No. I'm not sick.</entry>
  10558. </row>
  10559. </tbody>
  10560. </tgroup>
  10561. </informaltable></para>
  10562. <para>(State verbs are always made negative with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>.)</para>
  10563. <para>Another reason for putting verbs into categories according to the type of
  10564. meaning is to discover how verbs behave in sentences. Knowing whether a verb
  10565. is in the action, state, or process category, you will know what aspect
  10566. markers and negatives may be used with that verb. In the following charts, a
  10567. check mark means that this combination of verb and aspect occurs in the language.<informaltable>
  10568. <tgroup cols="5">
  10569. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.5*" align="center"/>
  10570. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  10571. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  10572. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  10573. <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  10574. <tbody>
  10575. <row>
  10576. <entry morerows="1" namest="c1" nameend="c2"/>
  10577. <entry namest="c3" nameend="c5" align="center">Aspect
  10578. Markers</entry>
  10579. </row>
  10580. <row>
  10581. <entry>Completion <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase></entry>
  10582. <entry>Combined <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase></entry>
  10583. <entry>New-situation</entry>
  10584. </row>
  10585. <row>
  10586. <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">Verbs</entry>
  10587. <entry>Action</entry>
  10588. <entry align="center">X</entry>
  10589. <entry>X</entry>
  10590. <entry>X</entry>
  10591. </row>
  10592. <row>
  10593. <entry>State</entry>
  10594. <entry/>
  10595. <entry/>
  10596. <entry>X</entry>
  10597. </row>
  10598. <row>
  10599. <entry>Process</entry>
  10600. <entry>X</entry>
  10601. <entry>X</entry>
  10602. <entry>X</entry>
  10603. </row>
  10604. </tbody>
  10605. </tgroup>
  10606. </informaltable></para>
  10607. <para><emphasis role="bold">Examples:</emphasis><footnote>
  10608. <para>Most of the time you can figure out from a verb's meaning the
  10609. semantic category in which that verb belongs. However, process verbs
  10610. may not be so predictable.</para>
  10611. </footnote><informaltable>
  10612. <tgroup cols="3">
  10613. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  10614. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  10615. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  10616. <tbody>
  10617. <row>
  10618. <entry morerows="2" align="center" valign="middle">Action</entry>
  10619. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
  10620. gōngzuò le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10621. <entry>He worked yesterday. (completion Le)</entry>
  10622. </row>
  10623. <row>
  10624. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjīng
  10625. lái le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10626. <entry>He has already come. (combined le)</entry>
  10627. </row>
  10628. <row>
  10629. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gēge
  10630. xiànzài niàn dàxüé le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10631. <entry>Older brother goes to college now. (new-situation le)<footnote>
  10632. <para>In affirmative sentences containing action
  10633. verbs, the marker le for new situations is used to
  10634. describe a change in a general habit.</para>
  10635. </footnote></entry>
  10636. </row>
  10637. <row>
  10638. <entry align="center" valign="middle">State</entry>
  10639. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiànzài
  10640. huì xiě zì le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10641. <entry>He can write now. (new-situation le)</entry>
  10642. </row>
  10643. <row>
  10644. <entry morerows="2" align="center" valign="middle">Process</entry>
  10645. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
  10646. bìng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10647. <entry>He got sick yesterday. (completion le)</entry>
  10648. </row>
  10649. <row>
  10650. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiànzài
  10651. bìng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10652. <entry>He is sick.(combined le)</entry>
  10653. </row>
  10654. <row>
  10655. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bìngle
  10656. yíge yüé le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10657. <entry>He has been sick for one month now. (new-situation le
  10658. and completion le)</entry>
  10659. </row>
  10660. </tbody>
  10661. </tgroup>
  10662. </informaltable></para>
  10663. <para>
  10664. <informaltable>
  10665. <tgroup cols="5">
  10666. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  10667. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="3.0*" align="center"/>
  10668. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  10669. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  10670. <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  10671. <tbody>
  10672. <row>
  10673. <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2" morerows="1"/>
  10674. <entry namest="c3" nameend="c5" align="center">Verbs</entry>
  10675. </row>
  10676. <row>
  10677. <entry align="center">Action</entry>
  10678. <entry align="center">State</entry>
  10679. <entry align="center">Process</entry>
  10680. </row>
  10681. <row>
  10682. <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">Negation</entry>
  10683. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase></entry>
  10684. <entry>X</entry>
  10685. <entry>X</entry>
  10686. <entry/>
  10687. </row>
  10688. <row>
  10689. <entry>—negation of completion <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase></entry>
  10690. <entry>X</entry>
  10691. <entry/>
  10692. <entry>X</entry>
  10693. </row>
  10694. <row>
  10695. <entry>—negation of combined <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase></entry>
  10696. <entry>X</entry>
  10697. <entry/>
  10698. <entry>X</entry>
  10699. </row>
  10700. </tbody>
  10701. </tgroup>
  10702. </informaltable>
  10703. </para>
  10704. <para><emphasis role="bold">Examples: </emphasis><informaltable>
  10705. <tgroup cols="3">
  10706. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  10707. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*"/>
  10708. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  10709. <tbody>
  10710. <row>
  10711. <entry morerows="2" valign="middle" align="center">Action</entry>
  10712. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú niàn
  10713. shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10714. <entry>He doesn’t (isn't going to) study</entry>
  10715. </row>
  10716. <row>
  10717. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā méi niàn
  10718. shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10719. <entry>He didn't study.</entry>
  10720. </row>
  10721. <row>
  10722. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
  10723. niàn shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10724. <entry>He hasn’t studied yet,</entry>
  10725. </row>
  10726. <row>
  10727. <entry align="center">State</entry>
  10728. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qǜnián
  10729. bù xiǎng niàn shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10730. <entry>Last year, she didn't want to study.</entry>
  10731. </row>
  10732. <row>
  10733. <entry align="center" morerows="1" valign="middle">Process</entry>
  10734. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jīntiān
  10735. méi bìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10736. <entry>He is not sick today.</entry>
  10737. </row>
  10738. <row>
  10739. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
  10740. hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10741. <entry>He hasn't yet recovered.</entry>
  10742. </row>
  10743. </tbody>
  10744. </tgroup>
  10745. </informaltable></para>
  10746. <para>Notice that only action verbs use the whole range of negatives to mark the
  10747. negative of future or present action, completed action, or new situations.
  10748. State verbs use the negative prefix <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> even when referring to
  10749. past states. Process verbs use the negative prefix <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> even when referring to
  10750. something in the present.</para>
  10751. <para>If you find a verb occurring with a negative or an aspect marker you had
  10752. not expected, you might discuss with your teacher how the verb behaves in
  10753. terms of these charts. You might discover that what you thought was a state
  10754. verb is actually a process verb, or vice versa.</para>
  10755. </section>
  10756. <section>
  10757. <title>Notes on №9</title>
  10758. <informaltable>
  10759. <tgroup cols="5">
  10760. <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  10761. <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
  10762. <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  10763. <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
  10764. <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
  10765. <tbody>
  10766. <row>
  10767. <entry>9.</entry>
  10768. <entry>A:</entry>
  10769. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo le
  10770. méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
  10771. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">今天好了没有?</foreignphrase></entry>
  10772. <entry>Are you better today? (Are you recovered?)</entry>
  10773. </row>
  10774. <row>
  10775. <entry/>
  10776. <entry>B:</entry>
  10777. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo
  10778. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10779. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">今天好了。</foreignphrase></entry>
  10780. <entry>Today I'm better.</entry>
  10781. </row>
  10782. </tbody>
  10783. </tgroup>
  10784. </informaltable>
  10785. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo le.</foreignphrase>:
  10786. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo</foreignphrase> is one of
  10787. many state verbs which can become process verbs. When such a verb becomes a
  10788. process verb, it takes on a different meaning. While the state verb
  10789. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase> means "to
  10790. be good" or "to be well," the process verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase> means "to get better,"
  10791. "to recover." Compare these sentences:<informaltable>
  10792. <tgroup cols="2">
  10793. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  10794. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  10795. <tbody>
  10796. <row>
  10797. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
  10798. hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10799. <entry>He's in good health.</entry>
  10800. </row>
  10801. <row>
  10802. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
  10803. bìng le. Tā jīntiān yǐjīng hǎo
  10804. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10805. <entry>Yesterday he became sick. Today he is already
  10806. recovered.</entry>
  10807. </row>
  10808. </tbody>
  10809. </tgroup>
  10810. </informaltable></para>
  10811. <para>The difference between the state verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase> and the process verb
  10812. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase> is even
  10813. more evident in negative sentences. State verbs, as you remember, are made
  10814. negative only with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>. Process verbs are made negative only with
  10815. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> or
  10816. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái méi</foreignphrase>.<informaltable>
  10817. <tgroup cols="2">
  10818. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  10819. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
  10820. <tbody>
  10821. <row>
  10822. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bù
  10823. hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10824. <entry>
  10825. <para>He's not good. [He’s not a good person.]</para>
  10826. </entry>
  10827. </row>
  10828. <row>
  10829. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
  10830. hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10831. <entry>
  10832. <para>He hasn't yet recovered. [He is still
  10833. sick.]</para>
  10834. </entry>
  10835. </row>
  10836. </tbody>
  10837. </tgroup>
  10838. </informaltable></para>
  10839. <para>It can be difficult to remember that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìng</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase>, sometimes translated as
  10840. "<emphasis role="bold">to be sick</emphasis>" and "<emphasis role="bold">to be better</emphasis>," are actually process verbs in Chinese, not
  10841. state verbs.</para>
  10842. <para> The English sentence "I am better (recovered)" translates as
  10843. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hǎo le.</foreignphrase> ("I
  10844. have become veil") and would be incorrect without the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>.</para>
  10845. <para>J<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">īntiān hǎo le
  10846. méiyou?</foreignphrase> Questions may be formed from statements
  10847. containing completion <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> or combined <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> by adding <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou</foreignphrase> at the end of the
  10848. statements.</para>
  10849. <para> You will learn more about forming questions in the first unit of the next module.<informaltable>
  10850. <tgroup cols="2">
  10851. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
  10852. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
  10853. <tbody>
  10854. <row>
  10855. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā láile
  10856. méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
  10857. <entry>Did he come?</entry>
  10858. </row>
  10859. <row>
  10860. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎole
  10861. méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
  10862. <entry>
  10863. <para> Are you recovered (from your illness)?</para>
  10864. </entry>
  10865. </row>
  10866. </tbody>
  10867. </tgroup>
  10868. </informaltable></para>
  10869. </section>
  10870. </section>
  10871. </section>
  10872. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  10873. <section>
  10874. <title>Drills</title>
  10875. <para/>
  10876. </section>
  10877. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  10878. <section>
  10879. <title>Criterion test</title>
  10880. <para/>
  10881. </section>
  10882. <?custom-pagebreak?>
  10883. <section>
  10884. <title>Appendices</title>
  10885. <para/>
  10886. <section>
  10887. <title>Appendix </title>
  10888. <para/>
  10889. </section>
  10890. <section>
  10891. <title>Appendix </title>
  10892. <para/>
  10893. </section>
  10894. <section>
  10895. <title>Appendix </title>
  10896. <para/>
  10897. </section>
  10898. <section>
  10899. <title>Appendix </title>
  10900. <para/>
  10901. </section>
  10902. <section>
  10903. <title>Appendix </title>
  10904. <para/>
  10905. </section>
  10906. </section>
  10907. </section>
  10908. </chapter>