| 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970717273747576777879808182838485868788899091929394959697989910010110210310410510610710810911011111211311411511611711811912012112212312412512612712812913013113213313413513613713813914014114214314414514614714814915015115215315415515615715815916016116216316416516616716816917017117217317417517617717817918018118218318418518618718818919019119219319419519619719819920020120220320420520620720820921021121221321421521621721821922022122222322422522622722822923023123223323423523623723823924024124224324424524624724824925025125225325425525625725825926026126226326426526626726826927027127227327427527627727827928028128228328428528628728828929029129229329429529629729829930030130230330430530630730830931031131231331431531631731831932032132232332432532632732832933033133233333433533633733833934034134234334434534634734834935035135235335435535635735835936036136236336436536636736836937037137237337437537637737837938038138238338438538638738838939039139239339439539639739839940040140240340440540640740840941041141241341441541641741841942042142242342442542642742842943043143243343443543643743843944044144244344444544644744844945045145245345445545645745845946046146246346446546646746846947047147247347447547647747847948048148248348448548648748848949049149249349449549649749849950050150250350450550650750850951051151251351451551651751851952052152252352452552652752852953053153253353453553653753853954054154254354454554654754854955055155255355455555655755855956056156256356456556656756856957057157257357457557657757857958058158258358458558658758858959059159259359459559659759859960060160260360460560660760860961061161261361461561661761861962062162262362462562662762862963063163263363463563663763863964064164264364464564664764864965065165265365465565665765865966066166266366466566666766866967067167267367467567667767867968068168268368468568668768868969069169269369469569669769869970070170270370470570670770870971071171271371471571671771871972072172272372472572672772872973073173273373473573673773873974074174274374474574674774874975075175275375475575675775875976076176276376476576676776876977077177277377477577677777877978078178278378478578678778878979079179279379479579679779879980080180280380480580680780880981081181281381481581681781881982082182282382482582682782882983083183283383483583683783883984084184284384484584684784884985085185285385485585685785885986086186286386486586686786886987087187287387487587687787887988088188288388488588688788888989089189289389489589689789889990090190290390490590690790890991091191291391491591691791891992092192292392492592692792892993093193293393493593693793893994094194294394494594694794894995095195295395495595695795895996096196296396496596696796896997097197297397497597697797897998098198298398498598698798898999099199299399499599699799899910001001100210031004100510061007100810091010101110121013101410151016101710181019102010211022102310241025102610271028102910301031103210331034103510361037103810391040104110421043104410451046104710481049105010511052105310541055105610571058105910601061106210631064106510661067106810691070107110721073107410751076107710781079108010811082108310841085108610871088108910901091109210931094109510961097109810991100110111021103110411051106110711081109111011111112111311141115111611171118111911201121112211231124112511261127112811291130113111321133113411351136113711381139114011411142114311441145114611471148114911501151115211531154115511561157115811591160116111621163116411651166116711681169117011711172117311741175117611771178117911801181118211831184118511861187118811891190119111921193119411951196119711981199120012011202120312041205120612071208120912101211121212131214121512161217121812191220122112221223122412251226122712281229123012311232123312341235123612371238123912401241124212431244124512461247124812491250125112521253125412551256125712581259126012611262126312641265126612671268126912701271127212731274127512761277127812791280128112821283128412851286128712881289129012911292129312941295129612971298129913001301130213031304130513061307130813091310131113121313131413151316131713181319132013211322132313241325132613271328132913301331133213331334133513361337133813391340134113421343134413451346134713481349135013511352135313541355135613571358135913601361136213631364136513661367136813691370137113721373137413751376137713781379138013811382138313841385138613871388138913901391139213931394139513961397139813991400140114021403140414051406140714081409141014111412141314141415141614171418141914201421142214231424142514261427142814291430143114321433143414351436143714381439144014411442144314441445144614471448144914501451145214531454145514561457145814591460146114621463146414651466146714681469147014711472147314741475147614771478147914801481148214831484148514861487148814891490149114921493149414951496149714981499150015011502150315041505150615071508150915101511151215131514151515161517151815191520152115221523152415251526152715281529153015311532153315341535153615371538153915401541154215431544154515461547154815491550155115521553155415551556155715581559156015611562156315641565156615671568156915701571157215731574157515761577157815791580158115821583158415851586158715881589159015911592159315941595159615971598159916001601160216031604160516061607160816091610161116121613161416151616161716181619162016211622162316241625162616271628162916301631163216331634163516361637163816391640164116421643164416451646164716481649165016511652165316541655165616571658165916601661166216631664166516661667166816691670167116721673167416751676167716781679168016811682168316841685168616871688168916901691169216931694169516961697169816991700170117021703170417051706170717081709171017111712171317141715171617171718171917201721172217231724172517261727172817291730173117321733173417351736173717381739174017411742174317441745174617471748174917501751175217531754175517561757175817591760176117621763176417651766176717681769177017711772177317741775177617771778177917801781178217831784178517861787178817891790179117921793179417951796179717981799180018011802180318041805180618071808180918101811181218131814181518161817181818191820182118221823182418251826182718281829183018311832183318341835183618371838183918401841184218431844184518461847184818491850185118521853185418551856185718581859186018611862186318641865186618671868186918701871187218731874187518761877187818791880188118821883188418851886188718881889189018911892189318941895189618971898189919001901190219031904190519061907190819091910191119121913191419151916191719181919192019211922192319241925192619271928192919301931193219331934193519361937193819391940194119421943194419451946194719481949195019511952195319541955195619571958195919601961196219631964196519661967196819691970197119721973197419751976197719781979198019811982198319841985198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024202520262027202820292030203120322033203420352036203720382039204020412042204320442045204620472048204920502051205220532054205520562057205820592060206120622063206420652066206720682069207020712072207320742075207620772078207920802081208220832084208520862087208820892090209120922093209420952096209720982099210021012102210321042105210621072108210921102111211221132114211521162117211821192120212121222123212421252126212721282129213021312132213321342135213621372138213921402141214221432144214521462147214821492150215121522153215421552156215721582159216021612162216321642165216621672168216921702171217221732174217521762177217821792180218121822183218421852186218721882189219021912192219321942195219621972198219922002201220222032204220522062207220822092210221122122213221422152216221722182219222022212222222322242225222622272228222922302231223222332234223522362237223822392240224122422243224422452246224722482249225022512252225322542255225622572258225922602261226222632264226522662267226822692270227122722273227422752276227722782279228022812282228322842285228622872288228922902291229222932294229522962297229822992300230123022303230423052306230723082309231023112312231323142315231623172318231923202321232223232324232523262327232823292330233123322333233423352336233723382339234023412342234323442345234623472348234923502351235223532354235523562357235823592360236123622363236423652366236723682369237023712372237323742375237623772378237923802381238223832384238523862387238823892390239123922393239423952396239723982399240024012402240324042405240624072408240924102411241224132414241524162417241824192420242124222423242424252426242724282429243024312432243324342435243624372438243924402441244224432444244524462447244824492450245124522453245424552456245724582459246024612462246324642465246624672468246924702471247224732474247524762477247824792480248124822483248424852486248724882489249024912492249324942495249624972498249925002501250225032504250525062507250825092510251125122513251425152516251725182519252025212522252325242525252625272528252925302531253225332534253525362537253825392540254125422543254425452546254725482549255025512552255325542555255625572558255925602561256225632564256525662567256825692570257125722573257425752576257725782579258025812582258325842585258625872588258925902591259225932594259525962597259825992600260126022603260426052606260726082609261026112612261326142615261626172618261926202621262226232624262526262627262826292630263126322633263426352636263726382639264026412642264326442645264626472648264926502651265226532654 |
- <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
- <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:epub="http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops"
- xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
- xmlns:pls="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
- xmlns:ssml="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis" xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
- <head>
- <title>Unit 6</title>
- <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="docbook-epub.css" />
- <meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2" />
- <link rel="prev" href="ch01s15.xhtml" title="Unit 5" />
- <link rel="next" href="ch01s17.xhtml" title="Unit 7" />
- </head>
- <body><header></header><section class="section" title="Unit 6" epub:type="subchapter"
- id="d0e10784">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">Unit 6</h2>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <p></p>
- <section class="section" title="Introduction" epub:type="division" id="d0e10788">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h3 class="title">Introduction</h3>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <p></p>
- <section class="section" title="Topics covered in this unit" epub:type="division"
- id="d0e10792">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h4 class="title">Topics covered in this unit</h4>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list">
- <ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
- <li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>Duration phrases</p></li>
- <li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The marker <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >le</em></span> for completion. </p></li>
- <li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The "double <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >le</em></span>" construction. </p></li>
- <li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The marker <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >-guo</em></span>. </p></li>
- <li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>Action verbs.</p></li>
- <li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>State verbs.</p></li>
- </ol>
- </div>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Material you will need" epub:type="division"
- id="d0e10823">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h4 class="title">Material you will need</h4>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list">
- <ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
- <li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The C-l and P-l tapes, the
- Reference List and Reference Notes. </p></li>
- <li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the
- Workbook.</p></li>
- <li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The 6D-1 tape.</p></li>
- </ol>
- </div>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="References" epub:type="division" id="d0e10837">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h3 class="title">References</h3>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <p></p>
- <section class="section" title="Reference List" epub:type="division" id="d0e10841">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h4 class="title">Reference List</h4>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <p></p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col1" />
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col2" />
- <col class="col3" />
- <col class="col4" />
- <col class="col5" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >1.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ zhù duó
- jiǔ?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >你住多久？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">How long are you
- staying?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Wǒ zhù
- yìnián.</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >我住一年。</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">I'm staying one
- year.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >2.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ tàitai zhù duó
- jiǔ?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >你太太住多久？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">How long is your wife
- staying?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Ta zhù
- liǎngtiān.</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >她住两天。</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">She is staying two
- days.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >3.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ tàitai zài Xiānggǎng zhù
- duó jiǔ?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >你太太在香港住多久？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">How long is your wife
- staying in Hong Kong?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Wǒ xiǎng tā zhù
- liǎngtiān.</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >我想她住两天。</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">I think she is staying
- two days.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >4.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ xiǎng zhù duò
- jiǔ?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >你想住多久？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">How long are you
- thinking of staying?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Wǒ xiǎng zhù
- yìnián.</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >我想住一年。</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">I'm thinking of staying
- one year.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >5.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ xiǎng zài Táiwān zhù duó
- jiǔ?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >你想在台湾住多久？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">How long are you
- thinking of staying in Taiwan?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Wǒ xiǎng zhù báge
- yüè.</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >我想住八个月。</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">I'm thinking of staying
- eight months.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >6.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ péngyou xiǎng zhù duó
- jiǔ?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >你朋友想住多久？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">How long is your friend
- thinking of staying?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā xiǎng zhù liǎngge
- xīngqī.</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >他想住两个星期。</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He is thinking of
- staying two weeks.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >7.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ láile duó jiǔ
- le?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >你来了多久了？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">How long have you been
- there?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Wǒ láile sāntiān
- le.</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >我来了三天了。</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">I have been here three
- days.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >8.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ tàitai zài Xiānggǎng zhùle
- duó jiǔ?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >你太太在香港住了多久？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">How long did your wife
- stay in Hong Kong?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā zhùle
- liǎngtiān.</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >她住了两天。</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">She stayed two
- days.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >9.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā lái le ma?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >他来了吗？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Did he come?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Lái le, tā lái
- le.</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >来了，他来了。</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Yes, he came.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >10.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā lái le ma?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >他来了吗？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Did he come?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Méi lái, tā méi
- lái.</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >没来， 他没来。</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">No, he didn't come.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >11.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ cóngqián láiguo
- ma?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >你从前来过吗？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Have you ever been here
- before?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ
- cóngqián méi láiguo.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- class="foreignphrase">我从前没来过。</em></span></td>
- <td>I have never been here before.</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Vocabulary" epub:type="division" id="d0e11189">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h4 class="title">Vocabulary</h4>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <p></p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col class="col1" />
- <col class="col2" />
- <col class="col3" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">qù</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >去</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">to go</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Niǔ Yüē</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >纽约</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">New York</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">cóngqián</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >从前</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">before</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">duó jiǔ</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >多久</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">how long</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >—过</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">experiential marker</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">xiǎng</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >想</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">to think that, to want
- to, would you like to</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Xiānggǎng</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >香港</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Hong Kong</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">xīngqī</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >星期</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">week</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zhù
- </em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- class="foreignphrase">住</em></span></td>
- <td>to live somewhere</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Reference Notes" epub:type="division" id="d0e11281">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h4 class="title">Reference Notes</h4>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <p></p>
- <section class="section" title="Notes on №1" epub:type="division" id="d0e11285">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h5 class="title">Notes on №1</h5>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col1" />
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col2" />
- <col class="col3" />
- <col class="col4" />
- <col class="col5" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >1.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ zhù duó
- jiǔ?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >你住多久？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">How long are you
- staying?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Wǒ zhù yìnián.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >我住一年。</em></span></td>
- <td>I'm staying one year.</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p>Expressions like <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">duó
- jiǔ</em></span>, "how long," and <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >yìnián</em></span> "one year," called duration phrases, come after
- the verb. </p>
- <div class="note" title="Note" epub:type="notice">
- <table style="border: 0; ">
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; width: 25px; "
- rowspan="2"><img alt="[Note]"
- src="images/note_731710578.png" /></td>
- <th style="text-align: left; ">Note</th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top; "><p>"One day"
- is <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">yìtiān</em></span>. The tone
- on <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">yī</em></span> changes to
- Falling before a High-tone.</p></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p>Notice the contrast with time-when phrases, like <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">shénme
- shíhou,</em></span> "when," and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">jīnnián</em></span> "this year," which
- come before the verb.</p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col class="c1" />
- <col class="c2" />
- <col class="c3" />
- <col class="c4" />
- <col class="c5" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p>If a duration phrase is used with the verb <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >zhù</em></span>, this phrase preempts the position after the verb; and
- any place phrase, like <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">zài Běijīng</em></span>, must come before
- the verb.</p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col class="c1" />
- <col class="c2" />
- <col class="c3" />
- <col class="c4" />
- <col class="c5" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Yìnián</em></span>: In telling how many years (giving an amount) no
- counter is used. The tone on <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">yī</em></span>, "one," changes to Falling
- before a Rising tone.</p>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Notes on №2" epub:type="division" id="d0e11400">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h5 class="title">Notes on №2</h5>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col1" />
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col2" />
- <col class="col3" />
- <col class="col4" />
- <col class="col5" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >2.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ tàitai zhù duó
- jiǔ?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >你太太住多久？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">How long is your
- wife staying?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Ta zhù liǎngtiān.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >她住两天。</em></span></td>
- <td>She is staying two days.</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Liǎngtiān</em></span>: <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">-tiān</em></span>, "day," like <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >-nián</em></span>, "year," is used without a counter. When telling
- how many of something, the number 2 takes the form <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >liǎng</em></span>. (See Unit 3, notes on Nos. 3-4.)</p>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Notes on №3-4" epub:type="division"
- id="d0e11449">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h5 class="title">Notes on №3-4</h5>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col1" />
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col2" />
- <col class="col3" />
- <col class="col4" />
- <col class="col5" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >3.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ tàitai zài Xiānggǎng zhù
- duó jiǔ?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >你太太在香港住多久？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">How long is your
- wife staying in Hong Kong?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Wǒ xiǎng tā zhù
- liǎngtiān.</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >我想她住两天。</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">I think she is
- staying two days.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >4.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ xiǎng zhù duò
- jiǔ?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >你想住多久？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">How long are you
- thinking of staying?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Wǒ xiǎng zhù yìnián.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >我想住一年。</em></span></td>
- <td>I'm thinking of staying one year.</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p>The verb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >xiǎng</em></span>, "to think that," "to want to," "would like to,"
- may be used as a main verb or as an auxiliary verb. As a main verb it
- means "to think that." It is used this way in the answer of exchange 3
- and in the following examples. </p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col class="c1" />
- <col class="c2" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">I think he is coming
- tomorrow. </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- <td>I think he is not going. </td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p>When <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >xiǎng</em></span> is used as a main verb meaning "to think that,"
- it is not made negative. This may be a special problem for English
- speakers who are used to saying "I don't think he is going." </p>
- <p>In Chinese, it is: "I think he is <span class="bold"><strong>not
- going</strong></span>" <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Wǒ xiǎng tā bú qù.</em></span></p>
- <p>When <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >xiǎng</em></span> is used as an auxiliary verb, it means, "to want
- to," "would like to." It is used this way in exchange 4, which could
- also be translated as, "How long would you like to stay?" </p>
- <p>Here are other examples: </p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col class="c1" />
- <col class="c2" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ xiǎng zǒu
- ma?</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Would you like to
- leave? OR Do you want to go?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Wǒ bù xiǎng
- zǒu.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">I don't want to
- leave. </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Nǐ xiǎng zài Táiběi gōngzuò ma?</em></span></td>
- <td>
- <p>Do you want to work in Taipei?</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Notes on №5-6" epub:type="division"
- id="d0e11579">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h5 class="title">Notes on №5-6</h5>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col1" />
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col2" />
- <col class="col3" />
- <col class="col4" />
- <col class="col5" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >5.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ xiǎng zài Táiwān zhù duó
- jiǔ?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >你想在台湾住多久？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">How long are you
- thinking of staying in Taiwan?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Wǒ xiǎng zhù báge
- yüè.</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >我想住八个月。</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">I'm thinking of
- staying eight months.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >6.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ péngyou xiǎng zhù duó
- jiǔ?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >你朋友想住多久？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">How long is your
- friend thinking of staying?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Tā xiǎng zhù liǎngge xīngqī.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >他想住两个星期。</em></span></td>
- <td>He is thinking of staying two weeks.</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p>You already know that <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">yìnián</em></span> and <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >yìtiān</em></span> are used without counters. The words for "month"
- and "week," however, are used with counters.</p>
- <p><span class="bold"><strong>Compare</strong></span>:</p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col class="c1" />
- <col class="c2" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">sāntiān</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">3 days</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">sānnián</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">3 years</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">sānge
- xīngqī</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">3 weeks</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >sānge yüè</em></span></td>
- <td>3 months</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Notes on №7" epub:type="division" id="d0e11687">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h5 class="title">Notes on №7</h5>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col1" />
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col2" />
- <col class="col3" />
- <col class="col4" />
- <col class="col5" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >7.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ láile duó jiǔ
- le?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >你来了多久了？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">How long have you
- been there?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Wǒ láile sāntiān le.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >我来了三天了。</em></span></td>
- <td>I have been here three days.</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >le...le</em></span>, "up until now," "so far": The use of
- completed-action le after the verb and of new-situation <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>
- after the duration phrase tells you how long the activity has been going
- on and that it is still going on. The answer could also have been
- translated "I have been here three days so far." This pattern is
- sometimes called "double <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>." </p>
- <p>Notice that when <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >le</em></span> is in the middle of a sentence (in this case,
- because it is followed by a duration phrase), we write it attached to
- the verb before it: <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">láile duó jiǔ le.</em></span></p>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Notes on №8" epub:type="division" id="d0e11740">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h5 class="title">Notes on №8</h5>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col1" />
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col2" />
- <col class="col3" />
- <col class="col4" />
- <col class="col5" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >8.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ tàitai zài Xiānggǎng
- zhùle duó jiǔ?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >你太太在香港住了多久？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">How long did your
- wife stay in Hong Kong?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Tā zhùle liǎngtiān.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >她住了两天。</em></span></td>
- <td>She stayed two days.</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p><span class="bold"><strong>Completion <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>:</strong></span>
- Here you see the marker le used to indicate one aspect, completion.
- Compare a sentence with one le to a sentence with two <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >le</em></span>'s: </p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table style="border: none;">
- <colgroup>
- <col class="c1" />
- <col class="c2" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Wǒ zài nàr zhùle
- sāntiān.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">I stayed there three
- days.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Wǒ zài nàr zhùle sāntiān le.</em></span></td>
- <td>I have been here (stayed here) for three days now (so
- far). </td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p>Completion <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>
- is used with verbs that describe actions or processes, not with verbs
- that describe a state or condition, or a continuing situation. The
- following sentences, describing states or ongoing situations, have
- past-tense verbs in English but no <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> in Chinese. </p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table style="border: none;">
- <colgroup>
- <col class="c1" />
- <col class="c2" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nèige shíhou tāmen zhǐ yǒu
- liǎnge háizi.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">At that time they
- had only two children. </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Tā qǜnián bú zài Shànghǎi, zài
- Běijīng.</em></span></td>
- <td> He wasn't in <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Shànghǎi</em></span> last
- year; he was in <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Běijīng</em></span>. </td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p><span class="bold"><strong>Verb types in Chinese:</strong></span> In
- studying some languages, it is important to learn whether a noun is
- masculine, feminine, or neuter. In Chinese, it is important to learn
- whether a verb is an action, state, or process verb. These three verb
- categories are meaning (semantic) groups. A verb is a member of one
- group or another depending on the meaning of the verb. For instance,
- "running" and "dancing" are actions; "being good" and "being beautiful"
- are states; and "getting sick" and "melting" are processes. In Chinese,
- grammatical rules are applied differently to each semantic verb
- category. For the most part, you have learned only action and state
- verbs in this course; so these comments will be confined to those two
- verb categories. (See Unit 8 of this module for process verbs,)</p>
- <p><span class="bold"><strong>Action verbs:</strong></span> These are verbs
- which describe physical and mental activities. The easiest to classify
- are verbs of movement such as "walking," "running," and "riding",
- however, action verbs also include verbs with not too much motion, such
- as "working" and "writing," and verbs with no apparent motion, such as
- "studying." One test for determining if a verb is an action is asking
- "What did he do?" "He arrived," "He spoke," and ’"He listened" are
- answers which contain action verbs. "He knew" "He wanted" and "He is
- here" are answers which contain state verbs, not action verbs. Some of
- the action verbs you have learned are: </p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col class="c1" />
- <col class="c2" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">dào</em></span> (to
- arrive)</td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >lái</em></span> (to come)</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >gōngzuò</em></span> (to work)</td>
- <td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">zhù</em></span> (to live, to
- stay)</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p><span class="bold"><strong>State verbs:</strong></span> These verbs
- describe qualities, conditions, and states. All adjectival verbs, such
- as <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hǎo</em></span>
- "to be good," and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >jiǔ</em></span>, "to be long (in time)," are state verbs. Emotions,
- such as "being happy" and "being sad," are expressed with state verbs.
- "Knowing," "liking," "wanting," and "understanding," which may be called
- mental states, are also expressed with state verbs. Also, all auxiliary
- verbs, such as <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >xiǎng</em></span>, "to want to," "would like to," are state verbs.
- Here are some of the state verbs: </p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col class="c1" />
- <col class="c2" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">dà</em></span> to be
- large</td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >shì</em></span> to be</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">duì</em></span> to be
- correct</td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >jiào</em></span> to be called</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">xìng</em></span> to be
- surnamed</td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >zài</em></span> to be at</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >xiǎng</em></span> to want to</td>
- <td><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">zhīdào</em></span> to
- know</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p><span class="bold"><strong>Aspect and verb types:</strong></span> Not
- every aspect marker in Chinese may be used with all typs8 of verbs.
- Completion <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>
- does not occur with state verbs. It does occur with action verbs.</p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col class="c1" />
- <col class="c2" />
- <col class="c3" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- rowspan="3">ACTION</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā yǐjīng dào
- le.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He has already
- arrived.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā gōngzuòle
- yìnián.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He worked one
- year.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā lái le
- ma?</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Did he come?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; " colspan="3"> </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- rowspan="3">STATE</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā qǜnián bú zài
- zhèr.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He wasn't here last
- year.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā zuótiān xiǎng
- qù.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Yesterday he wanted
- to go.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Tā zuótiān bú zhīdào.</em></span></td>
- <td>He didn't know yesterday.</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Notes on №9-10" epub:type="division"
- id="d0e11974">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h5 class="title">Notes on №9-10</h5>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col1" />
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col2" />
- <col class="col3" />
- <col class="col4" />
- <col class="col5" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >9.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā lái le
- ma?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >他来了吗？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Did he come?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Lái le, tā lái
- le.</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >来了，他来了。</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Yes, he came.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >10.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā lái le
- ma?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >他来了吗？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Did he come?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Méi lái, tā méi lái.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >没来， 他没来。</em></span></td>
- <td>No, he didn't come.</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p></p>
- <p>Compare the two possible interpretations of the question <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā lái le
- ma?</em></span> and the answers they receive:</p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table style="border: none;">
- <colgroup>
- <col class="c1" />
- <col class="c2" />
- <col class="c3" />
- <col class="c4" />
- <col class="c5" />
- <col class="c6" />
- </colgroup>
- <thead>
- <tr>
- <th style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- colspan="6">Completion <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>
- </th>
- </tr>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">le</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">ma?</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Did she come?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">le.</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">She came.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Tā</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >méi</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >lái</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- <td>She didn't come.</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col class="c1" />
- <col class="c2" />
- <col class="c3" />
- <col class="c4" />
- <col class="c5" />
- <col class="newCol6" />
- <col class="c6" />
- </colgroup>
- <thead>
- <tr>
- <th style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- colspan="7">Combined <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">le</em></span></th>
- </tr>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">le</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">ma?</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Has he come?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">le.</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">She has come. OR
- She's here.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Tā</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >hái</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >méi</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >lái.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- <td>She hasn't come yet.</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p>The first question, with completion <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>, asks only if the action
- took place. The second question, with combined <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>
- asks both whether the action has been completed and whether the
- resulting new situation still exists.</p>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Notes on №11" epub:type="division" id="d0e12180">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h5 class="title">Notes on №11</h5>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col1" />
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col2" />
- <col class="col3" />
- <col class="col4" />
- <col class="col5" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >11.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ cóngqián láiguo
- ma?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >你从前来过吗？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Have you ever been
- here before?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Wǒ cóngqián méi láiguo.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >我从前没来过。</em></span></td>
- <td>I have never been here before.</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p>The aspect marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >-guo</em></span> means literally "to pass over," "to cross over.
- The implication is that an event took place and then ceased at some time
- in the past.</p>
- <p>It may help you to conceptualize <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> in terms of a bridge. The
- whole bridge is the event. The marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> stresses the fact that
- not only have you crossed over the bridge but at present you are no
- longer standing on it. </p>
- <p>The meaning of <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >-guo</em></span> changes slightly depending on what type of verb it
- is used with: action or process, (<span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> may not be used with
- state verbs.) With an action verb, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> means that the action
- took place and then ceased at some time before the present. With a
- process verb, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >-guo</em></span> means that the process took place and that the
- state which resulted from the process ended at some time before the
- present. </p>
- <p>Remember that aspect markers like <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> and <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >-guo</em></span> are used only when the speaker feels it necessary
- to stress some feature or aspect of an event. Le is used to stress
- finishing, or completion, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span> is used to stress that a
- situation occurred in the past and was "over or "undone," before the
- time of speaking (that is, the absence of that situation followed the
- situation). </p>
- <p>Let's contrast <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >-guo</em></span> with completion <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>: both <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>
- and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >-guo</em></span> express completion, but <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >-guo</em></span> stresses that an action is no longer being
- performed, or that a state resulting from a process no longer exists. </p>
- <p>For example, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā lái
- le.</em></span> means "He came," or "He has come," not indicating
- whether or not he is still there. </p>
- <p>But <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā
- láiguo</em></span> means "He came" with the specification that he is
- not there anymore –that is, he came and left.</p>
- <p>One of the uses of the aspect marker <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span>,is in sentences which
- express experience or having experienced something at least once in the
- past, that is, "to have had the experience of doing something." This is
- how <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >-guo</em></span> is used in exchange 11. In a question, the marker
- <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >-guo</em></span> can he reflected by the English word "ever," and
- in a negative statement by "never."</p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col class="c1" />
- <col class="c2" />
- <col class="c3" />
- <col class="c4" />
- <col class="c5" />
- <col class="c6" />
- <col class="c7" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">cóngqiān</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">ma?</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Have you <span
- class="bold"><strong>ever</strong></span> been
- (come) here before?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">cóngqián</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">-guo</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">I have <span
- class="bold"><strong>never</strong></span> been
- (come) here before.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Nǐ</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >cóngqián</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >lái</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >-guo</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- <td>I have been (come) here before</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p>The negative of <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā lái
- le.</em></span> does not include a <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>,
- but the negative of <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā láiguo.</em></span> does have a <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >-guo</em></span> . The negative adverb <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span>
- is used to negate both completion <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> and <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >-guo</em></span>.</p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table style="border: none;">
- <colgroup>
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="c1" />
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="c2" />
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="c3" />
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="c4" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">le.</em></span></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span></td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td>
- <td style="text-align: center; "> </td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table style="border: none;">
- <colgroup>
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="c1" />
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="c2" />
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="c3" />
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="c4" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">-guo.</em></span></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Ta</em></span></td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span></td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td>
- <td style="text-align: center; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >-guo.</em></span></td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Drills" epub:type="division" id="d0e12447">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h3 class="title">Drills</h3>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <p></p>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Criterion test" epub:type="division" id="d0e12452">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h3 class="title">Criterion test</h3>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <p></p>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Appendices" epub:type="division" id="d0e12457">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h3 class="title">Appendices</h3>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <p></p>
- <section class="section" title="Appendix" epub:type="division" id="d0e12461">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h4 class="title">Appendix </h4>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <p></p>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Appendix" epub:type="division" id="d0e12465">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h4 class="title">Appendix </h4>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <p></p>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Appendix" epub:type="division" id="d0e12469">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h4 class="title">Appendix </h4>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <p></p>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Appendix" epub:type="division" id="d0e12473">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h4 class="title">Appendix </h4>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <p></p>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Appendix" epub:type="division" id="d0e12477">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h4 class="title">Appendix </h4>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <p></p>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section><footer></footer></body>
- </html>
|
