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- <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:epub="http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops"
- xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
- xmlns:pls="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon"
- xmlns:ssml="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis" xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
- <head>
- <title>Unit 8</title>
- <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="docbook-epub.css" />
- <meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2" />
- <link rel="prev" href="ch01s17.xhtml" title="Unit 7" />
- </head>
- <body><header></header><section class="section" title="Unit 8" epub:type="subchapter"
- id="d0e13894">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">Unit 8</h2>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <p></p>
- <section class="section" title="Introduction" epub:type="division" id="d0e13898">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h3 class="title">Introduction</h3>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <p></p>
- <section class="section" title="Topics covered in this unit" epub:type="division"
- id="d0e13902">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h4 class="title">Topics covered in this unit</h4>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list">
- <ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
- <li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>More on duration
- phrases.</p></li>
- <li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The marker <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >le</em></span> for new situations in negative
- sentences.</p></li>
- <li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>Military titles and
- 'branches of service,</p></li>
- <li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The marker <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >ne</em></span>.</p></li>
- <li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>Process verbs.</p></li>
- </ol>
- </div>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Material you will need" epub:type="division"
- id="d0e13927">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h4 class="title">Material you will need</h4>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list">
- <ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
- <li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The C-l and P-l tapes, the
- Reference List and Reference Notes.</p></li>
- <li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the
- Workbook.</p></li>
- <li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The 8D-1 tape.</p></li>
- </ol>
- </div>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="References" epub:type="division" id="d0e13941">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h3 class="title">References</h3>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <p></p>
- <section class="section" title="Reference List" epub:type="division" id="d0e13945">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h4 class="title">Reference List</h4>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <p></p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col1" />
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col2" />
- <col class="col3" />
- <col class="col4" />
- <col class="col5" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >1.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ jīntiān hái yǒu kè
- ma?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >你今天还有课吗？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Do you have any more
- classes today?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Měiyou kè le.</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >没有课了。</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">I don't have any more
- classes.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >2.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ cóngqián niàn Yīngwén
- niànle duó jiǔ?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >你从前念英文念了多久？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">How long did you study
- English?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Wǒ niàn Yīngwén niànle
- liǔnián.</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >我念英文念了六年。</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">I studied English for
- six years.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >3.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ xiànzài niàn shénme
- ne?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >你现在念什么呢？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">What are you studying
- now?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Wǒ niàn Fàwén
- ne.</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >我念法文</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">I'm studying
- French.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >4.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ niàn Fàwén niànle duó jiǔ
- le?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >你念法文念了多久了？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">How long have you
- studying French?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Wǒ niànle yìnián
- le.</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >我念了一年了。</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">I've have been studying
- it for one year.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >5.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ huì xiě Zhōngguo zì
- ma?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >你会写中国字吗？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Can you write Chinese
- characters?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Huì yìdiǎn.</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >会一点。</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">I can a little.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >6.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Qǜnián wǒ hái bú huì
- xiě.</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >去年我还不会写。</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Last year, I couldn't
- write them.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Xiànzài wǒ huì xiě yìdiǎn
- le.</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >现在我会写一点了。</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Now, I can write a
- little.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >7.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ fùqin shi jǖnrén
- ma?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >你父亲是军人吗？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Is your father a
- military man?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Shì, tā shi hǎijǖn
- jǖnguān.</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >是，他是海军陆军。</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Yes, he is a naval
- officer.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >8.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Wǒ jīntiān bù lái
- le.</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >我今天不来了。</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">I'm not coming
- today.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Wǒ bìng le.</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >我病了。</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">I'm sick.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >9.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Jīntiān hǎo le
- méiyou?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >今天好了没有？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Are you better today?
- (Are you recovered?)</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Jīntiān hǎo le.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- class="foreignphrase">今天好了。</em></span></td>
- <td>Today I'm better.</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Vocabulary" epub:type="division" id="d0e14231">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h4 class="title">Vocabulary</h4>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <p></p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col class="col1" />
- <col class="col2" />
- <col class="col3" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">kōngjǖn</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >空军</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Air Force</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">lùjǖn</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >陆军</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">army</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">shìbīng</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >事兵</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">enlisted man</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">zuò shì</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >做事</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">to work</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Déwén</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >德文</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">German language</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">bìng</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >病</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">to become ill</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Déwén</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >德文</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">German language</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Fàwén</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >法文</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">French language</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">hǎijǖn</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >海军</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">navy</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">jǖnguān</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >陆军</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">military officer</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">jǖnrén</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >军人</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">military person</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">kè</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >课</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">class</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">xiě</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >写</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">to write</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >zì</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- class="foreignphrase">字</em></span></td>
- <td>character</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Reference Notes" epub:type="division" id="d0e14368">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h4 class="title">Reference Notes</h4>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <p></p>
- <section class="section" title="Notes on №1" epub:type="division" id="d0e14372">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h5 class="title">Notes on №1</h5>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col1" />
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col2" />
- <col class="col3" />
- <col class="col4" />
- <col class="col5" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >1.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ jīntiān hái yǒu kè
- ma?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >你今天还有课吗？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Do you have any more
- classes today?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Měiyou kè le.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >没有课了。</em></span></td>
- <td>I don't have any more classes.</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Hái</em></span>, "additionally," "also": You have already learned the
- word <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hái</em></span>
- used as an adverb meaning "still." In this exchange you learn a second
- way to use <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >hái</em></span>.</p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col class="c1" />
- <col class="c2" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ hái xiǎng zǒu
- ma?</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Do you still want to
- leave?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Nǐ hái yào xüé shénme?</em></span></td>
- <td>What else do you want to study?</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Méiyou...le</em></span>: You will remember that in the negative
- of a completed action, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span> or <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >méiyou</em></span> replaces the completion marker <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>
- is never used together with it.</p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col class="c1" />
- <col class="c2" />
- <col class="c3" />
- <col class="c4" />
- <col class="c5" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">lái</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">le.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He came.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Tā</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >méi(you)</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >lái.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- <td>He did not come.</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p>In the sentence <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Méiyou kè
- le</em></span>, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> is a new-situation marker,
- and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >méiyou</em></span> is simply the negative of the full verb <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >yǒu</em></span>. (Remember that the verb <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yǒu</em></span>
- is always made negative with <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span>, never with <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >bù</em></span>.)</p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col class="c1" />
- <col class="c2" />
- <col class="c3" />
- <col class="c4" />
- <col class="c6" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">yǒu kè</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">le.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Now he has class.
- [Due to a change in the schedule, he now has class at
- this time.]</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Tā</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >méi-</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >yǒu kè</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >le.</em></span></td>
- <td>He doesn't have any more classes.</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Bù...le/méiyou...le</em></span>: When the marker <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>
- for new situations is used with a negative verb, there are two possible
- meanings: </p>
- <div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list">
- <ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
- <li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>one is that something
- that was supposed to happen is now not going to
- happen.</p></li>
- <li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p> the other is that
- something that was happening is not happening anymore.
- </p></li>
- </ol>
- </div>
- <p>Thus the following sentence is ambiguous:</p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col class="c1" />
- <col class="c2" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="vertical-align: middle; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā bù lái
- le.</em></span></td>
- <td>
- <p>He is not coining now. [Either he was expected to
- come but changed his mind, or he used to come at
- this time but now has stopped.]</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p>In the context of a conversation, the meaning of the sentence would
- become clear. </p>
- <p>Here are more-examples with the "anymore" meaning:</p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table style="border: none;">
- <colgroup>
- <col class="c1" />
- <col class="c2" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā bú niàn shū
- le.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He is not going to
- study anymore.[He will no longer attend college.]</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā bú shi wǒde péngyou
- le.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He is not my friend
- anymore.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Méiyou le.</em></span></td>
- <td>There is no more.</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Notes on №2" epub:type="division" id="d0e14598">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h5 class="title">Notes on №2</h5>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col1" />
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col2" />
- <col class="col3" />
- <col class="col4" />
- <col class="col5" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >2.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ cóngqián niàn Yīngwén
- niànle duó jiǔ?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >你从前念英文念了多久？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">How long did you
- study English?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Wǒ niàn Yīngwén niànle liǔnián.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >我念英文念了六年。</em></span></td>
- <td>I studied English for six years.</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p>More on duration: In Unit 6 of this module, you learned to express
- duration in a sentence with no object (<span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Wǒ zài Xiāngǎng zhùle liùge yüè
- le.</em></span> ). In this unit, you learn one way to express the
- duration of an activity which involves using both a verb and an object
- (e.g. , "studying economics"). In such cases, the verb appears twice in
- the sentence: first when the object is stated, and again when the
- duration is stated.</p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col class="c1" />
- <col class="c2" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā niàn jīngjixüé, niánle
- yìnián.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He studied economics
- for one year.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Tā xüé Zhōngguo huà, xüéle sānge yüè
- le.</em></span></td>
- <td>
- <p>He has been studying Chinese for three months.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p>Notice that aspect markers do not occur after the first verb in each
- sentence, but only after the second verb and at the end of the second
- sentence.</p>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Notes on №3" epub:type="division" id="d0e14661">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h5 class="title">Notes on №3</h5>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col1" />
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col2" />
- <col class="col3" />
- <col class="col4" />
- <col class="col5" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >3.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ xiànzài niàn shénme
- ne?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >你现在念什么呢？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">What are you
- studying now?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Wǒ niàn Fàwén ne.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >我念法文</em></span></td>
- <td>I'm studying French.</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Ne</em></span>
- is an aspect marker used to emphasize the fact that something is in
- progress. With action verbs, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">ne</em></span> indicates that the action
- is going on.</p>
- <p>With state verbs, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >ne</em></span> shows that the state exists. With some process
- verbs, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">ne</em></span>
- indicates that the process is going on. <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Ne</em></span> may not be used with
- certain process verbs. (See also notes on No. 8, about verbs.)</p>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Notes on №4-5" epub:type="division"
- id="d0e14715">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h5 class="title">Notes on №4-5</h5>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col1" />
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col2" />
- <col class="col3" />
- <col class="col4" />
- <col class="col5" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >4.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ niàn Fàwén niànle duó jiǔ
- le?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >你念法文念了多久了？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">How long have you
- studying French?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Wǒ niànle yìnián
- le.</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >我念了一年了。</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">I've have been
- studying it for one year.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >5.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ huì xiě Zhōngguo zì
- ma?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >你会写中国字吗？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Can you write
- Chinese characters?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Huì yìdiǎn.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >会一点。</em></span></td>
- <td>I can a little.</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Xiě Zhōngguo
- zì</em></span>: The verb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">xiě</em></span>, "to write" can occur with
- specific objects, such as <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Zhōngguo zì</em></span>, as well as with
- the general object <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">zì</em></span>. The combination <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiě
- zì</em></span>can mean either "to write characters" or simply "to
- write."</p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col class="c1" />
- <col class="c2" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā xiǎng xüé Zhōngguo
- zì.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He wants to learn to
- write Chinese characters.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Xiǎo dìdi sìsuì le, yǐjīng huì xiě zì
- le.</em></span></td>
- <td>Little younger brother is four years old and already can
- write.</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p>In the reply <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">huì
- yìdiǎn</em></span>, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">huì</em></span> is used as a main verb
- --not as an auxiliary verb, as in the question. </p>
- <p>As a main verb, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- ><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >huì</em></span> means "to have the skill of," "to have the
- knowledge of," "to know."</p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col class="c1" />
- <col class="c2" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Wǒ huì Yīngwén.</em></span></td>
- <td>I know English.</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Notes on №6" epub:type="division" id="d0e14839">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h5 class="title">Notes on №6</h5>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col1" />
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col2" />
- <col class="col3" />
- <col class="col4" />
- <col class="col5" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >6.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Qǜnián wǒ hái bú huì
- xiě.</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >去年我还不会写。</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Last year, I
- couldn't write them.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Xiànzài wǒ huì xiě yìdiǎn le.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >现在我会写一点了。</em></span></td>
- <td>Now, I can write a little.</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Qùnián wǒ hái
- bú huì xiě.</em></span>: Notice that here it is the auxiliary
- verb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >huì</em></span>, not the verb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">xiě</em></span>, that is made negative.
- Auxiliary verbs such as <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">huì</em></span> and <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >xiǎng</em></span> are STATE verbs and so are made negative with the
- prefix <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">bù</em></span>,
- regardless of whether the context is past, present, or future.</p>
- <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Xiànzài wǒ huì
- xiě yìdiǎn le.</em></span>: The marker used is <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>
- for new situations. It is always placed at the end of a sentence.</p>
- <p>The time word <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >xiànzài</em></span> comes at the beginning of the sentence here.
- Most time words of more than one syllable may come either <span
- class="bold"><strong>before</strong></span> or <span class="bold"
- ><strong>after</strong></span> the <span class="bold"
- ><strong>subject</strong></span>, but in either case <span
- class="bold"><strong><span class="underline">before the
- verb</span></strong></span>.</p>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Notes on №7-8" epub:type="division"
- id="d0e14919">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h5 class="title">Notes on №7-8</h5>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col1" />
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col2" />
- <col class="col3" />
- <col class="col4" />
- <col class="col5" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >7.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ fùqin shi jǖnrén
- ma?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >你父亲是军人吗？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Is your father a
- military man?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Shì, tā shi hǎijǖn
- jǖnguān.</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >是，他是海军陆军。</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Yes, he is a naval
- officer.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >8.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Wǒ jīntiān bù lái
- le.</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >我今天不来了。</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">I'm not coming
- today.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Wǒ bìng le.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >我病了。</em></span></td>
- <td>I'm sick.</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p>The verb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >bìng</em></span>, "to get sick," "to become ill," is a process
- verb; that is the activity described includes some changes in the
- situation. Process verbs tell of an action which has caused a change
- from one state to another, as from whole to broken ("to break") and from
- frozen to melted ("to melt"). <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Bìng</em></span> is typical of process
- verbs: not only is an action described (coming down with an illness) but
- also a resulting state (being ill). Because of this typical combination,
- process verbs are sometimes thought of as combining the semantic
- characteristics of action and state verbs.</p>
- <p>One of the main purposes of talking about verbs in terms of action,
- state, and process is to draw attention to the fact that the Chinese way
- of expressing something may not correspond to the English. </p>
- <p>For instance,</p>
- <p>"I am sick" in Chinese is <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Wǒ bìng le. </em></span>("I have gotten
- sick"). For "I am not sick," you say <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Wǒ méi bìng.</em></span> ("I didn't get
- sick").</p>
- <p>Process verbs are always made negative with m|i9 regardless of whether
- you are referring to past, present, or future.</p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col class="c1" />
- <col class="c2" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Nǐ bìng le
- méiyou?</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Are you sick?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Méiyou. Wǒ méi bing.</em></span></td>
- <td>No. I'm not sick.</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p>(State verbs are always made negative with <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >bù</em></span>.)</p>
- <p>Another reason for putting verbs into categories according to the type of
- meaning is to discover how verbs behave in sentences. Knowing whether a
- verb is in the action, state, or process category, you will know what
- aspect markers and negatives may be used with that verb. In the
- following charts, a check mark means that this combination of verb and
- aspect occurs in the language.</p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="c1" />
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="c2" />
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="c3" />
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="c4" />
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="c5" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- colspan="3">Aspect Markers</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >Completion <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">le</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >Combined <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">le</em></span></td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >New-situation</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- rowspan="3">Verbs</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >Action</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >X</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >X</td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >X</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >State</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >X</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- >Process</td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- >X</td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- >X</td>
- <td style="text-align: center; ">X</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p><span class="bold"><strong>Examples:</strong></span><a
- href="#ftn.d0e15085" class="footnote"><sup class="footnote"
- id="d0e15085">[6]</sup></a></p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col class="c1" />
- <col class="c2" />
- <col class="c3" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- rowspan="3">Action</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā zuótiān gōngzuò
- le.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He worked yesterday.
- (completion Le)</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā yǐjīng lái
- le.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He has already come.
- (combined le)</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Gēge xiànzài niàn dàxüé
- le.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Older brother goes
- to college now. (new-situation le)<a
- href="#ftn.d0e15114" class="footnote"><sup
- class="footnote" id="d0e15114">[a]</sup></a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >State</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā xiànzài huì xiě zì
- le.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He can write now.
- (new-situation le)</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- rowspan="3">Process</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā zuótiān bìng
- le.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He got sick
- yesterday. (completion le)</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā xiànzài bìng
- le.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He is sick.(combined
- le)</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Tā bìngle yíge yüé le.</em></span></td>
- <td>He has been sick for one month now. (new-situation le
- and completion le)</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- <tbody class="footnotes">
- <tr>
- <td colspan="3"><div id="ftn.d0e15114" class="footnote"
- epub:type="footnote">
- <p><a href="#d0e15114" class="para"><sup
- class="para">[a] </sup></a>In affirmative
- sentences containing action verbs, the marker le
- for new situations is used to describe a change in
- a general habit.</p>
- </div></td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p> </p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="c1" />
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="c2" />
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="c3" />
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="c4" />
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="c5" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- colspan="3">Verbs</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >Action</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >State</td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >Process</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- rowspan="3">Negation</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">bù</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >X</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >X</td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >—negation of completion <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >le</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >X</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >X</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- >—negation of combined <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">le</em></span></td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- >X</td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="text-align: center; ">X</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p> </p>
- <p><span class="bold"><strong>Examples: </strong></span></p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col class="c1" />
- <col class="c2" />
- <col class="c3" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- rowspan="3">Action</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā bú niàn
- shū.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He doesn’t (isn't
- going to) study</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā méi niàn
- shū.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He didn't
- study.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā hái méi niàn
- shū.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He hasn’t studied
- yet,</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >State</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā qǜnián bù xiǎng niàn
- shū.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Last year, she
- didn't want to study.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- rowspan="2">Process</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā jīntiān méi
- bìng.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He is not sick
- today.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Tā hái méi hǎo.</em></span></td>
- <td>He hasn't yet recovered.</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p>Notice that only action verbs use the whole range of negatives to mark
- the negative of future or present action, completed action, or new
- situations. State verbs use the negative prefix <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">bù</em></span>
- even when referring to past states. Process verbs use the negative
- prefix <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span>
- even when referring to something in the present.</p>
- <p>If you find a verb occurring with a negative or an aspect marker you had
- not expected, you might discuss with your teacher how the verb behaves
- in terms of these charts. You might discover that what you thought was a
- state verb is actually a process verb, or vice versa.</p>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Notes on №9" epub:type="division" id="d0e15259">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h5 class="title">Notes on №9</h5>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col1" />
- <col style="text-align: center; " class="col2" />
- <col class="col3" />
- <col class="col4" />
- <col class="col5" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >9.</td>
- <td
- style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- >A:</td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Jīntiān hǎo le
- méiyou?</em></span></td>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >今天好了没有？</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Are you better
- today? (Are you recovered?)</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- > </td>
- <td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "
- >B:</td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Jīntiān hǎo le.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"
- >今天好了。</em></span></td>
- <td>Today I'm better.</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Jīntiān hǎo
- le.</em></span>: <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Hǎo</em></span> is one of many state verbs
- which can become process verbs. When such a verb becomes a process verb,
- it takes on a different meaning. While the state verb <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hǎo</em></span>
- means "to be good" or "to be well," the process verb <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hǎo</em></span>
- means "to get better," "to recover." Compare these sentences:</p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col class="c1" />
- <col class="c2" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā hǎo.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He's in good
- health.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Tā zuótiān bìng le. Tā jīntiān yǐjīng hǎo
- le.</em></span></td>
- <td>Yesterday he became sick. Today he is already
- recovered.</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p>The difference between the state verb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">hǎo</em></span> and the process verb <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hǎo</em></span>
- is even more evident in negative sentences. State verbs, as you
- remember, are made negative only with <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">bù</em></span>. Process verbs are made
- negative only with <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span> or <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hái
- méi</em></span>.</p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col class="c1" />
- <col class="c2" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā bù hǎo.</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
- <p>He's not good. [He’s not a good person.]</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Tā hái méi hǎo.</em></span></td>
- <td>
- <p>He hasn't yet recovered. [He is still sick.]</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- <p>It can be difficult to remember that <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">bìng</em></span> and <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >hǎo</em></span>, sometimes translated as "<span class="bold"><strong>to
- be sick</strong></span>" and "<span class="bold"><strong>to be
- better</strong></span>," are actually process verbs in Chinese,
- not state verbs.</p>
- <p> The English sentence "I am better (recovered)" translates as <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ hǎo
- le.</em></span> ("I have become veil") and would be incorrect
- without the <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >le</em></span>.</p>
- <p>J<span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">īntiān hǎo le
- méiyou?</em></span> Questions may be formed from statements
- containing completion <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">le</em></span> or combined <span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">le</em></span>
- by adding <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >méiyou</em></span> at the end of the statements.</p>
- <p> You will learn more about forming questions in the first unit of the
- next module.</p>
- <div class="informaltable">
- <table
- style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <colgroup>
- <col class="c1" />
- <col class="c2" />
- </colgroup>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td
- style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "
- ><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- class="foreignphrase">Tā láile
- méiyou?</em></span></td>
- <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Did he come?</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"
- >Nǐ hǎole méiyou?</em></span></td>
- <td>
- <p> Are you recovered (from your illness)?</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Drills" epub:type="division" id="d0e15424">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h3 class="title">Drills</h3>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <p></p>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Criterion test" epub:type="division" id="d0e15429">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h3 class="title">Criterion test</h3>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <p></p>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Appendices" epub:type="division" id="d0e15434">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h3 class="title">Appendices</h3>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <p></p>
- <section class="section" title="Appendix" epub:type="division" id="d0e15438">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h4 class="title">Appendix </h4>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <p></p>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Appendix" epub:type="division" id="d0e15442">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h4 class="title">Appendix </h4>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <p></p>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Appendix" epub:type="division" id="d0e15446">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h4 class="title">Appendix </h4>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <p></p>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Appendix" epub:type="division" id="d0e15450">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h4 class="title">Appendix </h4>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <p></p>
- </section>
- <section class="section" title="Appendix" epub:type="division" id="d0e15454">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h4 class="title">Appendix </h4>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <p></p>
- </section>
- </section>
- <div class="footnotes" epub:type="footnotes">
- <br />
- <hr class="footnote-hr" />
- <div id="ftn.d0e15085" class="footnote" epub:type="footnote">
- <p><a href="#d0e15085" class="para"><sup class="para">[6] </sup></a>Most of the
- time you can figure out from a verb's meaning the semantic category in which
- that verb belongs. However, process verbs may not be so predictable.</p>
- </div>
- </div>
- </section><footer></footer></body>
- </html>
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