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+INQUIRIES CONCERNING THE USE OF THESE MATERIALS, INCLUDING
+REQUESTS FOR COPIES, SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO
+
+DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE
+FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER
+NONRESIDENT INSTRUCTION DIVISION
+PRESIDIO OF MONTEREY, CA 93940
+
+TOPICS IN THE AREAS OF POLITICS, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, MORES,
+ETC., WHICH MAY BE CONSIDERED AS CONTROVERSIAL FROM SOME POINTS OF
+VIEW ARE SOMETIMES INCLUDED IN THESE MATERIALS, SINCE STUDENTS MAY
+FIND THEMSELVES IN POSITIONS WHERE CLEAR UNDERSTANDING OF CONVERSA-
+TIONS OR WRITTEN MATERIALS OF THIS NATURE WILL BE ESSENTIAL. THE
+PRESENCE OF CONTROVERSIAL STATEMENTS—WHETHER REAL OR APPARENT—IN
+THESE MATERIALS IS NOT TO BE CONSTRUED AS REPRESENTING THE OPINIONS
+OF THE WRITERS, OF THE DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE FOREIGN LANGUAGE
+CENTER, OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, OR OF ANY OF THE AGENCIES
+WHICH SUPPORTED THIS EFFORT.
+
+IN THIS PUBLICATION, THE WORDS “HE,” “HIM,” AND “HIS” DENOTE
+BOTH MASCULINE AND FEMININE GENDERS. THIS STATEMENT DOES NOT
+APPLY TO TRANSLATIONS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEXTS.
+
+STANDARD CHINESE
+
+A MODULAR APPROACH
+
+STUDENT TEXT
+
+MODULE 5: TRANSPORTATION
+
+MODULE 6: ARRANGING A MEETING
+
+AUGUST 1979
+
+[iii]
+
+PREFACE
+
+Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach originated in an interagency
+conference held at the Foreign Service Institute in August 1973 to
+address the need generally felt in the U.S. Government language
+training community for improving and updating Chinese materials to
+reflect current usage in Běijīng and Taipei.
+
+The conference resolved to develop materials which were flexible
+enough in form and content to meet the requirements of a wide range of
+government agencies and academic institutions.
+
+A Project Board was established consisting of representatives of the
+Central Intelligence Agency Language Learning Center, the Defense
+Language Institute, the State Department’s Foreign Service Institute,
+the Cryptologic School of the National Security Agency, and the U.S.
+Office of Education, later joined by the Canadian Forces Foreign
+Language School. The representatives have included Arthur T. McNeill,
+John Hopkins, and John Boag (CIA); Colonel John F. Elder III, Joseph
+C. Hutchinson, Ivy Gibian, and Major Bernard Muller-Thym (DLI); James
+R. Frith and John B. Ratliff III (FSI); Kazuo Shitama (NSA); Richard
+T. Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE); and Lieutenant Colonel George
+Kozoriz (CFFLS).
+
+The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project in 1974
+in space provided at the Foreign Service Institute. Each of the six
+U.S. and Canadian government agencies provided funds and other
+assistance.
+
+Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a planning
+council was formed consisting of Mr. Kok, Frances Li of the Defense
+Language Institute, Patricia O’Connor of the University of Texas, Earl
+M. Rickerson of the Language Learning Center, and James Wrenn of Brown
+University. In the fall of 1977, Lucille A. Barale was appointed
+deputy project coordinator. David W. Dellinger of the Language
+Learning Center and Charles R. Sheehan of the Foreign Service
+Institute also served on the planning council and contributed material
+to the project. The planning council drew up the original overall
+design for the materials and met regularly to review their development.
+
+Writers for the first half of the materials were John H. T. Harvey,
+Lucille A. Barale, and Roberta S. Barry, who worked in close
+cooperation with the planning council and with the Chinese staff of
+the Foreign Service Institute. Mr. Harvey developed the instructional
+formats of the comprehension and production self-study materials, and
+also designed the communication-based classroom activities and wrote
+the teacher’s guides. Lucille A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry wrote the
+tape scripts and the student text. By 1978 Thomas E. Madden and Susan
+C. Pola had joined the staff. Led by Ms. Barale, they worked as a team
+to produce the materials subsequent to Module 6.
+
+[iv]
+
+All Chinese language material was prepared or selected by Chuan O.
+Chao, Ying-chih Chen, Hsiao-Jung Chi, Eva Diao, Jan Hu, Tsung-mi Li,
+and Yunhui C. Yang, assisted for part of the time by Chieh-fang Ou
+Lee, Ying-ming Chen, and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang. Anna Affholder, Mei-li
+Chen, and Henry Khuo helped in the preparation of a preliminary corpus
+of dialogues.
+
+Administrative assistance was provided at various times by Vincent
+Basciano, Lisa A. Bowden, Jill W. Ellis, Donna Fong, Renee T. C.
+Liang, Thomas E. Madden, Susan C. Pola, and Kathleen Strype.
+
+The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M. Ramirez of
+the Foreign Service Institute Recording Studio. The Chinese script was
+voiced by Ms. Chao, Ms. Chen, Mr. Chen, Ms. Diao, Ms. Hu, Mr. Khuo,
+Mr. Li, and Ms. Yang. The English script was read by Ms. Barale, Ms.
+Barry, Mr. Basciano, Ms. Ellis, Ms. Pola, and Ms. Strype.
+
+The graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign Service
+Institute Audio-Visual staff, under the general supervision of Joseph
+A. Sadote, Chief of Audio-Visual.
+
+Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach was field-tested with the
+cooperation of Brown University; the Defense Language Institute,
+Foreign Language Center; the Foreign Service Institute; the Language
+Learning Center; the United States Air Force Academy; the University
+of Illinois; and the University of Virginia.
+
+Colonel Samuel L. Stapleton and Colonel Thomas G. Foster, Commandants
+of the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language Center, authorized
+the DLIFLC support necessary for preparation of this edition of the
+course materials. This support included coordination, graphic arts,
+editing, typing, proofreading, printing, and materials necessary to
+carry out these tasks.
+
+James R. Frith, Chairman
+
+Chinese Core Curriculum Project Board
+
+
+[v]
+
+CONTENTS
+
+Preface........................................................ iii
+
+MODULE 5: TRANSPORTATION
+
+  Objectives ...................................................   1
+  Map of Běijīng ...............................................   2
+  Map of Taipei ................................................   3
+  Target Lists .................................................   4
+
+  UNIT 1
+    Reference List .............................................  12
+    Vocabulary .................................................  14
+    Reference Notes ............................................  15
+      Using buses
+      “When”
+      “First,” “last,” “next,” “previous”
+      Duō, “to be many,” and shǎo, “to be few”
+    Vocabulary Booster (Modes of Transportation) ...............  22
+    Drills .....................................................  23
+
+  UNIT 2
+    Reference List .............................................  30
+    Vocabulary .................................................  31
+    Reference Notes ............................................  32
+      The marker a and its variant ya
+      The locational endings -shang and -li
+      More on the marker ba
+      The aspect marker ne
+      “Then”: jiù, zài, cái
+    Drills .....................................................  38
+
+  UNIT 3
+    Reference List .............................................  44
+    Vocabulary .................................................  46
+    Reference Notes ............................................  48
+      The prepositional verb bǎ
+      Adverbs expressing manner
+    Drills .....................................................  51
+
+  UNIT 4
+    Reference List .............................................  59
+    Vocabulary .................................................  61
+    Reference Notes ............................................  62
+      Choice questions with háíshi
+      More on topics and comments
+      Compound verbs of result
+    Drills .....................................................  67
+
+  UNIT 5
+    Reference List .............................................  72
+    Vocabulary .................................................  74
+
+[vi]
+
+    Reference Notes ............................................  75
+      Distances
+      Approximate numbers
+      Ban, “one half”
+    Drills .....................................................  80
+
+  UNIT 6
+    Reference List .............................................  87
+    Vocabulary .................................................  89
+    Reference Notes ............................................  91
+      More on verb reduplication (two-syllable verbs)
+      Compound verbs of direction
+      More on new-situation le
+    Drills .....................................................  96
+
+  UNIT 7
+    Reference List ............................................. 101
+    Vocabulary ................................................. 103
+    Reference Notes ............................................ 105
+     More on compound verbs of result
+     “If”
+    Vocabulary Booster (Animals) ............................... 110
+    Drills ..................................................... 111
+
+  UNIT 8
+    Reference List.............................................. 117
+    Vocabulary.................................................. 119
+    Reference Notes ............................................ 121
+      “Why” and “because”
+      Time NOT spent
+      “All,” “not all,” “all...not”
+      “Again”: yòu, zài
+    Drills ..................................................... 129
+
+MODULE 6: ARRANGING A MEETING
+
+  Objectives ................................................... 135
+  Target Lists ................................................. 136
+
+  UNIT 1
+    Reference List ..............................................144
+    Vocabulary ................................................. 146
+    Reference Notes ............................................ 147
+      Making an appointment
+      Gēn for “and” and gēn for “with”
+      Three words for “time’’
+      The prepositional verb duì, “to,” “towards,” “facing”
+      Comparisons: “more than”
+      More on compound verbs of result
+    Drills ..................................................... 155
+
+[vii]
+
+  UNIT 2
+    Reference List ............................................. 161
+    Vocabulary ................................................. 163
+    Reference Notes ............................................ 161
+      Making phone calls
+      The aspect marker zài for ongoing action
+      “Whatever,” “whenever,” “whoever,” “wherever”
+      Verbs and general objects
+    Vocabulary Booster (Occupations) ........................... 171
+    Drills ..................................................... 173
+
+  UNIT 3
+    Reference List ............................................. 178
+    Vocabulary  ................................................ 180
+    Reference Notes ............................................ 181
+      Extending an invitation
+      “Not only...but also...”
+      Comparisons: “equal to,” “alike”
+      “Anyone,” “anything,” “anyplace,” “anytime”
+      Comparison: compound verbs of result and manner adverbs
+      “Furthermore”
+    Drills ..................................................... 188
+
+  UNIT 4
+    Reference List ............................................. 191
+    Vocabulary ................................................  196
+    Reference Notes ...........................................  197
+      Meeting people
+      More on completion le
+      The prepositional verb xiàng, “facing”
+      Duō and shǎo as adverbs
+    Vocabulary Booster (Opposites) ............................. 201
+    Drills ..................................................... 201
+
+  UNIT 5
+    Reference List ............................................. 208
+    Vocabulary ................................................. 210
+    Reference Notes ............................................ 212
+      Taking and leaving messages
+      Changing an appointment
+      The prepositional verb bǎ
+      Gāng and gāngcái
+      More on compound verbs of result
+    Drills ..................................................... 220
+
+  UNIT 6
+    Reference List ............................................. 225
+    Vocabulary ................................................. 227
+    Reference Notes ............................................ 229
+      Invitation to lunch
+      Comparisons: “less than”
+                   “even more”
+      Comparison overview
+      Sentence patterns: “although” and “both...and...”
+    Drills ..................................................... 235
+
+[viii]
+
+  UNIT 7
+    Reference List ............................................. 241
+    Vocabulary ................................................. 243
+    Reference Notes ............................................ 244
+      Arranging an introduction
+      Using word order to express “the” and “a”
+      Objects of reduplicated verbs
+      Three-part motion verbs
+      Verbs for “remember” and “forget”
+    Drills ..................................................... 253
+
+  UNIT 8
+    Reference List ............................................. 258
+    Vocabulary ................................................. 259
+    Reference Notes ............................................ 261
+      Declining invitations
+      The prepositional verb tì, “in place of”
+      More on compound verbs of result
+      Comparison: néng, kéyi, huì
+    Drills ..................................................... 266
+
+
+[135]
+
+                  MODULE 6: ARRANGING A MEETING
+
+The Meeting Module (MTG) will provide you with the skills needed to
+arrange meetings or social gatherings, to greet people, to make
+introductions, and to accept or decline invitations in Chinese.
+
+Before starting this module, you must take and pass the TRN Criterion
+Test.
+
+The MTG Criterion Test will focus largely on this module, but material
+from ORN, BIO, MON, DIR, TRN, and associated resource modules is also
+included.
+
+
+OBJECTIVES
+
+Upon successful completion of this module, the student should be able to
+
+  1.  Give the English equivalent for any Chinese sentence in the MTG
+      Target Lists.
+
+  2.  Say any Chinese sentence in the MTG Target Lists when cued with
+      English equivalent.
+
+  3.  Make and respond to introductions with appropriate polite
+      questions and answers.
+
+  4.  Make phone calls and leave messages.
+
+  5.  Arrange a meeting (time and place) with someone by talking with
+      him or his secretary either in person or by phone.
+
+  6.  Request that the time of a meeting be changed.
+
+  7.  Invite a person to lunch, deciding on the time and the restaurant.
+
+  8.  Arrange a social gathering for a specific time of day, inviting
+      guests to his home and encouraging them to accept the invitation.
+
+  9.  Greet guests upon their arrival at his home.
+
+  10. Accept/decline a social/business invitation with the appropriate
+      degree of politeness.
+
+
+[136]
+
+                        UNIT 1 TARGET LIST
+
+      喂, 你是朱科長嗎？
+  1.  Wèi，nǐ shi Zhū Kēzhǎng ma?       Hello. Are you Section Chief Zhū?
+
+      是。您是哪位？
+      Shì. Nín shi něiwèi?             Yes. Who is this, please?
+
+      我是威廉馬丁。
+      Wǒ shi Wēilián Mǎdīng.           I’m William Martin.
+
+      哦, 馬丁先生, 好久不見。
+      Òu，Mǎdīng Xiānsheng，hǎo jiǔ      Oh, Mr. Martin—I haven’t seen
+       bú jiàn.                        you for a long time.
+
+      我有點兒事想跟您當面談談。
+  2.  Wo yǒu diǎnr shì xiǎng gēn       I have something I would like to
+      nín dāngmiàn tántan.             talk with you about in person.
+
+      您有功夫沒有？
+  3.  Nín yǒu gōngfu meiyou?           Do you have any free time?
+
+      什麽時候對您合適？
+  4.  Shénme shíhou duì nín héshì?     What time would suit you?
+
+      三點比兩點方便一點兒。因爲一會兒
+      出去，也許兩點回不來。
+  5.  Sāndiǎn bǐ liǎngdiǎn fāngbian    Three would be more convenient than
+      yìdiǎnr. Yīnwei wǒ yìhuǐr        two. Since I’m going out in a
+      chūqu，yěxǔ liǎngdiǎn             little while, I might not be able
+      huíbulái.                        to get back by two.
+
+      那麽, 我三點鐘在樓下的會客室等您。
+      Nàme，wǒ sāndiǎn zhōng zài        Well then, I’ll wait for you in the
+      lóuxiàde huìkèshì děng nín.      reception room downstairs at
+                                       three o’clock.
+
+
+ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
+(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
+
+
+  6.  huídelái            回得來        to be able to get back in time
+
+
+  7.  kòng(r)             空(兒)        free time, spare time
+
+
+  8.  lóushàng            樓上          upstairs
+
+
+  9.  shāngliang          商量          to discuss, to talk over
+
+
+  10. yǒu kòng(r)         有空(兒)      to have free time
+
+[137]
+
+    喂, 美大司
+1.  Wèi，Mēidàsī.                       Hello. Department of American and
+                                       Oceanic Affairs.
+
+    我是加拿大大使館的喬治達菲。我有
+    一件事想跟王科長講一講。
+    Wǒ shi Jiānádà Dàshiguǎnde         I am George Duffy of the Canadian
+    Qiáozhì Dáfēi. Wǒ yǒu yíjiàn       Embassy. I have something I
+    shì xiǎng gēn Wáng Kēzhǎng         would like to discuss with Section
+    jiǎng-yijiǎng.                     Chief Wáng.
+
+    王科長現在在開會。等她開完會我告訴告誦
+    她給你回電話。
+2.  Wáng Kēzhǎng xiànzài zài kāi huì.  Section Chief Wáng is at a meeting
+    Děng tā kāiwán huì wǒ gàosong      now. When she is finished with the
+    tā gěi ni huí diànhuà.             meeting, I will tell her to return
+                                       your call.
+    好，謝謝你。
+3.  Hǎo, xièxie ni.                    Fine. Thank you.
+
+    不謝
+    Bú xiè.                            Don’t mention it.
+
+    你打電話來的時候我沒時間跟你説話。
+4.  Nǐ dǎ diànhuà láide shíhou wǒ      When you called here, I didn’t have
+    méi shíjiān gēn ni shuō huà.       time to speak with you.
+
+    沒關係
+    Méi guānxi.                        It doesn’t matter.
+
+    我給你打電話目的是想跟你當面談談。
+5.  Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi        The reason I called you is that I
+    shi xiǎng gēn ni dāngmiàn          would like to talk with you in
+    tántan.                            person.
+
+    你明天能不能到我這兒來？
+    Nǐ míngtiān něng bu néng dào       Can you come over here tomorrow?
+    wǒ zhěr lái?
+
+    可以。明天什麽時候都可以。
+    Kéyi. Míngtiān shénme shíhou       Yes. Any time tomorrow would be
+    dōu kéyi.                          fine.
+
+
+ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
+(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
+
+
+6.  guānxi                關係          relation, relationship, connection
+
+
+7.  jiǎng huà             講話          to speak, to talk; a speech
+
+
+8.  lǐngshiguǎn           領事館        consulate
+
+
+9.  shìqing (yíjiàn)      事情 (一件)    matter, business, affair
+
+
+10. sīzhǎng               司長          department chief
+
+
+11. yǒu guānxi            有關係        to relate to, to have a bearing on,
+                                       to matter
+
+[138]
+
+UNIT 3 TARGET LIST
+
+    我想下個星期六請您到我們家來
+    吃個便飯。
+1.  Wǒ xiǎng xiàge Xīngqīliù           I would like to invite you to come
+    qǐng nín dào wǒmen jiā             to our house for a simple meal
+    lái chī ge biànfàn.                on Saturday of next week.
+
+    您何必這麽客氣？
+    Nín hébì zhème kèqi?              Why is it necessary to be so polite?
+
+    我有一個美國朋友在臺灣大學教書。
+    很想給你們兩位介紹介紹。
+2.  Wǒ yǒu yige Měiguo péngyou        I have an American friend who
+    zài Táiwān Dàxué jiāo shū.        teaches at Táiwān University. I
+    Hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen liǎngwèi      would very much like to introduce
+    jièshao jièshao.                  the two of you.
+
+    你太好了！
+    Nà tài hǎo le!                    That’s wonderful!
+
+    我很希望跟你朋友談談。
+3.  Wǒ hěn xǐwang gēn ni péngyou      I wish very much to talk with your
+    tántan.                           friend.
+
+    不過，恐怕我的英文不行。
+    Búguò, kǒngpà wǒde Yīngwén bù     However, I’m afraid that my English
+    xíng.                             isn’t good enough.
+
+    不但説得不好，有時候也聽不懂。
+    Búdàn shuōde bù hǎo, yǒu shíhou   Not only don’t I speak well, (but)
+    yě tīngbudǒng.                    sometimes I can’t understand what
+                                      I hear either.
+    你説得跟美國人一樣。
+4.  Nǐ shuōde gēn Měiguo rén          You speak as well as an American.
+    yíyàng hǎo.
+
+    我沒請什麽人；很隨便。
+5.  Wǒ méi qǐng shénme rén; hěn       I haven’t invited anyone special;
+    suíbiàn.                          it’s very informal.
+
+    那就先謝了。
+    Nà jiù xiān xiè le.               Well then, I’ll thank you in advance.
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
+(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
+
+
+6.  bù tóng               不同          to be different
+
+7.  chá                   茶           tea
+
+8.  chī fàn               吃飯          to eat, to have a meal
+
+9.  dànshi                但是          but
+
+10. érqiě                 而且          furthermore, moreover
+
+11. fàn                   飯           (cooked) rice
+
+12. hē                    喝           to drink
+
+13. jiāo shū              教書          to teach
+
+
+[139]
+
+UNIT 4 TARGET LIST
+
+    何教授，歡迎，歡迎。請進。
+1.  Hé Jiàoshòu, huānyíng, huānyíng.  Professor Hollins, welcome. Please
+    Qǐng jìn.                         come in.
+
+    這是一點小意思。
+    Zhè shi yìdiǎn xiǎo yìsi.         Here is a small token of
+                                      appreciation.
+
+    我知道您喜歡山水畫。
+2.  Wǒ zhīdao nín xǐhuan shānshuǐ     I know you like landscape painting.
+    huà.
+
+    特別請朋友給您畫一張。
+    Tèbiě qǐng péngyou gěi nín        I asked a friend to paint one
+    huàle yìzhāng.                    especially for you.
+
+    這位是何教授，在台大教書。
+3.  Zhèiwèi shi Hé Jiàoshòu, zài      This is Professor Hollins, who
+    Táidà jiāo shū.                   teaches at Táiwān University.
+
+    久仰，久仰。
+    Jiǔyǎng, jiǔyǎng.                 Glad to meet you.
+
+   我還有很多不熟悉的地方要向您請教。
+4. Wǒ hái yǒu hěn duō bù shóuxide     There is still much I’m not familiar
+   dìfang yào xiàng nín qǐngjiào.     with that I need to ask your
+                                      advice about.
+    希望以後有機會多見面。
+5.  Xǐwang yǐhòu yǒu jīhui duō        I hope that in the future we will
+    jiànmiàn.                         have an opportunity to meet more.
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
+(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
+
+
+6.  fāngfǎ                方法          method, way, means
+
+7.  fázi                  法子          method, way
+
+8.  huàr                  畫兒          painting (Běijīng pronunciation)
+
+9.  qǐng zuò              請坐          please sit down
+
+10. shèhuìxué             社會學        sociology
+
+11. túshūguǎn             圖書館        library
+
+12. zuò                   坐           to sit
+
+
+[140]
+
+UNIT 5 TARGET LIST
+
+    喂
+1.  Wài.                              Hello.
+
+    喂，外交部嗎？我要找林司長説話。
+    Wèi, shi Wàijiāobù ma? Wǒ yào     Hello. Is this the Ministry of
+    zhǎo Lín Sīzhǎng shuō huà.        Foreign Affairs? I want to speak
+                                      with Department Chief Lin.
+
+    您是那兒啊？
+    Nín shi nǎr a?                    Who is this?
+
+    我是法國商務經濟官。
+    Wǒ shi Fǎguo Shāngwù Jīngjiguān.  I am the French Commercial/Economics
+                                      Officer.
+
+    林司長這會兒不在。
+2.  Lin Sīzhǎng zhèihuír bú zài.      Department Chief Lin is not here at
+    Nín yào liú ge huàr ma?           the moment. Would you like to
+                                      leave a message?
+
+    我把您的電話號兒寫下來。
+3.  Wǒ bǎ nínde diànhuà hàomǎr        I’ll write down your phone number.
+    xiěxiàlái.
+
+    對不起，你剛才給我打電話，我不在。
+4.  Duìbuqǐ, nǐ gāngcái gěi wo da     I’m sorry. When you called me just
+    diànhuà, wǒ bú zài.               now, I wasn’t in.
+
+    我那天跟您約好了今天到辦公室去談談。
+5.  Wǒ nèitiān gēn nín yuēhǎole       The other day I made an appointment
+    jīntiān dào nín bàngōngshì        with you to go to your office
+    qu tántan.                        today for a talk.
+
+    因爲我有一件要緊的事，所以不能今天去。
+    Yīnwei wǒ yǒu yíjiàn yàojǐnde     Because I have an urgent business
+    shì, suóyi bù néng jīntiān        matter, I can’t go today.
+    qù.
+
+    改到明天行不行？
+    Gǎi dào míngtiān xíng bu xíng?    Would it be all right to change it
+                                      [the appointment] to tomorrow?
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
+(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
+
+
+6.  háishi                還是          still
+
+7.  wàiguo                外國          foreign, abroad
+
+8.  wàiguo rén            外國人        foreigner (non-Chinese)
+
+9.  wūzi (yìjiān)         屋子 (一間)    room
+
+10. yāo                   幺           one (telephone pronunciation)
+
+
+[141]
+
+UNIT 6 TARGET LIST
+
+    我們到東門餐廳去吃中飯，好不好？
+1.  Wǒmen dào Dōngmén Cāntīng qù      Let’s go to the East Gate Restaurant
+    chī zhōngfàn, hǎo bu hǎo?         to eat lunch. Okay?
+
+    東門的菜沒有大華菜那麽好。
+    Dōngménde cài méiyou Dàhuáde      The food at the East Gate isn’t as
+    cài nàme hǎo.                     good as the food at the Great
+                                      China.
+    雖然不太好，可是離這裏近。
+2.  Suírán bú tài hǎo, kěshi lí       Even though it [East Gate] is not
+    zhèli jìn.                        too good, it is close to us.
+
+    還有一個新開的飯館子離我們這裏更近。
+    Hái yǒu yíge xīn kāide            There is also a newly opened
+    fànguǎnzi lí wǒmen zhèli          restaurant that is even closer
+    gèng jìn.                         to us.
+
+    它們那裏菜非常好。今天我請你到那裏去吃。
+3.  Tāmen nàlide cài fēicháng hǎo.    The food there is extremely good.
+    Jīntiān wǒ qǐng ni dào nàli       Today I am going to invite you to
+    qù chī.                           go there to eat.
+
+    那不好意思！
+    Nà bù hǎo yìsi!                   I can’t let you do that!
+                                      (That would be too embarrassing!)
+    大華的菜又好又便宜。
+4.  Dàhuáde cài yòu hǎo yòu piǎnyi.   The food at the Great China is both
+                                      good and cheap.
+    也有好些菜別的地方吃不找。
+    Yě yǒu hǎoxiē cài biéde dìfang    They also have a good many dishes
+    chībuzháo.                        that you can’t find (at) other
+                                      places.
+    你説的地方一定好。
+5.  Nǐ shuōde dìfang yídìng hǎo.      Any place you suggest is sure to
+                                      be good.
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
+(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
+
+
+6.  bù yídìng             不一定        not necessarily; it’s not definite
+
+
+7.  kànfa                 看法          opinion, view
+
+
+8.  wǎnfàn                晚飯          supper, dinner
+
+
+9.  xiǎngfa               想法          idea, opinion
+
+
+10. yìxiē                 一些          some, several, a few
+
+
+11. zǎofàn                早飯          breakfast
+
+
+12. zuòfa                 做法          way of doing things, method, practice
+
+
+[142]
+
+UNIT 7 TARGET LIST
+
+    我有一件事想跟您打聽打聽。
+1.  Wǒ yǒu yíjiàn shi xiǎng gēn       I have something I would like to
+    nín dǎting dǎting.                ask you about.
+
+    聽説您那邊新來了一位方先生；他的名字
+    我忘記了。
+    Tīngshuō nín nàbian xīn láile     I have heard that you recently had
+    yíwèi Fāng Xiānsheng; tāde        a Mr. Fang join you. I have
+    míngzi wǒ wàngji le.              forgotten his given name.
+
+    不錯，方德明是上個禮拜派到我們這裏
+    來的。
+2.  Bú cuò, Fāng Démíng shi shàngge   That’s right. Fang Deming was sent
+    líbài pài dào wǒmen zhèli         over here last week.
+    láide.
+
+    怎麽？你認識他嗎？
+    Zěnme? Nǐ rènshi ta ma?           Why? Do you know him?
+
+    我是加州大學畢業的。
+3.  Wǒ shi Jiāzhōu Dàxué bìyède.      I graduated from the University of
+                                      California.
+    你能不能馬上到我辦公室來？
+4.  Nǐ néng bu néng mǎshàng dào wo    Can you come to my office right
+    bàngōngshì lái?                   away?
+
+    沒問題。差不多半個鐘頭就到。
+    Méi wèntí. Chàbuduō bànge         No problem. I’ll be there in about
+    zhōngtóu jiù dào.                 half an hour.
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
+(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
+
+
+5.  jìde                  記得         to remember
+
+6.  rènde                 認得         to recognize, to know (alternate
+                                      word for rènshi)
+7.  rènshi zì             認識字            to know how to read (literally, “to
+                                      recognize characters”)
+8.  wàng                  忘          to forget (alternate word for
+                                      wàngji, especially in the sense of
+                                      forgetting to DO something)
+
+9.  wánquán               完全          completely
+
+10. xiǎngqilai            想起來        to think of, to remember
+
+11. zuǒyòu                左右          approximately
+
+
+[143]
+
+UNIT 8 TARGET LIST
+
+    喂，這是禮賓司。
+1.  Wài, zhèi shi Lǐbīnsī.            Hello. This is the Protocol
+                                      Department.
+    喂，我是萊登大使的秘書。
+    Wèi, wǒ shi Láidēng Dàshǐde       Hello. I am Ambassador Leyden’s
+    mìshū.                            secretary.
+
+    大使接著你們的請帖了。
+2.  Dàshǐ jiēzháo nǐmende qǐngtiě     The ambassador received your
+    le.                               invitation.
+
+    很可惜因爲他有事，八月九號不能來。
+    Hěn kěxī yīnwei tā yǒu shì,       Unfortunately, because he has a
+    Báyuè jiǔhào bù néng lái.         previous engagement, he cannot
+                                      come on August 9。
+    請你轉告譙部長。
+    Qǐng ni zhuǎngào Qiáo Bùzhǎng.    Please inform Minister Qiao.
+
+    很抱歉。
+    Hěn bāoqiàn.                      I’m very sorry.
+
+    很遺憾，他不能來。
+3.  Hěn yíhàn, tā bù néng lái.        We very much regret that he cannot
+                                      come.
+    我替你轉告一下。
+    Wǒ tì ni zhuǎngào yíxià.          I will pass on the message for you.
+
+    希望以後在找機會聚一聚吧。
+4.  Xīwang yǐhòu zài zhǎo jīhui       I hope that later we will find
+    jùyijù ba.                        another opportunity to get together.
+
+    真不巧，沒辦法去。
+5.  Zhēn bù qiǎo, méi bànfa qù.       I really couldn’t make that; I have
+                                      no way of going.
+    我們有幾個同學計劃到長城去玩兒。
+6.  Wǒmen yǒu jige tóngxué jìhua      A few of us students are planning
+    dào Chángchéng qù wánr.           to go to the Great Wall for an
+                                      outing.
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
+(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
+
+
+7.  dàjiā                 大家          everybody, everyone
+
+8.  jiēdào                接到         to receive (alternate form of
+                                      jiēzháo)
+
+9.  tóngshì               同事         fellow worker, colleague
+
+
+10. yīnggāi               應該         should, ought to, must
+
+
+[144]
+
+UNIT 1
+
+REFERENCE LIST
+
+(in Běijīng)
+
+       喂
+1.  B: Wéi.                            Hello.
+
+       喂，你是朱科長嗎？
+    A: Wài, nǐ shi Zhū Kēzhǎng ma?     Hello. Are you Section Chief Zhū?
+
+       是。您是哪位？
+    B: Shì. Nín shi něiwèi?            Yes. Who is this, please?
+
+       我是威廉馬丁。
+    A: Wǒ shi Wēilián Mǎdīng.          I’m William Martin.
+
+       哦，馬丁先生，好久不見。你好啊？
+   *B: Òu, Madīng Xiānsheng, hǎo       Oh, Mr. Martin—I haven’t seen you
+       jiǔ bú jiàn. Nǐ hǎo a?          for quite a while. How are you?
+
+       好。你好啊？
+    A: Hǎo. Nǐ hǎo a?                  Fine. How are you?
+
+       我有點兒事想跟您當面談談。
+2.  A: Wǒ yōu diǎnr shì xiǎng gēn      I have something I would like to
+       nín dāngmiàn tántan.            talk with you about in person.
+
+       不知道您有工夫沒有。
+3.  A: Bù zhīdào nín yǒu gōngfu        I don’t know whether you have the
+       meiyou.                         time or not.
+
+       有功夫
+    B: Yǒu gōngfu.                     I have the time.
+
+       什麽時候對您合適？
+4.  A: Shénme shíhou duì nín héshì?    What time would suit you?
+
+       今天，明天都可以。
+    B: Jīntiān, míngtiān dōu kéyi.     Either today or tomorrow would be
+                                       fine.
+       今天下午兩點鐘方便嗎？
+5.  A: Jīntiān xiàwǔ liǎngdiǎn         Would two o’clock today be
+       zhōng fāngbian ma?              convenient?
+
+       三點比兩點方便一點兒。
+    B: Sāndiǎn bī liǎngdiǎn            Three would be more convenient than
+       fāngbian yìdiǎnr.               two.
+
+       因爲我一會兒出去，也許兩點回不來。
+6.  B: Yīnwei wǒ yìhuǐr chūqu, yěxǔ    Since I’m going out in a little
+       liǎngdiǎn huíbulái.             while, I might not be able to get
+                                       back by two.
+       三點鐘也好。
+    A: Sāndiǎn zhōng yě hǎo.           Three is fine also.
+
+* The remaining sentences in this exchange occur on the C-l tape
+
+[145]
+       那麽，我三點鐘在樓下的會客室等您。
+7.  B: Nàme, wǒ sāndiǎn zhōng zài     Well then, I’ll wait for you in the
+       lóuxiàde huìkèshì děng         reception room downstairs at
+       nín.                           three o’clock.
+
+       好，三點見。
+    A: Hǎo, sāndiǎn jiàn.             Fine. I’ll see you at three.
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
+(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
+
+
+8.  huídelái              回得來        to be able to get back in time
+
+
+9.  kòng(r)               空兒          free time, spare time
+
+
+10. lóushàng              樓上          upstairs
+
+
+11. shāngliang            商量          to discuss, to talk over
+
+
+12. yǒu kòng(r)           有空兒        to have free time
+
+
+[146]
+
+VOCABULARY
+
+
+  bǐ                      比           compared with, than
+
+  dāngmiàn                當面          in person, face to face
+
+  duì                     對           to, towards; with regard to, with
+                                       respect to
+
+  gōngfu                  功夫          free time, spare time
+
+  héshì                   合適          to be suitable, to be appropriate,
+                                       to fit
+
+  huíbulái                回不來        to be unable to get back
+
+  huídelái                回得來        to be able to get back in time
+
+  huìkèshì (huìkèshǐ)     會客室        reception room
+
+  kēzhǎng                 科長          section chief
+
+  kòng(r)                 空兒          free time, spare time
+
+  lóushàng                樓上          upstairs
+
+  lóuxià                  樓下          downstairs
+
+  nàme                    那麽          well, then, in that case
+
+  shāngliang              商量          to discuss, to talk over
+
+  tán                     談           to chat, to talk about
+
+  wéi                     喂           hello (telephone greeting)
+
+  yěxǔ                    也許          perhaps, maybe
+
+  yìhuǐr                  一會兒        a moment
+
+  yǒu gōngfu              有功夫        to have free time
+
+  yǒu kòng(r)             有空兒        to have free time
+
+
+(introduced on C-2 and P-2 tapes)
+
+  chūkǒu gōngsī           出口公司      export company
+
+  huì kè                  會客          to receive guests
+
+  xiē                     些           several, some
+
+  yǒu yòng                有用          to be useful
+
+
+[147]
+
+REFERENCE NOTES
+
+       喂
+1.  B: Wéi.    Hello.
+
+       喂，你是朱科長嗎？
+    A: Wài, nǐ shi Zhū Kēzhǎng ma?     Hello. Are you Section Chief Zhū?
+
+       是。您是哪位？
+    B: Shì. Nín shi něiwèi?            Yes. Who is this, please?
+
+       我是威廉馬丁。
+    A: Wǒ shi Wēilián Mǎdīng.          I’m William Martin.
+
+       哦，馬丁先生，好久不見。你好啊？
+    B: Òu, Mǎdīng Xiānsheng, hǎo       Oh, Mr. Martin—I haven’t seen you
+       jiǔ bú jiàn. Nǐ hǎo a?          for quite a while. How are you?
+
+       好。你好啊？
+    A: Hǎo. Nǐ hǎo a?                  Fine. How are you?
+
+Notes on No. 1
+
+Wéi is a greeting used in telephone conversations for “hello.” Some
+speakers pronounce this greeting as wài. Unlike most Chinese words, wèi
+has no fixed tone. The intonation varies according to the speaker’s mood.
+
+Kēzhǎng: Kē means “section,” and zhǎng means “head of an organization.”
+Here are some examples of how -zhǎng，“chief,” “head,” is used:
+
+
+  kē                      科           section
+
+  kēzhǎng                 科長          section chief
+
+  chù                     処            division
+
+  chùzhǎng                処長          division chief
+
+  xuéxiào                 學校          school
+
+  xiàozhǎng               校長          principal, headmaster
+
+
+Nín shi něiwèi? Note the use of the polite terms nín and něiwèi. In
+the English translation, politeness is expressed by the use of the more
+indirect “Who is this” instead of “Who are you” and also by “please.”
+
+Hǎo jiǔ bú jiàn, “I haven’t seen you for quite a while,” is
+interchangeable with hǎo jiǔ méi jiàn.
+
+
+      我有點兒事想跟您當面談談。
+2. A: Wǒ yǒu dianr shì xiǎng gēn       I have something I would like to
+      nín dāngmiàn tántan.             talk with you about in person.
+
+Notes on No. 2
+
+Gēn: In No. 2 the word gēn is a prepositional verb translated as
+“with.” The preposition gēn, “with,” differs from the conjunction gēn,
+“and,” in two important ways: a) where stress may be placed b) where
+the negative may be placed.
+
+[148]
+
+(a) When gēn is used as the conjunction “and,” both items being joined
+are stressed and keep their tones. When gēn is used as the prepositional
+verb “with,” a pronoun which follows is unstressed and loses its tone.
+Notice the contrasting tones on tā in the following sentences:
+
+  我跟他都來了。
+  Wǒ gēn tǎ dōu lái le.                Both he and I came.
+
+  我跟他來。
+  Wǒ gēn ta lái.                       I’ll come with him.
+
+(b) To make negative a sentence containing the conjunction gēn, “and,”
+the negative is placed with the main verb. In sentences containing the
+prepositional verb gēn, “with,” the negative precedes the prepositional
+verb. (You have seen this pattern with other prepositional verbs, for
+example, zài [see BIO, Unit 2, notes on Nos. 8–11].) Notice the
+contrasting positions of the negatives in the examples below:
+
+  我跟他都沒有去。
+  Wǒ gēn tā dōu méiyou qù.             Neither he nor I went.
+
+  我沒有跟他去。
+  Wǒ méiyou gēn ta qù.                 I didn’t go with him.
+
+
+Dāngmiàn means “face-to-face.” Literally, dāng means “in the presence
+of,” and miàn means “face.”
+
+
+      不知道您有工夫沒有。
+3. A: Bù zhīdào nín yǒu gōngfu         I don’t know whether you have the
+      meiyou.                          time or not.
+
+      有工夫。
+   B: yǒu gōngfu.                      I have the time.
+
+Note on No. 3
+
+Gōngfu, “time,” “free time,” “leisure time,” refers to a period of
+time during which a person is free, in the sense that his work may be
+interrupted.
+
+Now you know three words for “time”: shíhou, shíjiān, gōngfu Shíhou may
+be used for either a point in time or an amount of time.
+
+  你什麽時候走？
+  Nǐ shénme shíhou zǒu?               When are you leaving?
+
+  坐火車要走多少時候？
+  Zuò huǒchē yào zǒu duōshao          How long does it take to go by train?
+  shíhou?
+
+Shíjiān refers to any amount of time, including the time when a person is
+free.
+
+  從這兒到飛機場要多少時間？
+  Cóng zhèr dào fēijīchǎng            How long does it take from here to
+  yào duōshao shíjiān?                the airport?
+
+  今天沒有時間去。
+  Jīntiān měiyou shíjiān              There isn’t time to go today,
+  qù.
+
+[149]
+
+Gōngfu, however, is used only for amounts of time which a person has
+available for his own use.
+
+  你有沒有功夫跟我談談？
+  Nǐ yǒu méiyou gōngfu gēn            Are you free to talk with me?
+  wo tántan?
+
+
+        什麽時候對您合適。
+4.  A:  Shénme shíhou duì nín héshì?  What time would suit you?
+
+        今天，明天都可以。
+    B:  Jīntiān, míngtiān dōu kéyi.   Either today or tomorrow would be
+                                      fine.
+Notes on No. 4
+
+Duì, “to,” “towards,” “with regard to,” “with respect to,” is a
+prepositional verb which originally meant “facing.” In modern Chinese,
+its object introduces either the target of the action or the thing
+concerned. Contrast this with gěi, “for”: the object introduced by gěi
+receives the benefit of the action. These generalizations may help you
+sort out some of the differences between duì and gěi. You might find
+it helpful to memorize some examples, as well.
+
+  duì INTRODUCING THE TARGET OF THE ACTION (“to”)
+
+    你的話是對誰説的。
+    Nǐde huà shi duì shéi shuōde?     To whom were you speaking?
+
+    他對我很客氣。
+    Tā duì wǒ hěn kèqi.               He is very polite to me.
+
+    你對我太好。
+    Nǐ duì wǒ tài hǎo.                You are too good to me.
+
+  duì INTRODUCING THE THING CONCERNED (“with regard to,” “with respect to”)
+
+    什麽時候對您合適？
+    Shénme shíhou duì nín héshì?      What time suits you?
+
+    什麽時候對您方便？
+    Shénme shíhou duì nín fāngbian?   What time is convenient for you?
+
+Notice that the English is “for you” in the last example, but in Chinese
+you must say “What time is convenient with regard to you?”
+
+  gěi INTRODUCING THE BENEFICIARY
+
+    我給他寫了信了。
+    Wǒ gěi ta xiěle xìn le.           I wrote him a letter.
+
+    這是一張十塊的，請您給我換換。
+    Zhè shi yìzhāng shíkuàide,        Here’s a ten-dollar bill. Please
+    qǐng ni gěi wǒ huànhuan.          change it for me.
+
+    請你給我寫你的地址。
+    Qǐng ni gěi wǒ xiě nǐde dìzhǐ.    Would you write down your address
+                                      for me, please?
+
+Héshì is an adjectival verb meaning “to fit,” “to suit,” “to be
+suitable/appropriate.” When trying on clothes in a store, you might
+say Zhèige bù héshì, “This doesn’t fit.” In another situation, héshì
+could be translated very freely as “best”: Něitiān duì nín héshì?
+“What day would be best for you?”
+
+[150]
+
+      今天下午兩點鐘方便嗎？
+5. A: Jīntiān xiàwǔ liǎngdiǎn         Would two o’clock today be convenient?
+      zhōng fāngbian ma?
+
+      三點比兩點方便一點兒。
+   B: Sāndiǎn bǐ liǎngdiǎn fāngbian   Three would be more convenient than
+      yìdiǎnr.                        two.
+
+Note on No. 5
+
+Sāndiǎn bǐ liǎngdiǎn fāngbian yìdiǎnr: Bǐ is a prepositional verb used
+to make comparisons between two things which are different.* In translating,
+you may find it helpful to think of bǐ as the English “compared with” or
+“than.”** Notice that the bǐ phrase precedes the adjectival verb or another
+predicate in a sentence.
+
+*A different pattern is used to say that two things are the same. (See
+MTG, Unit 3, notes on Nos. 4–5.)
+
+**To say “A is not as ... as B,” you use a different construction, which
+you will learn in MTG, Unit 6, notes on No. 2.
+
+
+  三點          比             兩點         方便一點兒。
+  Sāndiǎn      bǐ             liǎngdiǎn   fāngbian yìdiǎnr.
+  (3 o’clock   than           2 o’clock   more convenient)
+               compared with
+
+    “Three is more convenient than two.”
+
+  他     比              我   有      功夫。
+  Tā     bǐ             wǒ   yǒu    gōngfu.
+  (he    than           I    have   free time)
+         compared with
+
+    “He has more free time than I do.”
+
+The two elements being compared may be nouns, pronouns, verb phrases, or
+even full sentences. Actually, all elements Joined by bǐ act as nouns,
+as seen in the English translations of the examples below.
+
+  坐飛機        比              坐火車        快
+  Zuò fēijī    bǐ             zuò huǒchē   kuài.
+  (ride plane  than           ride train   fast)
+               compared with
+
+    “Going by plane is faster than going by train.”
+
+[151]
+
+  你來         比             我去     方便
+  Nǐ lái      bǐ             wǒ qù   fāngbian.
+  (you come   than           I go    convenient)
+              compared with
+
+    “It’s more convenient for you to come than for me to go.”
+
+
+      因爲我一會兒出去，也許兩點回不來。
+6. B: Yīnwei wǒ yìhuǐr chūqu, yěxǔ    Since I’m going out in a little
+      liǎngdiǎn huíbulái.             while, I might not (he able to)
+                                      get back by two.
+      三點鐘也好。
+   A: Sāndiǎn zhōng yě hǎo.           Three is fine also.
+
+Notes on No. 6
+
+Yìhuǐr, “a little while”: When r is added to a syllable ending in i,
+the pronunciation changes to /er/. Yìhuǐr is actually pronounced yìhuěr.
+
+Sentence placement of time phrases: Wǒ yìhuǐr chūqu is translated as
+“I’m going out IN a little while.” Contrast this with wǒ chūqu yìhuǐr,
+“I’m going out FOR a little while.” Let’s review the placement of different
+kinds of time expressions in a Chinese sentence.
+
+If you want to say when something happens (“yesterday”) or in how long
+something happens (“in two years”), you are using time phrases which in
+Chinese are considered to be POINTS IN TIME. Not only is a time phrase
+such as “two o’clock” a point in time, but a phrase such as “five days”
+can also be a point in time if the focus is on the end of this period of
+time. In English, this focus is expressed by “in five days,” “by the end
+of five days,” or “at the end of five days.” In Chinese, you do not need
+to use words such as “in,” “at,” or “by” because the position of the time
+phrase in the sentence indicates the meaning. Time phrases which are
+considered points in time are placed BEFORE THE VERB.
+
+  WHEN (a point in time)
+
+    我昨天看見他了。
+    Wǒ zuótiān kànjian ta le.          I saw him yesterday.
+
+    我從前來過這裏。
+    Wǒ cóngqián láiguo zhèli.          I have been here before.
+
+    我兩點鐘回來。
+    Wǒ liǎngdiǎn zhōng huílai.         I’ll be back at two o’clock.
+
+    我一點鐘回不來。
+    Wǒ yìdiǎn zhōng huíbulái.          I can’t make it back by one o’clock.
+
+  AT THE END OF/BY THE END OF (a period of time which is treated as
+                               a point in time because the focus is
+                               on the end point)
+
+    我三天就做完了。
+    Wǒ sāntiān jiu zuòwán le.          I finished doing it in (by the end
+                                       of) three days.
+    我五分鐘就走。
+    Wǒ wǔfēn zhōng jiu zǒu.            I’m leaving in (at the end of) five
+                                       minutes.
+[152]
+
+    你幾天回來？
+    Ni jǐtiān huílai?                  In (at the end of) how many days will
+                                       you come back?
+    你多久可以寫完？
+    Nǐ duōjiu kéyi xiěwán?             How long will it be before yo9u can
+                                       finish writing it? (by the end
+                                       of how long)
+
+On the other hand, phrases which express CONTINUATION OF TIME have a
+different place in sentences. To express an amount of time which passes,
+put the time expression AFTER THE VERB.
+
+  DURATION (the length of time something continues)
+
+    我想跟他談一會兒。
+    Wǒ xiǎng gēn tā tán yìhuǐr.        I would like to talk with him for
+                                       awhile.
+
+    他在香港住了一個星期。
+    Tā zài Xiānggǎng zhùle yíge        She stayed in Hong Kong for one week,
+    xīngqī.
+
+  TIME SINCE (the length of time which has passed since something
+              happened)
+
+    他死了三年了。
+    Tā sǐle sānnian le.                He died three years ago.
+
+    我做完了一個鐘頭了。
+    Wǒ zuòwánle yíge zhòngtóu le.      It has been an hour since I finished.
+
+Because yìhuír follows the verb in wǒ chūqu yìhuǐr, it indicates the length
+of time which will pass after I go out (chūqu). Yìhuǐr precedes the verb
+in wǒ yìhuǐr chūqu, indicating when I will go out (“in a little while”).
+
+Yěxǔ literally means “perhaps.” The word is often used where “may” or
+“might” would be appropriate in English.
+
+Yěxǔ liǎngdiān huíbulái, “I might not (be able to) get back by two”:
+Notice that this expression liǎngdiān, in time-when position, before the
+verb, means “by” a certain time. Other time phrases in this position may
+also mean “by” a certain time.
+
+Huíbulái is another form of huílái, “to come back.” Compound verbs of
+result may be split by the negative bu or the syllable de. Huílái may
+become either huídelái, “can come back,” or huíbulái, “can’t come back.”
+These two forms are called the potential forms of the verb; that is, the
+meaning “can/be able to” or “cannot/unable to” becomes part of the meaning
+of the compound. The following are examples of compound verbs of result
+and their potential forms.
+
+
+  huílai                  回來          to come back
+
+  huídelái                回得來        able to come back
+
+  huíbulái                回不來        not able to come back
+
+  kànjian                 看見          to see
+
+  kàndejiàn               看得見        able to see
+
+  kànbujiàn               看不見        not able to see
+
+  láidejí                 來得及        able to make it on time
+
+  láibují*                來不及        not able to make it on time
+
+*The verb láidejí/láibují does not occur without the inserted -de- or -bu-.
+
+[153]
+
+  zuòwán                  做完          to finish doing
+
+  zuòdewán                做得完         able to finished doing, able to be
+                                       completed
+
+  zuòbuwán                做不完        not able to finish doing, not able
+                                       to be completed
+
+Compound verbs of direction may also occur in the potential form:
+
+
+  nábushànglái            拿不上來      can’t carry up [to where you are]
+                                       (i.e., because something is too
+                                       heavy or bulky)
+
+  kāideshàngqu            開得上去      can drive up [away from you]
+                                       (i.e., it is not too steep)
+
+  kāidechūlái             開得出來      can drive out
+                                       (i.e., the parking place is not
+                                       too tight)
+
+  nábuxiàlái              拿不下來      can’t get [it] down
+                                       (i.e., because it is too high,
+                                       bolted on, etc.)
+
+  zǒudexiàqu              走得下去       can walk down
+                                       (i.e., because it is not too far
+                                       or too steep)
+
+Notice that the last syllables of these compound verbs (except for toneless
+qu) have full tones when they occur with -de- and -bu-.
+
+
+      那麽，我三點鐘在樓下的會客室等您。
+7. B: Nàme, wǒ sāndiǎn zhōng zài      Well then, I’ll wait for you in the
+      louxiàde huìkèshì děng nín.     reception room downstairs at three
+                                      o’clock.
+      好，三點見。
+   A: Hǎo, sāndiǎn jiàn.              Fine. I’ll see you at three.
+
+Notes on No. 7
+
+Word order: The first sentence of exchange 7 illustrates the rule
+TIME—PLACE—ACTION.
+
+Huìkèshì is also pronounced huìkèshǐ.
+
+[154]
+
+8.  huídelái              回得來        to be able to get back in time
+
+
+9.  kòng(r)               有空          free time, spare time
+
+
+10. lóushàng              樓上          upstairs
+
+
+11. shāngliang            商量          to discuss, to talk over
+
+
+12. yǒu kòng(r)           有空兒        to have free time
+
+
+Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary
+
+Here are some sentences illustrating the use of these vocabulary items:
+
+  你三點鐘回得來回不來。
+  Nǐ sāndiǎn zhōng huídelái            Can you make it back by three o’clock?
+  huíbulái?
+
+  樓上還有人。
+  Lóushàng hái yǒu rén?                Are there still people upstairs?
+
+  我想和你商量。
+  Wǒ xiǎng hé nǐ shāngliang            I would like to talk over a matter
+  yíjiàn shì.                          with you.
+
+  你今天下午有空兒。
+  Nǐ jīntiān xiàwǔ yǒu kòngr           Do you have time this afternoon?
+  ma?
+
+[155]
+
+DRILLS
+
+A. Substitution Drill
+
+             我有點事想跟您當面談談。            我有點事想跟張科長當面談談。
+1.  Speaker: Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng     You: Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn
+             gēn nín dāngmiàn               Zhāng Kēzhǎng dāngmiàn
+             tántan.                        tántan.
+
+                   張科長
+             (cue) Zhāng Kēzhǎng
+             (I have something I       (I have something I would like
+              would like to talk        to talk with Section Chief
+              with you about in         Zhāng about in person.)
+              person.)
+
+    我有點事想跟張科長當面談談。             我有點事想跟他當面談談。
+2.  Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn Zhāng    Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn tā
+    Kēzhǎng dāngmiàn tántan.           dāngmiàn tántan.
+
+    他
+    tā
+
+    我有點事想跟他當面談談。                我有點事想跟魏武官談談。
+3.  Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn tā       Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn Wèi
+    dāngmiàn tántan.                   Wǔguān tántan.
+
+    魏武官
+    Wèi Wǔguān
+
+    我有點事想跟魏武官當面談談。             我有點事想跟王少校當面談談。
+4.  Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn Wèi      Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn Wáng
+    Wǔguān dāngmiàn tántan.            Shàoxiào dāngmiàn tántan.
+
+    王少校
+    Wáng Shàoxiào
+
+    我有點事想跟王少校當面談談。             我有點事想跟林先生當面談談。
+5.  Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn Wáng     Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn Lín
+    Shàoxiào dāngmiàn tántan.          Xiānsheng dāngmiàn tántan.
+
+    林先生
+    Lín Xiānsheng
+
+    我有點事想跟林先生當面談談。             我有點事想跟劉科長當面談談。
+6.  Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn Lín      Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn Liú
+    Xiānsheng dāngmiàn tántan.         Kēzhǎng dāngmiàn tántan.
+
+    劉科長
+    Liú Kēzhǎng
+
+    我有點事想跟劉科長當面談談。
+7.  Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn Liú
+    Kēzhǎng dāngmiàn tántan.
+
+
+B.  Transformation Drill
+
+             您明天來了嗎？                   不知道您明天來不來。
+1.  Speaker: Nín míngtiān lái ma?      You: Bù zhīdào nín míngtiān lái
+             (Are you coming                bu lái.
+              tomorrow?)                    (I don’t know whether you are
+                                             coming tomorrow or not.)
+
+             他走了嗎？                       不知道他走了沒有。
+          OR Tā zǒu le ma?                  Bù zhīdào tā zǒu le meiyou.
+             (Has he gone?)                 (I don’t know whether he has
+                                             gone or not.)
+
+[156]
+
+    您有功夫嗎？                         不知道您有功夫沒有。
+2.  Nín yǒu gōngfu ma?                 Bù zhīdào nín yǒu gōngfu meiyou.
+
+    他昨天去了嗎？                        不知道他昨天去了沒有。
+3.  Tā zuótiān qù le ma?               Bù zhīdào tā zuótiān qù le meiyou,
+
+    他有錢嗎？                           不知道他有錢沒有。
+4.  Tā yǒu qiǎn ma?                    Bù zhīdào tā yǒu qián meiyou.
+
+    他還要嗎？                           不知道他還要不要。
+5.  Tā hái yào ma?                     Bù zhīdào tā hái yào bu yào.
+
+    他買了嗎？                           不知道他買了沒有。
+6.  Tā mǎi le ma?                      Bù zhīdào tā mǎi le meiyou.
+
+
+C.  Transformation Drill
+
+             什麽時候對您合適？                三點對您合適嗎？
+1.  Speaker: Shénme shíhou duì nín     You: Sāndiǎn duì nín héshì ma?
+             héshì?                    (Would three o’clock suit you?)
+
+                   三點
+             (cue) sāndiǎn
+             (What time would suit
+              you?)
+
+    星期幾對您合適？                      星期二對您合適嗎？
+2.  Xīngqījǐ duì nín héshì?            Xīngqīèr duì nín héshì ma?
+
+    星期二
+    Xīngqīèr
+
+    在幾樓對您合適？                      在五樓對您合適嗎？
+3.  Zài jǐlou duì nín héshì?           Zài wǔlóu duì nín héshì ma?
+
+    五樓
+    wǔlóu
+
+    對您合適？                           明天對您合適嗎？
+4.  Něitiān duì nín héshì?             Míngtiān duì nín héshì ma?
+
+    明天
+    míngtiān
+
+    什麽時候對您合適？                    早上對您合適嗎？
+5.  Shénme shíhou duì nín héshì?       Zǎoshang duì nín héshì ma?
+
+    早上
+    zǎoshang
+
+    什麽時候對您合適？                    晚上對您合適嗎？
+6.  Shénme shíhou duì nín héshì?       Wǎnshang duì nín héshì ma?
+
+    晚上
+    wǎnshang
+
+    幾點對您合適？                        十點對您合適嗎？
+7.  Jǐdiǎn duì nín héshì?              Shídiǎn duì nín héshì ma?
+
+    十點
+    shídiǎn
+
+
+[157]
+
+D. Response Drill
+
+             什麽時候對您合適？                今天，明天都可以。
+1.  Speaker: Shénme shíhou duì nín     You: Jīntiān, míngtiān dōu kéyi.
+             héshì?                        (Either today or tomorrow
+                                            would be fine.)
+                   今天
+             (cue) jīntiān
+             (What time would suit
+              you?)
+
+    幾點對您合適？                        三點，四點都可以。
+2.  Jǐdiǎn duì nín héshì?              Sāndiǎn, sìdiǎn dōu kéyi.
+
+    三點
+    sāndiǎn
+
+    星期幾對您合適？                      星期一，星期二都可以。
+3.  Xīngqījǐ duì nín héshì?            Xīngqīyī, Xīngqīèr dōu kéyi,
+
+    星期一
+    Xīngqīyī
+
+    幾號對您合適？                        四號，五號都可以。
+4.  Jǐhào duì nín héshì?               Sìhào, wǔhào dōu kéyi.
+
+    四號
+    sìhào
+
+    什麽時候對您合適？                    上午，下午都可以。
+5.  Shénme shíhou duì nín héshì?       Shàngwǔ, xiàwǔ dōu kéyi.
+
+    上午
+    shàngwǔ
+
+    哪天對您合適？                        明天，後天都可以。
+6.  Něitiān duì nín héshì?             Míngtiān, hòutiān dōu kéyi.
+
+    明天
+    míngtiān
+
+    星期幾對您合適？                      星期六星期天都可以。
+7.  Xīngqījǐ duì nín héshì?            Xīngqīliù, Xīngqītiān dōu kéyi.
+
+    星期六
+    Xīngqīliù
+
+
+E. Transformation Drill
+
+             什麽地方對您方便？                樓上對您方便，還是樓下對您方便？
+1.  Speaker: Shénme dìfang duì nín     You: lóushàng duì nín fāngbian,
+             fāngbian?                      háishi lóuxià duì nín
+                                            fāngbian?
+                   樓上                      (Would upstairs or downstairs
+             (cue) lóushàng                   be more convenient for you?)
+             (What place would be
+             convenient for you?)
+
+    什麽時候對您方便？                    三點候對您方便，還是四點候對您方便？
+2.  Shénme shíhou duì nín fāngbian?    Sāndiǎn duì nín fāngbian, háishi
+                                       sìdiǎn duì nín fāngbian?
+    三點
+    sāndiǎn
+
+    幾號                                六號六號對您方便，還是七號對您方便？
+3.  Jǐhào duì nín fāngbian?            Liùhào duì nín fāngbian, háishi
+                                       qíhào duì nín fāngbian?
+    六號
+    liùhào
+
+    對您方便？                           明天對您方便，還是後天對您方便？
+4.  Něitiān duì nín fāngbian?          Míngtiān duì nín fāngbian, háishi
+                                       hòutian duì nín fāngbian?
+    明天
+    míngtiān
+
+    對您方便？                           上午對您方便，還是下午對您方便？
+5.  Shénme shíhou duì nín fāngbian?    Shàngwǔ duì nín fāngbian, háishi
+                                       xiàwǔ duì nín fāngbian?
+    上午
+    shàngwǔ
+
+
+[158]
+
+    對您方便？                           星期三對您方便，還是星期四對您方便？
+6.  Xīngqījǐ duì nín fāngbian?         Xīngqīsān duì nín fāngbian, háishi
+                                       Xīngqīsì duì nín fāngbian?
+    星期三
+    Xīngqīsān
+
+    對您方便？                           九點對您方便，還是十點對您方便？
+7.  Jǐdiǎn duì nín fāngbian?           Jiǔdiān duì nín fāngbian, háishi
+                                       shídiǎn duì nín fāngbian?
+    九點
+    jǐǔdiǎn
+
+
+F. Expansion Drill
+
+             三點方便一點。                    三點比四點方便一點。
+1.  Speaker: Sāndiǎn fāngbian yìdiān.  You: Sāndiǎn bǐ sìdiǎn fāngbian
+                                            yìdiǎn.
+                   四點                      (Three o’clock is a little
+             (cue) sìdiǎn                     more convenient than four
+             (Three o’clock is a              o’clock.)
+              little more
+              convenient.)
+
+    三號方便一點。                        三號比五號方便一點。
+2.  Sānhào fāngbian yìdiǎn.            Sānhào bǐ wǔhào fāngbian yìdiǎn.
+
+    五號
+    wǔhào
+
+    樓上方便一點。                        樓上比樓下方便一點。
+3.  Lóushàng fāngbian yìdiǎn.          Lóushàng bǐ lóuxià fāngbian yìdiǎn.
+
+    樓下
+    lóuxià
+
+    他的錢多一點。                        他的錢比我的多一點。
+4.  Tāde qián duō yìdiǎn.              Tāde qián bǐ wǒde duō yìdiǎn.
+
+    我的
+    wǒde
+
+    他去好一點。                          他去比我去好一點。
+5.  Tā qù hǎo yìdiǎn.                  Tā qù bǐ wǒ qù hǎo yìdiǎn.
+
+    我去
+    wǒ qù
+
+    他大一點。                           他比我大一點。
+6.  Tā dà yìdiǎn.                      Tā bǐ wǒ dà yìdiǎn.
+
+    我
+    wǒ
+
+    這個大一點。                          這個比那個大一點。
+7.  Zhèige dà yìdiǎn.                  Zhèige bǐ nèige dà yìdiǎn.
+
+    那個
+    nèige
+
+
+G. Expansion Drill
+
+             他説得快一點。                   他説得比我快一點。
+1.  Speaker: Tā shuōde kuài yìdiǎn.   You: Tā shuōde bǐ wǒ kuài yìdiǎn
+             (He speaks a little           (He speaks a little faster
+              fast.)                        than I do.)
+
+    他來得早一點。                        他來得比我早一點。
+2.  Tā láide zǎo yìdiǎn.               Tā láide bǐ wǒ zǎo yìdiǎn.
+
+    他走得晚一點。                        他走得比我晚一點。
+3.  Tā zǒude wǎn yìdiǎn.               Tā zǒude bǐ wǒ wǎn yìdiǎn.
+
+    他做得好一點。                        他做得比我好一點。
+4.  Tā zuòde hǎo yìdiǎn.               Tā zuòde bǐ wǒ hǎo yìdiǎn.
+
+    他賣得少一點。                        他賣得比我少一點。
+5.  Tā mǎide shǎo yìdiǎn.              Tā mǎide bǐ wǒ shǎo yìdiǎn.
+
+
+[159]
+
+    他賣得多一點。                        他賣得比我多一點。
+6.  Tā màide duō yìdiǎn.               Tā màide bǐ wǒ duō yìdiǎn.
+
+    他學得慢一點。                        他學得比我慢一點。
+7.  Tā xuéde màn yìdiǎn.               Tā xuéde bǐ wǒ màn yìdiǎn.
+
+
+H.  Response Drill
+
+             你什麽時候出去？                 我有一會兒就出去。
+1.  Speaker: Nǐ shénme shíhou chūqu?  You: Wǒ yìhuǐr jiù chūqu.
+             (What time are you            (I’m going out in Just a little
+              going out?)                   while.)
+
+             你出去多久。                     我就出去一會兒。
+          OR Nǐ chūqu duó jiǔ?             Wǒ jiù chūqu yìhuīr.
+          (For how long are you            (I’m Just going out for a
+           going out?)                      little while.)
+
+    你什麽時候出來？                      我一會兒就出來。
+2.  Nǐ shénme shíhou chūlai?           Wǒ yìhuǐr jiù chūlai.
+
+    你去多久？                           我就去一會兒。
+3.  Nǐ qù duó jiǔ?                     Wǒ jiù qù yìhuǐr.
+
+    他什麽時候來？                        他一會兒就去。
+4.  Tā shénme shíhou lái?              Tā yìhuǐr jiù lái.
+
+    他看多久？                           他就看一會兒。
+5.  Tā kàn duó jiǔ?                    Tā jiù kàn yìhuǐr.
+
+    你什麽時候走？                        我一會兒就走。
+6.  Nǐ shénme shíhou zǒu?              Wǒ yìhuǐr jiù zǒu.
+
+
+I. Response Drill
+
+             張先生明天回得來回不來？           張先生後天才回來。
+1.  Speaker: Zhāng Xiānsheng míngtiān  You: Zhāng Xiānsheng hòutiān cái
+             huídelái huíbulái?             huílai.
+             (Will Mr. Zhāng be             (Mr. Zhāng won’t be able to
+              able to come back              come back until day after
+              tomorrow?)                     tomorrow.)
+
+    王女士星期四回得來回不來？              才回來。
+2.  Wáng Nǚshì Xíngqīsì huídelái       Wǎng Nǚshì Xíngqīwǔ cái huílai.
+    huíbulái?
+
+    李同志十一點回得來回不來？              李同志十二點才回來。
+3.  Lǐ Tóngzhì shíyīdiǎn huídelái      Lǐ Tóngzhì shíèrdiǎn cái huílai.
+    huíbulái?
+
+    林科長二十號回得來回不來？              林科長二十一號才回來。
+4.  Lín Kēzhǎng èrshihào huídelái      Lín Kēzhǎng èrshiyīhào cái huílai.
+    huíbulái?
+
+    魏少校這個月回得來回不來？              魏少校下個月才回來。
+5.  Wèi Shàoxiào zhèige yuè            Wèi Shàoxiào xiàge yuè cái huílai.
+    huídelái huíbulái?
+
+[160]
+
+    楊先生早上回得來回不來？                楊先生晚上才回來。
+6.  Yáng Xiānsheng zǎoshang huídelái   Yáng Xiānsheng wǎnshang cái huílai.
+    huíbulái?
+
+    趙同志今天回得來回不來？                趙同志明天才回來。
+7.  Zhào Tóngzhì jīntiān huídelái      Zhào Tóngzhì míngtiān cái huílai.
+    huíbulái?
+
+
+J. Expansion Drill
+
+             那麽，我在這兒等您。               那麽，我一會兒在這兒等您。
+1.  Speaker: Nàme, wǒ zài zhèr děng   You: Nàme, wǒ yìhuǐr zài zhèr děng
+             nín.                          nín.
+             (cue) in a moment             (In that case, in a moment
+             (In that case, I’ll            I’ll wait for you here.)
+              wait for you here.)
+
+    那麽，我在樓下等他。                    那麽，我在樓下等他一會兒。
+2.  Nàme, wǒ zài lóuxià děng ta.       Nàme, wǒ zài lóuxià děng ta yìhuǐr.
+    for a moment
+
+    那麽，我在樓上等他。                    那麽，我在樓上等他。
+3.  Nàme, wǒ zài lóushàng děng ta.     Nàme, wǒ yìdiǎn zhōng zài lóushàng
+    at one o’clock                     děng ta.
+
+    那麽，我在他那兒等您。                  那麽，我在他那兒等您十分鐘。
+4.  Nàme, wǒ zài tā nàr děng nín.      Nàme, wǒ zài tā nàr děng nín shífēn
+    for ten minutes                    zhōng.
+
+    那麽，我在他家等您。                    那麽，我一會兒在他家等您。
+5.  Nàme, wǒ zài tā jiā děng nín.      Nàme, wǒ yìhuǐr zài tā jiā děng nín.
+    in a moment
+
+    那麽，我在小賣部等您。                  那麽，我在小賣部等您五分鐘。
+6.  Nàme, wǒ zài xiǎomàibù děng nín.   Nàme, wǒ zài xiǎomàibù děng nín
+    for five minutes                   wǔfēn zhōng.
+
+    那麽，我在這兒等他。                    那麽，我在這兒等他一會兒。
+7.  Nàme, wǒ zài zhèr děng ta.         Nàme, wǒ zài zhèr děng ta yìhuǐr.
+    for a moment
+
+
+[161]
+
+UNIT 2
+
+REFERENCE LIST
+
+(in Běijīng)
+
+       喂，美大司。
+1.  C: Wèi, Měidàsī.                  Hello. Department of American and
+                                      Oceanic Affairs.
+
+       我是加拿大大使館的喬治達菲。 我有
+       一件事想跟王科長講一講。
+    A: Wǒ shi Jiānádà Dàshiguǎnde     I am George Duffy of the Canadian
+       Qiáozhì Dáfēi. Wǒ yǒu          Embassy. I have something I
+       yíjiàn shì xiǎng gēn Wáng      would like to discuss with Section
+       Kēzhǎng jiǎngyijiang.          Chief Wáng.
+
+       哦，她現在開會。
+2.  C: Òu, tā xiànzài zài kāi huì.    Oh, she is at a meeting now.
+
+       等她外晚會我告诵她給你回電話。
+    C: Děng tā kāiwán huì wǒ          When she is finished with the
+       gàosong tā gěi ni huí          meeting, I will tell her to
+       diànhuà.                       return your call.
+
+       好，謝謝你，
+3.  A: Hǎo, xièxie ni.                Fine. Thank you.
+
+       不謝。
+    C: Bú xiè.                        Don’t mention it.
+
+       對不起，今天早上你打電話來的時候
+       我在開會，沒時間跟你説話。
+4.  B: Duìbuqǐ, jīntiān zǎoshang      I’m sorry. When you called here
+       nǐ dǎ diànhuà laide            this morning, I was in a meeting
+       shíhou wǒ zài kāi huì,         and didn’t have time to speak
+       méi shíjiān gēn ni shuō        with you.
+       huà.
+
+       沒關係。我知道你很忙。
+    A: Méi guānxi. Wǒ zhīdào nǐ       It doesn’t matter. I know you are
+       hěn máng.                      very busy.
+
+       我給你打電話目的是想跟你當面談談。
+5.  A: Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi    The reason I called you is that I
+       shi xiǎng gēn ni dāngmiàn      would like to talk with you in
+       tántan.                        person.
+
+       好啊。什麽時候啊？
+    B: Hǎo a. Shénme shíhou a?        All right. When?
+
+       明天對你合適嗎？
+6.  A: Míngtiān duì ni héshì ma?      Would tomorrow be all right for you?
+
+       明天下午什麽時候都可以，
+    B: Míngtiān xiàwǔ shénme shíhou   Any time tomorrow afternoon would
+       dōu kéyi.                      be fine.
+
+       在哪兒見呢？
+7.  A: Zài nǎr jiàn ne?               Where shall we meet?
+
+       兩點鐘請你到我這兒，行不行？
+    B: Liǎngdiǎn zhōng qǐng ni dào    Please come over here at two o’clock
+       wǒ zhèr lái, xíng bu xíng?     All right?
+
+       好。明天兩點鐘見。
+    A: Hǎo. Míngtiān liǎngdiǎn        Okay. See you tomorrow at two
+       zhōng jiàn.                    o’clock.
+
+[162]
+
+ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
+(not presented, on C-l and. P-1 tapes)
+
+8.  guānxi                關係          relation, relationship, connection
+
+
+9.  jiǎng huà             講話          to speak, to talk; a speech
+
+
+10. lǐngshiguǎn           領事館        consulate
+
+
+11. shìqing (yíjiàn)      事情 (一件)   matter, business, affair
+
+
+12. sīzhǎng               司長          department chief
+
+
+13. yǒu guānxi            有關係        to relate to, to have a bearing on,
+                                       to matter
+
+[163]
+
+VOCABULARY
+
+  bú xiè                  不謝          don’t mention it
+
+  dàshiguǎn               大使館        embassy
+
+  diànhuà                 電話          telephone, phone call
+
+  guānxi                  關係          relation, relationship, connection
+
+  -jiàn                   件            (counter for matters, business, affairs)
+
+  jiǎng                   講            to discuss (something), to talk about (something)
+
+  jiǎng huà               講話          to speak, to talk; a speech
+
+  kāi huì                 開會          to attend a meeting
+
+  kāiwán huì              開完會        to finish a meeting
+
+  língshiguǎn             領事館        consulate
+
+  Měidàsī                 美大司        Department of American and Oceanic Affairs
+
+  méi guānxi              沒關係        it doesn’t matter
+
+  mùdi                    目的          reason, objective, purpose
+
+  shì (yíjiàn)            事 (意見)     matter, business, affair
+
+  shìqing (yíjiàn)        事情 (意見)    matter, business, affair
+
+  shuō huà                説話          to speak
+
+  sīzhǎng                 司長          department chief
+
+  yǒu guānxi              有關係        to relate, to have a bearing on, to matter
+
+  zài                     在            in the midst of (marker of ongoing action)
+
+
+(introduced on C-2 and P-2 tapes)
+
+  chī                     吃            to eat
+
+  dàxuéshēng              大學生        college student
+
+  diànhuà hàomǎ           電話號碼      telephone number
+
+  dù jià                  度假          to spend one’s vacation
+
+  hòulài                  後來          later
+
+  láodòng                 勞動          to do manual labor
+
+  Qíngbàosī               情報司        Intelligence Bureau (part of the
+                                       Ministry of Foreign Affairs, PRC)
+
+  shēnghuó                生活          life
+
+  tóngyì                  同意          to agree
+
+[164]
+
+REFERENCE NOTES
+
+       喂，美大司。
+1.  C: Wèi, Měidàsī.                  Hello. Department of American and
+                                      Oceanic Affairs.
+       我是加拿大大使館的喬治達菲
+    A: Wǒ shi Jiānádà Dàshīguǎnde     I am George Duffy of the Canadian
+       Qiáozhì Dáfēi. Wǒ you          Embassy. I have something I would
+       yíjiàn shi xiǎng gēn Wáng      like to discuss with Section Chief
+       Kēzhǎng jiǎngyijiǎng.          Wang.
+
+Notes on No. 1
+
+Měidàsī: In Chinese, abbreviations are made up of one syllable from
+each word in a term. In Měidàsī, měi stands for Měizhōu (美洲), “American
+continent.” Dà stands for Dàyángzhōu (大洋洲), “Oceania” (the islands of
+the South Central Pacific, including Australia and New Zealand). The ending
+sī means “department.” It is used only within organizations on the national
+level.
+
+Dàshiguǎn: The word guǎn means “building” or “establishment,” as in
+fànguǎn, an establishment where food is sold. The examples below illustrate
+the use of guǎn.
+
+
+  dàshǐ                   大使          ambassador
+
+  dàshiguǎn               大使館        embassy
+
+  lǐngshì                 領事          consul
+
+  lǐngshiguǎn             領事館        consulate
+
+  zhǎnlǎn                 展覽          exhibit
+
+  zhǎnlǎnguǎn             展覽館        exhibition hall
+
+Notice that the shǐ in dàshǐguǎn and the shì in līngshiguǎn lose their
+tones.
+
+Yíjiàn shì: The counter -jiàn in this expression is also the counter
+for luggage. Yíjiàn shì literally means “a piece of business.”
+
+Jiǎng and jiǎng huà: The English word “speak,” meaning the activity
+in general, must he translated into Chinese with a verb and its GENERAL
+OBJECT: jiǎng huà In other uses, the verb “to speak,” jiǎng, may be
+followed by a specific object or a phrase showing duration, or it may be
+changed into a multisyllabic verb, such as jiǎngyijiǎng. Other verbs which
+are used the same way are shuō huà, xiě zì, and niàn shū.
+
+  他在講中國的事情。
+  Tā zài jiǎng Zhōngguode              He is talking about Chinese affairs
+  shìqing.
+
+  他已經講了不少。
+  Tā yǐjīng jiǎngle bù shǎo.           He has already said a lot.
+
+  他的講話很有意思。
+  Tāde jiǎng huà hěn yǒu yìsi.         His talk was very interesting.
+
+Jiǎng is not used to say that someone said something. Instead, shuō is used.
+
+  他説他不能來。
+  Tā shuō tā bù néng lái.              He said he could not come.
+
+
+[165]
+       哦，她現在開會
+2.  C: Òu, tā xiànzài zài kāi huì.     Oh, she is at a meeting now.
+
+       等她外晚會我告诵她給你回電話。
+    C: Děng tā kāiwán huì wǒ gàosong   When she is finished with the meeting,
+       tā gěi ni huí diànhuà.          I will tell her to return your call.
+
+Notes on No. 2
+
+Zài is the aspect marker for ongoing actions. It indicates that the
+action is in progress. The corresponding verb in the English translation
+usually ends in -ing. Zài is used only with verbs which express actual
+dynamic action. State and process verbs may not be used with zài. Many
+action verbs may be used with zài, but some do not have enough “action”
+to be used (e.g., “sitting”).
+
+  他來的時候，你在念書。
+  Tā láide shíhou, ní zài              When he came, you were studying,
+  niàn shū.
+
+  他們在看電影。
+  Tāmen zài kàn diànyìng.              They are watching a movie.
+
+  他們在喝咖啡。
+  Tāmen zài hē kāfēi.                  They are drinking coffee.
+
+  他們在上課。
+  Tāmen zài shàng kè.                  They are having class.
+
+Zài is placed in front of the verb, unlike other aspect markers, such as
+le, guo, and de.
+
+To make ongoing-action sentences negative, use bù. To form a question with
+zài, use shì bu shi zài, zài...ma, or zài bu zai.
+
+  學生在上課嗎？
+  Xuésheng zài shàng kè ma?            Are the students having class?
+
+  他們不在上課，已經走了。
+  Tāmen bú zài shàng kè, yǐjīng        They are not having class. They
+  zǒu le.                              have already left.
+
+  他來的時候，你是不是在念書？
+  Tā láide shíhou, nǐ shì bu           Weren’t you studying when he came
+  shi zài niàn shu?                    over?
+
+  不，不在念書，已經玩兒去了。
+  Bù, bú zài niàn shū, yǐjīng          No, I wasn’t studying. I had already
+  wánr qu le.                          gone out to play.
+
+  他在不在看電視？
+  Tā zài bu zai kàn diànshì?           Is he watching television?
+
+The aspect marker zài and the aspect marker ne often occur in the same
+sentence, indicating absence of change.
+
+  她在看報呢。
+  Tā zài kàn bào ne.                   She is reading the paper.
+
+Sometimes ne is used without zài.
+
+  她看報呢。
+  Tā kàn bào ne.                       She is reading the paper.
+
+Děng, literally “to wait”: In the second sentence of No. 2, the verb
+děng is used at the beginning of a phrase to mean “when.” Děng may be used
+with de shíhou, “when,” in the same phrase. Often, the second part of a
+sentence beginning with děng will contain an adverb meaning “then”—jiù,
+zài, or cái.
+
+[166]
+
+  等你看完報紙，我們出去買菜。
+  Děng nǐ kànwán bàozhǐ, wǒmen         When you have finished the paper,
+  chūqu mǎi cài.                       we will go out to buy groceries.
+
+  學英文難不難？
+  Xué Yīngwén nán bu nán?              Is it hard to learn English?
+
+  等你學的時候就知道了。
+  Děng nǐ xuéde shíhou jiù             When you study it, then you’ll know.
+  zhīdao le.
+
+  你不是有一件事要告诵我嗎？
+  Nǐ bú shi yǒu yíjiàn shì yào         Don’t you have something you want
+  gàosong wǒ ma?                       to tell me?
+
+  等吃完飯再説。
+  Děng chīwán fàn zài shuō.            Wait until we finish eating; then
+                                       we’ll talk about it.
+
+The translation of děng as “wait until,” in the last example above, might
+suggest that the word is used only in future contexts. But děng is also
+used in past contexts:
+
+  昨天他沒有和你一起去看電影嗎？
+  Zuótiān tā méiyou hé ni              Didn’t he go out with you to a movie
+  yìqǐ qù kàn diànyǐng ma?             last night?
+
+  沒有。等他回來的時候都十一點了。
+  Méiyou. Děng tā huílaide             No. It was already eleven o’clock
+  shíhou dōu shíyīdiǎn le.             when he got home.
+
+  昨天他八點鐘才回家。等他回家我們才做飯，
+  你想幾點才吃飯！
+  Zuótiān tā bādiǎn zhōng cái          Yesterday he didn’t get home until
+  huí jiā. Děng tā huí jiā             eight o’clock. We didn’t fix
+  wǒmen cái zuò fàn, nǐ xiǎng          dinner until he got home; so
+  jǐdiǎn cái chī fàn!                  imagine what time it was when
+                                       we ate!
+
+Kāi huì, “to meet,” “to hold a meeting,” is an example of a verb and
+its general object.
+
+Kāiwán, “finish holding [the meeting]”: Wán is the verb “to finish.”
+It is used as an ending in a compound verb of result in No. 2.* Wán
+expresses the idea of “over,” “up,” as in “Class is over,” “All the paper
+has been used up.”
+
+But be careful: wán is not used as a main verb when an object follows the
+verb. Instead of saying “finish this,” using wán by itself, you would say
+bǎ zhèige chīwán, “finish eating this”; bǎ zhèige zuòwán, “finish doing
+this”; or bǎ zhèige kànwán, “finish reading this.”
+
+Wán may sometimes be used as a main verb when there is no object, as in
+Diànyīng wán le, “The movie is finished.” But far more often wán occurs
+as an ending which indicates result.
+
+Diànhuà (literally, “electric speech”) may mean either “telephone” or
+“telephone call.”
+
+Huí diànhuà, “to return a phone call,” “to call back”: you have learned
+the verb huí, “to return,” as in Nǐ shenme shíhou huíqu? “When are you going
+back?” In No. 2, huí takes a direct object, diànhuà. Compare huí diànhuà
+with dǎ diànhuà, “to make a phone call,” which is found in exchange 4.
+
+*You have already seen wán in Piào dōu màiwán le.
+
+[167]
+
+Gěi ni huí diànhuà, “call you ’back”: you have learned the prepositional
+verb gěi, meaning “for [the benefit of].” In gěi ni huí diànhuà, gěi is
+translated as “to.” Because there are two meanings for gěi, occasionally
+a sentence may be ambiguous. For example, Wǒ gěi ta jìqule liǎngbāo cháyè
+means either “I sent two packages of tea to him” or “I mailed out two
+packages of tea for him.”
+
+Duì is also translated as “to.” Duì introduces the target; gěi introduces
+the receiver. In other words, duì expresses the intended direction but
+does not necessarily imply that the target is reached. Gěi usually implies
+receiving, as you might expect, since it means “give” as a full verb.
+
+You use gěi to indicate the receiver when you say
+
+  給她打電話
+  gěi ta dǎ diànhuà                   telephone her
+
+  給她寫一封信
+  gěi ta xiě yìfēng xìn               write her a letter
+
+  給她買了一個房子
+  gěi ta mǎile yige fángzi            bought her a house
+
+But, to indicate the target, you say
+
+  給她好
+  duì ta hǎo                          be nice to her
+
+  對他客氣
+  duì ta kèqi                         be polite to him
+
+  對她生氣
+  duì ta shēngqì                      get angry at her
+
+Notice that duì is used especially to indicate the target of feelings and
+attitudes, while gěi is used with actions such as calling, mailing, and
+sending.
+
+
+       好，謝謝你。
+3.  A: Hǎo, xièxie ni.                Fine. Thank you.
+
+       不謝。
+    C: Bú xiè.                        Don’t mention it.
+
+Note on No. 3
+
+Bú xiè is an idiom meaning something like “don’t thank [me].”
+(Literally, “Don’t thank me” would be Bié xiè wǒ (別謝我).)
+
+[168]
+
+      對不起，今天早上你打電話來的時候我
+      在開會，沒時間跟你説話。
+4. B: Duìbuqī, jīntiān zǎoshang nǐ    I’m sorry. When you called here
+      dǎ diànhuà láide shíhou wǒ      this morning, I was in a meeting
+      zài kāi huì, méi shíjiān        and didn’t have time to speak
+      gēn ni shuō huà.                with you.
+
+      沒關係。我知道你很忙。
+   A: Méi guānxi. Wǒ zhīdào nǐ        It doesn’t matter. I know you are
+      hěn máng.                       very busy.
+
+Notes on No. 4
+
+Dǎ diànhuà means “to make a phone call.” (Literally, dǎ means “to hit.”)
+
+  我昨天晚上給馬太太打了一個電話。
+  Wǒ zuótiān wǎnshang gěi Mǎ            I called Mrs. Mǎ last night.
+  Tàitai dǎle yige diànhuà.
+
+  我打兩個電話就來。
+  Wǒ dǎ liǎngge diànhuà jiù             I’ll be right there after I make
+  lái.                                  a couple of phone calls.
+
+
+Shuō huà, “to speak,” is a verb with a general object—literally,
+“speak words.” Verb + general object is often translated into English
+by a verb alone: niàn shū, “to study”; kāi chē, “to drive.”
+
+Méi guānxi: Other translations for this very useful expression are
+“that’s okay,” “don’t worry about it,” “it doesn’t make any difference.”
+Literally, méi guānxi would be translated as “there isn’t any connection.”
+
+      我給你打電話目的是想跟你當面談談。
+5. A: Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi      The reason I called you is that I
+      shi xiǎng gēn ni dāngmiàn        would like to talk with you in
+      tántan.                          person.
+
+      好啊。什麽時候啊？
+   B: Hǎo a. Shénme shíhou             All right. When?
+
+Note on No. 5
+
+Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi shi...: In English, the word “reason,” or
+“purpose,” begins the phrase, with the modifying clause following. In
+Chinese, everything modifying “the purpose” precedes mùdi.
+
+Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuà -de mùdi shi ....
+
+(The reason why I called yǒu is ....)
+
+Mùdi, “purpose,” “aim,” “objective”: Although translated idiomatically
+as “reason” in exchange 5, mùdi does not really mean “reason”/“cause.” The
+English terms should be translated as yuányīn: wǒ lǎiwǎnde yuányīn, “the
+reason I came late” (我來晚的原因).
+
+[169]
+      明天對你合適嗎？
+6. A: Míngtiān duì ni héshì ma?       Would tomorrow be all right for you?
+
+      明天下午什麽時候都可以，
+   B: Míngtiān xiàwǔ shénme shíhou    Any time tomorrow afternoon would be
+      dōu kéyi.                       fine.
+
+Note on No. 6
+
+Shénme shíhou dōu kéyi, “anytime is okay” (more literally, “what[ever]
+time, all is okay”), illustrates a pattern for expressing the idea of “any”
+in Chinese: a question word, such as shéi, shénme, nǎr, and něitiān,
+followed by dōu, “all.”
+
+  誰都能去。
+  Shéi dōu néng qù.                   Anyone can go.
+
+  哪兒都可以。
+  Nǎr dōu kéyi.                       Anyplace will do.
+
+  什麽都可以。
+  Shénme dōu kéyi.                    Anything will do.
+
+  哪天都好
+  Něitiān dōu hǎo.                    Any day is good.
+
+  怎麽做都好。
+  Zěnme zuò dōu hǎo.                  Any way (you) do it is fine.
+
+The ideas of “nobody,” “nowhere,” “nothing,” and “none” are expressed by
+adding bù or méi after dōu in the pattern above.
+
+  誰都能不要走。
+  Shéi dōu bú yào zǒu.                Nobody wants to leave.
+
+  哪兒都不對。
+  Nǎr dōu bú duì.                     No place is right.
+
+  怎麽都不行。
+  Zěnme dōu bù xíng.                  No way will do.
+
+  什麽都沒有。
+  Shénme dōu méiyou.                  There is nothing.
+
+The “any/no” expression need not be the subject of a sentence; it may
+also be the object. Even if the expression is the direct object, it must
+precede the verb.
+
+  他誰都喜歡。
+  Tā shéi dōu xǐhuan.                 He likes anyone/everyone.
+
+  我哪兒都不去。
+  Wǒ nǎr dōu bú qù.                   I won’t go anywhere.
+
+  那個商店什麽都賣。
+  Nèige shāngdiàn shénme dōu          That store sells everything,
+  mài.
+
+  他哪個都不喜歡。
+  Tā něige dōu bù xǐhuan.             He doesn’t like either/any of them.
+
+(As objects, many of these expressions must be translated as “every....”)
+
+An “any/no” expression may also be the object of a prepositional verb.
+
+  我跟誰都沒説話。
+  Wō gēn shéi dōu méi shuō huà.       I didn’t speak with anyone.
+
+
+[170]
+
+      在哪兒見呢？
+7. A: Zài nǎr jiàn ne?                Where shall we meet?
+
+      兩點鐘請你到我這兒，行不行？
+   B: Liǎngdiǎn zhōng qǐng ni dào     Please come over here at two o’clock.
+      wǒ zhèr lái, xíng bu xíng?      All right?
+
+      好。明天兩點鐘見。
+   A: Hǎo. Míngtiān liǎngdiǎn         Okay. See you tomorrow at two o’clock.
+      zhōng jiàn.
+
+Notes on No. 7
+
+Dào wǒ zhèr lái means, literally, “come over to the place where I am.”
+While plurals such as wǒmen zhèr and nǐmen nàr often refer to institutions,
+the singular wǒ zhèr, nǐ nàr, and tā nàr usually refer to any place where
+a person might be. In an office shared by two people, for instance, you
+could say Wǒ zhèr méiyou Yīng-Hàn zìdiǎn; nín nàr yǒu méiyou? “I don’t have
+an English-Chinese dictionary over here; do you have one over there?”
+
+Dào, like zài, is a verb which requires a place word as its object.
+Sentences like “Come over here to me” and “Go over there to Mr. Wáng” must
+be translated as Dào wǒ zhèr lái and Dào Wáng Xiānsheng nar qù. Zhèr and
+nàr make wǒ and Wáng Xiānsheng parts of place-word phrases.
+
+
+8.  guānxi                關係          relation, relationship, connection
+
+
+9.  jiǎng huà             講話          to speak, to talk; a speech
+
+
+10. lǐngshiguǎn           領事館        consulate
+
+
+11. shìqing (yíjiàn)      事情 (一件)    matter, business, affair
+
+
+12. sīzhǎng               司長          department chief
+
+
+13. yǒu guānxi            有關係        to relate to, to have a bearing on,
+                                       to matter
+
+
+Note on Additional Required Vocabulary
+
+Yǒu guānxi: To talk about the relationship of two things, use
+...gēn...yǒu guānxi or ...hé...yǒu guānxi.
+
+  領事館和大使館有什麽樣的關係？
+  Lǐngshiguǎn hé dàshiguǎn             What is the relationship between
+  yǒu shénmeyàngde guānxi?             the consulate and the embassy?
+
+
+[171]
+
+VOCABULARY BOOSTER
+
+Occupations
+
+  accountant                  會計師      kuàijìshī
+
+  actor, actress              演員        yǎnyuán
+
+  architect                   建築師      jiànzhùshī
+
+  athlete                     運動員      yùndòngyuán
+
+  author, writer              作家        zuòjiā
+
+  barber                      理髮師，    lǐfàshī, lǐfàde
+
+  blue-collar worker          工人        gōngrén
+
+  builder                     營造商      yíngzàoshāng
+
+  businessman                 商人        shāngrén
+
+  carpenter                   木匠，木工    mùjiang, mùgōng
+
+  chemical engineer           化學工程師   huàxué gōngchéngshī
+
+  civil engineer              土木工程師   tǔmù gōngchéngshī
+
+  civil servant               公務員      gōngwùyuán
+
+  composer                    作曲家      zuòqǔjiā
+
+  cook                        厨師        chúshī
+
+  customs official            海關官員     hǎiguān guānyuán
+
+  diplomat                    外交官      wàijiāoguān
+
+  doctor                      大夫，醫生    dàifu, yīshēng
+
+  (newspaper) editor          編輯        biānji
+
+  electrical engineer         電機工程師   diànjī gōngchěngshī
+
+  electrician                 電工        diàngōng
+
+  employee, clerk, attendant  服務員      fúwùyuán
+
+  farmer, peasant             農民        nóngmín
+
+  fisherman                   漁民        yúmín
+
+  gardener                    園丁，花匠    yuándīng, huājiàng
+
+  governess                   保姆        bǎomǔ
+
+  government minister         部長        bùzhǎng
+
+  housewife                   家庭主婦，急停婦女 jiātíng zhǔfù, jiātíng fùnǚ
+
+  lawyer                      律師        lǜshī
+
+  manager                     經理        jīnglǐ
+
+  mayor                       市長        shìzhǎng
+
+  mechanic                    機械師，機械員  jīxièshī, jīxièyuán
+
+  mechanical engineer         機械工程師   jīxiè gōngchéngshī
+
+  movie star                  電影明星     diànyǐng míngxīng
+
+  musician                    音樂家      yīnyuèjiā
+
+[172]
+
+  nuclear engineer            盒子工程師   hézǐ gōngchéngshǐ
+
+  nurse                       護士        hùshi
+
+  office staff worker         職員        zhíyuán
+
+  (Chinese) opera performer   京劇演員     jīngjù yǎnyuán
+
+  painter (artist)            畫家        huàjiā
+
+  pharmacist                  藥劑師      yàojìshī
+
+  pilot                       飛行員       fēixíngyuán
+
+  policeman                   警察        jǐngchá
+
+  postman                     郵遞員       yóudìyuán
+
+  professor                   教授        jiàoshòu
+
+  reporter                    記者        jìzhě
+
+  sailor                      海員，水手，船員  hǎiyuán, shuǐshǒu, chuányuán
+
+  salesman                    推銷員       tuīxiāoyuán
+
+  secretary                   秘書        mìshū
+
+  servant                     用人        yòngren
+
+  shoemaker                   鞋匠師傅     xiéjiàngshīfu
+
+  shoe repairman              修鞋的      xiūxiéde
+
+  store clerk, salesperson    售貨員      shòuhuòyuán
+
+  teacher                     教員        jiàoyuán
+
+  typist                      打字員       dǎzìyuán
+
+  (star) vocalist             歌星        gēxīng
+
+  waiter, waitress            飯店服務員   fàndiàn fúwùyuán
+
+
+[173]
+
+DRILLS
+
+A. Substitution Drill
+
+             他現在在開會。                     他現在在打電話。
+1.  Speaker: Tā xiànzài zài kāi huì.    You: Tā xiànzài zài dǎ diànhuà.
+                                             (He is making a phone call
+                   打電話                      now.)
+             (cue) dǎ diànhuà
+             (He is at a meeting now.)
+
+    他現在在打電話。                       他現在在等你
+2.  Tā xiànzài zài dǎ diànhuà.         Tā xiànzài zài děng ni.
+
+    等你
+    děng ni
+
+    他現在在等你。                        他現在在跟王先生説話。
+3.  Tā xiànzài zài děng ni.            Tā xiànzài zài gēn Wáng Xiānsheng
+                                       shuō huà.
+    跟王先生説話。
+    gēn Wáng Xiānsheng shuō huà
+
+    他現在在跟王先生説話。                  他現在在工作。
+4.  Tā xiànzài zài gēn Wáng            Ta xiànzài zài gōngzuò.
+    Xiānsheng shuō huà.
+
+    工作
+    gōngzuò
+
+    他現在在工作。                        他現在在講話。
+5.  Tā xiànzài zài gōngzuò.            Tā xiànzài zài jiǎng huà.
+
+    講話
+    jiǎng huà
+
+    他現在在講話。                        他現在在換錢。
+6.  Tā xiànzài zài jiǎng huà.          Tā xiànzài zài huàn qián.
+
+    換錢
+    huàn qián
+
+    他現在在換錢。
+7.  Tā xiànzài zài huàn qián.
+
+
+B.  Response Drill
+
+             他現在在開會。                     一會兒請他給我回個電話，好不好？
+1.  Speaker: Tā xiànzài zài kāi huì.    You: Yìhuǐr qǐng tā gěi wǒ huí ge
+                                             diànhuà, hǎo bu hǎo?
+                   一會兒                     (In a little while please ask
+             (cue) yìhuǐr                     him to call me back. All
+             (He is at a meeting              right?)
+              now.)
+
+
+    王同志現在在講話。                      下午請他給我回個電話，好不好？
+2.  Wáng Tóngzhì xiànzài zài jiǎng      Xiàwǔ qǐng ta gěi wǒ huí ge diànhuà,
+    huà.                                hǎo bu hǎo?
+
+    下午
+    xiàwǔ
+
+    張同志現在在學中國話                    上午請他給我回個電話，好不好？
+3.  Zhāng Tóngzhì xiànzài zài xué       Shàngwǔ qǐng ta gěi wǒ huí ge
+    Zhōngguo huà.                       diànhuà, hǎo bu hǎo?
+
+    上午
+    shàngwǔ
+
+    馬科長現在在打電話。                    明天請他給我回個電話，好不好？
+4.  Mǎ Kēzhǎng xiànzài zài dǎ           Míngtiān qǐng ta gěi wo huí ge
+    diànhuà.                            diànhuà, hǎo bu hǎo?
+
+    明天
+    míngtiān
+
+
+[174]
+
+    王同志現在在跟張科長講話。               一會兒請他給我回個電話，好不好？
+5.  Wáng Tóngzhì xiànzài zài gēn        Yìhuǐr qǐng ta gěi wo huí ge diànhuà,
+    Zhāng Kēzhǎng jiǎnghuà.             hǎo bu hǎo?
+
+    一會兒
+    yìhuǐr
+
+    李女士現在在跟王大使開會。               今天請她給我回個電話，好不好？
+6.  Lǐ Nǚshì xiànzài zài gēn Wáng       Jīntiān qǐng ta gěi wo huí ge
+    Dàshǐ kāi huì.                      diànhuà, hǎo bu hǎo?
+
+    今天
+    jīntiān
+
+    朱同志現在在學中文。                    下午請他給我回個電話，好不好？
+7.  Zhū Tóngzhì xiànzài zài xué         Xiàwǔ qǐng ta gěi wo huí ge diànhuà,
+    Zhōngwén.                           hǎo bu hǎo?
+
+    下午
+    xiàwǔ
+
+
+C. Expansion Drill
+
+             我想跟你當面談談。                我給你打電話目的是想跟你當面談談。
+1.  Speaker: Wǒ xiǎng gēn ni          You: Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi
+             dāngmiàn tántan.              shi xiǎng gēn ni dāngmiàn
+             (I would like to talk         tántan.
+             with you in person.)         (The reason I called you is
+                                           that I would like to talk with
+                                           you in person.)
+
+    我想問你一件事。                      我給你打電話目的是想問你一件事。
+2.  Wǒ xiǎng wèn ni yíjiàn shi.        Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi shi xiǎng
+                                       wèn ni yíjiàn shi.
+
+    我想問你幾點鐘有功夫。                 我給你打電話目的是想幾點鐘有功夫。
+3.  Wǒ xiǎng wèn ni jǐdiǎn zhōng       Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi shi xiǎng
+    yǒu gōngfu.                        wèn ni jǐdiǎn zhōng yǒu gōngfu.
+
+    我想跟你當面談談。                     我給你打電話目的是想跟你當面談談。
+4.  Wǒ xiǎng gēn ni dāngmiàn tántan.   Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi shi xiǎng
+                                       gēn ni dāngmiàn tántan.
+
+    我想問你一點兒事。                     我給你打電話目的是想問你一點兒事。
+5.  Wǒ xiǎng wèn ni yìdiǎnr shì.       Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi shi
+                                       xiǎng wèn ni yìdiǎnr shi.
+
+    我想問你三點鐘有功夫沒有。              我給你打電話目的是想問你三點鐘有功夫沒有。
+6.  Wǒ xiǎng wèn ni sāndiǎn zhōng      Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi shi
+    yǒu gōngfu meiyou.                 xiǎng wèn ni sāndiǎn zhōng yǒu
+                                       gōngfu meiyou.
+
+    我想跟你當面談談。                     我給你打電話目的是想跟你當面談談。
+7.  Wǒ xiǎng gēn ni dāngmiàn tántan.   Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi shi
+                                       xiǎng gēn ni dāngmiàn tántan.
+
+[175]
+
+D. Substitution Drill
+
+             什麽時候都可以。                        誰都可以。
+1.  Speaker: Shénme shíhou dōu kéyi.         You: Shéi dōu kéyi.
+                                                  (Anyone would be fine.)
+                   誰
+             (cue) shéi
+             (Any time would be fine.)
+
+    誰都可以。                哪兒              哪兒都可以。
+2.  Shéi dōu kéyi.          nǎr              Nǎr dōu kéyi.
+
+    哪兒都可以。               哪個              哪個都可以。
+3.  Nǎr dōu kéyi.           něige            Něige dōu kéyi.
+
+    哪個都可以。               什麽地            什麽地方都可以
+4.  Něige dōu kéyi.         shénme dìfang    Shénme dìfang dōu kéyi.
+
+    什麽地方都可以。            多少             多少都可以。
+5.  Shénme dìfang dōu kéyi. duōshao          Duōshao dōu kéyi.
+
+    多少都可以。               多久             多久都可以。
+6.  Duōshao dōu kéyi.       duó jiǔ          Duó jiǔ dōu kéyi.
+
+    多久都可以。
+7.  Duó jiǔ dōu kéyi.
+
+
+E. Substitution Drill
+             什麽時候都可以。                        多久都可以。
+1.  Speaker: Shénme shíhou dōu kéyi.        You: Duó jiǔ dōu kéyi.
+             (cue) any length of time            (Any length of time would be
+             (Any time would be fine.)            fine.)
+
+    幾點鐘都可以。                             幾個鐘頭都可以。
+2.  Jǐdiǎn zhōng dōu kéyi.                  Jǐge zhōngtōu dōu kéyi.
+    any number of hours
+
+    哪天都可以。                               多少天都可以。
+3.  Něitiān dōu kéyi.                       Duōshao tiān dōu kéyi.
+    any number of days
+
+    哪年都可以。                               幾年都可以。
+4.  Něinián dōu kéyi.                       Jǐnián dōu kéyi.
+    any number of years
+
+    星期幾都可以。                             幾個星期都可以。
+5.  Xīngqījǐ dōu kéyi.                      Jǐge xīngqī dōu kéyi.
+    any number of weeks
+
+    幾號都可以。                               多少天都可以。
+6.  Jǐhào dōu kéyi.                         Duōshao tiān dōu kéyi.
+    any number of days
+
+    幾月都可以。                               幾個月都可以。
+7.  Jǐyuè dōu kéyi.                         Jǐge yuè dōu kéyi.
+    any number of months
+
+
+[176]
+
+F. Response Drill
+
+             我們明天在這兒見呢，還是在那兒見呢？                  在哪兒見都可以。
+1.  Speakers Wǒmen míngtiān zài zhèr                   You: Zài nǎr jiàn dōu kéyi.
+             jiàn ne, háishi zai                            (Anywhere would be fine.)
+             nàr jiàn ne?
+
+                   哪兒
+             (cue) nǎr
+             (Shall we meet here or
+              there tomorrow?)
+
+    我們坐火車去呢，還是坐飛機去呢？         怎麽            怎麽去都可以。
+2.  Wǒmen zuò huǒchē qù ne, háishi     zěnme          Zěnme qù dōu kéyi.
+    zuò fēijī qù ne?
+
+    我們明天九點鐘見呢，還是十點鐘見呢？      幾點鐘          幾點鐘見都可以。
+3.  Wǒmen míngtiān jiǔdiǎn zhōng       jǐdiǎn zhōng   Jǐdiǎn zhōng jiàn dōu kéyi.
+    jiàn ne, háishi shídiǎn zhōng
+    jiàn ne?
+
+    我們坐汽車去呢，還是坐火車去呢？          什麽車         什麽車都可以。
+4.  Wǒmen zuò qìchē qù ne, háishi      shénme chē     Shénme chē dōu kéyi.
+    zuò huǒchē qù ne?
+
+    我們明天去呢，還是後天去呢？             哪天           哪天去都可以。
+5.  Wǒmen míngtiān qù ne, háishi       něitiān        Něitiān qù dōu kéyi.
+    hòutiān qù ne?
+
+    我們星期一去呢，還是星期二去呢？         星期幾         星期幾去都可以。
+6.  Wǒmen Xīngqīyī qù ne, háishi       xīngqījǐ       Xīngqījǐ qù dōu kéyi.
+    xīngqīèr qù ne?
+
+    我們坐飛機去呢，還是坐火車去呢？          怎麽           怎麽去都可以。
+7.  Wǒmen zuò fēijī qù ne, háishi zuò  zěnme          Zěnme qù dōu kéyi.
+    huǒchē qù ne?
+
+
+G. Response Drill
+
+             誰來？                          誰都來。
+1.  Speaker: Shéi lái?                 You: Shéi dōu lái.
+    (Who is coming?)                       (Everyone is coming.)
+
+    什麽地方不好？                        什麽地方都不好。
+2.  Shénme dìfang bù hǎo?              Shénme dìfang dōu bù hǎo.
+
+    哪個地方可以？                        哪個地方都可以
+3.  Něige dìfang kéyi?                 Něige dìfang dōu kéyi.
+
+    誰不會？                             誰都不會
+4.  Shéi bú huì?                       Shéi dōu bú huì.
+
+    哪兒好？                             哪兒都好
+5.  Nǎr hǎo?                           Nǎr dōu hǎo.
+
+    他什麽時候能去？                      他什麽時候都能去
+6.  Tā shénme shíhou néng qù?          Tā shénme shíhou dōu néng qù.
+
+    你哪天不忙？                         你哪天都不忙
+7.  Nǐ něitiān bù máng?                Wǒ něitiān dōu bù máng.
+
+
+[177]
+
+H.  Response Drill
+
+             你去哪兒？                       我哪兒都去。
+1.  Speaker: Nǐ qù nǎr?                You: Wǒ nǎr dōu qù.
+             (Where are yǒu going?)         (I’m going everywhere.)
+
+    你到哪兒去？                         我哪兒都去。
+2.  Nǐ dào nǎr qù?                     Wǒ nǎr dōu qù.
+
+    他去什麽地方？                        他什麽地方都去。
+3.  Tā qù shénme dìfang?               Tā shénme dìfang dōu qù.
+
+    他到什麽地方去？                      他什麽地方都去。
+4.  Tā dào shénme dìfang qù?           Tā shénme dìfang dōu qù.
+
+    你買哪個？                           我哪個都買。
+5.  Nǐ mǎi něige?                      Wǒ něige dōu mǎi.
+
+    你看哪本？                           我哪本都看。
+6.  Nǐ kàn něiběn?                     Wǒ něiběn dōu kàn.
+
+    你做什麽？                           我什麽都做。
+7.  Nǐ zuò shénme?                     Wǒ shénme dōu zuò.
+
+
+I. Response Drill
+
+             誰來？                                        誰都來。
+1.  Speaker: Shéi lái?                               You: Shéi dōu lai.
+             (cue) everyone                               (Everyone is coming.)
+             (Who is coming?)
+
+
+    誰可以？                                          誰都可以。
+2.  Shéi kéyi?                    anyone will do     Shéi dōu kéyi.
+
+
+    誰來？                                            誰都不來。
+3.  Shéi lái?                     no one             Shéi dōu bù lái.
+
+
+    你買哪個？                                         我哪個都買。
+4.  Nǐ mǎi něige?                 all of them        Wǒ něige dōu mǎi.
+
+
+    你到哪兒去？                                       我哪兒都不去。
+5.  Nǐ dào nǎr qù?                nowhere at all     Wǒ nǎr dōu bú qù.
+
+
+    哪個好？                                          哪個都好。
+6.  Něige hǎo?                    all of them        Něige dōu hǎo.
+
+
+    誰會説中國話？                                     誰都會説中國話。
+7.  Shéi huì shuō Zhōngguo huà?   everyone           Shéi dōu huì shuō Zhōngguo huà.
+
+
+[178]
+
+UNIT 3
+
+REFERENCE LIST
+
+(in Taipei)
+
+       黃科長，您下個星期六有功夫嗎？
+1.  A. Huáng Kēzhǎng, nín xiàge        Section Chief Huang, are you free
+       Xīngqīliù yǒu gōngfu ma?        Saturday of next week?
+
+       我想請您和您夫人到我們家來吃個便飯。
+    A: Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín hé nín        I would like to invite you and your
+       fūren dào wǒmen jiā lái         wife to come to our house for a
+       chī ge biànfàn.                 simple meal.
+
+       您何必怎麽客氣？
+2.  B: Nín hébì zhème kèqi?            Why is it necessary to be so polite?
+
+       不是客氣。
+    A: Bú shi kèqi.                    It’s not politeness.
+
+       我有一個朋友剛從美國來。
+    A: Wǒ yǒu yige péngyou gāng        I have a friend who has just come
+       cóng Měiguo lái.                from America.
+
+       她現在在臺灣大學教經濟學。
+    A: Tā xiànzài zài Táiwān           She is teaching economics at Táiwān
+       Dàxué jiāo jīngjixué.           University right now.
+
+       我很想給你們兩位介紹介紹。
+    A: Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen          I would very much like to introduce
+       liǎngwèi jièshao jièshao.       the two of you.
+
+       那太好了！
+3.  B: Nà tài hǎo le!                  That’s wonderful!
+
+       很希望跟她談談。
+    B: Hěn xīwang gēn ta tántan.       I wish very much to talk with her.
+
+       不過，恐怕我的英文不行。
+    B: Búguò, kǒngpà wǒde Yīngwén      However, I’m afraid that my English
+       bù xíng.                        isn’t good enough.
+
+       不但説得好，有時候也聽不懂。
+    B: Búdàn shuōde bù hǎo, yǒu        Not only don’t I speak well, (but)
+       shíhou yě tīngbudǒng.           sometimes I can’t understand what
+                                       I hear either.
+       哪裏，哪裏。
+4.  A: Náli, náli.                     Not at all, not at all.
+
+       您説得跟美國人一樣好。
+    A: Nín shuōde gēn Měiguo rén       You speak as well as an American.
+       yíyàng hǎo.
+
+       怎麽樣？六點半對您方便不方便？
+5. *A: Zěnmeyàng? Liùdiǎn bàn duì      How shall we do it? Would six-thirty
+       nín fāngbian bu fangbian?       be convenient for you?
+
+       方便，方便。
+    B: Fāngbian, fāngbian.             That would be fine.
+
+       我沒請什麽人。很隨便。
+6.  A: Wǒ méi qǐng shénme rén.         I haven’t invited anyone special.
+       Hěn suíbiàn.                    It’s very informal.
+
+       那就先謝了。
+    B: Nà jiù xiān xiè le.             Well then, I’ll thank you in advance.
+
+
+*The remaining sentences in this exchange occur on the C-l tape.
+
+
+[179]
+
+ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
+(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
+
+
+7.  bù tóng               不同          to be different
+
+8.  chá                   茶            tea
+
+9.  chī fàn               吃飯          to eat, to have a meal
+
+10. dànshi                但是          but
+
+11. érqiě                 而且          furthermore, moreover
+
+12. fàn                   飯            (cooked) rice
+
+13. hē                    喝            to drink
+
+14. jiāo shū              教書          to teach
+
+
+[180]
+VOCABULARY
+
+  biànfàn                 便飯          a simple, informal meal
+  búdàn...yě              不但...也     not only...but also
+  búguò                   不過          however, but
+  bù tóng                 不同          to be different
+
+  chá                     茶            tea
+  chī fàn                 吃飯          to eat, to have a meal
+
+  dànshi                  但是          but
+
+  érqiě                   而且          furthermore, moreover
+
+  fàn                     飯           (cooked) rice
+
+  hē                      喝           to drink
+  hébì                    何必          why is it necessary (to)
+
+  jiāo shū                教書          to teach
+  jièshao                 介紹          to introduce
+
+  kǒngpà                  恐怕          to be afraid that (something is or
+                                       is not the case)
+
+  suíbiàn                 隨便          to be informal/casual; as you like,
+                                       as you wish, whatever suits you,
+                                       “according to convenience”
+
+  tài hǎo le!             太好了！      wonderful!
+  tīngbudǒng              聽不懂        cannot understand
+  tīngdedǒng              聽得懂        can understand
+
+  xīwàng (xīwang)         希望          to hope, to wish to
+
+  yíyàng                  一樣          to be alike/equal
+  yǒu shíhou (yǒu shihou) 有時候        sometimes
+
+
+(introduced on C-2 tape)
+
+  cānjiā                  參加             to attend
+  dǎ (ge) diànhuà         打(個)電話             to make a phone call
+  hǎode duō               好得多             much better
+  tīng diànhuà            聼電話             to answer the phone
+  yānhuo                  烟火             fireworks display
+  yóuyuánhuì              游園會             carnival
+  zhèng hǎo               正好             just right
+
+
+[181]
+
+REFERENCE NOTES
+
+       黃科長，您下個星期六有功夫嗎？
+1.  A: Huáng Kēzhǎng, nín xiàge        Section Chief Huáng, are you free
+       Xīngqīliù yǒu gōngfu ma?        Saturday of next week?
+
+       我想請您和您夫人到我們家來吃個便飯。
+    A: Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín hé nín        I would like to invite you and your
+       fūren dào wǒmen jiā lái         wife to come to our house for a
+       chī ge biànfàn.                 simple meal.
+
+
+Notes on No. 1
+
+Xiàge Xīngqīliù means “Saturday of next week.” “Saturday of this week”
+is zhèige Xīngqīliù, and “Saturday of last week” is shàngge Xīngqīliù.*
+
+Chī ge biànfàn: Here the verb chī, “to eat [something],” takes the
+object (yi)ge biànfàn, “a simple/informal family meal.” When talking about
+the general activity of eating, however, use chī with the general object
+fàn, literally “(cooked) rice”: chī fàn, “to eat”
+
+The word biànfàn is used as a modest description in inviting guests for a
+meal served in the home. The meal is generally “simple” only in the sense
+of not being a banquet. A Chinese family meal usually consists of several
+dishes plus a soup.
+
+       您何必怎麽客氣？
+2.  B: Nín hébì zhème kèqi?            Why is it necessary to be so polite?
+
+       不是客氣。
+    A: Bú shi kèqi.                    It’s not politeness.
+
+       我有一個朋友剛從美國來。
+    A: Wǒ yǒu yige péngyou gāng        I have a friend who has just come
+       cóng Měiguo lái.                from America.
+
+       她現在在臺灣大學教經濟學。
+    A: Tā xiànzài zài Táiwān Dàxué     She is teaching economics at Táiwān
+       jiāo Jīngjixué.                 University right now.
+
+       我很想給你們兩位介紹介紹。
+    A: Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen          I would very much like to introduce
+       liǎngwèi jièshao jièshao.       the two of you.
+
+
+
+*The words “this,” “next,” and “last” in English are often ambiguous. “This”
+sometimes means “Just past,” sometimes “the coming,” and sometimes “of next
+week.” “Next” sometimes means “the coming” and sometimes means “of next
+week.” “Last” sometimes means “Just past” and sometimes means “of last
+week.” In Chinese, however, zhèige usually means “of this week”; xiàge,
+“of next week”; and shàngge, “of last week.” But ambiguities do sometimes
+arise.
+
+Some Chinese consider that the week begins on Sunday. Probably most Chinese
+however, consider Monday the first day of the week.
+
+
+[182]
+
+Notes on No. 2
+
+Hébì is a somewhat formal way of saying “Why is it necessary to...?”
+Hé is a literary word for “why.” Bì is a literary word for “must.” (You
+may recognize it from bú bì, “need not,” “to be unnecessary.”)
+
+Notice that the first speaker in exchange 2 does not respond to the
+dinner invitation with an immediate “Thank you, I would love to,” as one
+might do in English. Instead, the Chinese prefer the equivalent of “That’s
+too kind of you” or “Oh, you really shouldn’t.” When you receive an
+indefinite invitation (like “I hope you can come over to my house for
+dinner some day”), do not ask immediately for the date and time. Rather,
+you should thank the person for his politeness and say that you also hope
+that you can get together. Vague invitations may simply be in superficial
+accordance with the rules of etiquette, and you might put your acquaintance
+on the spot by accepting.
+
+Bú shi kèqi is the appropriate response when a person suggests that you
+are treating him too politely.
+
+Jiāo, “to teach,” is a verb which requires a general object when no
+specific object is mentioned. Contrast jiāo shū, “to teach,” with jiāo
+jīngJixué, “to teach economics.”
+
+Nǐmen liǎngwèi means “the two of you,” or “you two.” The other plural
+pronouns may be used similarly:
+
+  他們四個人都已經去過了。
+  Tāmen sìge rén dōu yǐjīng            Those four have all been there already.
+  qùguo le.
+
+  他們三個人都想念歷史。
+  Tāmen sānge rén dōu xiǎng            All three of them are planning to
+  niàn lìshǐ.                          study history.
+
+A number phrase may also follow a list of nouns or pronouns in Chinese.
+Either the listing or the number is usually omitted in the English
+translation.
+
+  我，你，他三個人都去，好不好？
+  Wǒ, nǐ, tā sānge rén dōu qù,           Why don’t all three of us go?
+  hǎo bu hǎo?
+
+  李先生跟王先生兩位都給我打了電話了。
+  Lǐ Xiānsheng gēn Wáng                  Both Mr. Lǐ and Mr. Wáng (the two of
+  Xiānsheng liǎngwèi dōu                 them) called me.
+  gěi wǒ dǎle diànhuà le.
+
+
+Gěi nīmen liāngwèi jièshao jièshao: There are two things to note in
+this sentence. First of all, while the English language “introduces two
+people TO each other,” the Chinese language “introduces FOR the two people,”
+gěi...jièshao. Secondly, the speaker has chosen to repeat the verb jièshao.
+In a sentence expressing the speaker’s desired course of action, the
+reduplicated form of the verb makes the statement less blunt and demanding.
+
+
+[183]
+      那太好了！
+3. B: Nà tài hǎo le!                   That’s wonderful!
+
+      很希望跟她談談。
+   B: Hěn xīwang gēn ta tántan.        I wish very much to talk with her.
+
+      很希望跟她談談。
+   B: Búguò, kǒngpà wǒde Yīngwén       However, I’m afraid that my English
+      bù xíng.                         isn’t good enough.
+
+      不但説得好，有時候也聽不懂。
+   B: Búdàn shuōde bù hǎo, yǒu         Not only don’t I speak well, (but)
+      shíhou yě tīngbudǒng.            sometimes I can’t understand what
+                                       I hear either.
+
+
+Notes on No. 3
+
+Tài hǎo le, “wonderful,” or, more literally, “too good.” you have seen
+tài translated as “excessively,” or “too”: “It’s too expensive!” Tài guì le!
+In other contexts, tài simply indicates an extreme degree and is translated
+as “very.” When used this way, tài is commonly heavily stressed.
+
+  這本書真是太有意思了！
+  Zhèiběn shū zhēn shi tài yǒu         This book is really very interesting!
+  yìsi le!
+
+Búguò, “however,” is often interchangeable with kěshi, “but,” and is
+therefore used more frequently than the English “however.”
+
+Kǒngpà means “to be afraid that [something is/is not the case].” It
+sometimes means “probably,” as in Zhàiběn shū kǒngpà shi tāde, “This book
+is probably his.”
+
+Búdàn...ye... is equivalent to the English “not only...but also....”
+Here are some examples:
+
+  他不但會説中文，也會説日文。
+  Tā búdàn huì shuō Zhōngwén,          Not only can he speak Chinese, but he
+  yě huì shuō Rìwén.                   can also speak Japanese.
+
+  他不但不喜歡紅的，也不喜歡藍的。
+  Tā búdàn bù xǐhuan hóngde,           Not only doesn’t he like the red one,
+  yě bù xǐhuan lánde.                  but he doesn’t like the blue one
+                                       either.
+
+Tīngbudǒng, “can’t understand”: The verb dǒng is used to indicate the
+result in a compound verb of result, Here is another example of dǒng used
+in this way:
+
+  中文報紙你看得懂看不懂？
+  Zhōngwén bàozhǐ nǐ kàndedǒng         Can you read (and understand) Chinese
+  kànbudǒng?                           newspapers?
+
+Shuōde bù hǎo VS. tīngbudǒng: The many ways in which one-syllable
+Chinese verbs may be combined to make patterns and compounds can be
+confusing. In No. 3, yǒu see both an action verb and its manner adverb
+(in the negative), shuōde bù hǎo, and a compound verb of result (in its
+“unable” form), tīngbudǒng. Compare these two forms:
+
+ACTION
+
+VERB    MARKER  NEG.    ADV.    MANNER
+shuō    -DE     bù              hǎo
+shuō    -DE             hěn     hǎo
+
+ACTION VERB MARKER or NEG. (not both)   RESULT
+tīng             -bù                    -dǒng
+tīng             -de                    -dǒng
+
+[184]
+
+The marker de is always part of the manner adverb expression but alternates
+with bù in compound verbs of result. Manner adverb expressions expand to
+allow not only for negation but also for additional adverbs such as hěn and
+tài. Compound verbs of result cannot do this. There are always three, and
+only three, parts to the compound verb of result.
+
+
+      哪裏，哪裏。
+4. A: Náli, náli.                      Not at all, not at all.
+
+      您説得跟美國人一樣好。
+   A: Nín shuōde gēn Měiguo rén        You speak as well as an American.
+      yíyàng hǎo.
+
+      怎麽樣？六點半對您方便不方便？
+5. A: Zěnmeyàng? Liùdiǎn bàn duì       How shall we do it? Would six-thirty
+      nín fāngbian bu fangbian?        be convenient for you?
+
+      方便，方便。
+   B: Fāngbian, fāngbian.              That would be fine.
+
+Notes on Nos. 4-5
+
+Gēn...yíyàng hǎo: Yíyàng is an adjectival verb meaning “to be the same.”
+When a sentence tells you in what respect the compared items are alike,
+yíyàng acts as an adverb and may be translated as “equally.”
+
+  我們兩個認得車                            一樣。
+  Wǒmen liǎngge rénde chē                yíyàng.
+  (the cars belonging to the two of us   alike)
+    “Our cars are alike.”
+
+  我們兩個認得車                            一樣貴。
+  Wǒmen liǎngge rénde chē                yíyàng guì.
+  (the cars belonging to the two of us   equally expensive)
+    “Our cars are equally expensive.”
+
+The area of comparability may be described by predicates other than
+adjectival verbs.
+
+  他們兩個人           都    一樣     喜歡     念書。
+  Tāmen liǎngge rén  dōu   yíyàng  xǐhuan  niàn shū.
+  (the two of them   both  equally like    to study)
+    “The two of them are equally studious.”
+
+The items being compared may be expressed separately, using gēn. In this
+case, gēn is the prepositional verb meaning “with.” The item preceding gēn
+is compared WITH the object of gēn.
+
+
+[185]
+  我的車     跟     他的  車     一樣。
+  Wǒde chē  gēn   tāde  chē   yíyàng.
+  (my car   with  his   car   alike)
+    “My car is like his.”
+
+Gēn may be used to compare nouns, pronouns, noun phrases, and
+clauses. Often one of the two phrases or clauses is a shorter form of
+the other.
+
+  你説得       跟      美國人(説得)          yiyang  好。
+  Nǐ shuōde   gēn     Měiguo rén (shuōde) yíyàng  hǎo.
+  (you speak  with    American    [speak] equally good)
+  ”You speak as well as an American.”
+
+  我的車      跟     他的(車)      一樣。
+  Wǒde chē   gēn   tāde (chē)   yíyàng.
+  (my car    with  his  [car]   alike)
+    “My car is like his (car).”
+
+  你(開得)       跟    我    開得     一樣      快
+  Nǐ   (kāide)  gēn   wō   kāide   yíyàng   kuài.
+  (you [drive]  with  me   drive   equally  fast)
+
+“You drive as fast as I do.”
+
+
+      我沒請什麽人。很隨便。
+6. A: Wǒ méi qǐng shénme rén. Hěn      I haven’t invited anyone special,
+      suíbiàn.                         It’s very informal.
+
+       那就先謝了。
+   B:  Nà jiù xiān xiè le.             Well then, I’ll thank you in advance.
+
+Notes on No. 6
+
+Méi qǐng shénme rén: In this sentence, shénme is not the question
+word “what” “but is the indefinite “any.” When used with bù or méi, shénme
+rén means “anyone special,” or “anyone in particular.” All question words
+may follow the verbs in negative statements to give similar meanings. Here
+are some examples of “any___ special” meanings:
+
+  我沒吃什麽飯。
+  Wǒ méi chī shénme fàn.              I didn’t eat much of anything.
+
+  我沒跟誰去。
+  Wǒ méi gēn shéi qù.                 I didn’t go with anybody special.
+
+  我沒到那兒去。
+  Wǒ méi dào nǎr qù.                  I didn’t go anyplace in particular.
+
+[186]
+
+  我沒有多少前。
+  Wǒ méiyou duōshao qián.              I don’t have any money to speak of.
+
+  我不要幾個。
+  Wǒ bú yào jǐge.                      I don’t want but a few. (I want only
+                                       a few.)
+
+Suíbiàn is a frequently used expression which has connotations of
+“casual,” as contrasted with kèqi, “proper” or “formal.” Literally, suíbiàn
+means “according to convenience.” Here are some examples:
+
+  怎麽做？
+  Zěnme zuò?                           How shall we do it?
+
+  隨便。
+  Suíbiàn.                             However you like.
+
+  隨便什麽時候來。
+  Suíbiàn shénme shíhou lái.           Come anytime you like.
+
+  隨便坐哪兒都可以。
+  Suíbiàn zuò nǎr dōu kéyi.            You may sit anywhere you like.
+
+
+Nà jiù xiān xiè le: In this sentence, nà is acting as an adverb
+meaning “in that case,” “if so,” or “then.” The English translation “I’ll
+thank you in advance, then” is very formal. You would be more likely to
+say something like “Great. I’m looking forward to it.”
+
+7.  bù tóng               不同          to be different
+8.  chá                   茶            tea
+9.  chī fàn               吃飯          to eat, to have a meal
+10. dànshi                但是          but
+11. érqiě                 而且          furthermore, moreover
+12. fàn                   飯            (cooked) rice
+13. hē                    喝            to drink
+14. jiāo shū              教書          to teach
+
+
+Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary
+
+Bù tóng may be used in much the same way as bù yíyàng. Note that bù tóng
+occurs only in the negative. (There is no tóng.)
+
+  上海話和北京話很不同。
+  Shànghái huà hé Běijīng huà          The Shànghǎi dialect and the Běijīng
+  hěn bù tóng.                         dialect are very different.
+
+Chī fàn, “to eat,” is an example of a verb plus a general object used
+to express a general activity. The verb chi may also take specific objects,
+such as miàn, “noodles.”
+
+Dànshi, “but,” is used much like kěshi, “but.”
+
+  河北人聽得懂北京話嗎？
+  Héběi rén tīngdedǒng Běijīng         Can people from Héběi understand
+  huà ma?                              the Běijīng dialect?
+
+  聽得懂，但是河北話和北京話不一樣。
+  Tīngdedǒng, dànshi Héběi huà         Yes, but the Héběi dialect and the
+  hé Běijīng huà bù yíyàng.            Běijīng dialect are different.
+
+[187]
+
+Érqiě, “furthermore,” “moreover”: Use érqiě at the beginning of a
+sentence or clause.
+
+  這個花瓶太貴，而且也太大了。我不想買。
+  Zhèige huāpíng tài guì, érqiě        This vase is too expensive, and
+  yě tài dà le. Wǒ bù xiǎng            furthermore it’s too big. I don’t
+  mǎi.                                 want to buy it.
+
+Fàn, “(cooked) rice”: The definition of fàn is qualified as “cooked”
+because the Chinese use several words for “rice,” depending on whether it
+is in the field, ready to cook, or on the table.
+
+Jiāo shū is a verb plus a general object meaning “to teach.” Jiāo may
+be used without its general object, as in Jiāo Zhōngwén, “teach the Chinese
+language.”
+
+
+[188]
+
+DRILLS
+
+A. Substitution Drill
+
+             黃科長，你明天晚上有功夫嗎？         黃科長，你明天早上有功夫嗎？
+1.  Speaker: Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ         You: Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ míngtiān
+             míngtiān wǎnshang yǒu          zǎoshang yǒu gōngfu ma?
+             gōngfu ma?                     (Section Chief Huáng, are you
+                                             free tomorrow morning?)
+                  明天早上
+            (cue) míngtiān zǎoshang
+            (Section Chief Huáng,
+             are you free tomorrow
+             evening?)
+
+    黃科長，你明天早上有功夫嗎？             黃科長，你星期四有功夫嗎？
+2.  Huáng Kēzhāng, nǐ míngtiān         Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ Xīngqīsì
+    zǎoshang yǒu gōngfu ma?            yǒu gōngfu ma?
+
+    星期四
+    Xīngqīsì
+
+    黃科長，你星期四有功夫嗎？              黃科長，你今天晚上有功夫嗎？
+3.  Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ Xīngqīsì         Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ jīntiān wǎnshang
+    yǒu gōngfu ma?                     yǒu gōngfu ma?
+
+    今天晚上
+    jīntiān wǎnshang
+
+    黃科長，你今天晚上有功夫嗎？             黃科長，你下星期六有功夫嗎？
+4.  Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ jīntiān          Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ xià Xīngqīliù
+    wǎnshang yǒu gōngfu ma?            yǒu gōngfu ma?
+
+    下星期六
+    xià Xīngqīliù
+
+    黃科長，你下星期六有功夫嗎？             黃科長，你這個星期五有功夫嗎？
+5.  Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ xià Xīngqīliù    Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ zhèige Xīngqīwǔ
+    yǒu gōngfu ma?                     yǒu gōngfu ma?
+
+    這個星期五
+    zhèige Xīngqīwǔ
+
+    黃科長，你這個星期五有功夫嗎？           黃科長，你這個月七號有功夫嗎？
+6.  Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ zhèige           Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ zhèige yuè qíhào
+    Xīngqīwu yǒu gōngfu ma?            yǒu gōngfu ma?
+
+    這個月七號
+    zhèige yuè qíhào
+
+    黃科長，你這個月七號有功夫嗎？
+7.  Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ zhèige yuè
+    qíhào yǒu gongfu ma?
+
+
+[189]
+
+B.  Expansion Drill
+
+             我想請您。                       我想請您到我們家來吃個便飯。
+1.  Speaker: Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín.        You: Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín dào wǒmen
+                                            jiā lái chī ge biànfàn.
+                   我們家                    (I would like to invite you to
+             (cue) wǒmen jiā                 our house for a simple meal.)
+             (I would like to invite
+              you.)
+
+             我想請您。                       我想請您到飯館兒去吃個便飯。
+    OR       Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín.             Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín dào fànguǎnr
+                                            qù chī ge biànfàn.
+                   飯館兒                    (I would like to invite you to
+             (cue) fànguǎnr                  go to a restaurant for a
+             (I would like to invite         simple meal.)
+              you.)
+
+    他想請您。                           他想請您到民族飯店去吃個便飯。
+2.  Tā xiǎng qǐng nín.                 Tā xiǎng qǐng nín dào Mínzú Fàndiàn
+                                       qù chī ge biànfàn.
+    民族飯店
+    Mínzú Fàndiàn
+
+    我想請您。                           我想請您到我父母家來吃個便飯。
+3.  Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín.                 Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín dào wǒ fùmǔ jiā
+                                       lái chī ge biànfàn.
+    我父母家
+    wǒ fùmù jiā
+
+    我想請您。                           我想請您到北京飯店去吃個便飯。
+4.  Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín.                 Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín dào Běijīng
+                                       Fàndiàn qù chī ge biànfàn.
+    北京飯店
+    Běijīng Fàndiàn
+
+    我想請您。                           我想請您到那個飯館兒去吃個便飯。
+5.  Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín.                 Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín dào nèige fànguǎnr
+                                       qù chī ge biànfàn.
+    那個飯館兒
+    nèige fànguǎnr
+
+    我想請您。                           我想請您到我家來吃個便飯。
+6.  Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín.                 Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín dào wǒ jiā lái
+                                       chī ge biànfàn.
+    我家
+    wǒ jiā
+
+
+C. Response Drill
+
+             他在臺灣大學工作嗎？               對了。他在臺灣大學教經濟學。
+1.  Speaker: Tā zài Táiwān Dàxué       You: Duì le. Tā zài Táiwān Dàxué
+             gōngzuò ma?                    jiāo jīngjixué.
+
+                   經濟學
+             (cue) jīngjixué                (That’s right. He teaches
+             (Does he work at Táiwān         economics at Táiwān
+              University?)                   University.)
+
+
+    他在德州大學工作嗎？                   對了。他在德州大學教歷史。
+2.  Tā zài Dézhōu Dàxué gōngzuò ma?    Duì le. Tā zài Dézhōu Dàxué jiāo
+                                       lìshǐ.
+    歷史
+    lìshǐ
+
+    李先生在加州大學工作嗎？                對了。他在加州大學教政治學。
+3.  Lǐ Xiānsheng zài Jiāzhōu Dàxué     Duì le. Tā zài Jiāzhōu Dàxué jiāo
+    gōngzuò ma?                        zhèngzhixué.
+
+    政治學
+    zhèngzhixué
+
+    陳先生在賓州大學工作嗎？                對了。他在賓州大學教中文。
+4.  Chén Xiānsheng zài Bīnzhōu         Duì le. Tā zài Bīnzhōu Dàxué jiāo
+    Dàxué gōngzuò ma?                  Zhōngwén.
+
+    中文
+    Zhōngwén
+
+    安德森先生在臺灣大學工作嗎？            對了。他在臺灣大學教英國文學。
+5.  Āndésēn Xiānsheng zài Táiwān       Duì le. Tā zài Táiwān Dàxué jiāo
+    Dàxué gōngzuò ma?                  Yīngguo wénxué.
+
+    英國文學
+    Yīngguo wénxué
+
+
+[190]
+
+    王先生在臺灣大學工作嗎？                對了。他在臺灣大學教中國文學。
+6.  Wáng Xiānsheng zài Táiwān Dàxué    Duì le. Tā zài Táiwān Dàxué jiāo
+    gōngzuò ma?                        Zhōngguo wénxué.
+
+    中國文學
+    Zhōngguo wénxué
+
+    赵小姐在臺灣大學工作嗎？                對了。他在臺灣大學教中國歷史。
+7.  Zhào Xiǎojie zài Táiwān Dàxué      Duì le. Tā zài Táiwān Dàxué jiāo
+    gōngzuò ma?                        Zhōngguo lìshi.
+
+    中國歷史
+    Zhōngguo lìshǐ
+
+
+D. Transformation Drill
+
+             我給你們介紹介紹。                 我很想給你們跟王同志介紹介紹。
+1.  Speaker: Wǒ gěi nǐmen jièshao      You: Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen gēn
+             jièshao.                       Wáng Tóngzhì jièshao jièshao
+                                            (I would very much like to
+                   王同志                     introduce yǒu and Comrade
+             (cue) Wǎng Tóngzhì              Wáng.)
+             (I’ll introduce you.)
+
+    我給你們介紹介紹。                     我很想給你們跟劉同志介紹介紹。
+2.  Wǒ gěi nǐmen jièshao jièshao.      Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen gēn Liú
+                                       Tóngzhì jièshao jièshao.
+    劉同志
+    Liú Tóngzhì
+
+    我給你們介紹介紹。                     我很想給你們跟赵同志介紹介紹。
+3.  Wǒ gěi nǐmen jièshao jièshao.      Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen gēn Zhào
+                                       Tóngzhì jièshao jièshao.
+    赵同志
+    Zhào Tóngzhì
+
+    我給你們介紹介紹。                     我很想給你們跟張先生介紹介紹。
+4.  Wǒ gěi nǐmen jièshao jièshao.      Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen gēn Zhāng
+                                       Xiānsheng jièshao jièshao.
+    張先生
+    Zhāng Xiānsheng
+
+    我給你們介紹介紹。                     我很想給你們跟楊女士介紹介紹。
+5.  Wǒ gěi nǐmen jièshao jièshao.      Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen gēn Yǎng
+                                       Nǚshì jièshao jièshao.
+    楊女士
+    Yáng Nǚshì
+
+    我給你們介紹介紹。                     我很想給你們跟張科長介紹介紹。
+6.  Wǒ gěi nǐmen jièshao jièshao.      Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen gēn Zhāng
+                                       Kēzhǎng jièshao jièshao.
+    張科長
+    Zhāng Kēzhǎng
+
+    我給你們介紹介紹。                     我很想給你們跟李少校介紹介紹。
+7.  Wǒ gěi nǐmen jièshao jièshao.      Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen gēn Lǐ
+                                       Shàoxiào jièshao jièshao.
+    李少校
+    Lǐ Shàoxiào
+
+
+[191]
+
+E.  Expansion Drill
+
+             他聽不見。                       他不但聽不見也看不見。
+1.  Speaker: Tā tīngbujiàn.            You: Tā búdàn tīngbujiàn yě
+                                            kànbujiàn.
+                   看不見                    (Not only can’t he hear, [but]
+             (cue) kànbujiàn                 he can’t see either.)
+             (He can’t hear.)
+
+    他説不對。         聽不懂              他不但説不對也聽不懂。
+2.  Tā shuōbuduì.    tīngbudǒng        Ta búdàn shuōbuduì yě tīngbudǒng.
+
+    他吃不好。         喝不好              他不但吃不好也喝不好。
+3.  Tā chībuhǎo.     hēbuhǎo           Ta búdàn chībuhǎo yě hēbuhǎo.
+
+    他説不對。         寫不對              他不但説不對也寫不對。
+4.  Tā shuōbuduì.    xiěbuduì          Tā búdàn shuōbuduì yě xiěbuduì.
+
+    他看不懂。         聽不懂              他不但看不懂也聽不懂。
+5.  Tā kànbudǒng.    tīngbudǒng        Tā búdàn kànbudǒng yě tīngbudǒng.
+
+    他聽不懂。         説不對              他不但聽不懂也説不對。
+6.  Tā tīngbudǒng.   shuōbuduì         Tā búdàn tīngbudǒng yě shuōbuduì.
+
+    他看不見。         聽不見              他不但看不見也聽不見。
+7.  Tā kànbujiàn.    tīngbujiàn        Tā búdàn kànbujiàn yě tīngbujiàn.
+
+
+F.  Combination Drill
+
+             他説得不好。他聽不懂。              他不但説得不好也聽不懂。
+1.  Speaker: Tā shuōde bù hǎo. Tā      You: Tā búdàn shuōde bù hǎo yě
+             tīngbudǒng.                    tīngbudǒng.
+             (He speaks poorly. He          (He not only speaks poorly,
+              can’t understand.)             [but] he can’t understand
+                                             either.)
+
+            他説得不好。我説得不好。              不但説得不好我也説得不好。
+         OR Tā shuōde bù hǎo. Wǒ            Búdàn tǎ shuōde bù hǎo wǒ yě
+            shuōde bù hǎo.                  shuōde bù hǎo.
+            (He speaks poorly. I            (Not only does he speak poorly,
+             speak poorly.)                  [but] I speak poorly too.)
+
+    他念得好。他寫得好。                    他不但念得好也寫得好。
+2.  Tā niànde hǎo. Tā xiědehǎo.        Tā búdàn niànde hǎo yě xiědehāo.
+
+    他念得好。我念得好。                    不但他念得好也念得好。
+3.  Tā niànde hǎo. Wǒ niànde hǎo.      Búdàn tā niànde hǎo wǒ yě niànde hǎo.
+
+    他聽不懂。他説不好。                    他不但聽不懂也説不好。
+4.  Tā tīngbudǒng. Tā shuōbuhǎo.       Tā búdàn tīngbudǒng yě shuōbuhǎo.
+
+    他開得不好。我開得不好。                不但他開得不好也開得不好。
+5.  Tā kāide bù hǎo. Wǒ kāide bù hǎo.  Búdàn tā kāide bù hǎo wǒ yě kāide
+                                       bù hǎo.
+
+    他看不見。他聽不懂。                    他不但看不見也聽不懂。
+6.  Tā kànbujiàn. Tā tīngbudǒng.       Tā búdàn kànbujiàn yě tīngbudǒng.
+
+
+[192]
+
+G.  Transformation Drill
+
+             我不能到中國去。我的中文不行。        我很希望到中國去，不過恐怕我的中文不行。
+1.  Speaker: Wǒ bù néng dào Zhōngguo   You: Wǒ hěn xīwàng dào Zhōngguo qù,
+             qù. Wǒde Zhōngwén bù           búguò kǒngpà wǒde Zhōngwén
+             xíng.                          bù xíng.
+             (I can’t go to China.          (I hope very much to go to
+              My Chinese isn’t good          China, but I’m afraid my
+              enough.)                       Chinese isn’t good enough.)
+
+    他不可以學中文。他沒有功夫。             他很希望學中文，不過恐怕他沒有功夫。
+2.  Tā bù kéyi xué Zhōngwén. Tā        Tā hěn xīwàng xué Zhōngwén, búguò
+    méiyou gōngfu.                     kǒngpà tā méiyou gōngfu.
+
+    我不可以買東西。我的錢不夠。             我很希望買東西，不過恐怕我的錢不夠。
+3.  Wǒ bù kéyi mǎi dōngxi. Wǒde        Wǒ hěn xīwàng mǎi dōngxi, búguò
+    qián bú gòu.                       kǒngpà wǒde qián bú gòu.
+
+    我不能去看朋友。我沒有功夫。             我很希望去看朋友，不過恐怕我沒有功夫。
+4.  Wǒ bù néng qù kàn péngyou. Wǒ      Wǒ hěn xīwàng qù kàn péngyou,
+    méiyou gōngfu.                     búguò kǒngpà wǒ méiyou gōngfu.
+
+    我不能説中國話。我的中國話不行。          我很希望説中國話，不過恐怕我的中國話不行。
+5.  Wǒ bù néng shuō Zhōngguo huà.      Wǒ hěn xīwàng shuō Zhōngguo huà,
+    Wǒde Zhōngguo huà bù xíng.         búguò kǒngpà wǒde Zhōngguo huà bù
+                                       xíng.
+
+    我不能跟他去吃飯。我沒有時間。            我很希望跟他去吃飯，不過恐怕我沒有時間。
+6.  Wǒ bù néng gēn tā qù chī fàn.      Wǒ hěn xīwàng gēn tā qù chī fàn,
+    Wǒ méiyou shíjiàn.                 búguò kǒngpà wǒ méiyou shíjiān.
+
+    我不可以可以去開會。我聽不懂他們説的話。   我很希望去開會，不過恐怕我聽不懂他們説的話。
+7.  Wǒ bù kéyi qù kāi huì. Wǒ          Wǒ hěn xīwàng qù kāi huì, búguò
+    tīngbudǒng tāmen shuōde huà.       kǒngpà wǒ tīngbudǒng tāmen
+                                       shuōde huà.
+
+
+H.  Transformation Drill
+
+             你的茶跟他的一樣多。               你喝茶，喝得跟他一樣多。
+1.  Speaker: Nǐde chá gēn tāde         You: Nǐ hē chá, hēde gēn tā yíyàng
+             yíyàng duō.                    duō.
+                                            (You drink as much tea as he
+                   喝                        does.)
+             (cue) hē
+             (You have as much tea
+              as he does.)
+
+    你的東西跟他的一樣便宜。                你買東西，買得跟他的一樣便宜。
+2.  Nǐde dōngxi gēn tāde yíyàng        Nǐ mǎi dōngxi, mǎide gēn tā yíyàng
+    piányi.                            piányi.
+
+    買
+    mǎi
+
+    你的書跟他的一樣多。                   你念書，念得跟他的一樣多。
+3.  Nǐde shū gēn tāde yíyàng duō.      Nǐ niàn shū, niànde gēn tā yíyàng
+                                       duo.
+    念
+    niàn
+
+    你的書跟他的一樣好。                   你教書，教得跟他的一樣好。
+4.  Nǐde shū gēn tāde yíyàng hǎo.      Nǐ jiāo shū, jiāode gēn tā yíyàng
+                                       hǎo.
+    教
+    jiāo
+
+[193]
+
+    你的飯跟他的一樣多。                   你吃飯，吃得跟他的一樣多。
+5.  Nǐde fàn gēn tāde yíyàng duō.      Nǐ chī fàn, chīde gēn tā yíyàng duō.
+
+    吃
+    chī
+
+    你的電話跟他的一樣多。                  你打電話，打得跟他的一樣多。
+6.  Nǐde diànhuà gēn tāde yíyàng duō.  Nǐ dǎ diànhuà, dǎde gēn tā yíyàng
+                                       duō.
+    打
+    dǎ
+
+    你的中國話跟他的一樣好。                你説中國話，説得跟他的一樣好。
+7.  Nǐde Zhōngguo huà gēn tāde yíyàng  Nǐ shuō Zhōngguo huà, shuōde gēn tā
+    hao.                               yíyàng hǎo.
+
+    説
+    shuō
+
+
+I. Response Drill
+
+             你請了幾個人？                    我沒請幾個人。
+1.  Speaker: Nǐ qǐngle jǐge rén?       You: Wǒ méi qǐng jǐge rén.
+             (How many people did           (I didn’t invite many at all
+              you invite?)
+
+             他喝什麽？                       他不喝什麽。
+          OR Tā hē shénme?                  Tā bù hē shénme.
+             (What does he drink?)          (He doesn’t drink much of
+                                             anything.)
+
+    你請誰？                            我不請誰。
+2.  Nǐ qǐng shéi?                      Wǒ bù qǐng shéi.
+
+    他買了幾本書？                       他沒買幾本書。
+3.  Tā mǎile jǐběn shū?                Tā méi mǎi jǐběn shū.
+
+    你請什麽人？                         我不請什麽人。
+4.  Nǐ qǐng shénme rén?                Wǒ bù qǐng shénme rén.
+
+    他到哪兒去了？                       他沒到哪兒去。
+5.  Tā dào nǎr qù le?                  Tā méi dào nǎr qù.
+
+    你有多少錢？                         我沒有多少錢。
+6.  Nǐ yǒu duōshao qián?               Wǒ méiyǒu duōshao qián.
+
+
+
+[194]
+
+UNIT 4
+
+REFERENCE LIST
+
+       黃科長，黃太太，歡迎歡迎。
+1.  A: Huáng Kēzhǎng, Huáng Tàitai,    Section Chief Huáng, Mrs. Huáng—
+       huānyíng, huānyíng.             welcome.
+
+       請進。
+    A: Qǐng jìn.                       Please come in.
+
+       富太太，您好？
+2.  B: Fù Tàitai, nín hǎo?             How are you, Mrs. Franklin?
+
+       這是一點小意思。
+    B: Zhè shi yìdiǎn xiǎo yìsi.       Here is a small token of appreciation.
+
+       我知道您喜歡山水畫。
+3.  B: Wǒ zhīdào nín xǐhuan            I know you like landscape paintings.
+       shānshuǐ huà.
+
+       特別請朋友給您畫了一張。
+    B: Tèbiě qǐng péngyou gěi nín      I asked a friend to paint one
+       huàle yìzhang.                  especially for you.
+
+       您真是太客氣。謝謝。
+   *A: Nín zhēn shi tài kèqi.          You are really too polite. Thanks.
+       Xièxie.
+
+       來，我給你們介紹介紹。
+    A: Lái, wǒ gěi nīmen jièshao       Come. I’ll introduce the two of
+       jièshao.                        you.
+
+       這位是何教授，在台大教經濟學。
+4.  A: Zhèiwei shi He Jiàoshòu,        This is Professor Hollins, who
+       zài Táidà jiāo jīngjixué.       teaches economics at Táiwān
+                                       University.
+       何教授，這位是黃科長，在臺灣銀行工作。
+    A: Hé Jiàoshòu, zhèiwei shi        Professor Hollins, this is Section
+       Huáng Kēzhǎng, zài              Chief Huáng, who works at the
+       Táiwān Yínháng gōngzuò.         Bank of Táiwān.
+
+       這位是黃太太。
+    A: Zhèiwei shi Huáng Tàitai.       This is Mrs. Huáng.
+
+       久仰，久仰。
+5.  B: Jiǔyǎng, jiǔyǎng.               Glad to meet you.
+
+       您來了多久了？
+    B: Nín láile duó jiǔ le?           How long have you been here?
+
+       久仰。我剛來兩個月。
+    C: Jiǔyǎng. Wǒ gāng lai            Glad to meet you. It has been only
+       liǎngge yuè.                    two months since I came.
+
+       還有很多不熟悉的地方。
+6.  C: Hái yǒu hěn duō bù shóuxide     There is still much I’m not familiar
+       dìfang.                         with.
+
+       以後還要向您請教。
+    C: Yǐhòu hái yào xiàng nín         Later I’ll need to request more
+       qǐngjiào.                       advice from you.
+
+*The remaining sentences in this exchange occur on the C-l tape.
+
+
+[195]
+       哪裏，哪裏。
+7.  B: Náli, náli.                     Not at all, not at all.
+
+       希望以後有機會多見面。
+    B: Xīwàng yǐhòu yǒu jīhui duō      I hope that in the future we will
+       jiànmiàn.                       have an opportunity to meet more.
+
+
+ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
+(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
+
+
+8.  fāngfǎ                方法          method, way, means
+
+
+9.  fázi                  法子          method, way
+
+
+10. huàr                  畫兒          painting (Běijīng pronunciation)
+
+
+11. qǐng zuò              請坐          please sit down
+
+
+12. shèhuìxué             社會學        sociology
+
+
+13. túshūguǎn             圖書館        library
+
+
+14. zuò                   坐           to sit
+
+
+[196]
+
+VOCABULARY
+
+  fāngfǎ                    方法           method, way, means
+  fázi                      法子           method, way (Běijīng)
+
+  huà  畫 to paint
+  huà(r) (yìzhāng)          畫兒 (一張)     a painting
+  huānyíng                  歡迎           to welcome
+
+  jiānmiàn                  見面           to meet someone, to see someone
+  jiàoshòu                  教授           professor
+  jìn                       進             to enter
+  jiǔyǎng                   久仰           glad to meet you
+
+  qǐngjiào                  請教           to ask advice, to consult
+  qǐng zuo                  請坐           please sit down
+
+  shānshuǐ                  山水           mountains and rivers,
+                                          scenery with hills and water
+  shānshuī huà(r) (yìzhāng) 山水畫兒 (一張) landscape painting
+  shèhuìxué                 社會學         sociology
+  shóuxi                    熟悉           to be familiar
+
+  Tāidà                     台大           Táiwān University
+  tèbié                     特別           especially
+  túshūguǎn                 圖書館         library
+
+  xiang                     向            towards; from
+  xiǎo yìsi                 小意思         a token of appreciation
+
+  zuo                       坐            to sit
+
+(introduced on C-2 and. P-2 tapes)
+
+  biǎoyǎn                   表演          to give a demonstration
+  bú dà hǎo mǎi             不大好買       not very easy to buy
+  duì...shóuxi              對...熟悉     to be familiar with
+  Jiàoyubù                  教育部        Ministry of Education
+  mǎi cài                   買菜          to buy groceries
+  sòng gěi                  送給          to give
+  xǐ yīshang                洗衣裳        to to wash clothes
+  yánjiu                    研究          to study, to do research
+  yòuéryuǎn                 幼兒園        kindergarten
+  yóu huà                   油畫          oil painting
+  zhǎnlǎn                   展覽          exhibition
+  zhàogu                    照顧          to take care of
+  zuò fan                   做飯          to cook
+  zuòyè                     作業          homework
+
+
+[197]
+
+REFERENCE NOTES
+
+       黃科長，黃太太，歡迎歡迎。
+1.  A: Huáng Kēzhǎng, Huáng Tàitai,    Section Chief Huang, Mrs. Huang—
+       huānyíng, huānyíng.             welcome.
+
+       請進。
+    A: Qǐng jìn.                       Please come in.
+
+       富太太，您好？
+2.  B: Fù Tàitai, nín hǎo?             How are you, Mrs. Franklin?
+
+       這是一點小意思。
+    B: Zhè shi yìdiǎn xiǎo yìsi.       Here is a small token of appreciation.
+
+Note on Nos. 1-2
+
+Xiǎo yìsi: Y0u have already seen yìsi in the expression yǒu yìsi, “to
+be interesting.” Yìsi means “meaning,” “significance,” “intention,” “idea.”
+In No. 2, above, xiǎo yìsi (literally, “small [good] intent”) is an idiomatic
+expression meaning “a small (token of my) feelings of appreciation.”
+
+
+       我知道您喜歡山水畫。
+3.  B: Wǒ zhīdao nín xǐhuan shānshuǐ   I know you like landscape paintings.
+       huà.
+
+       特別請朋友給您畫一張。
+    B: Tèbié qǐng péngyou gěi nín      I asked a friend to paint one
+       huàle yìzhāng.                  especially for you.
+
+       您真是太客氣。謝謝。
+    A: Nín zhēn shi tài kèqi.          You are really too polite. Thanks.
+       Xièxie.
+
+       來，我給你們介紹介紹。
+    A: Lái, wǒ gěi nǐmen jièshao       Come. I’ll introduce the two of you.
+       jièshao.
+
+Notes on No. 3
+
+Shānshuǐ, “mountains and rivers,” “scenery with hills and water,” is a
+compound made up of shān, “mountain,” and shuǐ, “water.” In shānshuǐ, shuǐ
+refers to rivers or lakes.
+
+Tèbié qǐng péngyou gěi nín huàle yìzhāng: Notice that the verb huà is
+followed by the completion marker le. For this reason, the sentence means
+that the painting has been finished. The completed-action sense of huàle
+might he captured by looser translations of the sentence, like “I asked a
+friend, and he painted one for you” and “I asked a friend, who painted one
+for you.”
+
+The sentence Wǒ tèbié qǐng péngyou gěi nín huà yìzhāng, without le, does
+not indicate whether the painting has been finished or not. The sentence
+might he used when a speaker thinks that a painting has not yet been
+finished.
+
+[198]
+
+Zhēn shi tài kèqi, “really too polite,” is a variation of Nín zhēn tài
+kèqi. Shi is sometimes used simply to show that the subject of a sentence
+fits the description that follows.
+
+       這位是何教授，在台大教經濟學。
+4.  A: Zhèiwei shi Hé Jiàoshòu, zài    This is Professor Hollins, who
+       Táidà jiāo jīngjixué.           teaches economics at Táiwān
+                                       University.
+
+       何教授，這位是黃科長，在臺灣銀行工作。
+    A: Hé Jiàoshòu, zhèiwei shi        Professor Hollins, this is Section
+       Huáng Kēzhǎng, zài Táiwān       Chief Huáng, who works at the
+       Yínháng gōngzuò.                Bank of Táiwān.
+
+       這位是黃太太。
+    A: Zhèiwei shi Huáng Tàitai.       This is Mrs. Huáng.
+
+Notes on No. 4
+
+Jiàoshòu, “professor”: The first syllable in this word means “teaching.”
+Notice that the tone on jiào is different from the tone on the verb “to
+teach,” jiāo.
+
+Táidà is the abbreviation for Táiwān Dàxué, “Táiwān University.”
+
+Zhèiwei shi Huáng Kēzhǎng, zài Táiwān Yínháng gōngzuò looks like a
+run-on sentence, with the pronoun tā dropped from the second part of the
+sentence. In Chinese, this is a perfectly good way to add a second clause
+to a sentence. To characterize a person or thing just identified, the
+Chinese simply attach a descriptive sentence and omit the subject. You
+have already learned this pattern: Wángfǔjǐng Dàjiē yǒu yige Xīnhuá Shūdiàn,
+hěn dà. Here are some additional examples:
+
+  他太太是日本人，現在在上海。
+  Tā tàitai shi Rìběn rén,             His wife is Japanese; she is in
+  xiànzài zài Shànghǎi.                Shanghai now.
+
+  我有一個朋友姓吾，在東海大學教書
+  明年想到美國去。
+  Wǒ yǒu yige péngyou xìng Wú,         I have a friend named Wú who teaches
+  zài Dōnghǎi Dàxué jiāo shū,          at Dōnghāi University. He is
+  míngnián xiǎng dào Měiguo qù.        planning to go to America next
+                                       year.
+
+
+[199]
+
+       久仰，久仰。
+5.  B: Jiǔyǎng, jiǔyǎng.               Glad to meet you.
+
+       您來了多久了？
+    B: Nín láile duó jiǔ le?           How long have you been here?
+
+       久仰。我剛來兩個月。
+    C: Jiǔyǎng. Wǒ gāng lái            Glad to meet you. It has been only
+       liǎngge yuè.                    two months since I came.
+
+Notes on No. 5
+
+Jiǔyǎng means, literally, “I have looked up to you for a long time” or
+“I have looked forward to meeting you.” It is used when meeting someone
+of higher status. Because jiǔyǎng implies a status difference, the
+expression is not often used in the PRC.
+
+Gāng, “only just”: you have learned the sentence Wǒ láile liǎngge yuè
+le, “I have been here two months now.” In the last sentence of exchange 5.
+notice that no le is needed. The focus has shifted from the coming to the
+shortness of the period; that is, the focus is on gāng.
+
+       還有很多不熟悉的地方。
+6.  C: Hái yǒu hěn duō bù shǒuxide     There is still much I’m not familiar
+       dìfang.                         with.
+
+       以後還要向您請教。
+    C: Yǐhòu hái yào xiàng nín         Later I’ll need to request more
+       qǐngjiào.                       advice from you.
+
+Notes on No. 6
+
+Shóuxi, “to be familiar [with the details of something],” is also
+pronounced shúxi.
+
+Dìfang means “areas,” “aspects” (NOT “places”) in the first sentence of
+No. 6. Thus shóuxide dìfang means “areas/aspects one is familiar with.”
+
+Xiàng nín qǐngjiào is a polite way of requesting advice from someone—for
+example, a teacher, an advisor, or a senior colleague. Here, the
+prepositional verb xiàng means “from.” (You learned xiàng as “towards”
+in the Directions Module.) Literally, it means “facing.” Less formally,
+you may also say gēn nín qǐngjiào. Qǐngjiào (literally, “request
+instruction”) may be reduplicated or used with an object in sentences like
+the following:
+
+  我要跟您請教一件事。
+  Wǒ yào gēn nín qǐngjiào              I would like to consult with you
+  yíjiàn shi.                          about something.
+
+  我要跟您請教請教。
+  Wǒ yào gēn nín qǐngjiào
+  qǐngjiào.
+
+Yíhòu hái yào...: In this sentence, hái means “still more,” or
+“additionally.”
+
+
+[200]
+
+       哪裏，哪裏。
+7.  B: Náli, náli.                     Not at all, not at all.
+
+       希望以後有機會多見面。
+    B: Xīwàng yǐhòu yǒu jīhui duō      I hope that in the future we will
+       jiànmiàn.                       have an opportunity to meet more.
+
+Note on No. 7
+
+The adjectival verb duō, “to be much,” “to be many,” is used in No. 7
+as an adverb meaning “much,” “more.” Shǎo may be used in the same way.
+
+  咖啡不能多喝。
+  Kāfēi bù néng duō hē.                One must not drink too much coffee.
+
+  你多吃點兒吧。
+  Nǐ duō chī diǎnr ba.                 Eat a little more.
+
+  他多住了兩天。
+  Tā duō zhùle liāngtiǎn.              He stayed two days longer.
+
+  我少買了一張票。
+  Wǒ shǎo mǎile yìzhāng piào.          I bought one ticket too few.
+                                       (more literally, “I underbought
+                                        by one ticket.”)
+
+  他説他要少吃。
+  Tā shuō tā yào shǎo chī.             He says he wants to eat less (cut
+                                       down on eating).
+
+
+
+8.  fāngfǎ                方法          method, way, means
+
+
+9.  fázi                  法子          method, way
+
+
+10. huàr                  畫           painting (Běijīng pronunciation)
+
+
+11. qǐng zuō              請坐          please have a seat
+
+
+12. shèhuìxué             社會學        sociology
+
+
+13. túshūguǎn             圖書館        library
+
+
+l4. zuò                   坐           to sit
+
+
+Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary
+
+Here are a few sentences illustrating some of the words:
+
+你的社會學學得怎麽好！你用什麽方法念得？
+Nǐde shèhuìxué xuéde zhènme            You learned your sociology so well!
+hǎo! Nǐ yòng shénme fāngfǎ             How do you study it?
+niànde?
+
+每天在圖書館四個鐘頭。
+Měitiān zài túshūguǎn sìge             I spend four hours in the library
+zhōngtóu.                              everyday.
+
+唉！我沒有法子在圖書館坐四個鐘頭
+Ài! Wǒ méiyou fázi zài                 Boy! There’s no way I can sit in
+túshūguǎn zuò sìge                     the library for four hours.
+zhōngtóu.
+
+
+[201]
+
+VOCABULARY BOOSTER
+
+  Opposites
+
+  安靜                             熱鬧
+  ānjìng                          rènao
+  to be peaceful                  to be lively
+                                  to be bustling
+                                  to be noisy
+
+  長                              短
+  cháng                           duǎn
+  to be long                      to be short
+
+  聰明                             笨
+  cōngming                        bèn
+  to be intelligent               to be stupid
+  to be bright                    to be foolish
+
+  大                              小
+  dà                              xiǎo
+  to be large                     to be small
+
+  到達                             離開
+  dàodá                           líkāi
+  to arrive                       to leave
+  to reach
+
+  對                              錯
+  duì                             cuò
+  to be correct                   to make a mistake
+                                  to be wrong
+
+  乾净                             髒
+  gānjìng (gānjing)               zāng
+  to be clean                     to be dirty
+
+  高                              矮
+  gāo                             ǎi
+  to be tall                      to be short (of stature)
+
+  高興                             難過
+  gāoxìng                         nánguò
+  to be happy                     to feel sorry
+                                  to feel bad
+                                  to be grieved
+
+  工作                             休息
+  gōngzuò                         xiūxi
+  to work                         to rest
+                                  to relax
+
+  好                              壞
+  hǎo                             huài
+  to be good                      to be bad
+  to be well
+
+  簡單                             複雜
+  jiǎndān                         fùzá (fǔzá)
+  to be simple                    to be complicated
+                                  to be complex
+
+[202]
+
+  健康                             有病
+  jiànkāng                        yǒu bìng
+  to be healthy                   to be ill
+                                  to be sick
+
+  寬                              窄
+  kuān                            zhǎi
+  to be wide                      to be narrow
+  to be broad
+
+  來                              去
+  lái                             qù
+  to come                         to go
+
+  累                              有精神
+  lèi                             yǒu jīngshen
+  to be tired                     to be lively
+                                  to be spirited
+                                  to be vigorous
+
+  冷                              熱
+  lěng                            rè
+  to be cold                      to be hot
+
+  涼快                             暖和
+  liángkuai                       nuǎnhuo
+  to be cool                      to be warm
+
+  滿                               空
+  mǎn                             kōng
+  to be full                      to be vacant
+                                  to be empty
+
+  慢                              快
+  màn                             kuài
+  to be slow                      to be fast
+
+  忙                              閑
+  máng                            xián
+  to be busy                      to be idle
+                                  to be unoccupied
+
+  年輕                             老
+  niánqīng                        lǎo
+  to be young                     to be old (in years
+
+  便宜                             貴
+  piányi                          guì
+  to be inexpensive               to be expensive
+  to be cheap
+
+  漂亮                             難看
+  piàoliang                       nánkàn
+  to be beautiful                 to be ugly
+
+  強                              弱
+  qiáng                           ruò
+  to be strong                    to be weak
+
+  容易                             難
+  róngyi                          nán
+  to be easy                      to be difficult
+
+  生                              死
+  shēng                           sǐ
+  to be born                      to die
+
+[203]
+
+  甜                              苦
+  tián                            kǔ
+  to be sweet                     to be bitter
+
+  停                              走
+  tíng                            zǒu
+  to stop                         to go
+  to halt                         to walk
+
+  推                              拉
+  tuī                             lā
+  to push                         to pull
+
+  遠                              近
+  yuǎn                            jìn
+  to be far                       to be near
+
+  早                              晚
+  zǎo                             wǎn
+  to be early                     to be late
+
+  真                              假
+  zhēn                            jiǎ
+  to be true                      to be false
+  to be real                      to be fake
+  to be genuine                   to be artificial
+
+
+[204]
+
+DRILLS
+
+A. Transformation Drill
+
+             我想請他畫一張畫兒。               我特別請他畫了一張畫兒。
+1.  Speaker: Wǒ xiang qǐng ta huà      You: Wǒ tèbié qǐng ta huàle yìzhāng
+             yìzhāng huàr.             huàr.
+             (I’m thinking of asking   (I asked him especially to
+              him to paint a            paint a painting.)
+              painting.)
+
+    我想請他吃一次中國飯。                  我特別請他吃了一次中國飯。
+2.  Wǒ xiǎng qǐng ta chī yícì          Wǒ tèbié qǐng ta chīle yícì Zhōngguo
+    Zhōngguo fàn.                      fàn.
+
+    我想請他買兩張臺北地圖。                我特別請他買了兩張臺北地圖。
+3.  Wǒ xiǎng qǐng ta mǎi liǎngzhāng    Wǒ tèbié qǐng ta mǎile liǎngzhāng
+    Táiběi dìtú.                       Táiběi dìtú.
+
+    我想請他教兩年。                       我特別請他教了兩年。
+4.  Wǒ xiǎng qǐng ta jiāo liǎngnián.   Wǒ tèbié qǐng ta jiāole liǎngnián.
+
+    我想請他畫一張中國畫兒。                我特別請他畫了一張中國畫兒。
+5.  Wǒ xiǎng qǐng ta huà yìzhāng       Wǒ tèbié qǐng ta huàle yìzhāng
+    Zhōngguo huàr.                     Zhōngguo huàr.
+
+    我想請他來一次。                       我特別請他來了一次。
+6.  Wǒ xiǎng qǐng ta lái yícì.         Wǒ tèbié qǐng ta láile yícì.
+
+    我想請他看一次電影。                   我特別請他看了一次電影。
+7.  Wǒ xiǎng qǐng ta kàn yícì          Wǒ tèbié qǐng ta kànle yícì diànyǐng.
+    diànyǐng.
+
+
+B.  Combination Drill
+
+             他是何教授。他在台大教經濟學。        這位是何教授，在台大教經濟學。
+1.  Speaker: Tā shi Hé Jiàoshòu.       You: Zhèiwèi shi Hé Jiàozhòu, zài
+             Tā zài Táidà jiāo              Táidà jiāo jīngjixué.
+             jīngjixué.                     (This is Professor Hé, who
+             (He is Professor Hé.            teaches economics at Táiwān
+              He teaches economics           University.)
+              at Táiwān University.)
+
+    她是王科長。她在外交部工作。             這位是王科長，在外交部工作
+2.  Tā shi Wáng Kēzhǎng. Tā zài        Zhèiwèi shi Wáng Kēzhǎng, zài
+    Wàijiāobù gōngzuò.                 Wàijiāobù gōngzuò.
+
+    他是沈少校。他在武官処工作。             這位是沈少校，在武官処工作。
+3.  Tā shi Shěn Shàoxiào. Tā zài       Zhèiwèi shi Shěn Shàoxiào, zài
+    Wǔguānchù gōngzuò.                 Wǔguānchù gōngzuò.
+
+    他是林教授。他在加州大學教書。            這位是林教授，在加州大學教書。
+4.  Tā shi Lín Jiàoshòu. Tā zài        Zhèiwèi shi Lín Jiàoshòu, zài
+    Jiāzhōu Dàxué jiāo shū.            Jiāzhōu Dàxué jiāo shū.
+
+
+[205]
+
+    他是呂科長。他在臺灣銀行工作。            這位是呂科長，在臺灣銀行工作。
+5.  Tā shi Lǚ Kēzhǎng. Tā zài          Zhèiwèi shi Lǚ Kēzhǎng, zài Táiwān
+    Táiwān Yínháng gōngzuò.            Yínháng gōngzuò.
+
+    她是劉小姐。她在台大念書。               這位是劉小姐，在台大念書。
+6.  Tā shi Liú Xiǎojiě. Tā zài         Zhèiwèi shi Liú Xiǎojiě, zài Táidà
+    Táidà niàn shū.                    niàn shū.
+
+    他是韩教授。他在台大教政治學。            這位是韩教授，在台大教政治學。
+7.  Tā shi Hán Jiàoshòu. Tā zài        Zhèiwèi shi Hán Jiàoshòu, zài
+    Táidà jiāo zhèngzhixué.            Táidà jiāo zhèngzhixué.
+
+
+C.  Transformation Drill
+
+             有很多地方我不熟悉。               我還有很多不熟悉的地方。
+1.  Speaker: Yǒu hěn duō dìfang wǒ     You: Wǒ hái yǒu hěn duō bù shóuxide
+             bù shóuxi.                     dìfang.
+             (There is much I’m not         (There is still much I’m not
+              familiar with.)                familiar with.)
+
+             在這兒，有很多人不喝茶。             在這兒，有很多不喝茶的人。
+         OR  Zài zhèr, yǒu hěn duō          Zài zhèr, yǒu hěn duō bù hē
+             rén bù hē chá.                 cháde rén.
+             (There are many people         (There are many non-tea drinking
+              here who don’t drink           people here.)
+              tea.)
+
+    有很多地方我聽不懂。                   我還有很多聼不懂的地方。
+2.  Yǒu hěn duō dìfang wǒ tīngbudǒng.  Wǒ hái yǒu hěn duō tīngbudǒngde dìfang.
+
+    在這兒，有很多人不看報。                在這兒，有很多不看報。
+3.  Zài zhèr, yǒu hěn duō rén bú kàn   Zài zhèr, yǒu hěn duō bú kàn bàode
+    bào.                               rén.
+
+    在這兒，有很多人不會説中國話。            在這兒，有很多不會説中國話的人。
+4.  Zài zhèr, yǒu hěn duō rén bú huì   Zài zhèr, yǒu hěn duō bú huì shuō
+    shuō Zhōngguo huà.                 Zhōngguo huàde rén.
+
+    有很多地方我不會做。                   我還有很多不會做的地方。
+5.  Yǒu hěn duō dìfang wǒ bú huì zuò.  Wǒ hái yǒu hěn duō bú huì zuòde
+                                       dìfang.
+
+    有很多地方我看不懂。                   我還有很多我看不懂的地方。
+6.  Yǒu hěn duō dìfang wǒ kànbudǒng.   Wǒ hái yǒu hěn duō kànbudǒngde
+                                       dìfang.
+
+[206]
+
+
+D.  Transformation Drill
+
+             我們以後見面的機會很多。            希望以後有機會多見面。
+1.  Speaker: Wǒmen yǐhòu jiànmiànde    You: Xīwàng yǐhòu yǒu jīhui duō
+             jīhui hěn duō.                 jiànmiàn.
+             (We will have many more        (I hope that in the future we
+              opportunities to meet          will have an opportunity to
+              in the future.)                meet more.)
+
+    我以後向您請教的機會很多。              希望以後有機會多向您請教。
+2.  Wǒ yǐhòu xiàng nín qǐngjiàode      Xīwàng yǐhòu yǒu jīhui duō xiàng
+    jīhui hěn duo.                     nín qǐngjiào.
+
+    我們以後説中國話的機會很多。             希望以後有機會多説中國話。
+3.  Wǒmen yǐhòu shuō Zhōngguo huàde    Xīwàng yǐhòu yǒu jīhui duō shuō
+    jīhui hěn duō.                     Zhōngguo huà.
+
+    我以後學中文的機會很多。                希望以後有機會多學中文。
+4.  Wǒ yǐhòu xué Zhōngwénde jīhui      Xīwàng yǐhòu yǒu jīhui duō xué
+    hěn duō.                           Zhōngwén.
+
+    我們以後來的機會很多。                  希望以後有機會多來。
+5.  Wǒmen yǐhòu láide jīhui hěn duō.   Xīwàng yǐhòu yǒu jīhui duō lái.
+
+    我們以後在一起的機會很多。              希望以後有機會多在一起。
+6.  Wǒmen yǐhòu zài yìqǐde jīhui       Xīwàng yǐhòu yǒu jīhui duō zài yìqǐ.
+    hěn duō.
+
+    我以後旅行的機會很多。                  希望以後有機會多旅行。
+7.  Wō yǐhòu lǚxíngde jīhui hěn duō.   Xīwàng yǐhòu yǒu jīhui duō lǚxíng.
+
+
+E. Expansion Drill
+
+             黃科長，歡迎歡迎。                 黃科長，歡迎歡迎。請進，請進來坐。
+1.  Speaker: Huáng Kēzhǎng, huānyíng,  You: Huáng Kēzhǎng, huānyíng,
+             huānyíng.                      huānyíng. Qǐng jìn, qǐng
+                                            jìnlai zuò.
+                   坐                       (Section Chief Huáng, welcome,
+             (cue) zuò                       welcome. Please come in
+             (Section Chief Huáng,           and sit down.)
+             welcome, welcome.)
+
+    王小姐，您好？                        王小姐，您好？請進，請進來坐坐。
+2.  Wáng Xiǎojiě, nín hǎo?             Wáng Xiǎojiě, nín hǎo? Qǐng jìn,
+                                       qǐng jìnlai zuòzuo.
+    坐坐
+    zuòzuo
+
+    李先生，您好？                        李先生，您好？請進，請進來喝一點茶。
+3.  Lǐ Xiānsheng, nín hǎo?             Lǐ Xiānsheng, nín hǎo? Qǐng jìn,
+                                       qǐng jìnlai hē yìdiǎn chā.
+    喝一點茶
+    hē yìdiǎn chá
+
+    吾科長，您好？                        吾科長，您好？請進，請進來坐。
+4.  Wú Kēzhǎng, nín hǎo?               Wú Kēzhǎng, nín hǎo? Qǐng jìn,
+                                       qǐng jìnlai zuò.
+    坐
+    zuò
+
+    趙太太，歡迎歡迎。                      趙太太，歡迎歡迎請進，請進來坐。
+5.  Zhào Tàitai, huānyíng, huānyíng.   Zhào Tàitai, huānyíng, huānyíng.
+                                       Qǐng jìn, qǐng jìnlai zuò.
+    坐
+    zuò
+
+[207]
+
+    張先生，張太太，您好？                  張先生，張太太，您好？請進，請進來坐一會兒。
+6.  Zhāng Xiānsheng, Zhāng Tàitai,     Zhāng Xiānsheng, Zhāng Tàitai, nín
+    nín hǎo?                           hǎo? Qǐng jìn, qǐng jìnlai zuò
+                                       yìhuǐr.
+    坐一會兒
+    zuò yìhuǐr
+
+    乾科長，好久不見。                     乾科長，好久不見。請進，請進來坐坐坐。
+7.  Qián Kēzhǎng, hǎo jiǔ bú jiàn.     Qián Kēzhǎng, hǎo jiǔ bú jiàn.
+                                       Qǐng jìn, qǐng jìnlai zuòzuo.
+    坐坐
+    zuòzuo
+
+
+
+[208]
+
+UNIT 5
+
+REFERENCE LIST
+
+(in Běijīng)
+
+       喂
+1.  B: Wài.                            Hello.
+
+       喂，是外交部嗎？
+    A: Wài, shi Wàijiāobù ma?          Hello. Is this the Ministry of
+                                       Foreign Affairs?
+       我要找林司長説話。
+    A: Wǒ yào zhǎo Lín Sīzhang         I want to speak with Department
+       shuō huà.                       Chief Lín.
+
+       您是哪兒？
+2.  B: Nín shi nǎr a?                  Who is this?
+
+       我姓勒克萊爾。我是法國大使館的
+       商務經濟官。
+    A: Wǒ xìng Lèkēláiěr. Wǒ shi       My name is Leclaire. I am the
+       Fǎguo Dàshiguǎnde               Commercial/Ecomonics Officer from
+       Shāngwù Jīngjiguān.             the French Embassy.
+
+       您等一等，我給您看看他在不在。
+    B: Nín děngyiděng, wǒ gěi          Wait a moment. I’ll see whether
+       nín kànkan tā zài bu zai.       he is here or not.
+
+       喂，他這會兒不在。您要留個話兒嗎？
+3.  B: Wài, tā zhèihuǐr bú zài.        Hello. He is not here at the
+       Nín yào liú ge huàr ma?         moment. Would you like to leave
+                                       a message?
+
+       勞駕，他回來的時候，您請他給我
+       打個電話。
+    A: Láojià, tā huílaide shíhou,     When he comes back, please ask
+       nín qǐng ta gěi wǒ dǎ ge        him to give me a phone call.
+       diànhuà.
+
+       好，請您把您的電話號兒告诵
+       我， 我寫下來。
+4.  B: Hǎo, qǐng nín bǎ nínde          All right. Please tell me your
+       diànhuà hàomǎr gàosong          phone number. I’ll write it
+       wǒ. Wǒ xiěxiàlái.               down.
+
+       我的電話是五二幺三三幺。
+    A: Wǒde diànhuà shi wǔ èr          My phone number is 521-331.
+       yāo-sān sān yāo.
+
+       對不起。你剛才給我打電話，我不在。
+5.  C: Duìbuqǐ, nǐ gāngcǎi géi         I’m sorry. When you called me just
+       wo dǎ diànhuà, wō bú zài.       now, I wasn’t in.
+
+       你有事嗎？
+    C: Nǐ yǒu shì ma?                  Can I help you with something?
+
+       是啊！我那天跟您約好了明天十點到
+       您辦公室去談談。
+    A: Shì a! Wǒ nèitiān gēn           Yes, you can. The other day I made
+       nín yuēhǎole míngtiān           an appointment with you to go to
+       shídiǎn dào nín bàngōngshì      your office at ten o’clock
+       qu tántan.                      tomorrow for a talk.
+
+       因爲明天早上我有要緊的事，所以想
+       問您我們能不能改到下午。
+6.  A: Yīnwei míngtiān zǎoshang wǒ     Because I have an urgent business
+       yǒu yíjiàn yàojǐnde shì,        matter tomorrow morning, I want
+       suóyi xiǎng wèn nín wǒmen       to ask you whether we can change
+       néng bu néng gǎi dào xiàwǔ.     it [the appointment] to the
+                                       afternoon.
+
+[209]
+
+       下午什麽時候？
+   *C: Xiàwǔ shénme shíhou?            What time in the afternoon?
+
+       您看下午三四點怎麽樣？對您
+       方便不方便？
+    A: Nín kàn xiàwǔ sān-sìdiǎn        What do you think of three or four
+       zěnmeyàng? Duì nín              in the afternoon? Is that
+       fāngbian bu fangbian?           convenient for you?
+
+       四點比三點好。我三點中得開會。
+    C: Sìdiǎn bǐ sāndiǎn hǎo.          Four would be better than three.
+       Wǒ sāndiān zhōng děi            I have to attend a meeting at
+       kāi huì.                        three o’clock.
+
+       好吧。那明天四點鐘見。
+    A: Hǎo ba. Nà míngtiān             All right. Well then, see you at
+       sìdiǎn zhōng jiàn.              four o’clock tomorrow.
+
+       好，我四點鐘等你。
+    C: Hǎo, wǒ sìdiǎn zhōng děng       All right. I’ll wait for you at
+       ni.                             four o’clock.
+
+
+ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
+(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
+
+7.  háishi                還是          still
+
+8.  wàiguo                外國          foreign, abroad
+
+9.  wàiguo rén            外國人        foreigner (non-Chinese)
+
+10. wūzi (yìjiān)         屋子 (一間)   room
+
+11. yāo                   幺           one (telephone pronunciation)
+
+
+* The remaining sentences in this exchange occur on the C-l tape.
+
+
+[210]
+
+VOCABULARY
+
+  bǎ                      把           (prepositional verb which indicates
+                                        the direct object)
+  bàngōngshì              辦公室        office
+  gǎi                     改           to change
+  gǎi dào                 改到          to change to
+  gāngcái                 剛才          just now, a short time ago
+  háishi                  還是          still
+  hàomǎ(r)                號碼(兒)      number
+  jīngjiguān              經濟官        economics officer
+  liú                     留           to leave, to keep, to save
+  liú(ge)huà(r)           留(個)話(兒)   to leave a message
+  nèitiān                 那天          the other day
+  shāngwù                 商務          commercial business
+  shāngwùguān             商務官        commercial officer
+  wàiguó                  外國          foreign, abroad
+  wàiguo rén              外國人        foreigner (non-Chinese)
+  Wàijiāobù               外交部        Ministry of Foreign Affairs
+  wūzi (yìjiān)           屋子 (一間)   room
+  xiěxiàlái               寫下來        to write down
+  yāo                     幺           one (telephone pronunciation)
+  yàojǐn                  要緊          to be important, to be urgent
+  yuēhǎole                約好了        to have (successfully) made
+                                          arrangements, to have made an
+                                          appointment
+  zhèihuìr                這會兒  this moment, at the moment (Běijing)
+
+(introduced on C-2 and drill tapes)
+
+  chūtǔ wénwù zhǎnlǎn     出土文物展覽   exhibition of archaeological finds
+  dǎ dao                               to make a phone call to
+  dàibiǎotuán             代表團        delegation
+  gǎnbuhuílái                          can’t make it back in time
+  jiàoyuán                教員          teacher
+
+[211]
+
+  jīnglǐ                  經理          manager
+  qīnzì                   親自          personally, privately
+  tuánzhǎng               團長          head of the delegation
+  zhǔrèn                  主任          director
+  zìjǐ                    自己          oneself (“myself,” “yourself,” etc.)
+
+
+(introduced in Communication Game)
+
+  chēfáng                 車房          garage
+  dì                      地           ground, earth
+
+
+Street scene in Shanghai
+
+
+[212]
+
+REFERENCE NOTES
+
+      喂。
+1. B: Wài.                             Hello.
+
+      喂，是外交部嗎？
+   A: Wèi, shi Wàijiāobù ma?           Hello. Is this the Ministry of
+                                       Foreign Affairs?
+      我要找林司長説話。
+   A: Wǒ yào zhǎo Lín Sīzhǎng          I want to speak with Department
+      shuō huà.                        Chief Liín.
+
+Notes on No. 1
+
+Wài jiāobù: Wàijiāo is the word for “diplomacy” (more literally,
+“foreign relations”). Bù designates an organizational unit; in speaking
+of the Chinese government, bù is translated as “ministry.”* The head of
+a bù is a bùzhǎng, “minister.”
+
+Wài-, “foreign,” is used in terms such as wàiguó, “overseas” (literally,
+“foreign country”) and wàiguo rén, “foreigner” (most frequently referring
+to a person from a non-Asian country). Literally, wài- means “outside,”
+as in wàimian.
+
+Yào zhǎo...shuō huà means, literally, “I would like to look for . . .
+to speak [with himl.”
+
+Telephone conversations: Telephone courtesy in the United States
+requires that a person identify himself before beginning a conversation.
+In China, however, it is normal for the caller to ask “Who is this?” and
+for the person who answers the phone to inquire “Who is calling?”
+
+*Bù is also used for a “department” of the U.S. government: Nèizhèngbù,
+“Department of the Interior”
+
+         您是哪兒？
+  2.  B: Nín shi nǎr a?                Who is this?
+
+         我姓勒克萊爾。我是法國大使館的
+         商務經濟官。
+      A: Wǒ xìng Lèkēláiěr. Wǒ shi     My name is Leclaire. I am the
+         Fǎguo Dàshiguǎnde Shāngwù     Commercial/Economics Officer
+         Jīngjiguān.                   from the French Embassy.
+
+         您等一等，我給您看看他在不在。
+      B: Nín děngyiděng, wǒ gěi nín    Wait a moment. I’ll see whether
+         kànkan tā zài bu zai.         he is here or not.
+
+Notes on No. 2
+
+Nín shi nǎr a? is one polite way to ask who is calling. Nǎr asks for
+the name of the office or organization which the caller represents. You
+may also say Nǐ nǎr a? To ask for the caller’s name, use Qǐngwèn nǐ shi...?
+or Qǐngwèn nǐ guìxìng?
+
+[213]
+
+Fǎguo: In the PRC, the word for “France” usually has a low tone instead
+of a falling tone (Fàguo).
+
+The syllable -guān means “government official,” “officer,” or
+“officeholder.”
+
+Tā zài bu zai: Zài means “to be present” here. With this meaning,
+zài does not have to be followed by a place word.
+
+       喂，他這會兒不在。您要留個話兒嗎？
+3.  B: Wèi, tā zhèihuǐr bú zài.        Hello. He is not here at the moment
+       Nín yào liú ge huàr ma?         Would you like to leave a message?
+
+       勞駕，他回來的時候，您請他給我
+       打個電話。
+    A: Láojià, tā huílaide shíhou,     When he comes back, please ask him
+       nín qǐng ta gěi wǒ dǎ ge        to give me a phone call.
+       diànhuà.
+
+Notes on No. 3
+
+Zhèihuǐr is a colloquial word for “now,” “at the moment.” The word is
+made up of zhè plus yìhuǐr. Its position preceding the verb shows that it
+refers to a point in time.
+
+Liú ge huàr: Liú means “to leave [something/someone!] behind.” Huàr,
+translated in exchange 3 as “message,” is the word for “speech.” Directly
+following a verb (in this case, liú), the yī of unstressed yige may be
+omitted.
+
+
+       好，請您把您的電話號兒告诵
+       我， 我寫下來。
+4.  B: Hǎo, qǐng nín bǎ nínde diànhuà  All right. Please tell me your
+       hàomar gàosong wǒ. Wǒ           phone number. I’ll write it down,
+       xiěxiàlái.
+
+       我的電話是五二幺三三幺。
+    A: Wǒde diànhuà shi wǔ èr yāo      My phone number is 521-331.
+       sān sān yāo.
+
+Notes on No. 4
+
+Hàomǎr is used for “number” in speaking of identification numbers such
+as a passport number. (Shùmu, “number,” expresses an amount.)
+
+[214]
+
+Yāo is used in Běijing for giving room numbers and telephone numbers
+whenever those numbers are given orally.
+
+Xiěxialai is a compound verb which is formed like náxialai. However,
+while náxialai literally means “to bring down and towards the speaker,”
+xiěxialai does NOT mean “to write in a downward direction towards the
+speaker.” The compound xiěxialai corresponds to the English idiom “to
+write down.”
+
+Qǐng nín bǎ nínde diànhuà hàomǎr gàosong wǒ illustrates some of the
+rules concerning the use of the prepositional verb bǎ. (Read the
+Transportation Module notes on bǎ.)
+
+Bǎ is a prepositional verb used to bring the direct object of a sentence
+to a position preceding the main verb. To do so has certain effects on
+the meaning of a sentence. There are reasons why bǎ must be used, why it
+may not be used, and why it is optional in different kinds of sentences.
+
+In the first sentence of exchange 4, the use of the bǎ construction is
+optional. yǒu may also say Qǐng ni gàosong wǒ nínde diànhuà hàomǎr. The
+sentence fulfills the requirements for the optional use of bǎ but has
+none of the features which make the use of bǎ a necessity. Let’s look
+more closely at these different requirements and features.
+
+
+a. What conditions are necessary for the use of bǎ?
+
+(1) The object of bǎ must be acted on. In other words, the action
+    must be performed on the object of bǎ. In the first sentence of exchange 4,
+    nínde diànhuà hàomǎr undergoes the action gàosong. More obvious examples
+    are
+
+  他把地圖拿出來了。
+  Tā bǎ dìtú náchulai le.              He took out the map.
+                                       (MAP UNDERGOES BEING TAKEN OUT)
+
+  他把他的車賣了。
+  Tā bǎ tāde chē mài le.               He sold his car.
+                                       (CAR UNDERGOES BEING SOLD)
+
+  他把那個中國字寫在黑板上了。
+  Tā bǎ nèige Zhōngguo zì              He wrote that Chinese character on
+  xiě zai hēibǎnshang le.              the chalkboard.
+                                       (CHINESE CHARACTER UNDERGOES BEING
+                                       WRITTEN ON THE BOARD)
+
+UNDERGOER OF THE ACTION means that the object is influenced by the action
+in some way. In “I saw Mr. Wáng yesterday,” Mr. Wáng is not considered
+to be the undergoer of the action.
+
+(2) The verb must be an action verb (such as gàosong in exchange 4).
+Bǎ is not used with state and process verbs. For example, you may not use
+bǎ with yǒu, zhīdao, xǐhuan, ài, xiǎng, huì, or dǒng.
+
+(3) The object of bǎ must refer to something specific (such as
+nínde diànhuà hàomǎr in exchange 4): which telephone number? your telephone
+number (The questioner knows which number he is referring to, even though
+he does not know what the number is.) Often the object of bǎ must be
+translated into English with the definite article “the”:
+
+  請你把花瓶給我。
+  Qǐng ni bǎ huāpíng gěi wo.           Please give me the vase. (NOT “a vase”)
+
+[215]
+
+  他把兩張票給我了。
+  Tā bǎ liǎngzhāng piào gěi            He gave me the two tickets. (NOT
+  wo le.                               “[any] two tickets”)
+
+(4) The verb phrase must be complex. Here are examples of the
+ways in which a verb phrase can be made complex so that bā may be used:
+
+(ASPECT MARKER)
+
+  他把他的車子賣了。
+  Tā bǎ tāde chēzi mài le.             He sold his car.
+
+(REDUPLICATED VERB)
+
+  請你把票換換。
+  Qǐng ni bǎ piào huànhuan.            Please exchange the tickets.
+
+(COMPOUND VERB)
+
+  他把我的地址寫下來了。
+  Tā bǎ wǒde dìzhǐ xiěxialai le        He wrote down my address.
+
+  你把行李拿上車去吧。
+  Nǐ bǎ xíngli náshang chē             Take the baggage onto the train.
+  qu ba.
+
+  我們把昨天已經把這件事説好了。
+  Wǒmen zuótiān yǐjīng bǎ              We agreed on this matter yesterday.
+  zhèijiàn shì shuōhǎo le.
+
+  我先把這個寫完再走。
+  Wǒ xiān bǎ zhèige xiěwān             I will finish writing this first
+  zài zǒu.                             and then leave.
+
+  你把我的名字寫錯了。
+  Nǐ bǎ wǒde míngzi xiěcuò             You wrote my name wrong.
+  le.
+
+(MANNER EXPRESSION AFTER THE VERB)
+
+  你把這個字寫得太大了。
+  Nǐ bǎ zhèige zì xiěde tài            You wrote this character too large.
+  dà le.
+
+  他把這件事事説得很清楚。
+  Tā bǎ zhèijiàn shì shuōde            He talked very clearly about this.
+  hěn qīngchu.
+
+(PREPOSITIONAL VERB PHRASE AFTER THE VERB)
+
+  把啤酒放在桌子上，
+  bǎ píjiǔ fàng zai zhuōzishang.       Put the beer on the table.
+
+  我把車停在那邊等您、
+  Wǒ bǎ chē tíng zai nèibian           I will park the car over there and
+  děng nín.                            wait for you.
+
+(INDIRECT OBJECT AFTER THE VERB)
+
+  李先生把字典給學生了。
+  Lǐ Xiānsheng bǎ zìdiǎn               Mr. Lǐ has given the dictionaries
+  gěi xuésheng le.                     to the students.
+
+(NUMBER PLUS COUNTER AFTER THE VERB)
+
+  請你再把他的電話號碼兒念一次。
+  Qǐng ni zài bǎ tāde diànhuà          Please read his telephone number
+  hàomār niàn yícì.                    aloud once more.
+
+  請你把這個看一下。
+  Qǐng ni bǎ zhèige kàn                Please take a look at this. (OR
+  yixia.                               “Please read this over.”)
+
+In the first sentence of exchange 4, the verb phrase is made complex by
+having an indirect object after the verb: bǎ nínde diànhuà hàomǎr gàosong
+wǒ。
+
+
+b.  When MUST bǎ be used?
+
+The examples above which require the use of bǎ are those with a
+prepositional verb phrase after the verb, those with a manner expression
+after the verb, and most of the sentences under the heading “Compound Verb.”
+In these examples, the object may not be placed between the verb and the
+element which follows.
+
+
+[216]
+
+c.  When can’t bǎ be used?
+
+Bǎ cannot normally be used in a sentence if the verb is not an
+action verb, if the verb describes perception (like kànjian and tīngjian),
+if the object is not the undergoer of the action, if the object is indefinite
+or if the verb is a simple verb. Here are some examples of sentences in
+which bǎ cannot be used:
+
+  我買了一個收音機。
+  Wǒ mǎile yíge shōuyīnjī.             I bought a radio.
+                                       (INDEFINITE OBJECT)
+
+  我看見他了。
+  Wǒ kànjian ta le.                    I saw him.
+                                       (PERCEPTION VERB [kànjian]; OBJECT
+                                        DOES NOT UNDERGO ACTION)
+
+  我想看這本書。
+  Wǒ xiǎng kàn zhèiběn shū.            I would like to read this book.
+                                       (SIMPLE VERB)
+
+  我有很多外國朋友。
+  Wǒ yǒu hěn duō wàiguo                I have a lot of foreign friends.
+  péngyou.                             (yǒu NOT ACTION VERB)
+
+  我知道這件事。
+  Wǒ zhīdao zhèijiàn shì.              I know of this matter.
+                                       (zhīdao NOT ACTION VERB)
+
+
+d. What is the motivation for using bǎ?
+
+Bǎ is used when the verb phrase gives more new important information
+than the object does. The Chinese prefer to place that important verb
+phrase in final position in a sentence, where the phrase will be prominent.
+Bǎ performs the function of taking the object out of the way (to the begin-
+ning of a sentence) and allowing the verb phrase to have its full impact.
+
+
+e. To make a bǎ sentence negative, place the negative adverb in front
+of bǎ (NOT in front of the main verb).
+
+  他沒把桌子搬出去。
+  Tā méi bǎ zhuōzi bānchuqu.           He did not move the table out.
+
+  你不把肉放在冰箱裏怎麽行。
+  Nǐ bù bǎ ròu* fàng zai               How can it do for you not to put
+  bīngxiāngli zěnme xíng?              the meat in the refrigerator?
+                                       (How can you not put the meat in
+                                        the refrigerator?)
+
+*ròu, “meat”
+
+
+       對不起。你剛才給我打電話，我不在。
+5.  C: Duìbuqǐ, nǐ gāngcái gěi wo      I’m sorry. When you called me just
+       dǎ diànhuà, wǒ bú zài.          now, I wasn’t in.
+
+       你有事嗎？
+    C: Nǐ yǒu shì ma?                  Can I help you with something?
+
+       是啊！我那天跟您約好了明天十點到
+       您辦公室去談談。
+    A: Shì a! Wǒ nèitiān gēn nín       Yes, you can. The other day I made
+       yuēhǎole míngtiān shídiǎn       an appointment with you to go to
+       dào nín bàngōngshì qu tántan.   your office at ten o’clock tomorrow
+                                       for a talk.
+
+[217]
+
+Notes on No. 5
+
+Gāngcái means “just now,” “a short time ago.” It may, like other time
+words, either precede or follow the subject of a sentence.
+
+  他剛才給我打電話了。
+  Tā gāngcái gěi wo dǎ diànhuà         He called me a short time ago.
+  le.
+
+  剛才他給我打電話了。
+  Gāngcái tā gěi wo dǎ diànhuà
+  le.
+
+The one-syllable adverb gāng, “just,” always follows the subject of a
+sentence.
+
+  他剛給我打電話。
+  Tā gāng gěi wo dǎ diànhuà.           He just called me.
+
+Nǐ gāngcái gěi wo dǎ diànhuà, wǒ bú zài, literally, “You called me just
+now, I wasn’t in”: To the first clause (Nǐ gāngcái gěi wǒ dǎ diànhuà), you
+could add -de shihou, “when.” Even without -de shihou, the relationship
+between the two clauses is still very close. Colloquially, no pause is
+needed between them. Here is a similar sentence:
+
+  剛才我去找你，你不在。
+  Gāngcái wǒ qù zhǎo ni, nǐ            I just went to look for you, but you
+  bú zài.                              weren’t there.
+
+Nèitiān literally means “that day.” It is the Chinese equivalent of
+“the other day.”
+
+Yuēhǎo is a compound verb of result: yuē, “to arrange a meeting,” “to
+make an appointment,” plus hǎo, “successfully complete.”
+
+Gēn means “with” in the last sentence of exchange 5.
+
+Bàngōngshì: Bàngōng (literally, “manage work”) is frequently used for
+“do work in an office.” A bàngōngshì is a room where office work is done,
+or an “office.”
+
+
+       因爲明天早上我有要緊的事，所以想
+       問您我們能不能改到下午。
+6.  A: Yīnwei míngtiān zǎoshang wǒ     Because I have an urgent business
+       yǒu yíjiàn yàojǐnde shì,        matter tomorrow morning, I want to
+       suóyi xiǎng wèn nín wǒmen       ask you whether we can change it
+       néng bu néng gǎi dào xiàwǔ.     [the appointment] to the afternoon.
+
+       下午什麽時候？
+    C: Xiàwǔ shénme shíhou?            What time in the afternoon?
+
+       您看下午三四點怎麽樣？對您
+       方便不方便？
+    A: Nín kàn xiàwǔ sān-sìdiǎn        What do you think of three or four
+       zěnmeyàng? Duì nín fāngbian     in the afternoon? Is that
+       bu fangbian?                    convenient for you?
+
+       四點比三點好。我三點中得開會。
+    C: Sìdiǎn bǐ sāndiǎn hǎo. Wǒ       Four would be better than three. I
+       sāndiǎn zhōng děi kāi huì.      have to attend a meeting at three
+                                       o’clock.
+       好吧。那明天四點鐘見。
+    A: Hǎo ba. Nà míngtiān sìdiǎn      All right. Well then, see you at
+       zhōng jiàn.                     four o’clock tomorrow.
+
+       好，我四點鐘等你。
+    C: Hǎo, wǒ sìdiǎn zhōng děng ni.   All right. I’ll wait for you at
+                                       four o’clock.
+
+[218]
+
+Notes on No. 6
+
+Yàojǐn means “to be urgent,” “to be important.”
+
+Yīnwei...suóyi: When the first part of an English sentence begins with
+the word “because,” it is usually considered redundant to begin the second
+part with “therefore.” Thus the Chinese word suóyi, “therefore,” in the
+first sentence of exchange 6, is not translated into English. In Chinese,
+however, suóyi is commonly used after a clause beginning with yīnwei,
+“because.”
+
+The verbs gǎi and huàn are both frequently translated as “to change.”
+Gǎi means “change” in the sense of “alter,” and huàn means “change” in the
+sense of “exchange.”
+
+Gǎi dào xiàwǔ, “change (it) to the afternoon”: In this phrase, the
+prepositional verb dào and its object xiàwǔ do not precede the verb; they
+follow the verb. A dào, “to,” phrase which precedes the main verb in a
+sentence can be a scene setter, that is, you go “to” a place and the action
+takes place there. Following the main verb in a sentence, a dào phrase can
+indicate where something ends up as a result of the action. In the first
+sentence of exchange 6, the appointment will END UP in the afternoon. Here
+are some examples of dào phrases:
+
+  他到菜市場買菜去了。
+  Tā dào càishichǎng mǎi cài           He went to the market to buy
+  qu le.                               groceries. (SCENE SETTER)
+
+  我剛才到五樓找陳太太去了。
+  Wǒ gāngcái dào wǔlōu zhǎo            Just now I went to the fifth floor
+  Chén Tàitai qu le.                   to look for Mrs. Chen. (SCENE
+                                       SETTER)
+  他跑到山上去了。
+  Tā pǎo dào shānshang qu le.          He ran to the top of the mountain.
+                                       (“He” ENDS UP ON THE MOUNTAINTOP.)
+
+
+
+7.  háishi                還是          still
+
+8.  wàiguo                外國          foreign, abroad
+
+9.  wàiguo rén            外國人        foreigner (non-Chinese)
+
+10. wūzi (yìjiān)         屋子 (一間)    room
+
+11. yào                   幺            one (telephone pronunciation)
+
+
+Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary
+
+Háishi means “still” in the sense of “as before.” It is used in some
+of the same ways that hái is used.
+
+  雖然他有時候説話不客氣，可是我還是喜歡他。
+  Suīrán tā yǒu shíhou shuō            Although he is sometimes impolite in
+  huà bú kèqi, kěshi wǒ                his speech, I still like him.
+  háishi xǐhuan ta.
+
+[219]
+
+  我還是不懂「le」怎麽用。
+  Wǒ háishi bù dǒng “le” zěnme         I still don’t understand how le is
+  yòng.                                used.
+
+Wàiguo rén, “foreigner”: The use of this term is still generally based
+on race rather than on citizenship. Even Chinese who are American citizens
+living in the United States often refer to non-Chinese Americans as wàiguo
+rén.
+
+Wūzi, “room”: The counter for wūzi is -jiān, which literally means
+”interstice,” “interval,” “space,” “room.”
+
+[220]
+
+DRILLS
+
+A. Expansion Drill
+
+             喂，是外交部嗎？                  喂，是外交部嗎？我要找林司長説話。
+1.  Speaker: Wài, shi Wàijiāobù ma?    You: Wài, shi Wàijiāobù ma? Wǒ yào
+                                            zhǎo Lín Sīzhǎng shuō huà.
+                   林司長                    (Hello, is this the Ministry
+             (cue) Lín Sīzhǎng               of Foreign Affairs? I want
+             (Hello, is this the             to speak with Department
+              Ministry of Foreign            Chief Lín.)
+              Affairs?)
+
+    喂，是美國武官処嗎？                   喂，是美國武官処嗎？我要找魏少校説話。
+2.  Wài, shi Měiguo Wǔguānchù ma?      Wài, shi Měiguo Wǔguānchù ma? Wǒ
+                                       yào zhǎo Wèi Shàoxiào shuō huà.
+    魏少校
+    Wèi Shàoxiào
+
+
+    喂，是中國銀行嗎？                     喂，是中國銀行嗎？我要找説話。
+3.  Wèi, shi Zhōngguo Yínháng ma?      Wài, shi Zhōngguo Yínháng ma? Wǒ
+                                       yào zhǎo Lín Kēzhǎng shuō huà.
+    林科長
+    Lín Kēzhǎng
+
+
+    喂，是北京飯店嗎？                     喂，是北京飯店嗎？我要找鮑爾先生説話。
+4.  Wài, shi Běijīng Fàndiàn ma?       Wài, shi Běijīng Fàndiàn ma? Wǒ
+                                       yào zhǎo Bāoěr Xiānsheng shuō huà.
+    鮑爾先生
+    Bāoěr Xiānsheng
+
+
+    喂，是加拿大大使館嗎？                  喂，是加拿大大使館嗎？我要找李先生説話。
+5.  Wài, shi Jiānádà Dàshiguǎn ma?     Wài, shi Jiānádà Dàshiguǎn ma? Wǒ
+                                       yào zhǎo Lǐ Xiānsheng shuō huà.
+    李先生
+    Lǐ Xiānsheng
+
+
+    喂，是美大司嗎？                       喂，是美大司嗎？我要找孟通知説話。
+6.  Wài, shi Měidàsī ma?               Wài, shi Měidàsī ma? Wǒ yào zhǎo
+                                       Mèng Tóngzhì shuō huà.
+    孟通知
+    Mèng Tóngzhì
+
+
+    喂，是中國銀行嗎？                     喂，是中國銀行嗎？我要找张楠同志説話。
+7.  Wài, shi Zhōngguo Yínháng ma?      Wài, shi Zhōngguo Yínháng ma? Wǒ
+                                       yào zhǎo Zhāngnán Tóngzhì shuō
+                                       huà.
+    张楠同志
+    Zhāngnán Tóngzhì
+
+
+B.  Expansion Drill
+
+             我給你看看他在不在。               請你等一等，我給你看看他在不在。
+1.  Speaker: Wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā       You: Qing ni děngyiděng, wǒ gěi ni
+             zài bu zai.                    kànkan tā zài bu zai.
+             (I’ll see whether he           (Please wait a moment. I’ll
+              is here or not.)               see whether he is here or not)
+
+    我給你看看他忙不忙。                   請你等一等，我給你看看他忙不忙。
+2.  Wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā máng bu        Qǐng ni děngyiděng, wǒ gěi ni kànkan
+    mang.                              tā máng bu mang.
+
+    我給你看看他有功夫沒有。                請你等一等，我給你看看他有功夫沒有。
+3.  Wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā yǒu gōngfu     Qǐng ni děngyiděng, wǒ gěi ni kànkan
+    meiyou.                            tā yǒu gōngfu meiyou.
+
+    我給你看看他來了沒有。                  請你等一等，我給你看看他來了沒有。
+4.  Wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā láile          Qǐng ni děngyiděng, wǒ gěi ni kànkan
+    meiyou.                            tā láile meiyou.
+
+[221]
+
+    我給你看看他走了沒有。                  請你等一等，我給你看看他走了沒有。
+5.  Wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā zǒule          Qǐng ni děngyiděng, wǒ gěi ni kànkan
+    meiyou.                            tā zǒule meiyou.
+
+    我給你看看他回來了沒有。                請你等一等，我給你看看他回來了沒有。
+6.  Wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā huílaile       Qǐng ni děngyiděng, wǒ gěi ni kànkan
+    meiyou.                            tā huílaile meiyou.
+
+    我給你看看他回去了沒有。                請你等一等，我給你看看他回去了沒有。
+7.  Wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā huíqule        Qǐng ni děnyiděng, wǒ gěi ni kànkan
+    meiyou.                            tā huíqule meiyou.
+
+
+C. Substitution Drill
+
+             勞駕，把您的電話號碼兒告诵我。        勞駕，把王先生的電話號碼兒告诵我。
+1.  Speaker: Láojià, bǎ nínde diànhuà  You: Láojià, bǎ Wáng Xiānshengde
+              hàomǎr gàosong                diànhuà hàomǎr gàosong wo.
+              wǒ.                           (Please tell me Mr. Wáng’s
+                                             telephone number.)
+                    王先生的電話號碼兒
+              (cue) Wáng Xiānshengde
+              de diànhuà hàomǎr
+              (Please tell me his
+              telephone number.)
+
+    勞駕，把王先生的電話號碼兒告诵我。        勞駕，把他的電話號碼兒
+2.  Láojià, bǎ Wáng Xiānshengde        Láojià, bǎ tāde diànhuà hàomǎr
+    diànhuà hàomǎr gàosong wǒ.         gàosong wǒ.
+
+    他的電話號碼兒
+    tāde diànhuà hàomǎr
+
+    勞駕，把他的告诵我。                    勞駕，把他的地址告诵我。
+3.  Láojià, bǎ tāde diànhuà hàomǎr     Láojià, bǎ tāde dìzhí gàosong wǒ.
+    gàosong wǒ.
+
+    他的地址
+    tāde dìzhí
+
+    勞駕，把他的告诵我。                    勞駕，把他的辦公室的號碼兒告诵我。
+4.  Láojià, bǎ tāde dìzhí gàosong      Láojià, bǎ tāde bàngōngshìde hàomǎr
+    wǒ.                                gàosong wǒ.
+
+    他的辦公室的號碼兒
+    tāde bàngōngshìde hàomǎr
+
+    勞駕，把他的辦公室的號碼兒告诵我。        勞駕，把他的地址告诵我。
+5.  Láojià, bǎ tāde bàngōngshìde       Láojià, bǎ tāde dìzhí gàosong wǒ.
+    hàomǎr gàosong wǒ.
+
+    他的地址
+    tāde dìzhí
+
+    勞駕，把他的                          勞駕，把您的電話號碼兒告诵我。
+6.  Láojià, bǎ tāde dìzhí gàosong      Láojià, bǎ nínde diànhuà hàomǎr
+    wǒ.                                gàosong wǒ.
+
+    您的電話號碼兒
+    nínde diànhuà hàomǎr
+
+    勞駕，把您的電話號碼兒告诵我。
+7.  Láojià, bǎ nínde diànhuà hàomǎr
+    gàosong wǒ.
+
+
+[222]
+
+D.  Response Drill
+
+             你寫下來了嗎？                    我還沒寫下來。
+1.  Speaker: Nǐ xiěxiàlái le ma?       You: Wǒ hái méi xiěxiàlái.
+                                            (I haven’t written it down
+             (cue) not yet                   yet.)
+             (Have yǒu written it
+              down?)
+
+    你寫好了嗎？                         我快寫好了。
+2.  Nǐ xiěhǎo le ma?      soon will    Wǒ kuài xiěhǎo le.
+
+    你寫下來了嗎？                        我已經寫下來了。
+3.  Nǐ xiěxiàlái le ma?   already      Wǒ yǐjīng xiěxiàlái le
+
+    你寫下來了嗎？                        我還沒寫下來了。
+4.  Nǐ xiěxiàlái le ma?   not yet      Wǒ hái méi xiěxiàlái.
+
+    你寫下來了嗎？                        我沒寫下來。
+5.  Nǐ xiěxiàlái le ma?   did not      Wǒ méi xiěxiàlái.
+
+    你寫好了嗎？                         我已經寫好了。
+6.  Nǐ xiěhǎo le ma?      already      Wǒ yǐjīng xiěhǎo le.
+
+    你寫下來了嗎？                        我寫下來了。
+7.  Nǐ xiěxiàlái le ma?   Yes, I did   Wǒ xiěxiàlái le.
+
+
+E.  Response Drill
+
+             你跟他約好了                     跟他約好了，在他辦公室見。
+1.  Speaker: Nǐ gēn tā yuēhǎo le ma?   You: Gēn tā yuēhǎo le, zài tā
+                                            bàngōngshì jiàn.
+                                            (I made arrangements with him
+             (cue) tā bàngōngshì             to meet at his office.)
+             (Did yǒu make
+              arrangements with him?)
+
+    你跟王先生約好了嗎？                   跟王先生約好了在火車站見。
+2.  Nǐ gēn Wáng Xiānsheng yuēhǎo le    Gēn Wáng Xiānsheng yuēhǎo le, zài
+    ma?                                huǒchēzhàn jiàn.
+
+    火車站
+    huǒchēzhàn
+
+    你跟李女士約好了嗎？                   跟李女士約好了在我的辦公室見。
+3.  Nǐ gēn Lǐ Nǚshì yuēhǎo le ma?      Gēn Lǐ Nǘshì yuēhǎo le, zài wǒde
+                                       bàngōngshì jiàn.
+    我的辦公室
+    wǒde bàngōngshì
+
+    你跟劉主任約好了嗎？                   跟劉主任約好了在外交部見。
+4.  Nǐ gēn Liú Zhǔrēn yuēhǎo le ma?    Gēn Liú Zhǔrèn yuēhǎo le, zài
+                                       Wàijiāobù jiàn.
+    外交部
+    Wàijiāobù
+
+    你跟鮑教授約好了嗎？                   跟鮑教授約好了在學校見。
+5.  Nǐ gēn Bāo Jiàoshòu yuēhǎo le ma?  Gēn Bāo Jiàoshòu yuēhǎo le, zài
+                                       xuéxiào jiàn.
+    學校
+    xuéxiào
+
+    你跟白科長約好了嗎？                   跟白科長約好了在他的辦公室見。
+6.  Nǐ gēn Bái Kēzhǎng yuēhǎo le ma?   Gēn Bái Kēzhǎng yuēhǎo le, zài
+                                       tāde bàngōngshì jiàn.
+    他的辦公室
+    tāde bàngōngshì
+
+    你跟楊先生約好了嗎？                   跟楊先生約好了在會客室見。
+7.  Nǐ gēn Yáng Xiānsheng yuēhǎo le    Gēn Yáng Xiānsheng yuēhǎo le, zài
+    ma?                                huìkèshì jiàn.
+
+    會客室
+    huìkèshì
+
+
+[223]
+
+F.  Substitution Drill
+
+You will need the word zhǔrèn, “director,” in this exercise.
+
+             因爲上午我們有要緊的事，
+             所以改到下午了。                  因爲上午林主任不能來，所以改到下午了。
+1.  Speaker: Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒmen      You: Yīnwei shàngwǔ Lín Zhǔrèn bù
+             yǒu yàojǐnde shì,              néng lái, suóyi gāidào
+             suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ             xiàwǔ le.
+             le.                            (Because Director Lín cannot
+                                             come in the morning, we will
+                   林主任不能來                have to change to the
+             (cue) Lín Zhǔrèn bù             afternoon.)
+                   néng lái
+             (Because we have some
+              important business
+              in the morning, we
+              will have to change
+              to the afternoon.)
+
+    因爲上午林主任不能來，所以改到下午了。     因爲上午他在外交部開會，所以改到下午了。
+2.  Yīnwei shàngwǔ Lín Zhǔrèn bù       Yīnwei shàngwǔ tā zài Wàijiāobù
+    néng lái, suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ       kāi huì, suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ le.
+    le.
+
+    他在外交部開會
+    tā zài Wàijiāobù kāi huì
+
+    因爲上午他在外交部開會，所以改到下午了。   因爲上午我得教書，所以改到下午了。
+3.  Yīnwei shàngwǔ tā zài Wàijiāobù    Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒ děi jiāo shū,
+    kāi huì, suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ        suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ le.
+    le.
+
+    我得教書
+    wǒ děi jiāo shū
+
+    因爲上午我得教書，所以改到下午了。        因爲上午我得到大使館去，所以改到下午了。
+4.  Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒ děi jiāo shū,    Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒ děi dào Dàshiguān
+    suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ le.             qù, suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ le.
+
+    我得到大使館去
+    wǒ děi dào Dàshiguān qù
+
+    因爲上午我得到大使館去，所以改到下午了。   因爲上午我得跟伍先生當面談談，所以改到下午了。
+5.  Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒ děi dào          Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒ děi gēn Wǔ
+    Dàshiguān qù, suóyi gǎidào         Xiānsheng dāngmiàn tántan, suóyi
+    xiàwǔ le.                          gǎidào xiàwǔ le.
+
+    我得跟伍先生當面談談
+    wǒ děi gēn Wǔ Xiānsheng dāngmiàn
+    tántan
+
+    因爲上午我得跟伍先生當面談談，
+    所以改到下午了。                       因爲上午我沒工夫，所以改到下午了。
+6.  Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒ děi gēn Wǔ       Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒ méi gōngfu, suóyi
+    Xiānsheng dāngmiàn tántan,         gǎidào xiàwǔ le.
+    suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ le.
+
+    我沒工夫
+    wǒ méi gōngfu
+
+    因爲上午我沒工夫，所以改到下午了。
+7.  Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒ méi gōngfu,
+    suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ le.
+
+
+[224]
+
+G.  Substitution Drill
+
+             下午三四點怎麽樣？                他怎麽樣？
+1.  Speaker: Xiàwǔ sān-sìdiǎn          You: Tā zěnmeyàng?
+             zěnmeyàng?                     (How is he? [How about him?])
+
+                   他
+             (cue) tā
+             (How is [How about]
+              three or four in the
+              afternoon?)
+
+    他怎麽樣？                           臺灣怎麽樣？
+2.  Tā zěnmeyàng?                      Táiwān zěnmeyàng?
+
+    臺灣
+    Táiwān
+
+    臺灣怎麽樣？                         臺灣經濟怎麽樣？
+3.  Táiwān zěnmeyàng?                  Táiwānde jīngji zěnmeyàng?
+
+    臺灣經濟
+    Táiwānde jīngji
+
+    臺灣經濟怎麽樣？                      那個飯店怎麽樣？
+4.  Táiwānde jīngji zěnmeyàng?         Nèige fàndiàn zěnmeyàng?
+
+    那個飯店
+    nèige fàndiàn
+
+    那個飯店怎麽樣？                      這個學校怎麽樣？
+5.  Nèige fàndiàn zěnmeyàng?           Zhèige xuéxiào zěnmeyàng?
+
+    這個學校
+    zhèige xuéxiào
+
+    這個學校怎麽樣？                      他們賣的電視怎麽樣？
+6.  Zhèige xuéxiào zěnmeyàng?          Tāmen màide diànshì zěnmeyàng?
+
+    他們賣的電視
+    tāmen màide diànshì
+
+    他們賣的電視怎麽樣？
+7.  Tāmen màide diànshì zěnmeyàng?
+
+
+H.  Transformation Drill
+
+             他們明天開會。                    他們明天什麽時候開會。
+1.  Speaker: Tāmen míngtiān kāi huì.   You: Tāmen míngtiān shénme shíhou
+             (cue) when                     kāi huì?
+             (They are meeting              (When are they meeting
+              tomorrow.)                     tomorrow?)
+
+    他們明天開會。                        他們明天在哪兒開會？
+2.  Tāmen míngtiān kāi huì.            Tāmen míngtiān zài nǎr kāi huì?
+
+
+    where
+
+    他們昨天開會了。                       他們昨天是什麽時候開的會？
+3.  Tāmen zuótiān kāi huì le.          Tāmen zuótiān shi shénme shíhou
+                                       kāide huì?
+
+    when
+
+    他們昨天開會了。                       他們昨天是在哪兒開的會。
+4.  Tāmen zuótiān kāi huì le.          Tāmen zuótiān shi zài nǎr kāide huì?
+
+
+    where
+
+    他們明天開會。                        他們明天開會開幾個鐘頭？
+5.  Tāmen míngtiān kāi huì.            Tāmen míntiān kāi huì kāi jǐge
+                                       zhōngtóu?
+
+    how many hours
+
+    他們昨天開會了。                       他們昨天開會開了多久？
+6.  Tāmen zuótiān kāi huì le.          Tāmen zuótiān kāi huì kāile duó jiǔ?
+
+
+    how long
+
+    他已經開會了嗎？                      他已經開會了。
+7.  Tāmen yǐjīng kāi huì le ma?        Tāmen yǐjīng kāi huì le.
+
+
+    yes
+
+
+[225]
+
+UNIT 6
+
+REFERENCE LIST
+
+(in Taipei)
+
+       今天我們一起去吃中飯，號碼？
+1.  B: Jīntiān wǒmen yìqǐ qù chī       Let’s go have lunch together today.
+       zhōngfàn, hǎo ma?               Okay?
+
+       好啊。到東門餐廳去吃吧。
+    A: Hǎo a, dào Dōngmén Cānting      All right. Why don’t we go to the
+       qù chī ba.                      East Gate Restaurant?
+
+       東門的菜沒有大華的菜那麽好吧。
+2.  B: Dōngménde cài kǒngpà            I’m afraid that the food at the
+       méiyou Dàhuáde cài nàme         East Gate isn’t as good as the
+       hǎo ba.                         food at the Great China.
+
+       雖然不太好，可是離我們這裏近。
+    A: Suírán bú tài hǎo, kěshi        Even though it [East Gate] is not
+       lí wǒmen zhèli jìn.             too good, it is close to us.
+
+       哦，還有一個新開的飯館子離我們這裏更近。
+3.  B: Òu, hái yǒu yíge xīn kāide      Oh, there is also a newly opened
+       fànguǎnzi lí wǒmen zhèli        restaurant that is even closer to
+       gèng jin.                       us.
+
+       他們那裏的菜非常好。
+    B: Tāmen nàlide cài fēicháng       The food there is extremely
+       hǎo.                            good.
+
+       今天我請你到那裏去吃。
+    B: Jīntiān wǒ qǐng ni dào nàli     Today I am going to invite you to
+       qù chī.                         go there to eat.
+
+       那不好意思！
+4.  A: Nà bù hǎo yìsi!                 I can’t let you do that!
+                                       (That would be too embarrassing!)
+       別客氣，沒什麽。那個地方的菜又好又便宜。
+    B: Bié kèqi, méi shenme.           Don’t be polite. It’s nothing.
+       Nèige dìfangde cài yòu          The food there is both good and
+       hǎo yòu piányi.                 cheap.
+
+       你説的地方一定好。
+5.  A: Nǐ shuōde dìfang yídìng         Any place you suggest is sure to
+       hǎo.                            be good.
+
+       他們那裏有好些菜別的地方吃不着。
+    B: Tāmen nàli yǒu hǎoxiē cài       They have a good many dishes there
+       biéde dìfang chībuzháo.         that you can’t find (at) other
+                                       places.
+
+
+ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
+(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
+
+
+6.  bù yídìng             不一定        not necessarily; it’s not definite
+7.  kànfa                 看法          opinion, view
+
+[226]
+
+8.  wǎnfàn                晚飯          supper, dinner
+9.  xiǎngfa               想法          idea, opinion
+10. yìxiē                 一些          some, several, a few
+11. zǎofàn                早飯          breakfast
+12. zuòfa                 做法          way of doing things, method, practice
+
+
+Modern apartments in Shanghai
+
+
+[227]
+
+VOCABULARY
+
+biéde                     別的            other, different
+bù hǎo yìsi               不好意思         to be embarrassing; to feel embarrassed
+bù yídìng                 不一定           not necessarily; it’s not definite
+cài                       菜              food, cooked dish
+cāntīng                   餐廳            dining room; restaurant
+chībuzháo                 吃不找          can’t find (to eat)
+Dàahuá Cāntīng            大華餐廳         Great China Restaurant
+Dōngmén Cāntīng           東門餐廳         East Gate Restaurant
+fēicháng                  非常            very, extremely, highly
+gèng                      更             even more
+hǎoxiē                    好些            a good many, a lot
+kànfa                     看法            opinion, view
+méiyou...nàme/zhème       沒有...那麽/怎麽 is not as...as...
+suírǎn (suīrán)...kěshi... 雖然...可是...  although, even though...(still)...
+wǎnfàn                    晚飯            supper, dinner
+xiǎngfa                   想法            idea, opinion
+yídìng                    一定            certainly
+yìxiē                     一些            some, several, a few
+yòu...yòu...              又...又...      both...and...
+zǎofǎn                    早飯            breakfast
+zhōngfàn                  中飯            lunch
+zuòfa                     做法            way of doing things, method, practice
+
+(introduced on C-2 tape)
+
+ānpaíhǎo le               安排好了       successfully arranged
+-bù                       部            (counter for cars and buses)
+chūfā                     出發          to start a journey
+jiāoqū                    郊區          suburbs
+
+[228]
+
+lǎoshi                    老是          always, all the time
+lián...(yě)               連...也       even...(also)
+Shísānlíng                十三陵        Ming Tombs (literally, “Thirteen Tombs”)
+yěcān                     野餐          picnic
+yǒu míng                  又名          to be famous
+Yúyuán                    渝園          Szechuan Garden
+zhāodài                   招待          to be hospitable to
+
+
+[229]
+
+REFERENCE NOTES
+
+       今天我們一起去吃中飯，號碼？
+1.  B: Jīntiān wǒmen yìqǐ qù chī       Let’s go have lunch together today.
+       zhōngfàn, hǎo ma?               Okay?
+
+       好啊。到東門餐廳去吃吧。
+    A: Hǎo a, dào Dōngmén Cānting      All right. Why don’t we go to the
+       qù chī ba.                      East Gate Restaurant?
+
+Note on No. 1
+
+Zhōngfàn means, literally, “middle meal.” “Breakfast” is zǎofàn, “early
+meal.” “Supper” is wǎnfàn, “late meal.”
+
+
+       東門的菜沒有大華的菜那麽好吧。
+2.  B: Dōngménde cài kǒngpà            I’m afraid that the food at the
+       méiyou Dàhuáde cài nàme         East Gate isn’t as good as the
+       hǎo ba.                         food at the Great China.
+
+       雖然不太好，可是離我們這裏近。
+    A: Suírán bú tài hǎo, kěshi        Even though it [East Gate] is not
+       lí wǒmen zhèli jìn.             too good, it is close to us.
+
+Notes on No. 2
+
+Cài, “(nonstaple) food,” “dish,” “course (of a meal)”: Literally, cài
+means “vegetables.” It refers to any dish that is eaten with rice. Both
+meat and vegetable dishes are included in the meaning.
+
+The pattern ...(méi)you...nàme... is used to make comparisons when
+one thing is LESS than another.
+
+                                 STATE VERB (OFTEN
+  1 + měiyou + 2 + nàme/zhème + ADJECTIVAL VERB)
+  --------------------------------------------------
+
+  他  沒有      你    那麽         忙。
+  Tā  méiyou   nǐ    nàme        máng.
+
+  我  沒有      他    那麽         聰明。
+  Wǒ  méiyou   tā    nàme        cōngming.
+
+  他  沒有      我    那麽         有錢。
+  Tā  méiyou   wǒ    nàme        yǒu qián.
+
+Used less frequently without the negative méi-, the pattern means “to be as
+[quality] AS [something else].”
+
+  你的書沒有我的書那麽多。
+  Nǐde shū méiyǒu wǒde shū             Your books are not as many as mine,
+  nàme duō.                            (You don’t have as many books as
+                                        I do.)
+  有
+  Yǒu.                                 Yes, they are. (Yes, I do have as
+                                       many books as you do.)
+  那個學校的圖書館有這個學校的怎麽好嗎？
+  Nèige xuéxiàode túshūguǎn yǒu        Is that school’s library as good as
+  zhèige xuéxiàode zhème hǎo           this one’s?
+  ma?
+
+[230]
+
+Suírán.. .kěshi... : Suírán (or suīrán), “although,” must always be
+followed by kěshi or dànshi, meaning “but,” in the second part of a sentence.
+Kěshi/dànshi would not usually be translated into English, but sometimes the
+word “still” is included in the translation: “Although it’s not too good,
+still it’s close to us.” Suírán may either precede the subject or be placed
+between the subject and the verb of a sentence.
+
+  雖然她喜歡旅行，可是她沒去過中國。
+  Suīrán tā xǐhuan lǚxíng, kěshi       Although she likes to travel, she
+  tā méi qùguo Zhōngguó.               has never been to China.
+
+  他雖然講了好幾次，可是我還是不懂，
+  Tā suīrán jiǎngle hǎojīcì,           Although he explained it many times
+  kěshi wǒ háishi bù dǒng.             I still didn’t understand.
+
+  我雖然沒看見過，可是聽人説過。
+  Wǒ suīrán méi kànjianguo,            Although I have never seen it, I
+  kěshi tīng rén shuōguo.              have heard of it.
+
+
+
+       哦，還有一個新開的飯館子離我們這裏更近。
+3.  B: Òu, hái yǒu yíge xīn kāide      Oh, there is also a newly opened
+       fànguǎnzi lí wǒmen zhèli        restaurant that is even closer to
+       gèng jin.                       us.
+
+       他們那裏的菜非常好。
+    B: Tāmen nàlide cài fēicháng       The food there is extremely
+       hǎo.                            good.
+
+       今天我請你到那裏去吃。
+    B: Jīntiān wǒ qǐng ni dào nàli     Today I am going to invite you to
+       qù chī.                         go there to eat.
+
+Notes on Wo. 3
+
+Xīn kāide: The adjectival verb xīn, “new,” means “newly,” “recently”
+when used as an adverb.
+
+Gèng, “more,” “even more,” “still more”
+
+  在領事館工作的人比大使館更多。
+  Zài lǐngshiguǎn gōngzuòde rén        More people work at the consulates
+  bǐ dàshiguǎn gèng duō.               than at the embassy.
+
+  綠蘋果很貴，紅蘋果更貴。
+  Lǜ píngguǒ hěn guì, hóng             Green apples are expensive; red
+  píngguǒ gèng guì.                    apples are even more expensive.
+
+  張霆鋒説的中國話，中國人很難聽得懂，
+  外國人一定更難。
+  Zhāng Tíngfēng shuōde Zhōngguo       Zhāng Tíng Fēng’s Chinese is hard
+  huà, Zhōngguo rén hěn nán            for Chinese people to understand;
+  tīngdedǒng, wàiguo rén               for a foreigner, it would
+  yídìng gèng nán.                     certainly be even harder.
+
+
+An overview of comparison: you have now learned several ways to compare
+things. The patterns presented here are the most common ones. Each pattern
+has a standard purpose:
+
+(MORE)
+   比
+...bǐ...          (STATE VERB)
+
+[231]
+
+(LESS)
+   沒有      那麽
+...méiyou...nàme  (STATE VERB)
+
+(EQUAL)
+    跟     一樣
+...gēn...yíyang   (STATE VERB)
+
+A simple adjectival verb may also be used to make a comparison:
+
+這兩本，哪本貴？
+Zhèi liǎngběn, něiběn guì?             Which of these two books is more
+                                       expensive?
+
+For each of the three patterns above (MORE—LESS—EQUAL), the comparison is
+made with a STATE verb. State verbs include adjectival verbs (hǎo, “to be
+good”), auxiliary verbs (huì, “to know how to,” “can”), and verbs describing
+mental attitudes or situations (zhīdao, “to know”; xǐhuan, “to like”; ài,
+“to love”).
+
+  他比我愛中國飯。
+  Tā bǐ wǒ ài chī Zhōngguo fàn.        He loves to eat Chinese food more
+                                       than I.
+  這件事情，你比他知道。
+  Zhèijiàn shìqing, nǐ bǐ tā           You know more about this than he does.
+  zhīdao.
+
+  他沒有我怎麽喜歡看電影。
+  Tā méiyou wǒ zhème xǐhuan            He doesn’t like to see movies as
+  kàn diànyǐng.                        much as I do.
+
+Although the verb phrase begins with a state verb, that may not be the
+only word in the comparison. It may be expanded to include other verbs (any
+type) and objects.
+
+The things being compared may also be expanded. Whole sentences may be
+placed in the slots for things compared:
+
+  坐火車沒有坐飛機那麽快。
+  Zuò huǒchē méiyou zuò fēijī          Going by train is not as fast as
+  nàme kuài.                           going by plane.
+
+  我學中文比他學歷史容易。
+  Wǒ xué Zhōngwén bǐ tā xué            It’s easier for him, studying history,
+  lìshǐ róngyi.                        than it is for me, studying Chinese.
+
+Although the prepositional verb bǐ is used to say that one thing is
+“more” than another, do not use the negative of this pattern to say that
+something is “less.”
+
+  他比他哥哥能説話。
+  Tā bǐ tā gēge néng shuō huà.         He is a better talker (smoother
+                                       talker) than his older brother.
+
+This pattern may also be expanded to indicate just HOW MUCH more one thing
+is than another. (Place the amount after the verb in a sentence.)
+
+  這本比那本貴三塊錢。
+  Zhèiběn bǐ nèiben guì sānkuài        This book is three dollars more
+  qián.                                expensive than that one.
+
+  我比他大兩嵗。
+  Wǒ bǐ tā dà liǎngsuì.                I am two years older than she is.
+
+Another way to indicate how much more is to add -de duō, “a lot,” to an
+adjectival verb.
+
+  這個比那個好看得多。
+  Zhèige bǐ něige hǎokànde duō!        This is much better looking than
+                                       that!
+[232]
+
+Use the pattern ...méiyou...nàme + state verb to say that one thing is
+less than another.
+
+  我的字沒有他的那麽好看。
+  Wǒde zì méiyou tāde nàme             My characters don’t look as good as
+  hǎokàn.                              his.
+
+  她想買的房子沒有這個房子近。
+  Tā xiǎng mǎide fángzi méiyou         The house she wants to buy isn’t as
+  zhèige fángzi jìn.                   close as this one.
+
+The affirmative pattern ...yǒu...nàme + state verb is ambiguous: it says
+that one item is AT LEAST AS expensive as another item which is either
+equally expensive or less expensive. This pattern is not as common as
+...méiyou...name + state verb.
+
+The adverbs gèng, “even more,” and zuì, “most,” are easily used to
+compare more than two things. (Place these adverbs before the verb in a
+sentence.)
+
+  這兩本很貴，可是那本更貴。
+  Zhèi liǎngběn hěn guì, kěshi         These two books are very expensive,
+  nèiběn gèng guì.                     but that one is even more expensive.
+
+  第一本比第二本貴，可是第三本最貴。
+  Dìyīběn bǐ dìèrběn guì, kěshi        The first book is more expensive than
+  dìsānběn zuì guì.                    that one, but the third one is the
+                                       most expensive.
+
+If the entire sentence involves a comparison of the three books, the speaker
+may single out the most expensive book with zuì, or sometimes without it.
+
+  這三本書，哪本貴？
+  Zhèi sānběn shū, něiběn guì?         Of these three books, which is the
+                                       (most) expensive one?
+
+  這本最貴。
+  Zhèiběn zuì guì.                     This one is the most expensive.
+
+
+       那不好意思！
+4.  A: Nà bù hǎo yìsi!                 I can’t let you do that!
+                                       (That would be too embarrassing!)
+       別客氣，沒什麽。那個地方的菜又好又便宜。
+    B: Bié kèqi, méi shenme.           Don’t be polite. It’s nothing.
+       Nèige dìfangde cài yòu          The food there is both good and
+       hǎo yòu piányi.                 cheap.
+
+Notes on No. 4
+
+Bù hǎo yìsi is an idiomatic phrase meaning “to be embarrassing.” In
+Chinese culture, treating someone to a meal both shows your respect for him
+and maintains your status as a generous host. In exchange 4, Nà bù hǎo yìsi
+means “I’m embarrassed to have you show me so much respect,” or “I’m
+embarrassed to appear to be too cheap to treat you.” Bù hǎo yìsi also means
+“to feel embarrassed.”
+
+Yòu...yòu..., “both...and..The element following each you may be as
+simple as an adjectival verb or as complex as a full verb phrase.
+
+  他孩子又會説英文，又會說中國話。
+  Tā háizi yòu huì shuō Yīngwén,       His child can speak both English and
+  yòu huì shuō Zhōngguō huà.           Chinese.
+
+
+[233]
+
+       你説的地方一定好。
+5.  A: Nǐ shuōde dìfang yídìng         Any place you suggest is sure to
+       hǎo.                            be good.
+
+       他們那裏有好些菜別的地方吃不着。
+    B: Tāmen nàli yǒu hǎoxiē cài       They have a good many dishes there
+       biéde dìfang chībuzháo.         that you can’t find (at) other
+                                       places.
+
+Notes on No. 5
+
+Yídìng, “certainly,” can act as either an adverb or an adjectival verb.
+
+  (ADVERB)
+
+  他一定來。
+  Tā yídìng lái.                       He will definitely come.
+
+  我不一定去。
+  Wǒ bù yídìng qù.                     It’s not certain that I will go.
+
+  我還不一定去。
+  Wǒ hái bù yídìng qù.                 It’s not yet certain that I will go
+
+
+  (ADJECTIVAL VERB)
+
+  你那天去？
+  還不一定。
+  Nǐ něitiān qù?                       On what day are you going there?
+  Hái bù yídìng.                       It’s not certain yet.
+
+  那是一定的
+  Na shi yídìngde.                     That’s for sure.
+
+Hǎoxiē means “a good many” or “a lot.” You have seen -xiē, “several,”
+“some,” in zhèixie, “these,” and nèixie, “those.” The element -xiē also
+occurs in yìxiē, “some,” “a few”: Shūjiàzishang hái yòu yìxiē shū,
+(書架子還有一些書) “There are still a few books on the bookcase.”
+
+Biéde is the word for “other” in the sense of “a different one.”
+LÌngwài is the word for “other” when you mean “an additional one.”
+
+Chībuzháo: In this compound verb of result, the ending -zháo indicates
+success in obtaining something. Here are some examples of compounds ending
+in -zháo:
+
+  我找不着他的電話號碼兒。
+  Wǒ zhǎobuzháo tāde diànhuà           I cannot find his phone number,
+  hàomǎr.
+
+  今天沒買着蘋果。
+  Jīntiān méi mǎizháo píngguǒ.         I did not succeed in buying apples
+                                       today.
+
+[234]
+
+
+6.  bù yídìng             不一定        not necessarily; it’s not definite
+7.  kànfa                 看法          opinion, view
+8.  wǎnfàn                晚飯          supper, dinner
+9.  xiǎngfa               想法          idea, opinion
+10. yìxiē                 一些          some, several, a few
+11. zǎofàn                早飯          breakfast
+12. zuòfa                 做法          way of doing things, method, practice
+
+
+Notes on Additional Required. Vocabulary
+
+Kànfa, “opinion,” “view,” may be loosely translated as “way of looking
+at things.” The word is made up of kàn, to look,” and fǎ, “method,” “way.”
+
+  我們對這件事的看法不一樣。
+  Wǒmen duì zhèijiàn shìde             Our opinions on this matter are not
+  kànfa bù yíyàng.                     the same.
+
+Xiǎngfa, “idea,” “opinion,” is made up of xiǎng, “to think,” and fǎ,
+“method, “way.” Xiǎngfa is a “way of thinking”The word is actually
+pronounced xiǎngfa.
+
+  他的想法跟我的一樣。
+  Tāde xiǎngfa gēn wǒde yíyàng.        His way of thinking is the same as
+                                       mine.
+
+Zuòfa, “way of doing things,” “method,” “practice,” is made up of the
+verb zuò. “to do,” and fǎ, “method,” “way.”
+
+  你的目的很好，可是我不喜歡你的做法。
+  Nǐde mùdi hěn hǎo, kěshi wǒ          Your goal is good, but I don’t like
+  bù xīhuan nǐde zuòfa.                your methods.
+
+
+[235]
+
+DRILLS
+
+A. Response Drill
+
+             今天我們一起去吃中飯，好嗎？         好，今天我請你。
+1.  Speaker: Jīntiān wǒmen yìqǐ qù     You: Hǎo, jīntiān wǒ qǐng ni.
+             chī zhōngfàn, hǎo ma?          (All right. Today I’m inviting
+             (Let’s go have lunch            you.)
+              together today. Okay?)
+
+             今天我請你去吃中飯。               別客氣，我們一起去吃中飯。
+  OR         Jīntiān wǒ qǐng ni qù          Bié kèqi, wǒmen yìqǐ qù chī
+             chī zhōngfàn.                  zhōngfàn.
+             (Today I am inviting           (Don’t be so polite. Let’s
+              you to go to eat               Just go together and split
+              lunch.)                        the bill.)
+
+    明天中午我們一起去吃中飯，好嗎？         好，明天中午我請你。
+2.  Míngtiān zhōngwǔ wǒmen yìqǐ qù     Hǎo, míngtiān zhōngwǔ wǒ qǐng ni.
+    chī zhōngfàn, hǎo ma?
+
+    明天中午我請你去吃中飯。                別客氣，我們一起去吃中飯。
+3.  Míngtiān zhōngwǔ wǒ qǐng ni qù     Bié kèqi, wǒmen yìqǐ qù chī
+    chī zhōngfàn.                      zhōngfàn.
+
+    星期五我們一起去吃中飯，好嗎？           好，星期五我請你。
+4.  Xīngqīwǔ wǒmen yìqǐ qù chī         Hǎo, Xīngqīwǔ wǒ qǐng ni.
+    zhōngfàn, hǎo ma?
+
+    星期六我請你去吃中飯。                  別客氣，我們一起去吃中飯。
+5.  Xīngqīliù wǒ qǐng ni qù chī        Bié kèqi, wǒmen yìqǐ qù chī
+    zhōngfàn.                          zhōngfàn.
+
+    明天中午我們一起去吃中飯，好嗎？         好，明天我請你。
+6.  Míngtiān wǒmen yìqǐ qù chī         Hǎo, míngtiān wǒ qǐng ni.
+    zhōngfàn, hǎo ma?
+
+
+B: Transformation Drill
+
+             那個肉比這個肉好。                 這個肉沒有那個肉那麽好。
+1.  Speaker: Nèige ròu bǐ zhèige       You: Zhèige ròu méiyou nèige ròu
+             ròu hǎo.                       nàme hǎo.
+             (This meat is better           (This meat is not as good as
+              than that meat.)               that meat.)
+
+    新的比舊的好。                        舊的沒有新的那麽好。
+2.  Xīnde bǐ jiùde hǎo.                Jiùde méiyou xīnde nàme hǎo.
+
+    大話的菜比東門的菜好。                  東門的菜沒有大話的菜那麽好。
+3.  Dàhuáde cài bǐ Dōngménde cài       Dōngménde cài méiyou Dàhuáde cài
+    hǎo.                               nàme hǎo.
+
+[236]
+
+    他的錢比我的錢多。                     我的錢沒有他的錢那麽多。
+4.  Tāde qián bǐ wǒde qián duō.        Wǒde qián meiyou tāde qián nàme
+                                       duō.
+
+    那個肉比這個肉貴。                     這個肉沒有那個肉那麽貴。
+5.  Nèige ròu bǐ zhèige ròu guì.       Zhèige ròu měiyou nèige ròu nàme
+                                       guì.
+
+    舊書比新書便宜。                      新書沒有舊書那麽便宜。
+6.  Jiù shū bǐ xīn shū piányi.         Xīn shū měiyou jiù shū nàme piányi.
+
+
+    他開車比我開得快。                     我開車沒有他開de車那麽快。
+7.  Tā kāi chē bǐ wǒ kāide kuài.       Wǒ kāi chē měiyou tā kāide nàme kuài.
+
+
+C. Combination Drill
+
+             不太好。離我們家近。                雖然不太好，可是離我們家近。
+1.  Speaker: Bú tài hǎo. Lí wǒmen      You: Suīrán bú tài hǎo, kěshi lí
+             jiā jìn.                       wǒmen jiā jìn.
+             (It is not too good.           (Even though it is not too good
+              It is close to us.)            it is close to us.)
+
+             很好。離我們家太遠。                雖然很好，可是離我們家太遠。
+    OR       Hěn hǎo. Lí wǒmen jiā          Suīrán hěn hǎo, kěshi lí wǒmen
+             tài yuǎn.                      jiā tài yuǎn.
+             (it is very good. It           (Even though it is very good,
+              is too far from us.)           it is too far from us.)
+
+    不太方便。離我們家近。                  雖然不太方便，可是離我們家近。
+2.  Bú tài fāngbian. Lí wǒmen          Suīrán bú tài fāngbian, kěshi lí
+    jiā jìn.                           wǒmen jiā jìn.
+
+    不太便宜。離我們家近。                  雖然不太便宜，可是離我們家近。
+3.  Bu tài piányi. Lí wǒmen jiā        Suīrán bú tài piányi, kěshi lí
+    jìn.                               wǒmen jiā jìn.
+
+    很便宜。離我們家遠。                    雖然很便宜，可是離我們家遠。
+4.  Hěn piányi. Lí wǒmen jiā tài       Suīrán hěn piányi, kěshi lí wǒmen
+    yuǎn.                              jiā tài yuǎn.
+
+    很好。離我們家遠。                      雖然很好，可是離我們家遠。
+5.  Hěn hǎo. Lí wǒmen jiā tài          Suīrán hěn hǎo, kěshi lí wǒmen jiā
+    yuǎn.                              tài yuǎn.
+
+    不太好。離我們家近。                    雖然不太好，可是離我們家近。
+6.  Bú tài hǎo. Lí wǒmen jiā hěn       Suīrán bú tài hǎo, kěshi lí wǒmen
+    jìn.                               jiā hěn jìn.
+
+
+[237]
+
+D. Transformation Drill
+
+             那個飯館子離這兒很近。              這個飯館子比那個飯館子離這兒很近。
+1.  Speaker: Nèige fànguǎnzi lí        You: Zhèige fànguǎnzi bǐ nèige
+             zhèr hěn jìn.                  fànguǎnzi lí zhèr gèng jìn.
+                                            (This restaurant is even closer
+                                             to here than that restaurant.)
+                   這個
+             (cue) zhèige
+             (That restaurant is
+              very close to here.)
+
+    他家離這兒很近。                       我家比他家離這兒更近。
+2.  Tā jiā lí zhèr hěn jìn.            Wǒ jiā bǐ tā jiā lí zhèr gèng jìn.
+
+    我家
+    wǒ jiā
+
+    那個銀行離這兒很遠。                    中國銀行比那個銀行離這兒很遠。
+3.  Nèige yínháng lí zhèr hěn yuǎn.    Zhōngguo Yínháng bǐ nèige yínháng
+                                       lí zhèr gèng yuǎn.
+    這個銀行
+    Zhōngguo Yínháng
+
+    五路汽車站離這兒很遠。                  那個汽車站比五路汽車站離這兒很遠。
+4.  Wǔlù Qìchēzhàn lí zhèr hěn yuǎn,   Nèige Qìchēzhàn bǐ Wūlù Qìchēzhàn
+                                       lí zhèr gèng yuǎn.
+    那個汽車站
+    nèige Qìchēzhàn
+
+    武官処離這兒很遠。                     大使館比武官処離這兒很遠。
+5.  Wǔguānchù lí zhèr hěn yuǎn.        Dàshiguān bǐ Wǔguānchù lí zhèr gèng
+                                       yuǎn.
+    大使館
+    Dàshiguǎn
+
+    火車站離這兒很近。                     公路局車站比火車站離這兒很近。
+6.  Huǒchēzhàn lí zhèr hěn jìn.        Gōnglùjú chēzhàn bǐ huǒchēzhàn lí
+                                       zhèr gèng jìn.
+    公路局車站
+    Gōnglùjú chēzhàn
+
+    吾科長家離這兒很遠。                    李教授家比吾科長家離這兒很遠。
+7.  Wú Kēzhǎng jiā lí zhèr hěn yuǎn.   Lǐ Jiàoshòu jiā bǐ Wú Kēzhǎng jiā
+                                       lí zhèr gèng yuǎn.
+    李教授家
+    Lǐ Jiàoshòu jiā
+
+
+E. Transformation Drill
+
+             張小姐，王先生都有錢。              張小姐跟王先生一樣有錢。
+1.  Speaker: Zhāng Xiǎojiě, Wáng       You: Zhāng Xiǎojiě gēn Wáng Xiānsheng
+             Xiānsheng dōu yǒu              yíyàng yǒu qián.
+             qián.                          (Miss Zhāng and Mr. Wáng are
+             (cue) the same                  equally rich.)
+             (Both Miss Zhāng and
+              Mr. Wáng have money
+              [are rich].)
+
+    張小姐，王先生都有錢。                  張小姐比王先生有錢。
+2.  Zhāng Xiǎojiě, Wáng Xiānsheng      Zhāng Xiǎojiě bǐ Wáng Xiānsheng yǒu
+    dōu yǒu qián.                      qián.
+
+    more
+
+    張小姐，王先生都有錢。                  張小姐沒有王先生那麽有錢。
+3.  Zhāng Xiǎojiě, Wáng Xiānsheng      Zhāng Xiǎojiě méiyou Wáng Xiānsheng
+    dōu yǒu qián.                      nàme yǒu qián.
+
+    less
+
+    張小姐，王先生都有錢。                  張小姐比王先生更有錢。
+4.  Zhāng Xiǎojiě, Wáng Xiānsheng      Zhāng Xiǎojiě bǐ Wáng Xiānsheng
+    dōu yǒu qián.                      gèng yǒu qián.
+
+    even more
+
+[238]
+
+    張小姐的錢，王先生的錢都很多。            張小姐的錢跟王先生的錢一樣多。
+5.  Zhāng Xiǎojiěde qián, Wáng         Zhāng Xiǎojiěde qián gēn Wáng
+    Xiānshengde qián dōu hěn duō.      Xiānshengde qián yíyàng duō.
+
+    the same
+
+    張小姐的錢，王先生的錢都很多。            張小姐的錢沒有王先生的錢那麽多。
+6.  Zhāng Xiǎojiěde qián, Wáng         Zhāng Xiǎojiěde qián méiyou Wáng
+    Xiānshengde qián dōu hěn duō.      Xiānshengde qián nàme duō.
+
+    less
+
+    張小姐的錢，王先生的錢都很多。            張小姐的錢比王先生的錢更多。
+7.  Zhāng Xiǎojiěde qián, Wáng         Zhāng Xiǎojiěde qián bǐ Wáng
+    Xiānshengde qián dōu hěn duō.      Xiānshengde qián gèng duō.
+
+    even more
+
+
+F.  Substitution Drill
+
+             你們這兒的菜很好。                 你們這兒的菜非常好。
+1.  Speaker: Nǐmen zhèrde cài hěn      You: Nǐmen zhèrde cài fēicháng hǎo.
+             hǎo.                           (Your food here is exceptionally
+             (cue) exceptionally             good.)
+             (Your food here is
+              very good.)
+
+    你們這兒的菜非常好。                   你們這兒的菜好極了。
+2.  Nǐmen zhèrde cài fēicháng hǎo.     Nǐmen zhèrde cài hǎojíle.
+
+    extremely
+
+    你們這兒的菜好極了。                   你們這兒的菜好極了。
+3.  Nǐmen zhèrde cài hǎojíle.          Nǐmen zhèrde cài hǎo yìdiǎn
+
+    a little (more)
+
+    你們這兒的菜好一點。                   你們這兒的菜更好。
+4.  Nǐmen zhèrde cài hǎo yìdiǎn.       Nǐmen zhèrde cài gèng hǎo.
+
+    even more
+
+    你們這兒的菜更好。                     你們這兒的菜好極了。
+5.  Nǐmen zhèrde cài gèng hǎo.         Nǐmen zhèrde cài hǎojíle.
+
+    extremely
+
+    你們這兒的菜好極了。                   你們這兒的菜特別好。
+6.  Nǐmen zhèrde cài hǎojíle.          Nǐmen zhèrde cài tèbié hǎo.
+
+    expecially
+
+    你們這兒的菜特別好。
+7.  Nǐmen zhèrde cài tèbié hǎo.
+
+
+[239]
+
+G.  Combination Drill
+
+             這本書很好。這本書很便宜。           這本書又好又便宜。
+1.  Speaker: Zhèiběn shū hěn hǎo.      You: Zhèiběn shū yòu hǎo yòu piányi
+             Zhèiběn shū hěn                (This book is both good and
+             piányi.                         inexpensive.)
+             (This book is good.
+              This book is
+              inexpensive.)
+
+    你買的地圖很好。你買的地圖很便宜。        你買的地圖又好又便宜。
+2.  Nǐ mǎide dìtú hěn hǎo. Nǐ          Ni mǎide dìtú yòu hǎo yòu piányi.
+    mǎide dìtú hěn piányi.
+
+    他住的飯店很好。他住的飯店很大。          他住的飯店又好又大。
+3.  Tā zhùde fàndiàn hěn hǎo. Tā       Tā zhùde fàndiàn yòu hǎo yòu dà.
+    zhùde fàndiàn hěn dà.
+
+    那般飛機很快。那般飛機很便宜。            那般飛機又快又便宜。
+4.  Nèibān fēijī hěn kuài. Nèibān      Nèibān fēijī yòu kuài yòu piányi.
+    fēijī hěn piányi.
+
+    坐火車去很好。坐火車去很方便。            坐火車去又好又方便。
+5.  Zuò huǒchē qù hěn hǎo. Zuò         Zuò huǒchē qù yòu hǎo yòu fāngbian.
+    huǒchē qù hěn fāngbian.
+
+    這個飯館子很近。這個飯館子很便宜。         這個飯館子又近又便宜。
+6.  Zhège fànguǎnzi hěn jìn.           Zhège fànguǎnzi yòu jìn yòu piányi.
+    Zhège fànguǎnzi hěn piányi.
+
+    他買的地毯很便宜。他買的地毯很很好。       他買的地毯又便宜又好。
+7.  Tā mǎide dìtǎn hěn piányi. Tā      Tā mǎide dìtǎn yòu piányi yòu hǎo.
+    mǎide dìtǎn hěn hǎo.
+
+
+H.  Expansion Drill
+
+             這兒的肉非常好。                  這的肉非常好，別的地方吃不着。
+1.  Speaker: Zhèrde ròu fēicháng       You: Zhèrde ròu fēicháng hǎo, biéde
+             hǎo.                           dìfang chībuzháo.
+                                            (The meat here is exceptionally
+                   吃                         good. You can’t find anything
+             (cue) chī                       like it anywhere else.)
+             (The meat here is
+              exceptionally good.)
+
+    那兒的菜非常好。                       那兒的菜非常好，別的地方買不着。
+2.  Nàrde cài fēicháng hǎo.            Nàrde cài fēicháng hǎo, biéde dìfang
+                                       mǎibuzháo.
+    買
+    mǎi
+
+    那兒的糖非常好。                       那兒的糖非常好，別的地方買不着。
+3.  Nàrde táng fēicháng hǎo.           Nàrde táng fēicháng hǎo, biéde
+                                       dìfang mǎibuzháo.
+    買
+    mǎi
+
+    這兒的電影非常好。                     這兒的電影非常好，別的地方看不着。
+4.  Zhèrde diànyíng fēicháng hǎo.      Zhèrde diànyǐng fēicháng hǎo, biéde
+                                       dìfang kànbuzháo.
+    看
+    kàn
+
+    這兒的書非常好。                       這兒的書非常好，別的地方看不着。
+5.  Zhèrde shū fēicháng duō.           Zhèrde shū fēicháng duō, biéde
+                                       dìfang kànbuzháo.
+    看
+    kàn
+
+[240]
+
+    那兒的電視非常好。                     那兒的電視非常好，別的地方買不着。
+6.  Nàrde diànshì fēicháng hǎo.        Nàrde diànshì fēicháng hǎo, biéde
+                                       dìfang mǎibuzháo.
+    買
+    mǎi
+
+    那兒的菜非常好。                       那兒的菜非常好，別的地方吃不着。
+7.  Narde cài fēicháng hǎo.            Nàrde cài fēicháng hǎo, biéde
+                                       dìfang chībuzháo.
+    吃
+    chi
+
+
+Drying rice in front of a temple in central Táiwān
+
+
+[241]
+
+UNIT 7
+
+REFERENCE LIST
+
+(in Taipei)
+
+       喂
+1.  B: Wèi.                            Hello.
+
+       張先生嗎？
+    A: Zhāng Xiānsheng ma?             Is this Mr. Zhāng?
+
+       是的。您是不是白女士？
+2.  B: Shìde. Nín shì bu shi Bái       Yes. Is this Miss White?
+       Nǚshì?
+
+       是。張先生，我有一件事想跟你打聽打聽。
+    A: Shì. Zhāng Xiānsheng, wǒ        Yes. Mr. Zhāng, I have something
+       yǒu yíjiàn shì xiǎng gēn        I would like to ask you about.
+       nín dǎting dǎting.
+
+       什麽事？
+3.  B: Shénme shì?                     What is it?
+
+       聽説您那邊新來了方先生，是剛派來的；
+       他的名字我忘記了。
+    A: Tīngshuō nín nàbian xīn         I have heard that you recently had
+       láile yíwèi Fāng Xiānsheng,     a Mr. Fāng join you, who has just
+       shi gāng pàilaide;              been assigned to your office. I
+       tāde míngzi wǒ wàngji le.       have forgotten his given name.
+
+       不錯，方德銘是上個禮拜派到我們這裏來的。
+4.  B: Bú cuò, Fāng Démíng shi         That’s right. Fāng Démíng was sent
+       shàngge lǐbài pài dào           over here last week.
+       wǒmen zhèli láide.
+
+       怎麽？你認識他嗎。
+    B: Zěnme? Nǐ rènshi ta ma?         Why? Do you know him?
+
+       不認識。
+5.  A: Bú rènshi.                      I don’t know him.
+
+       不過聽説他也是加州大學畢業的，
+       所以想請你給我介紹介紹。
+    A: Búguò tīngshuō tā yě shi        However, I have heard that he also
+       Jiāzhōu Dàxué bìyède,           graduated from the University
+       suǒyi xiǎng qǐng ni gěi         of California, so I wanted to ask
+       wo jièshao jièshao.             you to introduce me to him.
+
+       沒問題。我看看...好，我們現在都有功夫。
+6.  B: Méi wèntí. Wǒ kànkan...         No problem. I’ll take a look....
+       hǎo, wǒmen xiànzài dōu          Okay, we are both free now.
+       yǒu gōngfu.
+
+       你現在竜來嗎？
+    B: Nǐ xiànzài néng lái ma?         Can you come now?
+
+       行。
+7.  A: Xíng.                           That will be fine.
+
+       我馬上到您辦公室來。
+    A: Wǒ mǎshàng dào nín bàngōngshì   I’ll come to your office right away.
+       lái.
+
+       差不多半個鐘頭就到。
+    A: Chàbuduō bànge zhōngtóu         I’ll be there in about half an hour.
+       jiù dào.
+
+
+[242]
+
+ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
+(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
+
+8.  jìde                  記得          to remember
+
+9.  rènde                 認得          to recognize, to know (alternate
+                                       word for rènshi)
+
+10. rènshi zì             認識字        to know how to read (literally, “to
+                                       recognize characters”)
+
+11. wàng                  忘            to forget (alternate word for wàngji,
+                                       especially in the sense of
+                                       forgetting to DO something)
+
+12. wánquán               完全          completely
+
+
+13. xiǎngqilai            想起來        to think of, to remember
+
+
+14. zuǒyòu                左右          approximately
+
+
+[243]
+
+
+VOCABULARY
+
+bìyè                      畢業           to graduate
+bú cuò                    不錯           not bad, pretty good; that’s right
+
+chàbuduō                  差不多         almost, about, approximately
+
+dǎting                    大廳           to inquire about, to ask about
+
+jìde                      記得           to remember
+
+mǎshàng                   馬上           immediately
+méi wèntí                 沒問題         (there’s) no problem
+
+pài dào                   派到           to send to
+pàilai                    派來           to send here
+
+rènde                     認得           to recognize, to know
+rènshi                    認識           to recognize, to know
+rènshi zì                 認識字         to know how to read (literally,
+                                          “to recognize characters”)
+
+tīngshuō                  聽説           to hear that
+
+wàng                      忘            to forget
+wàngji                    忘記           to forget
+wánquán                   完全           completely
+wèntí                     問題           problem, question
+
+xiǎngqilai                想起來         to think of, to remember
+
+zuǒyōu                    左右           approximately
+
+
+(introduced on C-2 tape)
+
+cōngming                  聰明           to be intelligent
+duōde duō                 多得多          much more
+kěnéng                    可能           maybe
+Shìjiè Yínháng            世界銀行        World Bank
+xiū jià                   休假           to take a vacation
+yánjiuyuàn                研究院          graduate school
+yàobushi...jiù shi...     要不是..就是..  if it’s not...then it will be...
+yònggōng                  用工           to be hardworking
+yuèchū                    月初           the beginning of the month
+yuèdǐ                     月底           the end of the month
+
+
+[244]
+
+REFERENCE NOTES
+
+       喂
+1.  B: Wèi.                            Hello.
+
+       張先生嗎？
+    A: Zhāng Xiānsheng ma?             Is this Mr. Zhāng?
+
+       是的。您是不是白女士？
+2.  B: Shìde. Nín shì bu shi Bái       Yes. Is this Miss White?
+       Nǚshì?
+
+       是。張先生，我有一件事想跟你打聽打聽。
+    A: Shì. Zhāng Xiānsheng, wǒ        Yes. Mr. Zhāng, I have something
+       yǒu yíjiàn shì xiǎng gēn        I would like to ask you about.
+       nín dǎting dǎting.
+
+Notes on Nos. 1-2
+
+Gēn nín dǎting, “ask information from you”: Note that the prepositional
+verb gēn is translated as “from.” Dǎting, “to inquire,” is less formal
+than qǐngjiào and requests information rather than advice.
+
+Objects of reduplicated verbs: Reduplicated verbs may be followed only
+by DEFINITE objects. Indefinite objects of reduplicated verbs precede those
+verbs. In the last sentence of exchange 2, the object of the reduplicated
+verb dǎting dǎting is indefinite: yíjiàn shì, “a matter” Thus the object
+is introduced in the clause wǒ yǒu yíjiàn shì which precedes the entire
+verb phrase xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting.
+
+Reduplicating a verb makes it indefinite; adding an indefinite object might
+cause confusion. The reduplicated verbs in the sentences below have definite
+objects:
+
+  我想跟您打聽打聽那件事。
+  Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting       I would like to ask you about that.
+  nèijiàn shì.
+
+  我想跟您打聽打聽這件事。
+  Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting       I would like to ask you about this.
+  zhèijiàn shì.
+
+  我想跟您打聽打聽他的事。
+  Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting       I would like to ask you about his
+  tāde shì.                            matter (about ask him)
+
+  我想跟您打聽打聽你的那件事。
+  Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting       I would like to ask you about that
+  nǐde nèijiàn shì.                    matter of yours.
+
+
+Simple verbs are used in the following sentences, which have indefinite
+objects:
+
+  我想跟您打聽一點事。
+  Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting              I would like to ask you about something.
+  yìdiǎn shì.
+
+  我想跟您打聽很多事。
+  Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting hěn          I would like to ask you about a lot of things.
+  duō shì.
+
+  我想跟您打聽幾件事。
+  Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting              I would like to ask you about a few things.
+  jǐjiàn shì.
+
+
+[245]
+
+       什麽事？
+3.  B: Shénme shì?                     What is it?
+
+       聽説您那邊新來了方先生，是剛派來的；
+       他的名字我忘記了。
+    A: Tīngshuō nín nàbian xīn         I have heard that you recently had
+       láile yíwèi Fāng Xiānsheng,     a Mr. Fāng join you, who has just
+       shi gāng pàilaide;              been assigned to your office. I
+       tāde míngzi wǒ wàngji le.       have forgotten his given name.
+
+Notes on No. 3
+
+Tīngshuō corresponds to the English “I hear that....”
+
+... láile yíwèi Fāng Xiānsheng, “there came a Mr. Fāng”: While “a” and
+“the” are used in English to distinguish between indefinite and definite,
+word order accomplishes the same distinction in Chinese. The subject “A
+Mr. Fāng” is placed AFTER the verb because the subject is indefinite. With
+an indefinite subject following the verb, information preceding the verb
+may give location, time, or other scene-setting details.
+
+  這兒新開了一個很好的飯館子。
+  Zhèr xīn kāile yige hěn              A very good restaurant opened here
+  hǎode fànguǎnzi.                     recently.
+
+  昨天來了一些日本人。
+  Zuótiān láile yìxiē Rìběn            Some Japanese came yesterday,
+  rén.
+
+  已經去了五百個人。
+  Yǐjīng qùle wǔbǎige rén.             Five hundred people have already
+                                       gone there.
+
+Verbs of appearing and verbs of disappearing (“to come,” “to discover,”
+“to happen/occur”) introduce indefinite subjects, as do the words you
+and yǒude.
+
+  外邊有幾個人找你。
+  Wàibian yǒu jige rén zhǎo nǐ.        There are some people outside who
+                                       want to see you.
+  有的人不喜歡喝茶。
+  Yǒude rén bù xǐhuan hē chá.          Some people don’t like to drink tea.
+
+Some situations may be described with either you or another verb.
+
+  昨天有一個人來找你。
+  Zuótiān yǒu yige rén lái             Yesterday there was someone here
+  zhǎo nǐ.                             looking for you.
+
+  昨天來了一個人要找你當面談談。
+  Zuótiān láile yige rén yào           Yesterday someone was here who was
+  zhǎo nǐ dāngmiàn tántan.             looking for you to talk with you
+                                       in person.
+
+Subjects occurring at the end of a sentence are indefinite, whether or not
+they are accompanied by yíge. Subjects preceding the verb in a sentence
+are definite, whether or not they are accompanied by zhèige, nèige, zhèixiē,
+nèixiē, or other specifying words.
+
+
+  Lái rén le.             來人了。       Some people have come.
+
+
+  Rén lái le.             人來了。       The people have come, (i.e., those
+                                       whom we were expecting)
+
+[246]
+
+Míngzi means “name”—of an object, a place, or a person (GIVEN NAME).
+Occasionally, míngzi is used for a person’s full name (surname and given
+name). This usage is more common in the PRC.
+
+Wàngji is a verb meaning “to forget”—used especially in reference to
+forgetting facts. Wàng, “to forget,” is more commonly used for forgetting
+to do something. The verb jìde means “to remember.”
+
+
+       不錯，方德銘是上個禮拜派到我們這裏來的。
+4.  B: Bú cuò, Fāng Démíng shi         That’s right. Fāng Démíng was sent
+       shàngge lǐbài pài dào           over here last week.
+       wǒmen zhèli láide.
+
+       怎麽？你認識他嗎。
+    B: Zěnme? Nǐ rènshi ta ma?         Why? Do you know him?
+
+Notes on No. 4
+
+Bú cuò means “not bad” in the sense of pretty good,” “pretty well,”
+“all right.”
+
+  Nǐ zěnmeyàng?           你怎麽樣？     How are things going?
+
+  Bú cuò.                 不錯          Not bad.
+
+In the first sentence of No. 4, bú cuò means “that’s right, your information
+is not wrong.”
+
+  李先生，你剛從香港回來，是嗎？
+  Lǐ Xiānsheng, ni gāng cóng           Mr. Li, you just got back from Hong
+  Xiānggǎng huílai, shì ma?            Kong, didn’t you?
+
+  不錯，我是昨天回來的。
+  Bú cuò, wǒ shi zuótiān               That’s right. I got back yesterday.
+  huílaide.
+
+Here are more examples of bú cuò:
+
+  那個飯館子菜真不錯。
+  Nèige fànguǎnzide cài zhēn           That restaurant really has pretty
+  bú cuò.                              good food.
+
+  他説中國話，説得不錯。
+  Tā shuō Zhōngguo huà, shuōde         He speaks Chinese pretty well.
+  bú cuò.
+
+In the first example, notice that an adverb precedes bú cuò: zhēn bú cuò
+
+[247]
+
+Pài dào...lái is a three-part verb: action verb (also expressing MOTION),
+prepositional verb (must take an object), and directional verb (lái, qù)
+
+  ACTION   PREPOSITIONAL               DIRECTIONAL
+   VERB        VERB        OBJECT         VERB
+
+  跑        到              山上         去
+  pǎo      dào             shānshang   qù             “to run up on
+                                                       the hill”
+
+  搬        到              這兒         來
+  bān      dào             zhèr        lái            “to move it
+                                                        into here”
+
+  拿        到              學校         去
+  ná       dào             xuéxiào     qù             “to take it to
+                                                       school”
+
+  走        到              後邊兒       來
+  zǒu      dào             hòubianr    lái            “to walk to
+                                                       the back”
+
+Zěnme, “why,” “how come,” “how is it that...,”* is a more colloquial and
+challenging word for “why” than wèishénme. Only a reason or an explanation is
+requested by wèishénme. Zěnme expresses more, emphasizing the speaker’s
+surprise or lack of understanding.
+
+*You have already learned that zènme can mean “how.”
+
+  你們的辦公室怎麽這麽小？
+  Nǐmende bàngōngshì zěnme             How is it that your office is so
+  zhème xiǎo?                          small?
+
+  他父母都說中國話，他怎麽不會説。
+  Tā fùmǔ dōu shuō Zhōngguo            Both his parents speak Chinese.
+  huà, tā zěnme bú huì                 How is it that he can’t?
+  shuō?
+
+  這麽要緊的事，我怎麽忘了做了？
+  Zhème yàojǐnde shì, wǒ               How could I have forgotten to do
+  zěnme wàngle zuò le?                 such an important thing?
+
+  你怎麽不念書呢？
+  Nǐ zěnme bú niàn shū ne?             How come you’re not studying?
+
+  你怎麽不説話？有什麽不高興的事嗎？
+  Nǐ zěnme bù shuō huà? Yǒu            How come you’re not saying anything?
+  shénme bù gāoxìngde shì ma?          Is there something you are unhappy
+                                       about?
+
+The meaning of zěnme is sometimes affected by the aspect marker used:
+
+  你怎麽來了？
+  Nǐ zěnme lái le?                     How come you are here? (i.e.,
+                                       “What are you doing here?”)
+
+  你(是)怎麽來的？
+  Nǐ (shi) zěnme láide?                How did you get here? (i.e., by
+                                       what means of transportation)
+
+[248]
+
+Rènshi the state verb means “to know” in the sense of “to be acquainted
+with,” “to be familiar with,” “to recognize.” As an action verb, rènshi
+means “to meet,” “to get acquainted with.”
+
+(STATE VERB)
+
+  你認識張國權嗎？
+  Nǐ rènshi Zhāng Guóquán ma?          Do you know Zhāng Guóquán?
+
+  你認識他嗎？
+  Nǐ rènshi ta ma?                     Do you know him?
+
+  我們不太認識。
+  Wǒmen bú tài rènshi.                 We are not too well acquainted.
+
+  我們去年還不認識。
+  Wǒmen qùnián hái bú rènshi.          We did not know each other yet last
+                                       year.
+
+(ACTION VERB)
+
+  我在美國的時候，認識了很多美國年輕人。
+  Wǒ zài Měiguode shíhou,              When I was in America, I met a lot
+  rènshile hěn duō Měiguo              of young Americans.
+  niánqīng rén.*
+
+*niánqīng, “to be young”
+
+  我是前年認識他的。
+  Wǒ shi qiánnián                      I met him the year before last.
+  rènshi tade.
+
+  那個時候我們還沒認識。
+  Nèige shíhou wǒmen hái méi           At that time we had not yet met.
+  rènshi.
+
+  他是一個很好的人，你應該認識認識。
+  Tā shi yíge hěn hǎode rén,           He is a very good person; you should
+  nǐ yīnggāi rènshi renshi.**          get to know him.
+
+**yīnggāi, “should”
+
+As a state verb, rènshi is used for “knowing” or “recognizing” Chinese
+characters.
+
+  你認識多少個中國字？
+  Nǐ rènshi duōshǎoge Zhōngguo         How many Chinese characters do you
+  zì?                                  know/recognize?
+
+  你認識這個字嗎？
+  Nǐ rènshi zhèige zì ma?              Do you recognize this character?
+
+Contrast the meanings of rènshi and zhīdao: rènshi, “to know” a person;
+zhīdao, “to know of” a person
+
+  你認識唐小姐嗎？
+  Nǐ rènshi Táng Xiǎojiě ma?           Do you know Miss Táng?
+
+  我知道她，但是我們沒見過。
+  Wǒ zhīdao ta, dànshi wǒmen           I know of her, but we haven’t met.
+  méi jiànguo.
+
+When a place is being discussed, rènshi means “to know how to get [there].”
+Zhīdao continues to mean “to know of [a place].”
+
+  你認識那個電影院嗎？
+  Nǐ rènshi nèige diànyǐngyuàn         Do you know how to get to that movie
+  ma?                                  theater?
+
+  你知道那個電影院？
+  Nǐ zhīdao nèige diànyǐngyuàn         Do you know of that movie theater?
+  ma?
+
+[249]
+
+
+       不認識。
+5.  A: Bú rènshi.                      I don’t know him.
+
+       不過聽説他也是加州大學畢業的，
+       所以想請你給我介紹介紹。
+    A: Búguò tīngshuō tā yě shi        However, I have heard that he also
+       Jiāzhōu Dàxué bìyède,           graduated from the University
+       suǒyi xiǎng qǐng ni gěi         of California, so I wanted to ask
+       wo jièshao jièshao.             you to introduce me to him.
+
+Note on No. 5
+
+Shi Jiāzhōu Dàxué bìyède, “graduated from the University of California”:
+The name of a school or a word describing the type of school may stand
+in front of the verb bìyè with no preceding prepositional verb, such as
+cóng, “from.”
+
+  你兒子已經大學/中學/小學畢業了嗎？
+  Nǐ érzi yǐjīng dàxué/zhōngxué/       Has your son graduated from college/
+  iǎoxué bìyè le ma?                   high school/elementary school
+                                       already?
+  他大學還沒畢業呢。
+  Tā dàxué hai méi bìyè ne.            He has not graduated from college yet.
+
+  他是臺灣大學畢業的。
+  Tā shi Táiwān Dàxué bìyède.          He graduated from Táiwān University.
+
+Bìyè may also be preceded by either zài, “at,” or cóng, “from.”
+
+  你是在哪個中學畢業的？
+  Nǐ shi zài něige zhōngxué            What high school did you graduate
+  bìyède?                              from?
+
+  我去年從德州大學畢業了。
+  Wǒ qùniān cóng Dézhōu Dàxué          I graduated last year from the
+  bìyè le.                             University of Texas.
+
+  我是七八年從北京大學畢業的。
+  Wǒ shi qībānián cóng Běijīng         I graduated from Běijīng University
+  Dàxué bìyède.                        in ’78.
+
+Bìyè, meaning “to complete a course of study,” is a compound made up of a
+verb plus a general object. For this reason, the object yè may be separated
+from the verb bì. This separation occurs most frequently in sentences
+containing the shì... de construction.
+
+  他是一九七六年畢業的。
+  Tā shi yījiǔqīliùnián bìde yè.       He graduated in 1976.
+
+
+       沒問題。我看看...好，我們現在都有功夫。
+6.  B: Méi wèntí. Wǒ kànkan...         No problem. I’ll take a look....
+       hǎo, wǒmen xiànzài dōu          Okay, we are both free now.
+       yǒu gōngfu.
+
+       你現在竜來嗎？
+    B: Nǐ xiànzài néng lái ma?         Can you come now?
+
+Note on No. 6
+
+The noun wèntí can mean “question,” “problem,” or “difficulty.”
+
+  他問了好多問題。
+  Tā wènle hǎoduō wèntí.               He asked a lot of questions.
+
+
+[250]
+
+  那是一個很大的問題。
+  Nà shi yige hěn dàde wèntí.          That’s a big problem.
+
+Ní yǒu wèntí ma? could mean either “Do you have any questions?” or “Are you
+having any problems?”
+
+
+       行。
+7.  A: Xíng.                           That will be fine.
+
+       我馬上到您辦公室來。
+    A: Wǒ mǎshàng dào nín bàngōngshì   I’ll come to your office right away.
+       lái.
+
+       差不多半個鐘頭就到。
+    A: Chàbuduō bànge zhōngtóu         I’ll be there in about half an hour.
+       jiù dào.
+
+Notes on No. 7
+
+The adverb mǎshàng (literally, “on horseback”) means “immediately,”
+“right away.”
+
+Chàbuduō may be translated fairly literally as “does not differ much.”
+Other translations are “about,” “approximately,” “almost.”
+
+  差不多八點了。
+  Chàbuduō bādiǎn le.                  It is nearly eight o’clock.
+
+  這本書我差不多看完了。
+  Zhèběn shū wǒ chàbuduō kànwán le.    I have almost finished reading this
+                                       book.
+  他們差不多八點鐘來。
+  Tāmen chàbuduō bādiǎn zhōng lái.     They are coming at around eight o’clock.
+
+  那個學校有差不多三百個學生。
+  Nàge xuéxiào yǒu chàbuduō            That school has approximately three
+  sānbǎige xuésheng.                   hundred students.
+
+ 8.  jìde                 記得          to remember
+ 9.  rènde                認得          to recognize, to know (alternate word
+                                       for rènshi)
+
+10.  rènshi zì            認識字        to know how to read (literally, “to
+                                       recognize characters”)
+
+11.  wàng                 忘            to forget (alternate word for wàngji,
+                                        especially in the sense of forgetting
+                                        to DO something)
+
+12.  wánquán              完全          completely
+13.  xiángqilai           想起來        to think of, to remember
+14.  zuǒyòu               左右          approximately
+
+[251]
+
+Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary
+
+The verb jìde, “to remember,” acts like a state verb.
+
+  你記得王小明嗎？
+  Nǐ jìde Wáng Xiǎo Ming ma?           Do you remember Wáng Xiǎo Ming?
+
+  記得。他是我愛人大學的同學。
+  Jìde. Tā shi wǒ àiren                I remember (him). He is my spouse’s
+  dàxuéde tóngxué.                     college classmate.
+
+  我昨天不記得他姓什麽。今天又想起來了。
+  Wǒ zuótiān bú jìde tā xìng           Yesterday I couldn’t remember what
+  shénme. Jīntiān yòu                  his name is. Today I remembered
+  xiǎngqilai le.                       it (again).
+
+Rènde, “to recognize,” “to know,” is usually interchangeable with rènshi.
+Both rènshi and rènde are most often made negative with bù.
+
+  你認得他媽？
+  Nǐ rènde ta ma?                      Do you know him?
+
+  不認得。
+  Bú rènde.                            No.
+
+  他路也不認得。
+  Tā lù yě bú rènde.                   He doesn’t even know the way.
+
+  我們去年還不認得。
+  Wǒmen qùnián hái bú rènde.           We did not know each other last year.
+
+Wàng, “to forget,” is an action verb.
+
+  我很容易把人名字忘了。
+  Wǒ hěn róngyi bǎ rén míngzi          I forget people’s names very easily,
+  wàng le.
+
+  你們都把車票拿來了嗎？
+  Nǐmen dōu bǎ chēpiào nálai           Did all of you bring your bus tickets?
+  le ma?
+
+  我忘了。
+  Wǒ wàng le.                          I forgot (mine).
+
+  我沒忘。
+  Wǒ méi wàng.                         I didn’t forget.
+
+Wánquán, “completely,” is an adverb used to modify verbs.
+
+  他寫的字完全對。
+  Tā xiěde zì wánquán duì.             The character he wrote is completely
+                                       right.
+
+  他完全不懂。
+  Tā wánquán bù dǒng.                  He doesn’t understand any part of
+                                       this.
+  我完全不知道這件事。
+  Wǒ wánquán bù zhīdào zhèijiàn        I don’t know anything about this
+  shì.                                 matter.
+
+Xiǎngqilai, “to think of,” “to remember,” is a compound verb of result.
+It is made up of xiǎng, “to think”; qǐ “to rise”; and lái, “to come."*
+As an ending showing result, -qǐlái may have either its literal meaning of
+“to come up” or more abstract meanings such as “to come to mind.”**
+
+*Xiǎngqilai is actually pronounced xiángqilai. The ending -qīlái is in the
+neutral tone; because qǐ was originally in the third tone, xiǎng changes
+to the rising tone.
+
+**English prepositions, such as “up,” are also used both literally and
+abstractly: “look up the wall” (an upward motion) and “look up the phone
+number” (no motion indicated by “up”)
+
+[252]
+
+  請把椅子辦起來。
+  Qǐng bǎ yǐzi bānqilai.               Please lift up the chair.
+
+  請你們站起來。
+  Qǐng nǐmen zhànqilai.                Please stand up.
+
+  那個字我想起來了。
+  Nèige zì wǒ xiǎngqilai le.           I remember that character.
+
+
+Zuǒyòu (literally, “left-right”) means “approximately,” “about.”
+
+  我五點左右來接你。
+  Wǒ wǔdiǎn zuǒyòu lái jiē ni.         I will come to get you about five
+                                       o’clock.
+
+  你去買點兒蘋果，好不好？
+  Nǐ qù mǎi diǎnr píngguǒ, hǎo         How about going to buy some apples?
+  bu hǎo?
+
+  要多少？
+  Yào duōshǎo?                         How many do you want?
+
+  三斤左右就夠了。
+  Sānjīn zuǒyòu jiù gòu le.            About three catties should be enough.
+
+
+[253]
+
+DRILLS
+
+A. Transformation Drill
+
+1.
+         我有一件事想跟您打聽打聽。              我想跟您打聽一件事。
+Speaker: Wǒ yǒu yíjiàn shì             You: Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting yíjiàn
+         xiǎng gēn nín dǎting               shì.
+         dǎting.
+         (I have something I                (I would like to ask you
+          would like to ask you              something. )
+          about.)
+
+         那件事，我想跟您打聽打聽。               我想跟您打聽打聽那件事。
+  OR     Nèijiàn shì, wǒ xiǎng              Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting
+         gēn nín dǎting dǎting.             nèijiàn shì.
+         (I would like to ask               (I would like to ask you about
+          you about that matter.             that matter.)
+
+    我有很多事想跟您打聽打聽。              我想跟您打聽很多事。
+2.  Wǒ yǒu hěn duō shì xiǎng gēn       Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting hěn duō shì.
+    nín dǎting dǎting.
+
+    這件事，我想跟您打聽打聽。               我想跟您打聽打聽這件事。
+3.  Zhèijiàn shì, wǒ xiǎng gēn nín     Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting
+    dǎting dǎting.                     zhèijiàn shì.
+
+    他的事，我想跟您打聽打聽。               我想跟您打聽打聽他的事。
+4.  Tāde shì, wǒ xiǎng gēn nín         Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting tāde
+    dǎting dǎting.                     shì.
+
+    我有一件事想跟您打聽打聽。              我想跟您打聽一件事。
+5.  Wǒ yǒu jǐjiàn shì xiǎng gēn nín    Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting jǐjiàn shì.
+    dǎting dǎting.
+
+    你的那件事，我想跟您打聽打聽。            我想跟您打聽打聽你的那件事。
+6.  Nǐde nèijiàn shì, wǒ xiǎng gēn     Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting nǐde
+    nín dǎting dǎting.                 nèijiàn shì.
+
+
+
+B. Expansion Drill
+
+             他的名字我忘了。                   他的名字我忘了，你還記得嗎？
+1.  Speaker: Tāde míngzi wǒ wàng       You: Tāde míngzi wǒ wàng le, nǐ hái
+             le.                            jìde ma?
+             (I have forgotten his          (I have forgotten his given
+              given name.)                   name. Do you remember it?)
+
+    他的地址我忘記了。                     他的地址我忘記了，你還記得嗎？
+2.  Tāde dìzhí wǒ wàngji le.           Tāde dìzhí wǒ wàngji le, nǐ hái
+                                       jìde ma?
+
+    他什麽時候來我忘了。                   他什麽時候來我忘了，你還記得嗎？
+3.  Tā shénme shíhou lái wǒ wàng       Tā shénme shíhou lái wǒ wàng le, nī
+    le.                                hái jìde ma?
+
+    内板飛機幾點鐘到我忘記了。               内板飛機幾點鐘到我忘記了，你還記得嗎？
+4.  Nèibān fēijī jǐdiǎn zhōng dào      Nèibān fēijī jǐdiǎn zhōng dào wǒ
+    wǒ wàngji le.                      wàngji le, nǐ hái jìde ma?
+
+    他是哪年到中國去的我忘了。              他是哪年到中國去的我忘了，你還記得嗎？
+5.  Tā shi něinián dào Zhōngguo        Tā shi něinián dào Zhōngguo qùde
+    qùde wǒ wàng le.                   wǒ wàng le, ni hái jìde ma?
+
+    我們在哪裏換車我忘記了。                我們在哪裏換車我忘記了，你還記得嗎？
+6.  Wǒmen zài náli huàn chē wǒ         Wǒmen zài náli huàn chē wǒ wàngji
+    wàngji le.                         le, ni hái jìde ma?
+
+    銀行幾點鐘關門我忘了。                  銀行幾點鐘關門我忘了，你還記得嗎？
+7.  Yínháng jǐdiǎn zhōng guān mén      Yínháng jǐdiǎn zhōng guān mén wǒ
+    wǒ wàng le.                        wàng le, ni hái jìde ma?
+
+
+C. Expansion Drill
+
+             聽説他是剛派來的。                 聽説他是剛派到這裏來的。
+1.  Speaker: Tīngshuō tā shi gāng      You: Tīngshuō tā shi gāng pài dào
+             pàilaide.                      zhèli láide.
+                                            (I have heard he was Just sent
+                   這裏                       over here.)
+             (cue) zhèli
+             (I have heard he was
+              just sent over.)
+
+    聽説他是剛派去的。                     聽説他是剛派到那裏去的。
+2.  Tīngshuō tā shi gāng pàiqude.      Tīngshuō tā shi gāng pài dào nàli
+                                       qùde.
+    那裏
+    nàli
+
+    聽説李先生是剛派來的。                  聽説李先生是剛派派臺北的。
+3.  Tīngshuō Lǐ Xiānsheng shi gāng     Tīngshuō Lǐ Xiānsheng shi gāng pài
+    pàilaide.                          dào Táiběi láide.
+
+    臺北
+    Táiběi
+
+    聽説王小姐是剛派去的。                  聽説王小姐是剛派到臺南去的。
+4.  Tīngshuō Wáng Xiǎojiě shi gāng     Tīngshuō Wáng Xiǎojiě shi gāng pài
+    pàiqude.                           dào Táinán qùde.
+
+    臺南
+    Táinán
+
+    聽説他哥哥是剛派來的。                  聽説他哥哥是剛派到臺中來的。
+5.  Tīngshuō tā gēge shi gāng          Tīngshuō tā gēge shi gāng pài dào
+    pàilaide.                          Táizhōng láide.
+
+    臺中
+    Táizhōng
+
+    聽説他是剛派去的。                     聽説他是剛派到高雄去的。
+6.  Tīngshuō tā shi gāng pàiqude.      Tīngshuō tā shi gāng pài dào
+                                       Gāoxiōng qùde.
+    高雄
+    Gāoxióng
+
+    聽説您是剛派來的。                     聽説您是剛派到這裏來的。
+7.  Tīngshuō nín shi gāng pàilaide.    Tīngshuō nín shi gāng pài dào zhèli
+                                       láide.
+    這裏
+    zhèli
+
+
+[255]
+
+D. Expansion Drill
+
+             他是加州大學畢業的。               他是一九四五年加州大學畢業的。
+1.  Speaker: Tā shi Jiāzhōu Dàxué      You: Tā shi yījiǔsìwǔnián Jiāzhōu
+             bìyède.                        Dàxué bìyède.
+                                            (In 1945 he graduated from the
+                                             University of California.)
+                   一九四五年
+             (cue) yījiusìwǔnián
+             (He graduated from the
+              University of
+              California.)
+
+    他是臺灣大學畢業的。                   他是一九五六年臺灣大學畢業的。
+2.  Tā shi Táiwān Dàxué bìyède.        Tā shi yījiǔwǔliùnián Tǎiwān Dàxué
+                                       bìyède.
+    一九五六年
+    yījiǔwǔliùnián
+
+    他是麻州大學畢業的。                   他是一九六七年麻州大學畢業的。
+3.  Tā shi Mázhōu Dàxué bìyède.        Tā shi yījiǔliùqīnián Mázhōu Dàxué
+                                       bìyède.
+    一九六七年
+    yījiǔliùqīnián
+
+    他是德州大學畢業的。                   他是一九六二年德州大學畢業的。
+4.  Tā shi Dézhōu Dàxué bìyède.        Tā shi yījiǔliùèrnián Dézhōu Dàxué
+                                       bìyède.
+    一九六二年
+    yījiǔliùèrnián
+
+    他是北京大學畢業的。                   他是一九四七年北京大學畢業的。
+5.  Tā shi Běijīng Dàxué bìyède.       Tā shi yījiǔsìqīnián Běijīng Dàxué
+                                       bìyède.
+    一九四七年
+    yījiǔsìqīnián
+
+    他是東北大學畢業的。                   他是一九三零年東北大學畢業的。
+6.  Tā shi Dōngběi Dàxué bìyède.       Tā shi yījiǔsānlíngnián Dōngběi
+                                       Dàxué bìyède.
+    一九三零年
+    yījiǔsānlíngniān
+
+    他是南京大學畢業的。                   他是一九三七年南京大學畢業的。
+7.  Tā shi Nánjīng Dàxué bìyède.       Tā shi yījiǔsānqīnián Nánjīng Dàxué
+                                       bìyède.
+    一九三七年
+    yījiǔsānqīnián
+
+
+E.  Expansion Drill
+
+             我看見過這個字。                   我看見過這個字，可是我不認識這個字。
+1.  Speaker: Wǒ kànjianguo zhèige      You: Wǒ kànjianguo zhèige zì, kěshi
+             zì.                            wǒ bú rènshi zhèige zì.
+             (I have seen this              (I have seen this character
+              character before.)             before, but I don’t recognize
+                                             it.)
+
+        OR   Wǒ zhīdao tā shi shéi.         Wǒ zhīdao tā shi shéi, kěshi wǒ
+             (I know who he is.)            bú rènshi ta.
+                                            (I know who he is, but I’m not
+                                             acquainted with him.)
+
+    我看見過張小姐。                       我看見過張小姐，可是我不認識張小姐。
+2.  Wǒ kànjianguo Zhāng Xiǎojiě.       Wǒ kànjianguo Zhāng Xiǎojiě, kěshi
+                                       wǒ bú rènshi Zhāng Xiǎojiě.
+
+    我去過那個地方。                       我去過那個地方，可是我不認識那個地方。
+3.  Wǒ qùguo nèige dìfang.             Wǒ qùguo nèige dìfang, kěshi wǒ bú
+                                       rènshi nèige dìfang.
+
+    我知道他是李科長。                     我知道他是李科長，可是我不認識李科長。
+4.  Wǒ zhīdao tā shi Lǐ Kēzhǎng.       Wǒ zhīdao tā shi Lí Kēzhǎng, kěshi
+                                       wǒ bú rènshi Lǐ Kēzhǎng.
+
+[256]
+
+    我看見過。                            我看見過，可是我不認識。
+5.  Wǒ kànjianguo.                     Wǒ kànjianguo, kěshi wǒ bú rènshi.
+
+
+    我知道他是王小姐的哥哥。                我知道他是王小姐的哥哥，可是我不認識他。
+6.  Wǒ zhīdào tā shi Wáng Xiǎojiěde    Wǒ zhidao tā shi Wáng Xiaojiéde gēge,
+    gēge.                              kěshi wǒ bú rènshi ta.
+
+
+F.  Transformation Drill
+
+             差不多半個鐘頭就到。               半個鐘頭左右就到。
+1.  Speaker: Chàbuduō bànge zhōngtóu   You: Bànge zhōngtóu zuǒyòu jiù dào
+             jiù dào.                      (I’ll be there in about half
+             (I’ll be there in              an hour.)
+              about half an hour.)
+
+    差不多要一個鐘頭。                     要一個鐘頭左右。
+2.  Chàbuduō yào yige zhōngtóu.        Yào yige zhōngtōu zuǒyòu.
+
+    他住了差不多三天。                     他住了三天左右。
+3.  Tā zhùle chàbuduō sāntiān.         Tā zhùle sāntiān zuǒyòu.
+
+    他差不多五十嵗了。                     他五十嵗左右了。
+4.  Tā chàbuduō wǔshísuì le.           Tā wǔshísuì zuǒyòu le.
+
+    那本書差不多要十塊錢。                  那本書要十塊錢左右。
+5.  Nèiběn shū chàbuduō yào shíkuài    Nèiběn shū yào shíkuài qián zuǒyòu.
+    qián.
+
+    差不多要走四十五分鐘。                  要走四十五分鐘左右。
+6.  Chàbuduō yào zǒu sìshiwǔfēn        Yào zǒu sìshiwǔfēn zhōng zuǒyòu.
+    zhōng.
+
+    差不多三個星期。                       三個星期左右。
+7.  Chàbuduō sānge xīngqī.             Sānge xīngqī zuǒyòu.
+
+
+[257]
+
+G.  Response Drill
+
+             你現在來嗎？                     我馬上來。
+1.  Speaker: Nǐ xiànzài lái ma?        You: Wǒ mǎshàng lái.
+                                            (I’m coming right away.)
+                   馬上
+             (cue) mǎshàng
+             (Are you coming now?)
+
+    他八點鐘來嗎。                        差不多八點鐘來。
+2.  Tā bādiǎn zhōng lái ma?            Tā chàbuduō bādiǎn zhōng lái.
+
+    差不多
+    chàbuduō
+
+    他十點鐘去嗎？                        他十點鐘左右去。
+3.  Tā shídiǎn zhōng qù ma?            Tā shídiǎn zhōng zuǒyòu qù.
+
+    左右
+    zuǒyòu
+
+    你們現在走嗎？                        我們馬上走。
+4.  Nǐmen xiànzài zǒu ma?              Wǒmen mǎshàng zǒu.
+
+    馬上
+    mǎshàng
+
+    他們八號去嗎？                        他們左右八號去。
+5.  Tāmen báhào qù ma?                 Tāmen báhào zuǒyòu qù.
+
+    左右
+    zuǒyòu
+
+    他們九點鐘來嗎。                       他們差不多九點鐘來。
+6.  Tāmen jiǔdiǎn zhōng lái ma?        Tāmen chàbuduō jiǔdiǎn zhōng lái。
+
+    差不多
+    chàbuduō
+
+    你十號在紐約嗎？                      我十號左右在紐約。
+7.  Nǐ shíhào zài Niǔ Yuē ma?          Wǒ shíhào zuǒyòu zài Niù Yuē.
+
+    左右
+    zuǒyòu
+
+
+[258]
+
+UNIT 8
+
+REFERENCE LIST
+
+       喂，這是禮賓司。
+1.  B: Wài, zhèi shi Lǐbīnsī.          Hello. This is the Protocol
+                                       Department.
+       喂，我是萊登大使的秘書。
+    A: Wèi, wǒ shi Láidēng Dàshǐde     Hello. I am Ambassador Leyden’s
+       mìshū.                          secretary.
+
+       大使接著你們的請帖了。
+2.  A: Dàshǐ jiēzháo nǐmende           The ambassador received your
+       qǐngtiě le.                     invitation.
+
+       很可惜因爲他有事，八月九號不能來。
+3   A: Hěn kěxī, yīnwei tā yǒu         Unfortunately, because he has a
+       shì, Báyuè jiǔ hào bù           previous engagement, he cannot
+       néng lái.                       come on August 9.
+
+       請你轉告譙部長.
+    A: Qǐng ni zhuǎngào Qiáo Bùzhǎng.  Please inform Minister Qiáo.
+
+       很抱歉。
+    A: Hěn bàoqiàn.                    I’m very sorry.
+
+       很遺憾，萊登大使不能來。
+4.  B: Hěn yíhàn, Láidēng Dàshǐ        We very much regret that Ambassador
+       bù néng lái.                    Leyden cannot come.
+
+       我替你轉告一下。
+    B: Wǒ tì ni zhuǎngào yíxià.        I will pass on the message for you.
+
+       馬明理我們有幾個同學星期六計劃到
+       長城去玩兒。
+5.  A: Mǎ Mínglí, wǒmen yǒu jige       Mǎ Mínglī, a few of us students are
+       tóngxué Xīngqīliù jìhua         planning to go to the Great Wall
+       dào Chángchéng qù wánr.         Saturday for an outing.
+
+       你們能不能一起去？
+    A: Nǐmen néng bu néng yìqǐ         Can you go with us?
+       qù?
+
+       真不巧。
+6.  B: Zhēn bù qiǎo.                   We really couldn’t make that.
+
+       那天我們有事，沒辦法去。
+    B: Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì,          We have a previous engagement that
+       méi bànfa qù.                   day; we have no way of going.
+
+       希望以後在找機會聚一聚吧。
+7.  A: Xīwang yǐhòu zài zhǎo           I hope that late we will find an
+       jīhui jùyijù ba.                other opportunity to get together.
+
+       好啊。
+    B: Hǎo a.                          Okay.
+
+
+ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
+(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
+
+8.  dàjiā                 大家          everybody, everyone
+
+9.  jiēdào                接到          to receive (alternate form of
+                                       jiēzháo)
+
+10. tóngshì               同事          fellow worker, colleague
+
+11. yīnggāi               應該          should, ought to, must
+
+
+[259]
+
+VOCABULARY
+
+bànfa                     辦法          method, way
+bàoqiàn                   抱歉          to be sorry
+bùzhǎng                   部長          minister (of a government
+                                        organization)
+
+Chángchéng                長城          the Great Wall
+dàjiā                     大家          everybody, everyone
+jiē                       姐            to receive (mail, messages, guests,
+                                         phone calls)
+jiēdào                    接到          to receive
+jù                        聚            to assemble
+jùyijù                    聚一聚        to get together
+kěxī                      可惜          unfortunately, what a pity
+Lǐbīnsī                   禮賓司        Protocol Department (PRC)
+méi bànfa                 沒辦法        there’s no way out, it can’t
+                                        be helped
+mìshū                     秘書          secretary, executive assistant
+qiǎo                      巧            to be timely, to be opportune
+qǐngtiě (qìngtiē)         請帖          written invitation
+tì                        替            substituting for, in place of
+tóngshì                   同事          fellow worker, colleague
+tóngxué                   同學          classmate
+yíhàn                     遺憾          to regret (that something desirable
+                                       will not happen)
+yīnggāi                   應該          should, ought to, must
+zhuǎngào                  轉告          to pass on a message, to inform
+
+
+(introduced on C-2 tape)
+
+cānjiā                    參加          to participate in, to join, to attend
+dào xǐ                    道喜          to congratulate
+dìèrtiān                  第二天        the next day
+jīngjibù                  經濟部        Ministry of Economics
+jūnshì yǎnxí              軍事演習      military maneuvers
+láodòng mófàn             勞動模範       model worker
+
+nánbù                     南部          the southern part (of the island),
+                                        the south
+shàngxiào                 上校          colonel
+tīngdechūlái              聼得出來       to be able to recognize what
+                                         something is from the sound
+tóngxuéhuì                同學會        alumni association (literally,
+                                        “fellow-student group”)
+tōngzhī                   同志          (written) announcement, notification
+xièxie tāde yāoqǐng       謝謝他的邀請    to thank him for his invitation
+zhèngzhi xuéxí            政治學習       political study session
+zhǔchí jiéhūn             主持結婚       to preside at a marriage ceremony
+                                         (i.e., to give the bride away)
+zǒng jīnglǐ               總經理        general manager (chief executive
+                                        officer)
+
+(introduced, in Communication Game)
+
+dàngāo                    蛋糕          cake
+qìsi                      起司          cheese
+
+
+[261]
+
+REFERENCE NOTES
+
+       喂，這是禮賓司。
+1.  B: Wài, zhèi shi Lǐbīnsī.          Hello. This is the Protocol
+                                       Department.
+       喂，我是萊登大使的秘書。
+    A: Wèi, wǒ shi Láidēng Dàshǐde     Hello. I am Ambassador Leyden’s
+       mìshū.                          secretary.
+
+Notes on Ko. 1
+
+Lǐbīnsī, meaning “protocol department,” is made up of lǐ, “ceremony”;
+bīn, “honored guests”; and sī, “department.”
+
+Mìshū means “secretary” in two senses: 1) a high-ranking official
+2) a clerk-typist.
+
+
+2.  A: Dàshǐ jiēzháo nǐmende           The ambassador received your
+       qǐngtiě le.                     invitation.
+
+Notes on No. 2
+
+The verb jiē, “to receive,” may be used for receiving guests, mail,
+messages, and phone calls.
+
+Jiēzháo (jiēdao), “to receive,” is a compound verb of result. The endings
+-zháo and -dào mean approximately the same thing: “to successfully obtain
+something” Jiēzháo and jiēdao occur in four ways: with le or méi (describing
+ACTUAL situations) and with -de- or -bu- (describing POTENTIAL situations)
+
+  我昨天去火車站接他，可是沒接着/接到。
+  Wǒ zuótiān qù huǒchēzhàn jiē         Yesterday I went to the train station
+  ta, kěshi méi jiēzháo/jiēdào.        to get him, but I missed him.
+
+  你早一點兒去接他，就接得着。
+  Nǐ zǎo yìdiànr qù jiē ta,            If you go a little earlier, (then)
+  jiù jiēdezháo/jiēdedào.              you can get him.
+
+  明天要是來晚了就接不着/接不到他的電話。
+  Míngtiān yàoshi láiwǎnle             If I am late tomorrow, (then) I won’t
+  jiù jiēbuzháo/jiēbudào               (be able to) receive his phone call.
+  tāde diànhuà.
+
+Qingtiě refers to a written invitation. The word is also pronounced
+qìngtiē.
+
+
+       很可惜因爲他有事，八月九號不能來。
+3   A: Hěn kěxī, yīnwei tā yǒu         Unfortunately, because he has a
+       shì, Báyuè jiǔ hào bù           previous engagement, he cannot
+       néng lái.                       come on August 9.
+
+       請你轉告譙部長.
+    A: Qǐng ni zhuǎngào Qiáo Bùzhǎng.  Please inform Minister Qiáo.
+
+       很抱歉。
+    A: Hěn bàoqiàn.                    I’m very sorry.
+
+Notes on No. 3
+
+Kěxī may be used as an exclamation: Zhēn kěxī! “That’s really too bad!”
+
+Zhuǎngào means “to pass along [word of something].” Zhuǎn literally
+means “to turn” or “to transmit.” Gào means “to tell,” as in gàosu.
+
+Bàoqiàn is an adjectival verb that means “to be sorry,” “to feel
+apologetic” (e.g., for not fulfilling one’s social obligations). Literally,
+bào means “to embrace [a feeling],” “to harbor [a feeling].” Qiàn means
+“apologetic feelings,” “guilt feelings.”
+
+
+       很遺憾，萊登大使不能來。
+4.  B: Hěn yíhàn, Láidēng Dàshǐ        We very much regret that Ambassador
+       bù néng lái.                    Leyden cannot come.
+
+       我替你轉告一下。
+    B: Wǒ tì ni zhuǎngào yíxià.        I will pass on the message for you.
+
+Notes on No. 4
+
+Yíhàn is a formal term used to express disappointment or regret that
+something desirable will not happen.
+
+Tì, “for,” “in place of,” is a prepositional verb meaning in place of
+another, or in another’s stead.
+
+  今天我替你教書。
+  Jīntiān wǒ tì nǐ jiāo shū.           I will teach for you today, (i.e.,
+                                       in your place)
+
+  我替你去。
+  Wǒ tì nǐ qù.                         I will go for you. (i.e., instead
+                                       of you)
+
+To make a sentence containing tì negative, place bù or méi in front of the
+prepositional verb.
+
+  我不要替你去買菜·
+  Wǒ bú yào tì ni qù mǎi cài.          I don’t want to go to buy groceries
+                                       for you.
+
+  他沒替我來講話。
+  Tā méi tì wǒ lái jiǎng huà.          He did not come to speak in my place.
+
+Both gěi and tì may be translated as “for.” Gěi, having a wider range of
+usage, would seem to overlap in some instances with tì. The more exact
+meaning of tì may be used to clarify a situation.
+
+[263]
+
+  我給你買菜。
+  Wǒ gěi ni mai cài.                   I will buy groceries for you.
+                                       (WHO PAYS? DID you VOLUNTEER ONLY
+                                        TO SHOP, OR TO PAY ALSO?)
+
+  我替你買菜。
+  Wǒ tì ni mǎi cài.                    I will buy groceries for you.
+                                       (CLARIFIED: you HAVE VOLUNTEERED ONLY
+                                       TO SHOP, NOT TO PAY.)
+
+Yíxià, “a bit,” is not translated, in No. 4. This word, adds to the action
+in the sentence a casual feeling, similar to the effect of reduplicating a
+verb. (Notice that this use of yíxià is different from previous examples,
+where the word meant “for a little while.”)
+
+
+       馬明理我們有幾個同學星期六計劃到
+       長城去玩兒。
+5.  A: Mǎ Mínglí, wǒmen yǒu jige       Mǎ Mínglī, a few of us students are
+       tóngxué Xīngqīliù jìhua         planning to go to the Great Wall
+       dào Chángchéng qù wánr.         Saturday for an outing.
+
+       你們能不能一起去？
+    A: Nǐmen néng bu néng yìqǐ         Can you go with us?
+       qù?
+
+Notes on No. 5
+
+Tongxué means “fellow student” or “graduate of the same institution.”
+“Fellow worker” or “colleague” is tóngshì.
+
+Chángchěng: Chang means “long,” and chéng is an old word for “city
+wall.” The full name of the Great Wall is Wànlǐ Chángchěng, literally
+“10,000 lǐ-long wall.”*
+
+*One lǐ is approximately one third of a mile.
+
+Néng, kéyi, and huì compared: All three of these auxiliary verbs—
+and therefore state verbs—mean “can” to some extent.
+
+The core meaning of néng is “can, “to be able to,” “to be capable of.”
+In some cases, néng may also mean “may,” “to be permitted,” “could be/
+is possible,” and “to know how to
+
+  我的頭疼了，不能看書。
+  Wǒde tóu téng, bù néng kàn           My head aches; I can’t read.
+  shū.
+
+  上課的時候，不能説話。
+  Shàng kède shíhou, bù néng           Talking is not permitted during
+  shuō huà.                            class.
+
+  芝加哥十一月就能下雪。
+  Zhījiāgē Shíyīyuè jiù néng           It can snow in November in Chicago.
+  xià xuě.                             (POSSIBILITY)
+
+  他真能説話。
+  Tā zhēn néng shuō huà.               He really knows how to talk.
+
+The core meaning of kéyi is “can,” “may,” “to be permitted to.” Kéyi may
+also mean “could be/is possible.” The permission implied by kéyi may come
+from an outside authority or may be self-imposed.
+
+[264]
+
+  你可以走了。
+  Nǐ kéyi zǒu le.                      You may leave.
+
+  從這個門進去，可以嗎？
+  Cóng zhèige mén jìnqu, kéyi          May one go in through this door?
+  ma?
+
+  那兒的飯可以吃。
+  Nàrde fàn kéyi chī.                  The food there may be eaten, (i.e.,
+                                       it is possible to eat it)
+
+  我不舒服，不可以游泳。
+  Wǒ bù shūfu, bù kéyi yóuyǒng.        I don’t feel good; I can’t go swimming.
+                                       (i.e., the speaker decides
+                                       that he should not go)
+
+The core meaning of huì is “to know how to,” “can.” Huì is often used for
+an activity that was learned, in contrast to néng for activities that “can
+be done” because of a person’s physical condition (“Can she get out of bed
+yet?” Tā néng bu néng xià chuáng?). The other main use of huì is to indicate
+possibility. Here it overlaps with both néng and kéyi in meaning “could be/
+is possible.”
+
+  你的兒子會走路了嗎？
+  Nǐde érzi huì zǒu lù le ma?          Can your son walk now?
+                                       (BABY LEARNING TO WALK)
+  你會説英文嗎？
+  Nǐ huì shuō Yīngwén ma?              Can you speak English?
+
+  明天會下雨。
+  Míngtiān huì xià yǔ.                 It might/will rain tomorrow.
+
+  他不會不來。
+  Tā bú huì bù lái.                    It is not possible that he won’t come.
+
+
+       真不巧。
+6.  B: Zhēn bù qiǎo.                   We really couldn’t make that.
+
+       那天我們有事，沒辦法去。
+    B: Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì,          We have a previous engagement that
+       méi bànfa qù.                   day; we have no way of going.
+
+Notes on No. 6
+
+Bù qiǎo literally means “inopportune,” “not timely.”
+
+Méi bànfa: Bànfa means “method,” “way.” Within a sentence, méi bànfa
+is used as “there is no way to...,” “there is no way that....” Used
+independently, méi bànfa means “nothing can be done,” “it can’t be helped,”
+“there is no way out.”
+
+[265]
+
+       希望以後在找機會聚一聚吧。
+7.  A: Xīwang yǐhòu zài zhǎo           I hope that late we will find an
+       jīhui jùyijù ba.                other opportunity to get together.
+
+       好啊。
+    B: Hǎo a.                          Okay.
+
+8.  dàjiā                 大家          everybody, everyone
+9.  jiēdao                接到          to receive (alternate form for
+                                         jiēzhāo)
+10. tóngshì               同事          fellow worker, colleague
+11. yīnggāi               應該          should, ought to, must
+
+Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary
+
+Literally, dàjiā means “big family.” When dàjiā is the subject of a
+sentence, dōu is often placed before the verb.
+
+  大家都知道他是誰。
+  Dàjiā dōu zhīdao tā shi shéi.        Everyone knows who he is.
+
+  謝謝大家。
+  Xièxie dàjiā.                        Thank you all.
+
+  請大家坐下來。
+  Qǐng dàjiā zuòxialai.                Would everyone please sit down.
+
+  我們大家一起去吧。
+  Wǒmen dàjiā yìqǐ qù ba.              Let’s all go together.
+
+Yīnggāi is an auxiliary verb which is followed by another verb in a
+sentence. Only bù is used to make yīnggāi negative.
+
+  不謝，這是我們應該做的事。
+  Bú xiè, zhèi shi wǒmen yīnggāi       Don’t thank us. This is something
+  zuòde shi.                           we should be doing.
+
+  這件事情很要緊，你應該馬上去辦。
+  Zhèijiàn shiqing hěn yàojin,         This is a very important thing; you
+  nǐ yīnggāi mǎshàng qù bàn.           should (go) take care of it right
+                                       away.
+  一個大學畢業的人，不應該有這樣的想法。
+  Yíge dàxué bìyède rén, bù            Someone who has graduated from
+  yīnggāi yòu zhèiyangde               college shouldn’t think this way.
+  xiǎngfa.
+
+[266]
+
+DRILLS
+
+A. Expansion Drill
+
+                                            他在外交部禮賓司工作。他的辦公室在
+             他在外交部禮賓司工作。              五樓。
+1.  Speaker: Tā zài Wàijiāobù          You: Tā zài Wàijiāobù Lǐbīnsī gōngzuò.
+             Lǐbīnsī gōngzuò.               Tāde bàngōngshì zài wǔlóu.
+                                            (He works at the Ministry of
+                   五樓                       Foreign Affairs [in] the
+             (cue) wǔlóu                     Protocol Department. His
+             (He works at the                office is on the fifth floor.)
+              Ministry of Foreign
+              Affairs [in] the
+              Protocol Department.)
+
+    他在這兒工作。                        他在這兒工作。他的辦公室在七樓。
+2.  Tā zài zhèr gōngzuò.               Tā zài zhèr gōngzuò. Tāde bàngōngshì
+                                       zài qīlóu.
+    七樓
+    qīlóu
+
+    他在加拿大大使館工作。                  他在加拿大大使館工作。他的辦公室在樓上。
+3.  Tā zài Jiānádà Dàshiguǎn gōngzuò.  Tā zài Jiānádà Dàshiguǎn gōngzuò.
+                                       Tāde bàngōngshì zài lóushàng.
+    樓上
+    lóushàng
+
+    他在北京工作。                        他在北京工作。他的辦公室在光華路。
+4.  Tā zài Běijīng gōngzuò.            Tā zài Běijīng gōngzuò. Tāde
+                                       bàngōngshì zài Guānghuá Lù.
+    光華路
+    Guānghuá Lù
+
+    張同志在上海工作。                     張同志在上海工作。他的辦公室在南京路。
+5.  Zhāng Tóngzhì zài Shànghǎi         Zhāng Tóngzhì zài Shànghǎi gōngzuò.
+    gōngzuò.                           Tāde bàngōngshì zài Nánjīng Lù.
+
+    南京路
+    Nánjīng Lù
+
+    王女士在銀行工作。                     王女士在銀行工作。她的辦公室二樓。
+6.  Wáng Nǚshì zài yínháng gōngzuò.    Wáng Nǚshì zài yínháng gōngzuò.
+                                       Tāde bàngōngshì zài èrlóu.
+    二樓
+    èrlóu
+
+    魏少校在物管処工作。                   魏少校在物管処工作。他的辦公室在三樓。
+7.  Wèi Shàoxiào zài Wǔguānchù         Wèi Shàoxiào zài Wǔguānchù gōngzuò.
+    gōngzuò.                           Tāde bàngōngshì zài sānlóu.
+
+    三樓
+    sānlóu
+
+
+B. Response Drill
+
+             大使接着請帖了嗎？                 大使還沒接着請帖
+1.  Speaker: Dàshǐ jiēzháo qǐngtiě     You: Dàshǐ hái méi jiēzháo qǐngtiě.
+             le ma?                         (The ambassador has not received
+                                             the invitation yet.)
+
+             (cue) not yet
+             (Has the ambassador
+              received the invitation
+              yet?)
+
+    他們都接着請帖了嗎？                   他們沒都接着請帖。
+2.  Tāmen dōu jiēzháo qǐngtiě le       Tāmen méi dōu jiēzháo qǐngtiě.
+    ma?
+
+    not all
+
+    你們接着部長的請帖了嗎？                我們接着部長的請帖了。
+3.  Nǐmen jiēzháo Bùzhāngde qǐngtiě    Wǒmen jiēzháo Bùzhāngde qǐngtiě le.
+    le ma?
+
+    yes
+
+    他們接着大使館的請帖了嗎？              他們已經接着大使館的請帖了。
+4.  Tāmen jiēzháo Dàshiguǎnde          Tāmen yǐjīng jiēzháo Dàshiguǎnde
+    qǐngtiě le ma?                     qǐngtiě le.
+
+    already
+
+[267]
+
+    你們接着大使館的請帖了嗎？              我們還沒接着大使館的請帖。
+5.  Nǐmen jiēzháo Dàshiguǎnde qǐngtiě  Wǒmen hai méi jiēzháo Dàshiguǎnde
+    le ma?                             qǐngtiě.
+
+    not yet
+
+    他接着請帖了嗎？                      他沒接着請帖。
+6.  Tā jiēzháo qǐngtiě le ma?          Tā méi jiēzháo qǐngtiě.
+
+    no
+
+    你接着物管処請帖了嗎？                 我接着物管処請帖了。
+7.  Nǐ jiēzháo Wǔguānchùde qǐngtiě     Wǒ jiēzháo Wǔguānchùde qǐngtiě le.
+    le ma?
+
+    yes
+
+
+C. Expansion Drill
+
+             他不能來。                        很可惜，他不能來。
+1.  Speaker: Tā bù néng lái.           You: Hěn kěxī, tā bù néng lái.
+                                            (Unfortunately, he cannot
+                   可惜                       come.)
+             (cue) kěxī
+             (He cannot come.)
+
+    他學中國話學得不很好。                  很可惜，他學中國話學得不很好。
+2.  Tā xué Zhōngguo huà xuéde bù       Hěn kěxī, tā xué Zhōngguo huà xuéde
+    hěn hǎo.                           bù hěn hǎo.
+    
+    可惜
+    kěxī
+
+    他沒來。                             很遺憾，他沒來。
+3.  Tā méi lái.                        Hěn yíhàn, tā méi lái.
+
+    遺憾
+    yíhàn
+
+    他們不能都來。                        很抱歉，他們不能都來。
+4.  Tāmen bù néng dōu lái.             Hěn bàoqiàn, tāmen bù néng dōu lái.
+
+    抱歉
+    bàoqiàn
+
+    他們都不來。                          很可惜，他們都不來。
+5.  Tāmen dōu bù lái.                  Hěn kěxī, tāmen dōu bù lái.
+
+    可惜
+    kěxī
+
+    他們都不能去。                        很抱歉，他們都不能去。
+6.  Tāmen dōu bù néng qù.              Hěn bàoqiàn, tāmen dōu bù néng qù.
+
+    抱歉
+    bàoqiàn
+
+    她好沒去。                            很遺憾。她好沒去。
+7.  Tā hái méi qù.                     Hěn yíhàn, tā hái méi qù.
+
+    遺憾
+    yíhàn
+
+
+D. Expansion Drill
+
+             請你轉告張部長。                   請你替我轉告張部長。
+1.  Speaker: Qǐng ni zhuǎngào Zhāng    You: Qǐng ni tì wǒ zhuǎngào Zhāng
+             Bùzhǎng.                       Bùzhǎng.
+                                            (Please inform Minister Zhāng
+                   我                        for me.)
+             (cue) wǒ
+             (Please inform
+              Minister Zhāng.)
+
+    我轉告張部長了。                       我替你轉告張部長了。
+2.  Wǒ zhuǎngào Zhāng Bùzhǎng le.      Wǒ tì nǐ zhuǎngào Zhāng Bùzhǎng le.
+
+    你
+    nǐ
+
+    他還沒轉告李科長。                     他還沒替你轉告李科長。
+3.  Tā hái méi zhuǎngào Lǐ Kēzhǎng.    Tā hái méi tì nǐ zhuǎngào Lǐ
+                                       Kēzhǎng.
+    你
+    nǐ
+
+    他不能轉告李科長。                     他不能替我轉告李科長。
+4.  Tā bù néng zhuǎngào Lǐ Kēzhǎng.    Tā bù néng tì wǒ zhuǎngào Lǐ
+                                       Kēzhǎng.
+    我
+    wǒ
+
+[268]
+
+    我已經轉告大使了。                     我已經替你經轉告大使了。
+5.  Wǒ yǐjīng zhuǎngào dàshǐ le.       Wǒ yǐjīng tì nǐ zhuǎngào dàshǐ le.
+
+    你
+    nǐ
+
+    我明天就轉告大使。                     我明天就替你轉告大使。
+6.  Wǒ míngtiān jiù zhuǎngào dàshǐ.    Wǒ míngtiān jiù tì nǐ zhuǎngào
+                                       dàshǐ.
+    你
+    nǐ
+
+    他是昨天轉告大使的。                   他是昨天替你轉告大使的。
+7.  Tā shi zuótiān zhuǎngào            Tā shi zuótiān tì nǐ zhuǎngào
+    dàshǐde.                           dàshǐde.
+   
+    你
+    nǐ
+
+
+E. Transformation Drill
+
+             他們明天來。                      他們明天一起來嗎？
+1.  Speaker: Tǎmen míngtiān lái.       You: Tǎmen míngtiān yìqǐ lái ma?
+             (cue) together                 (Are they coming together
+             (They are coming                tomorrow?)
+              tomorrow.)
+
+             他們昨天來了。                    他們昨天是一起來的嗎？
+      OR     Tǎmen zuótiān lái le.          Tǎmen zuótiān shi yìqǐ láide
+             (cue) together                 ma?
+             (They came yesterday.)         (Did they come together
+                                             yesterday?)
+
+    他明天走。                            他明天一個人走嗎？
+2.  Tā míngtiān zǒu.                   Tā míngtiān yíge rén zǒu ma?
+
+    alone
+
+    他昨天走了。                          他昨天是一個人走的嗎？
+3.  Tā zuótiān zǒu le.                 Tā zuótiān shi yíge rén zǒude ma?
+
+    alone
+
+    王同志明天去南京。                     王同志明天坐火車去南京嗎？
+4.  Wáng Tóngzhì míngtiān qù           Wáng Tóngzhì míngtiān zuò huǒchē qù
+    Nánjīng.                           Nánjīng ma?
+    
+    by train
+
+    王同志星期一去上海了。                  王同志星期一是坐飛機去上海的嗎？
+5.  Wáng Tóngzhì Xīngqīyī qù           Wáng Tóngzhì Xīngqīyī shi zuò fēijī
+    Shànghǎi le.                       qù Shànghǎide ma?
+   
+    by plane
+
+    他去了。                             他是一個人去的嗎？
+6.  Tā qù le.                          Tǎ shi yíge rén qùde ma?
+
+    alone
+
+[269]
+
+
+F.  Substitution Drill
+
+             那天我們有事，不能去。              那天我們有事，沒辦法去。
+1.  Speaker: Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì,    You: Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì, méi
+             bù néng qù.                    bànfa qù.
+
+             (cue) no way of going          (That day we have a previous
+             (That day we have a             engagement; we have no way
+              previous engagement;           of going.)
+              we cannot go.)       
+
+    那天我們有事，沒辦法去。                 那天我們有事，不能一起去
+2.  Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì, méi         Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì, bù néng yìqǐ
+    bànfa qù.                          qù.
+    
+    cannot go together  
+
+    那天我們有事，不能一起去。               那天我們有事，不能都去。
+3.  Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shi, bù néng     Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì, bù néng dōu
+    yiqǐ qù.                           qù.
+    
+    not all of us can go   
+
+    那天我們有事，不能都去。                 那天我們有事，都不能去。
+4.  Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì, bù néng     Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì, dōu bù néng
+    dōu qù.                            qù.
+    
+    none of us can go   
+
+    那天我們有事，都不能去。                 那天我們有事，沒去。
+5.  Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shi, dōu bù      Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì, méi qù.
+    néng qù.
+    
+    did not go  
+
+    那天我們有事，沒去。                    那天我們有事，沒都去。
+6.  Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì, méi qù.     Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì, méi dōu qù.
+
+    not all of us went   
+
+    那天我們有事，沒都去。
+7.  Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shi, méi dōu
+    qù.
+
+
+GPO 689—101|/8721