FSI-Chinese-text/FSI Chinese result/MOD OPT MBD/0310-FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText.txt

 STANDARD CHINESE A Modular Approach
OPTIONAL MODULE: Customs Surrounding Marriage, Birth and Death
SPONSORED BY AGENCIES OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN GOVERNMENTS
  This publication is to be used primarily In support of training military personnel as part of the Defense Language Program (resident and nonresident). Inquiries concerning the use of materials, including requests for copies, should be addressed to:
                    Defense I^anguage Institute Foreign Language Center Nonresident Instruction Division Presidio of Monterey, CA 93940
  Topics in the areas of politics’ international relations, mores, etc., which may he considered as controversial from some points of view are sometimes included in language training for DLIFLC students, since military personnel may find themselves in positions where clear understanding of conversations or written material of this nature will be essential to their mission. The presence of controversial statements—whether real or apparent—in DLIFLC materials should not be construed as representing the opinions of the writers, of the Defense Language Institute，or of the Department of Defense.
  In DLIFLC publications, the wortU “he," “him,” and “his” denote both masculine and feminine genders. Thits statement does not apply to translations of foreign language texts.
 STANDARD CHINESE: A MODULAR APPROACH
 OPTIONAL MODULE: CUSTOMS SURROUNDING MARRIAGE, BIRTH AND DEATH
Before starting the MBD Module, you should have at least completed the Arranging a Meeting Module.
 August 1979
                                  PREFACE
    Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach originated in an interagency conference held at the Foreign Service Institute in August 1973 to address the need generally felt in the U.S. Government language training community for improving and updating Chinese materials to reflect current usage in Taipei and in Peking.
     The conference resolved to develop materials which were flexible enough in form and content to meet the requirements of a wide range of government agencies and academic institutions.
     A Project Board was established consisting of representatives of the Central Intelligence Agency Language Learning Center, the Defense Language Institute, the State Department1s Foreign Service Institute, the Cryptologic School of the National Security Agency, and the U.S. Office of Education, later joined by the Canadian Forces Foreign Language School. The representatives have included Arthur T. McNeill, John Hopkins, and John Boag (CIA); Colonel John F. Elder,工工I, Joseph C. Hutchinson, Ivy Gibian, and Major Bernard Muller-Thym (DLI); James R. Frith and John B. Ratliff,工工工（FSI);
Kazuo Shitama (NSA); Richard T_ Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE); and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozoriz (CFFLS).
     The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project in 19Th in space provided at the Foreign Service Institute. Each of the six U.S. and Canadian government agencies provided funds and other assistance.
     Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a planning council was formed consisting of Mr. Kok, Frances Li of the Defense Language Institute, Patricia 0fConnor of the University of Texas, Earl M. Rickerson of the Language Learning Center, and James Wrenn of Brown University. In the Fall of 19了了， Lucille A. Barale was appointed deputy project coordinator. David W. Dellinger of the Language Learning Center and Charles R. Sheehan of the Foreign Service Institute also served on the planning council and contributed material to the project. The planning council drew up the original overall design for the materials and met regularly to review their development.
     Writers for the first half of the materials were John H. T. Harvey,
Lucille A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry, who worked in close cooperation with the planning council and with the Chinese staff of the Foreign Service Institute. Mr. Harvey developed the instructional formats of the comprehension and production self-study materials, and also designed the communication-based classroom activities and wrote the teacher1s guides. Lucille A, Barale and Roberta S. Barry wrote the tape scripts and the student text. By 19了8 Thomas E. Madden and Susan C. Pola had joined the staff. Led by Ms. Barale they have worked as a team to produce the materials subsequent to Module 6.
     All Chinese language material was prepared or selected by Chuan 0. Chao, Ying-chi Chen, Hsiao-jung Chi, Eva Diao, Jan Hu, Tsung~mi Li, and Yunhui C. Yang, assisted for part of the time by Chieh-fang Ou Lee, Ying-ming Chen, and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang. Anna Affholder, Mei-li Chen, and Henry Khuo helped in the preparation of a preliminary corpus of dialogues.
     Administrative assistance was provided at various times by Vincent Basciano, Lisa A. Bowden, Beth Broomell, Jill W. Ellis, Donna Fong, Judith J. Kieda, Renee T. C. Liang, Thomas Madden, Susan C. Pola, and Kathleen Strype.
     The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M. Ramirez of the Foreign Service Institute Recording Studio. The Chinese script was voiced by Ms. Chao, Ms. Chen, Mr. Chen, Ms. Diao, Ms. Hu，Mr. Khuo, Mr. Li, and Ms. Yang. The English script was read by Ms. Barale, Ms. Barry,
Mr. Basciano, Ms. Ellis， Ms. Pola, and Ms. Strype.
     The graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign Service Institute Audio-Visual staff, under the general supervision of Joseph A. Sadote, Chief of Audio-Visual.
     Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach was field-tested with the cooperation of Brown University, the Defense Language Institute, the Foreign Service Institute, the Language Learning Center, the United States Air Force Academy, the University of Illinois, and the University of Virginia.
     The Defense Language Institute printed the preliminary materials used for field testing and has likewise printed this edition.
CONTENTS
OBJECTIVES ...............................................i
UNIT 1
Part 工...............................................1
Part 工工 ..............................................7
Part工工工............................................13
Vocabulary ..........................................21
UNIT 2
Part 工..............................................23
Part 工工.............................................32
Vocabulary ..........................................k2
UNIT 3
Part I ..............................................hk
Part 工工.............................................52
Vocabulary ..........................................6l
UNIT k
Part I ..............................................63
Part 工工.............................................了2
Vocabulary ..........................................82
UNIT 5
Part I ..............................................8U
Part 工工.............................................9了
Vocabulary .........................................IOU
UNIT 6
Part 工.............................................1〇6
Part II ............................................116
Vocabulary .........................................12U
APPENDIX
Unit Vocabulary Characters .........................126
                                OBJECTIVES
General
     The purpose of the Module on Customs Surrounding Marriage, Birth and Death is to furnish you with the linguistic skills and cultural background information you need to take part in conversations about changing attitudes and practices with regard to courtship, marriage, birth, divorce, death and funerals in China, and to conduct yourself in a culturally appropriate manner when you come in contact with Chinese people at the time of one of these significant events in their lives.
     Before starting the MBD module, you should have at least completed the Arranging a Meeting Module. You may, of course, use this module at any later point in the course.
Specific
     When you have finished this module, you should be able to:
1.	Ask about the age when most people get married.
2.	Ask about how a wedding is celebrated and what differences there are in marriage practices between the city and the country.
3.	Ask about the current local customs regarding gifts for weddings, births, and funerals.
k. Ask about the frequency of divorce.
5.	Talk about the functions and statuses of the people who play a role in arranging a present-day traditional marriage.
6.	Ask questions about the bride, the groom, and the ceremony in a modern-day wedding.
了. Ask about population control efforts, changes in population control policy, restrictions on young people having children, what factors are taken into consideration in family planning, and how old most couples are when they have children.
8. Congratulate a new mother. Ask about a new-born infant fs health,
     appetite, and weight, and describe the baby in terms of traditional values.
9• Talk about the traditional beliefs and practices with regard to the mother1s health before and after giving birth.
10. Present condolences to someone whose relative has died, comfort and
     express concern for that person.
11.	Ask, after deciding if appropriate, about the circumstances of the death and the funeral.
12.	Apologize for not being able to attend a funeral.
13.	Ask what attire and behavior are appropriate when attending a funeral.
    Customs Surrounding Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit 1
PART 工
1.	Zhōngguo zhěngfǔ shi bu shi	Does the Chinese government advocate
   tichāng niānqīng rěn wan	that young people marry late?
       tjiěhun?
2.	Zhěngfǔ tichāng vǎnlian vǎnhun. The government advocates late
                                           involvement and late marriage.
3.	Něige qīngniān, gSngzuo hen null. That young person is very hardworking.
k. Nongcūn niānqing rěn yě shixlng Do the young people in the country-wǎnhūn ma?	side also practice late marriage?
5.	Wǎnhūn yǐjlng chěngle yīzhǒng	Late marriage has already become a
   fēngqi•	common practice for young people.
6.	Xiǎo Lǐ he_tā lianfāi hen jiǔ	Xiǎo Li has been in love with her for
     le， kěshi yīzhi bū yao jiěhūn.	a long time, but hefs never wanted
                                           to get married.
     Zhěge xiǎo chěngshi kě piao-	Boy, is this little town pretty!
      liang le!
NOTES ON PART I
      Notes on No. 1
     tlchang: fto advocate, to promote, to initiate, to recommend, to encourage1
    Zhe shi shěi tichāngde?	Who advocates this?
      niānqing: fto be young1 (literally, fyea*rs-light1 or 'years-green1• There are two different characters with the same sound used for the second syllable.)
     Tā zhěnme niānqing, zhěnme	Shefs so young and so beautiful! piaoliang!
     Wo nianqingde shihou, bu	When 工 was young, I didnft like
   xǐhuan kan shū.	to read.
Zhěixiē niānqing rěn dōu ai	These young people all love to go
   kān diānyǐng.	to the movies.
  Něige nianqingde ZhSngguo	That young Chinese person speaks
     rěn, Yīngwěn shuSde bū cuo.	pretty good English.
     •jiěhūn: 'to get married1, also pronounced .jiēhun. Notice that in Chinese you talk of 'getting married1, while in English we talk of 'being married1. And it follows grammatically that jiěhūn is a process verb, not a state verb. Jiěhūn will always *be seen with an aspect marker such as le_ or will be negated with měi.
Tāmen j iěhūnle měiyou?	Have they gotten married yet? (This
                                          is the equivalent of 1Are they married?)
  Wǐ jiěhūn duo jiǔ le?	How long have you been married?
     Jiěhūn is a verb-object compound, literally meaning 'to knot marriage1. Jiě and hūn can be separated by aspect markers, such as de_ or £uo_.
     Nǐ shi shěnme shihou jiěde hūn? When did you get married? or Nǐ shi shěnme shihou jiěhūnde?
  Wang Xiānsheng jiěguo sānci	Mr. Wang has been married three
 hūn.	times.
   To say 1 get married to someone* use the pattern gen ... .liěhun.
    Tā gēn shěi jiěhūn le?	To whom did he get married?
Note on No. 2
     vanlian vanhun: 'late involvement and late marriage1. Wǎnlian is an abbreviation for van lianfāi, 'mature love1, (lianfai means 'romantic love, courtship1), and wǎnhūn is an abbreviation for van jiěhūn, 1late marriage1. This policy has been promoted since the 1960s, but only actively enforced since the 19了Os- It is difficult to generalize about the required minimum marriage ages, as they differ from city to city and might "be nonexistant in certain rural and national minority areas, where the government is trying to increase the population. The minimum age has "been progressively raised over the years, until 19了8 when the rules were eased a "bit. In general, if the comlDined ages of the couple exceeds fifty years (or the female1 s age exceeds the male's), then the marriage is allowable.
Note on No. 3
     qingniān: Wouth, young person1. Do not confuse this noun with the adjectival verb niānqing, fto be young1. (See Notes on No. 1)
Zhěiwěi qingniS.n laoshi yinggāi	This young teacher should go to a
    dāo daxuě qū jiao shū.	university to teach•
In this sentence, the noun qingnian is used to modify the noun laoshi,
*teacher•.
     A: Wo jide sānshiniān yiqiān	工 rememlDer that thirty years ago
         ni těbiě āi chī tang,	you especially loved to eat candy.
B: Shi a, něi shihou women dōu	Yes. Back then we were all young
hāishi qīngniān, Xianzai	people. Now Ifm old, and my
lǎo le， yā bū xing le•	teeth aren’t good any more.
     null: !to be hardworking, to be	diligent1, or as an adverb, •diligently, hard1.
Tā suīrān hen null, kěshi tāde	Although he1s very hardworking, his
Yīngwen hāishi bu xing.	English is still not good enough.
Wo děi null xuě ZhSngwěn.	I have to study Chinese very hard.
Notes on No• b
     nongcūn: •rural areas, countryside, village1.
     Nongcūnde kSngqi bǐ chěngli	The air in the country is much
   hǎoduS le.	"better than in the city.
Tāmen jiā zāi nongcūn zhu.	Their family lives in the country.
shixing: fto practice, to carry	out (a method, policy, plan, reform)1.
Nī zhěige jihua hen hǎo, kěshi	This plan of yours is very good, "but
wo xiǎng "bū neng shixing.	I don’t think it can be carried out.
Zhěige banfa yǐjlng shixingle	This method has been in practice for
sānge xīngqīle, kěshi jieguo	three weeks, "but the results aren’t
  "bu hǎo,	good.
Notes on No. $
      chěng: fto constitute, to make, to ■become1 .
     Tāde xuěxi yizhi hen hao, *biyě	His studies have "been good all along,
     yǐhou ānpai gōngzuo *bū chěng	so after he graduates, setting up
   wěnti.	a job for him wor^t constitute a
                                           problem.
     Wǒde nǐiěr xiānzāi chěngle	My daughter has Ijecoiae an older
     jiějie， tā zhēn xǐhuan tade	sister. She really likes her
   xiǎo měimei.	little sister.
     fēngqi: •established practice, custom; general mood1.
     Xiānzāi you *bū shao qingnian	There are a lot of young people now
     bu yāo zāi shāngdiānli māi	who don’t want to sell things in
     dSngxi, zhěizhǒng fēngqi	shops. This practice is really
  zhěn *bu hao.	*bad.
     Xiānzāi zāi Zhōngguo, you yǒule Now in China there is again a general niān shūde fēngqi.	atmosphere of study.
Notes on No. 6
     he: Vith1 . You have seen he_ used "between two nouns or pronouns as a conjunction meaning 1 and1. Here you see it used as a prepositional verb meaning ^ith1 . The word gēn, which you have seen, also has "both meanings,
1 and1 and Vith1 ,
     Formerly, f^en was the most frequently used word for Vith1 or ,andl in the Mandarin spoken in North China, and he was more often written. But he has come into wide conversational use in pǔt5nghua. In addition to this variation, school children in Taiwan are sometimes taught to say hān instead of he, which is the same character with another pronunciation.
     Generally speaking, if you use he_ or gēn you should not have any problem "being understood "by any speaker of Standard Chinese.
     lianfai: fto fall in love, to "be in love; romantic love, courtship1. This is the socially acceptable way to describe a romantic relationship ■between two people. Notice that liar^ai can "be used both as noun and as a verb. (Liar^ai is written with an apostrophe to show where the syllable division is: lian ai， not lia nai•)
     Tāmen liān*āile hǎojiniān le.	They1 ve "been in love for quite a few
                                           years now.
     Tāmen xiānzāi kāishī liān*āi le. They1ve just started to fall in love.
     Wǒmende liān'āi zhǐ you sāntiān, Our love is only three days old and jiu bu xing le.	already it1s over.
The noun lian* ai is often used in the phrase tan lian1 ai % 1 to be romantically involved1 or more literally * to talk of love1 .
    Tāmen liāngge tan lian1 āi yǐjīng The two of them have been in love for tānle hen jiǔ le.	quite a while now.
    Wo měiyou he tā tan liān’ai.	I’m not in love with her.
In China young people tend to go out in groups. When two people are seen going out alone, then it is assumed that they have serious intentions for the future.
Notes on No. 了
     kě: 1 really, certainly1. This is an adverb which intensifies state verbs. Kě_ can be used before a negative.
Tāmen liāngge kě hao le!	The two of them are very good friends.
Ke bū shi ma!	Isn’t that so! (Really! or_ No kidding!)
   Nā kě bū xing!	That really wonft do!
    Nā kě bu shi yijiān hǎo shi.	That1s really not a good thing.
   Nī kě yāo xiǎoxīn!	You1ve got to be careful!
     Although some Chinese are fond of using the word kě， to other Chinese it may sound too full of local color with which they do not identify.
Peking:
An American exchange student talks	with her language teacher. They are both in their late twenties.
A: Wo jide shāngci nǐ shu5 nǐ	工 remember last time you told me
    ěrshibasui Is, hai měiyou	that you're twenty-eight years old
  jiěhūn.	and you're not married yet.
B: Dui.	Right*
A: Wo yizhi xiǎng wěnwen ni，	I!ve been meaning to ask you all
    ZhSngguo niānqing rěn hǎoxiāng	along, it seems as if young people
    sānshisui zuoyou cai jiěhūn,	in China don't get married until
   shi bu shi?	they're about thirty, is that so?
B: Dui le. Women qingnian you	Right. We young people have a lot
hen duo shi yāo zuo - Yāo null	of things we have to do. We have to
    gSngzuo, null xuěxi, bu yāo	work hard and study hard; we
    zǎ〇 jiěhūn! Zhěngfǔ yě tichāng	shouldn't get married early! The
    vanlian wǎnhūn. Zai chěngshi-	government also promotes late
    li nianqīng rěn d5u zai ěrshi-	involvement and late marriage. In
   wliusui yǐhou cai jiěhūn.	the city, young people don't get
                                        married before the age of twenty-five or twenty-six.
A: Nongcūnlīde nianqīng rěn yě	Do the young people in the rural
   shixing wǎnhūn ma?	areas practice late marriage too?
B: Dui， tāmen yě shixing wǎnhūn.	Yes, they do too. In the rural
    Zāi nongcūn, wan lian1āi wan	areas, late involvement and late
    jiěhūn yǐjīng chěngle yizhong	marriage have already become a new
xīn fēngqi. Wo you yige zai	common practice. I have a friend who
Běijīng jiāoqū gongzuode	works in the suburbs of Peking who1s
pěngyou xia lǐbai jiěhūn, nǐ	getting married next week. Do you want
yao bu yao he wo yiqǐ qu kān-	to go see it with me? 1*11 arrange it
   kan? Wo gěi ni ānpai yixiar.	for you.
A: Haojlie. Nā kě zhěn you	Great. That would really be
    yisi, gang dāo zhěr jiu you	interesting. And such a good
   zhěnme yige hao jīhui.	opportunity so soon after getting
here.
NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE
    ...zai ěrshiwǔliusui yǐhou cai jiěhūn: This is quite a change from Imperial times, when females might be married off at age thirteen and males at age six so as to insure the family fortunes or fend off economic difficulties later. Nontheless, regulations are less strict in the countryside today, where one can marry perhaps at age twenty.
PART工工
8. Xiānzāi Zhongguo rěn jiěhūn	What kind of ceremony do the Chinese
you shěnme yishi?	have when they get married now?
9- A: Nī jiěhūn de shihou nǐde	What gifts did your relatives give
         qīnqi songgei ni shěnme	you when you got married? livu?
B: Tāmen songgei wo yixiē xiǎo	They gave me a few small presents as
       liwu zuo jiniān.	mementos.
10.	A: Xuduo nan qingnian jiěhūn	Many young men now go and live with
          yǐhou zhūdao nū,1iār qu.	the wife's family after they get
                                           married.
     A: Zhě gēn yǐqiānde fēngsū you This is very different from the hen dade qūbiě•	customs of the past.
     B: Ke bū shi ma! Zhēnshi gǎi- I'11 say! It1s really changed a bianle bu shǎo.	lot.
11.	Ērqiě zāi nongcūn yě shixing	Furthermore, late marriage is also
   wǎnhūn.	practiced in rural areas.
NOTES ON PART II Notes on No. 8
     ylshi: fceremony, function' This can be used to refer to a range of different ceremonies, from the signing of a treaty or agreement to the taking of marital vows.
     In old China, marriages were celebrated extravagantly. It was not uncommon to find families going into debt "because of the joyous occasion, which marked a new generation added to the family line. This elaborate ritual served to strengthen familial "bonds and the newlyweds1 feeling of obligation owed to the family.
     In PRC cities of today, lack of extra money and coupons to purchase food for guests, celebration space, and free time for preparation limit the celebration often to procedural formality alone--registration with the local police bureau. Wedding dinners may still be enjoyed in the countryside ,where there are fewer restrictions on time and food.
Notes on No• 9
     qīnqi: Relatives1 Qinqi is slightly different from the English word 1 relatives1 in that it does not include one’s immediate family, that is
parents or children, but is used to refer to all other relatives. (One1 s immediate family are called ,1 iāli rěn.)
    Nimen jiā qīnqi du5 ma?	Do you have a lot of relatives
                                           in your family?
    Women Jiā qīnqi kě du5 le!	We have lots of relatives in
                                           our family.
     songgei: Tgive (a gift) to ...1 The verb song has several meanings.
One is Tto send*, as in Wo ~ba nǐde xlngli son^shangqu le， ’工 sent your luggage upstairs.1 Another is to give someone something as a present.
     Here you see song with the prepositional verb gěi 1 for, toT after it.
You have also seen jiāogei，1to hand over to	to submit to... 1. When
gěi is used after the main verb as a prepositional verb, it must "be followed "by the indirect object, that is, the person or thing to whom something is given. Gěi can also be used this way with fto sendT, and mai 1 to sell1.
Wo "bǎ zhěijiān yifu jigei wo	I sent this piece of clothing to my
   měimei le.	younger sister.
                                                                                                                                                  /
    Tā "bǎ fangzi māigei wo le.	He sold his house to me.
     In these examples the direct object, clothing or house5 is up front in the sentence, making it necessary to use gěi to put the indirect object after the main verb. This usually happens in sentences where the object is specific and the ba^ construction is preferred. When song is followed by an indirect object? however, the gěi is usually optional.
Wo yāo song ta yige xiǎo lǐwu.	I am going to give him a small present.
Wo yāo songgei ta yige xiao	I am going to give him a small present.
        liwu.
     •••songgei ni shěnme lǐmi?: Wedding gifts for friends and relatives in the PRC are generally "useful” items. Common among these are nuanping, hot water jugs; huāping, vases; taidēng， table lamps; ~bǐ，pens; lianpěn, wash "basins; or cānju, kitchen items.
zuo: 1 to act as，to serve as1. Tāmen songgei vo yixiē xiǎo lǐmi zuo Jinian. is literally 1 They gave me a few small presents to serve as mementos.1
     Zhěige xuěxiao "biyede xuesheng, A lot of students who graduated from hen du5 dou zuo laoshi le.	this school have "become teachers.
     Yong zhěiběn xin shū zuo lǐwu, Would it "be okay to use this new hao bu hao?	"book as a present?
Zuo, fto act as, to serve as1 is often seen used with yong, fto usef as in the example above, yong • • • zuo …,fto use (something) as (something) else、
    jinian: •memento, remembrance; to commemorate1.
    Wo gěi ta yizhāng zhāopian zuo 1*11 give him a photo as a memento, jinian.
Notes on No, 10
    xǔdu5: fmany; a great deal (of), lots (of)1. Xuduō is used as a number (it can be followed by a counter) to modify other nouns.
    A: Hāi you duoshao qian?	How much money is there left?
   B: Hai you xuduō.	There1s still a lot left. or
                                           There1s a lot more.
    Tā maile xudu5 (zhāng) huār.	He bought a lot of paintings.
     Xudu5 has several	things in common with hen duo, in addition to
similarity of meaning.	Used as modifiers in front of nouns, both xǔduS and hen duo can (1) be used alone, (2) be used with de, and (3) be
followed by a counter,	but not usually -ge•
   Tā rěnshi xudu5 rěn.	He knows a lot of people.
     Tā rěnshi hen du5 rěn.
Tā jianle xuduō(de) rěn.	He saw (met with) a lot of people.
     Tā jianle hen du5(de) rěn.
Bichuli you hen du5 (jian)	dayī. There are a lot of overcoats in the
                                             closet.
    Tā xiěle xuduō (ben) shū.	He wrote a lot of books -
    Hen du5 is probably more common than xudu5• Some speakers feel that they do not use xuduō in conversation; many speakers, however, do not feel any restriction about using it in conversation, k/
     ...zhudao nū.jiār qu: 1 to go live with the wife! s family* You've seen the prepositional verb dao used after main verbs, as in nadao loushang qu, ftake it upstairs1. Following verbs expressing some kind of motion, the use of dao is fairly straight forward. But in the above example from the Reference List, dao is used with a verb which is not usually thought of as expressing motion, zhu, 1 to live, to inhabit1.
Here is another example of zhu used in a phrase expressing motion:
    Tā shi zuotiān zhujinlaide.	He moved in yesterday.
The verbs zhan fto standf and zuo fto sitf can also be used in phrases expressing motion.
     Qǐng ni zhandao něibianr qu,	Would you please go stand over
  hǎo bu hǎo?	there.
     Qǐng ni zuodao qianbianr qu,	Would you please go sit up
  hǎo bu hǎo?	front.
      Due to the lack of housing, which might involve a wait of from one to three years for newlyweds, it is not infrequent now to find the groom join the household of his new bride. This is in contrast to former tradition, which stated that the woman "became part of the man1 s family, and of course, moved into his family1s house.
      In the past, for the groom to join the household of his new "bride carried special significance. It was called ru zhui and might take place when a family had only female children and the father wanted his daughter1s husband to take his last name in order to carry on the family line.
     qūbiě: 1 difference1 When expressing the difference between two things, use « > > §Gn ■ ■ ■ you qūbiě.
     Zhěiběn zidiǎn gēn něi"běn	There is a "big difference "between
    you hen dāde qīTbiě,	this dictionary and that one.
     Zhěige xuěxiao gen něige	What is the difference between
     xuěxiao you shěnme qīTbiě?	this school and that one?
     Zhěiliǎngge banfǎde qū"biě	What is the difference "between
   zāi nǎr?	these two methods?
      Kě ~bu shī ma! : 1 Yes, indeed! , 1*11 say! 1 , or more literally, ’Isn’t it so! 1 Ke ~bu shi ma! is often used in northern China to indicate hearty agreement, or to indicate that something makes perfect sense to the speaker, something like English Well, of course!1 or Really!1.
      ~bu shǎo: Literally 'not a little1 , in other words, 1 quite a lot1 .
     Tā you bu shǎo hua yao gēn	He has a lot he wants to say to
  ni shuō.	you.
     Zai Měiguo "bū shǎo rěn you	In America a lot of people have
 qichē.	cars.
     erqiě: ，furthermore, moreover1
     Jīntiān tiānqi "bu hǎo, ěrqiě	The weather is "bad today, and
    hǎoxiāng yao xia xuě.	furthermore it looks as if it’s
                                           going to snow.
     Ěrqiě is often used in the pattern ~bu dan. . .ěrqiě. . .， 1 not only... but also...1 or fnot only.•.moreover...f:
    Zhěizhǒng huār bū dan hǎo kan, This kind of flower is not only
ěrqiě fēichāng xiang.	pretty, but it fs also very fragrant.
    Wo bu dan ai chi tang, ěrqiě	工 not only like to eat candy,
shennae tian dSngxi dōu ai	(moreover) I like to eat anything
 chi.	sweet.
 Tā bu dan xuěguo Zhongwěn,	Not only has he studied Chinese,
 erqiě xuěde bu cuo.	but moreover he has learned it
                                                q_uite well.
 Wo bu dān měiyou he tā tan	Not only am I not in love with her,
 liānfai, ěrqiě wo yě bu da	moreover I don’t like her very
  xǐhuan ta.	much.
Peking:
The American exchange student and her language teacher continue their
conversation:
A: Zh5ngguo rěn jiěhūnde shihou	What kind of ceremony is there
  you shěnmeyangde yishi?	when the Chinese get married?
B: Měiyou shěnme yishi, jiu shi	There is no ceremony, ve just invite
   qing qīnqi pěngyou lai he dianr	friends and relatives to come and
chā, chi diǎnr tang, diānxin,	have some tea, candy, snacks, and so
 shenmede.	on.
A: Qīnqi pěngyou song bu song	Do the friends and relatives give
līwu?	gifts?
B: Youde rěn song yidianr xiao	Some people give small gifts as
  līwu zuo jinian.	a memento.
A: tingshuo yǐqiān nongcūnli	Ifve heard that it used to be that
   nūhāizi jiěhūnde shihou, nānjiā	in the country, when a girl got
yāo song xuduō liwu. Zhěige	married, the man’s family would have
   fēngsu shi bu shi ye gǎibian	to give a lot of gifts. Has this
 le?	custom changed too?
B: Shi a! Zhěizhǒng shiqing	Yes! In many regions, this kind of
   zāi bu shǎo diqū dou měiyou le.	thing doesn’t exist any more.
Ērqiě xianzai yě youde nan	Furthermore, now there are also young
  qingnian jiěhūn yihou zhudao	men who go to live with the wife’s
niijiār qu. Zhěi gēn yǐqiānde	family after they get married. This
   fengsu ye you hen dade qū"biě.	is also very different from the
                                       customs of the past.
A: Ke "bu shi ma! Zhēn shi	I’ll say! It has really changed
  gaibianle bū shao.	a lot.
PART工工工
12.	Nǐmen jiěhūn yǐqian shuāngfang	Before you were married, did you both
     dōu hen liao.jie ma?	know each other very veil?
13.	Xiānzāi ZhSngguo lihūnde bu	There aren’t many people getting
   tai duo.	divorced in China now.
1总. Něidui fūfū bu zai yige diqū	That married, couple doesnft work in
   gōngzuo.	the same region.
15.	Tā meinian you duoshao tiānde	How many days of leave does he get
    tānqintjia?	every year to visit family?
16.	Fūfū zSngshi něnggou zāi yiqǐ	It’s always better if married, couples
   bī.jiao hao.	can be together.
1了. A: Tāmen shi. ,jingguo xiāngdāng- They gave it quite a bit of consi-
         de kǎolū yihou cai jiě-	deration before they got married, hūnde.
      A: Danshi bu zhidao weishěnme, But for some reason or other they
         tāmen hāishi you hen duo	still had a lot of problems, wěnti.
                  w
18.	Nānnū yingdāng bǐcǐ liaojiě	A man and woman should know each
    yǐhou zai jiěhūn.	other well before they get
                                            married.
19.	Ni xiang tā hui bu hui bang wo	Do you think he will help me solve
    jiejue zhěige wěnti?	this problem?
NOTES ON PART 工工工
Notes on No. 12
      shuǎngfāng: fboth sides, both parties f
      Zhěijiān shiqing shi Zhongguo	This matter is knovn to both
     he Meiguo shuāngfāng dou	America and China, zhīdaode.
      bicǐ: rthe one and the other; each other, mutually1
Suīran women měiyou shuo hua,	Although we didnft say anything, we
keshi bǐcǐ dōu zhīdao,	both knew. There was nothing
tāde bing měiyou banfa le.	that could be done for his illness.
     Youde daxueshēng xihuan zai	Some college students like to
    biyěde shihou bǐcǐ song	give each other gifts when
  lǐwu.	graduating.
   A: Zhoumo hǎo!	Have a nice weekend!
   B: Bǐcǐ, bǐcǐ!	You too!
     liǎojiě: Tto understand; to acquaint oneself with, to try to understand/.
     Zhěijiān shi, wo bu dong, hai	工 don*t understand this,工 have to
    děi qū liāojiě yixiā.	go back and try to understand it
                                             again.
   Wo liǎojiě ta.	工 understand her.
    Tā juěde tā měiyou yige	He feels that he doesn’t have a
     pěngyou zhēnde liǎoj iě tā.	single friend who really knows him.
Notice that when you want to say Tto know someonef meaning fto understand someonef , the Chinese word to use is liǎo.jiě, not rěnshi (which simply means to have made someonefs acquaintance).
Note on No. 13
     ...lihūnde bū tai du5: fThere arenft many people getting divorced ...1 Lihunde， fthose (people) who get divorcedf， is a noun phrase in which lihūn is nominalized by -de•
Notes on No. Ik
     fūfū: fhusband and wife, married coupler.
     Tāmen fūfu liāngge dōu fēichāng Those two (that couple) are both hǎo.	very nice.
     bū zai yige diqū gōngzuo:	’d〇 not work in the same region*. Yige,
Toner, is frequently used to mean Tone and the same1. Here are some more examples:
     Women dōu zai yige xuěxiao	All of us go to the same school, nian shū.
    Tāmen liāngge dōu shi yige	They are both the product of the
    lǎoshī j iāochulaide.	same teacher.
Note on No. 1$
     tanqlnjia: Tleave for visiting family*. Tan qīn means to visit oners
closest relatives, usually parents, a spouse, or children.
 Mingtiān tā jiii qū Shanghai	Tomorrow he1 s going to Shanghai to
    tan qīn le.	visit his family.
Note on No. 16
     zǒngshi: 1 always, all the time’. This advert may also occur as zong.
    Tā zǒngshi ai qū Huāmei	He always loves to go to the
    kāfēitīng.	Huaměi Coffeehouse.
     něnggou: fcan, to "be able to’. This is a synonym of něng.
Notes on No, 1了
     jingguo: !to pass "by or through, to go through1. Jing^uo can mean 1) to pass "by or through something physically, or 2) to go through an experience.
    Jīngguo zhěici xuěxi yihou	As a result of this study, I
 wo kě qingchu du5 le.	see things a lot more clearly.
 Wo měitiǎn xia "ban hui jiāde	Every day on my way home from work
      shihou, dou jīngguo Bǎihuo	I pass "by the Bǎihuo Dalou.
   Dālou	.•.dōu
       jīngguo Bǎihuo Dāl6u.)
    Nǐ jīngguo zhěige vuzide	When you passed "by this room,
shihou, ni měiyou kanjian	didn't you see us working inside?
       women zai litou gongzuo ma?
     xiāngdāng: 1 quite, pretty (good, etc .); considerable, a consideralDle degree of1.
    Tāde shēntī xiāngdāng hao.	His health is quite good.
              \
     kǎolu: 1 to consider; consideration1.
Wo yijīng kaoluguo le， tā	I have already given it consideration,
 hāishi yīnggāi shang dāxuě.	he should still go to college•
     danshi: l-but1 , a synonym of kěshi •
 Wo yijīng quguo le, danshi	I already went there, "but I didn’t
    wo měiyou kāndao ta.	see her.
Notes on No. 18
     nannu: fmale and female1.
Nānnūde shiqing zui nan shuo.	Matters "between men and women are
                                           the hardest to judge•
     yingdāng: •should, ought to1. Yingdāng is a less-frequently heard word for yinggai• These two words share in common the following meanings:
(1)	1 should1 in the sense of obligation or duty,
Zanmen shi tongzhi, yingdāng	We two are comrades, we should help
      (or yīnggāi) Idǐcǐ tangmang.	each other,
(2)	1 ought to1 in the sense of 1 it would be suitable to1 .
Wāitou leng, nǐ yīnggāi (or	It’s cold out, you should put on
      yingdāng) duo chuān yidianr.	some more clothing.
(3)	,shouldl in the sense of 1 it would be desirable to1.
Nǐ yīnggāi (or yingdāng)	You should try this, itfs fun.
       shiyishi, zhēn hao wānr.
(4)	1 should1 in the sense of 1 it is expected1.
Shidian zhong le， tā yīnggāi	It’s ten o1clock, he should be here
     (or yingdāng) kuāi dāo le.	soon.
Tā xuě ZhSngwěn xuěle sānnian	He1 s "been studying Chinese for three
le，yīnggāi xuěde "bū cuo le.	years, he should "be pretty good
                                                   "by now.
     bǐ.liao: 1 relatively, comparatively, "by comparison1 . Also pronounced bǐjiao.
   Jīntiān "bijiao re.	It’s hotter today.
Zhěijiān yifu gaile yǐhou,	After this article of clothing is
1dijiao hao yidianr.	altered, it will "be tetter.
     Zhěi liangtiān tā tijiao shūfu The past couple of days he1 s "been yidianr, "bu zenme fa shao le.	feeling better, he doesn’t have
                                           such a high fever any more.
You may sometimes hear Chinese speakers use ~bǐjiao "before other adverbial expressions like bu tai fnot too1，Iju zenme 1 not so1，~bu name 1 not so1 or hen 1 very1 . Careful speakers, however, feel that tǐjiao should not "be used in such cases.
Notes on No. 19
     hui: fwill; might; be likely	to*. The auxiliary ver"b hui is used to express likelihood here.
    Mingtiān tā huī bu hui lāi?	Will he come tomorrow?
Wo qu "ba men guānhao, nī hui	If I go close the door, will you
     "bu hui juěde tai re?	feel too hot?
Jiějuě: fto solve, to settle	(a problem), to overcome (a difficulty)?.
Nī "bu yao , qiānde went!	Don’t get anxious, the problem of
yījīng jiějuě le.	money has already been solved.
Washington % D. C.
A graduate student in Chinese studies talks with an exchange student
from Peking.
A: Women rěnshi zhǐ you liāngge	Wefve only knovn each other for two
  duo xīngqī, kěshi yǐjīng shi	weeks or so， but wefre old friends
 lǎo pěngyou le.	already.
B: Dui. Women tiāntiān zai	Yes. We’re together every day; it
   ylkuair, zhēn hǎoxiāng shi lǎo	really is as if we1re old friends. pěngyou le.
A: Wo yizhi xiǎng wěnwen ni nǐ	I’ve been meaning to ask you all
   shi shěnme shlhour jiěhūnde ne?	along when you were married.
B: 0! Wo shi qiānniān jiěhūnde.	Oh. I was married the year before
last.
A: Nǐ ěrshibāsui le. Nǐ airen	You’re twenty-eight years old. How
 ne?	about your spouse?
B: Tā sānshiěr le.	He1s thirty-two.
A: Nǐmen jiěhūnde shihou kě bu	You certainly werenyoung when
  xiǎo le! Zhōngguo nianqīng rěn	you were married! Is it this way
   dōu shi zhěige yangzi ma?	for all Chinese young people?
B: Dui le. Zhěngfǔ tichāng wan-	Yes. The government promotes late
lian wǎnhūn. Nianqīng rěn yě	involvement and late marriage - Also,
  d5u yao null xuěxi, null gong-	all young people should study hard
  zuo, bū yao zǎo jiěhūn.	and work hard, and shouldn?t get
                                       married early.
A: Chěngshili nude duo da	At what age do most women get
 jiěhūn?	married in the cities?
B: Chabuduō ěrshiwǔsui zuoyou.	After about twenty-five.
A: Nande ne?	And men?
B: Dagai ěrshibāsui zuoyou.	After about twenty-eight.
A: Jiěhūnde shlhour you shěnme-	What kind of ceremony is there when
  yangde yishi?	someone gets married?
B: Měiyou shěnme yishi. Buguo	There is no ceremony. But on the
  jiēhǔn něitiān qǐng qīnqi	day of the marriage relatives and
pěngyou lāi hēhe chā, chī diǎnr	friends are invited to come and drink
tang, diānxin shenmede. Yě you	tea, eat a little candy, snacks and
  rěn song diǎnr xiǎo lǐwu zuo	so forth. Some people also give a
 jinian.	small gift as a memento.
A: Nongcūnlǐde nianqīng rěn yě	Do the young people in rural areas
  shixing wǎnhūn ma?	also practice late marriage?
B: Dui. Zai nongcurili wan	Yes - Late involvement and late
lian1ai wan jiěhūn yě yǐjlng	marriage have already become a common
  chěngle yizhong fēngqi.	practice in the rural areas.
A: Nongcūnli nuhaizi jiěhūnde	In the farm villages does the
shihou nānjia hai yāo song xǔduo	family of the husband still have to
lǐwu ma?	give a lot of presents when a girl
                                       gets married?
B: Bū yao le. Ērqiě xianzai you	Not any more. Furthermore now
 xiē nan qingnian jiēhǔn yīhou	there are even young men vho live
hai zhudao nūjiār qu. Zhě gēn	vith the wife1 s family after they get
yǐqiānde fēngsu you hen dade	married. This is very different 'from
 qūbiě. •	the customs of the past.
A: Kě bū shi ma! Zhēn shi	Ifll say!工tfs really changed a
 gaibianle bū shǎo.	lot.
 Xiānzāi Zhōngguo lihūnde	Are there many people who get
 duo bu du5?	divorced in China now?
B: You, keshi bijiǎo shǎo.^	Yes 9 there are, but relatively few.
Yīnwei jiěhūn yǐqian nānnu	The man and the voman knov each other
shuāngfāng Idǐci bǐjiǎo liǎo jiě,	rather veil before they get married,
you jīngguo xiāngdāngde kǎolū,	and they give the matter quite a bit
 su6yi lihūnde bu tai duo.	of consideration, so not too many
                                       people get divorced.
A； Wo tingshuo ZhSngguo you	工 hear there are some couples in
 yixiē fūfu IdŪ zai yige diqū	China who donft vork in the same
gōngzuo, bū zhuzai yige difang,	place. Do problems ever come about
  zhě hui bu hui you wěnti ne?	because of this?
B： Fūfu bu zāi yige difang	If the husband and wife don’t work
gSngzuo 5 suīrān me ini an you	in the sajne place, even though they
bānge yuěde tanqīnjia, danshi	get half a months leave every year
hai you hen du5 bu fāngbian,	to visit family members, it1s still
Suoyi wěile rang tamen gěng	very inconvenient. So in order to
hǎode gōngzuo he xuěxi5 yīng-	let them work and study even better,
   dang bang tamen jiějuě zhěige	we should help them solve this
 wěnti•	problem.
A: Duijlie. Fūfu zSngshi	Youfre so right. It1s always
něnggou zāi yiqǐ bǐjiāo hǎo.	better if the husband and wife can
                                       be together.
NOTES ON THE DIALOGUE
     •	. .nan.jia hai yao son只 xǔdu5 lǐvu ma?: In traditional China, the groom1s family gave gifts to the bride1s family to compensate for the loss of their daughter. (For the loss of the daughter might also entail a substantial loss of property and servants.) In Taiwan, it is still the man1s family who in most cases pays for the wedding arrangements. In the PRC today, these customs no longer exist.
     Xianzai ZhSngguo lihūnde du5 bu du5?: Although allowed by law with the mutual consent of both parties, it is not easy to obtain a divorce in the PRC. With the exceptions of one party being either politically questionable or terminally ill, the majority of couples are asked to resolve their differences via study and group criticism.
     •••yǒu yixiē fūfu bū zai yige difang gōngzuo: Many couples still have to be split up in order for each to have work. (Jobs are arranged for and assigned by the local government.) This is, of course, a great hardship since it is improbable that either will be able to arrange a transfer of job to the other1s work-place. The splits are arranged in order to increase rural population and provide labor for rural jobs• The partner left in the city, usually the woman, can go to the countryside to join her spouse, but rural life is so difficult that this is not likely.
     •	.. suiran měiniān you ban^e yuěde tanqīn,] ia: There are two types of leave for visiting one1s family in the PRC. One is for unmarried children to return home to see their parents, the other is for couples who are assigned to different places for work. These trips are paid for by one fs work unit (but communes have no family leave provisions). If the person on leave is working relatively near his home, he is allowed a fifteen day visit once per year and a worker who is located relatively far from home can take a thirty day visit once every two years.
                               Vocabulary
bǐcǐ	each other, mutually; you too, the
                                          same to you
bǐjiao (bījiǎo)	relatively, comparatively; fairly,
                                           rather
"bū dan	not only
"bu shao	quite a lot, quite a few
chěng	to become, to constitute, to make
chěngshi	city
danshi	but
ěrqiě	furthermore
fēngqi	common practice; general mood *
fēngsu	custom
fūfu	married couple, hus"band and wife
gaibian	to change
hě	with; and
hui	might, to "be likely to, will
jiěhūn (jiěhūn)	to get married
jiějue	to solve
jīngguo	to go through, to pass "by or through
jinian	memento，memorial
kaolU	to consider; consideration
kě	indeed, really
kě bū shi ma!	工fll say，yes indeed, that1s for sure
lianfai	to be romantically involved with;
                                           love
liǎojiě (liSojie)	to understand; understanding
lihūn	to get divorced
lǐ\ni (lǐwu)	gift, present
nanjiā(r)	the husband^ family
nānnU	male and female
něnggou	can，to be able to
nianqīng	to be young
nongcūn	rural area, countryside
nūjiā(r)	the vife,s family
                                          to be hardworking, to be diligent; diligently, hard
qingnian	youth, young person
qīnqi	relatives
qūbiě	difference, distinction
shixing	to practice, to carry out (a method，
                                            policy, plan, 'reform, etc.)
shuāngfāng	both sides, both parties
song	to give (something as a gift)
tan qīn	to visit family
tānqīn	to visit relatives (usually means
                                           immediate family)
tanqīnjia	leave for visiting family
tichāng	to advocate, to promote, to initiate
vanlian wǎnhūn	late involvement and late marriage
xiāngdāng	quite, pretty, very
xǔduo	many; a great deal (of)， a lot (of)
yingdāng	should, ought, to
yishi	ceremony
yizhi	all along， all the time (up until
                                           a certain point)
zhěngfǔ	government
zhūdao	to move to, to go live at
zǒngshi	alvays
zuo	to serve as, to act as; as
    Customs Surrounding Marriage, Birth， and Death: Unit 2
PART 工
1.	Houtiān shi nimen xiao,jie	The day after tomorrow is your
   daxǐde rizi.	daughterfs wedding day.
2.	Xīnlāng zai Taiwan Yinhāng	The bridegroom works at the Bank of
     gōngzuo, rěn hen laoshi, yě	Taiwan. He’s very honest and very
   hen shang.jin.	ambitious,
3.	Women Xiuyun gēn tā .jiaovang	Our Xiuyūn has been seeing him for
yǐjīng yīnianduS le, dui tā	over a year now, and she's very
   hen imnyx.	pleased with him.
h. A: Nǐmen gěn nanfangde fumǔ	Did you know the groom’s parents
      shou bu shou?	very well before?
     B: Bu tai shou. Kěshi zǎo jiu	Not too well. But we1d heard of
      tīngshuōguo.	them long before.
B: Tāmen yi lai tiqin women	As soon as they came to propose the
  jiu daying le.	marriage we agreed to it.
5.	A: Tāmen tanlāi tānqu tānle	They talked and talked for a long
   hen jiǔ bu něng .juedinp;.	time and couldn't decide.
   A: Kěshi honlai hāishi vo gao-	But later it was 工 who told them
        su tamen yīnggāi zěnme	what they should do, after all. ban,
6.	Wo nuěrde hǔnlǐ zai Ěraěi Can-	My daughter’s wedding will be held
   ting jǔxing.	at the Omei Restaurant.
T. Tlngshu5 ,1 iěhūn lǐfu shi	工 hear that the wedding gown was made
xinniāng ziji zuode, tā zhēn	by the bride herself. She’s really
  něnggan.	capable•
8. Wo zhu yīyuande shihou nǐmen	When 工 was in the hospital you even
    hai song huā lai， ai,	sent flowers. Thanks so much, zhēn shi tai xiěxie le.
NOTES ON PART I Notes on No. 1
     xiāojie: ’daughter1. You have seen xiāo.jie meanirfg ’Miss1 or ’young lady1 . Here it is used to mean 1 daughterr . Note，however, that it is used only in referring to someone else1s daughter, not in referring to one’s own daughter(s).
    Tā you jǐwěi xiāojie?	How many daughters does he have?
    Nǐmen xiāojie zhēn piāoliang.	Your daughter is really pretty.
Xiaojie, meaning either fMiss1 or 1 daughter1, is not in current usage in the PRC.
     da xǐde rizi: bedding day1 , literally fbig joyful day1 . Xǐ_ 1 to be glad, joyful1, is used in several expressions having to do with weddings.
The character for xX is often used as a decoration. For weddings, two xǐ characters together are used as a decoration.
                囍
Notes on No. 2
    rěn hen laoshi:	s very honest1. Rěn, fperson1，can be used to
refer to a person^ character. It can be used with a noun or pronoun before it， for example Tā rěn hen laoshi, literally fAs for him, his person is very honest1. The wording Tā rěn •.. is often used to talk about the way someone truly is:
    Tā rěn hen āi bāngzhu biě rěn. He (is the sort of person who) likes
                                           to help others.
    Liu Xiānsheng rěn hen těbiě,	Mr. Liu is a different sort of
      shěnme shiqing d5u yāo wen	person, he has to ask fwhy1 about
    yige wěishenme.	everything.
   Tā rěn hen kěqi.	He1s a very polite sort of person.
Sometimes rěn refers to a person1s mental state of being:
    Wo hēde tai duo, rěn hai you	工 had too much to drink and still
     dianr b—u qingchu.	a little foggy.
Ren also sometimes refers to a person1s physical self. This meaning is mostly used in situations where a contrast is implied, something like fAnd
as for the person himself, ...1. For example:
  Wo yizhi zhǐshi he tā t5ng	All along 工 had only talked to her
diānhuā， jīntiān zǎoshang,	over the phone, "but this morning
     cai diyīci jiān miān, tā	工 met her for the first time,
     rěn fēichāng piaoliang.	She，s very "beautiful,
      Tamen jiěhūn bu dao yige yuě,	They hadn’t even been married for
xiānsheng jiu dāo JiāzhSu	one month when her husband went to
  nian shū qu le, rěn zāi	California to go to school. He
Měiguo, xīn zāi Taiwan, shū	was in America, "but his heart was
zěnme niāndehǎo ne?	in Taiwan, how could he possibly
                                           study well?
Notes on No. 3
      t]iāovǎng: 1 to associate with, to have dealings with1 , often said of "boyfriend-girlfriend relationships.
      Wo he tā měiyou shěnme tě"biěde There1 s no special relationship jiāowǎng.	"between him and me. (Said "by a
                                          daughter in explanation to her mother•)
In the PRC jiāovǎng is not used this way; use renshi， 'to know (a person)1 or jiao pěngyou> fto make friends1 instead. In the PRC, you will hear jiaovang used in phrases such as ^lǐangguo rěnminde .jiaovang11, 1 the contact (association) "between the peoples of these two countries’，
Notes on No. h
      nānfang: "the "bridegroom’s side", a phrase which often refers to the ■bridegroom himself, and sometimes refers to the ■bridegroom1 s family, relatives, and friends collectively. Nānfāng, ,fthe "bridegroon^s side11, happens to "be a homonym of nanfǎng, 1 the South1 •
Zhongguo rěn jiěhūnde shihou，	When Chinese get married, the groomfs
     nānfāng da qǐng kě.	family hosts a "big feast.
                             V
  Jiěhūn yǐqiān nānfāng nufāng	Before a marriage, the groom1s side
 Idici song lī.	and the "bride1 s side give each
                                           other gifts.
CNiifang means ,fthe "bride1 s side, referring either to "the 'bride11 herself, or to 1 the "bride fs family, relatives, and friends collectively1 .1
      shou: 1 to "be familiar with •••’ Also pronounced shu. Shou is used with he_ for people and with dui for places.
    Wo he tā hen shou.	工 know him very well.
    Tā dui Tāiběi hen shou.	She knows Taipei very well.
Shou also means 1 to be cooked sufficiently1 and 1 to be ripe1.
     zǎo: You1ve learned this as the verb 1 to be early1, now you see it used to mean 'long ago’.	*
Wo zǎo zhidao nǐ bu huilai.	工 knew long ago that you wouldn’t
                                           come back.
   Wo zǎo tīngshuS le.	I heard about it long ago.
Zǎo is usually followed by jiu to stress the idea of 1 as early as that1.
Wǒ zao jiu gāosu tā něijiān	工 told him that long ago. (Said to
shi le.	correct an impression that he
                                          didn1t actually know it so early.)
Wo zǎo jiu xiǎng lai kan ni,	I’ve been meaning to come see you
     yizhi měi shijiān.	for a long time，but I never had
                                           the time.
     tiqin: !to bring up a proposal of marriage1 Traditionally, the man's parents would visit the parents of the woman they wished their son to marry in order to bring up the subject of marriage. The situation in Taiwan is changing rapidly today, but some marriages are still proposed in this way. More frequently, however, the children simply inform their parents of their own arrangement.
     dāying: 1 to agree (to something), to consent, to promise1
     Tā dāying gěi wo něijiaji dongxi, He agreed to give me that thing, zěnme tā xianzai you	How is that now he von!t give it
   bu gei le?	to me?
Nǐ dāying ta le, dāngrān	You promised him, of course you
     yīnggāi pěi ta qū.	should go with him.
    Nǐ dāying zuode shi, yiding	You must do what you promise to do. yāo zuSdāo.
Nǐ dāyinglede shi, wěishěnme	Why don1t you do this thing that you
   bū zuo?	have promised?
Nǐ dāyingguode shi, jiu	You ought to do things that you
    yinggāi zuodāo.	promise.
Wo měi dāying gěi ni yige	工 didn't promise to give you a
  huzhāo.	passport.
Dāyijng can also mean 1 to answer1 •
     Tā jiao ni, nǐ zěnme měi dāying? He called you, how come you
                                           didnft answer?
Notes on No, $
     tanlai tanqū: fto talk over'.
     Tānlai tānqū, yě "bū něng jiějuě We discussed it for a long time, but zhěige wenti.	still couldn’t solve the problem.
Tānlai tānqū, tande hen you	It got very interesting, conversing
   yisi.	"back and forth.
      .jueding: fto decide1 .
    WS juěding yāo qū.	I fve decided that Ifm going.
Wo yǐjīng juěding jiu zhěnme	11 ve already decided that itf 11 "be
  "ban.	this way.
Wǒ hāi měi Juěding gāi zěnme	I haven’t yet decided what should "be
 ban.	done.
Notice that when you want to say can't decide whether (to do something)f or 11 haven11 decided whether (to do something)1 , the object of .iuědins is a choice-type question.
Wǒ hai měi juěding qu bu qu.	I havenft yet decided whether to
                                            go or not.
    WS bu něng juěding wǒ qū	工 can’t decide whether to go
  bu qu.	or not.
Wǒ hen nān juěding rang bu	Ifm having a hard time deciding
rang ta qu.	whether to let him to or not.
     Wǒ shi "bu shi gāi hulqu,	It*s hard to decide whether or
    hen nan juěding.	not I should go back.
     houl^i: fafterwards, later*. You have already learned another word which can be translated as tfafterwardstf or "later": yǐhou. Yǐhou and houlāi are "both nouns which express time. Here is a brief comparison of them.
     (1) Yīhou can either follow another element f in which case it is translated as ’’after . ..tf) or it can "be used "by itself.
     Tā laile yǐhou, women jiu zǒu	After he came, we left.
        le.
Yǐhou, tā měiyou zāi laiguo.	Afterwards, he never came back again.
     Houlai can only be used by itself.
    Houlāi， tā shui jiao le.	Afterwards, he went to sleep.
     (2) Both yīhou and houlāi may be used to refer to the past. (For example, in the reference list sentence, yǐhou may be substituted for houlāi. But if you want to say ”afterwards” or "later11 referring to the future, you can only use yǐhou. When it refers to the future time, yǐhou can be translated in various ways, depending on the context:
 Yǐhoude shiqing, děng yǐhou	Let1s wait until the future to see
   zāi shu5.	about future matters.
Yǐhou nǐ you kong, qǐng chāng	In the future when you have the time,
 lāi wan.	please come over more often.
    Wo yǐhou zai gāosu ni.	I’ll tell you later on.
Tāde hāizi shu5le， yǐhou tā	His child said that someday, he wants
      yāo gēn yige Riběn rěn jiěhūn. to marry a Japanese.
     Usage Note: Yǐhou has the meaning of "after that". It can imply that some past event functions as a dividing point in time, as a sort of time boundary, and yǐhou refers to the period from the end of that time boundary up to another point of reference (usually the time of speaking). In this usage it is often translated as l!since!l.
Tā zhǐ xiěle yīběn shū, yīhou	He only wrote one book, and hasn't
    zai měi xiěguo.	written any since.
Ranhou stresses the succession of one event upon the completion of a prior event.
     Wo shāngwu zhǐ you liǎngjiě	I have only two classes in the
 ke, ranhou jiu měi shī le,	morning, and after that 工 don’t
 women kěyi chuqū wānr.	have anything else to do, so we
     haishi: !in the end, after all1 You have seen haishi meaning 1 still1 , that is, that something remains the same way as it was. Here haishi is used to mean that the speaker feels that， all things considered, something is the case after all.
   Haishi tā dui.	He is right, after all.
Note on No. 6
     juxlng: !to hold (a meeting, banquet, celebration, ceremony，etc. )1 For this example you need to know that diǎnlǐ means 1 ceremony1.
Mingtiān jǔxlng bīyě dianlǐ.	Tomorrow the graduation ceremony
                                           will be held.
Hotes on Ho. 8
     h氐i: 1 even, (to go) so far as to1 You have seen hai meaning 'still1•as in Nǐ hai zai zhěr!, 1 You're still here!1. You've also seen hai meaning 'also, additionally1, as in Wo hai yao mai yiping qishuǐ., *1 also want to buy a bottle of soda.1 Here you see hai meaning additionally in the sense of additional effort. The sentence Nǐmen hai song huar lai, h£i expresses the speaker1s feeling that sending flowers went beyond what was expected or necessary.
     zhēn shi tai xiěxie le: *1 really thank you so much!1 You have seen tai used to mean 'very, extremely1 9 as in Tai hao le!, 'Wonderful!1 . Notice that here it is used with xiěxie.
Taipei:
A woman goes to visit her old friend	and to present her with a gift for
her daughter and future son-in-law.
A: G5ngxǐ, g5ngxǐ! Zhěge Xīng-	Congratulations! This Sunday is
   qītiān jiu shi nimen ěr xiao-	your second daughter’s big day!
 jiede daxǐde rizi! Zhěli shi	Here’s a present for the "bride and
   songgei xīnlāng xinniāngde lǐwu.	groom.
B: Xiěxie! Xiěxie! Nǐ tai	Thank you! That1s so nice of
 kěqi le.	you.
A: Yidian xiǎo yisi. Nǐ yiding	It’s just a little something. You
   hen mang bal Hūnlǐ dou ahǔnběi-	must be busy! Is everything all
  hǎo le měiyou?	ready for the wedding?
B: Zui māngde shihou yǐjlng guo	The "busiest time has already
 le, xianzai chābuduS d5u zhǔn-	passed; almost everything is ready
 běihāo le.	now.
A: Xīnlang shi nāli rěn a? Zai	Where is the groom?s family from?
  nāli g5ngzuo?	Where does he work?
B: Xīnlang shi Hebei rěn, zai	The groom1s family is from Hopei.
Taiwan Yinhāng gōngzuo. Tā rěn	He works at the Bank of Taiwan. He?s
   hen laoshi， yě hen shang j in.	very honest and anibitious,
A: Xiuyūn gēn tā shi tieren	Were Xiuyun and he introduced
   jiěshao rěnshide hāishi zijǐ	someone else or did they meet "by
 rěnshide?	themselves?
B: Shi Xiuyunde laoshi jiěshaode.	They were introduced "by Xiuyun1s
 Xiuyūn gēn tā jiāowang dāo	teacher. Xiuyun and he have been
xianzai yijīng liangniān le, dui	seeing each other for two years now,
  ta hen mǎnyi.	and she1 s very pleased with him.
A: Nimen gēn nanfangde fumǔ	Did you know the groom1 s parents
  yǐqian sh6u bu shou?	well before?
B: Bu shou, kěshi women zǎo jiu	No，"but we had heard of them long
 tingshuSguo tamen le. Tāmen	"before. They both teach at Taiwan
liǎngwěi d5u zai TaiDā jiāo	University. As soon as they came to
 shū. Taiuen yi lāi tlqin women	propose the marriage, we agreed to
 jiu dāying le.	it.
A: Wǒ kanjian qingtiēshang xiězhe	I saw on the invitation that the
  hūnlǐ zai Guobīn Dafandiān	wedding is being held at the
jǔxlng. Nāli difang you da you	AmlDassador Hotel. It1 s very spacious
piāoliang. Zhen hǎo.	and "beautiful there. That1 s great.
B: Shi a! Women gēn nanfangde	Yes. We discussed it back and
   fumu tānlai tanqu tanle hǎo jiǔ,	forth for a long time with his
   bu zhīdao zāi nali jǔxlng hūnlǐ	parents. We didn’t know where it
   zui hǎo• Houlāi hāishi wo	would be best to hold the wedding,
   juěding zai Guobīn Dafandian	Afterwards I was the one who decided
  jǔxing.	that we would have it at the
                                      Ambassador Hotel.
A: Ňg! Guobīn Dafandiān bu zhǐ	Oh! Not only is the Ambassador
   shi difang piāoliang, nalide	Hotel a beautiful place, but the food
  cai yě těbiě hǎo.	there is especially good too.
B: Dui le.	That’s right.
A: Xinniāngde jiěhūn lǐfu zai	Where did you buy the bride’s
 nāli mǎide?	wedding gown?
B: Bu shi maide, shi Xiuyun zijǐ	It isn't bought. Xiuyun made it
 zuode.	herself.
A: Nīmen er xiāojie zhēn něnggan.	Your second daughter sure is
                                        capable.
   Tiān "bu zǎo le, wo gāi zou le. It's getting late, I ought to "be
                                        going.
B: Ni hai aijǐ song lǐwu lai, zhěn You even "brought the gifts your-shi xiěxie! Xīngqitiān yiding self. Thank you so much. Be sure lāi, ā!	to come on Sunday!
NOTES ON THE DIALOGUE
   Guobīn Dafandiān bu zhǐ shi difang piaoliang, nalide cai yě těbiě hǎo. Traditional vedding foods included huāshēng, peanuts; lianzǐ， lotus seeds; and zǎozi， dates, all of which symbolize fertility in that shēng(zǐ) means "give birth to!! (a son); lianzǐ sounds like part of the phrase lianshēng guizǐ, ’’have sons consecutively11; and zǎozi sounds like part of zǎoshēng guī~ zǐ，nhave an early son.11 The wedding marked the beginning of that generation1 s carrying on of the family line. Today few adhere to these symbols and food is served according to family preference.
   Bū shi mǎide， shi Xiuyun- zi.jǐ zuode: Wedding gowns in Taiwan these days are frequently hand-made or tailor-made, as tailoring is affordable and the quality of work surpasses that of ready-made items • Brides may wear two gowns: a white one for the ceremony (which may be in a church nowadays) and a traditional Chinese red one at the celebration.
PAET II
9. Xīnlang jiā xīn Jīdū.1iao>	The family of the bridegroom are
fumǔ xīwang tāmen zai	Christians and the parents hope
.liaotāng jiěhūn.	they will be married in church.
10.	Xinniāng jiā xīn F$, fumǔ bū	The family of the bride are Buddhists,
rang tamen zai jiaotāng	and -her parents wonft let them be
   jiěhūn.	married in church.
11.	Tāmen yao zai fǎyuan gSngzhěng	Are they going to have a civil
    .jiěhūn ma?	marriage in court?
12.	Hūnlǐ yǐhou badiǎn zhong ru xi.	After the wedding ceremony the
                                           banquet will start at eight.
13.	Zhěge went! hen fuza.	This question is very complicated.
Ik. Wǒde yi,1ian shi děng liāngge	My opinion is that we should wait
      xīngqī women zāi tantan.	tvo weeks and talk about it again.
15.	Tāmen qǐng shěi zhěnghun?	Whom did they ask to witness the
                                           marriage?
16.	A: Hūnlǐ yǐhou tāmen mǎshang	After the wedding are they going to
         jiu qu dīi mīyuě ma?	leave right away to go on their
                                           honeymoon?
      B: Bu, yāo děng hui men yǐhou	No，they1 re going to wait until
       cai qu.	after the bride1s first visit to
                                           her family before they go.
1了. Houtiān yiding lai chī xǐ.liǔ!	Be sure to come to the wedding
                                           banquet the day after tomorrow.
18.	A: Nǐmen xiaojie hūnlishang	Who are the two people who are going
          .jieshaorěn shi naliǎngwěi	to be the introducers at your
     a?	daughter1s wedding?
B: Ylwei shi lai zuo měide Lǐ	One is Professor Li who was the go-
     Jiāoshou.	between.
19.	Nawěi youzhěngjū Jūzhǎng shi	That postmaster is a friend of our
     women jia du5niande lao	family from many years back, pěngyou.
20.	Tandao jiēhǔn, nǐ 垣 yīnggāi	Speaking of the wedding, you really
kuāi diǎn qu zu jiān jiěhūn	ought to hurry up and go rent a
  lǐfu.	wedding gown.
NOTES ON PART II Notes on No. 9
     xin Jidū,jiao: fto believe in (Protestant) Christianity' This is one way of saying fto be a (Protestant) Christian'.
Notes on No, 10
     xīn Fo: fto believe in Buddha' This is one way of saying fto be a Buddhistf.
Notes on No, 11
     zai fǎyuan: fin courtf Zai is the verb fto be in, at, or on1, in other words fto be located (someplace). Zai must be followed by a place word or a place phrase. Just what is considered to be a place word or phrase may be difficult for the non—native speaker to figure out. Words which are not considered to be place words or phases must have a locational ending such as -li or —shang added to them. (Ni zai chēshang mai piao.，fYou buy the ticket on the bus.f )
     The names of institutions in Chinese are considered to be place words. The phrase fin courtf does not need a locational ending, zai fǎyuan• Here are some other words which can function as place words by themselves. Many of these end with syllables such as -shi (shi) 'house, apartmentf, -ju !office, shop，，-dian 1 inn, shop*, -chǎng * field, open ground1, -ting 'hall， room1, -suo 'place, room', -jian 'house, rooms1, guan 'public office, hallf.
Jīntiān xiavu zai bangongshi	See you at the office this afternoon!
       jiān!
   Zāi běnshi you vuge youzhěng-	There are five post offices in this
 ju!	city.
    Nī zai cāifěngdian zuode ba?	You must have had that made at a
                                                 tailorf s.
     NĪ zai canting kāndao ta le ma? Did you see him in the dining room?
Other words which behave in a similar way are:
  caishichang	market	fūjīn	area
  cěsuo	toilet	fūvutāi	service desk
dafandian	hotel	GSngānju	Bureau of Public Security
  shāngdiān	store	gSngsī	company
  dalou	building	gSngyu	apartment
   dāshiguan	embassy	gōngyuan	park
   diqū	region	huikěshi	;reception room
    fandiān	restaurant	huochēzhān	railroad station
   fangjiān	room	jǐngchaju	police station
   fānguǎnzi	restaurant	kāfēitīng	coffeehouse
   fānting	dining room	lǎojiā	hometown
    fēijichang airport	and many more...including proper
                                             names of Restaurants , "buildings , associations, organizations, etc.
     g5ngzheng: ’notarization，government witness1 . A gongzheng rěn is a notary public.
 Note on No. 12
      ru xi: 1 to take one1 s seat at a banquet1 » literally 1 to eirter the mat(ted area)1.
'	Women kuāi dianr zhǔnběi,	Let1s get ready a little faster,
tāmen liudian zhong jiu	the banquet starts at 6:00.
        yāo ru xi le.
 Note on No, 13
      filza: 1 to be complicated, to be complex1 . Questions, problems, or situations can be fuzā if there are many pieces or factors figuring into the problem. It is also possible to use fuza to imply that the situation is messy, problem-ridden•
     Tāmen jiāde qingkuang tai fuza, Their family situation is too wo gǎobuqīngchu.	complicated, I can’t make heads
                                          or tails of it. (This sentence has an ambiguity in both languages.)
     Zhěige wěnti tai fuzā, hen ndn This question is so complicated, it1s shuo qingchu.	very hard to explain it clearly.
     Zhěige juzi tai fuza, zui hao	This sentence is too complicated，
      bu zheiyangr xiě.	it would be best not to write it
                                            this way.
 Fuza can also "be used in a complimentary way. (For this example you need to know that sixiǎng; means 1 thinking, thought1 .)
     Tāde sixiang hen fuza.	His thinking is very complex.
 This sentence might be said of an Einstein. The opposite of fuza in this
case would te .jiandān 1 to be simple1 , as in 1 simple-minded1 .
      Fuza is also pronounced, fuza.
      yījian: 1 idea, view, opinion, suggestion1.
Gāngcai tā tanle dui zhěiben	He just told us his opinions on this
shūde yījian, wo juěde dui	book, and 工 feel that they1 re
     women hen you bāngzhu.	really helpful to us.
      Wo hen xiǎng zhīdao, zai zhěige I*d very much like to know what the wěntishang, ZhSngguo zhěng-	Chinese government1s view is on
     fǔde yijian shi shěnme?	this question.
Wǒ xiǎng xiān q.u Shanghai, zāi	I fd like to go to Shanghai first and
     dāo Wǔhān, nǐde yij ian	then to Wuhan, what1s your opinion? zěnmeyang?
Wǒde yxjian shi xiān q.u Wuhan,	My opinion is to first go to Wuhan,
zāi dāo Shanghai qu. Yīnwei	then to Shanghai, because after
zai guo yige yuě, Wuhan fēi-	a month, Wuhan will be extremely
  chang rele.	hot.
Note on No, 1$
      2hěnghūn: !to witness a marriage1. Witnesses formerly were persons of good reputation and venerable old age. Today, familiarity is most important. The witness makes a brief speech during the ceremony and stamps the marriage certificate with his name seal. He receives no remuneration for this service, but is honored to have been asked.
Notes on No > 16
      du miyuě: fto spend onefs honeymoon1. Du is the verb fto spend， to pass (something which is an amount of time, like a holiday). Miyuě is literally 'honey-moon*.
      huiměn: ’the bride1s first visit to her own family on the third day after the wedding1, literally Return to the door*• When the newlyweds return home for this first visit, the family of the bride is given a chance to entertain the couple. More friends and relatives are invited and introduced to them. (It is the groom’s family which arranges the marriage ceremony.)
Note on No. 1了
     xǐjiǔ: ’wedding banquet1 . Notice that in the Reference List sentence the phrase lai chi xǐ.jiǔ is translated as 1 to come to the wedding banquet1 .
A more literal translation might be 1 come to eat a wedding feast!. The verb chi could also be rendered into English by 1 attend1 or 1 take part1, as in 1 Be sure to come take part in the wedding banquet the day after tomorrow1.
Notes on No. 18
     hūnlǐshans： ’at the wedding’. Notice that in English you say ’at the wedding1 while in Chinese you say hunlǐshāng, literally ’on the wedding1.
-Shang would also be the locative ending to use for fat the meeting (hulshang)•
     .jieshaoren: introducer1 . This is one person in the cast of people who play a part in getting two people together in marriage. Originally, the "introducer” functioned in much the same way as match-makers - finding a good mate for a friend or relative. Today, most young people find their own mates. The ’’introducers’’，however, still have a ceremonial function.
They accompany the bride and groom during the ceremony (one for the bride and one for the groom).
     zuo měi: fto act as the go-between for two families whose children are to be married1. This person arranged the details of the match. He acted as a go-between for the families of the bride and groom, settling points which were usually of a financial nature. Often the zuo měide was also the ,1iěshaorěn. Traditionally, the go-between was an older woman who made a profession of it. She was paid for her services in money if the family was wealthy or in the best pork legs if they were poor. Today any adult can act as the go-between, although the practice is becoming less and less common. During the wedding ceremony, the go-between places his stamp on the wedding certificate.
     Wo gěi ni zuo měi， hǎo bu hǎo? Ifll act as go-between for you,
                                           all right?
Zhāng Tāitai qǐng wo tǐ tāde	Mrs. Chang asked me to act as go-
    nuěr zuo měi.	between for her daughter.
Notes on No. 19
     •juzhǎng: fhead of an office or bureau1 • Jūzhǎng is only used when the Chinese name of the office or bureau ends with the syllable -Ju, as in y$uzhěngjū, fpost office1. Youfve also seen būzhǎng, Minister of a bureau1 and kēzhǎng, fsection chief1.
     duoniān: fmany years1. Here are some examples:
Women duōnian bu jiān le.	We havenft seen each other for many
                                            years.
    Women zai yiqǐ gSngzuole	We've been working together for many
   duSniān le.	years.
    Wo zhu zai zhěr duSnian le,	I’ve been living here for many years,
keshi měi tīngshuōguo zhěige	but Ifve never heard of this
  rěn.	person.
Notes on No. 20
     tandao: fto talk about, to speak of1• This is used to refer to something that was just brought up in conversation. You have seen dao used as a main verb meaning fto go to， to arrive at*， and as a prepositional verb meaning fto towards1. Now you see that dao is also used as a verb ending. Literally, it means ’to， up to1， but its translation into English sometimes changes, depending on the meaning of the verb it is used with. When used with tan, fto talk，to chat1, -dao can be translated as 1 about1 or foff.
Here are some other examples of -dao used with verbs you've already studied:
    Women gāngcāi hdi shuo dao nǐ，	We were even talking of you just now,
    nǐ jiu lĚ.i le.	and here you are!
    Jīntiān nǐ gin ta jiangdao	Did you talk about me with him today?
       wo měiyou?
    Wo changchang xiǎngdao wode	I often think of my child,
       haizi.
Notice that in the Reference List sentence, tandao is used at the beginning of the sentence to introduce a topic, like we use 1 speaking of ...1 in English. Here are some other examples:
    Tandao jiěhūnde shi, wo hai	When it comes to talking about
     děi xiangyixiang.	marriage, I have to think it over.
    Tandao zěnme xiě Zhōngguo zi,	When we talk about writing Chinese
tā bǐ wo zhīdaode du5.	characters, he knows a lot more
                                           than I do.
    yě: ’really, after all1. You have seen ^ meaning 'too, also1.
Another common meaning of 适 is 9(even though) ••• nevertheless, still*•
For example:
    Wo suīrān shi ZhSngguorěn wo	Although I am Chinese, I can still
      yě hui shuo yidian Yingwěn.	speak a little English.
    A: Zhěige diānyǐng zěnmeyang? How was the movie?
    B: Bu shi hen hao, danshi yě	It wasn’t great， but it was pretty
      hai kěyi.	good nevertheless.
Wo suiran měi daoguo Tiān Ān	Although I’ve never been to Tian An
Men, yě zāi diānshishang	Men, Ifve seen it on television,
      kanjianguo.
In addition, often is used to contrast the thought expressed in the sentence with another thought. This meaning can be paraphrased something like this: Tlin spite of anything which' might be believed to the contrary, indeed what 工 am saying _is_ true." Sometimes, however, is used when there is not much to contrast it with, and means little more than ,Ve really ought to agree that what 工 am saying is true/’
      There are many different possible ways to translate this into English. The following examples are meant to show some of its range of meaning and some of its possible translations.
Xiānzāi shiyidiān ban le, vo	Itfs eleven-thirty. 工 really have
     yě yāo shang kě le, wǒmende	to be going to class. Let!s talk
     wěnti mingtiān zāi tan ba!	about our question tomorrow, okay?
Zhōngguo rěnkǒu tai du5,	The population of China is too large,
     zhěngfǔ tichāng wǎnlian van-	it really is right for the govern-
     hūn yě shi yinggāide.	ment to promote late marriage and
                                           late involvement.
Tāmen wěishěnme yāo lihūn, wo	Why they wanted to get a divorce,工
   yě bū zhidao.	really don1t know.
A: Nǐ zěnme hai mei bǎ zhěxiē	How come you still haven11 finished
       yifu xǐwān?	washing these clothes?
B: Wo yě bu shi nǐde yongren,	Ifm not your servant, after all; I
          bāitiān wǒ yě shang ban,	work during the day too， and 工
         wo měiyou zhěnme duo	donft have all that much time, shijiān.
Nǐ xianzai yě gāi mingbai le	Now you (really) ought to understand,
 ba?	donft you?
Women liāngge rěnshi yě you	We have known each other for several
jǐniān le, nǐ yinggāi liǎo-	years, after all; you ought to
  jiě vo.	understand me.
Taipei:
The day "before a young couple is to	"be married, a friend pays a visit to
the mother of the "bride:
A: Gōngxǐ, gSngxǐ! Mingtiān shi	Congratulations! Tomorrow*s your
  nǐmen xiāojie daxǐde rizi!	daughter1s big day! Who f s the
   Xīnlāng shi shěnme rěn a? Tāmen	bridegroom? How did they meet? shi zěnme rěnshide?
B: Shi pěngyou jiěshāode.	They were introduced by friends.
   Nanfangde fuqin gēn wǒ xiān-	The father of the groom is a
sheng zai youzhěngjū shi	colleague of my hustandf s at the post
   tongshi, būguo yǐqian "bū tai	office, but they didn’t know each
   shou. Houlāi lingvai yige xing	very well before. Afterwards,
   Lǐde tongshi jiu lai zuo měi,	another colleague "by the name of Li
   jiěshao tamen rěnshi. Tāmen	came to act as the go-"between and
   jiāowang dāo xiaxLzāi yě yiniān	introduced them. They have "been
   duo le. Nage nānhaizi xianzai	seeing each other for over a year
ěrshibāsui, rěn hen laoshi， yě	now. The young man is twenty-eight
hen shangjin. Xianzai zāi	years old now. Hefs very honest and
Taiwan Yinhāng gSngzuo. Tā	amlDitious. He works at the Bank of
"bangongshilide rěn d5u shu5 tā	Taiwan. The people at his office all
  něnggan. Xiuyun dui ta hen	say hef s very capable. Xiuyun is
  mǎnyi, ěrqiě Xiuyun yǐjīng	very pleased with him, and besides,
ershisisui le, yě daole gāi	she1s twenty-four years old; she has
jiěhūnde shihou le, suoyi	reached the time when she should get
   nānfāng yi lāi tlqīn women jiu	married. So as soon as his family
  dāying le.	came to propose the marriage, we
                                       agreed to it.
A: Wǒ kan qingtiēshang shu5	工 see it says on the invitation
wǔdiǎn zhōng zāi Guotin Da-	that the ceremony will be held at the
fandiān jǔxing hūnlǐ, liudian	Ambassador Hotel at five o’clock， and
   zhong ru xi. Na dīfang hen da,	that the banquet starts at six.
cai yě hen hǎo, mingtiān yiding	It’s a very big place, and the food
  hen rěnao.	is very good. It should "be very
                                       lively tomorrow.
B: Tandao jǔxlng hūnlǐ a, yījian	As far as the wedding ceremony is
  du5 le. Zhēn fuzā. Xiān shi	concerned, there were a lot of
  liāngge haizi yao dao fǎyuan	different opinions. It was really
  gSngzhěng jiěhūn, kěshi	complicated. At first the two
nanfangde fumǔ "bu dāying.	children wanted to go to court and
Tāmen xin Jīdūjiao, yiding yāo	have a civil marriage, but the parents
  dāo jiaotāng qū. Women jiā	of the groom didn’t agree to that.
xin Fo, zěnme kěyi rang tamen	They*re Christians, and insisted on
  dao jiaotāng qū jǔxlng hūnlǐ	going to a church- Our family is
ne! Houlāi, liǎngjiā tānlai	Buddhist; how could we let them go to
tanqu, zuihou cai juěding	a church to hold the wedding! Later,
hāishi zai Guobīn Dafandian	our two families discussed it back and
jǔxing hūnlǐ.	forth, and finally we decided it would
                                         "be "best to hold the wedding at the Amliassador Hotel.
A: Shi qǐng shěnme rěn zhěnghūn	Whom did you ask to witness the
a?	marriage?
B: Zhěnghūnrěn shi Youzhěngjū	The witness is Postmaster Zhang.
Zhāng Jūzhǎng. Tā gēn nanfangde	He1s an old friend of many years of
fuqin shi duSniande lǎo pěngyou,	the groom's father, so as soon as we
   suoyi yī qǐng ta, tā mashang	went to ask him, he agreed right away, jiu dāying le.
A: You měiyou jieshaorěn? Jiě-	Are there any introducers? Who are
  shaorěn shi shěi ya?	they?
B: Nanfangde jieshaorěn jiu shi	The introducer for the groom's side
lāi zuo měide nawěi Lǐ Xiān-	is the Mr. Li who was the go-lietween,
sheng. Women zhě"biān jiu	For our side we asked Professor Zhang
qǐngle Zhāng Zǐming Jiāoshou.	Ziming. He was a teacher of Xiuyun1s
  Tā shi Xiuyun niān daxuě	when she was in college. shihoude lǎoshī.
A: Xinniāngde jiěhūn lǐfu shi	Where was the "bride1 s wedding gown
  zai shěnme difang zuode?	made?
B: Bu shi zuode, shi zūde.	It wasnft (specially) made， it’s
                                        rented.
A: Tāmen jiehun yīhou yao dao	After they're married, where are
nali qu du miyuě?	they going to spend their honeymoon?
B: Tāmen jihua yao dao Ālǐ Shān	They1 re planning to go to Mt. Ali
qu wan yige xīngqī, "buguo	for a week, but they canft leave right
tāmen j iěhūn yǐhou "bu něng	after the wedding. They have to wait
mǎshang zou, yāo děng hui	until after the "bride's first visit
men yǐhou cai qu.	to her new parents1 home "before they
 go.
A: 0, hǎo hǎo hǎo. Wo xiǎng	Oh, okay. Well，you must "be very
   nimen yiding hen māng. Wo	"busy, so 工 should "be leaving now. yīnggāi zou le.
B: Nǐ name kěqi, hai zijǐ lāi	Youfre so polite, you even "brought
song lǐwu lai. Xiěxie, xiexie!	presents over in person. Thank you!
   Mingtiān yiding lāi chi xǐjiǔ.	Be sure to come to the "banquet
                                        tomorrow.
A: Hǎo, mingtiān jiān.	Okay, see you tomorrow.
NOTES ON THE DIALOGUE
     ...liāngge haizi yao dao fǎyuan g5ngzhěng jiehun: Traditional wedding ceremonies were held at home or in ancestral halls (not in temples or pagodas). Modern ones are likely to "be held in hotels or restaurants, as there is more room and food is then easier to prepare.
     Tāmen .iihua yao dao Ālī Shan qū: Ālī Shān and Riyuě Tan (Sun—Moon Lake) are the two most popular honeymoon spots on Taiwan• An average honeymoon stay might last one veek.
                               Vocabulary
āi	(sound of sighing)
dāxǐ	great rejoicing
daxǐde rizi	vedding day
dāying	to agree (to something), to consent,
                                          to promise
dū	to pass
du mīyuě	to go on a honeymoon, to spend one1s
                                          honeymoon
duōnian	many years
fǎyuan	court of lav
Fo	Buddha
fuzā (fuzā)	to "be complicated
gongzhěng jiěhūn	civil marriage
hai	even， (to go) so far as to
hāishi	after all
houlai	later, afterwards
hui men	the return of the bride to her
                                          parents1 home (usually on the third day after the vedding) hǔnli	vedding
jiaotāng	church
jiāovāng	to associate with, to have dealings
                                          with
Jīdūjiao	Christianity
j iěhun lǐfu	vedding gown
jiěshaorěn	introducer
juěding	to decide
jǔxing	to hold (a meeting, ceremony, etc.)
Juzhāng	head of an office or bureau (of
                                            which the last syllable is ,jū)
...-lāi•..-qu	(indicates repeating the action
                                           over and over again) laoshi (laoshi)	to be honest
Liǎnyi	to be pleased
miyuě	honeymoon
nānfāng	the groom1s side, the groom1s family
něnggan	to be capable
ren	person, self, body
ru xi	to take one's seat (at a gathering,
                                          meeting, or banquet)
shāngjin	to be ambitious
shou	to iDe familiar (with), to know well
tandao	to talk alDOut; speaking of
tānlai tānqu	to talk back and forth
tlqīn	to bring up a proposal of marriage
xiāojiě (xiāojie)	daughter (referring to someone
                                           else1s daughter)
xijiu	wedding banquet; wedding wine
xin	to believe (in)
xin Fo	to be a Buddhist
xīnlāng	bridegroom
xinniāng	bride
ye	indeed, in fact， admittedly
yijian	opinion
zǎo	long ago
zhěnghūn	to witness a marriage
zhěnghūnrěn	chief witness at a wedding ceremony
zū	to rent
zu§ mei	to act as go-between (for the
                                          families of a man and woman considering marriage)
    Customs Surrounding Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit 3
 PART I
 1.	Wo tingshuo Zhōngguo kongzhi	工 hear that population control work
      rěnkǒude gōngzuo zuode hen	has been done very successfully in
   chenggong.	China.
 2.	Zāi chěngshili zhude rěn yao	People who live in the city, if they
you yige hāizi děi zuodao	want to have a child, must have
    sān t5ngguo.	fthe three approvals f.
 3.	Sān tSngguode yisi yě j_rushi	f The three approvalsf means that a
shuō děi you sānge difang	woman must have the consent of
tongyi zhěwěi fīlnū shēng	three places in order to have a
  haizi.	child.
U. A: Něi sānge dānvěi ne?	Which three units?
B: Zhěwei funude gongzuo dan-	The woman’s work unit, the neighbor-
          wěi, tā zhude difangde	hood committee of the place she
.iūmin věiyuanhui, he	lives, and the local police
     paichusuo.	station.
 5.	ZhSngguo zhěngfǔ gěnju shěnme	On what basis does the Chinese
pi zhǔn filnumen shēng xiǎo-	government give official per-
    hāir?	mission for women to give birth?
 6.	Gegě chěngshi meinian zhǐ kěyi	The various cities can only increase
      zēngjiā yiding shumude hāizi.	by a specific number of children
                                            every year.
了. Women shiqū jīnniānde chushēng- The birth rate in our municipal area
    lu bu gāo.	this year isnft very high.
 8. Wǒ zhǐ něng fēnpěigei nǐmen	工 can only assign a quota of eight
      zhěiyiqū bābǎige mingfě•	hundred to your area.
 9# ZhSngguo rěnkǒu tai duō,	The population of China is too large,
      zhěngfǔ tichāng rěnmin shi-	so the government encourages the
    xing biyun.	people to practice birth control.
 10.	Biyun gongju dou shi miǎnfěide.	All contraceptive devices are free.
 11.	Wǒ yǐjlng dědao pīzhǔn, kěyi	I have already received permission
     you yijian xin fangzi.	to get a new room.
     NOTES ON PART 工 Notes on No. 1
          kongzhi: fto control; control1. This can also be translated as fto dominate; to command*•
          Zhěige fangjiānde wendū kong-	The temperature in this room isnft
          zhude bu hao, yihuīr leng,	well regulated. 工tfs cold one
       yihuǐr re.	minute and hot the next.
         Shijiān měi banfa kongzhi,	There is no way to control time; no
        shěi ye banbudao.	one can do it.
Tāde bing yǐjlng kongzhizhu	His illness is under control now;
          le, yěxǔ jǐtiān yǐhou, tā	maybe in another few days he will
       huī haoqilai.	start to get better.
v	You yixiē rěn kongzhile zhěi-	Some people have taken control of
           jia fēijī, bu rang ta qǐfēi.	this airplane and won't let it
                                                  take off.
          chěnggong: fto succeed; to be successful'.
         Zhěiběn shū chěnggSng le.	This book was a success.
          Zhěiben shū xiěde hen chěnggSng. His book was written very successfully.
                                               (i.e.，His book came off very well.)
Zhěige tāng chěnggong le，	This soup is a success, everyone
       dajiā dōu āi chī.	loves it.
          Zhǐ ysto nǐ null, nǐde shiqing	So long as you work hard at it, your
yiding něng chěnggSng.	effort is sure to succeed.
     Notes on No, 2
           zuo dao: fto achieve, to make (a goal) V. In Unit 2, Part II, you saw tandao 1 to talk about, to speak of1 , with the ending -dao meaning literally 'to, up to1 . Here you see -dao used as an ending after the verb zuo fto makef. You may think of -dao in zuodao as conveying the meaning of reaching a goal.
          Zhěijiān shi, wo yǐjīng zuodāo 工 have already succeeded in doing le.	this.
          Ni shuōguo, zuotiān nǐ yāo qu, You said that you wanted to go nǐ zuodāo le ma?	yesterday. Did you do so?
      sān tSn^guo: fthe three approvals1. The 1 three approvals1 have been in effect since 19了3/了1. At that time, the minimuin marriage age was pushed upward, "but most recently it has "been relaxed to ages twenty-five for males and twenty-three for females. Most couples must still wait a number of years before they can have a child. The sāntonRKUo guiding for city residents effectively means that, without these three approvals for a child, a pregnancy must end in abortion or else the child will have to live without food rations. (A government slogan is Yi^e zui hǎo, liāngge goule, "One is best, two is enough.’’） Applications to have children are reviewed and permission granted or denied by onefs work unit, based on the total allowable city quota. A third child is strongly discouraged and life would be very difficult for it should it be born. Special gifts, privileges, and awards are given to one-child families - In the countryside, one can find four to six children in a household, but they of course could not easily move to the city.
Notes on No. 3
      ye jiūshi shuō: fto mean； in other words, that is to say1 .
     Jīhuā shengyu yě jiūshi shu5	Planned parenthood means having
     yao you jihuade shēng xiao-	children in a planned way. hair.
     fHěbi1 ye jiūshi shu5 fwei-	1Hěbi1 means 1why must1. shěnme xūyao1.
Tā bu něng zāi shēng xiaohāizi,	She can11 have children any more;
ye jiushi shuō women juěde	that is to say, we feel that she
   tā zhibuhao le.	cannot be cured.
Tā bū gei ni da dianhua hao-	The fact that he doesnft telephone
xiang ye jiūshi shu5 tā bu	you would seem to imply that he
   xīhuan ni.	doesn’t like you.
      Dāifu shu5 tā bū něng chi rou, The doctor said that he couldn ft eat ye jiushi shu5 chī rou duī	meat, in other words, eating meat
    tāde shēntī bu hao.	isnft good for his health.
When what follows is a more pointed explanation of what has just been said, .jiushi shu5 can be used in place of ye jiushi shu5， e.g.
     Tā bū kěyi shēng hāizi, jiūshi She cannot have a child; that is to shuō tā hai měiyou zuodao	say, she has not yet gotten the
   sān tSngguo.	three approvals.
      tōngyi: fconsent, agreement; to agree, to agree with (what someone says or thinks)1.
    A: Tongyi bu tongyi?	Do you agree?
   B: Wǒ bū tongyi.	工 don’t agree.
    Wo "bu tongyi nǐde hua.	I don，t agree with what you say.
Although in English we can say 11 agree with you1 , in Chinese it is wrong to say either Wo ^ēn nǐ tongyi or W5 t6ngyi ni. Tongyi can be used in two ways: without an object, or with an object like tā shuōde ?what he said1, tāde huě, fwhat he said1 , tāde /jihua 1 his plan1 , tāde yi,jian 1 his opinion1.
If you want to say 11 don11 agree with you1 , you can say Wo ~bū tongyi, Nǐ shuode, vo bu tongyi, Wǒ "bū tongyi nide hua. Wo "bu tongyi nǐde yi.iian, etc.
Notes on No. U
     dānvěi: 1(work) unit1. This word is used in the PRC as a cover term for any organization or department of an organization. It may, for instance, refer to a factory, a school, a government organization, a store, or an army unit.
     Nǐ zai něige dānvěi gōngzuo? is a common way of asking where someone works; compared with Nǐ zai nǎr gōngzuo?, the question Nǐ zāi něige dānvěi gōngzuo? sounds more official.
    Women dānvěi you hen duo nu	There are a lot of women teachers in
lǎoshī.	our unit. (Here, dānvěi refers to
                                           a school.)
     To specify that you are talking about a place of work, you can say gōngzuo dānvěi, as in the Reference List sentence.
     jumin věiyuanhui: * neighborhood committee1. The official duties of a neighborhood committee are diverse, ranging from sanitation maintenance to political study. Its actual role and duty remain amMguous, as well as its relationship with the government. Although the government pays a committee1s elected delegates, there is no official connection "between the two. The power of the committee in local affairs remains large.
     paichusuo: 1local police station1. The local police station is the lowest level of the Bureau of Public Security. In addition to taking care of matters of a criminal nature, the paichusuo is familiar with the history and political situation of every one of its residents. Along with the gōngzuo dānvěi and the .iūmin věiyuanhui, it affects the daily life of each citizen.
Notes on No. ^
     gēnju: 1 according to, on the "basis of; "basis1 .
    Nǐ genju shěnme shu5 zhěige	On what "basis do you say this?
        huā?
  Nǐ shu5de hua you měiyou	Is there a "basis for what you're
  gēnju?	saying?
     pizhǔn: fto give official permission (to someone to do something)1.
     Dānwěi pīzhǔn ta jiěhūn le.	Her unit gave her permission to
                                            marry.
Xuěxiao pīzhǔn ta qu Shanghai	His school gave him permission to go
  le.	to Shanghai.
     Wo mai zhěige diānshi shi dědao 工 got permission to "buy this pizhǔnde.	television.
     funumen: 1women1. -Men is a plural ending for nouns and pronouns.
You have seen it in the pronouns vomen, zanmen> nǐmen> and tāmen. After a noun, however, -men is never obligatory. It is usually used with nouns which designate humans (although in literature you may sometimes see it used with nouns referring to animals as well).
           s/
    Nūshimen, xiānshengmen.	Ladies and gentlemen.
Note that the group referred to "by a noun phrase with -men must be of unspecified numlDer; it is wrong to say liāngge funumen or sānge •liaoshoumen， etc.
Notes on No. 6
     gěgě: 1 each and every, all of the various1. The first (a specifier like zhěi-) literally means 1 each...1 or fthe various, the different•••*•
The second is the counter ge, as in yige rěn fone person1.
     Jiǔyuěli, gěgě xuěxiao d5u	In September all the schools open, kāi xuě le.
Měiguode gěgě zh5u d5u you	Each of the American states has its
    zijǐde zhěngfǔ,	government.
      zēnK.jiā: fto increase; to increase "by (such-and-such an amount)1 .
Jīnnian women xuěxiaode xuě-	The students in our school increased
    sheng zēngjiā le.	this year.
     Zhěige yīyuande bingren bu neng The patients in this hospital cannot zai zēngjiā le.	increase any further.
Zhěijǐtiān nǐ mang "bu māng,	Have you "been busy the past few days?
zai gěi ni zēngjiā yidianr	Would it "be okay if 工 give you
     gōngzuo, hǎo bu hǎo?	some more work to do?
    Women dānwěi you zēngjiāle	They added two more offices on to
    liāngge bangongshi.	our unit.
    yiding: 'specific, certain, definite, set1. In addition to the meaning of yiding which you already know, namely 1 certainly, surely1, it can also mean fset (by regulation, decision, or convention), fixed, particular,1 as in
    Tā ban shiqing you yiding banfa. He goes about doing things with a
                                           definite method.
    Měiniān zāi yidingde rizi, tā	Every year he goes back to see his
     d5u huiqu kan māma.	mother on a set date.
Notes on No. 了
    shiqū: fcity proper, municipal area1, the area within a chěngshi where population and buildings are relatively concentrated. Shiqu is used when you are emphasizing the city proper or contrasting it to the suburbs E.1iāoqū!3 • It is an administratively more exact term than chěngshi• [The Peking municipal area, Běijīng shīq_ū, is made up of eight urban districts, chěngqū.]
    chūshēnglū: fbirth rate1. Chūshēng means 1 to be born1. The chūshēnglu is usually considered to be the number of births per one thousand population in one year.
Notes on No. 8
    fēnpěi: fdistribute; allot; assign; distribution1.
    Wǒ tīngshuō xiāge yuě jiu kěyi I1ve heard that you111 be assigned gěi ni fēnpei gSngzuo.	work next month.
    Wǒ xīwang něng zǎo yidian	工 hope that housing can be assigned
    fenpěidāo fangzi.	soon,
    TīngshuS tā fēnpěi dāo DSngběi 工*ve heard that he has been assigned qu gSngzuo le.	to go work in Manchuria.
     ming^: 1 the number of people assigned or allowed; quota of people1 . MingTe does not exactly correspond to 1 quota1. 1 Quota1 is a fixed number of places which must be filled. Mlngt ě is (1) a fixed number of places which must not be exceeded, or (2) one such place. Bābǎige ming^ is literally 1800 name given—numbersf， i.e. 1 a quota of 800 names.1
Note on No. 9
    biyun: Literally, favoid-pregnancy1, i.e. fcontraceptionf• Shixing
biyun ft〇 carry out (the government policy of encouraging) contraception, to practice birth control1.
Note on No. 10
     miǎnfēide: Literally fexempt from charge1, i.e. ffree (of charge”•
    Zhěige zhanlǎn kěyi miǎnfei	You can visit	this exhibit for free. cānguān.
Sānyuě Bahāo, fīinu he haizi	On March 8th,	women and children can
      dao g5ngyuān qu d5u shi	go to parks	free of charge. miǎnfēide.
Lūxing bū pianyi a! Fēijīpiāo	Travelling is	not cheap. Plane
kě "bu shi miǎnfēide.	tickets are	certainly not free!
Notes on No. 11
     dědao: fto receive, to getf.
    Tā dědao huzhāo yǐhou mashang	He left immediately after getting his
   jiu zou le.	passport.
    Tā dědao pīzhǔn kěyi liuzai	He has gotten permission to stay in
    Běijīng gSngzuo.	Peking to work.
     yijian xin fangzi: 1 a new room1. Notice that although you have seen fangzi meaning fhousef, it is being used here in the wider sense of fa place to live*. In this phrase it is preceded by the counter for rooms of a house, jiān. Thus the whole phrase means fa new room，，not fa new housef.
     Living quarters in Peking and many other Chinese cities are very scarce. (Housing in Shanghai is more critical than Peking.) When a newly married couple applies for housing, they will be assigned a room that does not exceed 8-10 square meters. Rarely do living quarters have private baths, toilets, or kitchens. Later, when children come along, they will continue to live in the same size room.
Peking:
A Canadian tourist talks with her guide:
A: Wǒ zai Jiānadade shihou jiu	When 工 was in Canada I heard that
  tingshuo Zhōngguo kongzhi	population control work is being
  rěnkǒude gSngzuo zuode hen	done very successfully in China,
   chěnggōng. Nǐ kěyi bu kěyi gěi	Could you tell me about it? wo jiǎngyijiǎng?
B: Hǎo. Wǒ xiān shuōshuo zai	Okay. First I’ll talk about how
   chěngshili shi zenme zuode.	itr s being done in the cities. In
Zai chěngshili rūguo you rěn	the city if therers someone who wants
   yao yǒu yige hāizi, děi zuodao	to have a child, they have to get
  sān tōngguo.	the 1 three approvals1•
A： Shěnme shi sān tōngguo?	What are the 'three approvals1 ?
B: Jiūshi děi you nǐ gSngzuo	It means that you must have the
dānwěi, nǐ zhude difangde jūmin	consent of your work unit, the neigh-
   wěiyuānhui, he paichūsuode	"borhood committee of the place you
  tongyi.	live, and the local police station,
A: Zhěi sānge dānwěi gēnju	On what basis do these three units
shěnme pīzhǔn funiimen shēng	give official permission to women to
 xiǎohair?	have children?
B: Gěgě chěngshi meinian yǒu	Each year the various cities have
yidingde chūshēnglū, yě jiushi	specific birth rates; that is to say,
shuō meinian zhǐ keyi zēngjiā	each year they can only increase by
yiding shumude haizi. Zhěixiē	a specific number of children. These
   iningrě jiu an rěnkǒu fēnpěigei	quotas are distributed among the
gěgě shiqū. Gěgě shiqū zai w	various cities according to population,
   fēnpěigei yao shēng haizide nū-	The various cities then distribute
   tongzhi , suoyi funu dōu shi	them to women comrades who want to
  dědao pīzhǔn yǐhou cai	have children. So women don't get
huaiyunde.	pregnant until they receive official
                                        permission,
A: Zai nongcūn, rěnmen yě	Do the people in the country also
  shixing biyun ma?	practice birth control?
B: Yě shixing biyun, kěshi bu	They practice birth control too,
xiang chěngshili zuode name	but it isn’t as successful as in the
 chěnggōng.	city.
A: Biyun g5ngju gui bu gui?	Are contraceptive devices expensive?
B: Zhěngfǔ tichāng rěnmin shixing	The government encourages people to
  biyun, suoyi biyun yao he	practice birth control, so all
biyun gSngju dōu shi miǎnfēide.	contraceptive medicines and devices
                                        are free•
PART工工
12.	Zāi Zhōngguo, yǒu g5ngzuode	In China working women get maternity
      funu sheng haizi yǒu chǎnjiā,	leave when they have a child and
 hai yǒu gōngzi■	they still receive their pay.
13.	Hen du5 ZhSngguo fūnū yong	Many Chinese women use various kinds
      ^ězhǒng biyun gSngjū shixing	of contraceptive devices to carry
    .jihua shēngyu.	out family planning.
Ik. ZhSngguo ren zuo ,juěyu shoushu-	Are there many Chinese people who
    de duō bu du5?	have contraceptive surgery
                                           performed on them?
15.	Biyun shibāide rěn kěyi dāc	A person who fails at "birth control
yiyuan qu zuo rěng5ng liu-	can go to the hospital to have
chan, hai kěyi. you liāngge	an abortion performed, and they
    xīngqide jia.	can also have two weeks of leave,
16.	Zai shǎoshu minzu diqu rěnkǒu	The population is relatively small
bǐjiǎo shao.	in the national minority areas.
1了. Zh5ngguo rěn xiāngxin hongtāng Chinese believe that brown sugar is dui chǎnfu shi yizhong hen	a very nutritional food for women
hǎode yingyǎngpǐn.	who have given birth within the
                                           last month.
18.	Tā he "bieren ~bū tong, tā shi	She1 s different from other people,
      wǒ zui qintjinde pěngyou.	shefs my closest friend.
19.	Shǒuxiān yāo qu gěi Māma mai	First 工 have to go buy fresh flowers
      xiānhuā, ranhou hai yāo gěi	for your mother, and then I have
 ni bǎ wān.jū xiūlihǎo.	to fix your toy for you too.
20.	Tandao ZhSngguode nongcūn,	As for the rural areas of China, the
      gědide qingkuang dōu bu tong.	situation is different in various
                                            places.
NOTES ON PART 工工 Notes on No. 12
       chǎnjiā: •maternity leave1. The syllable chan, literally 1 to give birth to1 is used in compounds meaning •maternity, delivery, birth1. It can also be used outside the context of human reproduction in compounds meaning •to produce, production1, as in chǎnpīn •product1.1
     g5ngzi: 1wages, pay1, literally 1labor-capital1.
    ...you chǎnjia, hai yǒu	: For a normal birth， a woman is given
fifty-six days of paid leave; for a difficult birth, seventy days; and for twins, ninety days after the birth. After this period, one hour per day is allowed off in order to nurse the baby.
Notes on No. 13
     gězhǒng: 1 various kinds, every kind1. Ge_ 1 each1 is a specifier like zhěi- fthisf or něi- fthat1. As a specifier, it can be followed by counters. Here you see ge- used with the counter 一zhong 1types, kinds, sort, species 1. Here are some other ways gě- is used:
                                          w
    Tā něng dāo gěguo qu lūxing	It’s great that he can go to all
    zhēn bu cuo.	sorts of countries.
    Xuěshengmen yīnggāi yǒu gěrěn- Students should each have their own de xuěxi jihua.	plan of study.
    Mingtiānde dianyīngr piao gěgě Each and every unit has movie tickets dānwěi d5u you.	for tomorrow.
Sometimes ge- is followed directly by the noun.
    Jīntiān xiavu gě dānwěi d5u	This afternoon every unit is having
   kāi hui.	a meeting.
     biyun gōng.ju: * contraceptive devices1 . This does not refer to birth control pills. EBiyunpǐn •birth control products1 includes both biyūnyao fbirth control pills1 and biyun gSngju.1
     jīhua shēngyu: 1 family planning, planned parenthood1. Jihua means 1plan; to plan1. Shēngyu literally means 1 to give birth to and raise1-
Notes on No. 1总
     .jueyu: 1 sterilization,1 or 1 to sterilize, to be sterilized,1 applies to operations for men and women. Sterilization for women is still much more common than for men; and more prevalent in the cities than in the countryside.
    Tā juěding juěyu.	He has decided on sterilization.
    Juěyu shi jiějuě ZhSngguo	Sterilization is one good way to
      rěnkǒu wěntide yige hǎo banfa.	solve China1s population problem.
     shǒushu: 1 surgery1•
     Dāifu gěi ta zuode shǒushu hen The surgery the doctor performed on chěnggong.	him was very successful.
Notes on No. 1$
     shibai: fto fail1.
    Tā zuo maimai shībāi le.	He failed in business.
     Nǐ genju shěnme shuō tā shibai On what basis do you say that he le?	failed?
     rěng5ng liuchǎn: 1 abortion1, more literally, ^artificial miscarriage1.
     dao yiyuan qu zuo reng5ng liuchǎn: ,go to the hospital to have an abortion performed1. Zuo rengong liuchǎn here means 'to have an abortion done*, not of course fto do an abortion*. Compare the following two sentences:
Yīsheng gěi ta zuole rengong	The doctor performed an abortion on
  litichǎn.	her.
    Tā zuole rěngSng liuchǎn.	She had an abortion.
In the first sentence, the subject of the sentence (yīsheng) performed the abortion. In the second sentence, the subject of the sentence (tā) had the abortion performed. In some cases, a verb-object in Chinese can mean either * to do something* or fto have something done *. Here are some more examples:
     Zhěnme hāode yifu, shěi gěi nǐ Who made such nice clothes for you? zuode?
Zai Měiguo zuo yifu hen gui.	It’s really expensive to have clothes
                                           made in America.
     •jia: * leave, vacation* . You have seen this as part of the word chǎnjia 'maternity leave'. Here you see it used by itself.
Notes on No. 16
     shǎoshū minzū: 1minority natiionalities1, often translated as ’national minorities'. Besides the Han people, China has over fifty national minorities which are spead out over fifty to sixty percent of the land area and make up six percent of the total population of the country. The largest minorities are the Mongols (mostly in the Něi Měn^ǔ Zizhiqū, ’Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region1), the Hui (Chinese Muslims), Tibetans, Uighurs (in the Xln.jiāng Weivu-ěr Zizhiqū, ’Xinxiang Uighur Autonomous Region1), and the Miao (found in several southern provinces).
Shǎoshu minzūde yīfu d5u hen	The clothing of the national minorities
  hǎo kān.	is very beautiful.
     ZhSngguo you wǔshijige shǎoshū- China has fifty—odd minority minzu.	nationalities.
Kotes on Ko. 1了
     xiāngxin: fto believe (that),	to trust (someone), to believe in, to have faith in1.
Wo xiāngxin， women liangguo	工 believe that the friendship between
 rěnminde youyī yiding hui	the people of our two countries
   būduan fāzhān.	will constantly grow.
     Compare xiāngxin to the verb xin， which you learned in the last unit.
For the second example you need to know you is a verb meaning fit fs up to...1.
    Biě xin tāde huā.	Don11 believe what he says.
    Xin bu xin you nǐ.	Believe it or not, as you like.
     hongtang: 1brown sugar1, literally fred sugar1. The Chinese often use brown sugar in cooking and for medicinal purposes. For example, a common remedy for colds is a hot drink made by boiling ginger root and brown sugar in water [jiāngtāng]， or simply brown sugar water [tāngshuǐ].
     chǎnfu: 1a woman who has given birth within the last month1. [Contrast this word with yunfu 9 a pregnant woman1.3 The birth of a child is celebrated on the successful completion of the first month of life.
     ylngyangpǐn: fa nutritional food item1 . Yingyǎng means 1 nutrition1, for example:
 Doujiāng hen you yingyang.	Soy bean milk is very nitritious.
-Pin is a syllable used in many words to mean 1 item, article, product1,
[for example .iinianpīn f souvenir1 , yongpǐn 1 item of use1，chǎnpīn 'produce1, gōngyěpǐn 1 industrial product13.
     As the Reference List sentence shows, the mother1s health continues to be an important consideration even after the child is born. Both mother1s and baby1s health are carefully attended to after birth, while Western medicine emphasizes the mother1s health only as long as she is carrying the child.
邳otes on I^o • 18
bu tong: fto be not the same, to be different1 . This is often used in
the pattern ...he ••• bū tonga 1... is different from ...1.
     Huzhāo he lūxingzhěng wanquān	A passport and a travel permit are
     bū tong, nǐ bū yao nongcuo	completely different. Donft mistake
 le.	them.
     Zhěige g5ngchǎng jīnnian he	The situation in the factory this
     qūniānde qingkuang hen bū	year is very different from last
 tong.	year.
      Bu tong can also be used as a noun as in
     Tāde dānwěi he nǐde you hen	There is a big difference between
    dade bu tong.	his work unit and yours.
      You should be aware that tong 1 same1, cannot be used as the main verb of a sentence to mean fto be the same'. To say, 'These two things are the same'， you must say Zhěiliǎngge dōn^xi shi yiyangde.
      qin.jin: f to be close (to), to be on intimate terms (with)f .
     Zhěiliǎngge rěn hen qīnjin.	These two are on intimate terms•
     Dājiā dōu yuānyi qīnjin ta.	Everyone wants to be friends with him.
Notes on No. 19
      shSuxiān: ffirst (of all), in the first place, first; first, before anyone/anything else、
     Jīntiān dājiā kāi huī shǒuxiān The first thing we want to do at shi yao jiějuě women chǎng	today1s meeting is to solve our
     shēngchǎnshāngde wěnti.	factoryfs problems in production.
     Zāi fandianli shǒuxiān yāo	A hotel must first of all pay attention
     zhuyi jiějuěhao kěrenmende	to solving the dining and rest
     chī fan he xiūxi wěnti.	problems of the guests.
     Zuijin wāiguo pěngyou hen du5.	Recently there have been many foreign
     Women shǒuxiān yao jiějuě	friends. We must first of all
    zhūde wěnti.	solve the lodging problems.
      xiānhuā: 'fresh flowers1, as opposed to dried or artificial flowers, which the Chinese are also fond of.
      vanjū: f(children's) toy1.
     Mingtiān ěrzi guo shēngri, gěi Tomorrow is our boy’s birthday, ta mai ge wānjū.	let’s buy him a toy.
Note on No. 20
    gedi: 1 each place； various placesT. Here you see the specifier -gě Teachf used in another compound. Here are some more examples:
Wǒ hen xiǎng dao Měiguo gědi	I’d very much like to go visit lots
qu kanyikān, Měiguo shi ge	of places in America. America is
    wěidade guojiā.	a great country.
    Zai ZhSngguo gědi cānguān you- Ifve visited and sightseen lots of lǎnle sānge xīngqī， wǒ gāi	places in China for three weeks,
 hui guo le,	it1s time to go back home.
Peking:
A Canadian student in Peking interviews a population control worker:
A: Wo zāi Jiānadade shihou jiu	When 工 was in Canada 工 heard that
tīngshu5 ZhSngguo kongzhi rěn-	population control* work is being done
   koude gāngzuo zuode hen chěng-	very successfully in China. Could
   gong. Nī něng bu něng gei wo	you explain to me what you do? jiangyijiǎng nǐmen shi zenme zuode?
C: Shǒuxiān， zhěngfǔ tichāng	First, the government promotes late
  wǎnhūn. Ērqiě, yibānde shuō,	marriage. Furthermore, generally
zai chěngli jiěle hūnde rěn	speaking, in the city, married people
  liangniān yihou cai yao haizi.	donft have children until after two
Tāmen yāo xiǎohair yǐqian yīng-	years. Before they have a child they
  gāi zuodao sān tōngguo.	should have the 1three approvals 1.
A: 1Sān tōngguo1 shi shěnme	What does the 1three approvals1
 yisi ne?	mean?
C: 'Sān tongguo1 ye jiūshi shu5	The 1 three approvals1 means that
  yīnggāi dědao nǐ gSngzuo dan-	you should have the consent of your
wěi, nǐ zhude difangde jijinin	work unit, the neighborhood committee
wěiyuānhui he paichusuo zhěi—	of the place you live, and the local
  sānge difangde tongyi.	police station.
A: Ge dānwěi gēn^u shěnme biāo-	According to what criteria do the
zhǔn pīzhǔn funumen shēng	various units give official permission
  xiǎohair ne?	to women to have children?
C: Gě chěngshi d5u you yidingde	All the various cities have set
rěnkǒu chūshēnglū, meinian	population birth rates, and each year
  meige chěngshi zhǐ kěyi zēngjiā	they can only increase "by a certain
yiding shumude hāizi. Zhěixie	number of children. These quotas are
  mlng*ě jiu fēnpěigei gěgě	apportioned among women comrades in
  shiqūde xiǎng shēng haizide	all the various cities who want to
nutongzhi. Funu d5u shi dědao	have children. Women do not "become
pīzhǔn yǐhou cai huaiyunde.	pregnant until they receive official
                                       permission.
    Bū xiǎng yāo haizide kěyi	Those who do not want to have
shixing "biyun; "biyun gongju he	children can practice birth control;
   biyun yao dōu shi miǎnfeide.	all contraceptive medicines and
                                      contraceptive devices are free.
A: Ruguo biyun shlbaile zěrrnie	What is done if birth control
ban?	fails?
C: Kěyi dāo yiyuan zuo rengong	One can go to the hospital to have
liuchǎn, shoushu bubi zi j ī gěi	an abortion. A person doesn!t have
qian， hai you liāngge xīngqīde	to pay for the operation herself, and
  jia, you you gōngzī.	there is tvo veeks1 leave vith pay.
A: Wo hǎoxiāng tīngshu5 Zhōngguo	It seems to me I*ve heard that when
   funu shēng haizide shihou you	Chinese women have children they get
   wushi1iutiānde chǎnjiā， ěrqiě	56 days 1 maternity leave, and they
   kěyi du5 mai yixiē yingyǎngpǐn,	can also buy extra nutritional food
 shi bu shi?	items. Is that so?
C: Dui le, chanjia you gSngzī.	That1s right. The maternity leave
   Chǎnfu hai kěyi māi yiliangjīn	is paid. In the month after
   hongtāng, du5 mǎi yiliangjīn	delivery, a woman can also buy one
   jīdan. ZhSngguo rěn dōu xiǎng-	or two catties of brovn sugar, and
   xin hongtāng dui chǎnfu hen	one or two extra catties of eggs.
  hao,	Chinese believe that brovn sugar is
                                      very good for women during the month after delivery.
A: Rěnmen shēng haizide shihou,	When someone has a baby, do
   qīnqi pěngyou song bu song	relatives and friends give presents? lǐwu?
C: Qīnqi he qīnjinde pěngyou	Relatives and close friends will
   haishi hui song yixiē xiǎo	still give a few small gifts, like
lǐwu, xiang xiāohāizide yifu la,	clothes for the baby, little blankets,
   xiao tǎnzi la, xiao maozi la,	little hats, toys, and so forth,
   vānju shenmede. Ye yǒu rěn	There are also people who will give
   hui song yixiē shuǐguǒ huozhě	a little fruit or fresh flovers. xiānhuā.
A: Yige jiāting kěyi you jǐge	How many children can one family
 xiǎohair?	have?
C: Zāi chěngshili nianqīng fūfu	In the city young couples have two
   zui duō yāo liāngge hāizi.	children at the most.
A: Nongcūnde qingkuang zěnmeyang?	What1s the situation like in the
                                       rural areas?
C: Gědi nongcūnde qingkuang "bu	The situation in rural areas is
tong. Rěnkǒu duōde difang	different in different places. Where
   zhěngfǔ tichāng jihua shēngyu.	there1s a large population the
Nongcūnlide rěn ye yong ge-	government promotes family planning,
   zhong biyun g5ngju. Bū shǎo	People in the rural areas also use
rěn youle liāngge hāizi yǐhou	all the various kinds of contraceptive
jiu zuo juěyū shǒushu, nānde	devices. Quite a few people undergo
   zuo, nude zuo, dōu kěyi.	contraceptive surgery after they've
  Nongmin juěde zuo jueyū	had two children. Either men or
   shoushu bǐ yong biyun gōngju	women may have this done. The
fāngbiande duō.	peasants feel that having contraceptive
                                       surgery performed is much more convenient than using contraceptive devices.
   Keshi zai shao shu minzu diqū,	But in the areas populated "by
 yīnwei rěnkǒu shao, zhěngfǔ "bu	minority nationalities, "because the
tichāng jihua shēngyu, suoyi	population is smaller, the government
 yi"bānde j iāting kěyi duo you	doesn’t advocate family planning, so
  jige xiǎohair.	the average family can have a few
                                       more children.
NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE
   Rěnmen shēng haizide shihou, qīnqi pěngyou song ~bu song lǐvu?: As stated in the dailogue, friends and relatives in the PRC give useful items for the "baby, like clothes, hats, cups, or perhaps a chicken for the mother. These are presented casually.
                               Vocabulary
biyun	contraception
bu tong	to be different
chǎnfu	a woman who has given birth within
                                          the last month
chǎnjia	maternity leave
chěngg5ngs	to succeed, to be successful
chūshenglu	birth rate
dānwěi	unit
-dao	(indicates successful accomplishment
                                           of something)
dědao	to receive, to get
fēnpěi	to assign, to apportion, to allot
gědī	the various places, each place
gěgě	various
gēnju (genju)	according to, based on
gězhong	various kinds, types
gSngzī	wages, pay
hongtang	brown sugar
jiā	vacation, leave
jiāting	family
jihua shēngyu	planned parenthood, family planning
juěyu	sterilization
jūmin věiyuanhui	neighborhood committee
kongzhi	to control
-men	plural suffix
miǎnfei	to be free of charge
ming’ě	the number of people assigned or
                                          allowed, quota (of people)
nongmin	peasant
nu	female
paichusuo(r)	the local police station
pīzhǔn	to give official permission
qingkuang	situation
qīnjin	to be close (to a person)
rěngōng liūchān	abortion
sān tōngguo	"the three approvalsM
shaoshu minzu	minority nationality, national
                ^	minority
shēngyu	to give birth to and raise
shibai	to fail
shiqū	urban area or district
shoushu	operation, surgery
shǒuxiān	first
shumu	number
tongguo	to pass, to approve
tongyi	to consent, to agree
wanju	toy
xiāngxin	to believe
xiānhuā	fresh flowers
xiaohair	child, children
ye jiu shi shuō	to mean; in other words
yībān	ordinary, general， common
yibānde shuo	generally speaking
yiding	to be specific
yingyangpǐn	food items of special nutritional
                                           value
zēngjiā	to increase
     Customs Surrounding Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit U
PART 工
1.	Nǐde fuqi zhēn hao.	You are really blessed with good
                                             fortune.
2.	Zhāng Taitaide xifu touyitāi	Mrs. Zhangfs daughter-in-law in her
    jiu gei ta shengle yige da	first pregnancy presented her with
  sūnzi•	a fine grandson.
3.	Wo zhěli you yige hongbāo shi	I have a ”red envelope" for the
   gei xiǎo baobaode•	baby•
h. Bū gan dāng!	Ifm flattered. You shouldn’t have!
5.	Nǐ zhēnshi tai kěqi le. Hebi	You’re too polite.' Why should you
  pofei ne?	spend so much money?
6.	A: Nǐde nūer shēngxialaide	How much did your daughter weigh
        shihou you duo zhon^?	when she was "born?
   B: Qibāng ban.	Seven and a half pounds.
7.	A: Wo gang veile ta bu jiǔ, tā	工 just fed him not long ago，and
      you kū le.	now he’s crying again.
 B: Dāgāi you yāo chi nai le.	He probably wants to nurse again.
8.	Tā zhǎngde hen piāoliang.	She is very pretty.
9.	A: Nǐ zhěge hāizi hen you	This child of yours has a lucky
        fuxiang^ ěrduo zhangde	physiognomy• His ears are really
   zhēn da.	big.
    B： Tu5 ninde fu!	It’s because of your lucky influence. NOTES ON PART 工
Note on No. 1
     fūqi: blessings, good fortune, luck1.
Wo hen you fuqi, ěrzi bang wo	I’m very fortunate, my son helps me
   bu shǎo māng.	a lot.
    Ni zhēn mei fuqi, gang chū	You really have bad luck. You just
    men jiu xia yǔ le.	leave on a trip and then it rains.
Notes on No. 2
     xifu: fdaughter-in-law, son’s wife*.
    Tā xifu hao piaoliang!	Her daughter-in-law is so beautiful!
    Wo xifu g5ngzuo māngjlie.	My daughter-in-law is very busy,
     tou-: ffirstf, (literally *head” as in touyitiān, fthe first day*.
Tou- is used much like di-: before a number and a counter, which may or may not be followed by a noun.
  touyicī	the	first time
   touyige rěn	the	first person
   touliāngge rěn	the first two people
   tousānben	the first three volumes
In touyige, tou- is stressed and is in the neutral tone. Also notice that the word for 1 two1 is lian^- (not er_ as is usually the case when a counter follows).
Now here is a comparison of tou- and di~:
     (1)	Touyige rěn and dīyige rěn are both translated as 1 the first person*， and touyige is for the most part interchangeable with diyige.
     (2)	Although the ^i_ in tōuyige is unstressed and written without a tone mark over it, the ^i_ in diyige is stressed and said with a second tone (or sometimes with a first tone)•
     (3)	The word for ftwof is liǎng after tou-, but er_ after di~• Dierge means fthe second one1, while touliāngge means fthe first two*.
     (h) Tou- must be used with a counter， but di- can be used with just a number after it. Here are some examples of di- used with a number but no counter after it:
    Wo yāo māi zhěge dōngxi.	I’m going to buy this. First, itfs
    Diyī, zuode hen hǎo; diěr,	very well made; second, itfs
  hen pianyi•	inexpensive.
    Tā shi diyī, wǒ shi diěr.	He is first, I*m second.
But touyi-, touliǎng-, tousān- always have a counter word after the number•
     tāi: This is the counter for pregnancies, whether carried to term or not• Literally tāi means * embryo*• The expression touyitāi can also be said toutāi.
     Tousāntāi dōu shi nude, dao	The first three babies were all girls;
     disitāi cai shengle ge ěrzi.	it wasn’t until the fourth that
                                           she had a boy.
     Tā shēng t6utāide shihou,	When she had her first baby, she
     shēntī bū cuo. Sheng diěr-	was still in pretty good health,
     tāide shihou jiu bu xing le.	But when she had her second, it
  •	wasnft good any more.
      shēng: fto give birth to...1 Notice that the Chinese verb shēng is used in an active sense which is not always reflected in the English.
Compare the various translations of shēng in the Reference List, the above examples and the dialogue.
      sunzi: 1 grandson1. This only refers to the son of one1s son. The son of one1s daughter and son-in-law is called vaisūnzi• Here is a chart showing how these terms relate to each other.
      ěrzi xifu	nuer	nūxu
            (son daughter-in-law)	(daughter son-in-law)
      sūnzi	sūnnū	vaisūnzi	waisūnnu
       (grandson) (granddaughter)	(grandson) (granddaughter)
Notes on No. 3
      hongbāo: 1 a red envelope with money in it, given as a gift or bribe1. These gifts of money may be given to children by people at least a generation older. This usually happens at festive occasions, like New Years or a birthday. The amount given varies greatly but there is one thing to remember: 'Do not give an amount with the number four in it! The number four, si, closely resembles the verb "to die ,f! sǐ, and is therefore considered unlucky. Chinese youth were without any real opportunity to make money in the past, so this is one way that it is made up for.
      xiao bǎobao: Literally -flittle treasure1, in other words ’the little darling1 or 1 the baby1. This word is usually used by women. Some people use the word bǎobao (with or without xiǎo) in addressing or speaking about babies or children.
      The second bǎo in bǎobao is neutral tone; even though it was originally also third tone, it does not make the first bao change to a rising tone, as you might expect (e.g. nali). The first bǎo in bǎobao is pronounced low,
without any rise in pitch. (Some people also say bǎobao and xiao baobao•)
LThere are many other words used to refer to babies. Some terms used by both men and women include (xiǎo) bēibi, (xiǎo) guāiguai， xiao jialiuo.
Some terms used mostly by men include xiao bēibei and xiǎo budiǎnr,]
Note on No. k
     bu gan dāng: flfrn flattered* . Literally, this means ’I dare not assume (the honor you pay me)*. This is a polite response to a compliment (such as 1 You speak Chinese very well*), to a respectful gesture (such as helping someone put on their coat)， or to a respectful phrase (like ^īngjiao’),
Note on No. 5
     pofei: 1 spend money (on someone)1, also sometimes translated as Tto spend recklessly1.
Rang nin pofei. or^ Jiao nin	I have caused you to spend a lob of
    pofei.	money. (i.e. , fyou shouldn’t have
                                           spent all that money on me1)
Tā shi wo sūnzi, wěi ta pofei	He1 s my grandson, it1 s only riglit
      liāngge qian shi yīnggāide.	that 工 should spend a ].i tzle money
                                             on him.
Tā shēngride shihou, Wang	For his birthday, Mr. Wang really
      Xiānsheng pofeide zhēn bu	spent quite a bit of money on him.
        shǎo.
Notes on No, 6
     you duo zhong: ^ow heavy?1 Zhong is the adjectival verb 1 to be heavy1. Notice the similarity between asking age, weight and height. In each the pattern is literally fhave how much (of some quality)*.
   Ni you duo da?	How old are you?
     Něizhāng zhuōzi you duo zhong? How heavy is that table?
   Tā you duo gāo?	How tall is she?
This pattern is usually confined to measurements of some sort.
     bang: 1pound (unit of weight)1. In addition to the tradibional Chinese units of weight such as dan 1 picul (1〇〇 liters approximately)1, jin 1 catty (l 1/3 lbs.)1> liang Hael (105 grams approximately)1, and the metric system of weights, such as ^ongliǎng !100 grams1 and gong,j in ' kilogram * ,also find customary American units such as 1 pound* used。
Notes on No._ 7
     gang veile tā bu jiu: This means TIt*s only been a short while SINCE I fed hirru , 5 NOT !工 fed him for only a short while. 1 Chinese can distinguish between the duration of a continued activity and the duration of something not happening by putting these two types of duration phrases in different places in the sentence.
     Letfs review time when and time spent, and take a look at how you express TIME WITHIN WHICH something didn’t happen and TIME ELAPSED since something happened.
     1.	Simple duration phrases, that is phrases telling how long an activity went on, follow the verb. These contrast with phrases telling the time when something happened, which come before the vero.
         Simp1e duration
         Tā zāi Xianggang zhu liang— He1s staying in Hong Kong for two tiān.	days.
        Tā zuole wufēn zhāng, jiu	He sat for five minutes and then
    zou le.	left.
         Time when
        Tā shi zuotiān daode.	She arrived yesterday.
     2.	The amount of time something did not happen, that is the TIME WITHIN WHICH the activity has not taken place, is expressed in negative sentences with time phrases before the vert).
         Time Within -with a Negative Verb
        WSmen yinian měi jian le.	We havenft seen each other for a
                                             year.
       Wo yījīng yige yuě měi qu	I	been going there for a
     nar le.	month now.
     3- To express the time elapsed since an activity took place the duration phrase is again placed after the verb.
        Time elapsed in an affirmative sentence
       Wo zuowānle yǐjīng yige	Ifve been done for an hour already, zhōngtou le.
        Tā cai zoule yige xīngqi.	Itf s been only a week since he left,
Wo gang likāi zhěige vuzi	Ifve been out of the room only a
     bu jiǔ.	short while.
Note on No. T
     chī nai: fto eat (mother1 s) milk1, in other words, ,fto breastfeed11 and by extension fto drink milk1 , even from a bottle. Similarly, věi nai can mean fto feed milk (to a baby) 1 without specifying motherfs milk or otherwise. To distinguish between breast feeding and bottle feeding, one can say chi māmade nai，fto eat mother1s milk1. And from the mother1s point of view, one can say māma zi,1i gěi haizi věi nai, 1 the mother nurses the child herself.1
Note on No. 8
     Tā zhǎngde hen piaoliang: 1 Shefs very pretty.f Zhǎngde piaoliang literally means fgrow pretty*, but it should be translated simply as fis pretty1. Zhangde ... is often used in descriptions of the appearance of living things. In these cases, zhǎngde ... is absent of any meaning such as fhas grown . . .1 , 1 has come to be ...1 or fhas become . . . 1 ; it simply means fis, are1.
    Tā zhǎngde hen haokan.	She is very beautiful.
    Tā zhǎngde gēn wo yiyāng gāo•	She is just as tall as I am.
    Tāde lian zhǎngde gēn wo měi-	Her face looks just like my little
    mei ylyāng.	sister.
There is almost no difference in meaning between Ta hen piaoliang and Tā zhangde hen piaoliang• Both are used frequently. But there is a difference in meaning between Tā zhangde hen gāo and Ta zhǎnggāo le: the former means fHe is very tall1, and the latter 1 He has grown tall1.
Notes on No. 9
     fuxiang: 1 auspicious physiognomy1. This phrase implies something more than 1lucky face1. The word fu expresses the destiny of a person to enjoy a life of good fortune• Xiang is a personfs looks considered from the point of view of fortune telling. Traditionally, it was believed that a person's destiny could be determined from the individual variations of his hands, bones, face， ears, hair， and so forth. The xian^ includes the face, ears, hairline, and bumps on the head.
     ...erduo zhǎngde zhen da: Portraits of some of the most admired men in Chinese history depict them with long ears, (Long ears are thought to indicate wisdom. ) It was thought that rulers in particular were so endowed. Buddha is also pictured with long ears, as he appeared in Indian portrayals.
Taipei:
Mrs. Song*s daughter-in-law, Baolān,	has just recently had a baby. A
friend of the family, Mrs. Zhāng, comes to pay them a visit:
Z: Song Taitai, nin xifu shingle	Mrs. Song, has your daughter-in-law
 meiyou?	had the baby yet?
S: Sheng le. Shengle ge nanhaizi.	Yes. It’s a boy.
Z: ōu! Nin fuqi zhēn hao. Tā	Oh! Hov lucky you are. She had
touyitāi jiu gei nin shengle	a nice big grandson for youand it
   yige da sunzi. G5ngxī, gōngxi.	was her first! Congratulations.
S: Xiěxie, xiěxie! Lai kānkan	Thank you. Come see my daughter-
   wo xifu gēn xiao baobao ba!	in-law and the baby!
Z: Hao.	Okay.
Baolan! Gǒngxǐ, gongxǐ! Nǐ	Congratulations, Baolan! How are
 hao ma?	you?
B: Wǒ hen hao. Zhāng Bomǔ, nin	Well Mrs. Zhāng! I’m fine, thanks. lai le.
Z: ōu! Ni zhě haizi hen you	Oh! Hef s got a very lucky
   fūxiang, erduo zhǎngde name da!	physiognomy. Such big earsj
B: Xiěxie! Tu5 ninde fū!	Thank you! It’s because of your
                                       lucky influence!
Z: Tā shēngxialaide shihou you	How much did he weigh at birth? duo zhong a?
B: Qībang ban.	Seven and a half pounds.
Z: fig, zhēn bū xiao.	Hm. Thatf s really pretty big.
S: Tā zhēn něng chī. Baolān	He eats like a horse. Baolān just
gang wěile ta bu j iu, xianzai	fed him a little while ago, and now
you kū le. Dagai you yao chi	hefs crying again. He probably wants
 nai le.	to nurse again.
Z: Tā kūde shěngyin hen da.	He cries so loudly. He must be
   Shēntǐ yiding hen jiankāng.	very healthy.
B: Dui! Tā cong yiyuan huilai	Yes! In the week after he came back
yige lībāi j iu zhǎngle ylbāng.	from the hospital， he gained a pound.
Z: Wo lě.± yīqiān xiangzhe nǐ	Before 工 came 工 thought you should
yinggāi shengle, suoyi	have had the baby by now, so 工 got a
zhunběile yige hongbāo. Shi	!red envelope1 ready. It1s for the
 gěi xiǎo bǎobaode.	baby.
B; Bu gān dang. Nin tai kěqi	You shouldn11 have. That1s too
le. Hěbi pofei ne?	polite of you. Why should you spend
                                      money?
Z: Bū shi kěqi• Zhǐ shi yidian	I'm not being polite. This is just
  xiao yisi.	a little something to express my
                                        feelings.
B: Xiěxie! Xiěxie!	Thank you!
PART II
10.	ZhSngguo ren xiāngxin chǎnfu	Chinese people believe that women
manyuě yīqiān *bu keyi	who have just given birth should
    chul fēng.	stay out of drafts until the child
                                           is a full month old.
11.	Chǎnfu zuo yuězide shihou yao	Women who have just given birth
těbiě xiaoxin •	should *be especially careful during
                                           the month after delivery.
12.	ZhSngguo rěn dou shu5 chī	Chinese people say that when you
Zhongyāode shihou, *bu yāo	take Chinese medicine, you shouldn’t
    chī shēnglěn^.	eat raw or cold things•
13.	Yīshēng shuo wo dele fēngshi,	The doctor says Ifve got rheumatism
zui hao *bu yao pěng lěngshuī.	and that it would *be *best for me
                                          not to come in contact with cold water.
lH. Ni yinggāi duō tǎngzhe, zhuyi	You should lie down more and pay
xiūxi, zhěyang cai něng	attention to your rest; that’s
huifude kuai.	the only way you111 recover quickly.
15.	Jiāndao Wang BuzhSngde shihou	When you see Secretary Wang, *be sure
qiānvān dāngxin, *biě suibian	to watch yourself, donft *be care-
   shu5 huā,	less in what you say.
16.	Tā jiěhūn yīqiān dui tā xiān-	Before she got married she didn’t
      sheng liaojiěde *bugou,	understand her husband well enough
      •1iěgu5 jiěhūn yǐhou hen	and as a result she suffered a lot
   tongku.	after the marriage.
1了. Nǐ kan tā duo kuai，yixiazi	Look at how fast he is, he got dinner
     jiu *bā fan zuohāo le.	ready in no time at all.
18. Nā shi Wān^.jiāde xifu, zhěnme	That is the Wang family’s daughter-
   pang!	in-law, shef s so fat!
NOTES ON PART 工工
Notes on No. 10
mǎnyuě: ’thirtieth day after a child is 'born1 , literally,	•
(It also means f full moonf .) This refers to a "baby’s completion of the first full month of life and is a cause of celebration.
     Wāngjiā haizi kuai mǎnyuě le,	The Wangfs baby is about to be a
     qǐng dajiā qu chī mǎnyuě	month old, and they1 re asking
   jiǔ.	everyone to go take part in the
                                             1 full month1 banquet.
     chul fēng: Literally, fto blow vind1, but actually fto be in a current of air, a draft, the wind1. Although what blows is the wind, fēn^： fwindf seems to be in the object position in this phrase. Chǎnfu bu kěyi chuī fēng does not mean "Women recently delivered of a child cannot blow wind", but rather, flWomen recently delivered of a child cannot have wind blow on them.” Traditionally, Chinese women were to stay out of drafts because of the very poor overall health situation of the country, and because of the importance of caring for the next generation. Of the three (Confucian) ways to be unfilial, the worst was to be heirless.
     Nǐde bing gang hao, bū yao	You’re just over your illness,
    chūqu chuī fēng.	donft go out in a draft.
Notes on No. 11
     zuo yuězi: Literally, fto sit the yuězi1， yuězi being the month after giving birth during which a woman is supposed to take special care of her health. There are different motivations underlying this custom. Woman1s most important function (indeed her only one) was to aide in perpetuating the family line. Therefore it was essential to take special precautions for her own -health so that she would nurse a healthy baby. Another idea was that a woman1 s body at this time vas 11 dirty11 and to avoid offending the door gods she should not go past them.
     Tā zuo yuězide shihou, kě xiao- During the first month after delivery xīn， měi chūguo yitiān men.	she was extremely careful. She
                                           didnft go out once,
      xiaoxin: fto "be careful1 , literally, 1 small-heart1. Xiaoxin is an adjectival verb which can be used with or without an object following.
     Tā zhěige rěn bu zemneyāng, he This guy is nothing special, youfd tā zuo pěngyou yao xiāoxīn.	better be careful making friends
                                           with him,
     Xiaoxin! Qiān'bianr shi hongdēng. Careful! Therefs a red light up
                                             ahead,
    Xiaoxin něige rěn!	Be careful of that person!
    Xiaoxin guo mǎlu.	Be careful crossing the street.
Note on No. 12
     shēngleng: 1 raw or cold foods1. Traditional Chinese medicine divides foods into yin and yang Yin are ’’cool” (liangxingde) foods, that is，foods that make the system cool; yan^ foods are ”hotT’ (rěxingde)， that is，they ir.ake the system hot. These characteristics are not dependant on the degree temperature at which the food is eatery but are rather inherent in the food. For example crab， white sugar, and most vegetables and fruits are yin or cool, while hot pepper, lard, millet, brown sugar, and certain fruits such as canteloupe and lichee nuts are all particularly yan^ or hot• Generally speaking, yang foods harmonize with body temperature while yin foods shock the system. Nonetheless, a balance between the two kinds of foods must be maintained. Too much yang food can cause the body1 s t!heatfī to rise too much (shang huo)， minor symptoms of which might include a cough, fever, dry mouth, blisters on the tongue, and constipation. On the other hand, too much yin food is "bad for the stomach and can cause diarrhea.
     The body1s ”heat” (huo) can be regulated by eating one or the other kind of foods. Thus in hot weather, when the huo naturally rises, one should eat ’’cool” foods to lower the huo (qing huo)，and in the winter one should eat "hot" foods. Likewise, certain illnesses call for the eating of one kind of food, or the other: one should eat "cool" foods to counteract infections and fevers, while one should eat "hot" foods to build up one1s strength if one has a disease which makes him weak. In particular, women giving birth should eat plenty of the "hot11 type of foods.
     Shēngleng, raw or cold foods, have also traditionally been considered bad for women who are pregnant or have just given birth• Given sanitary conditions in traditional China, this is oinderstanda'ble•
Chī shēnglengde dongxi yiding	When eating raw things, be sure to
    yāo xǐgānjing.	wash them well.
Notes on No. 13
     dě: 'to get，a catch (a disease)1. De bin^ means 'to get an illness1.
Wo dě bing yihou, měi banfa	After I got sick, I couldn't study
   niān shū le,	any more.
Tā dě bing yiqian, shěntǐ hen	Before she got ill, her health was
  hao.	very good.
Tā děde shi shěnme bing?	What illness was it that she got?
     Here are some examples of d£ followed "by the name of an illness:
     Ta dě ganmāo yǐhou, jiu měiyou He didn't go out after he got a cold, chūlaiguo.
     Qunian dSngtiān, tā dele xuěyā Last winter, he got high blood gāo.	pressure.
     Here are some more examples sentences showing various uses of dě:
     Jīnnian guo shēngri wo dele	工 got a new book on my birthday this
   yiben xīn shū.	year.
     Xiǎodi jīntiān neng dě haojǐ-	Little brother will be able to get
ge hongbāo!	a lot of "red envelopes,, today!
     Of course, d£ cannot be used in all cases when ve would say fgetf in English. For one thing， de_only means to receive passively, whereas English fgetf sometimes denotes actively seeking to obtain, as in fIfm going to the supply room to get some paper and pens1, or 11 got a package of cereal at the supermarket1. In these cases, d£ would not be appropriate in Chinese.
To show you some other ways in which the English word fget1 is expressed in Chinese, here are some Chinese sentences which do not use de_ although the English translation uses fgetf:
     Zuotiān lāi nide diānhuā le.	Yesterday you got a phone call (but
                                          you weren’t here to get it.)
     Zuotiān wo jiēdāo tāde diānhuā Yesterday I got a phone call from le.	him (and was there to receive it.)
    Tā zēngjiā gōngzī le.	He got a raise in wages.
    Tā jiā xīnshuǐ le.	He got a raise in salary.
    Wo sh5udāole yige zhāngdān.	I got a bill.
     Wo cong tā nār ba jiěgei tade	工 got the book back which I lent him. něiben shū nāhuilai le.
    Yě gěi wo na yige lai.	Get one for me too.
     Cong shěnme difang wo něng	Where can I get (buy) one of those?
       maidao yige xiang zhěiyangrde?
     fēngshi: 1 rheumatismf, literally 1wind-humid1.
     Tā you fēngshī, tiān yi leng	He has rheumatism, as soon as it gets
tuǐ těngde lihai.	cold, his leg hurts severely.
     pěng: 1 to touch* , only in the sense of one object coining into contact vith another. The verb pěng can also mean to come into contact with something in a violent way, fto hit, to bump intof. Whether pěng means merely fto touch1 or fto bump into* must be determined by context.
     Nǐ biě pěng zhěige zhuSzi.	Donft touch this table.
     Tāde chē kě budeliao. Biěrěn	His car is terrific! Other people
     pěng dōu bu neng pěng, gěng	can*t even touch it, not to mention
     bti yao shuo jiequ kāi le!	borrowing it to drive!
[Some other words meaning fto touch1 are āi^ fto be close to, to be next to, to be touching*
     Tā zui pa da zhēn. Zhen hai	She is extremely afraid of getting
     měi āidao ta, tā jiu da jiao.	shots. She cries out before the
                                          needle has even touched her.
dong: fto touch, to handle*
     Nǐ biě dong wo zhuozishangde	Donrt touch the things on my desk,
     dongxi, děng yihuǐr wo hui—	in a while when I come back 1*11
    laile zījǐ shōushi.	straighten them up myself.
mo: fto feel, to rub, to touch* Here you also need to know that ruǎn means fto be soft, yielding to the touch1.
      Zhěijiān yīfu zhēn hǎo, moshang- This piece of clothing is really nice, qu ruānruǎnde; chuānzhe yiding very soft to the touch; it must be hen shūfu.	very comfortable to wear.D
Notes on No. 1^
      tang: fto lie down1. This is an action verb. Under most circumstances , it requires some kind of complement: either a zai phrase telling where the subject ended up in a lying position, as in
     Tā tǎngzai chuāngshang le.	He lay down on the bed.
or the durative apsect marker -zhe, as in
     Tā zāi chuāngshang tangzhe.	He is/was lying on the bed.
or the directional ending -xia(lai)， as in
     Daifu jiao wo tāngxia.	The doctor told me to lie down,
or the completion le， as in
     Tangle bāntiān, haishi bu	工 lay down for quite a long time，
   shūfu.	but still felt ill.
     Tā tangle yihuǐr, jiu Juěde	After I laid down for a while,工 felt
   hǎo yidianr le.	better-
     huǐfu: ’to restore; to return to (an original state); to recover (one,s health)1.
Zhěige gSngchǎng yǐjīng huīfu	This factory has already restored
shēngchan le.	production. (Production in many
                                          areas was stopped during the turmoil of the Great Cultural Revolution.)
Tā qiěnjǐnian dao nongcūn qu	She went to the countryside several
le. Zuijin cai huīfu	years ago. Only recently did she
   gSngzuo.	return to work.
A: Wo shāngge yuě sheng bing-	I was sick last month and only this
         le, zhěige xīngqi cai	week am feeling like myself again, huīfu yidianr.
B: Kan nǐde yangzi, huīfude	Looking at your appearance I1d say
      bu cuo.	youfre pretty well recovered.
Notes on No. 15
qiānvan:	all means, for sure1, literally 1 thousand ten-thousands1.
    Něitiāo jiēshang chē tai du5,	There are too many cars on that
     nǐ qiānwan biě qu.	street, you are absolutely not to
                                            go there.
Nǐ gang xuě kāi che, qiānwan	You1ve only just learned to drive a
    xiāoxīn.	car, be sure to be careful.
Qiānwan zhuyi, bu yao xiěcuo	Be sure to be careful, don’t write
      le, xiěcuole kě mafan.	this incorrectly, if you do it’ll
                                          be so much trouble.
     dangxin: 1 to watch out, to watch oneself, to "be cautious1 . Not to "be confused with dānxin, fto worry1•
Gang xiale xuě, chū men dāngxin! It’s just snowed, watch yourself when
                                           you go out,
    Kāi chē shang jiě dāngxīn yi-	Watch yourself when you go out
   diǎnr a!	driving downtown!
Notes on Uo. l6
     jieguS: fas a result, and so . ..f . One of the uses of this word is to connect the thought of one sentence with the next• (Another is as the noun 1 result(s)1.) It provides a transition from one sentence to another, as in
'As a result，then …Below is a monologue which takes place in Peking, in which the apeaker uses the word .iieguo in this way several times. (This is not meant to be an example of eloquence; in fact, you should not use .iieguo as repetitively as this speaker.)
Wo tīngshuS Xiao Wang he Xiǎo	I heard that Xiǎo Wang and Xiao Lī
Lǐ tan lian1ai le• Tande zenme yang are in love. How serious? Really ne? Tande bu cuo. Liāngge rěn d5u serious. The two of them had no měiyou yijian. Jiěguo Xiǎo Wangde	problems with the idea (of getting
fňqin "bū tongyi. Zhěijiān shi kě	married). But then Xiao Wang1 s
jiu Idu hǎo Id各n le. Xiǎngle lDantian, father didn’t agree. The whole thing jiěguo hāishi Xiao Wang qu zhǎo	liecame difficult to arrange. They
jūmin věiyuanhui. Jūwěihuide gantu thought for a long time， and as a he Xiao Wang tānle	jiěguo	result it was Xiǎo Wang who went to
hai Idu xing. Zenme "ban? Xiǎo Wang seek out the neighlDorhood committee, you qu zhǎo paichusuo. Paichūsuode The neighborhood committee cadres you lāi he Lǎo Wang tānle	talked with Old Wang (Xiǎo Wang1 s
■bāntiān, hāishi měiyou jiěguo.	father) for a long time. But then
Zuihou nǐ xiǎng zěnineyāng, Xiǎo Lǐ	it still didn't go over. What to do?
ziji lāi he Lǎo Wang tānle, shuo	Xiǎo Wang then went to seek out the
jiěhūn yǐhou 'bu iDanchuqu zhu, ta	local police station. And the police
zhāogu laorěnjiā. Zhěihuǐr Lao	station cadres went to talk with Old
Wang mǎnyi le. Jiěguo Xiǎo Wang	Wang too, "but still no result. Well
Xiao Li gāogāoxingxīng jiěhūn le_	what do you think happened in the end?
                                        Xiǎo Lǐ vent herself to talk with Old Wang. She said that after they married they wouldn’t move out, that she would take care of the old gentleman. That1s when Old Wang iDecame satisfied. So in the end Xiǎo Wang and Xiao Lī were happily married.
     tongkǔ: 1 to "be in pain, to "be suffering1 .
Tā něi shihou hen tongkǔ.	She was in a great deal of pain at
                                           that time.
     Lian1 āi shitaile tā hen tongkǔ. It was very hard on him when they
                                                "broke up.
Zhěijiān shiqing rang ta	This matter pained him a great deal,
       fēichāng tongkǔ.
Notes on No. 1了
duo kuāi: fhow fast\* Duo or the alternate form duome is used in exclamatory sentences to mean •how •••!’ Here are some more examples:
     Nǐ kan cai shuole liǎngju hua, You see you only have to say two tā jiu Idu gāo xing le. Duo	sentences and she gets unhappy.
rang rěn bū hao yīsi!	It really makes a person embarrassed!
Zhěi kūzi zhěnme duan, chuān-	These pants are so short, when you
    shang duo nanshou!	wear them theyf11 be so
                                           uncomfortable.
     Zhěiběn shū xiěde duo hǎo!	This book is so well written!
     Wo bǎ chē yāoshi fangzi chuāng- 工 left the car keys on the bed. How shang. Duo ben!	stupid!
     yixiazi: fin a flash，at one blow, at one fell swoop, all at once， in no time1.
Wǒ huā hai měi shuSwan, tā	工 hadnft yet finished speaking when
yixiazi jiu shēngqi le_	he got angry all of a sudden. Who
    Shěi zhīdao wěishěnme?	knows why?
Notes on No. 18
     Wangjiā: ’the Wang family1, referring either to the people, the social unit, or their home (in which case it can be used as a place word).
     pang: fto be fat, to get fatf. The verb pang can be used in two ways: one as an adjectival verb fto be fat1, the other as a process verb ’to get fat1 . To the Chinese, a fat baby is not only a healthy baby, it is a beautiful one. Plumpness and roundness are two features admired in babies and children.
Adjectival verb (state)
   Tā hen pang.	He is fat.
Tā xiǎo shihou bu pang.	She vasnft fat vhen she vas little.
Wǒ hen pā pang, shěnme dou bu	Ifm afraid of being fat, I don* dare
  gān chī.	eat anything.
Process verb
Zuijin shēntǐ hǎole, tā pang	Lately his health got better and he
  duō le.	got very fat.
     Nǐ shi bu shi pāngle yidiǎndiǎn, Haven*t you put on just a little bit Ērgē a?	of weight, Older Brother?
Taipei:
Mrs. Fang pays a visit to Mrs. Zhāng	and her daughter—in-law to see the
daughter-in-law's new baby:
F: Gōngxǐ, gōngxǐ! Zhāng Taitai,	Congratulations! Mrs. Zhāng, you're
  nin zhēn you fuqi, nlnde xifu	so lucky! Your daught er-in-law had a
 touyitāi jiu gěi nin shengle	big fat grandson for you~and it was
  yige da pang sūnzi. Ninde xifu	just her first! Have your daughter-
   he xiao baobao cong yiyuan	in-law and the little darling come
 huilaile měiyou? Tāmen dou	back from the hospital yet? They're
 hǎo ba?	both doing well, I hope?
Z ： Xiěxie, xiěxie! Tāmen dōu	Thank you! They're both fine. They
   hǎo, jīntiān zǎoshang gang cong	just came back from the hospital
  yīyuaji huilai.	this morning.
F: Wo zhěli you yige hongbāo,	I have a ’red envelope1 for the
  shi gěi xiǎo baobaode•	baby here•
Z: Ai! Bū gan dāng, nin zhēn	Oh! You shouldn't have. You're
   shi tai kěqi le, hěbi pofei	really too kind. Why should you
 ne?	spend all this money?
F: Nāli, nāli! Zhǐ shi yidian	Don’t be silly. This is just a
   xiǎo yxsi. Haizi you duo	little something to express my
  zhong a?	feelings. How much does the baty
                                       weigh?
Z: Hāizi shēngxialaide shihou	He was eight pounds seven ounces
   shi babāng qī. Zhěge haizi	at birth. He1s really a healthy
shēntǐ zhen hao, zhēn něng	baby, and he eats a lot. Right after
 chī. Gang wěibǎo, yixiazi	his feeding, in no time hefs hungry
 you ě le. Ni ting, ta you	again. Listen, he's crying again.
   kū le, shěngyin zhēn da, dagai	What a loud voice! He probably
   you yao chī nai le. Women qu	wants to nurse again. Let's go see. kajikan.
C: 0! Fāng Bomu, nin ye lai	Oh! Auntie Fang, you've come
le!	too!
F： Gōngxǐ, gōngxi\ Wo lāi	Congratulations! I've come to see
 kan ni ěrzi lai le! Zhěge	your son! He looks so good! What
   hāizi zhangde zhēn hao, du5	a lucky physiognomy! you fuxiang!
C: Xiěxie, xiěxie! Tuo ninde	Thank you! It*s all thanks to your
 fu!	lucky influence!
F: Nǐ shēntǐ hao bu hao?	How are you feeling? You have to
 Yuězili yao xiaoxin, bu yao	be careful for the first month after
 chī shēnglengde dSngxi, bū	giving birth. Donft eat raw or cold
yāo chuī fēng, bu yāo peng	foods, stay out of drafts, avoid cold
  leng shuǐ， yě bu yao chu	water, and don’t leave the house•
  men. Ni kān, Liujia nāge	Look at Mrs. Liu who didn’t pay
xifu zuo yuězi bu zhuyi, chang	attention during the first month after
 kāi diān bīngxiāng, yong	giving birth; she opened the refrig-
leng shuǐ, jiěguo dele	erator a lot and used cold water, and
  fēngshī， tongkǔde hen.	ended up getting rheumatism. She
 Xianzai hai yao tiāntiān	suffered so much. Nov she still has
 chi Zhōngyāo. Nǐ qiānwan	to take Chinese medicine every day,
  yāo dāngxīn.	Be absolutely sure you watch out.
Z: Shi a! Wo yijīng gaosu	Right! Ifve already told her. You
 ta le, yuězili shěnme shi	shouldn’t do anything at all during
 d5u bu yao zuo, du5 tangzhe,	the first month after giving birth,
 duō xiūxi, du5 chi haode,	You should lie dovn a lot, get a lot
 shēntǐ jiu huifude kuai	of rest, eat a lot of good food, and
 yidian.	then your health will come back
                                         faster.
F: Wo zou le， guo jǐtiān zāi	Ifm going to leave now. I111 come
lai kaji nī gin xiǎo bǎobao.	back in a few days to see you and the
                                         baby.
C: Deng ylxia. Ni dai jīge	Wait a second. Take a few red eggs
 hongdaji qu, manyuěde shihou	with you. We’ll invite you to the
 zai qǐng ni chī mǎnyuě j iǔ.	celebration dinner when the "baby is
                                       one month old.
F: Hǎo hǎo hǎo, wo yiding lai.	All right, I '11 be sure to come.
NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE
     hongdan: Red eggs symbolize a combination of lucky influences: red is the color of happiness and dignity, while eggs are symbols of health and prosperity to the farmer. HSngdan are sometimes also used as gifts from a nevly-engaged couple to their friends.
                               Vocabulary
-bang	pound (unit of weight)
bǎobao (bǎobao)	baby, darling (term of endearment
                                           for a young child) bīngxiāng	refrigerator, ice box
bu gǎn dāng	I’m flattered, You shouldn't have,
                                           工 don，t deserve this
chi nai	to nurse, to suckle
chuī fēng	to have air blow on oneself, to be
                                           in a draft
dāngxīn	to watch out
dě	to get
duo kuāi!	how fast!
ěrduo	ear
fēngshī	rheumatism
fuqi	blessings, luck
fiaxiāng	lucky physiognomy
hongbāo	a red envelope with a gift or bribe
                                           of money in it
hongdan	eggs dyed red
huīfu	to recover
jiěguo (jiēguǒ)	as a result; result, results
manyuě	a full month after the "birth of a
                                          baby
manyuějiǔ	celebration meal one month after a
                                              baby is "born
pang	to "be fat
pěng	to touch
pofei	to spend a lot of money (on someone),
                                          to go to some expense
qiānwan	by all means, be sure to; (in com-
                                           bination with a negative sentence) by no means, under no circumstances
shēnglěng	raw or cold foods
shēngxialai	to be born
sūnzi	grandson
-tāi	birth
tang	to lie,to recline
tongkǔ	to be painful
touyige	the first
touyitāi	the first pregnancy, the first baby
tu5 ninde fu	thanks to your lucky influence, many
                                           thanks
Wangjiā	the Wang family
wěi	to feed
xiao bǎobao (xiǎo bǎobao)	baby, darling (term of endearment
                                           fcr a young child) xiaoxin	to be careful
xifu	daughter-in-law
yixiazi	an instant, a moment, a while
yuězi	month of confinement after giving
                                          birth to a child
zhāng	to grow; to be (pretty, etc.)
zhong	to be heavy
zuo yuězi	to go through the month of confinement
                                          and special care after childbirth
  Customs Surrounding Marriage, Birth， and Death: Unit 5
 PART 工
 1.	Wǒ zui,iin chūchāi qu le, měi	I We "been out of town on business
 něng cān.jiā zhěge hui.	lately, so 工	able to
                                          participate in this meeting.
 2.	Wǒ zāi shang Xīngqīěr jiu	Last Tuesday I heard the news that
      tīngdao tā zǔmǔ qushide	his grandmother had passed away,
       xiāoxi.
3.	Mingtiān wǒ yāo qū diaosāng.	Tomorrow going to present my
                                           condolences at the funeral.
 鸟.Mingtiān wo yāo bang tāmen	Tomorrow I fm going to help them take
    ban sānglǐ.	care of the funeral.
 5.	Wǒ fuqin yixiang xǐhuan he	My father alvays liked to drink, but
jiǔ, shāngge yuě hūran	last month he decided all of a
      juěding zāi yě bu he le.	sudden that he would never drink
                                             again.
 6.	Wo fuqin fanle xīnzan^in^.	My father had .a heart attack.
 了. Women Ranjǐn bǎ tā laorěnjiā	We rushed him to Taiwan University
     songdao TaiDā Yiyuan qu.	Hospital.
8.	Yīshēng shu5 jīngguo	The doctor said that she had been
yǐjīng jiuguolai le.	saved through emergency treatment.
 9.	Nǐ zǔmǔ yixiang hen bǎozhong	Your grandmother always took good
   shēntǐ.	care of herself.
 10.	Tā guoqude shihou, nian.ji	She must have "been quite old when
     yiding hen da le "ba?	she passed away.
 11.	Wo tīngwānle yǐhou xīnli hen	After I listened to it I couldn't
  jiǔ bu něng ping.jingxialai•	calm dovn for quite a while.
 12.	Hen bāoqian, wǒ měi něng gǎnhui- Ifm sorry 工 couldnft rush back in
    lai diaosāng.	time for the funeral.
NOTES ON PART 工 Notes on No. 1
     zui.jin: flately, recently; in the near future1. This word can either refer to the near past or the near future,
    A: Ta zuijin zěnmeyāng?	How has she been lately?
    B: Zuijin tā hen hao.	Lately she1s. been very well.
    Wo zuijin zai nian shū.	Ifve been studying lately.
Wo zui j in yao dao Jiāzhou qu.	going to "be going to California
                                           in the near future.
     chūchāi： fto go away on official businessf.
Mingtiān chūchāi, jīntiān hen	Tomorrow Ifm going away on business,
   māng.	so today is a busy day.
Zhěci chūchāi, qū shenme	Where are you going on this business
  difang?	trip?
Zhejian shi, děng wo chūle	Ifll get to this matter after my
     chāi yihou zāi ban.	business trip.
     Zhěci chūchāi huilai, kěyi dai When 工 come "back from this "business diǎn dongxi gěi ni.	trip, I’ll be able to bring you
                                          back a little something.
     can.jiā: fto participate in; to attend; to go to (a meeting, gathering, performance, etc.); to join、
Wo jihua xia Xingq.īyi yao dao	I’m planning to go to New York next
Niǔ Yue qu war. Nī xiang	week to relax. Do you want to
    bu xiǎng can jiā?	join in?
    Wo yao cānjiā mingtiān xiavude Ifm going to attend the meeting hui.	tomorrow afternoon.
    Zuotiān women gěi Zhāng Taitai Yesterday vhen we gave the going—away songxing, nǐ yě cānjiā le	party for Mrs. Zhang, did you come
 ma?	too?
Notes on No. 2
      zai shang Xingq_īěr: fon last Tuesday1 . Notice that zai is used here with an expression stating a time when something occurs. In this sentence, zai is optional. Here are some more examples:
     Zhěge hui zāi xiāge yuě kāi.	This meeting will be held next month.
     Zhěge haizi zāi qunian qiūtiān This child began studying at home kāishǐ zāi jiā nian shū le.	last fall.
     Wǒ zāi shāngge lǐbāi mǎile	Last week I bought a wedding gown,
      yijian jiěhūn lǐfu.
      Zāi Yī j iǔliīisānnian wǒ rěnshi- 工 met him in 1963-le ta.
     Zāi Yī j iǔvulingnian wǒ jiu	工 read this book back in 1950 -
      kānguo zhěběn shū.
      zǔmǔ: 1(paternal) grandmother1. Remember that this refers exclusively to the father1 s mother. The mother1 s mother is waizǔmǔ. [A grandmother is usually addressed by her son’s children as nainai.] Here is a chart showing these terms:
    w	w w	v . w „ v	v . w w
zufu	zumu	waizufu_ waizumu
      (yěye) (nainai)	(vaigōng)	(waipo)
   fuqin	mǔqin
    (baba)	(māma)
                             wo -----
      qushi: fto pass away1• Literally, this means 1 to go (from this) world1. It is a euphemism for 1 to die1, which is introduced in Unit 6.
     Xiǎo Wangde fuqin qūshi yǐjīng Itfs been two years since Xiǎo Wang1s liǎngnian le.	father died.
      xiāoxi: 1 news, information, tidings 1.
     Zhěiliǎngtiān bāozhǐshang yǒu	The past couple of days there1s been
     hen duo guanyu ZhSngguode	a lot of news about China in the
  xiāoxi.	newspaper.
     Jīntiān bāozhǐshang you shěnme What news is there in the newspaper xīn xiāoxi?	today?
    Women jiā liāngge yuě měiyou	Our family hasnft sent a letter in
xin le, shěnme xiāoxi d5u	two months, therefs no news at all.
měiyou.	(Said "by one family memlDer who is
                                           separated from the rest.)
     Xiāoxi can "be used with the counter -ge to mean 1 a piece of news, an item of news1 :
    Wo you yige hǎo xiāoxi.	工 have a piece of good news.
Note on No. 3
     diaosāng: 1to present one1s condolences at a funeral, to attend a funeral1. At a traditional funeral, the guests, "by groups, present their condolences to the family of the deceased in a "brief formal ceremony.
    Jīntiān wo qu diaosāng, jiāndao Today when 工 was at the funeral 工 nin jia laotāitai.	saw your grandmother.
Note on No. ^
     sānglǐ: 1 the funeral ceremony1. [Sang- in some comMnations means 1 funeral1, for example, sāngfu 1 funeral clothing1, or sāngshi 1 funeral1.1 On a volunteer "basis, family, friends, and villagers help with funeral preparations. Members of the immediate family stay with the coffin to guard it during the day and sleep with it at night.
Notes on No. $
     yixiang: 1 always (up to now)1. This advert indicates that something has "been so all along up until now (and may either continue the same way or else change).
    Wo yixiang ai chī tiān dianxin. Ifve always like to eat sweet snacks.
    Tā yixiang nian shū niānde	He has always done very well in his
  hen hao.	studies.
    Wū Laoshi yixiang xihuan haizi. Teacher Wū has always liked children.
     Xia Xiānsheng yixiang hen kěqi. Mr, Xia has always "been very polite•
     hūran: Suddenly1 . This is a time word. It may go "before the verb, or at the front of the sentence.
    Wo hūrān xiangqilai, wode xin	工 suddenly rememlDered that I hadn’t
    hai měiyou ji.	mailed my letter yet.
Hūrān, tā pǎolai le, hǎoxiāng	Suddenly, he came running in, as if
    you shěnme shi.	there were something wrong.
Hūrān tiān xia yǔ le, xiade	Suddenly it started raining, raining
  hao da.	very hard.
Tā jinlai zuole yihuǐr, hūrān	He came in and sat dovn for a while,
jiu zou le_	and then left all of a sudden.
     zai ye ~bu he le: ’will never drink again1. Sometimes people ask what is the word for 1 never1 in Chinese. The answer is that 1 never1 is not expressed by one word, "but rather "by a combination of adverbs and negative. Not only is 1 never1 rendered into Chinese by several words, but the word patterns are different for sentences expressing completed action, habitual action, or planned action. For these examples you need to know that yongyuǎn is the word for 1 forever1.
     Wo conglai měi chīguo ZhSngguo I’ve never eaten Chinese food, cai.
Wo conglai bu kān něiyangde	I’ve never read those kinds of books.
      shū.
Tāde wenti yongyuǎn "bu něng	His problems can never be solved,
      jiejue.
    Wo zāi yě bu qu nāli le.	I’ll never go there again.
The adverb zāi and a negative, such as měiyou, can be used to express the idea of not doing something anymore.
Bing hǎole yǐhou, tā měiyou	After he got well, he didn't drink
  zai he jiǔ.	anymore.
Yǐhou vo "bu zai zuo le.	In the future I von't do it again.
    Bu yao zāi da ta le.	Don11 hit him any more.
If zai is placed in front of the negative, the meaning of the phrase is more emphatic.
Wo zai bu huilai le!	I’m never coming "back here again!
If is added "between zai and the negative, the meaning is approximately the same.
Wǒ zāi yě "bu chī tāng le.	I’m never going to eat candy again.
Neitiao lu bu hǎo zou, nǐ zai	That road is hard to go on, don’t
     yě "biě zǒu něitiāo lu le.	ever take it again.
Nǐ zai yě biě kan zhě zhong	Don* t ever read this kind of book
  shū le.	again.
Nage fandiande cai tai guī,	That restaurant is too expensive;
wo zhǐ qule yici, jiu zai	工 only went there once and then
    yě měi quguo le•	I never went back again•
     Women shi tongxuě, kěshi likāi We were schoolmates, but after we xuěxiao yǐhou, wǒ jiu zāi	left the school,工 never saw him
    yě měi kanjian ta le.	again.
     Sānge yuě yǐqiān xiāguo yichǎng Three months ago it rained once, and yǔ, yīhou jiu zāi yě měi	since then it hasn’t rained again,
       xiāguo le.
More on * Again1 : Up until now youfve seen zai f again1 used in sentences which did not express a completed event and you used in sentences which did.
    Mingtiān zāi lai ba.	Come again tomorrow!
    ou, ni you lai le.	Oh, you*ve come again!
But there are further qualifications on the use of 1 again* in Chinese. While zai always refers to activities which have not yet occurred, that is future activities or events, you is not totally limited to activities or events which are completed or past. You may be used in present or future situations if the thing being talked about is so certain that it may be treated like something which has actually happened.
     Mingtiān you shi Xīngqīyī le.	And tomorrow is Monday again.
Zhě you yao duSshao qian a?	And how much money is needed again
                                           for this?
Zhěi yītiān you yāo wan le.	And this day is about to end too.
                                           (Said at the end of a long busy day with many things left to do.)
     Xianzai wo you you gSngzuo le. Now I have a job again.
Notes on No. 6
     fan: 1to have an attack (of a disease), to have a recurrence of， to revert to (an old habit)1.
Tā you fan lǎo māobing le，	That old problem of his is acting
     zhějītiān hen bu shūfu.	up again. He hasn1t been feeling
                                           well the last few days.
 Shāngge yuě tā fan bing le，	Last month he had a recurrence; and
     xuěyā hǎo gāo!	his blood pressure was really
                                              high!
 Biě fan nǐde lao māobing le，	Don't fall back into your old habit
kuai qu shang xuě qu ba!	(of skipping sthool), get yourself
                                            to school.
    xinzangbing: fheart disease*. Xinzāng is 'heart1^
Notes on No. 了
     gǎnjǐn: fin a hurry*. This adverb means that someone decided to hurry up and start doing something. It can often be translated as ’to hurry up and1 , or !to rush, to (do something)' . Here are some examples:
    Nabiān chū chēhuo le, nǐ gǎn-	Therefs been a car accident over
     jǐn qīi kānkan I	there, hurry up and go look!
 Jīntiān xiavu, tā zou le,	He was leaving this afternoon, so at
 zh5nguǔ vo gǎnjǐn pěi ta qu	noontime I hurried to go out to
   chi wufan.	lunch with him.
    Kuai jiudian le, wo yāo gǎnjǐn It*s almost nine o*clock, I have to zou le.	hurry up and leave.
     Gǎnjǐn means only that someone hurries to start the action. It does not mean that the action is finished quickly. For example, to say fHe made dinner in a hurry, so it didn't come out well1, meaning that he finished cooking it in a very short time, you cannot use gǎntjǐn; you could say Yīnwei tā zuo fan zuode tai kuai， suoyi zuode bu hǎo.
     tā lǎorěn.liā: Lǎorěn.jiǎ is a respectful way of referring to or addressing old people. When addressing someone directly, it is almost always preceded by ni_ or nina as in
    Qǐngwěn nin lāorěnjia, dāo	Excuse me， sir, how do I get to
     Zhongshān Lu zěnme zou?	Zhongshan Road?
    Nǐ lǎorěnjia, zuijin zěnmeyang? How have you been lately? Have you Shēntǐ hao "ba?	been in good health, I hope?
A third party can "be referred to as tā lǎorěn.jiǎ:
 Tā lǎorěnjia shuō le, zhě jiān	He said that we donft need to be in
     shi būbi jizhe ban.	a rush to do this.
 Wo gěi tā lǎorěnjia song	come to give him some pastries.
       yidian dianxin lai.
     Wo wěnguo wǒ zǔfu le， tā lǎo-	工 asked my grandfather, and he said
     rěnjia shuō mingniān zanmen	our whole family is going to
    quanjia q.īi Shanghai.	Shanghai next year.
Here are two examples of lǎorěn.lia "being used as a respectful word for ’old people1:
     Jīntiān, liǎngwěi lǎorěnjia	Today those two (old people) had a
    tande hen gāoxing.	very pleasant conversation.
     Lǎorěnjiamen d5u xǐhuan chi	Older people like to eat soft foods.
      ruǎnde dōngxi.
      In Peking, the syllable lǎo in lǎorěnjia receives the heaviest stress of the three syllables, and jia is in the neutral tone.
      song: 1 to take (someone somewhere), to escort (someone somewhere), to see someone off or out1. The "basic meaning of this word is to accompany someone who is leaving, "but as you can see from the various translations given, song can "be used in a wide variety of circumstances. Here are some examples:
     Wo qū "bǎ kěren songdao daměn	I’m going to show the guests out the
  waitou.	front door,
    Nǐ song ta hui jiā.	Escort her home, or^Walk her home.
                                           or Take her home.
     Tā mingtiān zou, women dao	She1s leaving tomorrow and ve1 re
    jīchǎng qu song ta.	going to the airport to see her
                                              off.
     Wo song ta dao xuěxiao q_u.	工 took him to school. (E.g.,工 drove
                                          him there or I walked there with him.)
To specify that you are taking someone in a car, you can phrase your sentence this way:
     Wo kāi chē song ta dao xuěxiao I drove her to school. qu.
Notes on No. 8
      .1 ingguo: You have seen jīngguo meaning 1 to go thru1 . Here it is used to mean •though1 in the sense of f-by means of1 . It can also "be translated •as a result of,， ,after,， ,through,， or ,via,•
Tā shēntī yizhi bu hǎo, danshi	His health has been bad.all along,
wǒ xiǎng jīngguo ylduān shi-	but 工 think after a short period
jiānde bǎoyǎng, kěněng hui	of taking care of himself, he
   hǎo yidian.	might get a little "better,
                                         \
Jīngguo sāntiānde kǎolū, wǒ	After three days of consideration,
    juěding he tā jiěhūn.	I*ve decided to marry him.
Jīngguo dajiāde null, zhějian	As a result of everyone1s hard work,
    shiqing chěnggSng le.	this matter has succeeded.
Zhěge jihua bixii jīngguo tǎo-	This plan must go through discussion,
      lun.
             1 emergency treatment; to administer emergency treatment, to receive emergency treatment1 . Notice that	can mean to give or get
emergency treatment.
Jīntiān yǐjīng shi jijiude	Today is already the third day of
     disāntiān le, bu zhīdao yǒu	emergency (intensive care) treat-
měiyou xīwang.	ment. 工 don’t know if there’s .
                                           any hope.
Tāde chēzi yǐjlng wanle, rěn	His car is finished (totalled), and
zāi jijiū.	he himself is undergoing emergency
                                           treatment.
Gāngcai chū chēhuo, you jǐge	There’s just been a car accident, and
     rěn shoushāng le, yīshēng	several people were injured. The
    zhěngzai jijiū,	doctor is administering first-aid.
      Ji.jiu refers only to aid given in incidents of a relatively serious nature, usually those where life is in danger; for example, cases of severe injury or acute attacks of an illness -
      .jiuffliolai: fto save、literally 1 to save over1 . The directional verb ending guolai ^ver* sometimes shows the recovery of an original desirable or normal state. For example, in ,jiu^uolai it implies the change from a condition in which death is imminent to one in which the patient can be expected to' live.
      Daren qingkuang hai hǎo, haizi The adult * s condition is all right, jiubuguolai le.	but the child cannot be saved.
Zhěge juzi xiěcuo le, wǒ yāo	This sentence is wrong,工 have to
   bǎ ta gǎiguolai.	correct it.
Zhěge dizhǐ xiěde "bu dui, nin	This address is wrong, you have to
   děi gǎiguolai.	correct it.
Zuo huochē zuole s anti an lei-	After three days on the train, iPm
     huai le, yāo shui yidā jiao	exhausted, 工 *11 have to have a
    cai něng xiūxiguolai.	good long sleep before 工 can be
                                          well rested.
Shāngwu mangle sivǔge zhongtou	In the morning I ran around for four
     zhāngwǔ shui ge wǔjiāo, ren	or five hours， but then after a
•jiu xiūxiguolai le.	nap at noon, I felt very rested.
Tiān tai leng, he kou jiǔ jiu	The weather is too cold, a sip of
    nuānhuoguolai le.	wine will warm you up.
Wo hǎoxiāng bing le， chuān	工 seem to be sick,	got on all
     zhěnme du5 yīfu d5u měi	these clothes and 工 still canft
    banfa nuānhuoguolai.	get warm.
Note on No, 9
      "baozhong: fto take care of oneself, to take care of (one's health)1 .
Hǎohao baozhong shēntī, biě	Take good care of your health, donft
   lěihuai le.	wear yourself out.
In telling someone to "be sure to take care of himself, bao zhong is usually-preceded by du5 or du5du5 fmore (than usual)1.
Yilu ping1an, duō baozhong.	Have a good trip, and take good care
                                           of yourself.
Nǐde bing gang hao, duōduS	You just got over your illness, take
baozhong.	real good care of yourself.
Notes on No. 10
      guoqu: 'to pass away1. Like English 'pass away1, this is a euphemism for 'to die1.
Tāde zǔfu zuotiān wanshang	His grandfather passed away last
  guoqu le.	night.
     Nī muqin shi shěnme shihou	When did your mother pass away? guoqude?
     Wo mǔqin guoqude shihou, wo	工 was still very young when my hai hen xiǎo. mother passed away.
      nianji: 1(a person1s) age1. Here are some frequently used patterns you should learn by heart:
    Nin duo da niānji le?	How old are you? (polite way of
                                             asking an adultf s age)
    Tā nianji "bu xiǎo le.	She} s not young any more.
    Tā nianji da le. or Tā shāngle He1 s getting on in years. niānji le.
[Although the adjectival verb da 1 to be big1 is used after nian.ji to mean 1 to be old1 , when you want to say 1 to be young1 , you should use the adjectival verb qing fto be light1 rather than xiǎo 1to be small1; for example,
Tā niānt1i hai qīng，bū yinggāi rang ta qū gōngzuo, fHefs still young, you shouldn1t make him go get a job.1^
Note on No. 11
     pin^jin^: f to be calm1 . Ping.lingxialai， 1 to calm down*.
    Shuishāng yizhī chuan dōu měi- There wasnft a single boat on the .you, ye měiyou fēng, hen	water, and there was no wind. It
   pingjing.	was very calm.
    Kanjian jiāli rěn dōu hen hǎo, When I saw that everyone in the xīnli pingjingdeduō le,	family was all right, I felt much
                                            calmer.
As in the last example above, plng,jing is often used with xīnli 1 in the heart1 to describe one1s emotional state.
    Jīntiān tā hen shēngqi, wo měi He got very angry today and there banfa rāng ta pingj ingxiālai.	was no way I could get him to calm
                                             down.
Notes on No. 12
     mei něng: fwas not able to1. Here you see the auxiliary verb něng used with the negative měi• You have learned that state verbs (auxiliary verbs are one type of state verbs) are negated with bū, (bu hǎo, bu zhīdao) not with měi • Here, however, you see měi něng instead of bū něng. This is an exception to the rule that all state verbs are always negated with bu. Actually, either bū něng or mei něng would be acceptable in this sentence.
Some speakers, however, feel that there is a subtle difference between bū něng and měi něng vhen referring to an event in the past. For example, one can say Wo zuotiān měi něng qū as well as Wo zuotiān bū něns qu.
Wo zu$tiān měi něng qu hints at the fact that there was a failure to attain the state of being able to go, whereas Wo zuotiān bū něng qū merely describes the state of being unable to go, without making any implications about failure (to attain the state of being able to go). Such a subtle difference
in implication may make very little difference in the actual import of a sentence in some contexts, although in other contexts it may be of some significance. (For the first example sentence， you need to knov that mīmi means •secret1.)
   Zuotiān nǐ wen wo, wo "bu něng	Yesterday when you asked me， I
gāosu ni， yīnwei zhě shi	couldn’t tell you, because it1s a
  *mimi.	secret.
      Zuotiān, nǐ wen wo, vo měi něng Yesterday vhen you asked me， I gaosu ni, yīnwei Zhāng Sān	couldn’t tell you, because Zhāng
zhān zai pangbiān, wo bu	Sān was standing there, and I
xiǎng rang ta zhīdao.	didn’t want to let him know about
                                                  it.
      gǎnhuilai: Tto rush back1.
     D5u liudian zhōng le，wo xiǎng It’s six o1 clock already, I think tā dāgāi ganbuhuilai le.	she probably won’t make it back
                                            in time.
Xiāwil wǔdiǎn zhāng, women you	At five in the afternoon we have a
ge huī, ni gǎndehuilai gǎn—	meeting. Can you make it back in
      buhuilai?
Taipei:
A woman goes to visit her friend after hearing of her father1s death:
A: Wǒ zuijin chūchāi qu le,	I vent away on "business lately and
   jīngguo Tainande shihou tīngdao	I heard the news of your father1s
   nǐ fuqin qushide xiāoxi• Zhēn	death when I was passing through
■baoqian, wǒ mei něng gǎnhuilai	Tainan. I'm so sorry I couldn’t make
diaosāng.	it "back in time to go to the funeral.
B: Wǒ fuqin dele "bing, hen kuai	My father passed away very soon after
jiu guoqu le. Women you xie	he "became ill. We even have relatives
   zāi waidide qīnqi dou měi něng	outside the area who couldn’t make
  laidejl cānjiā sānglǐ.	it to the funeral.
A: Wo jide nǐ fuqin shēntǐ	As 工 recall your father1 s health was
yixiang "bū cuo, zhěci dele	always pretty good, what illness did
 shěnme bing?	he get this time?
B: 0, wo fuqin shēntǐ shi "bū cuo,	Well, my father1 s health vas pretty
jiūshi xīnzaxig "bu tai hǎo,	good, only his heart wasn11 so good,
zhěci hūran fanle xinzangting,	This time he had a sudden heart attack,
women gǎnjǐn bǎ tā lǎorěnjia	and ve rushed him to Taiwan University
   songdao TaiDā Yiyuan qu. Kěshi	Hospital. But even the emergency
  jīngguo jljiu, hāishi měi	treatment didn’t save him. jiuguolai.
A: Wo zǔmǔ yě shi xinzangtiing	My grandmother also died of heart
   qushide. Hao xiang nianji dalede	disease. Older people seem to "be
   rěn dele xinzanglDing yǐhou, hen	very hard to cure after they get
  nan zhihǎo. Lǎo xiānsheng	heart disease. When your father
   guoqude shihou "bū tāi tongkǔ	passed away he wasnft in much pain,
"ba?	I hope?
B: Shide. Tā guoqude shihou	No. He was rather calm when he
   "bijiao plngjing, haoxiang "bū	passed away. He didn’t seem to "be
 tai tongkǔ*	in too much pain.
A: Nǐ zhěxiē tiān yiding mangde	You must "be very tired from "being
   hen lei le. Nǐ yao "baozhong	so "busy these past few days. You
  shēntǐ. Guo xiē shihou wo	have to take good care of yourself,
  zai lai kan ni.	1*11 "be "back to see you again soon.
B: Xiěxie ni. Yǐhou you g5ngfu	Thanks. When you have time come
  zāi guolai zuozuo.	over again and sit awhile.
A: Hǎo. Zāi jian!	Okay. Good-'bye!
B: Zaijian!	Good-bye!
PART II
13. Wo da chan^tū dianhua gaosu ta. 工 called him long distance to tell
                                               him.
lU. Tā lǎo pěngyoude mǔqin shāngge His old friendfs mother passed away xīngqī guoshi le.	last week.
15.	Tā shāngxinjlie.	He was terribly broken up.
16.	Nǐ fuqin yǐjīng qīshiwǔsui,	Your father was already 75 years old.
kěyi shu5 shi chan呙shou le.	That’s quite a long life, actually.
1了. Zai shuo ta guoshide shihou	Besides that, he wasn't in too much
     ye "bū tāi tongkǔ.	pain when he died.
l8. Nǐ "bu "bi tāi nānguo le.	You donft have to feel too sad.
19 _ Wo mǔqin ^benlai xīwang ěrnumen Originally ray mother hoped that her yibeizi d5u zai tā shenbian.	children would stay with her all
                                            her life.
20.	Wo dage jīnnian qubnliao Xiāng- My oldest brother canft go to Hong
    gang le.	Kong this year any more.
21.	JiǎnRlai you jīhui zai qu "ba!	Go sometime in the future if you get
                                           the chance.
22.	Wo mǔqin chang shuō tā bū yuanyi My mother often said that when the
jiānglai zangzai guowai.	time came she didn?t want to be
                                           buried abroad.
23.	Rang ta zai jiā ānxin xiūxi.	Let her rest without worry in her
                                             home.
2U, A: Tā shuo tā qīishi yǐhou yao He says that after he passes away he huozang.	wants to "be cremated.
       B: Bingqie xiwajig tade hāizimen Moreover he hopes his children will něng bǎ tāde gǔhui songhui	be able to take his ashes back to
   guoněi.	his home country.
NOTES ON PART II Note on No, 13
      dǎ changtū dianhua: * to make a long-distance telephone call *.
Qǐng nǐmen shěngyin xiǎo	"Would you all be a little quieter,
    yidian, wo zāi da changtū	. please?	making a long-distance
  dianhua ne!	call!
You saw in the Post Office-Telephone Module that dianhua can also be used with the meaning *a telephone call1 as in You nǐde dianhua, *There1s a telephone call for you*. Chāngbū dianhua can be used in the same way:
Wěi! Xiǎo Sānr! You nǐde	Xiǎo Sānr! There1s a long-distance
    changtū diānhuā!	phone call for you!
In the Meeting Module you saw the expression lai dianhua 1 a telephone call is received1 or ’make a telephone call here1. Here is changtū dianhua used in the same pattern:
Jīntiān zǎoshang you rěn gěi	This morning someone called long-
ni lāi changtū diānhuā le，	distance for you, but you weren^
  nī bu zāi.	here.
Note on No. 1总
     guoshi: !to pass away, to die1. You have now seen 'to die1 expressed three different ways: guoqu, qushi， and Ruoshi. All may be used in conversation, although guoqu is probably the most common.
Note on No. 1^
     shāngxin: Literally, 1 to wound the heart’• ’To be grieved, to be hurt, to be sad, to be broken-hearted1.
     A: Tā zhěnme shāngxīn, wěi-	Why is he so broken-hearted? shenme?
B: Tā nūpěngyou zou le， zěnme	His girlfriend left, how can he not
        něng bu shāngxīn?	be broken-hearted?
Women jiāde gou sǐle, wo	After the family dog died, I was
shāngxīnle hǎo chang shijiān.	broken-hearted for a real long time.
Name hǎode yige haizi sǐle,	It really grieves one for such a
    zhěn rang rěn shāngxīn.	good child to die.
Note on No. l6
     chāngshou: ’long life， longevity;	to live a long life1.
     Yāo xiang changshou, jiu bu	If you want to live a long life，
yīnggāi dūo he jiǔ.	you shouldn1t drink excessively.
Beifāng changshoude ren bǐ	There are more people who live long
Nānfāng duō.	in the North than in the South.
Note on No• 1了
     zai shu5: ffurthermore, moreover,	in addition, besides1. Often following a clause with zai shu5，one of the adverbs 应 1 also1 or you 1 also1 is used.
     A: Zenmeyāng? Jīntiān nī	How about it? Can you come today? neng lai ma?
B: Zhěiliǎngtiān xia xuě, wo	It1s snowed these two days, and I
         ganmāo le， tiānqi you	caught a cold， and the weather is
          zhěnine bu hao, zāi shu5	so bad. Moreover the child is too
          hāizi tai xiǎo, bā tā yige	small to leave alone at home. I
         rěn fangzai jiāli， wo	would worry. 1^11 come for sure
         bu fangxīn. Gaitiān, wo	another day, okay? yiding lāi, hao bu hao?
Tā hen něnggan, zāi shu5 you	She*s very capable, and whatfs more,
name piāoliang, nī jiu tongyi	she1s so beautiful too. So you
le ba?	will agree (to marry her), won1t
                                          you? (said by a matchmaker to a young man)
A: Wo děng ni bāntiān le, wo	Ifve been waiting for you for ages.
         yāo he ni tan yixia.	I want to have a talk with you.
B: Wo gang xia kě. Zai shuo	I just got out of class. And further-
         wo hai měi chī fan ne!	more I haven1t eaten yet! Let’s
         Gaitiān zāi shu5 ba!	talk some other day!
Note on No. 18
     nānguo: 1to be sad， to be distressed, to feel bad1. This adjectival verb can be used to refer to either physical or emotional distress.
Yīshēng shu5 tā muqinde bing	The doctor said his mother1s illness
     hen lihai, women dōu hen	was very serious, and we were all
  nānguo.	very sad.
Jīntiān 七a chile hao duō	He ate a lot of raw vegetables today,
     shēngcāi， xianzai dūzili	so now his stomach hurts (he feels
  nānguo le.	bad).
      Bie nānguo le，rěn yījing sile Don11 be sad, he1s already dead, and nānguo yě měiyou yong le.	itfs no use being sad.
      Jīntiān Song Lǎoshī hen nānguo. Teacher Song is very sad today.
      Xiǎo Wangde jiāli you name du5	There1s so much trouble in Xiao
mafan. Zhēn rang rěn nānguo.	Wang1s family, it really makes a
                                           person sad.
Notes on Mo. 19
      běnlai: 1originally, at first, in the first place1.
Běnlāi wo xiang jīntiān xiawu	Originally I ■wanted to go see a movie
qu kān diānying. Houlai	this afternoon. Later 工 heard
tingshuo kāi hui. Suanle,	there vas a meeting. So I’ll
wo yihou zāi qu ba.	forget it and go another time.
      Běnlāi wo jīntiān qū Guangzhou9 Originally 工 was going to Canton tiānqi bu hao, dagai děi	today， but the weather is bad
mingtiān cai něng zou le.	so Ifll probably have to wait
until tomorrow before X can leave.
      yibeizi: ’all one1s life, in one1s (whole) life, throughout one1s life, as long as one lives, a lifetime1.
Zhěngfǔ bang tā ba zāi wāiguo-	The government helped her get back
     de qian zhaohuilai le. Tā	money she had outside the country,
     yibēizi yě měiyou jiānguo	She had never seen so much money
zhenme duō qian, hao gāoxing.	in her whole life. She was really
                                            happy•
Tā you sānge ěrzi, wěi zhěi	She has three sons and for these
      sānge ěrzi mangle yiběizi•	three sons she was busy her whole
     Xianzai lāole， gāi xiūxi	life. Now she is old and should
   xiūxi le.	take it easy.
       shēnbiān: 1 at/by one1 s side*, (have something) on one, with one1 .
      Wo you yige haizi zai nongcūn, 工 have one child out in the country yige haizi zāi shinbiān.	and one child here with me•
      Rūguo tā shēnbiān you hao jǐge If she has several children at her hāizi jiu měiyou banfa chū-	feet, then she just can1t go out
   lai gōngzuo.	and work.
Notes on No. 20
     dagē: *oldest brother1. Remember that 1 older brother1 is 莒ēge，but the oldest of several children is dagē■ In addition dāgē can be used between men to show a friendly relationship of unequal status.
     qubuliǎo: 1 cannot go1. This is a compound verb or result, like kanbu.jian 1 cannot see1 or chibubǎo 1 cannot eat one1 s fill1 . The ending -liao is in compounds of potential result (those with -de- or -bu- between the main verb and the resultative ending) with the meaning of fbe able to*. You may be thinking (and rightly so) that this is just the meaning added by the use of -de- or -bu-. This has led some people to label -liao as a *dummy* resultative ending since it does not seem to add any additional information like other more specific endings do (e.g, van 1 finish1).
    Wāimian shěngyin hao da.	It’s so noisy outside, 工 really
      Shizai shuibuliao jiao.	can*t sleep at all.
     Jīntiān ting diān, kanbuliao	Today they1 re turning off the
    dianyīngr.	electricity, so we can1t watch the
                                           movie•
     Wo zuijin duzi bu shūfu, chī-	My stomach has been uncomfortable
  buliāo shēngcāi.	lately,工 can*t eat lettuce.
     Zhěnme du5 cai, chībuliao le!	So many dishes, we won11 be able to
                                            eat them!
    Xiāwu wo you shi， qubuliao	This afternoon I’m busy,工 can*t go
      tūshūguanle, mingtiān zai	to the library, let’s talk about
   shu5 ba,	it tomorrow.
    Nǐ jiǔdiǎn zhōng xia ban,	You get off work at 9:00， can you go
      jīntiān wanhui nǐ qudeliǎo	to the evening meeting? qubuliao?
     Nī bu yao dāo jīchǎng lai song	Donft come to the airport to see me
      wo, nǐ yi kū wǒ jiu zoubu-	off; as soon as you start to cry,
    liǎo le.	工 won’t be able to leave.
Note on No. 21
       .liānglāi: 1 in the future1 . Like other time words, jiānglai can be used between the subject and the verb, or at the front of the sentence before the subject.
      Jiānglai ZhSngMěi guānxi yuě	In the future as Sino—American lāi yuě hǎo, women zai Měiguo relations get better and better, jiu bijiao rongyi mǎidao it will be easier for us to buy ZhSngguode dSngxi. Chinese goods in America.
Wo jiānglai yao dao Shanghai	In the future 工 want to work in the
     līngshiguān qu gōngzuo.	consulate in Shanghai.
Note on No. 23
     ānxin: 'to feel at ease, to set o*ne*s mind at ease, to be at peace;
to keep one1s mind (on something)1.
Tā xiānsheng null zuo shi, tā	With her husband working hard at
     keyi ānxīn du shū.	his job, she could keep her mind
                                           on her studying.
Wǒde hāizi gongzuode hen hǎo,	My child is doing veil at work, and
     vo yě jiū. ānxīn le.	工 can now feel at ease.
Note on No. 2k
     bingqiě: ffurthermore， moreover, and， besides'.
Wo yāo bǎ gSngzuo zuo hǎo,	工 want to do a good job at work and
      bingqiě yāo bǎ Zhōngwěn	and do a good job studying Chinese. xuehao.
Zhěige hāizi hen null bingqiě	This child is very industrious and
    hen cōngmīng.	intelligent too.
Wǒ jihua zhěige xīngqī bǎ	工 plan to finish writing this essay
      zhěipiān věnzhāng xiěwān,	this week and furthermore translate
      bingqiě fānyicheng Zhōngwěn-	it into Chinese.
Taipei:
After the funeral of an elderly man	who came to Taiwan from the mainland,
a friend comes to visit the family:
A: Wo zuijin chūchāi qu le,	"been away on "business lately,
   zuotiān huilai cai zhīdao	and I didn*t find out until I got
   lǎo xiānsheng guoshide xiāoxi,	"back yesterday that your father had
  ěrqiě tīngshuā sānglǐ yě	passed away. And 工 hear that the
   "banguo le, wǒ měi něng gān-	funeral has already "been held. I*m
   huilai diaosāng, zhen shi	really sorry I didn*t make it "back
  "baoqian.	in time to attend the funeral•
B: Wo fuqin xīnzaxig yixiang	My father *s heart was never too
  "bū tai hǎo, zuijin liangniān,	good. The past two years, the doctor
 yīshēng jiao ta tiāntiān chī	told him to take medicine every day,
   yāo, jiěguo wěnti hǎoxiāng	and there didn’t seem to "be so much
  shāole yidian, kěshi liāngge	of a problem any more, "but two weeks
  xīngqī yǐqiān hūran fanle lǎo	ago he had a sudden attack of his old
  "bing, wǒ dagē jiu gǎnjǐn "bǎ	illness. My oldest "brother rushed him
   tā lǎorěnjia songdao TāiDa	to Taiwan University Hospital for
 Yīyuān jijiū, "bingqiě da	emergency treatment. He also called
   changtū dianhua "bǎ wo jiao-	me long distance to get me to come
   huilai. Tā nianji da le,	"back. He was quite old, and even
   suīrān jīngguo jǐtiān jijiu	after several days of emergency
  hāishi měi jiuguolai, zai shang	treatment they still werenft able to
Xīngqīěr qūshi le; "buguo tā	save him. He passed away last Tuesday,
   qushide shihou "bǐjiao plngjing,	"but at the time he was rather calm,
 hǎoxiāng "bū tai tongkǔ.	and he didn’t seem to "be in too much
pain.
                            V
A: Fuqin qūshi, ěrnū yiding	When a father passes away, the
hen shāngxīn. Buguo lǎo	children always feel very grieved. But
 xiānsheng qīshiduSsui qūshi	for your father to pass away at over
  yě suan shi chāngshou le. Zāi	seventy is really quite a long life.
  shu5 tā guěqude shihou "bū tai	Besides，he wasn’t in too much pain
   tongkǔ, nīmen xiōngdi jiěměi	when he passed away, and all you
yě dōu zāi tā shentian, tā	"brothers and sisters were at his side,
  yě jiu ānxīn le，nǐ yě "bu yāo	so he could set his mind at ease; so
 tai nānguo. Lǎo xiānsheng	don’t "be too sad. Where will he "be
 zangzai nali?	"buried?
B： Wǒ fuqin shuōguo, ya£> huo-	My father had said he wanted to "be
 zang. Tā shuō tā zheyiteizi	cremated. He said that he protatly
kǒngpa hufbuliǎo lǎojiā le,	wouldn’t "be able to return to his home-
  jiao women jiānglai "bǎ gǔhuī	town in his lifetime, and he told us
songhui lǎojiā qu, suoyi women	to take his ashes "back to his hometown
 jiu zhuntei zhao tā shuōde	someday. So we*re planning to do as
 ■ban.	he asked.
                               Vocabulary
ānxīn	to "be without worry, to feel at ease,
                                           to feel relieved
baozhong	to take good care (of oneself)
běnlāi	originally
"bingqiě	moreover， and
cānjiā	to take part in; to attend
chāngshou	long life, longevity; to live a long
                                           time
chūchāi	to "be out of town on "business
dǎ changtū dianhua	to make a long-distance phone call
dagē	oldest "brother
diaosāng	to present one1s condolences at a
                                           funeral, to attend a funeral
ěrnū	children
fan	to have an attack (of an old
                                            disease)
gāndeshang	to "be able to catch up, to "be able
                                           to make it in time gǎnhuilai	to rush "back
gǎnjin	quickly
gǔhuī	"bone ashes
guoqu	to pass away, to die
guo shī	to pass away, to die
huozāng	to cremate; cremation
hūran	suddenly
jiānglai	the future, someday
jijiu	first aid; to administer emergency
                                           treatment
jiuguolai	to save
lǎorěnjia	polite way of addressing or
                                           referring to an old person (ni lǎorěnjia, tā lǎorěnjia)
-liao	can, to "be a"ble to
nānguo	to "be sad
nianji (niajiji)	age
pingjing	to "be calm
qutuliao	cannot go
qushī	to pass away, to die
sānglǐ	funeral
shāngxīn	to "be grieved, to "be sorrowful,
                                          to be heartbroken
shinbiān	oneTs vicinity, oneTs immediate
                                           surroundings
song	to escort, to take (someone to a
                                           place)
xiāoxi	news
xīnzang	heart
xinzanglDing	heart disease
yitěizi	all one’s life
yixiāng	(have) always, (had) always,
                                          consistently, all along
zai shuo	furthermore, "besides
zang	to bury
zuijin	recently; soon
zǔmu	grandmother (on the fatherTs side)
106
 Customs Surrounding Marriage> Birth, and Death: Unit 6
 PAET I
1.	Xiao Lǐde māma si le.	Xiao Li1 s mother died.
 2.	A: Nī shu5 women shi fǒu gāi	Do you think we should go to the
        cānjiā tāde sāngli?	funeral?
    B: Women yingdāng qu yixia.	We should go.
 3.	Xiǎo Lǐde māma jīntiān chū bin. The funeral procession for Xiao Li1s
                                          mother is today.
 k. Yibān rěnde sānglǐ měiyou name Most people!s funerals don’t have so duōde gui.ju le.	many special customs anymore.
 5.	Yibān cānjiā sānglǐde rěn dōu	Most people who attend a funeral
      song vǎnlian huo huāquān.	send a funeral scroll or a flover
                                            wreath.
 6.	Xiě wǎnlian fǎnzhe^g laibuji	It1s too late to write a funeral
  le.	scroll anyway.
了. Women qu mai yige huāquān ruhě? How about if we go buy a flower
                                           wreath?
 8.	Nianqīng funu xǐhuan chuān	Young women like to vear multicolored
   huā yīfu.	clothing.
9.	Nā něng rang ni pofei?	How could I make you spend money?
 10.	Wo qu gei ta māi diān xiao	I111 just go and buy her a little
     lǐwu .j iu shi le •	present.
 11.	Zhi yao bū tai gui， wo hāishi	As long as it's not too expensive,
     dā jichěngchē qu.	it would be best if 工 took a taxi.
 12.	Ni shuō women liāngge rěn	What do you say the two of us give
      hěqilai song ta yitao panzi-	him a set of dishes together? wan zěnmeyang?
 13.	Nǐ xiǎode Yangmingshān Gongmu	Do you know where Yangmingshan Public
    zai nali ma?	Cemetery is?
NOTES ON PART I Notes on No. 1
     māma: Mother, mom* Although this can "be used as a term of address, like English ^om1 or 1 Mommy1 , it can also be used in informal conversation to refer to onefs own or someone else*s mother, as in wo maina fmy mother1 , or tā māma* his motherf. For the term of direct address fMomf , Mā is probably more commonly used than Mama.
    Wo māma shang ban qu le.	My mother has left for work.
     Xiawǔ, Māma jiu zuo huǒche lai This afternoon, Mom came "by train kan wo le.	to visit me.
     sǐ: fto die1 This is a process verb, like ~bīng fto become ill, to get sick、and therefore corresponds more closely to the English fto "become dead1 than it does fto "be dead1. In English one can talk about a person who has a terminal illness, saying fHe is dyingf, "but this does not translate directly into Chinese. In Chinese one can say Tā kuai (yao) sǐle, fHe is about to die,1 or Tā huo~buliǎo duo .jiǔ le， fHe won11 live much longer. 1
     Tingshuo Lao Liūde fuqin sǐ le. I heard that Lao Liūfs father has
                                              died.
Sǐ can "be used directly "before a noun as an adjective, meaning 1 dead*. Shi side may "be used to mean 1 is deadf •
    Zhě shi yitiao sǐ yu.	This is a dead fish.
    Zhěitiao yu shi side.	This fish is (a) dead (one).
Notes on No. 2
     shi fou: fis it (true) or isn11 it (true that) •••* This phrase is a more formal-sounding equivalent of shi ~bu shi; fǒu in literary Chinese means for not1• In spoken Standard Chinese, the use of shi fou is more restricted than shi ~bu shi. First of all, shi f5u has a more educated, formal ring to it than shi ~bu shi • Secondly, shī fou is usually used only "before another verbal expression, as in the following examples:
    Zhězhong tiān shi fou hui xia	Is (this weather) going to rain? yǔ?
    Jīnnian d5ngtiān，nǐ shi fou	Are you hoping to go to Miami this
     xiǎng dao Māi ami qu?	winter?
     Nǐ shi fou zhunbei an zhao zhěge Are you planning to act according to jihua qīi zuo?	this plan?
Nǐ yīnggāi xiangyixiang, nǐ	You ought to think about whether you
dui zhěge rěn shi fou liǎojiě.	understand this person or not.
Nǐ nianji bū xiǎo le, nǐ shi	Youfre not young anymore, have you
fou kaoluguo jiěhūnde wenti?	considered the question of marriage?
Jīnnian, nǐmen xuěxiaode xuě-	This year did the (number of) students
      shēng shi fou zēngjiā le?	in your school increase?
Wo bu zhīdao wode yijian shi	工 doVt know whether my opinion will
     fou něng dědao tongyi.	be agreed with or not.
    Zhěizhǒng dōngxi zāi zhěli shi Can this sort of thing be bought fou mǎidedāo?	here?
Note on No. 3
     chū bin: fto transport the coffin to the burial place or to the tomb1 .
Literally, this means 1 take out the coffin1.
Liujiā mingtiān chū bin.	The Liūfs have the funeral procession
                                            tomorrow.
Zuotiān, Liu Xiānsheng gěi tā	Yesterday, after Mr. Liu accompanied
fuqin chūle "bin yǐhou, hui	his father1 s coffin to the cemetery,
jiā jiu bing le.	he went home and then got sick.
Note on No. h
     guiju: 1 fixed standards of conduct, regulations, or customs 1.
Anzhao Zh5ngguode guīju, gěi	According to Chinese custom, after
sǐrěn chūle bin yǐhou hai	accompanying the coffin of the
yāo zuo shěnme?	deceased to the cemetery, what
                                           else should be done?
Kěren lāi le, zāi māng yě yāo	When a guest comes， no matter how
he bei chā, zhě shi womende	busy he is， he should have a cup
    guīju,	a cup of tea. This is our custom.
     You guīju means 1 to have manners1:
Zhěge hāizi bu dong shi， měi	This child does not understand about
guiju, zhēn rang rěn bū hǎo	things, he has no manners. It
   yisi•	really embarasses a person.
    Wangjiāde lǎodā zhǎngde hǎokān, The Wang1s oldest son is good looking you you guiju, zhen hǎo.	and he is well mannered. Hefs
                                           really great.
      Guīju as an adjectival verb means fto be proper, to be correct (of a person)1.
     Lǎo Wangde nūěr rěn hen guīju. Lǎo Wang1s daughter is very proper. Notes on No, 5
      dou: Some of the uses of d5u do not correspond to 1 all1. 'All1 in English is often described as ’collective1, that is, referring to all the menibers in a group. D5u in Chinese is often described as 'distributive1, that is referring to the members of a group as individuals. This usage sometimes is translated as 1 each1. Notice that in the Reference List sentence d5u in com'bination with yi~bān and another noun produces this meaning.
     Hen du5 ZhSngguo rěn dāole	A lot of Chinese want to study after
     Měiguo dou xiang niān shū.	they get to the United States.
     Qiānjǐniān, xǔduS xuěshēng	Several years ago many students went
     bīyě yīhou d5u dāo nongcūn	to the countryside after they
  qu le.	graduated.
     Yībān ZhSngguo rěn dōu juěde	The average Chinese thinks that
     xuě Yingwěn "bǐ xuě ZhSngwěn	English is harder to learn than
 nan.	Chinese.
      vǎnlian: 1 funeral scroll, scroll of condolence1, literally 1 elegiac--couplet1. [Lian is short for duilian 1 a written or inscribed couplet (pair of parallel sentences)1.1 Traditionally, white cloth scrolls in one to three strips were written for the deceased "by friends. More recently a new practice has developed which is to send scrolls or wreaths bearing one character: dian, ’’to sacrifice Sending flowers has been brought in by Western custom.
      Xiawǔ wǒ dāo Liujiā qu, nǐ gěi This afternoon I fm going to the Liu1 s, xiě ge wanliān hǎo bu hǎo?	could you write a funeral scroll
                                           for them?
      huo: 1 or1 . You have learned huoshi and huo zhě for for1 . Huo is a more literary variant, but it can still be heard in conversation.
     Jīntiān wǎnshang huo mingtiān	Come over to my house tonight or
     wǎnshang nǐ dāo wǒ zhěli lāi	tomorrow night, okay?
      yitang hǎo bu hǎo?
      huāquan: 1flower wreath1, literally 1 flower circle1.
     Wǒ xiǎng mǎi ge huāquān gěi	I want to buy a flower wreath to send
   Liujiā songqu.	to the Liu1s.
Note on No. 6
     fǎnzhěng: 1 anyway, anyhow, either way, in any case, all the same1. Fǎnzhěng may come either before or after the subject of the sentence.
Nǐ ji shenme, fǎnzhěng gǎnbu-	What are you so anxious for, we won’t
shang kāi hui le, manmān zou	make it in time for the meeting
ba!	anyway, so let’s just take our time!
Fǎnzhěng wo bu nai, měi qian	I’m not going to buy it anyway, so
mei guānxi.	it doesn’t matter that 工 don’t have
                                             any money.
     Wo fǎnzhěng měi shi，women jiu 工 don’t have anything to do anyway, tantan zhěige wěnti ba.	so letfs talk about this.
Fǎnzhěng wo yāo qu, nǐ bū qu	I’m going anyway; it1s okay if you
yě kěyi.	dor^t go or It’s okay if you
                                           don’t go; anyvay, I’m going.
     Fǎnzhěng is often prefaced by a clause beginning with bu guǎn ’no matter whether...*:
Bū guǎn nǐ qu bu qu, fǎnzhěng	No matter whether you go or not, I’m
   wo yāo qu.	going anyway.
Note on No. 了
     ruhě: •how; how about; in what way*. This is a literary word which means about the same as zěnmeyang. In a more plain, colloquial style, the Reference List sentence could also be said as Women qu mǎi yige huāquān zěnmeyang? Spoken Standard Chinese draws more on the written style in an area like Taiwan, where a majority of the population learn Standard Chinese in school, rather than at home. A speaker from Peking might consider Women mǎi yige huāquān ruhě to sound a little stiff and unnatural. You should be able to understand ruhě， but use it yourself only in speaking vith people who use it, or in writing.
Mingtiān Lao Zhāng qǐng women	Tomorrow Lǎo Zhāng has invited all
dajiā chī fan, nǐ juěde rūhā?	of us to eat, what do you think?
Zhějiān shide jiěguo ruhě?	What was the outcome of this matter?
MJiao wo ruhě bu xiǎng ta?”	”(It malces me so that) How could 工
                                            not miss her?’’ (name of famous popular song of the 30fs)
Note on No. 8
      huā: 'to be multicolored'•
Jīntiān tā chuānle yijian huā	Today she’s wearing a multicolored
    yīfu, hǎo piāoliang!	dress. It’s gorgeous!
Note on No. 9
      Nǎ něng rang ni pofei: Na or nar	(Peking) is used in rhetorical questions.
     Tā měi qian, nǎ něng jiěhūn!	He has no money, how can he get
                                           married?
Zāi Yěye nali nǎ(r) něng name	How can you talk like that in front
  shuō huāl	of Grandpa?
Nī shi women jiāde rěn, na(r)	You're family, how could we not let
něng bu rang ni zhīdao zanmen	you know what's going on in our
   jiāde shi ne?	family?
Wo shuōde shi jǐbǎiniānqiānde	I’m talking about something several
     shi, nā shihoude Měiguo nǎ(r)	hundred years ago, how could
     you shenme chěngshi!	America have had any cities at that
                                            time?
    A: Wǒ nā(r) mingbai:	Like heck I understand!
B: Nǐ name cōngmingde rěn,	You're such a smart person, how could
         nǎ(r) hui bū mingbai!	you not understand?
Nǐ kān, na(r) you zhěyang ban	Look, how can you go about things
shide, bu jīngguo jūmin	like this? You want to have a
wěiyuānhui, jiu xiang shēng	child without going through your
hāizi, nā nǎ(r) xing?	neighborhood committee, how can
                                           that be okay?
Tā yizhi zāi chěngli zhūzhe,	When has he ever been to the country-
nǎ(r) daoguo nSngcūn ne!	side I He，s always lived in the city!
A: Zenmeyang? Xiao Zhāng kuāi	How's it going? Is Xiǎo Zhāng going
       jiěhūn le ba?	to get married soon?
     B: Nar a! Nujiā fumu bu yuan-	You must be kidding! The girl’s
        yi, mafan dā le!	parents don't want it. There's
                                           a lot of trouble.
Note on No. 10
      .jiu shi le: This phrase is used at the end of a sentence to mean '".that's all'. It can have several different implications, depending on the context:
      (1)	"Don't worry, this matter can simply be taken care of like this•” (something is virtually taken care of)
   Wo you wangle bǎ shū dailai,	工 forgot to bring the book again,
būguo wǒ yiding jiěgei ni	but I'm going to lend it to you
   jiu shi le.	for sure, don’t worry.
     Wo zhao nin shuSde ban jiu	I’ll simply do as you say,
      shi le.
   Děng yixia gěi ni ban jiu shi	工*11 take care of it for you in a
le, nǐ ji shenme!	moment, don’t worry, why are you
                                           so anxious?
     Anzhao zhěge jihua zuo jiu shi Do it according to this plan le, you shěnme hǎo tande?!	and that’s all there is to it!
                                          What else is there to discuss?
      (2)	1 Only, just this, nothing more than this 1•
   Zhěliǎngge haizi chabuduS,	These two children are about the
     būguo Lǎo Da cSngming yidianr	same, but the older one is a little
  jiu shī le.	more intelligent, that's all,
Tā lai, měiyou shěnme shi，	When he came he wasn't up to anything
     būguo xiǎng yao naběn shū	special, he just wanted that book,
   jiu shī le.	that's all.
      (3)	'that1 s all that can be done about it*.
     Fǎnzhěng wo gēn ni shu5guo jiu In any case, I*ve told you, and that1 s shī le-	all 工 can do.
Notes on No. 11
      zhǐ yao: 'as long as, so long as,	if only1.
     Zhǐ yao wǒ jīntiān wǎnshang	As long as 工 have time tonight,工 can you kong, jiu kěyi ba zhěběn finish reading this book, shū kanwan•
    dā: fto travel by, to take (a bus, car, train, boat, etc.)f
    Wo yě yao dao xuěxiao qu, dā	going to school too， can 工 get
     ninde chē xing bu xing?	a ride with you?
    Wo dācuole chē, jiěguo paodao	工 got on the wrong bus, and ended up
   Beitou qu le.	in Běitou.
    Meitiān wo dā silu chē shang	工 take the Route k bus to work every
 ban.	day.
Note on No. 12
    hěqilai: fto combine, to put together, to unitef. H£ is a verb meaning 'to combine, to put together, to unite, to merge1. You should learn to use he in the following combinations: hězai yiqT 1 to combine (two or more things together)1, hěqilai fto combine (forces)， to come together, to put together1, hěchěng fto combine into, to merge into1.
    Women liǎngjiā hěqilai maixiale Our two families bought these six zhě liujiān fangzi.	rooms together.
    Zhěliǎngge juzi hěcheng yige,	If you combine these two sentences
r6ngyi shu5 yidianr.	into one, it1s easier to say.
    Zhěliǎngbān hězai yiqi, zhī	If these two classes are combined,
you shige xuesheng, hai bu	there are only ten students; that1s
    suan tāi duō.	still not too many.
Notes on No« 13
    xiǎode: fknowf• This is a synonym of zhidao, and can be used in most of the same ways that zhidao can be used. Xiaode is not, however, commonly used in Peking; it is mostly used in southern areas.
     g5ngmu: 1 public cemetery1•
    Gāngcai tā you dao gSngmu qu	Just now she went to the cemetery
      le， gěi tā māma song yiba	again and left a- bunch of flowers
   huā,	(on her mother1s grave).
Taipei:
Two friends who work together at the	Bank of Taiwan are having a talk:
A: Tingshuo Xiǎo Lǐde Māma sǐle.	I heard that Xiǎo Lǐ1s mother died.
   Ni xiǎng women shi fou gāi qu	Do you think ve should go to the
  cānjiā tāde sānglǐ?	funeral?
B: Women gēn Xiao Li yǐjīng shi	We1 ve been friends vith Xiǎo Lǐ for
   shljǐniānde lǎo pěngyou le,	over ten years, hov could ve not go! na něng bū qu!
A: Sāngli you měiyou shěnme	Are there any apecial customs at
   tebiě guīju? Wo zhǎngde zhenme	funerals? Ifve reached this age
   dā le, hai měi cǎnjiāguo sānglǐ	without ever having been to a funeral! ne!
B: Zhǐ yao bu chuān hua yīfu	As long as you donft wear multi-
  dagai jiu kěyi le.	colored clothes it should be okay.
A: Women gāi song diǎn shěnme	Should we send some kind of gift? dongxi ma?
B: Yibān rěn dōu song vǎnlian	Most people send a funeral scroll
   huo huāquān. Women liāngge rěn	or a flower wreath. The tvo of us
   kěyi hěqilai song yige huāquān.	can send a flower wreath together.
 Ni kan ruhě?	What do you think?
A: Dāngrān hǎo....Ni zhīdao bu	Of course that would be good.... Do
   zhidao tā mama nǎtiān chū bin?	you know what day his mother1 s funeral
                                      procession will be?
B: Xia Libaisān xiavm sāndiǎn.	Next Wednesday afternoon at 3.
A: Yāo zangzai nali?	Where is she going to be buried?
B: Yangmingshan Diyī Gōngmīi.	In Yangmingshan Public Cemetery No.
                                                  1.
A: Zenme qīi?	How do you get there?
B: Wo yě bu xiǎode. Fǎnzhěng	I donft know either. Anyvay,
   dāo shihou women dā jichěngchē	when the time comes wefll just take
  q_u jiu shi le.	a cab there.
A: Xiǎng bu xiǎng xianzai qu	Do you want to go see Xiǎo Lǐ
 kankan Xiǎo Lǐ?	now?
B: Bu xing. Wǒ jīntiān wanshang	I can’t. I’m busy tonight. you shiqing.
A: Najne mingtiān jian.	Then 1,11 see you tomorrow,
B: Mingtiān jian.	See you tomorrow.
PART工工
lk. Zāi Taiběi yǒu rěn rěnvei	In Taipei there are people who
  Yangmingshan gongmu fēngshuǐ	"believe that the feng—shui in
 hǎo.	Yangmingshan Cfemetery is good.
15.	Shěi dōu xīwang tāde zǐsǔn	Everyone hopes that his descendants
    houdai fǎda.	will "be prosperous.
16.	Jiǎng.jiu fēngshuǐ hǎo "bu hǎo	To "be particular about whether the
     haishi jiu ^uānnian•	fengshui is good or not is an old
                                          way of thinking.
17.	Wo mǔqin bu mi xin, tā shuo	My mother isn11 superstitious; she
      tǔzang, huo zang dōu kěyi.	says that either "burial or
                                           cremation is okay.
18.	Women yidao qu Jilě Binylguǎn	Letfs go to the Paradise Funeral
   "ba!	Home together, okay?
19.	Wo kandao chū "binde rěn dadōu	工 saw that most of the people in the
  zhǐ zāi shoubishang dai xiao.	funeral procession were only
                                          wearing mourning on their arm.
20.	Wo conglai Idu chuān hui yifu.	工 never wear gray clothing.
21'. Kěren dōu yao zai qiānming"bu~	The guests are all supposed to sign
      shang qiān ming, zhě shi	their name in a guest "book. This
    womende xihuan.	is our custom.
NOTES ON PART 工工 Notes on No. Ik
       renvěi: fto think (that)， to consider (that)， to "believe (that)1• This is a very common verb used to express that someone has formed an opinion or made a judgment about a person or thing.
  Wo rěnwěi zhě shi yige hen	工 think this is a very important
    zhongyāode wěnti.	question.
  W5 "bu rěnwěi nǐ yīnggāi zuo	工 don*t think you should do this.
       zhějiān shi.
     fēngshuǐ: Literally !vind and water1， this means the geographical outlay of something to be built, such as a grave or the foundation of a house. The traditional Chinese science of fengshui, or geomancy, is concerned with the good and bad influences which the location of a grave or building are believed to exert over a family and its descendants. In particular, the dead are influenced by and able to influence the celestial bodies for the benefit of the living. Each family, therefore, is naturally interested in arranging the most auspicious placement for it’s family grave.
     Zhěge fāngzide fengshui bu hao. The fengshui of this house is no good.
Zhělide fēngshuǐ bu cuo.	The fengshui here is pretty good.
Notes on No. 1^
     zǐsūn： 1 sons and grandsons1, or used in a more general sense, ’offspring, descendants1. For this example, you have to know that Huāngdi means ’the Yellow Emperor1, a legendary ruler thought of as the father of Chinese civilization.
Zhōngguo rěn dōu shi Huāngdi-	The Chinese are all descendants of
    de zisūn.	the Yellow Emperor.
     houdai: •descendants, posterity, later generations 1.
     Womende houdai d5u yīnggāi jizhu Our descendants should all remember zhěijian shi!	this!
   Tā měiyou houdai.	He is without descendants.
     fādā: fto be prosperous, to be flourishing;-to be developed, to be well-developed*. For the first example, you need to know that gSngshāngyě means 1 industry and commerce1.
Meiguode gSngshāngyě fēichāng	America*s industry and commerce are
   fādā.	very developed.
    Zhěijiā rěnjiā hen fāda.	This family is prosperous.
Notes on No. 16	,
     ,1 ian呙jiu: fto be particular about, to be meticulous about, to pay attention to, to strive for1.
     Zhěge rěn hen jiangjiu chī， hen This person is particular about what jiangjiu chuān.	he eats and what he wears.
     Něige haizi tai jiangjiu chuān. That kid pays too much attention to
                                           what she wears.
      Jiǎngjiu can also mean * to be elegant*•
     Nǐmen jiāde jiāju zhēn jiangjiu. Your furniture is truly elegant.
     guānnian: fway of thinking, concept, notion, view, sense (of), mentality (of).	*
Meiguo rěnde guānniān gēn	Sometimes the American way of thinking
Zhongguo rěnde guānniān youde	and the Chinese way is the same,
     yiyang, youde bū yiyāng.	sometimes not.
     Nǐ kān "ba, zai guo jǐniān niān-	You watch, in more few years, it will qīngrěn yīnggāi wǎnlian wan- have become an accepted notion that hūn jiu hui biancheng yizhong young people should get involved guānniān. late and marry late.
Notes on No. 1了
     mixin: fto be superstitious (about); superstition*.
     Shāngchāode shihou Zhongguo rěn During the Shang Dynasty, the Chinese bǐjiāo mixin, xiānzāi bǐj iao	were relatively superstitious, now
  bū mixin le.	they arenft so much any more.
     Youde Zhōngguo rěn mixin fēng- Some Chinese are superstitious about shuǐ.	fengshui•
     tǔzang: 1to bury (a dead person)1, literally fground-bury*. This word is used only in contrast to other ways of disposing of a dead body, for example cremation or burial at sea. 匚工f no contrast with other forms of disposal is implied, then the word for fto bury1 is simply zang (for formal burials), mai (for informal burials), māizang, or anzang (literally fpeacefully bury1 , a respectful term). II
   Ēguo rěn shuōguo tāmen yao	The Russians said they wanted to
    maizang Měiguo.	bury Americans.
     huozang: *to cremate; cremation1. In this word, you may think of zang 1 to bury1 as extended to mean 1 to dispose of (a dead body) * . Huo means 1fire1.
Note on No. 18
     yidao: ftogether1. You have already learned yiqǐ and ylkuair for 1together1. Yidao is mostly used by speakers of southern Mandarin and is little used by northerners.
     Yāohuā he tāde nupěngyou yidao Yao hua and his girlfriend went to kan dianyīngr qu le.	see a movie.
Hāizimen zāi yidao wānr.	The children are playing together.
Notes on No. 19
     dad5u: ffor the most part, mostly1. Another word with the same meaning which is probably used by more people than dad5u is daduō•
Zāi Yindu rěnmin dad5u (or	In India the people are mostly Hindu.
       dadu5) xin Yindujiao.
     ZhSngguo rěn dāduS shi nongmin. Chinese for the most part are rural
                                            people.
     shoubi: farm (from the wrist to the shoulder)，. Other words for used in different regions are gēbei and gēbo (Peking gēbe)_
Xiao Li gēbo shoule shāng,	Xiao Lǐ was hurt in the arm, and also
      Xiǎo Wangde tui yě shoule	Xiao Wang was hurt in the leg. shang.
Gāngcai，wo bu xiaoxin pěngdao-	Just now 工 was careless and "bumped
le měnshang, dao xianzai	into the.door, and my arm still
    shǒubī hai těng ne.	hurts now.
     daixiao: fto wear mourning1. Formerly, people wore certain types of clothes while in mourning (sackcloth or white from head to foot). Nowadays, customs differ widely, but some small item is usually still worn to indicate a death in the family. These include a white flower in the hair, a coarse cloth patch on the arm or in the hair, or a black armband.
     Tā fuqin sile kuai sānnian le, Her father has been dead for almost tā hai daixiao ne!	three years and she is still wearing
                                            mourning!
Notes on No. 20
     conglai bu: 1 never, never does".、 In the last unit, you saw the pattern conglai měi(you)，meaning fhave never...1 or fhad never.■•，• Conglai means ’from the past up until now (it has always been this way)1.
Wo conglai bū yuanyi zǎoshang	工 never want to study in the morning,
       nian shū.
      hui : 'to "be gray!.
Zāi ZhSngguo daduōshu rěn dōu	The great majority of people in China
xihuan chuān lansě he huīsěde	like to wear blue or gray clothing,
       yīfu.
Notes on No. 21
     qiānmingbū; 1 guest book1, literally, 1sign-name record book1.
     qiān ming:	fto sign one1s name1.
    Qǐng ni zai	zhěli qiān ming.	Please sign here.
     xiguan: fcustom, habit1. The definition of xiguan in a Chinese dictionary reads: fbehavior, tendency, or social practice cultivated over a long period of time, and which is hard to change abruptly1. Compare this with fēngsu fcustom1， which you learned in Unit 1: 1the sum total of etiquette, usual practices, etc. adhered to over a long period of time in the development of society1•
     Notice that xiguan may refer to the way of an individual or of a community, whereas fēngsu only refers to the way of a community.
Taipei:
An American student attending Taiwan	National University is talking
with a Chinese classmate and friend:
A: Tīngshuā Wang Lāoshīde fuqin	工 heard that Teacher Wangfs father
  qūshi le• Nǐ xiāng women shi	died. Do you think we should attend
   fou gāi q_u cānjiā. sānglǐ?	the funeral?
B: Wo xiǎng women yingdāng qu.	工 think we ought to go.
A: TīngshuS sānglǐ zai Jilě	工 hear that the funeral is going to
  Binyiguǎn jǔxing. Nǐ xiǎode	be held at the Paradise Funeral Home.
   Jilě Binyiguǎn zai nali ma?	Do you know where that is?
B: Xiaode. Jiu zai Nanjing	Yes• it’s on Nanking East Road.
    Dōnglīi.
A: Wo conglai měi cānjiāguo	never been to a Chinese funeral,
  Zhongguo rěnde sānglǐ, bu	so 工 don’t know what special practices
   zhīdao nǐmen you nǎxii guīju.	you have. Could you tell me about
  Nǐ něng bu něng gēn wo	them? jiāngyijiǎng?
B: Kěyi. Xianzai yibān rěnde	Okay. These days the average person's
  sānglǐ d5u hen jiandān, měiyou	funeral is very simple. There aren't
   tāi duōde guīju. Būguo, nǐ	too many special customs. But you
  bū yāo chuān h6ngde， lude,	shouldn't wear red, green, or multi-
  huoshi huāde yīfu. Chuān	colored clothing. Black, gray, and
  heide, huīde， iānde d5u kěyi.	blue would all be okay to wear. Most
   Qu cānjiā sānglǐde rěn dādōu	people who attend a funeral send a
  song wǎnlian huo huāquān. Wo	a funeral scroll or a flower wreath,
  xiǎng women kěyi hěqilai song	工 think we could send a flower wreath
 yige huāquān,	together•
A: Hao.	Okay.
B: Dāo binyiguǎnde shihou, nǐ	When you get to the funeral home, as
  yi jin men jiu hui kandao	soon as you go in the door you'll see
  zhuSzishang fāngzhe qianmingbu,	a guest book on the table. You should
   nī yao zāi shāngmian qiān ming.	sign your name in it.
A: Ug. Wang Lāoshīde fuqin yao	Uh huh. Have you heard whether
  tǔzang hāishi huozang, ni ting-	Teacher Wangfs father is going to be
  shu5 le ma?	buried or cremated?
B: Tīngshuō shi yao tǔzang.	工 heard hefs going to be buried.
A: Yāo zangzai nali?	Where is he going to be buried?
B: Yao zangzai Yangmingshan	In Yangmingshan Public Cemetery,
  Gongmu, yīnwei tāmen rěnwěi	because they believe that the
  nalide fēngshuǐ hǎo, rěn	fengshui there is good， and that if
  zangzai nali, tāde zǐsǔn	a person is buried there his
  houdai jiu hui fādā.	descendants will be prosperous.
A: Taiwan xianzai yǒu xiē rěn	There are still some people in
   hai you diǎn mixin, shi bu shi? . Taiwan who are a little superstitious,
                                       arenft there?
B: Shide, būguo zhěxiē dōu shi	Yes. But these are all old notions.
  jiu guānniān. Nianqīng rěn	For the most part, young people don1t
  dadōu bu jiangjiu zhěxiē le.	pay much attention to this kind of
                                       thing any more.
A: Taiwan xianzai hai you dai	Does the custom of wearing mourning
  xiaode xlguān ma?	still exist in Taiwan?
B: You. Nǐ měi kandao Wang	Yes. Didn1t you see Teacher Wang,
  tā shoubishang jiu daizhe	shefs wearing mourning on her arm.
  xiao ne. Yiqiānde rěn dai	Before, people had to wear mourning
  xiao yao dai yiniān! Xianzaide	for a year! Now most people only
  rěn duobān zhi dai yibǎitiān	wear it for a hundred days• le.
A: Mingtiān women shenme shihou	What time shall we go there
qu?	tomorrow?
B: Xiawu yidian zhōng wǒ zāi	工 fll wait for you at the gate of
TāiDa měnkǒu děng ni, women	Taiwan University at one o*clock， and
 yidao qu.	we can go together.
A: Hǎo.	Okay.
NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE
     Funeral procedures in the PRC today are very simple. In the interest of sanitation (bodies might have some communicable disease) and economy (ground burials are expensive and consume government agricultural land)， deceased city residents are required to be cremated. By government regulation the immediate family is allowed two days of paid leave，sang .1 ia.
The funeral involves someone saying a few kind words about the deceased in the presence of relatives and people from his work unit• Those present are dressed plainly, bearing a white flower. Ashes are placed in carved wood or porcelain boxes in a sǔhui cunfangchu, a building reserved for this purpose. It is not necessary to give anything to the family of the deceased
but people sometimes give money or other small items. In the countryside, there might be a large feast at the deceased’s home. There is an attitude which says a funeral is a time of gladness vhen the deceased enters the world of the non-living. [A funeral is a "white joyous event,” bai xīshi. A vedding is a "red event." Together they are sometimes referred to as h$ngbai xīshi, red and white joyous events.]
                               Vocabulary
binyiguǎn	funeral home
chū bin	to hold a funeral procession
conglai bu	never
conglai dōu	always (in the past)
conglai měi	have never
dā	travel by, take (a taxi, bus , train,
                                           airplane, etc,)
dadōu	for the most part
dai xiao	to wear mourning
fāda	to be developed> to "be prosperous
fǎnzhěng	anyway, in any case
fēngshuǐ	the Chinese science of geomancy
                                           (that is, the influence of landscape on people and their fortunes
gāi	should, ought to
gongmu	public cemetery
guānniān	concept， notion, view
guīju	special customs， established rules
hěqilai	to combine, to join together
houdai	descendants
huā	to be multicolored
huāquān	flower wreath
hui	to be gray
huo	or
huozang	cremation
jiangjiu	to be particular about; to be
                                           elegant, to be tasteful
Jilě Binyiguǎn	Paradise Funeral Home (in Tapei)
jiu shi le	•••， that’s all
māma	mother, moni
mixin	to "be superstitious; superstition
nā (nāli, nǎr)	how (used in rhetorical questions to
                                           deny something)
qiān ming	to sign one’s name
qiānmingbu	guest book
rěnwěi	to think that, to believe that
ruhě	how, in what way; hov (someone or
                                          something) is; how is it (literary form)
shi fou	(literary form meaning shi bu shi)
shoubi	arm
si	to die
tǔzang	burial (the word used in contrast to
                                          cremation or burial at sea)
vanlian	funeral scroll
xiaode	to know
xiguan	habit， custom
Yangmingshan	a mountain in suburban Taipei
yidao	together
zhi yao	as long as, if only
z ǐsun	descendants
 Vocabulary
bǐcǐ	each other, mutually
"bǐjiao ("bǐjiao) 比较	relatively， comparatively
bū dan	not only
bu shǎo 不少	a lot, many
chěng	to become, to constitute, to make
chěngshi 城市	city
danshi	but
ěrqiě	而且	furthermore
fēngqi	凡气	common practice
fēngsu	custom
fūfu 大U	married couple, husband and wife
gǎibian	to change
he *^CI	with; and
hui	might, to be likely to, will
jiěhūn (jiěhūn)	to get married
jiějuě	to solve
jīngguo	to go through, to pass by or through
jinian 乡已念^	memento, memorial
kǎolu 考處	to consider; consideration
kě 呀	indeed, really
kě "bu shi ma! 可不是吗	工*11 say, yes indeed, that’s for sure
lian^i	to be romantically involved with
liǎojiě (liāojie)	了鮮 to understand; understanding
lihūn	to divorce
lǐwu (lǐwu) 札物	gift, present
nānjiā(r) 男家	the husband's family
nannu ^	male and female
něnggou 能够	can, to "be able to
nianq.īng 年径	to be young
nongcūn 农村	rural area， countryside
nūjiā(r)	the wife1s family
null	力	to be hardworking, to be diligent;
   73 ^	diligently, hard
qingnian	■年	youth, young person
qīnqi	$	relatives
qūbiě	区多1J	difference, distinction
shixing	to practice, to carry out (a method, ^ policy, plan, reform, etc.)
shuāngfāng 认方	both sides, both parties
song	to give (something as a gift)
tan qīn ^■系半	to visit family
tanqīnjia	leave for visiting family
tichāng	to advocate, to promote, to initiate
vǎnlian vanhūn	late involvement and late marriage
xiāngdāng	quite, pretty, very
xǔduo 午多	many; a great deal (of)，a lot (of)
yingdāng 应当	should, ought to
yishi	ceremony
yizhi 一	all along, all the time (up until
                                           a certain point)
zhěngfǔ	government
zhūdao 住到	to move to, to go live at
zǒngshi	灸	always
zuo 政/f	to serve as, to act as; as
                                Vocabulary
ai	(sound of sighing)
dāxide rizi 犬备的曰手	wedding day
daying	to agree (to something), to consent,
  自to promise
du	to pass
du miyuě	^ 0	to go on a honeymoon, to spend one1 s
    入"多 J	honeymoon
duōnian 多年	many years
fayuān	court of law
FS佛	Buddha
fuzā (fuza) rm	to "be complicated
gongzhěng jiěhūn	civil marriage
hai	even, (to go) so far as to
hāishi 遠足	after all
houlāi 後來	later, afterwards
hui men	the return of the bride to her
                                           parents' home (usually on the third day after the wedding)
hūnlī mt	wedding
jiaotang	church
jiāowǎng	to associate with, to have dealings
   丨	with
Jīdūjiao 凑督狄	Christianity
jiěhūn lǐfu	wedding gown
jieshaorěn 介■、絲人	introducer
juěding 决定	to decide
jǔxing 才十	to hold (a meeting，ceremony, etc.)
Jūzhǎng	head of an office or bureau (of
d	which the last syllable is jū)
laoshi (lǎoshī)老to "be honest
nmnyx 滿意	to be pleased
miyuě 蜜	honeymoon
nānfāng ^ ^	the groom's side，the groom1 s family
něnggan 能幹	to be capable
rěn	person, self, body
ru xi	to take onefs seat (at a gathering，
 '	meeting, or banquet)
shāngjin 上遂	to be ambitious
shou	to be familiar (with), to know well
tandao	to talk about; speaking of ...
tānlai tanqu 談來跋去	to discuss back and forth
tlqīn iAM	to bring up a proposal of marriage
xiaojiě (xiāojie)	、士a way of referring to someone else *s
                                           daughter
xǐjiǔ	wedding banquet
xin J言	to "believe (in)
xin Fo	to be a Buddhist
xīnlāng 新郎	bridegroom
xīnniang 新碌	"bride
yě 也	indeed, in fact, admittedly
yijian	opinion
zǎo	long ago
zhěnghūn	to witness a marriage
zhěnghūnrěn fiS皆人	a witness for a marriage
zū	to rent
zuo měi 政媒	to act as go-between (for the
                                          families of a man and woman considering marriage)
                                Vocabulary
biyun	contraception
bu tong 不同	to be different
chǎnfu 产文立	a woman who has given birth within
                                          the last month
chanjia 户攸	maternity leave
chěnggong 成功	to succeed, to be successful
.chūshenglu 出生率	birth rate
dānwěi	unit
-dao	I	(indicates successful accomplishment
   J	of something)
dědao	to receive, to get
fēnpěi	to assign，to apportion
gědī	the various places, each place
gěgě 各乂f	various
gēnju (gēnju) mk	according to， based on
gězhong Ht	various kinds， types
gōngzī	wages, pay
hongtang	brovn sugar
jia	vacation, leave
jiāting	fami ly
jihua shēngyu	planned parenthood, family planning
juěyu #^>胃	sterilization
jūmin wěiyuānhui 音氏娄员the neighborhood committee of the
                                           place you live
kongzhi	to control
-腦们	plural suffix
miānfěi-	to be free of cha^ge
ming’ě	the number of people assigned or
                                            allowed, q_uota (of people)
nongmin	peasant
rm	female
pāichǔsuo(r) 浓ilj所	the local police station
pīzhǔn 扣匕在	to give official permission
135
qingkuang 十青/j\^	s ituat ion
qīnjin	to be close (to a person)
rengong liuchǎn 人工流产	abortion
sān tSngguo	"the three approvals"
shāoshu minzu 少麩嫌	national minority
shēngyu 生 f	give birth to and raise
shibai 失武	to fail
shiqū 辛Ě	urban area or district
shoushu	operation, surgery
shǒuxiān 考先	first
shumu 麩S	number
tōngguo 通迷	to pass, to approve
tongyi	to consent, to agree
wānju	toy
xiāngxin 相竹	to believe
xiānhuā	fresh flowers
xiǎohair 小孩儿/	child, children
yě jiu shi shu5	to mean; in other words
yi"ban	ordinary, general, common
yibānde shuō 一數地说	generally speaking
yiding	to "be specific
yingyǎngpīn	food items of special nutritional
                                           value
zēngjiā	a	to increase
                                Vocabulary
-"bang 4旁	pound (unit of weight)
bīngxiāng	• refrigerator，ice box
bu gǎn dāng ^	I’m filtered! You. shouldn't have!
chī nai	to nurse, to suckle
chuī fěng	to have air blow on oneself; to be
                                           in a draft
dāngxīn	丨^1»、	to watch out
de	to get
duo kuai!	how fast I
erduo At	ear
fēngshī 風洛、	rheumatism
fuqi ^$1^,	blessings, luck
fūxiang il相	lucky physiognomy
hongbāo 表i ^t	a red envelope with a gift or bribe
                                          of money in it
hongdan	eggs dyed red
huīfu	to recover
jiěguo (jieguǒ)	as a result
mǎnyuě	a full month after the birth of a
mǎnyuějiǔ 滿J湳	celebration meal one month after a
                                          baby is born
pang	to be fat
pěng	to touch
pofei 破f	to spend a lot of money on someone
qiānwan	切 all means, be sure to; (in a ^ negative sentence) by no means,
                                          under no circumstances
shěnglěng 生冷	raw or cold foods
shēngxialai 生下表	to be born
sūnzi m	grandson
-tāi	台	fetus，embryo
tang	to lie down
tongkǔ 痛苦	to be painful
touyige	the first
touyitāi 越-j抬	the first pregnancy, the first baby
tuō ninde fū	thanks to your lucky influence
Wang jiā 王f	the Wang f31111 ly
wěi	乞。
xiao baobao	baby
xiaoxin 小 <、	to be careful
xi fu	命	daughter-in-law
yixiazi 一 7手	an instant, a moment, a while
yuězi 月各	month of confinement after giving
                                          birth to a child
zhang	to grow; to be (pretty, etc.)
zhong 重	to be heavy
zuo yuězi 里j手	to go through the month of confinement
                               Vocabulary
an xīn	iV^N	to be without worry, to feel at ease,
                                          to feel relieved
bǎozhong ^to take good care (of oneself)
běnlai 麥束	originally
bingqiě iL且	moreover
cānjiā	to take part in; to attend
chāngshou	long life, longevity; to live a long
   P、ī	time
chūchāi 出差	to be out of town on business
dǎ changtū dianhua 打長遂4詁 to make a long-distance phone call dagē 大斧	oldest brother
diaosāng	to present onefs condolences at a
                                          funeral, to attend a funeral
ěrnii ^*3^	children
fan	to have an attack (of a disease)
gandeshang	to be able to catch up, to be able
d	to make it in time
gǎnhuilai	to rush back
gǎnjǐn m	quickly
gǔhuī 脅反	"bone ashes
guoqu 逷去	to pass away
guoshi 通&	to pass away
       V ^
huo zang	to cremate; cremation
hūran	suddenly
jiānglai	the future, someday
jijiu ,令、扣C	first aid; to administer emergency
                                           treatment
j iuguolai	to save
laorěnjia 老人家	polite way of referring to an older
                                             person (nǐ lǎorěn.jiǎ^ tā lǎorěn.jiǎ)
-liao 了	can, to be able to
nānguo	to be sad
nianji (nianji) 斗紀	age
pingjing 手辨	to be calm
qūbuliǎo	cannot go
qūshi	to pass away
sānglǐ	funeral
shāngxīn 傷•&、	to be grieved
shenbian Jn	onefs vicinity, one^ immediate
                                           surroundings
song
                                        to escort, to take (someone to a place)
xiāoxi 〉肖 I 良、	news
xīnzang	heart
xīnzang'bing	heart disease
yiběizi	a11 onets life
yixiang 一切	(have) always, (had) always,
                                          consistently, all along
zāi shu5 HXj	furthermore, besides
zang	to bury
zuijin	recently
zumǔ 姐母	grandmother (on the father's side)
                               Vocabulary
"binyiguǎn 續4義fl	funeral home
chu bin	七玄蓄	to hold a funeral procession; a
       ^ !k	funeral procession
conglai	always (in the past)
conglai tu/mei	人 never
dā 打	travel by, take (a taxi, "bus, train,
                                           airplane, etc.)
dadōu	for the most part
dai xiao 常孝	to wear mourning
fāda	to "be developed, to "be prosperous
fǎnzhěng 义正	anyway, in any case
fēngshuǐ	the Chinese science of geomancy
                                           (that is， the influence of landscape on people and their fortunes)
gāi	should, ought to
g5ngmu	public cemetery
guānniān	concept, notion, view
gui ju	special customs, established rules
hěqilai 姨束	to combine, to join together
houdai 後代	descendants
huā 4JC	to "be multicolored
huāquān	flower wreath
hui	to be gray
huo 或	or
huozāng 火葬	cremation
jiangjiu	to be particular about
Jilě Binyiguǎn 極_.	Paradise Funeral Home (in Tapei)
jiu shi le 就足1	...,that1s all
māma	mother, mom
mixin	to be superstitious; superstition
nǎ (nali, nǎr)芳P (核	) how (used in rhetorical questions to
 *	厂 I U	deny something)*
qiān ming	to sign one's name
qiānmingbu	guest book
rěnwěi	to think that, to believe that
ruhě	to "be how, how is it; how, in what
                                          way (literary form)
shī fou	（literary form meaning shī bu shi)
shoubi 斗臂	arm
sǐ	to die
tǔzang	^6	burial (the word used in contrast to
                                          cremation or burial at sea)
vanlian	funeral scroll
xiǎode	to know
xiguan 智 *1^	habit，custom
Yangmingshan 陽明山	a mountain in suburban Taipei
yidao 一 讀	together
yingdāng	should, ought to
zhǐ yāo	as long as, if only zǐsūn descendants
                                Vocabulary
ai	(sound of sighing)	MBD 2
ānxīn	to be without worry, to feel at	MBD 5
                      ease, to feel relieved
-bang	pound (unit of weight)	MBD k
bǎobao (bǎobao) baby, darling (term of endear-	MBD k
                      ment for a young child)
bǎozhong	to take good care (of oneself)	MBD 5
"běnlai	originally	MBD 5
bǐcǐ	each other, mutually; you too,	MBD 1
                      the same to you
bǐjiao (bǐjiǎo) relatively， comparatively;	MBD 1
                      fairly, rather
bingqiě	moreover, and	MBD 5
bīngxiāng	refrigerator, ice box	MBD k
binyiguǎn	funeral home	MBD 6
biyun	contraception	MBD 3
bu dan	not only	MBD 1
bu gǎn dāng	I’m flattered, You shouldn’t	MBD k
                     have,工 don’t deserve this
bu shǎo	quite a lot, quite a few	MBD 1
bu tong	to be different	MBD 3
cānjiā	to take part in; to attend	MBD 5
chǎnfu	a woman who has given birth	MBD 3
                      within the last month
chāngshou	long life, longevity; to live	MBD 5
                      a long time
chanjia	maternity leave	MBD 3
chěng	to become, to constitute,	MBD 1
                      to make
chěnggōng	to succeed, to be successful	MBD 3
chěngshi	city	MBD 1
chī nai	to nurse, to suckle	MBD k
chū bin	to hold a funeral procession	MBD 6
chūchāi	to be out of town on business	MBD 5
chuī fēng	to have air blow on oneself;	MBD k
                      to be in a draft
chūshenglu	birth rate	MBD 3
conglai bu	never	MBD 6
conglai d5u	always (in the past)	MBD 6
conglai měi	have never	MBD 6
dā	travel "by, take (a taxi, "bus,	MBD 6
                       train, airplane, etc,)
dǎ chāngtu dianhua to make a long-distance	MBD 5
                       phone call
dādōu	for the most part	MBD 6
dāgě	oldest brother	"MBD 5
dai xiao	to wear mourning	MBD 6
dāngxīn	to watch out	MBD k
danshi	but	.MBD 1
dānvěi	unit	MBD 3 〜
-dao	(indicates successful	MBD 3
                       accomplishment of something)
dāxǐ	great rejoicing	MBD 2
daxǐde rizi	vedding day	MBD 2
dāying	to agree (to something), to	MBD 2
                       consent, to promise
dě	to get	MBD k
dědao	to receive, to get	MBD 3
diaosāng	to present one’s condolences	MBD 5
                       at a funeral
dū	to pass	MBD 2
dū miyuě	to go on a honeymoon, to spend	MBD 2
                       one's honeymoon
duo kuāi!	how fast!	MBD k
du5niān	many years	MBD 2
erduo	v	ear	MBD h
ěrnii	children	MBD 5
ěrqiě	furthermore	MBD 1
fāda	to "be developed, to "be	MBD 6
                       prosperous
fan	to have an attack (of an old	MBD 5
                        disease)
fǎnzhěng	anyway, in any case	MBD 6
fǎyuaji	court of law	MBD 2
fēngqi	common practice; general mood	MBD 1
fēngshī	rheumatism	MBD h
fēngshuǐ	the Chinese science of geomancy MBD 6
                       (that is, the influence of landscape on people and their fortunes)
fēngsu	custom	MBD 1
fēnpěi	to assign, to apportion, to	MBD 3
                         allot
Fo Buddha	MBD 2
fūfu married couple， husband	MBD 1
                       and wife
fuqi blessings, luck	MBD k
fuxiang lucky physiognomy	MBD k
fuza (fuza) to be complicated	MBD 2
gāi should, ought to	MBD 6
gaibian to change	MBD 1
gandeshang to be able to catch up， to	be MBD 5
                        able to maJce it in time
ganhuilai to rush back	MBD 5
gǎnjǐn quickly	MBD 5
gědi the various places, each place	MBD 3
gěgě various	MBD 3
gēnju (gēnju) according to， based on	MBD 3
gězhong various kinds， types	MBD 3
gSngmu public cemetery	MBD 6
gSngzhěng jiěhūn civil marriage	MBD 2
gSngzī wages, pay	MBD 3
guānniān concept, notion, view	MBD 6
gǔhuī bone ashes	MBD 5
guīju special customs, established	MBD 6
                        rules
guoqu to pass away, to die	MBD 5
guoshi to pass away, to die	MBD 5
hai even，(to go) so far as to	MBD 2
hāishi after all	MBD 2
he with; and	MBD 1
hěqilai to combine, to join	MBD 6
                       together
hongbāo a red envelope with a gift	or MBD k
                       bribe of money in it
hongdan eggs dyed red	MBD k
hongtang brown sugar	MBD 3
houdai descendants	MBD 6
houlai later, afterwards	MBD 2
huā to "be multicolored	MBD 6
huāquān flower wreath	MBD 6
huī to be gray	MBD 6
hui might, to be likely to, will	MBD 1
hui men the return of the bride to her	MBD 2
                       parentsf home (usually on the third day after the wedding)
huīfu	to recover	MBD k
hūnlī	wedding	MBD 2
huo	or	MBD 6
huozang	to cremate; cremation	MBD 5
huozāng	cremation	MBD 6
hūran	suddenly	MBD 5
jiā	vacation, leave	MBD 3
jiangjiu	to be particular about; to be	MBD 6
                       elegant, to be tasteful
jiānglai	the future， someday	MBD 5
jiaotang	church	MBD 2
jiāowǎng	to associate with, to have	MBD 2
                       dealings with
jiāting	family	MBD 3
Jīdūjiao	Christianity	MBD 2
jiěguo (jiěguo)	as a result; result, results	MBD U
jiěhūn (jiēhǔn)	to get married	MBD 1
jiěhūn lǐfu	wedding gown	MBD 2
jiějuě	to solve	MBD 1
jieshaorěn	introducer	MBD 2
jihua shēngyu	planned parenthood, family	MBD 3
                       planning
jijiu	first aid; to administer	MBD 5
                       emergency treatment
Jilě Binyiguǎn	Paradise Funeral Home	MBD 6
                        (in Taipei)
jīngguo	to go through, to pass by or	MBD 1
                       through
jinian	memento, memorial	MBD 1
jiu shi le	•••，that1 s all	MBD 6
jiuguolai	to save	MBD 5
juěding	to decide	MBD 2
juěyu	sterilization	MBD 3
jumin wěiyuānhui neighborhood committee	MBD 3
jǔxing	to hold (a meeting, ceremony,	MBD 2
                         etc.)
Jūzhǎng	head of an office or bureau (of MBD 2
                       which the last syllable is jū)
kǎolū	to consider; consideration	MBD 1
kě	indeed, really	MBD 1
kě bū shi ma	1*11 say, yes indeed, that1s	MBD 1
                       for sure
kongzhi	to control	MBD 3
."-lāi .. .-qu (indicates repeating the action	MBD 2
                       over and over again)
lǎorěnjia polite way of addressing or	MBD 5
                       referring to an old person ni lǎorěn.jiǎ, ta lǎorěnjia)
laoshi (laoshi) to be honest	MBD 2
liānfāi to be romantically involved	MBD 1
                       with; love
-liao can， to be able to	MBD 5
liǎojiě (liāojie) to understand; understanding	MBD 1
lihūn to get divorced	MBD 1
lǐwu (lǐwu) gift, present	MBD 1
māma mother, mom	MBD 6
manyī to be pleased	MBD 2
mǎnyuě a full month after the birth	MBD k
                       of a baby
mǎnyuějiǔ celebration meal one month	MBD k
                       after a baby is born
-men plural suffix	MBD 3
miǎnfei to be free of charge	MBD 3
ming?ě the number of people assigned	MBD 3
                       or allowed, quota (of people)
mixin to be superstitious;	MBD 6
                       superstition
miyuě honeymoon	MBD 2
nǎ (nāli, nǎr) how (used in rhetorical ques-	MBD 6
                       tions to deny something)
nānfāng the groom?s side, the groc n?s	MBD 2
                       family
nānguo to be sad	MBD 5
nānjiā(r) the husband?s family	MBD 1
nānnu male and female	MBD 1
něnggan to be capable	MBD 2
něnggou can, to be able to	MBD 1
nianji (nianji) age	MBD 5
nianqīng to be young	MBD 1
nongcūn rural area, countryside	MBD 1
nongmin peasant	MBD 3
nū female	MBD 3
nujiā(r) the wife1 s family	MBD 1
nǔli to be hardworking, to be	MBD 1
                       dilieent: diligently, hard
pāichūsuǒ(r) the local police station	MBD 3
pang to be fat	MBD k
pěng to touch	MBD k
pingjīng to be calm	MBD 5
pizhǔn to give official permission	MBD 3
pofei to spend a lot of money (on	IviBD U
                       someone), to go to some expense
qiān ming to sign one’s name	MBD 6
qiānmingbu guest book .	MBD 6
qiānwan by all means, be sure to; (in	MBD U
                       combination with a negative vord) by no means, under no circumstances
qingkuang situation	MBD 3
qingnian youth, young person	MBD 1
qīnjin to be close (to a person)	MBD 3
qīnqi relatives	MBD 1
qūbiě difference9 distinction	MBD 1
qūbuliao cannot go	MBD 5
qushī to pass away, to die	MBD 5
rěn person, self, body	MBD 2
rěnF^ng liuchǎn abortion	MBD 3
r^.iwěi to think that, to believe that	MBD 6
ru xi to take one’s seat (at a gather-	MBD 2
                       ing, meeting, or banquet)
ruhě how, in what way; how (someone	MBD 6
                       or something) is; how is...?, how is it (literary form)
san tōngguo "the three approvals"	MBD 3
sānglǐ funeral	MBD 5
shāngjin to be ambitious	MBD 2
shāngxīn to be grieved, to be sorrowful,	MBD 5
                       to be broken-hearted
shǎoshu mlnzū minority nationality, national	MBD 3
                       minority
shēnbiān one’s vicinity, one’s immediate	MBD 5
                       surroundings
shēnglěng raw or cold foods	MBD 4
shēngxialai to be born	MBD k
shēngyu	to give "birth to and raise	MBD 3
shi fou	(literary form meaning shi bu	MBD 6
                         shi)
shibai	to fail	MBD 3
shiqū	urban area or district	MBD 3
shixing	to practice, to carry out	MBD 1
                       (a method, policy, plan, reform, etc.)
shou (shu)	to be familiar (with), to	MBD 2
                       know well
shoubi	arm	MBD 6
shoushu	operation, surgery	MBD 3
shǒuxiān	first	MBD 3
shū (shou)	to be familiar (with), to know
                       well
shuāngfāng	both sides, both parties	MBD 1
shumu	number	MBD 3
sǐ	to die	MBD 6
song	to give (something as a gift)-	MBD 1
song	to escort, to take (someone to	MBD 5
                        a place)
sūnzi	grandson	MBD k
—tāi	birth	MBD k
tan qīn	to visit family	MBD 1
tandao	to talk about; speaking of .. .	MBD 2
tang	to lie, to recline	MBD k
tanlai tanqu	to talk back and forth	MBD 2
tanqīn	to visit relatives (usually	MBD 1
                       means immediate family)
tanqīnjia	leave for visiting family	MBD 1
tichāng	to advocate, to promote,	MBD 1
                       to initiate
tlqīn	to bring up a proposal of	MBD 2
                       marriage
tSngguo	to pass, to approve	MBD 3
tongkǔ	to be painful	MBD k
tongyi	to consent, to agree	MBD 3
touyige	the first	MBD k
tou(yi )tāi	the first pregnancy, the first	MBD k
                      baby
tuō ninde fū	thanks to your lucky influence,	MBD k
                       many thanks
tǔzang	burial (the word used in con-	MBD 6
                       trast to cremation or burial at sea)
Wang jiā	the Wang family, the Wangs	MBD U
wanju	toy	MBD 3
wanliān	funeral scroll	MBD 6
vanlian wǎnhūn	late involvement and late	MBD 1
                       marriage
věi	to feed	*MBD k
xiānhuā	fresh flowers	MBD 3
xiāngdāng	quite, pretty, very	MBD 1
xiāngxin	to believe	MBD 3
xiǎo bǎobao	baby, darling (term of endear- MBD U
                       ment for a young child)
xiaode	to know	MBD 6
xiǎohair	child, children	MBD 3
xiǎojiě (xiāojie)	daughter (referring to someone MBD 2
                        else1s daughter)
xiāoxi	news	MBD 5
xiaoxin	to be careful	MBD U
xifu	daughter-in-law	MBD h
xiguan	habit, custom	MBD 6
xǐ jiǔ	wedding banquet; vedding wine	MBD 2
xin	to believe (in)	MBD 2
xin Fo	to be a Buddhist	MBD 2
xīnlang	bridegroom	MBD 2
xīnniang	bride	MBD 2
xinzāng	heart	MBD 5
xinzāngbing	heart disease	MBD 5
xǔduo	many, a great deal (of)，	MBD 1
                        a lot (of)
Yangmingshan	a mountain in surburban Taipei	MBD 6
yě	- indeed, in fact, admittedly	MBD 2
yě jiu shi shuo	to mean; in other words	MBD 3
yibān	ordinary, general, common	MBD 3
yibānde shuo	generally speaking	MBD 3
yiběizi	all one1s life	MBD 5
yidao	together	MBD 6
yiding	to be specific	MBD 3
yijian	opinion	MBD 2
yingdāng	should, ought to	MBD 1
yingyǎngpīn	food items of special	MBD 3
                       nutritional value
ylshi	ceremony	MBD 1
yixiang	(have) always, (had) always,	MBD 5
                       consistently, all along
yixiazi	an instant, a moment, a while	MBD U
yizhi	all along， all the time (up	MBD 1
                       until a certain point)
yuězi	month of confinement after	MBD b
                       giving birth to a child
zai shu5	furthermore, besides	MBD 5
zang	to bury	MBD 5
zāo	long ago	MBD 2
zēngjiā	to increase	MBD 3
zhang	to grov; to be (pretty, etc.)	MBD b
zhěngfǔ	government	MBD 1
zhěnghūn	to witness a marriage	,	MBD 2
zhěnghūnrěn	chief witness at a wedding	MBD 2
                       ceremony
zhǐ yao	as long as, if only	MBD 6
zhong	to be heavy	MBD h
zhu dao	, to move to, to go live at	MBD 1
zǐsǔn	descendants	MBD 6
zǒngshi	always	MBD 1
zu	to rent	MBD 2
zuijin	recently; soon	MBD 5
zǔmǔ	grandmother (on the fatherTs	MBD 5
                         side)
zuo	to serve as, to act as; as	MBD 1
zuo měi	to act as go-between (for the	MBD 2
                       families of a man and woman considering marriage)
zuo yuězi	to go through the month of	MBD h
                       confinement and special care .after childbirth